4ip & 'I A'' - L vu t A / t -, - - A 7Z~fl?_ or Aze HOiMIEOPATHIIC P'HARMAýCO PtEIA HOM(EOPATHIC PHARMACOP(EIA, COMPILED BY ORDER OF THE GERMAN CENTRAL UNION OF HOM(EOPATHIC PHYSICIANS AND EDITED FOR THE USE OF PHARMACEUTISTS BY CARL ERNST GRUNER, APOTHECARY IN DRESDEN. AUTHORISED ENGLISH EDITION, TRANSLATED FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION. LEIPSIC: C H. ARNOLD. 1855. LONDON: NEW-YORK: WILLIAMS & NORGATE. WESTERMANN & CO. CONTENTS. PART I. CONTAINING THE GENERAL RULES. Introduction. Page 4 ~4. Preliminary Remarks - 2. Working Rooms. - 3. Vessels, Utensils and Requisites. - 4. Mechanical Labours - 5. Triturations.. - 6. Dissolution of the Triturations - 7. Designation of the Glasses.. - 8. Dissolution of Salts, Oils etc. S9. Precautionary Rules for solutions - 40. Attenuation of Tinctures - 44. Preparation of Tinctures First Class (Rule 4). Second Class (Rule 2) Third Class (Rule 3) - 42. Selection of vegetable Substances - 43. Selection of Simples - 44. Spirit of Wine... - 45. Purification of Spirit of Wine - 46. Diluted Spirit of Wine. - 47. Strong Alkohol (Alkohol Fortius) - 48. Water...... - 49. Sugar of Milk.......... 42 48 49 20 24 22 23 24........ 26 S.. 27 28 S.. 230 S..... 22.... 23...... 9r8...............~, C $g........ 8 ~ ~ 30 Vill VIII CONTBRZTS. Formica Fragaria Gentiana cruciata - lutea Geum. Ginseng Glonoinum Granatum Graphites Gratiola Guaco Guaiacum. Gatti Haematoxylon lTelianthus Heliotropinxn Helleborus Hyoscyamus Ilypericum. Ignatia Indigo Iodum, Ipecacuanha Jacea Jalappa. Jatropha Juglans. JuDcus effusus - pilosus Kali biebromicum - carbonicum, - chioricum - hydriodicum - hydrobromi' - nitricuaL Kaolin Kermes ILKeosot Lachesis Lactuea 144nium. Laurocerasus Leduni. Page * * 442 * * * 443 * * 444. * * 446 4 48 422 * * 423 Lithion carbonicum Lobelia. Lolium. Lupulus. Lycopodium Magnesia carbonica - euriatic~a -suiphurica Majorana Manganum aceticum -carbonicum-. -hyperoxydatum Marum verum Meloe Menyanthes Mercurialis perennis Mercurius acetatus - biiodatus - corrosivus -dul cis - -nitrosus - hosphoricus, Page 4 36 *436 ' * 437 ** 438 439 ** 444 * * 443 * * * 444 * * - pracipitat. alb. * *424 - - ruber *426 ** 426 427 * * 428 ** 429 * * 430 * * * 434 * * 432 *-- protoiodatus -solubilis vivus Mezereum Millefolium Millepedes Molybdonnnm Morphium -aceticum -muriaticusm -sulphu'ricum. Moschus Murex purpurea Natruen carbonicurn - muriaticum - nitricum-suiphuratura. -suiphuricum - * 445 * 450 AM*45 Niccolum carboniceum. CONTENTS. I ix.Nux mosehata Nux vomica Nyinpha--a lutea CEnanthe Oleander Oleum animale *-Terebinthirne Ononis Opium. Oreoselinum Pamonia Paris Petroleum. -Petroselinum Phellandrium Phosphorus Aether phosphoratus Phytolacca Pichurim "Pimpinella Pinus sylvestris Platina -muriatica Plumbum. - aceticum - carbonicam Podophyllum Prunus Padlus -spinosa Pulsatilla R~anunculus acris - bulbosus - Flammula - sceleratus Raphanus Ratanhia Rheum Rhododendron Rims toxicodendron, - vernix Rosmarinus Ruts Sabadilla Page 153 454. *. 455 456 4 57 * - 459 460 1 64 462 * 463 1161k 4 '65 *. 466 4 67 4. '68 4 69 1 70 474 *. 472 * * 473 Sabina Sambucus Sanguinaria Sassafras Sassaparilla, S cilla Scrophularia Secale cornuturn Sedum acre Selenium Senegra Senna Sepia * Serpentaria Silicea. Solaimm lycopersicum - mammosum - nigrum Spigrelia Spongia. S~tannum Staphysagria Stramonium Strontia Strichnfin um -nitricum -suiphuricum Sulphur Tiuctura Suiphuris Sulphur auratum Sumbul Symphytum Tabacum TanDacetum Taraxacum Tartarus stibiatus Taxus Tellur. Thea Thuja* Tilia Tinctura acris sine Kali Tonco Page *474 175 176 177 *.178 '179 *180 4 '84 182 *. 183 181 *. 186 * 187 * * 488 189 4 90 *. 194 ' * 192 4 93 * * 19b 196 I CONTENTS. Page Page Tusilago 497 Vincaes..... 202 Ulmus.. Viola.. - Urtica...... 4 98 Zincum.. 203 Uva Ursi... - aceticum. 204 Valeriana.... 499 - hydrocyanicum Veratrinum.... - osydatum Veratrum.... 200 - sulphuricum.. 205 Verbascum.... 204 Zingiber..... 206 Verbena... - A Catalogue of all the plants growing wild or cultivated in Germany as well as of some animals, being used in homceopathic medicine according direction of this work, arranged in the manner, in which the season offers them...... 207 Index........201 INTRODUCTION. Homceopathy employs mostly no other medicinal substances than those which in other methods of medical science have been known and approved long since, derived from the superabundant source of kind Nature, and prepared and improved with the assistance of art and science. It differs from them only - distinguishing itself to its own advantage - in so much as its immortal author, with prophetic foresight, partly discovered quantity of substances as being sanative, which were till then unknown, partly that he taught how to prepare the substances already known according to rules newer and more to the purpose, through the observance of which latent powers may be disengaged, feeble ones strengthened, and that he decidedly rejected the combination of several medicines in one dose. The supreme