CONTENTS.

Introduction  Biz. 1
VRIES VOYAGE.
1 Discovery of the Island of Brestens and of Quast's Islands. » 3
2 - Tasman's Islands  » 7
3 , • the East Coast of Japan, from Cape Sirofama
on Nippon (Toint Bosho) to the North point. » 12
4 » the Land of Jezo  33
ON THE AINOES.
The Aino Trihe  - 97
' • Language  125
Collection of Aino Words  - 132
Productions of the Aino Lands  144
Comparative Tahle of the Latitude and Longitude of the
principal points and places of Jezo, the south Kurils
and of Krafto  ¦ 179





In introducing the present work to the notice of the
British Public , I feel myself compelled to state what induced
me to undertake the task , and made me suppose it would
be favorably received.
Amongst a number of manuscripts entrusted to the care
and examination of Mr. Ered. Muller, our well known bi
bliophile and publisher, by Mr. Huydecooper van Maarse-
veen at Amsterdam, the former, to his great delight, dis
covered the original log of M. G. Vries' voyage along the
coasts of Japan ; a voyage so celebrated in the annals of
maritime discovery, that the loss of its account was deeply
lamented bij La Perouse , as well as by other navigators.
No sooner was the treasure discovered, than it was en
trusted to the care of Captain P. A. Leupe of the Ma
rines, by whom it was enriched with various annotations,
and was published by the Eoyal literary and philological
Institute of Netherlands' India at Delft.
Our great Japanese Savant, Professor Von Siebold, at
present sent out on a mission to Japan, having been in
formed of the precious discovery of the long missing ma-


nuscript, immediately offered his services to our publisher,
in rendering it applicable to the demand of the present day.
To this undertaking Prof. Von Siebold is most eminently
fitted by his profound acquirements in natural history and
philology , the results of whichi he has communicated in the
following pages , that have thereby acquired a value scarce
ly to be equalled by any other recent work on the Japa
nese empire; added to which, the astonishing accuracy of
Vries' observations concerning the soundings and navigation
of those seas, the minute correctness of which , is now fully
ascertained, justifies the statement, that no other work of
this century spreads so much light over Japan and its coasts
as the present.
The importance of the information contained in this va
luable work of Prof. Von Siebold's, inspired the publisher
with the desire of introducing it to the notice of the British
Public, and though the same motive would have been suffi
cient to induce me to comply with his request , I was the
more willing to do so, as it afforded me an opportunity of
testifying the esteem and friendship I feel for him , as well
as of anticipating upon my functions of
Interpreter to the British Consulate General in Japan ,
E. M. Cowan.
Amsterdam, 7th March 1859. ,


a comparative examination and confirmation of this na
vigator's observations and discoveries, from the point
of view of our knowledge of those regions, and 3rd to a
review of the results this voyage has had for hydro
graphy, the natural history of. the sea and for ethnology.
In order however to give to that appendix to the Log
a more general utility and practical tendency, espe
cially since the opening of a new port at ITakotade, to
the north of the Nippon empire, I have so arranged
my observations that they may serve as a mariner's
guide for the navigation of the east coast of Japan
and to Jezo, Krafto and the Kuriles, a work which
has become of paramount necessity.
It is to the political influence of Netherland in Japan
that the world is indebted for a more general freedom
of commerce to that land; may therefore the observa
tions and discoveries of the old Dutch navigators be
the foundation of a guide along coasts as yet nearly
unknown. - VON SlEBOLD.

Note. The originary Journal, as also the Instructions here men
tioned , was discovered by Messrs. F. Muller and Captain P. A. Leupe and
published with the annotations of the latter gentleman * We bere only
offer the remarks and observations , they being of most importance to
the navigators of our country, the persons for whose benefit these
pages are principally intended.
* Reize vsubMaartkn Geeeits Vhies in 1643 naar het uoordcn en oosten van
Japau, volgens het Joumaal geliouden door C. J. Coen, op het schip Castricum,
naar het handschrift uitgegeven en met bclangrijke bnlngen vcrmeerderd door
P. A. Leupe , Kapitcin der Madmen. Amsterdam, by Trederik Muller, 1858 in Svo..


I. Discovery of the Island of Jireskens and of
Quasfs Islands.
Commodore Tries had called a council of the flute
Castricum and of the yacht Breskens, on the 29*h April,
at 16° 50' K Lat. and 149° 38%' East of Teneriffe
(12S° 18' 6" East of Greenwich) and determined,
should wind and weather permit, to continue his course
N.E. to 24° yN. Lat. and to the longitude of the east
coast of Japan (then fixed by the observations of Ma-
thys Quast and Abel Tasman, August 21A 1630, at
31° 40' East of Pulo Timoan, (135° 55' East of
Greenwich). On the 7th of May they found themselves
at 24° 4' N. Lat. and 150° 56' 30" East of Teneriffe.
Small rockmews, foam, floating seaweed and a piece
of wood were so many signs of land, which however
was not yet visible. The next morning (May 8th) after
sunrise they discovered to the W. N 1/i N. , within a dis
tance of four German miles, a small low island , about a
mile and a half long. According to the observation
taken at noon, the island lay at 24° 43' N. Lat-
and 151° 31%' East from Teneriffe (130° 11' 6"
from Greenwich). As at this latitude no other island
than that of Malabrigo was to be found on the
Company's charts , * and as that lay , by computation , 21
miles to the west , they considered the one before them

* Twee caerten van gedaene conrsen.der Comm. Quasi, tot onl-
deckingh van 't Goudrijcie eyland. 1*


4 IHXAS DOS HAnMANOS, IDENTICAL
as unknown , and because the Breskens had first disco
vered it, they named it Breskens Island.
On the charts of that period we only find three
islands between 25° and 27° North. Latitude and with
in a longitude of about 70 German miles. The most
southern and westerly of these bears the name of Am
sterdam , the north-eastern (properly a group of five
small islands) that of Ihlas dos Hermanos, and the
third, at 26° N. Lai, 17 miles to the S. W. of the
Ihlas doa Hermanos, that of Malabrigo.
The two last named islands, which are both given
on Abraham Ortelius's "Theatrum orbis terrarum",
published in 1570, and of which Malabrigo was seen
in 1543 by Bernardo de Torres, are certainly the
Hooge Meeuiuen Island, the Engels and GracJds Is
lands discovered by Quast and Tasman in 1639 * and
named Quast's Islands t on the above quoted Caerten
* Journael ofte dachregisler van denTZd. Commandeur Maihijs Quast
M. S. 1639. Von Siebold's Geschichte der Entdeckungen im Seege-
biete von Japan. Leyden 1853.
t This chain of islands, stretching from 26° 38' to 27° 45' >'. Lat.
and from 142° to 142° 14' East Long, from Greenwich, has been fre
quently found in later times, and is given under the names of Istas
del Arzobispo (1734), Margaret's islands (1773), Mendizaval, Des-
eonosida, Guadelupe etc., and marked at widely differing longitudes
on tbe maps ofthe \S,^ century, though no-where geographically de
scribed. They were also accidentally discovered hy the Japanese as
early as 1675, and called Munin-sima , i. e. islands without men,
and afterwards, after their discoverer, Ogasawa-sima. In 17S5 a Japanese
geographer, Fajasi SlVJEt, described and mapped them in his work
entitled "San-kok-lsu-ran-dsa-ki" ("description of three kingdoms. ").
That work , and a Dutch translation , was brought over to Holland by
the learned Isaac Titsingh , Chief of the Dutch trade in Japan in the
years 1780 — 17S5. After his death (at Paris in lS12)_it fell into the
hands of Abel Kemusat and afterwards into those of Julias Klaproth.


WITH Qll.AST S ISLANDS. 5
van gedaeue Coursen. The first, indisputably discovered
by Netherlander and by degrees disappearing from the
the maps, was re-discovered by a Russian officer, Lieut.
Ponafidin, in 1820, at 25° 50' N. Lat. and 131° 12' E.
Long., and called Forodind's Islands, after his ship and
because there are two. They are doubtless the same which
Captain Eorbes sailed past with the brig Nile , in August
1825, and of which the most southerly was found
to be at 25° 42' N. Lat., 131° 13' E. Long., and the
most northerly at 25° 53' N. Lat., 131° 17' E. Long.
These islands were lately visited by Commodore Perry ,

By these illegal heirs of Titsingb's literary remains therefore the
description of the so called "Isles Bonin ou inhabilees" was published
in 1818, again drew the attention of navigators to them, and led as
it were to their re-discovery by the English Captain Beechey (June
1S27) and by the Russian Capt. Lutke (May 1828). Now, since the
22"d Aug. 1853, there has been a colony, mostly of Americans, on
the largest ofthe Bonins, ("Peel Island" , which was taken possession
of for England by Beechey) calling themselves ihe colony of Peel
Island. The southern group of these islands , named by Beechey Baily
Group , was visited and taken possession of in October 1853 by the
American Capt. Kelly for the United States of North America, and
named Coffin's Islands after the Captain of the American whaler
Transit, which accidentally anchored therein 1S23. Commodore Perry,
who visited the Bonin islands in 1S53, saw very rightly that for whalers
as well as for the steam-mail-packets from California to China and
later to Japan, these islands would soon become one of the most im
portant stations in the North Pacific Ocean. England has thus shared
the possession of the Quast's Islands with America, whilst the honour
of the discovery belongs to our old Dutch navigators, and the merit
of the first geographical knowledge of them to the literary research
es of our Netherland literati. As early as 1S24 the writer of the
present sheets called the attention of the Dutch Indian Government tt\
this important group, where the Japan government, for they belong
to the Japanese empire, would rather see the Dutch flag wave than
auy other.


DISCOVERY OF TASMAN S ISLANDS.

II. Discovery of Tasmans Islands.
On the home passage of Mathijs Quast and Abel
Tasnian in 1639 from the voyage for the discovery of
the Gold and Silver islands (Gout- en Silverryche eylan-
den) , situated to the east of Japan , the coast of Japan
was made on the 2nd of December, at 34° 54' N. Lat.
This land, which they mistook for the islands given in
the old Portuguese charts to the W. of the S. E. point
of Nippon, is in reality the S. E. point of the great
island of Japan , Cape Sirofama or as it is named on the
old Portuguese charts , Calo de Bosho. Erom here they
held a S. S. W. course, along which they discovered seve
ral small islands, determining their position as exactly
as they could , and preparing excellent drawings to pre
sent to their government. To this chain of islands I have
given the name of Tasman's Islands. *
One of these islands, which appeared as very high
land (heel hooch lanl) , was seen from the Castricum at
a short distance, on the 19th of May 1643, and by
stress of wind and stream that vessel was soon after
obliged to anchor at the N. W. point. This island >
to which Yries gave the name olHei Ongeluckich eylant,
is called Fatsi sjo by the Japanese, and according to
the observations of the court-astronomer Sakusajemon
at Jedo, lies at 33° 6' 30" N. and 3° 50' 30" E. of
Mijako, (139° 30' 30" E. of Greenwich). Capt. Brough
ton, who visited these islands in 1796, fixed the

* Von Sieboi.d's Geschichte der Entdeckungen , p. 8.


8 INACCURARIES IN LONGITUDE ACCOUNTED FOR.
position of Falsi sj6 at 30° 6' N. and 140° E. On
the original chart of his voyage it lies at 33° 4' N.
and 140° T E. The N. W. point where Vries an
chored is, as he calculates, at a latitude of 33° 22' and
158° 51%' Long. East of Teneriffe (137° 30' 6" E.
of Gr.) We have already remarked that the differ
ence in the longitude of the islands we find on the
charts ofthe 17th and 18th centuries, between 24° and
28° N. Lat., is attributable to an eastward current
and, as we have seen, this difference sometimes amounts
to twelve degrees. In comparison with this therefore,
the difference between Yries's longitude and that of the
court-astronomer (which I prefer to Brough ton's which
is 2° more easterly) , is insignificant when we consider
that the stream between Falsi sjo and the S. E. coast
of Nippon, was for three successive days observed by
the American expedition to be 72', 74' and 78' within
24 hours. 1 ,;
The description given in the Journal of the Unlucky
island, agrees with the sketch made by Quast and Tas-
man , and is therefore the only description of that island
we as yet know. The words "the Unlucky island was
very high land, appearing with two high round moun
tains, between which was a large valley''', are il
lustrated by Quast and Tasman on their chart,
and at the same time explain the name of an is
land nearly at this point in a map of de ITsle's
"Montague avec deux pics" * These peaks are also to
be found on an original Japanese map by Falsi sjo;
the highest is Aha fitsi jama, i. e. the Eed Eusi mountain
* Carte de VAsie, par J. de 1'Isle, a Amsterdam, chez Covens
& Mortier.


TOE KURO SIWO, OR JAPAN STREAM. 9
(opposite the celebrated volcano Fv.si, which is covered
with snow the greater part of the year — and is
therefore white). The position and form also of the
small "high round island''', 1 to 1% mile TV", from the
N. W. point of the Unlucky island, called Kosima
(i.e. little island) by the Japanese, and marked by Tries
"ronde holm", is very accurately given, while the ob
servation that, "between here the stream runs with a
stiff current round ihe N. JF" , is of the first impor
tance for a knowledge of the Japanese stream Kuro
siwo or Kuro gawa, i. e. black sea-stream. Of this
current, which I have given on my map of Japan,*
from an original Japanese map, it is said that between
Falsi sjo and Mikura (Prince-eyland of Vries) it is
about three miles broad, and in spring and winter
dangerous for navigation. This stream has been more
closely examined, mapped and described by the Ame
rican expedition t. Vries's remark : "saegen veel steen-
croos dnjven" , confirms the observation that the Japan
stream, like the gulfstream in the Atlantic, is distin
guished by banks of a peculiar sort of sea-weed.
The high island seen by Vries on the morning of
the 20tn May to the south of Unlucky island, called
by him Suyder eylandt, and by the Japanese Awo sima
(i. e. Green island), was discovered by Quast and Tas-
man (Nov. 3rd 1639), its position determined, from

* Von Siebold , Atlas von Land- und Seekarlen vom Jaypanischen
Seiche. No. I.
+ Narrative of Ihe expedition of an American Squadron in ihe China
Seas and Jaypan\ performed in the years 1852 — 54, under the command
of Commodore 31. C.Perry, by Prancis L. Hawks. New- York, 1856.
The Kuro siwo, or Japan sir cam, p. 601.


10 VRIES VISITS THE TASMAiVs ISLES
6 to 7 miles S. by "W. of Unlucky island, at 32° 33'
N. Lat., and a drawing made of it.
On coming to anchor in the evening of the 20*
May at a latitude, by calculation, of 33° 52' and 159°
22' Long. East of Tener., (according to our correc
tion with -f- 2°, at 140° 0' 36" E. of Gr.) , two other
islands were seen from the Castricum W.by TV, at a
distance of 11 or 12 German miles. These are, —
the island of Mikura, called by Vries Prince eylandt ,
and that of Myake, according to the Log Barnevelfs
and on his chart, Brandend eylandt, because there was
a smoking mountain seen on it.
These two islands were calculated to lie at latitude
34° 1' and longitude 158° 28' (according to our cor
rection 139° 7' 36" E. of Gr.); a calculation which
tolerably well agrees with the observations of the
court-astronomer and with the map of Broughton. Erom
here, as I shall afterwards show, Vries continued
his course along the N. E. and E. coast of Japan , the
first hydrographic knowledge of which we owe to him.
On his voyage back, the Tasmania Islands were
again visited by Vries, and their geographical position
more exactly determined. The 28t!l October he was at
33° 58' N. Lat. and 160° 25' E. of Ten. (138° 34'
36" E. of Gr.), where Prince island W. six miles,
and Barnevelfs island W. N. W. six miles were ob
served. According to this observation, the former lies
at 33° 58' and the second at 33° 6' N. Lat., which
only offers a difference of some minutes between those
of the court-astronomer and of Broughton, while the
longitude of Mikura (Prince Island) , as taken on the
roads of Falzi sjo on the 29 October (159° 56' E-


AND DETERMINES THEIR RELATIVE POSITION. 11
of Tener. or 138° 34' 36" E. of Gr.), being 55' 54"
less than that of the court-astronomer, may be fixed
at 139° 36' 30" E. of Gr., if we correct by -f 55' 54";
— and this agrees pretty nearly with the geographical
position given to it on the small chart of Commodore
Perry's voyage. *
Vries directed his course to Barnevelfs Island
on the 2Sth October, sailed between that island and
Prince Island and determined the relative position
of the Tasmarfs group by repeated observations. On
my corrected map of Japan (Atlas N°. 1) I have called
this passage first undertaken by a European ship, Cas-
tricum Straits, and the "number of high pointed cliffs
which appear as so many high towers", 1 mile by W.
y3 N. (from Barnevelfs Island), Coerts Cliffs, after
the worthy mate ofthe vessel. Broughton , who in 1796
followed the same course as Vries had taken, also saw
and described these cliffs: "Off the West point of
Volcano Isle are some detached black rocks at two or
three miles distance" t , and marked them on his map.
On the map of Japan No. 2347, published by the
Admiralty in London 1855-56, these cliffs are called
"Black Rocks" This navigator has also discovered an
other group of rocks more to the south-west than
Coerfs Cliffs, called by the Japanese Inaniwa and by

* Map of the Japan Islands copied from vos Siebold's with slight
additions and corrections by Ihe U. S. Japan Expedition and other
authorities, compiled ly order of Commodore M.C.Perry, by Lieuts
W. L. Maury and Silas. Bent. 1S55.
t A. voyage of discovery to ihe North Pacific Ocean, performed
in II. M. sloop Providence and her tender , in ihe years 1795 — 98,
by W. K. Broughton. London. 1804. p. 140.


12 LATIT. OK COE.VS CLIFFS AND REDi'lELD'S ROCKS.
von Krusenstern Broug/don's Cliffs. I believe Coerfs
Cliffs to be the same as the Redfi eld-Rocks , marked
as a new discovery on the small chart of Commodore
Perry and on the Admiralty chart at about 33° 55'
N.Lat. and 138° 50' E. Long. If off this height there
were any other cliffs than Coetis (Broughton's Black
Rocks), Broughton, who cruised there, would have seen
them. If however the RedfelcTs Rocks exist, they lie
more to the north, and are the same as marked on
Janssen's chart at 34° 35' N. Lat. and at the meridi
an of Cape Idsu, and therefore also seen by Vries.
The islands N.W.byW. five miles and N.N.W., six
miles from Barnevelfs Island %vere also observed by Vries
on this voyage , aud mapped as Gebroken Filanden. This
name (Broken Islands) applies to these islands , and not to
the whole group. To the whole chain — a series of active
and extinct volcanoes from Ohosima to Falsi sjo Sima —
we have given the name of Tasman's Islands. I have
thought it necessary to enter into these historio-hydro-
geographical particulars, not only to fix indisputably the
discovery of this whole chain of islands , more than two
hundred years ago, by Quast, Tasman and Vries, but also
to make the justness of their observations appreciated by
comparing them with those of celebrated navigators
of our own days.
ILL The Discovery of the Fast Coast of Japan , from
Cape Sirofama on Nipjjon (Point Bosho)
to the North point.
The East point of the island Nippon then was un
known, with the exception of two points seen and


VRIES'S MERITS. 13
mapped by Quast and Tasman in 1639. Those navi
gators reconnoitred the coast of Japan at 37° 30' N.
Lat. on the 24'h August, and at 34° 54' N.Lat. on
the 1st and 2nd November. The first was a part of the
coast between Cape de Kennih and the Rookhoeck (of
Vries) ; the other was the Cabo de Bosho (of the Portu
guese), the south point of the province of Aioa, on
the west side of which is the entrance to the bay
of Jedo.
We are indebted to Vries for the discovery and obser
vation of the whole coast from Cape Bosho to the North
point of Japan (from 35° 5S' to 41° 25' N. Lat.) ; a
coast which, before the opening ofthe harbours of Simoda
and of Hakotade (on Jezo) , had been visited by no
navigator but by Captains Spangberg and Walton in
1739 , * by Capt. King in 1779 , t and by Capt. Brough
ton in 1796 and 1797 J The two last-named hydro-
graphers could however only follow the course of our
navigator and confirm his discoveries with the assistance
of the very faulty little chart of Vries's voyage, which
was published about 1650 by Johannes Janssonius. **
The writer of these pages too , when treating this part
of the coast of Nippon, had no other chart thariBrough-
ton'stt to refer to, except original Japanese ones.
It is therefore now of real importance to explain

* Voyages et dtcouverles faites par les Susses le long des cotes de
la Mer glaciate et sur F Ocean Oriental, tant vers leJapon que vers
V Amerique , par Mr. G. P. Muller. Amsterdam 176G. vol. I. p. 210.
f Troisieme voyage de Cook. Tom. IV. p. 372. § See ante.
**Nooa et accnrata Japoniae, terrae Esonis ac insularum adjacentium
ex noeissima detectione descriptio apud Joannem Janssonium.
ff A general chart of the Japanese Islands , and N. E. Coast of
Asia, in Bronghton's Voyage.


11 JAPANESE MAPS OF NIPPON.
Vries's discoveries by his lately discovered Log.
As however the knowledge of the configuration of the
east part of the coast of the large island of Nippon as
yet rests on the authority of Japanese charts , accord
ing to which the most important promontories, gulfs
and bays discovered by Vries, King and Broughton,
have been geographically determined , named and mapped,
we ought to take a Japanese map for our foundation when
reviewing the discoveries of Vries. Eor this purpose
we have chosen our map of the Japan empire , compiled
from original maps and the observations of the court-
astronomer at Jedo. * And to profit as much as possible
by the observations of our renowned navigator, we will
endeavour , while comparing them with those of others , to
work them up into a mariner's guide along this hither
to little known coast. We shall thus be rendering
a service to the navigation along the East coast of
Japan. t
Cape Bosho. The S. E. point of Japan , formed by
a promontory of the region of Awa on the island of
Nippon, is called Cabo de Bosho by the Portuguese,
from the neighbouring harbour of the town of Fosjo.

* Karle vom Japanischen Seiche nach Originalkarten und Reobach-
tungen der Japaner , in von Siebold's Atlas von Land- und Seekar-
ten vom Japanischen Seiche No. 1.
f In the account of the voyage of Capt. Pabins, for the purpose
of visiting the ports of Hakotade and Simoda with the Dutch screw
Corvet Medusa, September and October 1S56, it is said: "The 17tl1
Sept. we left Hakotade and continued our way along the east coast
of Nippon , but this voyage was exceedingly difficult. A nearly unknown
coast, strong currents, violent storms, iioo hurricanes, bad charts,
(among which that of v. Siebold is by far the best) , made that voyage
long and dangerous." sic !


16 WUITE POINT, OR DAI DO SAKI
(Siro fama); the land to the South of Cape Bosho is
higher than io the North. One can easily take sound
ings from 36 to 10 fathoms, sometimes coral ground,
sometimes shingle, sometimes sand". The current flows
here to the N.E. and N.N.E. Captain King rec
koned the rate of the current , which ran at 45 English
miles E. from this promontory N. E. % N-, at 3 English
miles an hour. * It is here the N. W. limit of the Japan
stream (Kurosiwo, i. e. black sea-stream), which, accor
ding to the observations of the American expedition,
at one degree more to the south still runs with a
rapidity of from 72' to 80' a day. Vries saw here sea-weed
floating, which was also observed by the American expedi
tion in unusually large quantities off Isomura, and may
be compared with the fucus nutans of the Atlantic
gulfstream. In the bay of Iso mura they also observed a dis
colouring of the water, probably attributable to the
floating banks of seaweed. Here, from 74 to 80 fa
thoms, fine black sandground was leaded, t
The White Point. "From the S.F. point oj
Japan , named Bosho , the coast stretches N. N. B. to
the white spotted point ; then there is a low-shored bay ,
stretching about 4 miles away to the north , and high
sandhills". The White Point, on the Japanese maps
Dai do saki or Oho figasi saki, i. e. the great East
point , is , according to Vries , (Jansson's Chart) at 35°

* Troisieme voyage de Cook. Tom IV. p. 384.
¦f- Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to ihe China
seas and Japan, performed in the years 1852 — 54, under the Com
mand of Commodore M.C.Perry, by Prancis L. Hawks. New York
1856. p. 497.