principle of homoeopathic pharmacy is at the same time to change the natural condition of the medicinal substances (that is to say, their essential properties) as little as possible. Though in substance the doctrine of preparing medicines among the homoeopathists goes truly hand in hand with the principles of chemistry and the rules of pharmacy, nay, is founded upon them, it notwithstanding demands in many cases essential deviations and additions, without the knowledge and application of which the apothecary, may he be able and accomplished, is not competent for answering all the claims of that system. Nobody will confute this principle of experience, who only has superficially penetrated into the nature of homoeopathy; and its acknowledgment has called forth since Hahnemann's first public communications a series of single works as well as of pharmacotechnical guidebooks, whose contents are of very different value. These efforts have attained their point but very imperfectly, because partly they stand isolated, following up onesided views, or because partly 1 2 INTRODUCTION. they are without a scientific basis, lastly, because they wanted everywhere that authority without which they could not acquire general acceptance and introduction, even if they were of acknowledged value. Till now, therefore, the general exigency of a work, comprehensive and based upon scientific experience continues to remain more deeply felt from year to year. The authors of those works kept their attention especially upon the medical public, to whom they wished to hand over a guide for preparing the homoeopathic medicines: this aim on one side required a great many explanations, necessary for the tyro in pharmacotechnics, whereas they presented on the other side to the pharmaceutist many voids and imperfections, whose appearance will be explained especially by the authors' being more or less initiated in the pharmaceutical sciences. But the more convincing the truth gradually appeared, that it is impossible for physicians, whose sphere of activity is so extensive in itself, to be sufficiently skilled in preparing such a mass of medicinal supplies, partly based upon difficult chemical processes, and also requiring the possession of a complete laboratory (far more impossible for persons not at all versed in medical and pharmaceutical knowledge), the more certainly this experience must lead back to the natural point of view, which had been deranged by onesided, quite unfounded zeal, and mistrust, that is to the aid and cooperation of pharmacy, which alone is fit and prepared for cultivating the great field, from whose produce thousands of sufferers hope for alleviation and recovery. It is not the task of this work, to settle the dispute carried on for a long time and often very passionately on both sides, about the right and calling of the pharmaceutists for exclusive preparation of the homceopathic medicines: here rather may be sufficient the necessity above pointed out, enjoined by the nature of things, which is conditional for the restitution of the right position of both parties. But if it is to be granted that the mistrust of physicians as well as of the public, existing from the beginning, was often brought about from the pharmaceutists themselves, there must be pointed out for explanation and foundation of such mistrust, that very many, their possibly imaginable innermost motives not regarded, incurred this mistrust already alone through their taking a party. But it is impossible that men can claim confidence in a matter, against which they have pronounced themselves by ridiculing and & INTRODUCTION. pleted work to the medical and pharmaceutical public. It is a duty, due to himself, to state, for mediating a wellfounded opinion of his work, the point of view from which he must wish for to have it judged, lest something might be claimed from him, that to present he did not intend to include in his plan, or something might be criticized, that must be found as having its reason in the manner in which he conceived the task. He accordingly refers to the above stated hints placing the view at the head above all, that the present work is intended and arranged, if not exclusively, yet especially for the use of the apothecaries. Hence follows the arrangement and order, so essentially departing from that of his predecessors, because the public whom it is to serve for use and rule, is quite another, already endowed with all required scientific and technical means, rendering consequently very many statements, explanations and directions now quite superfluous, which seemed formerly not to be done without, and which the authors of former similar works thought indispensable. This very circumstance gave rise to a not inconsiderable difficulty for him, as it must be experienced by everybody who intends to stand forth as a mediator between opposing parties. He feels persuaded, that he may not have succeeded in happily evading by his zealous efforts here the reproaches of being more prolix than