DESCRIBED. TIIE LOW HAY. 17
25' N. Lat. A little more to the south of this point
another promontory runs out into the sea, bearing
the name of Katsura saki, from a small neighbouring
town. The bay to the south of that promontory , which
Vries regarded as "the low foreland into which a river
seems to run", is the bay of Utsi ura with the har
bour of Kominato (i. e. small haven) , into which several
rivers throw themselves, of which the Itsumigawa and
the Amanogaica are the largest. This harbour is 32 Ei *
from Cape Sagami (also called Nagatzuru and Mono-mi
saki), at which place is the entrance to the bay of
Jedo, and is the first we come to, passing along the
S. E. coast. Close to the JFhite Point lie several rocks
and small islands, the largest of which is called Uwa-
rasima; they seem to run out into the sea under
water, and to end in a reef. The American expedition
observed here a broken and variously coloured sea,
at a depth of 30 fathoms coral-ground, which decreased
eastwards to 21 fathoms. King and Broughton saw
many fishermen off here, and admired the industry
with which the land was cultivated.
The lowBay. Erom the White Point to the Sandhill
Point the coast retires in a bay about nine miles wide,
which bears the name of Siro salo fama (white village
strand). It is a low region , watered by several rivers and
lakes. The greatest river is the Kuri jama gawa, which
throws itself into the sea at the frontier between the re-
o-ions ofKadsusa and Simosa. Along this bay, "-where tliey

* According to the calculation of the court-astronomer Sakusajemon
there are 284 Ei to one degree of lat. of 15 German miles. Wherever
we speak of miles, German or geographical miles are meant, except
where the contrary is expressed.


18 SANDHILL POINT AND WHALE BAY,
saw much sea-weed floating and lambs or divers swim
ming", Vries sailed N. E. by N. to a distance of from 4 to
5 miles from Sandhill Point, leading from 10 to 20
fathoms of black sandground, and farther up, to 4
miles E. from that point, from 22 to 42 fathoms. The
stream runs along the low shore N.E. and N. N. E.
The Sandhill Point, called Dai do saki, lies at
about 9 miles N.E. by N. from the White Point,
according to Vries at 36° N. Lat. , and according to
the original map of the court-astronomer Takahasi Saku
Sajemon at 35° 43' N. Lat. and 140° 46' E. Long.
"About a mile off the B. of the Sandhill Point lies
a small island resembling the Cannibals island in the
straits of Sunda. About a mile to the north of said
island there is another small island, but somewhat
more level, like the island Harlem, hit it lies close
under the shore. From the Sandhill Point the land
falls way to the N. N. W., and makes again a deep
curve, being all equally low land." This is JFhale-bay.
At Sandhill point a large river, the Nasaka, navigable
far inland , throws itself into the sea. At the mouth of
this river there is also a good harbour, Tosi minato,
reckoned to be at 38 Hi from above mentioned harbour
of Kominato. Within a distance of about 5 English
miles from this point, King observed a very strong
current of five English miles an hour. *
Whale Bay, so called by Vries because of the mul
titude of porpoises, dolphins, and whales they saw there.
Much sea-weed was also remarked, which, as is well-
known, the whale generally seeks after. On the Ja-

Troisieme voyage de Cook, 1. c.


LOW POINT AND TREE POINT DESCRIBED. 19
panese maps this bay is called Fiiaisi hara no, (i. e. level
field of the Fitatsi region). Sunning landwards with
a N. W. course, one finds from 40 to 26 fathoms oozy-
ground. The land is low and flat , and marshy on account
of the water which sinks down from the high interior,
and collects in pools and lakes (such as the lakes of
Takeda and Einuma). In the N. W. "on the loio land
in the deepest of the curve" rises "a high rugged
mountain" (the chain characterised by the Asife, Majumi,
Ohono and other summits). The N. extremity of this
bay is a low, flat point, called by Vries the.
L o w P o i n t, and marked on the Japanese maps Minalo
saki , i. e. harbour point , because there, at the mouth of the
Nakagawa, there is a considerable harbour, 3 Ei from the
town of Mito and 20 Ei from the harbour of Tosi. This
distance agrees with the observation of Vries, "the N
point (Minalo saki) lay then S. by JF. 3 miles from us ,
and Sandhill point (Tosi minalo) lay then S. by JF. a good
six miles from us; the N. point is a low flat point"
Here, and more northwards, one lias from 40 to 50 fa
thoms of sandground, which dries up as one approaches
the shore. The land here begins to become higher to the
Tree point. "A steep point resembling an island,
from behind which, lo the North, we savj several fish
ing-boats come out to sea to fish ; coming somewhat
nearer to the point, had 24 fathoms , white sandground,
it Having been black sandground before. When a mile
from the point, we saw that a river fell into the sea
behind it to the north. Inland, the country is very high ,
in some places 2,3,4 fold, and in many places the
high land rises perpendicular out of ihe water. They
(the fishermen) named the river behind the above men-
2*


20 LATIT. OF RUGGED POINT, ACCORDING TO
tioned steep point, Gissima, and offered to bring us
into it, saying that there at the entrance there was
9 or 10 fathoms water and that it was not good round
the North. Inthe steep point of Gissima stands, some
what inland, a clump of trees as if it was a fort,
of which one tree sticks out above the others, having
on the top a round crown." The tree point is the pro
montory named Siwoja saki, the river the Same gawa
or salmon river. No such place as Gissima exists here,
possibly the city of Idsumi was meant, which lies at
about a mile from the mouth of the river, or perhaps
the high mountain Irusima. Close to the mouth of the
river is a harbour, the distance of which is given as
24 Ei from Minato saki. The high land is formed by
a mountain chain from which arise the Jonowoko , Akai-
nowoka and Irusima, behind which the tops of the
Jekojama and other high mountains appear. The Tree-
point W. \ S. 3 miles , and another point , "lying there
to the north, very rugged with small mountains was N.
% W. 3 miles, (Vries was at 37° 5' N. Lat.,) on sounding
were found to have black sandground, at a depth of
from 40 lo 36 fathoms? According to this observation
the Tree point must lie at 37° 1' N. Lat. On our map it
lies at 36° 52', therefore 9' more to the south. "About
6 miles from this point the high land begins to rise
towards the North?
There is
The Eugged Point, also called Cape deKennis,
because Vries cruised for six days off this point while
waiting for the yacht Breskens. Observing this cape
on May 25th . within a distance of 4 miles from the land
S. W. by S., and the most northern land that could


VRIES, KING AND THE JAPANESE MAPS. 21
be seen (Karasu, saki on the Japanese maps) N. W. by
N, Vries found himself at a latitude by account of 37°
39' N. According to our map he must have been at
37° 32' N.Lat., which only gives a difference of 7'
for the latitude of this Cape. According to Vries there
fore Cape de Kennis lies at 37° 11' and on our
map at 37° 4' ; on Jansson's however at 37° 22' N.Lat.
On noon of the 26ttt May, having Cape de Kennis at a
distance of about 7 miles W. >/2 S., Vries found himself
by observation at 37° 20' N. Lat. According to this
observation however the above named cape would be
at 37° 16' N. Lat., which agrees in a remarkable manner
with the latitude, afterwards taken by Capt. King, of
37° 15' N. The latitude given by Broughton on his
original map agrees perfectly with that on our map.
The depth leaded off Cape de Kennis during the cruise,
offers the following result. At a distance of from 2 to
3 miles, from 25 to 40 fathoms oozy black sandground,
at 4 to 5 miles distance, from 45 to 95 fathoms oozy
black sandground, but could however bring none up.
On the map of Jansson and on the map of "Gedaene
Ontdeckinghe onder den Commandeur Marten Gerritsen
Fries, A0. 1643," * we find a point called "Roock
hoeck" (Smoke Point) , which is however not mentioned
in the Log.
Smoke point is doubtless the most northern land
seen on the 25 May to the N. W. by N. and named
Karas'no saki (i. e. Eaven Cape) on the Japanese maps
"A point to the north of us which was high land., but
ran down low to the water? The coast stretches out

* Von Siebolu, Atlas von Land- und Seekarlen, N° II.


22 LATIT. AND SOUNDINGS OF SMOKE POINT.
S. and N. Sounding on the 27th May, this point S. W.
and the most northerly land N.N.W., Vries found
himself at the lat. by account of 37° 50' N, so that
the latitude of the Smoke point would be 37° 42',
which perfectly agrees with Jansson's map and only
offers a difference with our map of — 3'. "There was
here land with white spots with some small sandhills;
about two miles from land we had a depth of from 19
to 20 fathoms, shingle and coarse sandgrotind; here
the bottom was abruptly unequal in depth. The pro
montory is sand-hill ground, but else high land, in
some places double. The land to the North seemed to
begin to form a bay. JFe learned that the stream here
runs backwards and fonvards along the shore? The
change of the bottom , which was before oozy and
black sand and here shingle and coarse sandground,
proves that on the 27* May Vries was at about 3 miles
distance from Smoke point, where a large river, the
Tamano gawa, throws itself into the sea, and carries
a quantity of black gravel with it. The low Sand point
is also but once mentioned in the Log, viz. on the
31st ]\|ay j at noon , where Vries found himself at 38°
N.Lat., within a distance of 7 or 8 miles from it, in
from 70 to 75 fathoms. That point is marked on Yries's
and Jansson's map at about 38° 1 0' N. Lat. The place
however where Vries threw out the bow-anchor on the
29tb-May, in 29 fathoms of shingle bottom, and where
at noon he was by account at 38° and 4 miles from
shore, is marked by a small anchor; it is to the
S. E. of
The Low Sand point, named Ara fama, (desert
strand) on the Japanese maps. One of the largest rivers


THE NAVIGATION OF THE E. COAST OF NIPPON. 25
san, 2 or 3 miles from there, Vries observed the stream
running to the south. Broughton also observed (7th and
8th September 1797) along the east coast of Nippon at
39° 55' to 40° 44' N. L. a strong S. and S.W. stream.
This stream Vries fell in with at 37° 39', at a distance
of 4 miles from the coast, and declared it to be the
cause of the exceedingly hollow sea, "because the
stream ran against tlie wind (from S. S. B.)" The Ja
panese stream , the already mentioned Kuro shoo or black
sea stream, seems to break its strength against the
great east point of Nippon , Cape Daihd saki , and then
to run along Cape de Kennis more to the N.E. Be
sides its velocity and direction , which cannot escape the
seaman's notice, the course of this stream is charac
terised, during the colder seasons and in higher lati
tudes, by the thick mist which covers it in the morn
ing and evening. As far as to nearly 38° N.Lat.,
Vries often complains of "fearfully dark mist? whilst
more northerly he was favoured with very fine weather.
It can therefore be accepted as a law of this warm
stream, that its influence does not extend farther
along the east coast of Nippon than to 88° N.Lat.,
and that a cold stream rushes in between that and the
coast which, from the South coast of Jezo, and pos
sibly from the straits of Tsungar, where from this ca
nal narrowing to 12 English miles the passage of all
that water is prevented-, it falls off and runs South.
That it is more or less exposed to the influence of
variable winds is of course, and its strength seems
gradually to break itself as it were against that of
the warm stream, though both streams flow on per
fectly distinguishable. Eor centuries the boundary line


CAPE DE GOEREE AND GOEREE CANAL. 27
pon, called Kuro saki (the black cape) , which according
to Sakusajemon lies at 39° 56' N. Lat. and 142° 10' E.
Long., according to Broughton's original map 20' more
to. the east, and according to von Krusenstern's cal
culation 10'. We are of opinion to give the preference
to the longitude of Vries now that we are acquainted
with his Log, and suppose that, on the Japanese maps ,
Cape Kuro saki is placed too far from Tako fama
at which is the so called harbour of Nabo or Nambu.
The harbour of Nabo, to which the Japanese fishermen
offered to bring Vries, is that of Mijako; and that of
Schay is that of Kuzi (called also Kuziwoka). The for
mer is 38 Ei from the harbour of Dezima near cape
Kinkwasan, and the latter lies 20 Ei to the north of
that oi Mijako. Both these harbours and one still 20 Ei
more to the north, near the north east point, are the
three principal harbours of the most northerly part of
the east coast of Nippon, belonging to the district of
Nambu : whence Nabo or Nambu *. "A large canal,
stretching S.S. W.,runs very deep inland, by which as
far as we co-uld see, one could sail quite up from the
sea" was named Foert van Goeree (canal of Goeree).
It is the capacious entrance to the harbour of Mijako,
marked on the (too small) maps of Broughton and King
as Port and Cape Nambu. The description of the en
trance given by King agrees with the Japanese map
of it. It is formed by two points of land , of which the

* We have already shown in our Geschichte der Entdeckungen ,
that it was close to this harbour, and probably in the gulf of Komoto,
that the Yacht Breskens fell and that Capt. Schaep was taken prisoner.
Comp. p. 100. Remark 20.


CAPE SIRIJASAKI AND CAPE TORIWISAKl. 29
the name of Cape de Fries in our map, while we have
preserved the name of Pointe Nprd (King), given by
von Krusenstern to Cape Tane isti. Along this coast,
up to about 40° 23' N.Lat., at a distance of from 4 to
5 miles, one finds from 72 to 100 fathoms of gray
sandground. Cape Sirijasaki,or North-East point (P.Nord-Fsl,
Krusenstern). This cape remained unknown to the Dutch
navigator Vries and the English Capt. King. On the
maps of the 17tn cent., projected on original Japanese
maps, we find the northern part of Nippon bounded
by outlines which make this cape of easy recognition
Eor its geographical position however we are indebted
to Broughton, who sailed round that promontory on
the 9th of August 1797, determined it more accurately
on the 25th of the same month and named it Cape
Nambu. On his original map Cape Nambu, is at 41° 15'
N. Lat., and 141° 30' E. Long. Von Krusenstern rec
koned the position ofthis cape at 41° 22' 45" N.Lat.
and 141° 30' E. Long, and Sakusajemon at 41° 25' N.Lat.
and 141° 46' E. Long. On the map of Hhe Kuril Islands
according to v. Krusenstern, v. Siebolda^f? Broughton",
published in 1856 by the hydrographic office of the Ad
miralty in London, von Krusenstern's calculation has
been retained. Close to it lie rocks and a small island
Rakosima, i.e. Seal island. On the 5th of June Vries
was off this place and saw "many seals and much drift?
It gradually deepened here from 70 to 100 fathoms
gray sandbottom.
Cape Toriwisaki. (The NorthPoint of Nippon,
Broughton). The geographical position of this cape we
also owe to Broughton : "a low flat point situated in the


30 BAY OF AWOMORI AND THE ADJOINING COAST.
latitude 41° 31' N. and 140° 50' F. of Greenwich?
According to Sakusajemon however it lies 3' more north
and 20' more east, and on the map of the Admiralty
on the same lat. as Broughton, but 8' more to the
east. This cape also ends in a small island named •
Benten, dedicated to the goddess Ben zai ten, a pro
tectress against sea-monsters , and in a group of rocks
which show themselves above water like needles. '
Between cape Sirijasaki and Toriwisaki the coast
forms a deep bay , in which is the harbour of Ohobata,
20 Ei from the harbour of Kuzi on the east coast. Ear-
ther to the west„near Ohoai is another small harbour for
ships sailing to the bay and harbour of Awomori, reckoned
at 23 Ei distance. Near cape Toriwisaki the coast takes a
S. Westerly direction and afterwards a more southerly,.
and then runs by cape Kuso domari to the E. N. E, ; and :
thin northernmost extremity oi Nippon takes the shape of
a small peninsula as it were, where Jakejama, an extinct
volcano, rises in the midst of small conical mountains
to the height of 3200 feet. With the opposite N. Wes-;
tern extremity, of which the northern points are named
Tatsupisaki and Takonosaki, this peninsula forms the
entrance, which is about 2 miles wide, to the bay of
Awomori, covering a space of from 5 to 6 ? miles,
and which in time can become of importance for na
vigation. Cape Tatsupisaki or Cape Tsugar, which ac
cording to von Krusenstern is situated in the latitude
of 41° 16' 20" N. and 140° 30' E.Long., forms, with the
opposite Cape Tadeisi or Cape Matsmai on Jezo (situated
in the lat. 41°30'N. and 139° 57' E. Long.) the wes
tern entrance to the straits of Tsugar, while cape Sirija
saki and the opposite Cape Jesan, on Jezo (according


HOW TO SAIL INTO THE HARBOUR OF IIAK0TADE. 31
to Broughton in the lat. 41° 49' 20" N. and 141° 20'
E. Long), forms the eastern entrance to this strait,
called on Japan Kukinoseto.
We have gone into this geographical digression to
point out more particularly the course along the east
coast up to the North point of Nippon, first na
vigated by Vries, and that up to the harbour of
Hakotade on Jezo, which since the 31 March 1854
is open to all the maritime powers that have made a
treaty with Japan.
The bay of Hakotade is situated N. W. % W. , at a
distance of 45 Engl, miles from cape Sirijasaki on
Nippon. Off tills point and having passed the rocks
projecting from this cape to the East and North sides,
we see the capes oiJezan and Siiookubi, with the high
land of Jezo and the North cape oi Nippon (Toriwisaki).
One must first steer on Cape Jezan and then, sounding
Cape Toriivi west, on Cape Siwokubi. The latter is
situated in the latitude of 41° 49' 22" N. and 140° 47'
45" E. Long. The stream which runs into the strait to the
W. with a velocity of 5' per hour, is strongest in the
middle of the strait, namely between cape Siiookubi
and Toriwisaki , where, at the narrowest, the strait is
from 10 to 12 Eng. miles. Japanese vessels sailing to
the harbour of Ohobata go therefore close to Cape Si
rijasaki, and hug the shore where the stream is less
felt. The Japanese also report that at Toriwisaki it
runs round close to the coast of Nippon W. by S. and.
S.W., which may be regarded as a backstream of the
mass of water which cannot stream through the narrow
passage between Siicokuwi and Toriwisaki. The north
coast of Nippon is however cliffy, and in the N.N. W


32 HOW TO SAIL INTO THE HARBOUR OF HAKOTADE.
of island Benten there are dangerous breakers. Is is not
advisable to run into the straits in misty weather or
by night. Steamships can easily keep themselves at the
entrance, with the head in sea till they have an op
portunity of running in.
Pushing over from the North point of Japan to Cape
Jerimo on Jezo, the Castricum leaded from 72 to 100
fathoms ordinary sand bottom; then there was no bot
tom and at a distance of 4 miles N. from this pro
jecting point, again 50 fathoms sandground. This ob
servation may serve as a standard of the depth of the
E. entrance of the straits of Tsugar. In the middle of
the straits one finds from 50 to 130 fathoms. When
point Siwokubi (12'E.S. E. y2 E. from the town oi Ha
kotade) is passed, one can see the masts of the ships
at anchor in the harbour, rising above a low isthmus.
One must now steer by that. Eor sailing into the har
bour, in clear weather, the Komagatake or Saddle-
mountain (3169 feet high) serves as landmark. After
(at the distance of 1 Eng. mile, in order to avoid the
calm under the low shore) having sailed round the
promontory (1136 feet high) united to the E. part
of the bay by a low isthmus, on the N. E. side of
which is situated the town of Hakotade, steer for the
sharp peak of the Komagataki, bearing N., till the E.
peak of the Saddle, bearing N.E. by N., opens to the
westward of the round knob on the side of the moun
tain *, then steer overjxom N. to E. till you get the
middle of the sandhill on the isthmus S. E. by E. 3A E.

* Sailing-directions for Hakotadi, by Lieut. Wm. L. Maury, in
Hawks' Narrative, p. 691.


DISCOVERY OF JEZO. 33
By so doing one avoids a shoal running out from
the West end of the town for 2/s of a mile in a N.
N. W. direction. Then bring the sand-hill larboard , and
run on till the West point of the town bears S. W.
% W. , where the best anchorage is found at from 5%
to 6 fathoms. Smaller ships can approach close to the
town, to within Vi mile of point Tsuki. Should the
Peak on the Saddle not be distinguishable on account
of mist or cloudy weather, steer as has been said,
after passing the promontory, N.E. % E. till the sand
hill opens in the given direction. In case of contrary
winds there is good anchorage in the outer roads, in
from 25 to 12 fathoms. The depth at the mouth of
the bay is about 30 fathoms and gradually shoals up
to 6 and less. Hakotade (the mouth of the river Ka-
mela) is situated at lat. 41° 49' 22" N., and 140° 47' 45'
E. long. The deviation of the compass is 4°30'W.
High water at new and full moon 5 o'clock.

IV. The Discovery of the Land of Jezo.
Erom the supposed "Northern point of Japan", Vries
steered N. N. E., and at noon of June 7th was at
long. 162° 1' E. from Teneriffe (according to our cor
rection 143° 39' 36" E. from Gr.), and at the lat. of
41° 24' N. * Erom there up to 40° 36' N. Lat. one

* Along the east coast of Nippon we have not noticed the longitude .
of Vries , because it is always accurately marked in the Journal during
this voyage along the Japanese coast. We have however remarked
that the guessed longitude of the Island Falsisjo must be corrected 3


CABBKLJAUS POINT. JIOUTH OF THE USIBETS. 35
Cabbeljaus or Cod's point, and is probably
the low extremity close to Tobui in the river Monbets,
where the high land declines. Tobui is situated 35'
more to the north and 18' more to the east than
Saruru, the latitude of which the court-astronomers
have determined at 42° 7' N. and the long, at 143°
56' E. This last named place is a Japanese post, and
possibly one could anchor at the mouth of the river.
This place has been visited by Japanese ships for
above a century. I merely remark this because it is
said in the Log: "Further up the coast has many bays,
but no anchorage where one can be protected against
the sea? Coming to anchor on the 15th of June, in 15
fathoms shingle bottom, the longitude was reckoned
at noon to be 42° 44' N. and the S. E. point of Jezo
12 miles S. W. by S.;and sounding a low point (Cab
beljaus point) 6 miles S. W. by W., "we had another
point to the N.B. Vz E. 6 or 7 miles from us (Gout-
sioer) , where a river seemed to run as far as we could
see; we also saio land B. by N?
Vries was therefore at a distance of & mile from
the considerable village of Tokatsi (Tocaptie, Vries),
where the river Usibets, one of the largest on the
east coast of Jezo, falls into the sea, and the coast
retires in a low gulf.
On the original map of Vries* are the words: "Off
this place (Tocaptie) the first vessel from this land
came on board, in it two men and a boy having much
silver about them , and pointing io the mountains where
there was abundance of silver? This first meeting

* Von Siebold, Atlas von Land- und Seekarten, N" 11. E 3*


36 EARLIEST NOTICES RESPECTING THE HAIRY KUR1LS.
with the natives of Jezo is recounted at greater length
in the Log. With the exception of some former com
munications respecting this remarkable people, which
we find in the letters of the Christian missionaries of
the 16tn and 17th cent.,* and some particulars on the
same subject published by the fellow-travellers of
Vries + inthe 17th cent, the description ofthis people,
as also of their manners and customs, as introduced
into, the Log in several places, is among the' most
important contributions we have obtained from Euro
pean navigation respecting this tribe, now known
under the name of Ainoes or the Hairy Kurils. In
order _ however not to interrupt our geo-hydrographic
illustrations at every moment, we wall dedicate a
separate chapter to the Ainoes at the end ofthis essay.
The Bay of Tokatsi derives its name from the
village at the northern mouth of the delta-form mouth of
the river Usibets, at the lat. of 42° 39' N. and 144° 22' E.
The shore is low , and to the south of Tokatsy marshy ;
there are several lakes there, the largest of which is Jeuto.
The Eiver and the point of Kusuri. About
33' to the N.E. of Tokatsi, the Kusuri (Goutsioer,
Vries) runs into the sea and the low territory through
which it passes appears as an opening in the land;
it was also observed by Broughton and marked upon

* Rerum a Societate Jesu in Oriente gestarum Volumen, Coloniae.
1574 in 8o p. 426. NicolaesWitsen, Noord-Oost Tartarije, Ueel II,
pag. 57. "Bericht aegens het rijk Jesso , volgens zekeren brief van
den vader Hieronymus de Angelis, geschreven in 'tjare 1622.
t Beschrijvinge van het Eylandt Eso soo alst eerst in 'tselvige
jaar door het schip Castricum bezeylt is. Tot Amsterdam 1646. Ver-
gelijk 00k N. Witsen, Deel II, pag. 50.