was necessary, there the being criticized for defective brevity. This, notwithstanding, will give him very little trouble, in as much as he believes, that he may hope his work will procure for itself, through its being used, a satisfying judgment, whatever theory and caprice may have found to censure beforehand. In devising his plan for the work he proposed himself therefore the following tasks: To treat in the first part the kind and quality of the necessary utensils and requisites as well as the statement of the best manners of handling them and of the methods, only in so far more largely, as they differ essentially from those, which are established already in the offices of the pharmaceutists or have been totally foreign to them till now. Now if an unnecessary repetition of things long known can be saved in this way, it becomes the more the author's duty to treat more accurately and prolix the proceedings exclusively essential to the principles of homoeopathy, in which this finds in preference a condition of the virtue of its medicines; and the imperfect fulfilling INTRODUCTION. 5 of which condition may have given a reason for just complaints and distrust here and there. This view will be a sufficient justification for having treated the statements about the exterior quality and sifting of the medicinal bodies to be used, often with a greater prolixity than it may seem necessary at first sight for many persons. The author made it his principle thereby to keep aloof from all purely theoretical explanations and hypotheses; as he could neither present any thing more new, nor approve of all that which existed already. These doctrines do neither belong to the art of preparing medicines, and he who seeks for them, will well know how to derive them from their best sources. All that is good and, serviceable to the purpose in the original prescriptions of Hahnemann ought to find its place here again, though reserving the full liberty of applying the modifications wellfounded through experience as serving the purpose both in itself and in the lapse of time. But some few prescriptions, exclusively belonging to the author of the system and to his views, have been introduced again quite literally, only for the sake of completeness and out of respect for practical experience. The present work being especially intended for the use of pharmaceutists, this will sufficiently explain, that in the second part the preparation of purely chemical medicines has been stated in a very short manner only, which often has for its basis, in respect to the preparations long since received among the medicinal treasures, the most widely spread Prussian or the Saxon Pharmacopceia. Where these did not satisfy, either Berzelius' Compendium of Chemistry, or Geiger's Handbook of Pharmacy, or Duflos' Handbook of the Pharmaceutical Praxis, as well as Dr. Fr. Mohr's Commentary to the sixth edition of the Prussian Pharmacopoeia have been consulted. All special treatings about the history, characteristics and means for testing the genuineness, purity and good qualities therefore have been omitted as being superfluous for the pharmaceutist here, and foreign to the main purpose of the task; as the apothecary is once for all bound by duty for and directed to it, whereas the tyro, on the contrary, would be in need of very compendious comments, which would surpass the limits of this work more than double its size. Moreover it may be remarked that, as the intrinsic quality of medicines everywhere and at all times perfectly uniform, constitutes by right a capital demand of homceopathists, no apothecary is 6 INTRODUCTION. allowed to forego the care of preparing the medicines for homoeop.zthic purposes after the prescription laid down in this work, if he used others as a basis for his officinal medicines. For it is not at all to be regarded with indifference after which pharmacopceia the medicine to be administered is prepared, if it agrees only in its name and outer appearance with that which is prescribed here. All this needs no further explanation for the professional man In the same way the botanical part of the work has been treated; there was to be found out the medium between the prolix profoundness of a systematical handbook and the scanty, not seldom insufficient shortness of some pharmacopoeias. The author has done his best to put together all essential characteristics in diagnostic as concise as possible and fixed his attention especially upon the possibility of a mistake with a kindred species. He believed it to be necessary to treat with more prolixity the foreign articles, coming in as dry drugs, for directing the attention of such persons who have not like the apothecary daily occasion and cause for comparative testing on account of possible mistakes. He does not fear by this to be blamed for the entire omission of the description of the nature of the plants or animals, furnishing the officinal parts, being ready to acknowledge to be this valuable as to system and natural philosophy, but no practical consideration for the purpose of the work. But he believed himself not to be allowed to withhold the partly obsolete synonyms of chemical and botanical or pharmacological articles, because the study of older works and popular remedies continues yet to occupy many homceopathists. As regards the superscriptions of the single articles it seemed best to preserve the mode of signification introduced in other homceopathic works and which is already generally adopted. The author departed from this principle only where it was openly defective and must be acknowledged as leading to mistakes. These practical motives justify or excuse the want * Though this position is clear enough and perfectly founded logically it has led to the mistaken construction, that the author regarded his labours and views to be the most perfect, ever to be brought forth. To everybody who needs an explanation about this I briefly point out the great and essential differences prevalent in the prescriptions of the pharmacopoeias of the several countries, viz. for Mercurius dulcis and solubilis, for Kermes and Sulphur auratum, for Zincum.rydatum, and for so monay other preparations; as also for the proportions of tinctures, so frequently differnt from each other etc. INTRODUCTION. 7 of a consequently accomplished nomenclature when obsolete, but not yet forgotten names like Antimonium, Kermes, Sulphur auratur and the like appear by the side of the new manner of signification carried out in most pharmacopoeias. What considerable value for the whole science of drugs in general the study and use of illustrations, really good and being true copies of nature, offer, is above all question; the author therefore has endeavoured to inquire after the best illustrations, both of entire plants and drugs, in so far as they came through personal inspection under his judgment and to cite them, whereby he hopes to deserve some thanks. And hereby also he was led by the view given in the precedent sentence. The works used are the following: 1) Dr. G5 bel's pharmaceutische Waarenkunde mit illuminirten Kupfern, fortgesetzt von Dr. G. Kunze. 2Bde. in 4. Eisenach 1834. 2) Brandt und Ratzeburg, Abbildung und Beschreibung der in Deutschland wildwachsenden und in Garten im Freien ausdauernden Giftgewiicse. 2 Abtheilungen mit ilhlminirten Kupfern in 4. Berlin 1834. 3) Derselben Verfasser getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere etc, mit illuminirten Kupfern. 2 Bde. in 4. Berlin 1833. 4) Hayne, getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneikunde gebriduchlichen Gewdchse. 12 Bde. in 4. mit illuminirten Kupfertafeln. Berlin 1833. 5) Sammlung officineller Pflanzen mit lithographischen ilhtminirten Abbildungen mit Beschreibungen von We y he, Dr. Walter, Funke und Dr. Nees von Esenbeck. 3 Foliobinde und 1 Bd. Text. Berlin 1828. To these works refer the abbreviated quotations in the respective articles immediately after the systemical classification, in which for brevity's sake the Roman figures denote the volume, the Arabic the plate. Besides these, for the botanical and pharmacological part have also been used Geiger's Handbook of Pharmacy, Doebereiner's German Apothecaries' manual; H. A. Martins' Compendium of Pharmaceutical Zoology and Kosteletzky's General Medico-Pharmaceutical Botanics. It is the author's indispensable duty to mention gratefully all these learned works, for he often must own to himself, that 8 INTRODUCTION. without their excellent guidance his powers would not have been a match for the work he undertook. As to the selection of the single parts of plants for medicinal use and the time of their collection many a deviation from the prescriptions of Hahnemann will be found. May this not be a subject for reproaches, but may it be borne in mind, that the author truly followed the first summons of the great master "try all". And he hopes, he will be found making his selection with conscientious use of all means at his disposal. As little he should be blamed for not having regarded so many new propositions, especially the separate preparation of different parts of the same plant, or peculiar devious form of preparation (for instance trituration of green vegetables). He aimed always at the most possible simplification and therein founded uniformity of the medicines, and this aim has also been adopted as fundamental condition on the part of his employers. Every individual physician is at liberty to have medicines prepared for his own use after his own order, but the officinal ones should be and continue always the same every where. The author must yet justify the essential departures he has allowed himself in substituting the decimal system for the centesimal proportions. Though Hahnemann had established the latter for his triturations as well as for all his liquid attenuations, yet many have departed since from that system. There had been proposed to adopt rather 2: 98, next 5: 95, finally 10: 90, and there was no want of reasons for each of these modifications. The