THE KUSURI AND ITS SOURCES. 37
his map. This river is the largest on the East coast
of Jezo, and consists of the union of two arms, the
easterly of which (bearing the name of Kusuri) rises
in an inland lake at the foot of mount Olosja, the
western out of an inland lake at the foot of mount
Akaniaui thence called Akanibets (bets is river, brook).
Both these high peaks belong to the chain , the S. W.
part of which, according to Jansson's map, Vries called
"de Blaauwe berg" (Blue mountain) , and the N. E.
extremity "Batavitis bergh? Broughton also mentions
the former under the name of Peaked Hill, and took
longitude 42° 47' N that peak N. 9° E. and the opening
in the land (the mouth of the Kusuri) N. 21° E. , at a
distance of 12 or 13 Engl, miles. The country watered
by the Kusuri is inhabited by the Ainoes, who have
opened a way along the two arms of that river to the
inland lakes of Kusuri and Akani, and thence along
the rivers Sjaribets and Ikutsinakots to the north
coast of Jezo. A few English miles to the east of the
estuary and of the Kusuri projects a point to which
we have given the name of Cape Kusuri. This cape,
with the above mentioned opening, forms a bay. where
without doubt ships can find a good anchorage, shelter
ing them against the N. E. and E. winds. This pari
of the coast, as yet un visited by any European navi
gator, we particularly recommend to their attention,
and have therefore given a more detailed description
of it, according to Japanese maps and accounts.
Erom his anchorage off Tokatsi, Vries steered East
to within a distance of about 50 English miles. Find
ing no land there, he changed his course N.E. and
afterwards N. to get sight of land. At noon of the


38 POSITION OF CAPE SERIBA.
ll«i of June, Vries was at the latitude of 43° 10'N.,
2% miles from land, in 27 fathoms black sand sound
ings. Off this place three points of the East coast
important for navigation were determined; W. by S.
6 miles distant Cape Seriba (Santanel, Vries) forming
the south extremity of the entrance to Bay de Goede
Hoop; then N.E. 4 or Smiles distant, Cape de Mans-
hooft (Maris head), and W. by N. % N. a river, the
Hokirarubets , near Biwase. He also observed the little
islands of Fujutar and Kitafu, and an island at the
entrance of the bay de Goede Hoop, named Daikok-
sima by the Japanese, Horomosiri by the Anoes, and
Fan der Lyns eylant by Vries himself.
Cape Seriba (Santanel, Vries) forms the S. shore ,
and Cape Harasan (Caep Maetsuyker) the None, of
the entrance to the bay of Goede Hoop, before which
lies a small island called , by the Japanese , Daikoksima
(the. island of the god of wealth) and by Vries, after
his return to this bay, van der Lyris island. This
island is united with the N. shore by a line of cliffs
and from the S. shore a rocky reef rises above water
1 % mile E. S. E. in sea. Cape Seriba lies 8' more S.
and 5' more W. than Atkesi or Akkes, the principal
place in the bay, which is placed by the court-astro
nomer at a latitude of 43° 2' N. and 145° 34' 27"
E. long. On Broughton's original map the entrance,
with the little island in front and some rocks, is
cursorily marked at 43° N. lat. and 144° 36' E. long.
According to Vries it should be placed at 43° 5' N. lat.
Bay de Goede Hoop (Bay of Good Hope) deserves
this name given to it by one of our renowned navi
gators, who refreshed and repaired there from 16tn of


DANGEROUS CLIFFS OFF CAPE DE MANSIIOOFD. 43
but the situation and distance of the Iruri isles from
the coast is still doubtful. According to the map of
Mogami Toknai* andthe original map of Broughton t,
and also according to an old MS. map communicated to
us by a Japanese physician , Eukutsi GensokS, who was
long resident on Jezo, they lie close to cape Usu, which
we consider to be the Caep de Manshooft of Vries.
There are two larger and one smaller named respectively
Iruri, Moiruru and Kinasitomari. On Laxmann's plan
these islands (they are there named Brori) also lie to
the east of a promontory; and on his map is marked
the name Otishi (Olssi), which all maps place close
to cape Usu. On Vries's sketch ** several small islands
are to be seen, and in the Log is said: "Here (Caep
de Manshooft N. JF. by JF. 2 miles from us and in 25
fathoms black sand ground) all is bad land, not high,
without mountains; saw then N. JF.by W. from us a
reef with heavy breakers, and lay about a mile from
land, and to the N. B. from Caep de Manshooft lay
a fiat island with three small mounts ; the N. end of
the island N. N. E. 3 miles from us? The reef is
marked exactly the same in Laxman's plan, and it is
thus confirmed that cape Usu is
Cape de Manshooft of Vries. On Sakusaje-
* Von Siebold's Atlas von Land- und Seekarten. N°. 2. A.
f Catalogns librornm ac manoscriptorum Japonicorum a Ph. Fr.
de Siebold collectornm. Lugduni-Batavorum 1845. N°. 177- Iszono
dsu , Mogani Toknai geograpbi Jap. illustrissimi mappae geographicae
quinque. $ Catalogns librorum et manuscriptorum Japanicorum N°. 178.
Maisumae Jezono dzu est viro tabula geogr. exhibens insulam Jezo
cuius caput est Maisumae."
** N. Witsen, Vol. II, pag. 65. A.


4-4 THE STRAITS OF JEZO.
mons map it lies at 43° 11' N. lat., and 146° 14' E.
long. , and according to the soundings taken on board
the Castricum, August 14*, is at lat. 43° 16' N., and
is very clearly described : "gave that cape the name of
Cape de Manshooft, because it appears like a head?
Erom this cape the coast projects N.E. and runs out
in a narrow, low tongue, 50 minutes long, Cape Noss-
iam, — named Cape Broughton by von Krusenstern, and
placed by him at 43° 38' 30" N. L. and 146° 7' 30" E.
Neither Vries nor Broughton have however acknow
ledged this promontory as the E. extremity of Jezo, or
known that a strait exists to the W. of this point, di
viding the island oi Jezo from Kunasiri, the most sou
therly of the Knrils. The island of "Kunaschir" * , divi
ded by a strait from Jezo, is indeed marked on the
map of the imperial Academy at St. Petersburg, pub
lished 1758, probably according to the observations of
Spangberg and Walton ; the discovery of this strait must
however be adjudged to Laxmann (1 792). His map howe
ver remained among the archives of Kamschatka till the
beginning ofthe present century. To the renowned admi
ral Golownin and his deliverer from the Japanese prison ,
Admiral Eicord , we are indebted for a better knowledge
of this strait , to which von Krusenstern gave the name
of Straits of Jezo. Before leaving the east coast oiJezo
with Vries , we must here remark that von Krusenstern
has by mistake marked Bay de Goede Hoop twice on
his map of Jezo , once under the name of Bay de Goede
Hoop, according to Jansson's map, again under that

* Nouvelle carte des decouvertes faites par de vaisseaux Russes
etc. in Midler's Decouvertes etc.


46 PEAK ANTHONY, AN IMPORTANT LANDMARK.
latitude of 43° 26' N. communicated by Nicolaes Wit-
sen,'— -Barbaren island (Westpoint) N. W. 2/s W. 2
miles, Gebroocken island N. W % N. 3 miles. The ob
servations made on the 13*h June, at the lat. 43° 28' N.
1 mile S. W. of the Barbaren island, while riding
at anchor, may also serve to determine the. position
of these^ islands. Caep de Manshooft. W. by N. 3 miles,
the island with three . small mountains N. W. % N. 2
miles, a large reef N. by W. % W. 1 mile, N. W. %N.
3 miles, a low island, N.N. W. % N. the Peak and
N.E. by N. y2 E. a flat island 1 mile, the Barbaren
island. Also a group of cliffs, some above some under
water, E. by N. 1 mile.
"Above-said islands are 1 , 1 % to 2 miles long ,
have many small islets and cliffs lying close to them;
behind these islands, on the continent (the island Ku-
nasiri) is an easily recognisable rock with a notch
at ihe top (Peak Anthony) standing quite alone?
This mountain, which we shall speak of by and by ,
is here an important landmark, because it can be seen
20 miles out at sea. The islands and rocks, ten of
which are named on Sakusajemon's map,t and .on
Toknai's map § 12 large and small islands, and more

* N. Witsen, Vol. II. p. 65. E.
f According to Sakusajemon's map, these isles and rocks are named
according to their N."E. direction: SisjS Vtsuki, JJciroro , Juru,
Harukaru , Sibots, Imukusibe , Taraku, Itasibels and Kahiof.
$ According to Toknai's map the islands are named after their size :
SisjS, Sibjuts, Taraku, Juru, Akiroro, Harukaru, Onekinasi, To-
mari , Moimosiri , Vtsuki , Masirika , Honkinasi iomari and Monrika.
Tbe rocks and cliffs we will pass over, only remarking that onsiri
means island in the Aino language, and iomari residence or village,
and that to all these names mosiri (pronounced in Russian muschir)U


DA.MiBRoUS CLIFFS OFF TIIE COAST. 49
and the place that Hhese inhabitants named Takolekan
and Rackokan, and which they pointed out as lying
N. E. by N? is the bay of Sjakolan or Malakotan,
situated on the N. W. coast.
According to Toknai's map there are on Sikotan
more than 20 hamlets of the Aino's, and many bays
into which small rivers run and where Japanese ships
come to anchor. Eound about lie many little islands
and rocks, and to the S. W. ZA W. of the island, at
a distance of from 9 to 10 English miles, a group of
five low isles, named Kabiof according to Sakusajemon
and according to Toknai Mosirika, and surrounded
by rocks and cliffs. Golownin saw four of them and
sailed close past. They are also given on Vries's map.
There appear besides to be many cliffs and dangers
round about these islands.
The Island of Kunasiri (Kunaschir, Euss.),
on the above mentioned map of 1758 of the Imperial
Academy of Science at St. Petersburg, has again gra
dually disappeared. Laperouse, after the discovery of
the strait which immortalised his name, steered, August
1787, N E- along the neighbouring island oiJeterop,
without however touching the N. E. coast of the sup
posed "Land of Bso? Broughton also considered
JFalvisch Bay as the E. coast of Jezo. The discove
ries of Laxmann remained unkuown, and thus, after
the return of Golownin from his Japanese imprison
ment at Matsmae, von Krusenstern became acquainted
with the discoveries of this worthy navigator and
was enabled to show the island of Kunaschir and
the strait which separates it from Jezo (straits of Jezo)


THE HOOP. TEPELRERCII VOLCANO. 51
for us, by which the direction and form of the hieh
mountain which characterises the N. E. part of this
island, is made clear. The "recognizable mountain
with a notch at the top ? lying alone , which was seen
on the 13th of June on the main-land, is Mount Tsinna
or Tjosinobori, the highest on the S. part of Kunasiri,
and the "high mountain with a peak" observed on the
14* June at the lat. 43° 25', to the N. W. by N. at a
distance of at least 20 miles, is the volcano Tsjatsja
noburi, to which Vries gave the name of "Pieck
Antony? (after Antony van Diemen, governor -general
of Dutch India in the years 1636 — 1645) and which
the mate Coen names the "Hooge Tepelberch" (high
Nipplemounl) , a literal translation of the Aino name,
meaning Tsjatsja breast and Nolori high mountain,
peak. Toknai says this volcano is still active and is
the highest in the island. Erom a sketch of that vol
cano the Tepel (Nipple) is recognizable as a side erup
tion which has gradually become higher in the form
of a skittle, a so called lateral eruption being also
visible on the side of the mountain.* As this peak is
very recognizable and can be seen 20 miles out at
sea, its geographical position is of the utmost impor
tance for navigation. ' According to the observations
of Golownin and Eicord it is at a latitude of 44° 31'
N. and 145° 46' E. Long. , and on Broughton's original

* It seems that the summit or crater of that volcano had taken
another form in 1796. "In the bearing of the peaked hill ihe coast
formed a bay, with a fine sandy beach; and the mountain, which
in this point of view formed a saddle hill, presented a very magni
ficent appearance from its great height and extensive to?." Broughton,
• Voyage of Discovery , p. 116. 4*


52 RESPECTIVE SITUATIONS OF KUNASIRI AND STAETENLANT.
map at 44° 20' N.Lat. and 146° 10' E. Long. Accord
ing to Vries, who observed the "JF. point or lower
point ofthe Tepelberch? at noon of the 11th of July
at a lat. of 44° 43' N. S. by W. % W. 2 miles distant,
that point must be at 44° 36', and the "Tepelberch", which
according to Sakusajemon's map lies 10' more S., at
44° 26', which agrees with the average observation of
these navigators. If we reckon the latitude of the Peak
according to the observations of the Court astrono
mer at Nisibets, in Laxmann's bay, where this Japa
nese fort is placed, at 43° 23' W. and the peak 1° 6'
more N., we shall find that of 44° 29' W., and thus
a result which inspires us the greatest confidence in
the observations taken on board the Castricum. To
the N. W. by W., at about 8' distance lies a moun
tain-chain forming a promontory, the N. extremity of
Kunasiri, and named by Vries "Maria berch" This
point (Cape Rewausi) is characterised by a small is
land, Kawarsjo, lying just before it, and by white
patches. The observations made on the lltl] July are
too important not to be repeated here. "As then lay
the rugged mountain (the S. promontory of the "Stae-
terilanf (Jeierop) ) E. by S. % S. 10 miles, and the
point of Eso, off which Fossen island lies, lay S. E.
% E. 6 miles from, us , and tlie JF. point or declining
point of the Tepelberg S. by W % JF. 2 miles from
us? The configuration also of the west side of "Stae-
terilant at 44° 53', is very serviceable in determining
the respective situations of Kunasiri and the Staeten-
lanl, and of the W. entrance to the strait, dividing
the two, the Canael de Pieeo or Antony van Diemen.
The observations relative to it are: "the Croonberch


DESCRIPTION OF VOSSEN ISLAND. 53
E. N. E. 6 miles, the rugged mountain E. S. E. % E.
4 miles (roads of Statenlanf), the Fossen island
3 miles (at the east point of Kunasiri) and the Maria
bergh W. by S. % S. 4 or 5 miles (W. point of Ku
nasiri). Of the Fossen island, visited by Coen on the
7* of July, it is said: "On this island, which was
small and connected to the continent by reef cliffs,
one could walk over to the continent of Eso al low
water. We saw many red foxes t running about on
the island and gave it the name of Fossen island.
From this Fossen island a reef of cliffs stretches out
N. N. B. in sea for more than a mile Jrom shore,
and makes said canal very dangerous indeed. This
reef was broken, in some places the cliffs lying above
water; there was a rapid stream to the East? Off
this island they endeavoured to examine "the capabi
lities of this canal? "Could not see any dirt such
as works off from Fossen island, saw the Caep de
Canael (N. E. point of Sikotan) S. S. E. from us ,
shrouded in mist. Fossen island lay about 3% miles
W. from the rugged mountain of the Staelerilant, so
that this Canal is about 3 miles wide?
According to the observations of Golownin and
Eicord, Antony van Dieinen's strait is 16' broad and
according to Broughton's original map 20'. (We have
here given this strait its true name, but remark at
the same time that there is another Diemeris Straits
to the south of Japan). Vries went ashore with his

* N. Witsen, p. 65. N.
f The red fox, named Furelsup by the Ainoes, is the fire- fox of
the Kamtchadales , and the ordinary variety all about these regions.


54 CURIOUS DISCOVERY OF TWO CROSSES.
crew and held communication with the natives (Ainoes).
As he has given no name to this large bay where the
Castricum anchored , and which is 15 English miles wide,
from cape Moimoio to Reioausi , and about 5 deep, we
will name it the Crossbay , for remarkably enough two
wooden crosses were discovered here. "One of our men
found a wooden cross standing, brought it to the strand
and showed it to the natives, who when they saw it
appeared alarmed and motioned him to throw it into
the water; those even who had touched this wooden
cross might not approach them, till they had first
washed their hands, and then they might. Another such
cross stood at the commencement of the forest?
Doubtless these were Christian monuments and pro
bably Christian tombs. Christianity was carried over
to Jezo (Matsmae) from Japan as early as 1622, and
as, since 1639, the Christian creed was forbidden on
penalty of death, they were probably converted Japa
nese or Ainoes who had fled thither and died. Among
the Ainoes every thing that touches a corpse or anything
belonging to it is regarded as unclean, whence the
horror of the natives for these crosses. Probably they
also know by tradition of that severe edict and the
Christian persecutions. Christianity had not as yet found
any other way to that part of the world than over
Japan, for it was not till the year 1689 that the first
news of the existence of Kamtschalka reached Russia,
and in 1697 some Cossacks were the first to found a
fort (Ostroeh) on the Kamtschalka river.
The island of Kunasiri is 70 English miles long,
stretching N. E. by N. and W. by S., very narrow
from 5 to 10 English miles, and united by a tongue


GOOD ANCHORAGES. 55
of land but a few miles broad , about the middle near
cape Onnenots, where the land is low and the E. coast
appears as a deep curve, named by Vries JFalvis Bay,
because they "here saw many whales? On the N. and
S. parts of this coast there are however some bays which
ofler a good anchorage. That of Onnebels on the N.
coast is probably the "bay where one is safe from all
winds?* and that of Furuka on tlie isthmus and Tobuts
or Tobels on the S. coast are vi'ell deserving of notice
as anchoring places for whalers. The latter is connected
by a river with a large inland lake, whence the name
To (lake) and bets (river). This lake which receives
its supply of fresh water from the "high interior
mostly covered with snow on the summits? as seen by
Vries, must contain abundance of fresh-water fish,
and ofler excellent opportunity for the salmon in the
spawning season, (here in the months of July and
August). There is also such a lake on the S. W. coast ,
and at Sasak (as also on the W. side of the tongue
of Ikabanots) there is a good anchorage. The strait
which separates Jezo to the south of Kunasiri we have
given in our Atlas N°. 2 A., according to the excel
lent map of Toknai; if to this be added the above
named plan of the Baie des Traitres by Golownin and
Laxmann's plan, we have given all the geo-hydrographical
materials we possess up to the present day respecting
this commercial route so important for the future. I
will however add that there is a strong current here

* Vries, "Gedaene Coursen" in von Siebold, Atlas N°. 11. E. The
Commander however supposed that the Santberch belonged to the
Lant van Eso, and that the bay was also defended from the E. and
N. E. winds.


56 THE l-LAND OF JETEMOP OU ITURUP-
at the W. entrance to the S. and at the exit round
the E. Of the geological condition of this island we
know nothing; precious metals will be to be found
there; medicinal herbs, sorrel and stalks of a large
screen plant, probably the edible Heracleum, were
found in large quantities by the crew, and Coen speaks
of firs fit for yards and masts , and of red foxes , otters ,
salmon, turbot, haddock, cod and other fish in abun
dance. We have spoken at some length of this island
because it was very nearly unknown, its very exis
tence having been doubted as late as 1S20. * We take
leave of it with the remark that on Golownin's map
it is marked as the XXIst of the Kurils.
The Island of Jeterop (Iturup, Euss.). Our
renowned navigator almost circumnavigated this is
land from June 13^ to July 4th, when he anchored at
some miles from the S. extremity. It is entirely his
discovery, on which he put the Dutch seal of pro
perty by giving it the name of "Staetenlanf or "Slae-
ten eylanf (States Island.) It is the largest of the
Kurils, stretching in a N. E. and S. W. direction. f
The N. E. point of this island , Cape Seworosi (Cape
Vries) is determined by Golownin at 45° 38' 30" N.
Lat. and 149° 14' E. Long., and the S. point, Cape

* Z'isle de Sounaski ne se trouve pas dans la derniere edition
(de 1820) des Cartes de VOcean Pacifique, par Arrowsmith. v. Kru
senstern, Eecueil de memoires hydrographiques, p. 200.
t Alas! the United Netherlands E. I. Company, that sent out the
noble commodore to discover the Gold and Silver islands, never
understood or valued the important results of his discovery of the
Land of Eso and of the Stolen and Company's land — the JirsC Ca
lifornia — because the gold and silver did not lay open on the ground.


LAT. AND LONGIT. OF TIIE U.K. AND S. POINTS. 57
Tesiko (C. Eicord) at 44° 29' N. Lat. and 146° 34'
Long. The latitude of Cape Vries * is the same on
Jansson's map and according to Vries's observation
of the 5*h August it should be 45°35'N, while that
of cape Eicord, according to the observation taken
July 4tn while at anchor off the Fossen island, comes
to 44° 29' N.; on the map of Gedaene Coursen that
point lies some minutes more S., at the latitude of
44° 25' N., as is also the case on Broughton's and
Sakusajemon's maps.
Besides these two points, so important in a geogra
phical point of view, and which have been since deter
mined by other European navigators, we are indebted
to Vries for other important geo-hydrographic obser
vations along the E. and W. coast of this island, which
will increase in value if we can succeed in making
them agree with and explaining them by the maps of
Sakusajemon and Toknai and those of Broughton and
other navigators.
The soundings taken on the 13tn of June at the la
titude of 44° 20' N. confirm the position of Peak An
tony opposite the "rugged mountain? on the S. point
of Jeterop, "which was above very rugged and looked
like an island, and besides another high mountain,
appearing with a double head from a cleft ;" "to the
east appeared a high round mountain with its summit
through a mist ," and of another "high flat rugged m.oun-

* On the map of Jansson and on that of Vries "gedaene coursen,"
'he N. E. point bears the name of Vries, and not the N. W. as
Laperouse accepted and , following him , both von Krusenstern and
Golownin.


58 THE MOUNTAINS SERVING AS LANDMARKS.
lain, on which lo the W. end stood a mountain in
shape like a farmers barn, (Boerenschuer) , and is
also the highest of that chain? "From said mountain
stretched somewhat lower land till in N. E. by N.
and was the farthest land we could see; the barn-
mountain lay nearest us and was about 10 miles dis
tant. The chain appeared to be connected till the
rugged mountain and as we could observe a canal ran
round to the W. between tlie rugged mountain and
the peak mountain? Peak Antony lay W. by N., the.
tugged Mountain N. W. VW. "to the E? of the high
round Mountain (Croonbergh) ; the Boerenschuerberch
(Bam mountain) N. % W. All these mountains are on
our Japanese maps.
Peak Antony we know; the Rugged mountain forms
the S. promontory (cape Ricord), the high mountain
with a cleft is a mountain-chain which runs out on
the W. coast near cape Moikesi, and the Croonberch
is a high trachyte dome called Bussanobori , forming a
far projecting promontory on the W. coast (Cape Ito-
birikqwoi); and the Boerenschuerberch is also a conical
mountain on the east coast between Kusiara and Tosi-
moinols. The position of these mountains which serve
as landmarks was confirmed by the observations of
the 30*° June and 2°« July. During the 17*" and 18& of
June Vries sailed along the E. coast of this island,
steering N. N. E. and E. N. E. and sometimes had a
glance of the tops covered with snow which rose high
from Cape Noneisjo. These are Refunsiri, Helsirap,
and Tokaruribe which project above all others. Possibly
also one could see from here the summits of the oppo
site conical mountains on the W. coast, the Hetono-


THE BAY OF SEPPO (RAY OF SANA). 59
buri and Horosjunoburi. The "steep cliff like a pyra
mid" is probably the island of Obkarusibeisjo which
lies to the N. of "a steep point" (Cape Horaka) oppo
site a rivulet. The "high mountains very sparkling
from the snow" seen on the morning of 19tn June to the
W., N. N. W. and afterwards seen N., are the high moun
tains which surround the N. extremity of Staeten-is-
land, and cape Seworosi (C. Fries) . running out to
the N. E. and form the points Okkebets and Tosifuri
in the N. Their names are: Sjusinobori, Isomattseno-
bori, Kitettsenobori , and Sjokkonobori. Erom last named
point the W. coast begins to bend in a deep curve,
and afterwards runs out N W. in a high promontory.
Of this curve or bay we have received a better knowledge
from the already frequently mentioned Japanese maps ;
it is dotted on Golownin's map and named the Bay
of Sana. (The fort of Sjana or Sa?ia does not how
ever lie in the bay, but to the S. of the promontory).
It is 25 English miles wide and 10 deep, and ends
in a lake named Seppo , and with low land , an
isthmus of scarcely four Engl, miles broad. To the W.
it oilers au anchorage screened from the wind. We
have given it the name of Bay of Seppo, because
that of Sana is inexact. The promontory consists of
a mountain-chain with two summits of which the E.
is the highest. This two-hilled mountain , which could
be seen at a distance of 25 or 26 miles, wras named
Cape de Trou by the Commander; it is the cape Ika-
banots of Sakusajemon's map. On the 30tn June, lat.
45° 54' N. Cape de Trou lay E. by S. Vi S. 15 miles,
and the Boerenschuer S. E. 15 or 16 miles, and at
noon of the 2nd July at the lat. by accound 44° 56', the


60 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF CAPE DE TROU
Croonberch S. E. % S. 2% miles, the Gehackelde (Rugged)
nountain in the S., the Boerenschuer E. S. E. Va S.
Cape de Trou E. N. E. % N. There still remains to
determine the geographical position of Cape de Trou,
which appears still doubtful, although this coast has
been examined by our navigator Vries, by Laperouse
(August 18tD and 19th, 1787) and by Broughton (from
8th to ll*n Oct. 1796), and though this far projecting
promontory is very accurately shown on the maps of Sa
kusajemon and Toknai. By Laperouse it is placed at the
lat. of 45° 39', which agrees with his observation of
the 19th of August , when he was at a distance of 41'
to the N. of that promontory, at 46° 20'. Broughton,
who at noon of 9& Oct. was at 44° 31' 30" N. Lat.,
sounded the Peak S. 52° W. , aud the island of Siko
tan S. 17° E., and saw high land from N. 48° E.
to 61° E., which he regarded as an island; he steered
N. E. to examine it. In the afternoon at a distance
of 4 English miles he passed the Croonberch which
he has admirably described, * and at sunset sounded
this volcano S. 24° W., and the coast as far as he
could see, N. 55° E. Stormy and foggy weather only
allowed him a glimpse of the coast the next day, and

"We were abreast of a hill which rose from the sea shore, with
a steep ascent to a considerable elevation of a conical shape and evi
dently volcanic. We passed within two miles of it, and plainly per
ceived it covered with stones and cinders down to its base, as an
eruption [had lately happened. Bound the crater it presented ragged
and misshapen points and some small shrubs were growing on the
S. W. side very low down. This abrupt hill was connected with the
islands by a low isthmus, which receded from it on each side, so as
to form circular bays; and the land continued low to some distance."
Broughton, Voyage, page 117.


EXAMINED AND DETERMINED. 61
the last land was discovered from S. 61° E. to S. 27°
E. and "a low point" S. 8° W. This low point, which
is placed on his original map at 45° 7', von Krusen
stern supposed to be Cape de Trou, and gave the
geographical position of the supposed Cape de Trou
the preference to that of Laperouse and that of Vries
according to Jaussen's map. Broughton who approached
very close to that cape on 10* to ll* Oct., could not
see it on account of the dense fog, and the land that
he saw extending on the morning of the 12th from S.
5° W. to S. 22° E., and which he regarded as a separate
island , was the N. W. end of Staaten island , to which
Laperouse and his successor (as was said above) erro
neously gave the name of Cape Fries. This was also
confirmed next morning by his observations while in the
middle of the N. entrance of Strait Tories. This di
gression we have been obliged to make to prove that
Cape de Trou lies farther to the N. than the great hy-
drographer von Krusenstern supposed , * and in order
to confirm the observation of Laperouse and that of
our Dutch navigator. Supposing that the lat. of the sup
posed cape Vries (our cape Okkebels) as given by
Golownin, is correct, and as cape de Trou on Saku
sajemon's map, where the configuration of the coast
deserves all confidence, only differs 6' from cape
Okkebels, the cape in question would lie at 45° 32'
N, thus 6' more S. than as it is marked on Janssen's
map; and according to Vries's observation on the 5th

* Le cap Trou est place par 45° 35' (must be 39) sur la carte de
Laperouse et par 45° 10' (must be 7') sui- celle de Broughton , la
premiere latitude est certaiDemeut trop boreale." Secueil de memoires
hydrographiques , p. 198.


SOUNDINGS ALONG STAATEN ISLAND. 63
high promontories running far out and steep jutting
points , there deep bays and mountain masses only joined
by low tongues of land) — how it might be regarded as
independant islands when seen from afar. This torn and
broken island, narrow and more than 70 English
miles long, gives us a clear idea of the subterranean
powers which have thrown it up from the Ocean and of
the force of the waves of the sea when lashed by the
hurricane, as in the course of centuries they have
washed out the rocks, hollowed the gulfs and bays,
and covered the shore with sand through which rapid
little rivers make themselves a way. Erom the coasts
of this island consisting of such a succession of steep
rocks and shallow bays and gulfs, the unequal depth
near shore is easily explained, where according to the
nature of the bottom we lead from 30 to 100 fathoms of
black sand , shingle and stiff clay ("paalground"). Besides
the Piramyda we find many small islands, rocks and
cliffs spread about the coast, the position of which is
but very imperfectly known. Eor these dangers one
must keep a good look-out. With the exception of
some shipwrecked sailors this island has not yet been
visited by any European or other naturalists; of its
Eauna and Elora we have as yet no scientific know
ledge, its productions can only be partly deciphered
from the communications of the Japanese as probably
analogous with those oiJezo and Kamtschalka, its neigh
bouring S. and N. countries. And yet — I repeat it —
for more than two centuries this island has borne the
very respectable Dutch name of the Staaten eilancl.
Vries Strait and the Company 's-land (the
island Urup). Sailing E. N. E. along the E. coast of


64 VRIES STRAIT AND THE COMPANY' S LAND.
Staaten island, they saw on the 19* June, at the
Lat. by account 45° 41' N, "a glimpse of land io W. and
W. N. W. and then again it was covered loith mist? This
was the high , snowcapped land oi"Cape de Fries," ca])e
Okkebels and of the island Urup. Vries was then in
the middle of the S. entrance of the strait which se
parates Jeterop from Urup and which now bears his
name. "Saw also about 5 hours after noon straight ahead
to the N. a glimpse of a very high mountain which
shone much with the snow? "found the depth of 30
fathoms stiff clay, directly after 46,47 fathoms and,
at a short distance, again 50 fathoms  " "drifted on
at God's mercy io the N. JF., heard continually the
land-sea and great rushing of water and much scream-
*n9 °f cliff-mews? "Someivhat later in the day
again got soundings in 50 fathoms, and cast anchor
in 47 fathoms coarse sand bottom , let go our bower-
anchor? "Then saio S. S. E. the tops of high moun
tains, but could not see the feet, though they seemed
to be close to us; heard continually a great rush of
water. "About 2 or 3 hours after breakfast the mist
cleared up, and then we saw that we had anchored
not more than % mile from shore. Saw S. by W. 3
miles from us land, and N. E. by E. 5 or 6 miles
from us the most northerly land we could discover. The
noise of water toe saio teas occasioned by the rushing
down of snowioater which fell down from several
clefts in the rocks with great force. In many places
the land was still covered with snow down to the water's
edge; snoto lay especially deep on the mountain. Saw
a high, round mountain full of snmc S. W. by S.


.66 NAME OF C. LAPEROUSE G1VKN TO TIIE N. W. POINT.
As repeatedly has been said, Laperouse took the
N. W. extremity of Staaten island for Cape de Fries,
and also marked it with that name on his map. On our
map of Jezo and the Kurils we have restored the name
Cape de Fries to its right place, and we will give the
N. W. extremity, now nameless, that of Cape de La
perouse, doing in this manner homage to the great
but unfortunate French navigator, who felt so much
respect for the Dutch navigators.* Laperouse was also
the first who found this strait after Vries (Aug. 20*
1787). The anchorage was found to be at the lat. 46°
6'N. and 146° 48' 36" E. from Greenw. , which with the
above named correction of -f- 3° would be 149° 48' E.
from. Greenw., and agree pretty accurately with the
observations of Golownin, who determined the geogra
phical position of Cape van der Lijn , which lies about
3 miles S. by W. of the anchorage, at 45° 39' N lat.
and 149° 34' E. Long. "Between the ship and the shore
found (Coen) a rising bottom, 'A mile from shore 30
fathoms sandbottom , a musket-shot from land 1 9 fa
thoms stony bottom? "Had much bad water here" and
"lay here surrounded by many dangers." No better
anchorage could however be found; but coming on
shore they found a good place for fetching water.
Spring appeared to be just beginning here (June 20*),
the alder-trees began to bud , the herbs t to grow and

* La navigation du capitaine TJries (Vries) est la plus exacte qui
ait pu Stre faite dans un temps, ou les methodes d'observation etaient
tresgrossieres. ,
t Among others "sorrel, just ihe tame as grows ai home." Here
on shore grow leaves with thick hollow stems, which are altogether


VRIES LANDS AND TAKES POSSESSION. 67
blossom and the lark sang delightfully. Some red foxes
and one snow-white one were seen; there were also
some traces of human beings, such as a hut and a
skeleton, but no inhabitants.
The high mountain where earth was found "which
seemed very mineral and to contain silver? Vries
named the Mineraelberch , and took possession of that
land (which he thought to be an island near the coast

9 fathoms long. These leaves are found floating in quantities in sea,
being closely interwoven; under these long leaved weeds are seals
by thousands , as also lammetjes and divers." It seems exaggerated
and incredible to speak of leaves 50 feet long ; and yet it is true. This
weed can be no other than the Fucus esculenlus Lin. , which is also
found on the shores of Jezo and is full 50 feet long and one broad.
It frequently grows close to the shore and is to be found everywhere
in the sea of Ockots as drifting seagrass. A variety with hollow stems
has also been observed, described by Agardh (Species Algarum, I.
p. 143.) as Alaria fisiulosa, and lately shown by Dr. E. J. Ruprecht
to be a sort of his Phasgonum. This botanist has also described the
Fucus esculenlus very accurately as Phasg. alatum (v. Middendorff's
Siberisehe Seise, Vol. I, pt. 2. p. 353 sqq). Erman found torn pieces
of this seagrass on the shore of Ockots which were more than 50 feet
long. It serves the Phoca naulica as food , and in time of need is
eaten by the Sea Tungus (Reise, III. p. 48). The Fucus esculentus,
named Kombu, is generally eaten in Japan, has a very pleasant taste
and is noted as being very wholesome and nutritive. Toknai, a
venerable old man of 72, assured the writer that it was from the
use of that seagrass during his many years residence at Jezo and
Krafto that he was indebted for the preservation of his health. This
observation may serve as a hint for navigators. The Chinese also prize
this sort of Fucus. The annual exportation of it from Nagasaki lo
Shanghai amounts to 51,000 pikols , at a prime cost of 170,000 tail
or about £30,000 (Nippon VI, Vom Japanischen Handel, p. 52.)
At Jezo and the Kurils there are seaweed fisheries which are encou
raged and protected by the government.
**' 5*


68 THE CEREMONY DESCRIHED.
of America *) on the 23r<> of June, in name ofthe Com
pany, giving it the name of CompagnyslanlA
As early as the end of the 6* cent., the Japanese
had become acquainted with the southern part of Jezo,
which they called JFatari simano Jezo, i. e. Eerry
island of Jezo, because at that time the northern part
of Nippon was called Jezo. The Kurils, that is to say

* As is well known it was believed even at the beginning of the
17tn cent, that America was only separated by a narrow strait , Prelum
Anian, from tbe Mogul empire, the N.E. extremity of the old world.
On Jansson's map and on that of "Gedaene Coursen" (Atlas N°. HE.)
the Compagnysland is shown as an extensive country without end.
On the map of Gedaene ontdeckinghe onder den Commandeur M. G.
Vries , however , the Compagny slant is drawn as au island , and divided
by a strait from an extensive region, on which stand the words
"Americae Pars;" in the strait is written "Here the Yacht Brcs-
kens has been." It is therefore to that vessel we are indebted for the
recognition of the Compagnyslant as an island. The Russian officer
Spangberg sailed round it in 1739. The narrow tongue of land running
out to the W. from the supposed part of America , is most probably
Simushir, the XVIth of the Russian Kurils. On the map of Japan
belonging to the Verhandeting over de Nederlandsche ontdekkinge
(Essay on the Netherland discoveries) hy Bennet and van Wijk, we
find to the S. W. of that island two small islands, Sond island and
Heuvel island, which [were probably also discovered and so named by
the ship Sreskens. They are now called Broughton's Island and
Tsirpoi. t The taking possession of Urup is too important a fact not to be
given here literally from Coen's Journal. "Reported all I had seen to
the Commander , then accompanied him to a steep table mountain and
coming there the commander raised up a wooden cross on a high hill ,
on which cross stood the following: £§. anno 1643. Have thus taken
possession Of this land in the name of our Hon. masters, and given
it the name of Companyslant , and named this point Cruishoek. Have
eaten and drunk on the Companyslant , and then fired three salvos
with muskets in honour of our Hon. masters."


HISTORY OF URUP FROM 1672. 69
the most southern, which they named Figasi Jezo, or
East Jezo, were not discovered until the year 1672 by
a Japanese coaster, accidentally driven thither by storm.
The Eussians became acquainted with them soon after
their establishment at Kamtschalka, and, as has been
said above, they were examined by Spangberg and Walton
in the yeare 1737 — 39. At the beginning of. this cen
tury, hunters (Promnschle?iike) of the Eussian-American
fur-company, sometimes went over to Urup, which,
on account of the many sea otters * that congre
gated there, is also called Rakkosima by the Japanese.
About the year 1840 the Eussians carried on a barter
on that island with the Ainoes and the Japanese
who came there to fish, which trade seemed to be tacitly
allowed by the Japanese government. In 1854 (Sep
tember 3rd) two Erench frigates belonging to the squadron
dispatched to Kamtschatka by the allied Western naval
powers, took possession of the island of Urup, "the
seat of the Eussian trade on the Kurils", and gave it
the name of "Alliance? Urup was as yet no Imperial
Eussian territory , — it actually still belonged to Japan,
and is marked as such on Sakusajemon's map. But
the Eussian ambassador, admiral Putiatine, happened
just then to be at Japan, and had offered to the court
of Jedo a treaty of peace and commerce, in which
the emperor Nicholas had proposed that: "the boun
daries between Russia and Japan shall be between
the islands of Iterup (Staaten island) and Urup (Com-
pagnie island)? According to Art. 2 of the treaty con-

* Enydris marina, called Sakko by the Ainoes and Japanese, and
Sakku by the Kamtschadales.


70 URUP OR COMPANYSLANT DESCRIBED.
eluded in 1856 between Japan and Russia, "Urup be
longs to the possessions of Russia." And as we have
lately heard , a concession has been not long since gran
ted to the Eussian- American Company, to work the
copper mines discovered on that island. Such is the
history of the neglected Compagny slant.
Urup stretches N.E. and S. W., and, according to
the observations of Golownin, reaches from Cape van
der Lijn, 45° 39' N. and 149° 34' E., to Cape Cas
tricum 46°16'N. and 150° 22' E. Erom Cape Castri
cum, according to Sakusajemon's map, there also
stretches a promontory N. E. 6 Ei far. On Golownin's
map it is marked as much shorter and ending in
rocks. Von Krusenstern reckoned the whole length of
this island at 54 English miles, which agrees pretty
accurately with the already mentioned original Japa
nese map. The whole shape and configuration of the
coast is also just the same. In the south, one observes
the high Miner aelb er ch , Kabiop, behind which the coast
runs in and forms a bay, and a series of conical
mountains along the northern part of the W. side,
ending in a promontory Cape Nobu (Castricxim). On
the E. coast there are also some bays, among which
that of Wanan, situated about the middle, appears to
be a good harbour.
We will also remark that the "steep Cliff (S. S. W.
3% miles from the anchorage) which lies at about a
musketshot from, land, and is like a pyramid and.
was full of mews, was so steep that il was not pos
sible to climb it; this cliff was full a musketshot
high? was seen by Golownin when % English mile dis
tant from the S. point of Urup; the reef however, as


VARIARLE STREAM IN STRAIT DE VRIES. 71
given on Jansson's map, was not observed. Golownin
and Eicord, who passed three times through Strait de
Fries, tell us nothing about the current in this strait.
On Sakusajemon's map it is marked in the middle
S. E. According to the observations in the Journal of
the 5* August, "with a steady N.wind the swell was
very heavy , rolling through the strait from N. N. E?
On the other hand the mate Coen, on the 20* Juue,
believes that they were "drifted first to the N. W. and
then to the N? The wind was then variable, but the pre
vailing one of that season was S. E. and S. W. ; whence
it may be inferred that the wind exercises a real in
fluence on the current in this strait, and that, as in
those seas southern winds generally prevail from May
to August, and northern winds from August to May,
the current is to the N. during the first three months
and afterwards to the S.
Erom here Vries steered N. and N. W. up to lat.
47° 27' N., where he determined to return to the S.
Had he continued this course any longer, he would
have lost his way in the sea of Ochots. So doing he
examined the coast of Jeterop, discovered the strait
which divides that island from Kunasiri and then
opened the way along the N. coast of Jezo for the
discovery of the bays of Anhoa and Paiientie, the S.
and S. E. part of the so called Peninsula of Saghalien,
which, from the important researches of a Japanese,
Mamia Rinso, we at a later period find recorded in
the history of geography as an island under its true
name of Krafto. The results of the voyage along the
W. coast of Jeterop, and of the observations taken
at the anchorage off Fossen-Island, at the western en-


VRIES IN TIIE GULF OF ANIWA. 73
was a stream running here, but on account of the
stiff gale could remark but little ofhoio it ran? Erom the
mist covering the low coast and from the tops of some
mountains appearing W. by S. up to the N. N.E.,
that able seaman was misled to suppose that the land
to the W. was connected, and to seek a passage
through the gulf which runs in deep to the N.; "had
seeii much rush, vegetables and wood fioating about;
did not know whether we were in a navigable passage
or in a gulf?
According to the soundings taken at 4 o'clock P. M.,
July 14*. Vries was already in the Gulf of Aniwa, 4
or 5 miles E. by N. of the high mountain (Horobori),
which runs out in a promontory (Notoro) , named Cap
Crillon by Laperouse, and forms the W. and S. boun
daries of the Gulf of Aniwa. On our map of Krafto
(Atlas N°. 3) we have already recognised Horobori as
Bly deber g, which must haye been the high land seen
by Vries W. by S. * The land that stretches farther
from N. N. W. to N. N. E., is the mountain chain called
Poortlandt , extending W. from the gulf to Pic Ber-
nicet of Laperouse, f.nd to the right of Zalmbaai north
wards, and bearing, on Toknai's original maps, the
names of Okosjo and Niwajemesi (de Speenberg,Y nes?).
The two high mountains soon afterwards seen E. by N.
at lOVa miles distance, having the appearance of an

* On the map of Japan, belonging to the above mentioned essay of
Bennet and van Wijk , the name of Blydeberg is applied to Pic de
Langle. On all the original maps of Vries's voyage, Blydeberg lies
at least 5(Y more N. than the isle of Sisiri, on which that peak is
situated. Nor can the before mentioned soundings by any way be
brought to agree with it.


THE ISLAND OF It I S I It 1 DESCRIBED, 75
a chain of continually active volcanoes? This problem
does not belong solely to the province of geology; it
most certainly belongs to hydrography and here, as in
all volcanic countries , should be taken into account by
navigators. When sailing for the W. entrance of the
strait, coming from the south, the islands of Risiri and
Refunsiri serve as landmarks , the former with its
high peak, which can be seen 50 Engl, miles out at
sea; —from the N. the island of Tolo mosori (I. Mon-
neron, Laperouse). Risiri lies at 45° 11' N.Lat. and
141° 12' 15" E. Long.; it stretches N. N. W.and S. S. E.
from the coast, about seven Engl, miles long and three
or four broad; the E. side is steep, rocky and appears
to be unfruitful; the W. side runs down more level,
is also surrounded with rocks, here and there covered
with a luxuriant vegetation, and with its variation of
green spots and woods affords an agreeable sight. The
Kegelberg , the volcanic action and crater of which can
be plainly seen, is rocky and barren, and partly
covered with snow even in the month of May. The
W. and N. W. coast has some coves , Tolo iomari and
Benkai tornari, which are inhabited and in which are
Japanese guardhouses. At the N. end there is also a
hamlet ofthe Ainoes, and a guard, Nakkatomari, and
(according to Toknai) on the N. E. coast a bay Olsulsi
tornari , into which a small river Kv.sjonai falls. Erom
this bay there runs a road to Toto tornari. The Ja
panese frequently anchor in this bay on their way
from Matsmae to Cape Soja. When seen at a distance
of 24 Engl, miles S. W., this island appears like a
conical mountain rising out of the sea, on which,
even in the summer, the snow-filled furrows may be


EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE MAPS OF KRAFTO. 77
This cape has the appearance of a steep , rugged rock with
a deep cloven point. According to Toknai's map some
rocks lie out beyond the cape. Von Krusenstern, who
doubled the cape at a distance of from 5 to 8 miles ,
found the track clear and sounded 75 fathoms clay.
The Gulf of Aniwa. To Vries we are indebted for
the discovery and first knowledge of this gulf , to von
Krusenstern for the confirmation of the discovery and
a closer geo-hydrographic examination. The Japanese
geographers Mogami Toknai and Mamia Einso have
acquainted us more particularly with the configuration
of the coasts, their promontories , bays and creeks , with
the rivers and streams which run into them, with the lakes
and mountain chains and with their native names.
But it is not only an intimate knowledge of this gulf
we owe to them, for these indefatigable travellers have
also made us acquainted with by far the greater part
oi Krafto. Saghalien, formerly so little known, and
long supposed to be a peninsula, has been as it were torn
off from the continent of Asia by their researches, aud
they have opened to us the interior of a terra incog
nita. Compare the best European map of Kraflo that
exists, the Carte de laPresqriile deSaghalin, 1827, *
composed by von Krusenstern from the observations
of Vries, Laperouse, Broughton and his own impor
tant discoveries, with our map "die insel Krafto und
die Miindting des Manko (Amur) nach Originalkarlen
von Mogami Toknai und Mamia Rinzo? t and the

* Atlas de l'Ocean Pacifique, par de Krusenstern, N*. 25.
f Von Siebold, Atlas von Land- und Seekarten 1. c, N°. 3. I
will here remark that the only existing copy in Japan of Toknai's


78 VRIES COMES TO ANCHOR ON TIIE 16TH JULY'.
longest island in the world lies open before our eyes;
an island that, by our means, according to art. 2 of
the treaty concluded between Russia and Japan, is
declared neutral, and thus from this moment not only
open to the commerce of the whole world, but also
rendered capable for colonisation by means of a new
population. *
In the supposition that the land was closed to the
W. and no passage was possible, Vries had continued
his course N, at a distance of 4 miles from the shore,
which he named Poort Landt. He guessed himself at
lat. 46°30'N, at a depth of 23 fathoms stiff clay.
He now steered N. E., and so continuing with shoal
ing depth up to 16 fathoms stiff clay, he carne to
anchor. On the 16* July "in the morning it was misty
weather, but clearing a little up , we found ourselves
in a large bay. The boat was sent ofi' to examine the
anchorage somewhat nearer in shore, when 10 fathoms
stifl' clay was found within Vs mile of the shore. At

"Original M. S. Maps of Jezo, the Kurils, Krafto and the Amur,"
was given to me at Jedo by the traveller himself oa the 16*h April
1826, on condition I should not publish it within 25 years. Notwith
standing his great merits for a knowledge of the northern lands subject
to Japan, the venerable old man had, then in his 72nd year, fallen
into disgrace and was plunged in poverty and misfortune because he
made no secret of his discoveries , was too sincere and old , and yet
was too proud to bend. It was thus that his invaluable maps came into
my possession, and were only published in 1852.
* "Art. 2. The boundaries between Sussia and Japan are in future
between Ilurup and Urup. The whole island of Ilurup (Staatenland)
belongs to Japan, the island of Urup (Compagnieland) with tbe N.
Kurils to Russia, while the island of Krafto (Saghalien) is neutral
grouud between the two empires." Journal de St. Pelersbourg , 28
Avril 1857. '


80 VRIES'S CALCULATION DEFENDED.
But did Vries really make such an error of 52' in the
latitude ? Most certainly not ! The anchorage of the
Castricum was fixed by him to be by account at 46°
40' N.Lat., and that was lk mile S. W. oi Aniwa
Tamary. The anchorage of the Nadeshda was deter
mined by von Krusenstern, by observation at 46° 41'
15" N. Lat. and 142° 33' E. Long., at a distance of
2% English miles S. 49° E. of the Japanese factory.
As now the anchorage of von Krusenstern was at most
3 minutes more N. than that of Vries, the difference
between the latitude determined by the Dutch navi
gator by account in 1643, and that by observation of
one of the most famous hydrographers of the present
century, is only 2 minutes. If to this we add Vries's
observed lat. of July 19*, 46° 27' N. "the sleep point
lo the East of Tamary then bearing N. JF. % W. , 2 %
miles distant, to the N. the land lay 2%, lo N.E.
3 miles, E. 5 miles, lo the S. E. by S., the farthest
point we could see, 8 miles from us and lo that point
we gave fhe name of Cape Aniwa," and find from this
astronomical and compass observation of Vries , that the
"steep point to the East of Tamary" lies at 46° 3 7', and
that that point is 4' more S. than von Krusenstem's ancho
rage , — then no difference any longer exists respecting
the geographical position of Sabnbay, as determined by
our two navigators. And if we take into consideration
the latitude by account ofthe following noon (20* July),
where Vries reckoned he had sailed S. by E. 6% miles
and was at 46° 1' 30", and Cape Aniwa E. S. E. 3 or
4 miles distant, we shall have to fix the geographical
position of Cape Aniwa at 45° 59'. N. Lat. , which gives
a difference of 3' 20" with the repeated astronomical


VRIES 'S ACCURACY PKAISED. 81
von Krusenstern, according to whom this cape is at
46° 2' 20" N. Lat. The bay or creek named Tofuts,
E. by S. of point Tamary, and a steep rock called
Piramyda on Vries's maps , and Takatsuka (i. e. high
tomb hill) on that of Toknai, which von Krusenstern
could not see on account of the dense mist, exist as
testimonies of the accuracy of Vries's observations and
at the same time of the fidelity of the Japanese maps.
Eightly therefore did Laperouse say, when criticising
the observations of our navigator in the Gulf of Aniwa:
"precision etonnante pour le temps ou fut faite la
campagne du Kastricum;"* and not less flattering is
the exclamation of von Krusenstern, when in 1834
I showed him, on the maps of Toknai and Einso, the
straits dividing Krafto from Amurland : "Les Japonais
m'ont vaincuF
The Gulf qf Aniwa , which is 90 Engl, miles broad
and 70 deep, and, as far as we have examined it, free
from dangers, offers a roomy and at the same time
safe anchorage, along the coasts enclosing it E. and
W., and in the so called Salmbay, in which it ends.
It "offers from 45 to 10 fathoms stiff clay (sleekgrond)
soundings, regularly shoaling up to the shore, where
the bottom is rocky with small stones. Von Krusenstern
could not accurately observe the time of high water at
new or full moon ; he believes however that it is about
5 o'clock. The mate Coen says: "The water rises a
fathom here (Salmbay) on and off, several times a day?
Land- and sea-breezes also blow regularly here in the
evening and morning. Vries observed stiff landbreezes ,

* Voyage de Laperouse 1. c, Tom. Ill, page 93.