strongest argument, without doubt, is the pure arithmethical argument that '/10 contains more and must be certainly more efficacious than 00oo. But there is in a proportion of 10 to 10 a more consequent and close gradation than in the original one. Whatever be objected against this, it is necessary to avoid such arbitrariness and fluctuations; therefore only one scale could be established as a rule. Now that the decimal proportion was selected, is based not alone upon the circumstance that the acceptation of it extends itself by experience in practice farther and farther, but also upon the express consent of the gentlemen giving the order. To the satisfaction and observance of those insisting upon the familiar centesimal system it will be sufficient to point out, how easy it is to find the potency of Hahnemann after the decimalsystem; for according to the arithmetical proportion INTRODUCTION. 9 the 1st. potency of Hahnemann corresponds exactly to the 2d. decimal potency. the 2d. potency of Hahnemann corresponds exactly to the 4th. decimal potency. the 3d. potency of Hahnemann corresponds exactly to the 6th. decimal potency, and so forth. But he for whom it is of importance to learn from the number of the potency always the quantitative proportion, will find it out after the decimal system with greatest ease and certainty, having only to add the number of zeros behind a 1 equal to the number of the potency, for instance 1st. potency - /0, 2d. potency = 1/oo, 6th. potency - o1/oo10oo, and so on. These are the essential points of the plan which the author devised in consequence 6f an invitation he got, and submitted to several physicians selected at. the annual meeting of 1839 for this purpose., The received written and oral judgments upon it, must be the more encouraging for him as they agreed all with him in the main points, and anew confirmed the high honourable confidence the commissioned can boast of. That the opinion of impartial competent judges- has decided in favour of the work undertaken, is most clearly proved through the increasing demands for a new complete edition notwithstanding several other books on similar subjects have meanwhile appeared. In the like manner as the system of homceopathy makes continual progress, the pharmacotechnics are not to be regarded for a concluded and consummated doctrine; in this line of science also the new will substitute the older, if it is the better one. - In this sense the author has already prepared since many years this second edition by continuous revisal, observation and collection of his own experience as well as that of others; he lhs endeavoured to simplify and improve many a prescription and also paid his. best attention to the newly discovered remedies. The Northamerican,, Priierverein" (union of experimentators) conducted by the indefatigable Dr. Hlering has enriched the medicinal stock with a large number of such new medicines the preparation of which is for the mo-st part impracticable in Europe, because the primitive matter, animal and vegetable, belongs to the far Tropic countries, from whence they can be drawn not at all, or at least only under the greatest difficulties. When from this motive their collection and technical preparation must be left to the physicians and apothecaries on the other side of the ocean, so the author 10 INTRODUCTION. could not think in respect of the proposed task of having reasons for both, neither their mere enumeration with or without their descriptions, nor of this being useful for his aim, the less so as after the principle of fixing by and dividing his prescriptions the most proper preparation is easily and certain found for any later discovered remedy. Finally he thinks it necessary to assure, that neither vanity, nor selfishness has been the motive for his undertaking to which he readily devoted his leisure hours; which the business of his calling, and the administration of several public offices left him very few in number; but solely the firm persuasion that a guide for homoeopathic pharmacotechnics in the sense of scientific and experimental progress was highly wanted, and supported by the call of many physicians acting under the like impression. PART I. CONTAINING THE GENERAL RULES. ~. 1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS. When the physicians of all systems justly did find in the true pureness and efficacy of the remedies to be administered the main condition of the effect aimed at, the homceopathic physician will not be blamed for making claims above all in this respect, the comparative larger extent and strictness of which is justified in itself, in as much as from the smallness of his doses the most positive certainty of their efficacy is the condition the more necessary. Therefore it is the first duty of everyone, who will undertake the preparation of hoiceopathic medicines to make himself acquainted with the demands distinguishing this school from the older one, for being able to make its prescriptions his strict and invariable direction. Only he who follows this principle with earnest faithfulness to his duty, will succeed in preparing medicines, ascertaining experimental certain effect, and will obtain and maintain thereby the confidence of the physicians. Whatever his opinion may be about the value and importance of the given prescriptions, even the thought of unnecessary pedantry, intruding itself here and there, must not prevent him from conscientiously obeying them. This performance of duty will be the more easy for him, the more he gets convinced, that time and experience have already effaced not inconsiderable part of the former often extravagant demands and harsh theorems, and have lowered its extent to its essential constituent, but which can not be lessened now, without endangering the purpose. After having given this main principle beforehand, which, as we must recommend our colleagues who wish to dedicate themselves to homceopathy, and which they may take seriously to heart, we begin with the several labours it requires, after having before only given ashort description of the condition of the necessary utensils. PART I. 13 is also required for the supporting-blocks and boards, whose immediate cleaning after use is indispensable. For -forcing out vegetable juices the common bag or cloth made of bleached linen may be used; but never the same bag is to be taken for pressing out different vegetables; odour, taste and colour is so permanently impregnated to the cloth, that no washing is sufficient for removing it. * For effective separation of the liquid from the vegetable fibre the aid of the press may be employed; yet only a porcelain, stone or - as an exception from the rule for tinctures - a tin press dish. All glasses, whatever use they may be intended for, must be washed with hot water and afterwards rinsed again with pure; and as soon as the water is run off, they must be completely made dry in a hot stove under strong heat. It is the same with the glasses intended for the preservation of medicinal stores. Among all means for stopping the glasses, whether in use or proposed, the corkstoppers always maintain the preference, answering for their elasticity most perfectly to the purpose. They must be selected with the utmost care, because all that are hard, very porous, and of dark colour, are to be rejected. To boil them out or to soak them in boiling water is not to be recommended, because they lose in it their regular form and get a dark colour. When they do not more stop properly, have become too much softened, we fail not to take others in their place. Of course all liquids corroding the substance of stoppers must be preserved in glasses having glass stoppers. Attention lastly must be adverted again to what has been remarked above in respect to iron utensils, namely, that the utmost cleanliness of all utensils is to be observed. Long continued trituration causes often the substance under work to adhere so much to the vessels, that often repeated washing is quite insufficient, and, therefore each mortar must be scoured out with fine sand,- aided by the force of the arm; and smells that happen to be in them must be removed by the heat of a stove. If metals have been triturated a proper acid must be employed for dissolving the parts sticking fast to the mortar. * By marking the bags and clothes with numbers, a control may be held, the expenses in buying so many are recovered by their longer duration, inasmuch as they are more seldom used. 14 PART I. ~. 4. MECHANICAL LABOURS. After having enumerated in the last paragraphs the essential requisites of the utensils, we now pass over to the various mechanical labours, reserving for especial cases what is not remarked here. It is the task of the pharmaceutist in general to put all substances intended for medicinal use in such a condition as enables them to present their innate healing powers in the most perfectly developped degree, and in that form, in which physical nature absorbs them in the easiest and most perfect manner. This form in itself is divided in two main divisions, in that of the dry and that of the liquid remedies. All bodies which in conformity with their nature appear not fit for imparting their effective properties to liquid dissolvents require a treatment on the dry way, whereby the finest distribution of their substance is obtained (and in this manner the most complete assimilation is the animal body is brought about). There could exist no means answering better to the purpose, than that which Hahnemann has taught us under the name of trituration. The best proceeding for its execution is as follows.. 