82 THE GULF OF ANIWA.
and von Krusenstern a fresh seawind. The stream
running E. in the middle of Strait Laperouse, is not
felt on the coast of the gulf; just as on the N. coast
of Jezo , there seems to be an E. and W. stream , chan
ging with the seasons. The deviation of the compass
at the E. entrance of the gulf (1805) amounted to
1° 11" E. At the time of Vries's visit the gulf was
inhabited only by Ainoes. In the beginning of the 17*
cent, indeed, the prince of Matsmae on Jezo had re
peatedly undertaken an expedition from Cape Soja to
Krafto. The Japanese wintered there, but however re
turned after a lapse of some years. The first communi
cations respecting Krafto, also called Kita-Jezo or North
Jezo , we owe to the Japanese geographer Eajasi Sivei. *
Erom him it appears that, as early as the beginning
of the the 18* cent., there was a commercial commu
nication from Jezo with that country, and that they
were then already acquainted with 22 Aino villages. It
was supposed that this land was separated from Santan
and Mantschu by a high mountain chain, and it was
asserted that the rapid stream , and the cliffs and shoals
in the strait between Jezo and Kraflo made the navigation
thither very dangerous. An island Sagalin (Saghalieri)
is given on Sivei's map, just opposite the mouth of
the Amur, just as that island is also placed on the
Chinese maps. On the before-mentioned map of Eu-
kutsi Kensok Krafto is already marked as an island,
and the course from Soja to Siranusi laid down. Krafto
only became better known to the Japanese after August
1785, when Mogami Toknai put over from Soja with

* San-kok-tsu-ran-dsu-ki and Klaproth's translation, page 187


84 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION DETERMINED.
Cape Tonyn and determined the geographical position
of it at 46° 50' N. lat. and 143° 33' E. long., and
that of Cape Lowenorn at 46° 23' 10" N. lat., and
143° 40' 20" E. Long. This cape is a steep projecting
rock, differing from the other rocks and distinguishable
from them by its yellow colour. Judging from Jansson's
map and that of the "Gedaene Ontdeckinghe" (Atlas
von Land- und Seekarten, N°. 11, D), Tonyris Point
must lay more to the south and the extremity must
be Hontob (Cape Lowenorn). If on the other hand we
take the lat. by account of July 23rd , on board the
Castricum, 46° 28' N, adding five miles with a W. N. W.
course, and the distance from Tonyris Point 1 mile
W. S.W., — this point will then be about 46° 47' N.
lat., and therefore 24' more N. than C. Lowenorn and
3' more S. than C. Tonyn, Krusenstern. On our map
of Krafto (Atlas, N°. 3) we have already given the
name of Tonyris Point to the S. extremity , JFojakutsi,
which lies about 6' or 8' more S. than von Krusen-
stern's C. Tonyn.
The low land "3 or 4 miles N. of Tonyris Point,"
is doubtless the bay which stretches in a N. W. direc
tion from Ajerub (C. Tonyn, Krusenstern), to Nolsui-
toko (C. Seniavin, Krusenstern) and named by Kru
senstern Mordwinoffs Bay. The Japanese travellers
above mentioned have made us better acquainted with
this bay, and we see there a deep creek and a large
lake, Omuto, running into the sea by a river, and
opening a communication with the Gulf of Aniwa by
means of another river and three smaller lakes more to the
south, Tsisikusito, Hotoma and Tofuts. This commu
nication is very useful for the inhabitants of the whole


86 IMPORTANT LANDMARKS ON THE W. COAST OF KRAFTO.
wajemesi, on the right bank of the Naif ids. Von Kru
senstern, who describes it as a high rounded mountain,
and places it at lat. 47° 33' N. and Long. 142° 20' E.,
thinks that it might be Peak Bernizet, seen by Lape
rouse on theW. coast, and which, according to Lape
rouse, is at lat, 47° 25' N., and 142° 21' 20" E. Long.
As in the Journal the distance of the Tepelberch (Speen-
berg) is given at 10 or 11 miles, it cannot well be
a mountain on the E. coast, as Krafto is here (at
Lat. 47Y2° N.) not more than 30 English miles broad.
On the Japanese maps there are two peculiarly charac
terised mountains, the already mentioned Ni-wajemesi
and the Tokitae. It is not improbable that the first is
the round mountain seen by von Krusenstern * after
doubling his Cape Tonyn (Ajerub) , and the other that
of which it is said in the Journal (July 24 at noon) :
"JF. b. N. we saw some mountains, on which were
summits like flat topped steeples? Tokitae, which is
characterised by two conical shaped summits, is at
about 47° 50' N. Lat., just iu the bay to the S. of
Cape Muloffsky, where the coast begins to stretch N.
b. E, We wish also to draw the attention of navigators
to some high mountains rather more to the N. on the
W. coast of Krafto , which can probably be seen from
the E. side of that island. They are the conical moun
tains Raitsiska, Jesijaran and Rijonai, the first of
which was named by Laperouse Pic de Lamanon, and
placed at lat. 48° 45' N. and 141° 56' E. Long., and

* Hinter dieser Spitze erhob sich ein abgerundeter Berg, an wel-
chen nach Norden zu sich wieder hohe mit Schnee hedeckte Berge
anreihten. Von Krusenstern, Seise um die Welt, Th. II, p. 87.


STREAM TO THE N. OBSERVED. 87
the last, Pic de Mongez, about 3S' more N. We have
gone into more minute details respecting the moun
tains, because in these seas the low land is frequently
covered with a dense fog , only allowing glimpses of the
highest mountain tops, which must serve as land
marks. Before leaving this coast however and sailing into the
"great Bay of Eso? which opened to our navigators
N. N. W. to E. S. E. , we cannot leave it unnoticed
that Vries observed there a stream, which., in 24 hours
carried him 3 miles N. ; and that to Von Krusenstern,
when ofi' Cape Muloffsky , the land had a much more
pleasant aspect than the more southerly regions of
Krafto and Jezo. " Although the situation of this coast
to the E. and its being sheltered to AY. and N. W. up
to N. E. by high mountain chains may contribute much
to producing a milder climate, we must not forget,
that the water streaming to the north from warmer
regions — a branch of the before mentioned Japanese
stream — exercises as favourable an influence on this
-i coast which it washes, as the warmed floods of the
Atlantic Gulfstream which penetrate to the N. as far
as Iceland. We also repeat our hypothesis, that the
continual mists which prevail in those regions are pro-

* "Das ganze Land gewahrte nns einen viel angenehmeru Anblick
als jene sudlicheren Lander die uns seit unsern Absegelen vou Japan
zu Gesicbt gekommen waren, die weisseu, schroffen Ufern mil ihren
Einschnitten , Berge hinter ihnen von miissiger Hohe in verscheiilenen
Gestalten und mit dem schonsten Griin bedeckt, welche mit holzreichen
Tbalern abwechselten, gewanneu uns eiu sehr giiustiges Vorurtheil fur
diesen Theil von Sachalin ab. Auch hat er uustreitig unendliclie Vor-
zuge von dem, von nns spater untersuehten , mittlern und nordlichen
Sachalin." Van Krusenstern, Seise um die Welt, Th. II, pag. 92.


88 URI, OR CAPE DALRYMPLE.
duced by the disproportion between the temperature of
the seawater and that of the air, and continue during
the greater part of the summer.
At the lat. (by account) of 48°25'N, where they
saw the bay bounded by high land from W. S. W. to
N. E., there lay W. b. N. % N., at a distance of 8
or 9 miles "a high point, looking like an island, which
was quite jagged on top and looked like a saw? This
extremity is most probably the promontory formed by
a mountain ridge, which stretches N. and S., running
down at the sea-shore and appearing as if it stood quite
isolated, and marked Uri on the Japanese maps. Von
Krusenstern has named it Cape Dalrymple and placed
it at lat. 48°21'N. and 142° 50' E. Long. The coast
which stretches from Cape Muloffsky N. b. E. , takes
a northern direction from Cape Dalrymple. As from
the 25* to the 26th July Vries had followed a N. N. E.
course, he could not distinctly see Cape Soimonoff, a
high promontory, stretching far to the E., and which
could be easily mistaken for an island. The land how
ever that was seen at noon of the 26* July, 6% miles
W., when Vries was at lat. 48° 56' N, can be no
other than this cape, which, according to the obser-
. vations of von Krusenstern, lies at lat. 48° 52' 30" and
143° I' 30" E. Long. Erom this cape the coast again
stretches more to the W. and forms a bay, which, on
Jansson's maps and on that of." Gedaene Ontdeckinghe ?
is named the "Bocht van Sainct-Jacob ;" in the Journal
however it is not mentioned. The great river the Bo-
ronai, which rises in lake Sdnai, then forms a basin
in the center of the broadest part of Krafto at the
lat. of about 50y2°, surrounded by high snow-capped


90 CAPE PATIENTIE AND ROBBEN ISLAND.
In the afternoon of the 26* July, having sailed 3 y*
miles E. b. S., Vries came to anchor at 6 o'clock in
18 fathoms stiff-clay (steekgrond) mixed with small
stones. He was, at about 1% from shore, at 48° 54'.
"Had a point, beyond which we could see no land, like
a small island S. E. b. E., 5 miles from us , and an
island lay S. S. E. 4 miles from us. The land of said
point stretches N. JF. for as far as we could follow it
with our eyes? This point was named Cape Patientie,

The water is exceeding rich in fish and sometimes in autumn in sal
mon , among which the salmo lagocephalus, as in tbe Amur, is in the
greatest quantity. The large numbers taken by'jthe Giljaks insures them
an easy life for themselves and their dogs during the long winter. On
this accouut also come many neighbouring tribes every winter to the
valley ofthe Pym, as: Ainoes from the Gulf of Patientie with Japanese
wares; Oroks (Orotsko , Toknai), with furs, the produce of the chase;
Giljaks from both coasts , with sealskins and flesh , together with some
tribes from the continent, such as M'angcens from the Amur (Manko,
Rinso), with Mandsour and- Russian products, who come to the Pymi-
Giljaks, partly to provide themselves with fish and jukkola (fishroe),
partly for the sake of the foreign goods brought thither from all part3.
Following the river to come to the east coast (Bogt Patientie) , tbe
temperature fell on the 18th Feb. at 7 in the morning, to — 42° R. ,
and on the following morning to — 31°R. "Such excessive cold, says
Dr. Schrenk, leads us to suppose that the interior of tbe island has
a climate more like that of the continent than one would expect of an
island." This wa3 also proved by the vegetation. In the upper part of
the valley of the Pym , one every where sees the fir-tree (Abies je-
zoensis ?) while the larch (Larix leptoslachys) to the seacoast supplants
all other trees. Neither deer nor elands are to be found here, but the
musk (Likonkamui , Aino) and the reindeer are. There is also still on
Kraflo a tribe of Tungo reindeer nomades , while the Tnngoes on the
Amur have long given up the breeding of the reindeer. On the 20*1'
Feb. Schrenk reached tbe E. coast of the island, and returned along
the same road. (Bulletin de la Classe Physico-mathemalique del' Jca-
demie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg , Tome XIV. 1856.)


ROBBEN ISLAND DESCRIBED. 93
rounded with sunken cliffs, seeing them stretch out in
some places for a mile farther in sea. This reef stretch
es N. of the island to the main land, and also in
its length S. in sea, but has many projecting reefs.
There is also a point of a reef N. N. E. on which
lies another large cliff or small island. These reefs
seem to run up almost on to the point of the main land,
though there seemed to be a narrow passage. Had also
observed seals by thousands on the cliffs and water ,
and found lioo small huts with fire-places on the
island. JFe gave it the name of Robben (Seal) island?
We have copied this admirable description from the
Journal, because it may serve as appendix to that com
municated by the great Eussian hydrographer. "JFir
sahen in einer Entfemung von hbchstens 3 bis 4 Meilen
(Engl.) das gefdhrliche Felsenriff, welches das Robben
Byland umgiebt. Es erslreckte sich von N. N. IF. Vi JF
bis N. 0. Die Wellen brachen sich heflig. Ueberall im
Norden sahen wir ein grosses Eisfeld, unler welchem
wahrscheinlich die Klippen fortgingen , die wohl auch
das weitere Treiben des Eises in dieser Richtung auf-
hielten. Einzelne Brandungen konnte man nach Osten
zu, so iveit das Auge reichte wahrnehmen? "Die Nord-
osi spitse liegt nach unsern Beobachtungen in 48° 36'
der Breite und 144° 33' der Ldnge, und derjenige
Theil, den man fur die Sudwest Spilze ansehen kann,
in 48° 28' und 144° 10', so dass der ganze Umfang
des Riffs gegen 35 engl. Meilen ausmacht? * On
Jansson's map the N. E. point of the reef is at lat.
47°25'N, and S.W. at 47° 8'. The small island on

* Von Krusenstern, Seise um die WeU, Th.II, p. 98,


94 SOUNDINGS OBTAINED ALONG THE COAST.
the map of "Gedaene Ontdeckinghe" also lies as much
S. ; on that of "Gedaene Coursen" however the middle
is placed at about 48° 12'. According to the observa
tions taken on Vries's anchorage, Robben Island must
be placed at 48° 31' which nearly agrees with that of
von Krusenstern. Toknai, on his map, names Robben
Island: Wotamo siri, and Cape Patientie: Fumonots.
The longitude observed on board the Castricum we have
omitted here for reasons given above, neither have we
everywhere spoken of the depth and the soundings which
our Dutch and Eussian navigators have so carefully
noted along the E. coast of Krafto and in the Bay of
Patientie. On board the Castricum , which kept farther
from the shore, they mostly found from 60 to 34 fa
thoms clay, up to the parallel of Robben island, and
farther in the bay to within a distance of lYa mile
from shore, they leaded 18 fathoms clay mixed with
small stones. On board the Nadeshda , which sometimes
approached to within a shorter distance of the coast
and then again retired, they sounded from 95 to 20
fathoms clay, and at the N end ofthe Bocht Patientie
from 9 to 4 fathoms within a short distance. A mile
N. W. of Robben island Coen found the depth of 35
fathoms clay, shoaling up to 16 fathoms shell and shin
gle, and 2 miles S. b. E. % E. of it 10 fathoms shelly
ground. To the E. of Cape Patientie the depths increase
rapidly to 80 and 95 fathoms, — less so and more
gradually towards the S. E. , where at a distance of 9 miles
75 fathoms clay were found. Von Krusenstern, who
placed but little confidence on his compasses, gives the
average deviation at his second anchorage (Lat. 49°
13' 53", and Long. 143° 48' 30") at 0° 38' E. On board


TERMINATION OF THE JOURNAL. 95
the Castricum it was found at lat. 48° 26' N. to be
7° 30' E. and "de compassen op 9° oostering gelegt?
On the 3rd of August, at the accounted lat. 41° 8%',
it '¦'¦was resolved, as the appointed time, according to
the instructions of the General and Counsellors of
India, had expired, thai we shonld do our best to
come again into the South Sea; therefore to steer for
Canal de Fries? Cape Patientie therefore received the
second name of "Caep Keer JFeer? or Cape Turn Again.
We have already met our bold navigators on the
5* of August, in the strait which commemorates the
name of their commander, and described their stay in
Bay de Goede Hoop, from the 16* of August to the
1st 0f September, elucidating and confirming their ob
servations. We have also noted in the annals of dis
coveries their discoveries on the voyage back, along
the E. coast of Japan and of the islands to which they
gave the name of a still worthier navigator, Abel
Tasman. Let us then yet mention the day on which
the Castricum , under command of Commodore Maerten
Gerritz Vries arrived safely in the harbour of Tayouan
on Formosa, and repeat the ejaculation of joy and
thanksgiving with which the Journal ends:
"Came — November \S(k 1643 — • to anchor in 10
fathoms , for which we cannot enough praise and thank
Almighty God for having so graciously preserved us du
ring this perilous voyage, and brought us here in safety
in Tayouan. To him be all honour and glory , Amen !"
And here I close my geo-hydrographic elucidations,
in which I have given navigators some useful hints
and notices for the extention of geography and the art
of navigation. I wrote this with the primary purpose


96 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.
of placing it in the hands of the officers of the Eoyal
Navy, of men adorned by talents and experience, and
more than ever inspired with the spirit of our Dutch
navigators of the 17* cent., and especially of those
who are now detached to Japan, to whom not only
the task is confided of imparting scientific knowledge
to the inquisitive people of that empire, but to whom
it is peculiarly confided to lay the foundations of a
navy on European principles, and above all to open
to Japan the world, to her ships the navigation of
the Great Ocean, and to her people the trade of the
world. If Netherland influence and confidence has been
able to remove the cliffs of prejudice and suspicion of
a government which for ages has followed the system of
exclusion as the foundation for the preservation of peace
and freedom , not from caprice but necessity ; if Ne
therlander by birth , or men of other tongues attached
to Netherland and naturalised after many years of faith
ful service, — if such men from the year 1641, have
been able to keep up as it were in secret in their prison
on the isolated isle of Decima, the enlightening fire
of science, — what expectations may we not now en
tertain , when the Netherland representatives of European
science in Japan are permitted openly and unhindered
to show the torch of civilisation, and by means of
instructing the Japanese, instruct themselves with
regard to Japanese affairs and science; and where the
finest opportunity is afforded them, under the Dutch
and Japanese flag united , of examining and extending
by new observations and discoveries , the extensive field
of geography and hydrography, which, until very
lately, the foreigner could only follow in secret.


EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE AINOES. 99
Japan in 1622, a year before he was burnt at Jedo.
Nicolaes Witsen has copied it in his "Noord-Oost Tar-
tarye," * and this sketch ofthe manners and customs
of the Ainoes is too important for us not to copy it here
literally from that scarce book, in order that we may
compare it with the account of our Netherland navigators.
"As for the appearance of the inhabitants, they are
coarse and of larger stature than men generally are:
more inclining, in colour to white than brown. They
wear long beards sometimes down to the middle. They
shave the hair of the forehead half off, so that they have
no hair on the temples, but a good deal behind, as
some wear it as long as the Japanese. In general they
have the ears bored, and have silver rings in them
instead of pendants ; those who have no silver run a
flock of silk through the hole and let the ends hang
down long. This is done by both men and women. The
dress of both sexes is long, interwoven with silk,
embroidered with ornaments of crosses or roses of the
same stuff, large and smaU. Their stuffs arc of silk,
cotton or linen. For arms they employ arrows, bows,
lances and swords, which last are not larger than an
ordinary Japanese poker. Instead of armour they have
coats of small planks fastened together, which is ridi
culous, to look at. They have poisoned arrows which
give an incurable wound. They are very quarrelsome,
though they seldom kill one another. Large cmantities
of dried fish, also herrings, swans and cranes, living
as well as dead, and also dried, together with falcons
and other birds, were brought to Malsumay for sale.

* N. Witsen, deelll. I. u. p. 57. 7*


100 EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE AINOES.
Whales are also caught there and the Todonoeno (seals),
the skin of which is hairy, not unlike that of a swine,
and four feet long. These fish are to be had there very
cheap. They do not trade with gold or silver coin, but
exchange their wares for rice, cotton, yarn, linen and
stufls , or ready made clothing. The lord of Matsmnay
assured me that the inhabitants of Jesso went to three
. ... t
islands not far distant from their country and the
inhabitants of which had no beards and a very different
language from those of Jesso, to purchase fish-skins,
which they call Raccon (Eakko , Enydrys marina). But
he did not know whether those islands wrere to the
S. or N. of Jesso. As to their knowledge of another
world and a future life, it. is little or nothing. They
have some sort of worship for the Sun and Moon as
the two greatest lights; as also some mountain and
sea devils; for as they mostly support themselves in
the mountains by hunting and wood-cutting, and ou
the sea with fishing , they hope by these means to catch
much and never to be in want of wood for fuel or build
ing. They have neither Bonses nor priests nor temples
nor any place where they come together to do anything
for their salvation.
"None among them are able to read or write.
"Each one has his own lawful wife , or as some suppose ,
even two ; though there are many who have concubines
in the Chinese manner. When the husband dies the
wife often goes to the house of her father-in-law, or
to one of the husband's friends, under condition that
she shall never leave it or marry again.
"A woman taken in adultery has the hair of her head
shaved off, that she may thus be known; and the adulterer,


JOHN S*RISS ACCOUNT OF TIIVT PEOPLfc. 101
or he with whom she has committed the crime, is depri
ved of his sword and of all his ornaments by the offen
ded husband or by his friends as often as they meet him."
As ambassador from the English Company at the
court of Jedo in 1613, John Saris, obtained accounts of
Jedzo (Jezo) from a Japanese who had been there twice ,
which confirm the fierce appearance of that people and
also throw some Light on their trade. "The men there
are white and well made, but very rough and hairy all
over their bodies, just like baboons and apes. Their
arms consist of a bow and poisoned arrows. Those who
live on the south side understand weights and measures,
but thirty days journey inland they know nothing about
them. They have much silver and gold dust , which they
pay the Japanese for rice and other wares. Rice and
Japanese cottons are much sought here. Iron and lead
they get from Japan. All eatables, and whatever can
serve for clothing finds most purchasers. Japan rice
brought to Tedzo brings a profit of four for one.
"The city where the Japanese most reside here and
hold markets is named Matchma (Matsmae). In it are
500 Japanese families who have also a fort here, and
he who commands in it is named Matchmadonna (Mats
mae Dono). This city of Matchma is the principal
staple-place of all Tedzo, whither almost all the na
tives go to buy and sell, especially in the month of
September to lay in their winter store. In the month of
March they bring salmon and all sorts of fish , together
with other wares which the Japanese accept in barter
and prefer to their silver. Farther, those of Japan have
no fixed dwelling place or market except Matchma.
Those who live in the same island farther north are


102 FRANCOYS CARON'S ACCOUNT.
very little and like dwarfs , but the other Yedsoans are
like those of Japan in size and figure. They have no
clothing but what is brought them from Japan.
"Between Yedzo and Japan there is a very strong
stream coming from Corea and running E. N. E. The
winds are in general there as in Japan, viz., the N.
winds begin in September and last till March , and then
betcin the S. winds." * ¦
Erancoys Caron, chief of the Dutch trade in Japan,
during the years 1639 — 40, gives us some less im
portant notices gathered in Japan, on Jezo and the
Ainoes, which we will however cite on account of the
completeness of the knowledge of those times respecting
that remarkable land and people. i
"You travel 27 days farther N. E., bearing well to
the E., before you come to the extreme point of the
land named Tsungaar (Tsugar), on the sea: thence
you cross a water, about eleven miles wide, and come
to the land of Jeso or Sesso , where precious furs and
skins abound, which land is very wild, mountainous
and but thinly peopled. This land of Sesso is very large,
has often been explored by Japanese, deeply and far
travelled through, but no one has ever come to the
end or come* to any certainty respecting it, so that
they have generally come short of food and each time
been obliged to return. The reports of the visitors have
been such that his majesty's curiosity to know more
about it has been restrained , for the land (as is said), is

* Naaukeurige Verzameling der GedenJcwaardigste Beysen na
Oosl- en West-Indien ens. Te leiden, door P. van der Aa, 1707,
Deel 24. Agsle Oost-indische Seys enz. onder Capitain Joan Saris >
pag. 136.


104 AUTHORITIES ON THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
the expeditions of Quast and Tasman, and of Vries
and Schaep to the N. of Japan. Nicolaes Witsen also
mentions an account by Philips Jacobs z. de Bakker,
second mate on board the Castricum. * Of the map
published by Jansonius, as also of the other unpub
lished maps of the voyage and of the "Opdoeningen
en lant-verkentenissen van de zeekuslen des lants van
Jesso, en van het Compagnieslant" preserved by Wit
sen, we have already spoken at sufficient length1. The
most important observations and accounts, especially
with respect to the Ainoes, their manners and customs,
which we owe to navigators of modern times and to
Japanese who have visited and described' the land of
Jezo , have been lately collected by the writer of these
sheets and made into a whole in his "Beschrijving van
Japan? t The repetition of it here would be super
fluous, useful as it might be in itself to confirm, elu
cidate and enrich the communications of our old Dutch
navigators. , : ' ' ,..'.'/•'. -.¦>-.„ ,.-n-„
We propose here to describe the remarkable tribe
of the Ainoes according to the accounts given in the
refound Journal, and according to all the records which
the Netherland press has preserved us of Vries's voyage.
At the same time we will keep as closely as possible •
to the very words in which the different observations
are given. I ,
Form and Features of the Ainoes. The inha-

* N. Witsen 1. c. page 59.
t Nippon, Abtheil. VII, p. 205— 224.
$ The authorities from which we have composed this description are
marked as follows: (K. B.) Korte Beschrijvinghe ; (M, B.) Mate de
Bakker' s account; and (J.) Coen's Log.