5. TRITURATIONS. One part of the medicinal substance to be prepared is weighed exactly with the same quantity by weight of pure powdered sugar of milk (taking the latter rather coarsely powdered, if the substances be very solid and tenacious) are triturated in a roomy mortar under continuous attention, till both have been united to a compound, alike uniform in colour and fineness. As often as appears necessary, the mortar and pestle must be freed from the adherent substance by scraping it off with a wooden spatula or sharp hog's tooth. The uniformity of the preparation depends very much on this condition. The time required for this first labour can neither be fixed by ageneral rule, nor can it be equal in comparing the single substances among themselves; for it lies upon one's hands that depending on their toughness, hardness, humidity a. s. o. there is the greatest variety among them. As a rule to be observed in all these cases, we PART I. remark that none of these first triturations can be regarded as finished in less than half an hour, even when the eye should be satisfied with their appearance. * As soon as one feels convinced that this previous labour acquired the necessary perfection, and especially that no parts of the medicinal substance exist separate, there is time to add a second portion of sugar of milk tlree times as much as the first quantity, and to unite them exactly by triturating for a quarter of an hour, alternately scraping off, as is above mentioned. This also done, the last portion of sugar of milk, which must be five times as much as the first quantity, is added, and again triturated so long a time, till a perfect uniform and subtle powder is obtained, in which little points of a different colour must not more be perceived through the magnifying glass. Such a complete trituration will, now, as we took to one part of the medicinal substance first one part of sugar of milk, next three and lastly five parts, be of the tenfold weight of the prepared substance. Is it designated with one (1). From this first trituration one, part by weight is taken and triturated with the ninefold quantity of pure sugar of milk, after the above given rule, only taking in the very beginning a somewhat larger quantity of sugar of milk (about the triple) may be worked with the medicine-'potency and the whole labour finished in three quarters of an hour. In the same way from this trituration to be designated with 2 a third is made and designated with 3. A previous preparation of the substances to be triturated facilitates and secures the success of this labour very much. First requisite is hereby perfect dryness of the preparations, as also of the sugar and the utensils. At the same time it is necessary to bring the harder and tougher substances before they are got together with the latter' separately to the most finely divided state * The limits of mechanical divisibility go far beyond the common means of observation; if therefore Hahnemann, a sharp observing man, demanded in regard to this, that no trituration ought to be completed in less than one hour, there was no pedantry in that; only the circumstance led to that appearance, that he laid down that rule in connexion with his theory of potencies without making an ex. ception. Our own experience has suffiently shewn us, that very many substances, are yet able to a still greater degree of division, after having been triturated for several hours, whereas others acquire the prescribed property in far less time. It requires no artful explication, in order to explain the strengthened efficacy of medicinal bodies divided in this manner; for the comminution renders them more divisible, therefore dissolvable in the body, and consequently more efficacious. PART I. As to metals the proper proceeding will be described in the single articles. The grindstones used formerly are totally to be rejected as they indeed furnished a quantity of mud, but yielded only indefinite traces of metal for trituration; yet less successful is the proposed abrasion of metals on their fractured edges. Salts, precipitates, and the like must be reduced beforehand into a most subtle powder after the rule already known; it is the same with all vegetables. As it is not allowed to do this labour in a room in which through other labours the trituration may be spoiled by dust, damp vapours, odours a. s. f., it would be likewise improper to undertake more than one trituration at the same time. In general there can never be devoted too much attention and care to this whole labour, what we cannot fail to recommend expressly. * Altogether it is not advisable to prepare more than * This labour is so wearisome and monotonous that an abbreviation or at least simplification very often has been wished for, and to this effect different machines for trituration have been proposed. None is known to us, which we could recommend with confidence, all being more or less subject to the imperfections of machinery, and furnish -machine work. We, on the contrary, are of opinion that the hand of man kept under an attentive eye and thinking mind is the most perfect machine, to be had for this purpose, as long as patience and perseverance belong to the indispensable attributes of every pharmaceutist, claiming confidence. Essentially furthering triturations of very hard and very tough substances the following simple machine has been found, the illustration