FORM AND FEATURES OF THE AINOES. 105
bitants of these islands of Eso , are all much alike , short,
stout, compact of stature, have long rough hair and
beard, so that the face is pretty nearly covered with it,
but the head is shaved in front; they have well chi
selled features, black eyes, short, rather thick and not
flat noses, low forehead, yellow skin and very hairy
all. over the body. The women are not so brown as
the men, have their hair shorn all ronnd, so that it
does not cover their faces. Others let it grow long and
twist, it up like the Javanese women, paint their eye
brows and lips black and blue, have all, men, women
and children, their ears pierced and wear silver rings
in them, as also flocks of Armo-silk with lead and
copper rings. (K. B.) *
¦ On Krafto the women are whiter than on Jezo:
"Saw (in the Gulf of Aniwa) a woman sitting in a
prow, white, with long black hanging hair on her head ,
had in each ear a large blue bead chain, on which
some other beads were strung. (J.) t
"Found there (Bay of Patientie) a white woman ,
with a pretty face , having long black hair , with a band
of beaver (Sea-otter) fur round her head, dressed all
in fur, having a little girl with her with a fur dress
¦ on , with a beautiful band of sable fur round her head ;
had also a boy standing near her dressed in fur." (J.)
The log also speaks of a white man , possibly a ship-
' * Compare Nippon, Alias, Tab. XVI, XVII, XVIII.
f Compare Nippon, VII Atlas, Tab. XXI, fig. 5. The most pre
cious are tbe blue Obsidian which they call Krafto lama, precious
stone from Krafto. These blue corals are found among all the peoples
ofthe frigid zone, of tbe northern hemisphere, from the Great Ocean
np to Behring's straits, where they were found hy von Kotzebue in
the Sound which bears his name.


106 GOVERNMENT, AINO-CHIEFS , ETC.

>

wrecked Japanese ; though old people , being less ex
posed to the open air on account of the infirmities of
old age, may fade in colour and become whiter as are
the women of the better class in this country. •
"At some distance from the prow an old white man
with a long gray beard, sat on the Japanese manner
on a mat to pray, clad in a flowered cotton dress
made in the Japanese fashion. My guide motioned me
that I should go to the old man." (J.),.v-! !..'.<
Government, Aino-Chiefs, Administration
of Justice, Punishment. At the time of Vries's
visit to Jezo, the Ainoes of the southern part of that
island had long lived under a Japanese prince who
resided in the city of Matsmae. "The Matsmay Si-
madonne (Matsmae Sima dona), Governor or Chief
of said island, goes annually to salute the emperor of
Japan at Jedo, taking with him as presents much sil
ver, feathers (to be used on arrows) and fine furs
passing over in a bark from Eso to the Japan coast
Nabo , * whence he journies by laud to Jedo? (K. B.)
"Among them there is no legislation or police, no
writing or books , no one being able to read or write."
(K. B.) They have however chiefs who exercise their
authority, and are held in high consideration and-
honour among them.
"The inhabitants came to meet us in two prows
and three persons come over in our prow; we then
steered together to their village which they called Ackys
(Atkesi on Jezo), and went with the man of greatest

* Probably to the above described harbour of Nambu, on tbe E.
coast of Nippon. Possibfy also the harbour of Sai or Ohala.


TWO CHIEFS DESCRIBED. 107
authority, whose name was Noiasack, into his house.''
(J.) These are mostly old men remarkable for expe--
rience and social virtues. "While lying at anchor there
came a crowd of people on board accompanied by a
blind man whom they honoured and respected. This
old blind man, before returning to shore, raised his
hands and pronounced a long oration over the crew ,
which our people did not understand a word of." (M. B.)
"The commodore gave the oldest a small Prince flag,
with which he seemed very glad, set it up on his
house and let it fly." (J.)
The meeting with the Aino chiefs in the Bay of
Patientie may be very properly introduced here to give
an idea of those martial personages.
"Saw two staid persons sitting on a large tree which
had been thrown by the sea on the coast, stout of
limb, the one with a long beard, having a bow and
arrow in his hand, with a quiver full of arrows hanging
to his head and a hanger at his side; the other was
somewhat younger, having two large mustachios, had
also a bow and arrow in hishand and further armed
with a hanger and quiver full of arrows. Behind them
stood two strong men, armed as before, dressed in fur
clothing. The elder of the two stuck his bow in the sand
with an arrow next it, and took a long pike about 18
feet long in his hand, and they both remained sitting
and the two others standing. On coming a little closer
to them I said Tacoy yankarale and rubbed my hands
together, as I had seen at Tamarij , on which the old
est said Tacoy. I then went nearer and taking his
hand motioned him that we were friends, -by pressing


110 A TOMB OPENED AND DESCRIBED.
coffin , the bottom of wooden trellis-work , airy , on
which the corpse lay with a wreath of finely cut sha
vings round his head. He had an old blue cotton dress
on, but that was all decayed; we found in the coffin
with him some saucers and vessels for food aud other
such things, with a bow and arrow. He had also as it
seemed had some food in a box; there also lay a small
block for stamping rice and a rice-stamper in the coffin. '
The coffin was well closed with a cover like the roof
of a house; above on the sharp edge of the cover lay
a finely carved wooden cover. Along the coffin at each end
was a finely carved lion or dragon's head , with wooden
rings of the same wood in their mouths, and from all
the four corners downwards similar carved wood as said
above. Having regarded these graves with astonishment,
we saw also many little sticks standing near , with fine .
carved shavings hangyig to them." (J.) * <-
'- At Atkesi or Jezo it was remarked that the place
"Where the dead lay under the earth ," the grave was
covered with oyster-shells. In other places they stand in a
small hut in the coffins above ground, on four piles,
the hut being very cleverly carved with ornamental carv
ing, without any other offerings being found there." (J.)
The hut with a skeleton in it found on Urup was doubt-

* Compare with) this the tombs in the Bay de Castries. Voyage
de Laperouse, Atlas, No. 53, as also the tomb observed by Toknai -
on the W. coast of Krafto. Nippon VII, p. 217, Atlas, Tab. XXII,
fig. 15. These tombs have very much analogy with those of some
American tribes, viz. the Bacotaks and Chippewas. With them too
before the hody i3 buried, it is preserved for from 12 to 16 months
in tombs constructed of planks and beech bark, and resting on piles.
During this time food and drink are offered to the souls of the de
ceased, and arms and other valuables are laid next them.


MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. Ill
less a burial place ; the sabre hung up before it is a proof
of it. In the Jezoki * stands : "When the Ainoes will
solemnly bury any one , they hang up the sabre of the
deceased over his grave, on a pole five or six feet high."
"They reported they had been in some huts in which
lay a skeleton and a death's head. These huts were
made of branches of trees and covered with long grass ;
found in said huts a pole struck in the ground on which
hung a hanger.'' (J.)
The scars so generally observed on the foreheads
of the natives bear evidence of the so-called death
struggle , which consists in the nearest relations giving
themselves a cut in the forehead with a knife (makere),
and offering the blood to the departed souls. 1 "They
have most of them been wounded and cut over the
head with many cuts and slashes , as is shown by the
large scars." (K. B.) The peaceable Ainoes were therefore
turned by our people into : "Forest vagabonds or Ban
dits, every one being his own master." (K. B.)
Manners and Customs, Manner of life and
Eood: "From their long beards and hair they appear
to be very fierce , but know how to conduct themselves
so sincerely and simply towards foreigners, that one
cannot judge them otherwise than as civil and polished
people. When they come to foreigners they dress them
selves up in their finest clothes , and know how to be
have very modestly, show their courtesy and politeness
by bowing the head and folding, the hands, rubbing

* Jeso-ki, ou Description de Vile d'leso etc., par l'interprete Kan-
nemon; in Malte-Brun's Annates des voyages , etc. Tom. XXIV, p. 147.
+ Nippon, VIII, p. 21*.


112 DOMESTIC CUSTOMS.
them backwards and forwards the one over the other;
singing with a trembling voice as the Japanese do;
but when they get a little encouragement they are soon
familiar and show a friendly and gay face." (K. B.)
i "And then ihrew his arms amicably round my waist
in. sign of friendship, and went so hand in hand to
his house." (J.)' They are hospitable: "on landing we
were well Teceived by the natives." (M. B.) "They in
vited me to enter their huts." (J.) -?-•
- "Every man has two wives, who make mats, sew
their husband's clothes and cook; and when the men
collect or cut firewood in the forest, the wife carries
it to the prow; and then they have to row as well as
the men." (K. B.) '< ; '- * -;
iThe women, especially the old ones , are not ignorant
and seem to' have much authority .' "on which the oldest
woman, understanding my meaning etc." (J.) "A hut
but of which came a decrepit old woman leaning on a
stick, who seemed to have much authority." (J.) "The
men are very jealous of their wives and daughters with
strangers, so that they cannot suffer them to romp or
play with them. If they remark that any one tempts
them to indecency they will kill him if they get him
in their power." (K. B.) -- ¦• ¦
When their wives are in childbed they keep in a
small separate hut, and for the space of two or three
weeks no male is admitted. The children are quite white
when brought into the world. When they wanted to
give the breast, and any of our men were near, they
did it very covertly, not uncovering the breast more
.than just sufficient to let the infant take the nipple
in its mouth. Even very young girls and children,


114 DWELLINCS, HOUSES, I1IJTS, ETC.
finger." (J.) "They sit on the mats in the Japanese
manner.'' (J.)
Dwellings, houses, huts, barns, forts etc.
"Their huts, which are mostly situated on the strand,
on the declivity of the mountains, and some few on
the top, are of planks, planed and jointed, covered
with the bark of trees as well on the sides as on the
top, and provided with a window above, to let out the
smoke from the fire which is made in the middle of
the house. Inside it consists of one room planked off'
with deals and curiously covered with single rushmats
along the ground, 10 or 12 paces long and 6 broad,
all very nicely made, some set round with a palisade
of pines. Their houses are not more than twice a man's
height, just as the farmhouses in the Netherlands,
and the doors are so low that one goes in stooping.
There are not many standing together; the greatest
number our people saw together was 18 or 20, gene
rally 6, 7, 9 and 12, then more than half a mile from
the others, also for the most part empty and uninha
bited. They have no furniture except rushmats, then-
Japanese dresses together with the silver work are at
the same time ornaments, they have fur covers to sit
on or sleep on." (K. B.)
Many descriptionsMn the Log, and the drawings we
have obtained from Japanese, agree with the above. *
There they also speak of huts, barns, and cages for
bears, eagles and other birds, etc. A hut or tent on
the strand in the gulf of Aniwa, is thus described:

* Nippon 1. 0^ Tab. XVI. XX. Von Krusenstern Eeise. Atlas
No. LXXVI.


FORTIFIED DWELLINGS. 115
"it was made up merely of mats, with sticks in a
triangle ; in the centre was a fire over which hung an
iron kettle with salmon and green herbs to boil." (J) *
Small warehouses about a man's height above the
ground, standing on four supports or uprights , in which
lay dried fish; the doors were made of firwood and only
closed with strius'"'* +
"Near this house stood a large cage in which some
animal seemed formerly to have been kept." Many small
cages to which vessels for food and water were still
attached." (J.) Here stood a large square cage in which
was a large black bear, § at each corner of the ca°-e
was a long pine with a may to which was hanging-
many shavings. I supposed that it was in triumph
over the imprisoned bear or for some religious cere
mony." (J.) **
While the Castricum was refreshing in the Bay de
Goede Hoop, they learned that the inhabitants of Afkesi
were living in good understanding with their southern
neighbours, and the mate Coen saw some fortified
dweUings there." These forts were made as follows: on
'the mountain on which they were placed, was a small
road steep to climb, and round on the four sides, pal-

* Compare Nippon I. c. Tab. XVIII. Von Krusenstern, 1. u.
No. LXXX.
f Von Krusenstern I. e. No. LXXVI. Nippon 1. c. Tab. XVI.
% Nippon 1. u. Tab. XVI.
** They are the above mentioned Inao. Besides, the bear is ho
noured among them and therefore called Hokjok Kamui (Kamui , Ja
panese Kami, God). They however bring up young bears for the pur
pose of sacrificing them to their Protecting-gods , and eating them
at the sacrificial feast. Compare Nippon I.e. p. 203, 219. Tab. XVII,
where the bear-feast Omsia is figured. S*


116 DRESS,-.
lissades were placed of the height and length of 1%
man's length; within this stood two or three houses.
There were large fir doors in the pallissades with strong
clamps; when they were closed two stout bars were
passed through the clamps and thus fastened them. At
two corners of these square placed pallisades, a high
scaffolding is made of fir planks for a look out; fur
ther, the pallisades are well fastened together with cross
bars." (J.)
Dress, ornaments, etc. "Their dress is mostly
in the Japanese manner, but seldom of silk, mostly
of cangans dyed blue with water flowers , with or with
out wadded Japanese petticoats. Some make the dress
and petticoat of the same stuff, the sleeves not so wide
at the hands , but nearly tight , with flounces and pieces
of silk sewed on cross-wise; they also make dresses
of skins of animals , the men having them open in front,
and the women closed as a shirt." (K. B.)
The dress and ornaments are more particularly des
cribed in the Log. On the east coast of Jezo: "They
had coarse dresses of hemp linnen on, * and over that
coats made of skins ; they had holes in their ears through
which hung strings; the one had a ring in his ear,
which was of a sort of half copper half gold." (J) t
In the Gulf of Aniwa. "The man had on a coat of
cotton, blue with white spots; his women were dressed ,
the one with a coarse hemp dress, the other with one
of seal skin." (J.) §
* These are made of the bark of a tree named Ats'ni, probably a
sort of Broussonetia. Compare Nippon , 1. c. , page 209. Tab. XVII.
t Nippon, I.e. page 210. Tab. XXI, fig. 6, 7, 8.
J Nippon, I. «. Tab. XVI, XVII, XVIII.


ORNAMENTS, ETC. 117
"And they were in some places stitched with red
and blue cotton thread." "Some had dresses of skin on."
"We found there on a raised place on which lay
mats (the Aino chief) sitting, dressed in a blue cotton
dress with white flowers; his wife on his left side was
dressed in a dress ornamented with many bones and
crosses, stitched with cotton threads of all kinds of
colours; these dresses were like the Japanese catabers
(Kata hira,, a sort of muslin.)
"The decrepid old man (an Aino chief) had on a
blue cotton dress, on which was printed Japanese cha
racters with gold in a large square space. This dress
stitched and ornamented with all kinds of coloured
threads." (J.)
"Had all of them tufts of armoi-silk of all colours
in their ears." (J.)
"The host's wife had a large blue bead chain round
her neck , between which were strung alternately corals
and coppers." (J.)
"Some of them had large silver rings in their ears." (J.)
"One of which women had a young child on her
lap, as beautiful as I have ever seen, which was a girl,
having a blue bead chain round its neck, a blue bead
and a silver one alternately; to the chain hung two
large silver rings, beautifully made, weighing together
a good Y2 pound." *
Arms, vehicles, instruments for hunting
and fishing. "Their arms are bow and arrows, to
gether with a hanger, much like the Japanese, the

' . /
* A drawing was-given us of such a necklace, with brass ornaments ,
very valuable in its sort. Nippon, 1. u. Tab. XXI, fig. 4r.


118 AKMS AND VEHICLES.
blade inlaid with a thin silver border; they bear it
with a girdle in the Persian manner, the quiver with
a band round the head, hanging on the right side.
Their bows are 4 or 5 feet long, of ash or elm, and
the arrows about half a yard, very cleverly made with
a small reed harpoon at the end, rubbed with black
poison , so that whoever is wounded by it must imme
diately die." (L) *
This is confirmed.
"We admired the cunning manner, in which their
arrows were made, some rubbed with poison." (J.)
"The oldest had a quiver hanging to his head, with
a bow in his hand and a sword at his side. We saw
no arms besides." t
"The inhabitants (Gulf of Annua) had some of them
hangers at their sides, the blades of which were inlaid
with silver, very curiously, as were also the sheaths
and points. The handles of their hangers were also very
beautifully inlaid and worked in silver." (J.)
"These people are by nature idle , not industrious in
labour, neither sow nor reap, gain their subsistance in
a small boat which is cut out of a thick tree , strength
ened on each side with four planks one foot high , § in
which they row just as our farmers in their milkboats,
but do not put their oars into the water together. With
these boats, they go to fish for seals and other animals,
for which they have instruments, as harpoons of bone,
the point provided with a piece of iron or copper. They
had also nets made in the Dutch manner, the thread

* Nippon, c.l, page 210—211. Tab. XXII, fig. 1—5.
t Nippon, I.e. Tab. XVI.
$ Compare Nippon, I.e. page 213. Tab. XXIII, fig. 1, 2, 3.


120 TRADE OF THE AINOES.
water, where they are seized by the dogs on the look
out, who bite off their heads and bring the bodies to
their masters, and then return again to their post.
This takes place at low water." (J.)
Their method of making fire is remarkable and sim
ple. "They had their instruments for making fire with
them; these were square planks with a hollow in them,
then they have reeds into which is inserted a short stick ;
when they want to make fire, they put the short stick
in the hollow and rub it between the hands so that it
turns round, and so being dipped in melted sulphur
they hold that to it and soon have burning fire." (J.)
Trade. The Ainoes only carry on barter with the
Japanese, with the inhabitants of the north oi Krafto,
and of Amurland. "The men barter train, blubber,
smoked whale tongue, many sorts of skins and feathers
with the inhabitants of Japan, who come here once a
year to buy those wares, giving in exchange rice, sacie,
Japanese clothing (silk and blue cangans), copper to-
baccopipes and tobacco, boxes, japanned vessels for
eating and drinking and cups; silver earrings, lead
rings for hauging in the ear , axes and knives , so that most
of what they possess, they have in exchange from the
Japanese. Their language is somewhat mixed up with
Japanese. They are very cunning in their trade, but
not thievish." (K. B.)
On the east coast of Jeso they came to offer their
goods to the Netherlanders: "This prow was full of
furs, such as sealskins, eland, otter and bearskins and
others of b'nds unknown to us. They offered to ex
change all for Japanese clothing." (J.)
"In the Gulf of Aniwa and the Bay of Patience,


TRADE OF THE AINOEK. 121
were very desirous of iron, giving in exchange feathers
and fur, knowing very ingeniously how to pack up
the feathers in boxes." (K. B.)
"They offered me a fine otterskin for which I gave
an old axe with which they were very glad." (J.)
"However much silver we might offer them they al
ways preferred iron to silver." (S. B.)
"These people were also very fond of silk stuff's, for
which they offered furs and silverwork in abundance."
(S. B.)
The trade of the Japanese with the Aino tribes now
extends along the whole coast of J eso and up to Krafto,
in the Gulf of Aniwa, and is carried on with much.
advantage. Dried and salted fish, especially salmon,
herring, sardinias, stockfish, shelfish, such as (Awawi,
Heliolis Japonica), Tripang , (Iriko)), seaweed, (Kom-
bu, Fucus esculenlus) bearskins, sea and river otter-
skins , eagle's feathers, are the principal articles which
they exchange for rice, tobacco, cotton stuffs, old and
new articles of clothing, japanned wares, sabres, knives,
raw iron, cast iron, and copper kettles and pans,
etc. The Japanese also exchange some other goods with
-the Ainoes, such as flowered silks, and silks interwoven
with goldthread, named Kensju, fishing-lines (susi,
made from the corpus sericeum oi a catterpillar) the
before mentioned blue obsidian coral (Krafto tama) and
enameled tobacco-pipes , which they obtain by their in
tercourse with Amurland from the people of Santan and
from the Mantschous , who come to Deren , a commercial
place on the Amur, not far from the Bay of 'Castries. *

* Nippon, I.e. page 173.


122 DESCENT OF THE AINOES.
A solution of the problem of the descent of the
Ainoes and their relationship with other neighbour
ing nations, would be a highly important task for
the science of ethnology. Their fables relative to their
descent, as preserved in traditions and national songs,
deserve no more credit than all similar fabulous ac
counts of other rude and uncivilised nations. * The
Jebisu or East savages have been known to the Japa
nese from the time that Zin mu ten wo, the founder
of the Mikado's or Hereditary emperor's dynasty, be
gan to extend his empire to the east and north , that
is to say 660 years before Christ. In Chinese history
it is not till the dynasty of Han (189 B .C. to 30 A. D.)
that we find any mention of the tribe Mao-min, in
habiting the other side ofthe East sea, and whose bo
dies were covered with hair. In the history of the Sui
dynasty (A. D. 608 — 622) mention is also made of a
tribe Mozin, consisting of fifty hordes, living in the
mountains N. W. of the land of JFoke (Japan). A per
sonal acquaintance with the Ainoes was not made till
the middle of the 7tn cent. (659), when a Japanese
embassy brought two Ainoes as curiosities to the court
of Tang in China, f As in 'the time of Zin mu ten
wo, the greater part ofthe North of Nippon was inha
bited by the Eastern savages, the Ainoes , we may with
great appearance of probability suppose that tribe has
existed there for 2500 years. The north eastern boun
dary of their dispersion cannot however be traced far
ther than to the second of the Kurils from Kamtschalka ,

* Compare Nippon 1. u. page 221.
t Nippon 1. c. p. 222.


ETHNOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNTS. 12 3
Para muschir. On the first of the Kurils , Schnm.schn ,
a mixture of the. Ainoes with the original tribe of
Kamtschadales, the so called Itiilms ook place. These
Itiilms however have no similarity with the inhabitants
of the southern Kurils, the Ainoes, either in appearance
or language; aud these ancient inhabitants of Kam-
tschatka inhabited tlie peninsula (having probably in
the remotest times come thither from the land S. W„
of the Amur) even before the Tungi and Koriaki who
are now established between Kamlschatka and the neigh
bouring East Siberia. This great stream was the road
of a- pre-historic migration, as it will perhaps become
that of European civilisation to the interior of the
N E. part of the Chinese empire and of Siberia. The
ancient inhabitants of the Baie de Castries, as Lape
rouse has described them to us, have much similarity
with the Ainoes in appearance, manners and customs.
The tribe of the Kileng and the Kelscheng , the former
of which inhabit the territory to the W. of the Amur,
the valleys watered by the Hingon (Aemgun), and the
latter the coast land to the S. E. of the Amur and
opposite the island of Kraflo, have also much simila
rity in outward appearance, manners and customs with
the Ainoes. Thus traces, thousands of years old, ofthe
Aino tribe may be discovered along the coast of the
continent of Asia; but the imperfect historical and
ethnographical accounts which we as yet possess of these
regions do not allow us to follow them further to their
cradle in the N. E. of K6rai' , and of the S. W. terri
tory of the Amur. All that we know of this remar
kable people however testifies of its high antiquity.
The result of our conjectures amounts to this: in


124 ANTIQUITY OF THE AINOES.
the same way as in the pre-historic times the Itiilms
the primitive population of Kamtschatka, came to this
peninsula, and were afterwards succeeded by another
tribe and were driven to the south extremity , it is
also probable that in a much earlier time the Aino
tribe gradually spread themselves along- the Amur, over
the islands so close to the continent (Jeso, the Kurils
and Krafto): but -driven back in the N. E. by the
Itiilmi who followed them, and iu the N. and N. W.
by the Koridki and Tungi (those nomadic fishermen
and hunters whom we recognize under the names of
Smerengurs and Orotkskoes *), and to the S. dispersed
or destroyed by the successors of Zin mu ten wo , have
been confined to their present dwelling-place.
The annals, which have not come to us, in which
the migration of the Aino tribe is described , is of many
thousand years date, and yet a ray of civilisation seems
to have enlightened it, even in its cradle. In the
same way the history of its separation from the rest
of the world counts thousands of years, during which
no progress either intellectual or social has taken
place among them. Under these circumstances, after
so many thousand years we still find the Ainoes on
the lowest step of patriarchal civilisation which, with
their separation from the rest of the world and under
the rule of the bold Japanese , they have not had energy
enough to go beyond. With such a want of moral
energy to be able to refuse the cup of foreign lusts
offered them by the polished nations of the west and
south, these naturally powerful but innocent creatures

* Nippon, 1. c. page 182.


THE AINO LANGUAGE. 125
will soon descend to the grave as unnerved and demo
ralised as their neighbours the Kamtschadales and North
American tribes !
But Laperouse and von Krusenstern have already
raised a monument to this kind and brave people: "On
ne peut douter qu'ils n'ayent beaucoup de consideration
pour les vieillards, et que leurs mceurs ne soient tres-
douces; et certainement s'iJs etaient pasteurs, et qu'ils
eussent de nombreux troupeaux, je ne me formerais
pas une autre idee des usages et des mceurs des pa-
triarches." *
"Einigkeit, Stille, Gutmiitigkeit , Bereitwilligkeit,
Bescheidenheit : alle diese wirklich seltenen Eigen-
schaften, die sie keiner verfeinerten Kultur zu verdan-
ken haben, sondern welche nur die Gefiihle ihres na-
turlichen Charakter sind, machen, dass ich die Aino
fur das beste vou alien Volkern halte, dieich bisjetzt
kenne." t

THE AINO LANGUAGE. * *
The few travellers who have visited the Aino countries
before the opening of the port of Hakodate, have each
brought us a list of words collected from the mouth
of that remarkable people. 5 With the exception of the
* Voyage de Laperouse, Tom. Ill, p. 40.
f Von Krusenstern's Seise um die WeU, Band II, p. 80.
§ Laperouse, Tom. Ill, p. 40. Broughton, Tom. I, p. 390. Van
Langsdorf, Theil I, p. 300. Von Krusenstern, Wbrtersammlung aus
der Sprache der Aino (nach Dawidow). St. Petersburg 1813.
* * The Italian vowel sounds have been adopted for the pronun
ciation of the Japanese and Aino words.


126 CHARACTERISTICS OF TIIE AINO LANGUAGE.
collection brought over by Davidow from his expedi
tion to the bay of Aniwa in 1807 , and which was most
probably composed by a Japanese, they have in them
selves but small philological value. The Japanese
however, who have had an intercourse with the na
tives of Jezo for centuries, carried on trade with
them and ruled over them, have gradually made
themselves thoroughly acquainted with their language
and composed dictionaries in which they sought to
render as faithfully as possible, and to fix the pronun
ciation of the words by means of their syllable writing
(the so called I-ro-hu). * In this manner they have en
deavoured by means of writing, to put a stop to the
manifold sounds and variable accent to which the dia
lect of a far dispersed and illiterate people is so subject.
Although the Aino language has become ennobled by
familiar intercourse with a civilised people, yet it has
preserved its original features and is characterised as
a peculiar and independant language, having no con
nection with that of any of the neighbouring countries ,
as far as regards the roots of the words. That some

* The learned Mogami Toknai so frequently mentioned in these
pages, published an Aino dictionary in 1804, under the title of:
Jezo-Fdgen or Mosiho Kusa, and gave ns a corrected M. S. of that
work: Jezo ga siraa Kotoba, i.e.: "Language of the island of Jezo."
Besides this we have received M. S. collections of words from Ja
panese who have been on Jezo. Compare: Nippon, VII, Nachrichten
uber Jezo, die Kurilen, Krafto und das Amurland, p. 224 — 244,
"Die AinoSprache." Our worthy countryman Isaac Titsingh (Director
of the Netherland trade in Japan from 1780—1784) also made a col
lection of above a hundred Aino words which he has added to his des
cription of the land of Jeso, compiled from original Japanese books.
Description de la terre Jeso, iraduite du Japonnais , par feu M. Tit
singh, in: Annates des Voyages, par Malte-Brun. Tom. XXIV, p. 145.


ITS DISSYLLABIC CONSTRUCTION. 127
foreign words have been introduced from the northwest
and northern nations (Samojedes, Tungi and Kamtscha-
dales) with whom the Ainoes had intercourse, is not
to be denied, any more than that they have naturalised
many Japanese words, signifying objects and ideas
formerly unknown to them. The Aino-iauguage, as the
tribe itself, stands isolated from all the others of the
N. E. of Asia, for so far as they are yet known. The
general rules however according to which the parts of
speech are declined and conjugated, agree with those
of their southern, northern and western neighbours,
who write their language syllabically (so as the Mant
schous, Mongols, Tubetans, Jakules etc.) and not fi
guratively , that is to say, signs for words (as the
Chinese). It will be sufficient here to give and illustrate by exam
ples the general presiding grammatical, principles which
the Aino language has in common with the Japanese,
and thus with other East Asiatic and American lan
guages, and which, though they bear witness of a very
ancient source, point to a link in the chain of nations,
which afterwards opened the way from the old to the
new world.
1. The words of both languages are seldom composed
of one, generally of two syllables:
Japanese. Kono-aita oki-kata otto-sewo tatsuneta.
Aino. Ofunaki atni-ta uneu is'tan.
Nuper in mare phocam quaesivi.
2. The Substantives are without gender, are more
frequently used in the singular than in the plural; in
the latter number the words are repeated or have some
addition; the cases are generally formed by a particle


PRONOUNS AND VERBS. 129
Aino. Sinepp, 1; tupp, 2; repp, 3; inepp, 4; asiki-
nepp, 5; iwanbe, 6; aruwanbe, 7; thupe sjanbe, 8;
(ex tupp et sjan; forsan pro i wanbe, i. e. minus de
cern); sineb sjan, 9 (ex sinepp et sjan); wanbe, 10:
hots', 20; asikinepp-hots' , 100; (i. e. 5, 20); sinepp
ikasima (plus, verbatim: restaf) wanbe, 11; tupp ika-
sima wanbe, 12; sinepp ikasima hots', 21; tuppots',
(ex tupp el hots') 40 ; wanbe i rehots', 50 ; (3/20 — 10.)
5. The pronouns. The personal are different according
to the rank (a mark of refined manners); the third
person is a circumlocution. The possessives are formed
by affixing the genitive termination, and always stand
before the substantive.
Jap. Watak's sive ware, ego; omae sive anata, tu;
kare sive ano fito (iste homo) ille; watak's domo sive
warera, nos; omae gata sive anata gata, vos; karera
sive ano fito tats', illi; watak's'no, meus; anata no,
tuus; ano fito no, illius; watak's'no atama, mei caput.
Aino. Ku, kuani, ego; e, iani, tu; iki sja an gur*
(ex iki sja, illinc, an esse, et guru, homo) ille; tsjo
kai (i.e. hac parte), ego; i tsjo kai i. e. ex ilia parte)
tu; ku koro, meus; i-koro, tuus; iki sja an gur', illius,
vel tangur, huius. I koro kotan , meum domicilium; tan
gur' tsise, huius hominis domus.
6. The verbs. The active verbs have three tenses
formed by a change of termination : 1. a present tense ,
in Japanese with the termination u, in the Aino lan-
guege an, hi, re, u; 2 a past, mostly in a; 3 a fu
ture or potential , formed in Japanese by a lengthening
of the present tense, in the Aino by affixing a particle.
The passive verbs have also three tenses formed by a
prolongation of the terminations, which in the Aino


130 VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.
language appear to be passive auxiliary verbs. The
imperative is distinguished by brevity of termination.
The indefinite is the same as the present of the indi
cative; in the Aino language, a particle resembling a
pronoun is frequently used instead. The mood is
formed by affixing the particle which governs it. The
negations are joined to the verbs in Japanese and fre
quently cause a change of construction , in the Aino
language the negation is not marked by the particle.
Particles are affixed to the tenses in order to form the
participles. Auxiliaries are used in the conjugation of
the verbs and have the same conjugation as other verbs ;
impersonal verbs are seldom used , and for those in use
with us , a circumlocution is employed.
Jap. Utsu, verbero; utsita, verberavi; utsou, verbe-
rabo; ntaruru, verberor; utareta, verberatus; utareu,
verberabor; ntside, verberans; utse, verbera; utareta,
verberate; utsu, verberare; watak's'ga sorewomiru joni,
ut id ipse videam; utanu, non verbero; utanu te atta,
non verberavi; utareru, non verberor; utareru te atta,
non verberatus sum ; aru , esse ; arita , fui ; aro , ero ;
ame-ga furu, pluit (verbatim pluvia decedit). Kamin-
ari-ga nari, intonal (Deus fulminans adest).
Aino. Sitaiki, verbero; sitaiki wa, verberavi; sitaiki
rusjui, verberabo; sitaiki aniki , verberor ; sitaiki ank' wa,
verberatus sum; sitaiki anki annan gora, verberabor; I
(tu) sitaiki, verbera; kakure, veni; i sitaiki anki , verbe
rare; rura-jan, ut sequatur; unono s'jomo au, non con-
gruit , (verbatim congruum non est) ; anats', habens; asinike
vta,existens; an, habere, esse: anna, fui; an nan koro,
fuero; asi, factum est. Apto asi, pluit (verbatim, pluvia
facta est). Kamui fumi, intonat (verbatim ' Deus sonat).


AINO DIALOGUES.

131

7. The prepositions, as also the conjunctions indi
cative of an aim and giving a reason, are placed at
the end of the words to which they relate, without
causing any change in them.
Jap. Ni, ad; to, cum; niiote, quia ; joni , ut ; jokka
maeni watak's wa desi to jama ni juita, quatuor ante
dies cum discipulo monlem ascendi.
Aino. Anf, cum; kusju, propter; jakka, quamvis;
tanbe kusju, propter hanc rem; tsib ani, cum nave;
atui kata, in mare.

AINO DIALOGUES.
Some Aino dialogues may serve for an example of
the construction and idiom:

Ikoro kotan siri monosiri anna?
Ofunaki atui-kata reba uneuistan.
Tsibu ani rurajan ilasja bunma
tutara atte nankonna.
Hosike onumani tan kotanta heroki
athuwa.
Keannak' hauM an koratsi an?
Sinanta uvvekariwa bunkine rejan.
Tewnn sisjamu anakine asijur asi
rutske askai nena.
Osi sireba kusju sjomo osjaganke
jakka pirikana.
Tan ithuikari bajasi aiine nekona
kotan ana?
Kamui juwanke tsib' jankena.
Ohono sjomo unukara.
Weve kappirika ariiamande tsumi
itsikore nangonna.

Is all well at home?
Lately sailing on sea I caught seals.
Send this by the ship, I ivill reward
you with two sacks (of rice).
The day before yesterday there
were fishes here.
Is it as you say?
Come here together to keep watch.
The man, who must keep watch
here, will ask a great reward.
There he comes, has one not to
call him.
This point following , to what place
comes one?
With God's help is the ship pre
served.
Long not seen.
Who evil does is punished. 9*


132 COLLECTION OF AINO WORDS.
Pirika gnni kururau an. It will so very good be.
Ponno osite tsimi anbe ama. Wait a little, I am dressing.
Teirean gnsitapf nani afunkeja. I expect you, come in.
Nefutsi jokibene sjanke nankoro If they good wares are, 'I give a
tasju kamitatsi sinetara sjokoru. sack of rice for them.
Uteke anbano uhihibai sen. ' . To each other the hand giving,
the one follows the other.
Nepu karukuse jaibasjare? Why make you quarrel?
Mokoroi kottetsu uwatasi. As I will re3t, be still.
Ramukanbare tsiriusi. , That is broader "than one thinks.
Iteke jaibaro usi. ; . ; ; Nothing unnecessary to speak. .,

COLLECTION OE AINO WOEDS.
We have given a selection of Aino words , as well
with the intention of giving a hint by philological
sources for following the traces of the origin of this
remarkable old tribe, as to afford navigators and tra
vellers an opportunity for a closer examination of this
nearly unknown language. We have also given the
signification of the Aino words in Japanese, on the
authority of natives of that country who have made a
study of the Aino language. The Aino words of Jezo
we have for the greater part taken from Toknai's dic
tionary, and those oi Krafto from the glossaries of
Dawidow and Laperouse. i NOMINA.
1 '1. The World and the Elements. ' ''

nglish.

. Japanese.

Aino on Jeso.

Aino on Krafto

Air.

K.

pariri.

Atmosphere.

sora.

nisoro.


COLLECTION OF AINO WORDS

135

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jezo.

Aino on Kraflo

Female.

wonna.

menoko (Jap.)

minoko.

Flower.

bana.

ebui.

ibuiki.

Fly.

hai, apu.

fitsurube.

hitsurup.

Forest.

hajasi.

leigur.

Fruit.

mi.

ebuike.

ibuiki.

Heart.

jani.

unkotok'.

Hen.

me.

matsnc.

Herb.

kusa.

kina.

Hide.
kawa.
kabu.
kapu.
Horn.
tsuno.
kirau.
Leaf.
fa.
hamu.
ehamu.
Louse.
sirami .
uruki, liii.
uriku.
Male.
woloko.
okkai.
okkai.
Man.
hito.
sisjam, aino.
guru.
Meat.
nik.
kam.
kam.
Milk.
tsitsinosiru.
tobe.
t6.
Oil.
abura.
sjumu.
Root.
ne.
kuberikep,sinsits
schyndshiz.
Serpent.
hebi.
tokko (kamoi)
toko kamoi..
Train (oil).
kusinano abura.
funbei.
funbikii.
Turtle.
kame.
itsinke.
Vermin.
musi.
kikiri.
Mgiri.
Wood.
ki, ita.
tsikuni, ita, ta.
ziguni, ida.
3. The Body and Members.
English.
Japanese.
Aino on Jezo.
Aino on Krafto
Back.
senaka.
sethuru.
scheduru.
Beard.
kutsihige.
reki.
rigi.
Belly.
hara.
honi.
chuni.
Breast (chest).
mune.
terar.
Breasts.
tsitsi.
tokab.
to.
Cunnus.
tsubi.
pogi (hokki).
Ear.
mimi.
kisijara,
kischara.
Entrails.
tai tjo.
kankam.
Eye.
me.
siki.
schiki. ,, -.
Face.
kaho.
nanu.
nanu., •, ..>
Finger.
jubi.
asikibette.
askibitz.
Foot.
asi.
kema.
kima.


136

COLLECTION OF AINO WORDS.

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jezo.

Aino on Krafto.

Hand.

te.

teke, teki.

tegi, tike.

Hair (ofthe head;

) kaminoke.

ottobe, numa.

schaba numa.

Head.

atama.

bake.

schaba.

Heart.

kokoro.

sjanbe, sampeh.

schambi.

Lip.

kutsibiru.

hatoje, tsjamon.

Mouth.

kutsi.

baru, tsjaro.

paru.

Nail.

tsume.

am, ami.

Navel.

hoso.

hankapui.

changuhui.

Neck.

kubi.

rekuts.

regut.

Nose.

hand.

ethu, ito.

idu.

Penis.

mara.

tsii, tsije.

Skin.

hadaje.

nuwom' kumukasi-

Tail.
wo.
isi. (ke
Tongue.
sita.
be barunbe ba-
rumbi.
au.
Tooth.
ha.
imaki, jumaki.
nimaki.
Wing.
hakae.
rafn.
4. Relations, Society.
English.
Japanese.
Aino on Jezo.
Aino on Kr
aflo.
Aunt.
oba.
konnaripe.
Brother, eldest,
. ani.
jubi.
jubu.
* youngest
. wototo.
iriwaki, aki.
aki.
Chief (prince).
kami.
mosiri kamoi.
Child.
kotomo.
bo, boho.
po.
Countryman.
fijak'sjo.
toitasisiamo.
Crew.
funakata.
tsipo guru.
Criminal.
aku nin.
ujen gur.
uwen.
Daughter.
menoko.
matsihebo.
mazenebn.
Enemy.
teki.
tomautare.
Father.
tsitsi.
hanbe.
chambi.
Family.
sin rni.
awa.
Grandson.
mago.
sitsupopo, imitsu-
bon.
Governor.
matsi bugjo.
matsijantono.
Grandfather.
zizi.
ikasi, sasa.
chambi.
Grandmother.
baba.
sjunsti, hakko.
Husband.
otto.
hoku.
chogu .


138

COLLECTION OF AINO WOKDS.

6. Tools, etc.

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jeso.

Aino on Krafto.

Anchor.

ikari.

kaje.

kaida.

Axe.

masakari.

mukkari.

mukar.

Arrow.

ja.

ai.

ai.

Bow.

jumi (kin).

gu , kusi , kunisi.

guu ku.

Bow-string.

tsuru.

,;guka.

kuga.

Coat.

kimono.

, mi (atsni).

imi, atush.

Dress.

kimono.

.. tsimipu.

imi.

Ear-ring.

mimikaue.

ninkari. <

ninkari.

Eelspear.

jasu.

opn, nrei

Fishingrod.

tsuribari.

beraje, perai.

apf , pira.

Harpoon.

i jasu.

opu, nrei.

opf.

Knife.

kokadana.

ibira, makiri.

magiri.

Mast.

tobasira.

kajani.

kaiani.

Net.

ami.

jaa.

ia.

Quiver.

¦ jabako.

ikajup.

igaiupf , ikjup.

Rope.

tsnna.

thubi, tosi.

Rudder.

ro.

osjui.

Sail.'

fo.

kaja.

kaia.

Shed.

kasa.

kakka, kasja.

chaka.

Ship.

fune.

tsip'.

zibi.

Sledge.

sori.

sikeni.

Spear, pike.
jari.
fumi, paro.
.kuu.
7. Actions, effects.
English.
Japanese.
Aino on Jezo.
Aino on Krafto.
Beginning.
hazime.
asinno.
aschino.
Compassion.
itsukusimi.
komebur'
koneburu.
Death.
sini.
rai.
rai
End.
owari.
ohari.
Grief.
mukkasiki.
ramuikasite.
oschiora.
Happiness.
• sjawase. -
jainirikarai.
Hatred. ;
nikumi. , ,'
jesisi.
Health.
sukujaka, suko
jaka
ramurakke.
katschara-schino.
Hearing.
kiku.
nu.
nu.


COLLECTION OF AINO WORDS.

139

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jezo.

Aino on Kraflo.

Hunger.

fimozi.

kemuramu.

kemurampa.

Illness.

jamai.

tasijumu, ikoni,
siju.

Joy.

mendo, ahare.

jakatar

Life.

inotsi.

sikkinoka.

schikfnu.

Love.

ko'i.

usikkarahare.

Misfortune.

ing'wan

jaikohonnojeje.

Motion, vital
f ugoki.
moi moi.
moi moi.
power.
( inotsi. ,
sikkisa.
Rest.
jasumi.
sini.
Sight.
miruzi.
nukaru.
nugarn.
Smell.
niwoi.
fura.
furaan.
Strength.
tsikara.
okira , tsumikoru
. usira.
Suffering.
kurusimi.
ihomasii.
Taste.
aziwai.
kera, kewoan.
Thirst.
nodonokahaki.
igursjui.
igurusch.
Voice.
koje.
hauje.
chan.
War.
ikusa.
tomi.
Weakness.
jowasa.
schiari.
8. Properties, Qualities.
English.
Japanese.
Aino on Jezo.
Aino on Kraflo.
Bitter.
nigai.
balkar, sju.
parakara.
Black.
kuroi.
kunne.
kunni.
Blue.
aho.
sijei.
Broad.
hiroi.
tsiwa, tsiriusi.
uscbip.
Cold.
samni.
jamu, mei, mean
. mei.
Deep.
fukai.
ohoho, oho.
ogo.
Dry.
karetaru.
sjats'.
schats.
{ kobaisi.
t nihofu.
furapiurka.
Fragrant.
furara karu.
Great.
oho.
poro.
poro.
Green. '
mitori.
tsuisjamu.
schiusiam.
Heavy.
womoi.
base, pase.
paschi.
High.
takai.
riiwa, ri. L.
riuwa.
Humble.
asasi.
ohaku.
ngakfu.
Lean.
jase.
sjatteku.
6chattigu.
Left.
fidari.
hari kiuturu.
charik.


COLLECTION OF AINO WORDS

141

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jezo.

Aino on Krafto.

To laugh.

warafu.

mina.

mina.

• lay.

jasumu.

sini.

schine.

» live.

inotsi aru.

sikkinu.

schikfnu.

f pain.

itamu.

itasjasja.

• row.

funewokogu.

tsipu.

zipowa.

» run.

hasiru.

hojubu.

chojubu.

' see.

miru.

nukar.

nogaro.

» sing.

utau.

jflgari.

iukgari.

» sleep.

nemuru.

mokoro.

mojuru.

» speak.

itakn.

itakuwa.

idawuwa.

' stand.

tatsn.

rosike.

rosehki.

» steal.

nusurnu.

ikka.

ikka.

" walk.

ajumu.

apukasi.

apkas.

» weep.

naku.

tsitsi.

tsitsiwa, zijssiwa.

10. Personal Pronouns.

English. Japanese.
I watak's ware\
You (familiar), karera.
You, omai, anata.
He. kare, ano fito.
Ye. omai gata.
We. watak's domo.

Aino on Jezo. Aino on Krafto.
kn , kuannit , tsjo- kani tschogai.
inki angur. (kai. anu udari.
iani, i, itsjokai. jani itschogai.
iki sja angur' (ille) iioro.
inki utare. itschogai udari.
tsjo kai utare. toogai udare.

11. Demonstrative Pronouns.

English.

Japanese.

Aino on

Jezo.

Aino on Krafto.

These.

'kono.

tan, tanbe

, ane.

ani.

Those.

sono.

pu.

This.

kore.

tapu.

Each.
koto.
kesi.
keschi.
Who.
sore.
neni.
nini, neu.
Which.
itsure.
ikijaan.
Snch.
sajo.
keannari
,


142

COLLECTION OF AINO WORD S

12. Numerals.

Engl. Japanese.

Aino on Jezo.

Aino on Krafto.

1

fitots'.

sinepp, sine-, schinep

L. schnepf. ¦<¦•¦}

2

ftats". -""

thupp thu: "" • ..<-

tapf tup. i t, -

a

mits'.

repp, reepu L.

'repf. .--.--..

,'. 4

" jots'. ' *' ""

inepp, inepu L.

inepf.

;¦-' 5

itsuts'. "'

asikinepp, aschikinepn

L. aschikinipf.

fi

rnuts'. • " "¦ • v

iwanbe. ¦ " •'*

:' jnwambi. --,_','' ¦¦ >.. -v

7

nanats''."- ,;-

aruwanbe. "- '

aruwambi. :'''.' v

8

jats'.

thupe sjanbe.

tnbi schambi. '¦> '

9

kokonots*.

sineb sjan. "

schnebi schambi.

10

to (towo).

wanbe.

wambi. . ¦¦¦¦

20

hatats (nisju)

. hots, chozn L.

scheehoz, choz.

50

gosju.

wanbe i rehots.

wambi irichoz.

100

momo.

asikne hots. ;

aschi nichoz.

1000

tsi.

asiMne sine wane hots i.

e. aschi kini sehine wane

5: 10. 20.

choz.

1st.

itsiban.

teppakke.

2rd.

niban.

nosike.

¦-.'>¦ '.-'..i.^n n.,t

3ra. '

sanban.

reth tanta, reptanta.

¦¦ : ,l y .u , ,:

Once.

itst do.

sine sjui.

schiui. '• •

Twice.

ni do.

thusjui.

schini.

13. Adverbs.

English.

Japanese.

Aino on Jeso.

Aino on Krafto.

Afterwards.

sonotsugi.

imakake.

At present.
ima.
tane.
tani. ¦'""'
At last.
tsoini.
aine. •'*
Formerly.
mukasi.
fusiko.
Gradually.
ohi ohi.
nbi ubi.
ja ja nkere.
Here.
koko.
tan kotan ta.
changino.
How much.
iku.
henbakkuno. "•
chimbaguno. '
Lately.
kono aida.
': tetai. ' -c
'./., ,;„>..
More.
mato.
sijni.
schiui.
No.
ija.
kotsjan, kobau.
Not.
nu.
sjomo.
schiomo.
Now.
ima.
tane.
tani.


146

TUE ANIMAL KINGDOM. MAMMILLARIA.

Fish -Otter.

*Lutra vulgarisF. J.

Sea-Otter.

?Enydris marina.

Wolf.

Canis lupus.

Fox.

* » vulpis.

argeu-

tatus.

Isjamani. Kawa uso.
Bakko, Binnep Sakko.
(mas).
Ose kanmi. Ohokami.
Fure tsup , i. e. Kilsne.
vulpis rubra.
Kunne sjumari
i.e. vulpis ni
gra.

»

•- lupis variet.

Silhunpi.

Siltukpeu (Kur

„

« » variet.

Tsironop.

Dog.

» domesticus.

Sita , seta.

Kari inu.

Cat.

Felis Catus.

Meko.

Neko.

Tanuki.

Nictereutes vive-

rinus F. J.
Mojuku.
Tanuki.
-
Canis? procyoides
F.J.
Numari.
Hare.
Lepus brachyurus
F. J. ?
Isjabo.
Usagi.
Squirrel.
*Sciurus varius.
Niuf.
IVogatsuki.
- striped.
*Tamias striatu3.
Kasi kiri gusi.
Sima nezumi.
Rat.
Mus spec. maj.
Irimo.
Nezumi.
Mouse.
•i a min.
Pon irimo.
Tanezumi.
Hart
*Cervus sika F. J.
Juk , Binnero
(mas).
Sika.
F.J.
momanbe (foem).
Chamois.
-f-Antilope crispa'.
Jukusisi.
Niku.
Reindeer.
*CervusTarandus.
Thunakm.
Barok' (Chin.)
Musk.
*Moschus moschi-
ferus F. J.
Likon kamui.
Nora , Kusika.
Wild swine.
Sus leuco mystax
F.J.
Woltomun. §
Inosisi.
Chinese pig.
» sinensis.
Wosju furokke.
Buta.
§ Tbe following names are also given to pigs or wild swine and
probably have some reference to sex , etc. , aud to which we wish
to draw the attention of travellers : woun-ommetousi, woun- hikata and
woun-momorum.


THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. BIRDS.

149

is so large that it could devour a whale. Nothing
farther of it has however been seen than its back. This
fable is probably founded on the large shoals of Avhales
or dolphins common to those seas; they also relate
that the Avhales are pursued and killed by a dolphin
much like the Iruka (Delphinus Orca) , called by the
Japanese Kami kiri i. e. sawfish.
Birds. In proportion to the number of birds known
in East Siberia, Kamtschatka and Japan, * the number
of those observed by European naturalists and the Ja
panese on Jezo and Krafto is but small. These are:

Falcon.

Falco communis.

Tsirikoiki (Aino)

Taka (Jap.)

Hawk.

Astnr nisns.

Kunkuth.

Fiiaka.

Ice-hawk.

» » albus.

Telari Kunkuth.

Usu kohoriiaka.

-

Spizaetes orien-

Tekku.

Horo taka.

talis.

.

Fish eagle.

Haliaetos pelagi-

Kala tsiri, Sa-

Iso wasi.

CUS F. J.

tupf.

Sea eagle.
» albicilla.
Sira lupf.
Waba wasi.
„
Pandion Haliae-
Pgoak. Kak
Kuso wono wasi.
tus orieutalis?
(Kamtsch.)
Kite.
Buteo Japouicus
Jaiiowe.
Sima tobi.
Eared Owl.
p. J.
Otns semitorques
(Kamui isi Kapf Mimitsuk.
p. J.
•J i. e. Ghost
Hooting »
Strii bubo.
( bird.
Caliope.
Silvia Caliope.
Hokitsi.
Nokoma.
Nightingale.
» ael Lucio -
la spec.
Bakekijo.
' Vgubisn ?
Wag-tail.
Modacilla lugens
Baikaisiri.
Sekuro sekirei.
-
p. J.
. spec.
Tokhakun.
* Compare Nippon, VII, 1... page 254 sq., where a list is given
of the birds found by Pallas, von Kittlitz and von Middendorff in
those regions.


150

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. BIRDS.

Tomtit.

Parus major.

Fuksalsiri.

Sisjukara.

Longtailed-tit.

*¦ caudatusvar.

Matsumal-Jen aha.

House sparrow.

Fringilla domes-
tica.

Amanitsikapf.

Suzume.

Lark.

Alauda alpestris

Sikinlsiri.

Fibari.

Blackbird.

F. J.
Turdus spec.

Sike.

Muku.

Starling.

Sturnus cinera-

Jezo-muku.

Raven.

nus.
Corvus Japonen- Hasikuro.
sis.

Crow.

a Corone? Jeppirka.

Magpie.

Pica varia.

Blue woodpecker.

GarrulusBrandtii Barken.

King-fisher.

Alcedo spec. Ijami.

Picus awokera Isokisoki.

Cuckoo.

p. J.
Cuculus canorus. Toppits.

House pigeon.

Columba domes- Toita.

tica.
«• gelastris p. J. KusjujeV.
Green pigeon.
« Sieboldiip. J. Thuihuls'.
Chicken.
Gallus domestica.
Quail.
Coturnix vulgaris
var. P. J.
Bustard.
Otis tarda? XTtakan.
Parrot plunger.
0
Area torda ) ...
\ Aiujuitsikapf.
a monoceros. )
n
Marmon cirrhata Jeppirika.
Plunger.
Podiceps spec. Aplolsikapf.
n
a a Wakkatoitoi.
»
Colymbus spec. Imolon.
Carbobicristatus. Uriri.
Wild duck.
Anas boscbas. Sikobelsja.
Winter teal.
a crecea. Kobettsja.
Duck.
» spec. Thura.
Karasu.
Kasasai.Kasilori. Kagesu.
Awokera. Hotodokis.
Ijebalo. Jamabato. Awobato. Niwa tori.
Vsura.
Nogan. Viov,.
Ame tori.
Aisa Kamo.
Sirnan. Makamo.Kakomo.
Kakkari. Kobe. Kakkjo.


152 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. REPTILES.
Turtle. Emys v. Trionyx. Itsinke (Aino). Game (Jap.)
Newt. Stincus quinque- Haran. Tokage.
lineatus P. 3.
Snake. Coluber qnadri- Hasikuro kamoi. Kurokutsinaba.
. ,!..-; :.". virgatus p. J.
» Coluber virgatus Fugowoka. Mugi wara febi.
p. j. ', ,v. ..... ¦>- ¦•
Adder. .-. -. :r-, . Trigonocephaly . ¦' Tokko kamoi. Mamusi. "¦'
Blomhoflip.j. .'•.--'-
» . '..-' Trichonocephalns Tanne Kamoi. ' Siro febi.
spec. - ,:-'
» , ,.,'tv » . m \ Kinasitonkur' .
Common toad. Bufo vulgaris P. 3. Terekeibe. Kaheru'.
Green frog. Rana esculenta Toron kamoi. Kawadsu.
P. 3.
Frog. » spec. »• Kekketsch. ' :
» » rugosa p. j. Woats'. ¦ Tsutsikaheru.
Tree-frog. Hyla arborea P. J. Kokekets. Awogaheru.
» » ? spec. /ii.
Water salamander. Triton spec. ¦ Wimori.
They also speak of a sort of Seal Silhu-Kari resem
bling a tortoise , probably a sort of Sphargis mercurialis
or Chelonia, which is sometimes Avashed on to the shores
of Jezo by hurricanes or by the streaming of the sea.
Pishes. The accounts of the immense quantities of
fish observed by the old Duch navigators along
the coasts, and especially at the mouths of the rivers
of the land of Jezo, do not seem exaggerated when
we compare them with what modern navigators tell
us of certain kinds of fish, such as salmon, herring
and sardinias, in the northern part of the sea of Japan ,
in the so-called Gulf. of Tartary and in the sea of
Ochotsk and Kamtschatka. They also speak of shoals
of fish stopping up the mouths of the rivers and esti
mate the quantity by ship's cargoes. The same is told


THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. FISHES.

15E

Roach.

Salmon.

Salmon.
Herring.

Sturgeon.Shark.
Skate.

Lamprey.

CvpriDusconiros-

Suwokom.

Funa.

tris P. J.

Hemir amplius

Funbe deppo.

Sajori.

sajori p. j.

Salmo lagocepha
Sibe.
Sake.
lus.
• Proteus.
Sjankenbe.
Mazu.
' sanguino-
TJrupp.
Beni-Maza.
lentus.
•t spec.
Tsirai.
Ilo.
" "
Hemoi. Tsjarokun.
.
Wowo.
Saurus?
Tsuppo.
Vkui.
Saurus?
Ururui.
Kusaki uwo.
Clupea gracilis
Ponsepp.
Iwasi.
p. J.
?
Heroki.
Kado v. Nisin.
Tetraodon spec.
Akamkorbe.
Eugu.
a i Jursi kasepp.
Orthagosiscusmo- Hinabo.
la p. J.
Acipenser Helous.
Mustelus vulgaris. Wonne.
Trijgon AkajeiF.J. Aitsi korbe.
Raja?
Karma. Tsikobakui.
Ihessjarkorbe. Nukaribe.
Heptastema cir
rhatum P. 3.
Petromyzon camt- Sjumarop
schaticus *
Manbo,
Wani.
Akajei.Same.
Jodamusi.
Jats
me-unagi.
Some Aino names of fishes we have not been able
to identify; these are: Inunbeibe, Takutaku; Siribokke,
* The Kamtscbatdale Lamprey has but seven spiracula; the Ja
panese however call it Jats'me-unagi, i. e. eight eyed eel and count
the eve on each side with the seven spiracula; It is therefore also a
Beplaslema.


156

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. M0LI.USKS.

Sjokorsepp, Fur arid, Rannibe, Kasinube, Poutoksi.
Mo Husks. The mollusca Ave know of the Aino
lands are mostly such as are eaten there or collected
for the Japan trade; these are:

Cuttlefish.

Oysters.

Muscle.

Octopus areolatus.

Athui nau (Aino)

Tako (Jap.)

a granulatus.

Athui ne.

Iiea tako.

Sepia japonica.

Fussanna.

Ika.

?

Pasiani.

Sepiola ?

Most tanbe.

Loligo brevis?

Mattsijana.

Ostrea spec.

Biba.

Kaki.

Pecten. »

Asikedekke.

Tadekai.

u »

Akkelesei.

Pina. u
Apnisei.
Kami.
Mytilus spec.
Hankatsjui.
Ikai.
Cardium »
Tsjakenai.
Akakai.
a a
Teibojetsup.
Sizimi.
U 11
Tsiurp.
Venus. a
Iasibebols.
Sira famakuri.
tt n
Herenasi.
n a
Kaburasei.
it n
Heurokke.
Asari.
«
Urukke.
Haliotis japonica.
Aibe.
Awabi.
Some other mollusks are also mentioned: Pelsi,
Tsitani, Trusjunke, Kanputh, Rafutsjuke, Simabara-
tets, Sikikemsjui. The Tripang fishery on Jezo (there
called Kakurautn , and by the Japanese Irigo or Kingo)
is very important. Edible lote named Knrage is also col
lected and dried there.
Crustacea. The feAV species of Crustacea we have
been able to identify from Japanese sources as belong
ing to the Aino lands, afibrd very important results
for their geographical extent. We there find mentioned
the rare Grapsns Japonicus P. I. (called Anbajaja in


CRUSTACEA AND INSECTS. 157
the Aino language, and Dsu gani in Japan) which
inhabits the rivers of Jezo, aud the gigantic sea crab
Inachus kaempferi P. J. (Murikana (Aino) Sima gani
or Taka asi-gani, i. e. long legged crab (Jap.) ) dis
covered by us on the east coast of Japan. This mon
ster crab, of which Engelbert Kaempfer figured an
arm, and the renowned Steller also found an arm. in
the Gulf of Alutora in Kamtschalka sufficient to satisfy
a hungry man, * is sometimes also found on the coast
of Jezo, and it is affirmed that it sometimes attains
the size of eight or ten Sjak (feet). The largest Ave
ever saAv had arms (Chelae) four feet long. One also
finds there a Palinurus, Holokerki (Aino) Jebi (Jap);
the Astacus Japonicus, Tekunbe korbe; a Squilla i7<?£«
korbe (Aino) Sjaku (Jap.) and several other crabs , Avhich
are in general named Hiko kunbe.
Insects. Of these Ave can only offer a small list ,
in Avhich hoAvever the common individuals of the spe
cies are sketched: of Spiders (Kumo, Jap.) are found
a Jaioosike and a Jatem, aud also an Exodes, J ani,
Jap.) Bar aki; also a bastard-spider, Phalangima,iiom
the sap ofAvhich the poison for their arroAvs is prepared.
Parther are named, of beetles: Lucanus spec, Nina-
kikiri (Aino), Hasamimusi (Jap.): a Buprestis, Sino
kane haram (Ai?w), KinKwako? (Jap.); glowworm , Lam-
piris , Nisekep (Aino) , Hotaru (Jap.) : a cricket , Gryllus ,
Sibebe (A.) , Kirikirisu (J.) bees , Apis melifera Sisjoja
(A.), midsuhatsi (J); Wasp, Vespa, with white spots
Majuksjoja (A.) , Hatsi (J.) ; horsefly , Oestrus , Sirawo

* Engelbert Kaempfer, Beschrijving van Japan, p. 100, Tab. 14, A.
Memoires de V Academia da St. Petersbourg, Tom. V, p. 358.


158 THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
(A.), Apii (J); earth-Avasp, Pompilus, Jasjoja (A.)
Tsudsibals (J); water nymph, Libellula, Hankkatsjui
(A.), Tonbo (J.); bntterfly, Mareu (A.), Tjo J.); moth,
Moset-sikap; gnat, Culex, Tipula, Simulium; Ithutanne,
Kamurusju, Ibiro, Irairai, Itsjottsjare (Aino.), Ka
and Futo (Jap.) ; louse, Urki (A.) , Sirami (J.) ; fleas ,
Taike (A.), Nomi (J); millipedes, Julus, Itemekkiri
(A.), Makade, (J); and worms, Tonin, Rntsino (A),
Mimizn (J.) We feel convinced that so many strange
words must be tiring for our readers; their utility
hoAvever to navigators and travellers in the Aino lands ,
in their inquiries whether in natural history or philo
logy, has encouraged us to the completion of so diffi
cult a literary labour, and we may therefore claim their
indulgence. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
Of no islands discovered during the last tAvo centuries,
do Ave know less of. the productions of the vegetable
kingdom , than of Jezo , Krafto and the southern Kurils.
Laperouse and von Krusenstern , Avho during their me
morable voyages round the world, visited part of the
shores of the Aino lands, Avere there for too short a
time, in a season too unfavourable for vegetation and
altogether under circumstances too unfavourable to be
come acquainted more than superficially Avith the Flora
of those islands. The few herbal collections too, Avhich
were brought together by the learned men who accom
panied them, have been lost or not properly made known.
Broughton, Avhose services to hydrography can not be
sufficiently valued, also fixed his attention on the plants


THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. DIC.0TYLED0NEAE. 161
9. Orobus japonicus, siee., Nanten fagi J.
*10. Pachyrrhiznj thunbergianus, s&z., var. hispidus, Kudzu-Kud-
sura J., Woikara, for rope.
"11. Phaseolus Mungo, J,., Alsuki J., Anthuki.
*12. Ph. vulgaris, L., Bizinmame J.
*13. Pisum sativum, i.., var. quadrat., JentS J., Pasikiara.
14. Sarothamnu3 scoparius, wim., Jenista J.
•15. Soja bispida, moxch., Mame J.
16. Sophora japonica, l., Jendsju J., Tokbeni vel Tsikbe.
17. Thermopsis fabacea, D. C, Sendai hagi J., Konlikina.
18. Vicia amoena, pisch.
*19. V. Faba, L., var. minor, Sora Smame 3.
20. V. Karasnojenld J.
*21. AVistaria japonico , s. & z. , Kofudsi J., Kutsuls' , for bow-strings.
II. Amygdaleae.
*22. Cerasus Karinka, A., Sakura- J., T. V.
III. Rosaceae.
23. Fragaria indica, And.? Febi ilsigo J.. Funkikuma furepp.
24. Kerria japonica, B. c, Jama Buki.
25. Potentilla discolor, Bge., Sp. aff. P. argentea, L., A. S., Ka-
warei saiko , J.
26. P. spec. fol. digitat., Kizi musiro?
27. Rhodotypos kerrioides, s&z, Siri jamabuki J.
*28. Rosa rugosa, THB. , Hama nasi J.. Plan.
29. Rosa spec, lwara? J.
*30. Rubus molucanu3, L? Th. FI., Fuju iisiigo J.
•31. R. Palmatns, TH., Ilsigo J-, Imare furetsup.
*32. R. triphyllus, THB., var. Jez., JHyama asi kudasi 3.
33. Spiraea Axuncus, L., Sjoma, lorino asikusa 3.
34. S. palmata, TH., Busa simolske J.
IV. Pomaceae.
35. Amelanchier? Imolsilsi, A., Jama nasi ? J., Spec, americauis aff.
36. Sorbus sambucifoHa, CHAM, iV««a ia rnasfo J., vel Seikabara
Kyeru funeri. V. I.ythrarieae.
37 Lythrum Salicaria, L., Mzo J«^' J. 11


166 THE VEGETABLE KINGDO.M. DICOTYLEDONEAE.
142. Rhododendron Netanai, A., v. s f. , M. S. , Nikko sjakunange. 3.
143. Vaecinium Chamissonis, bong.? Isusuka.
XXXIII. Myrsineae.
144. Bladhia japonica, thumb., Jabu kosi J.
XXXIV. Primnlaceae.
145. Lysimachia japonica, th., Ko nasubi J.
146. L. spec.
147. Primula cortusoides, L.? Saikura sd 3.
148. P. farinosa. L. , Juki ware so J.. Konsumui.
XXXV. Orohancheae.
149. Boschniakia glabra, Mey. ?
150. Orobanche spec.
151. Phacellanthus tubiflorus, s. & z., Jure dake 3.
XXXVI. Bignoniaceae.
152. Catalpa? Sine, A., Jama kiri J., Ajusini.
XXXVII. Scrophularinae.
153. Linaria Jukklomabak, A.
154. Siphonostegia chinensis, Bge., Hiki jomogi J.
155. Veronica Anagallis, L. , Ka-wa Tsisa.
156. V. sihirica, L. ? Jama iora nowo-? J.
XXXVIII. Solanaceae.
157. Physalis Alkegengi, th. Fior., Hotsuki J., Hokisei.
158. Ph. Tolorep, A.
159. Ph? Hotsuki? 3. Toboroma.
160. Solanum caroliniense , L. ? Kalakina.
161. S. spec, Hadaka hodsuki? J., in insul. Krafto.
XXXIX. Con volvula ceae.
162. Calystegia Soldanella, R. BR., Hama hirugaho 3.
XL. Asper ifoliae.
163. Bothriospermum spec.
164. Cynoglossum spec, Hama murusaki? 3.
?165. Lithospermum erythrorhizon s. & z., Murasaki 3. Purple.


THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ACOTYLEDONEAE. 173
325. Ai-undo nitida, K. &b.? Josi J., Sjukki.
326. A. Sijariki, A., T. V.
327. Bambusa sive Arundinaria, Take J., Top? Kurbe.
328. Calamagrostis ? Muri, A., ad littus maris in insul. Krafto.
*329. Eleusine coracana vel indica, autor, Fiju J., Aira sjajam'
vel Bijaba.
330. Erianthus spec, Kaja? J., Vm.
331. Festnca spec, Talsnoftge 3.
*332. Hordeum vulgare, L. , Mugi J., Menkuro.
333. H. jubatum, L. , baud dubie hoc referendum.
334. Imperata pedicellate , steud., Tsigaja J., Nupkausi.
335. Melica, Sp. aff. M. mulica, WALT.
*336. Orizasativa, L. , Kome J., Tsimorimokitsubi , seldom ripeus on
Jezo.
*337. Panicum italicum et miliaceum, L., Awa, Kibi J., Musiro;
; quoque Kitenamam , Sipsike.
338. Phalaris spec, (panic ovoidea pendula), for roofs.
339. Phyllostachys?, Sasa? J., Ikitara.
340. Graminea, Isjo, A., Jania. gusa, i. e. Mountain grass, J.
*341. G. Untsja, A., Makomo J., edible.
342. G. Inki, A., Onikaja? 3.
Acolyledoneae.
LXXVII. Equisetaceae.
343. Equisetum, Tok'sa J. Sibisibi.
LXXVIII. Filices.
*344. Filix, Pteris?, Warabi J., Toha, edible.
345. F. Warabi J., Sefumakina. LXXIX. Musei.
*346. Muscus, Koke J., Ikkimaimai, edible moss.
347. M., Koke J., Furnkaiua. LXXX. Fungi.
*348. Agaricns Bburico, A., (on Zoo* leptosl.) Medicinal.
*349. Boletus Kuruma, A., (on Quercus Beroni.), edible.
350. Fungus? Take J., Karusi.


176

ORES AND MINERALS.

and some small blue pieces, of stone of which pro
bably the so-called Krafto tama , or precious 'stone of
Krafto is formed. As a peculiar curiosity they sent us
from Matsmae octangular columns of more than a
yard long and four inches thick , which had been found
on the mountain tops, or the banks of the Isikari. '"
- Such isolated stones are however only to be regarded
as curiosities , and suppose the existence' of primitive
volcanic mountains, still active or extinguished, rich
in ore; — ; for forming an opinion of the geological
condition of these regions they are of no importance.
We subjoin a list of the names of ores and some other
minerals: ''• "-' ' "

Gold.

: Konkani

(Aino).

Kane, Kin (Jap.)

Silver.

Sirokani

-" ' i r

Sirokane, gin.

Copper.

Akkane ,

furesju.

Akakane.

Bronze.

Karakane.

Karakane.

Iron.

Kup'ka.

Kurogane, tets.'

Arsenic.

Kabuto.

Kawano sdmjo. ;

Amber.

Rukke.

Kwarjd.

Whetstone.

Sui.

1'oisi.
Stone.
Furima ,
sjuma.
Isi.
The interior of Jezo is said to be rich in ore, and
the sand of several rivers and of the sea shore contains
gold. It will therefore not be unimportant to conclude
our treatise with an historical revieAV of the accounts,
from Japanese sources , relative to the gold and silver
riches of that island. The principal object of the voyages
undertaken by the commanders Quast and Yries was
the discovery of islands producing gold and silver,
and that Vries attained the object of his search is ,
evident since on the island of Urup or Compagnie-


ISO LAT. AND LONG. OK POINTS ON JEZO.
Names of the points. N. Lat. Long E. of Observers.
Green.
C. Eaiten  42° 57' — " 140° 16' — " Von Krusenstern.
C.Okamui(C. Novosilsoff,
krus.)  43 14 30 140 15 30
43 15 — 140 34 40 T.Sakusajemon.map.
C. Wofui (C. Malespina,
krus.)  43 42 15 141 18 30 Von Krusenstern.
43 3C — 141 41 40 T. Sakusajemon.map.
Mount Pallas , krusenst.
(Munke, Jap.)  44 — — 141 54 — Von Krusenstern.
C. Tomamai (C. Schisch-
koff, v. krus.)  44 20 — 141 37 —
44 20 30 142 9 — T. Sakusajemon.map.
C. Nossjah' (C. Somo.n-
zoff, krus.)  45 25 50 141 34 20 Von Krusenstern.
45 27 — 142 28 — T. Sakusajemon, map
C. Soja  45 31 15 141 51 — Von Krusenstern.
Village Soja  45 28 — 142 49 9 T. Sakusajemon.
C. Schaep, krus. (Ka-
mui-iroka?) 45 21 — 142 14 — Von Krusenst, , map.
C. Kamui-iroka  45 5 — 143 41 — T. Sakusajemon , »
Tbe bay of Sjarurun ... 44 24 — 144 2 —
Jubets (mouth of the
river  44 9 — ¦ 144 34 — » »
C. Notoro  44 3 — 145 19 —
C. Siretoko (C. Spanberg,
krus.)  44 14 — 146 19 —
Nisibets (mouth of the
river  43 23 — 146 4 47 Sakusajemon.
C. Notke (Notsky , lax
mann  43 28 — 146 4 —
43 45 — 145 52 — Von Krusenstern.
C. Nossjam (C. Brough
ton , krus.)  43 28 — 146 44 27 T. Sakusajemon map.
43 27 — 146 44 27 Broughton, original
map.
43 38 30 146 7 30 Von Krusenst., map.
C. de Manshooft, vries. 43 11 — 146 14 — T. Sakusajemon map.
43 16 —  Vries.log.


LAT. AND LONG. OF POINTS ON KRAFTO.

185

Names of tbe points. N. Lat. Long E. of Observers.
Green.
WEST COAST OF
KRAFTO.
I. Toto-mo3i'ri (I. Monne-
ron , laperouse)  46° 9' — " 141° 14'— " According to Krus.,
Memoires hydrog.
Baie de Langle, lape
rouse  47 49 — 140 29 — (E. of Paris) De LapeV.
47 45 — 141 58 — v. Krus. Mem. hydr.
Pic de Lamanon (Rait
siska)  48 45— 14156— »'
Baie d'Estaing , laper.. 48 59 — 140 32 — (E. of Paris) DeLaper.
,i de Jonquiere, lape
rouse  50 54 — 142 16 — Von Krusenstern.
C. Hontin (Tekka , lape
rouse)  51 52 — 141 53 — Memoirs of »
NORTH COAST OF
KRAFTO.
C. Golowatcheff, v. krus. 53 30 15 141 55 — Von Krusenstern.
C. Horner, von krus. . . 54 8 — 142 28 — »
C.Marie, » ... 54 17 20 143 17 45
C.Elisabeth, - ... 54 24 30 142 46 30

EAST COAST OF
KRAFTO.
C. Loewenstem, v. krus. 54 3 15 143 42 30
C.Wiirst, von krus.... 52 27 30 143 17 30
C. deBas-fonds.v. krus. 52 32 30 143 14 30
Pointede dunes, - 51 53 — 143 14 —
C. Delisle de la Croyere ,
von krusenstern ... 51 30 — 143 33 —
C. Rotmanoff, von krus. 50 48 30 143 53 15
C. Rimnick, ' 50 1130 144 3-
C. Bellinghausen, » 49 35
C. Patientie, tries  48 34
48 52
Robben Eyland , vries . . 4S 34
48 31

144 25 45
144 46 15
144 25 —

Arries , Log.
Von Krusenstern.

 — ¦ Vries , Log.