of which follows. x H1V PART I. 17 500 grains at a time; for the efficiency and the success of the labour are in an inverse proportion with the quantity. Larger supplies as being used up during one year ought likewise not to be prepared, these, therefore, must be different after the consumption observed. This process of working dry substances can be continued so far as is demanded; Hahnemann has closed it with the third trituration for bringing the further potencies in the liquid form *. His proceeding proved to be agreeable to the purpose, in as much as the solutions of such triturations verified their efficacy in many ways. A common deep mortar or dish for trituration made of porcelain a, and such a pestle b is fixed by a frame or belt of hard wood corresponding in extent with its bottom and screwed fast upon a table. The pestle gets an elongation d of 46-24" (like the chocolate machines formerly used); this is turned out of wood in proportion with the mortar andhollowed out on the under side that the pestle may by puttied in 4-6" deep. A broad metal ring e closing fast, preserves this lower part from breaking out. Above the wooden stick is made thicker (f), getting the form of an inverted pestle, so. that a sufficiently wide and deep hole (Y) -can be bored, to be filled with lead for augmenting its weight. Immediately at the side of the wooden frame in ascending direction, there is an iron bar (h) screwed fast to the table by three lobes through wooden screws (i), which must be so high as to be overtopped 4-6" by the upper part of the elongated pestle for handling and guiding. This bar is bent to present in the said height a rightangled arm which is formed in vertical direction over the middle of the mortar into a ring (k), roomy enough for taking in the wooden pestle easy, but not wider as to allow the pestle to move easily in the ring, which is well lined with tough leather, without shaking. For being able to put in the pestle into the ring, this must have a hinge for opening (1) and a little knob that can be turned (m) for closing it fast again. The handling of this machine is a matter of course. * The expressions "potency and potentisation" have in the homceopathical sense of the words (at least originally) a double meaning, viz. the meaning 4) of gradation, organisation, 2) of development of power or heightening after the theory of potencies of Hahnemann. We believe this hypothesis to become more and more forgotten, without the necessity of opposing to it, what many have done already. We therefore long sought for an expression to be selected for supplanting the designation of potency, and designating the first above named meaning exclusively and positively; but we have not been happy enough to find such a one that allowed at the same time to be employed so easily and clearly in all forms of words and speech, as the established word, potency, with its inflections and derivations, so familiar to all. We believe that it is best rather to retain the known word than to become unintelligible through the selection of new words, and only declare hereby that we wish to have put no other construction on the word than the purely arithmetical notion, that of gradation. 2 18 PAT I,. 6. DISSOLUTION OF THE TRITURATIONS. This is effected by pouring over one part of the third trituration nine parts of distilled water, in a glass phial, only being filled up to two thirds of it, and by dissolving clearly through repeated shaking at common temperature. This solution is to be designated 4. It must be observed hereby that this is fit only for speedy use (especially as a transition) but noways for preserving it for a longer time, because the insoluble medicinal substances it contains separate, and though a new mechanical division may be obtained subsequently by means of shaking, this however might be suspected in reference to its chemical effects not without reason. The transition to the purely alcoholic solutions isj formed by the 5th. potency produced through mixture 'of one part of the 4th. potency with 9 parts of watered spirit of wine (q. v.). All further attenuations are continued in the same proportion of strong spirit, so far as the physician demands them. ~.7. DESIGNATION OF THE GLASSES. To obviate in all cases mistakes and uncertainty the preparation of potencies must not be begun, before as many glasses (containing to 2 drachms each) as potencies are to be produced, have been placed one after the other and in just order, before one, provided both with stoppers (upon which likewise the name and number of the potency are inscribed) and labels pasted upon them, having distinct signatures and numbers of the potencies. These are filled up one after the other with a measuring glass, putting into the smaller 90, into the larger 180 drops of spirit of wine, then after dropping into the first glass, bearing, the lowest number, 10 (resp. 20) drops of the medicine to be attenuated, the glass is closed with its stopper and the mixture effected by a short but vigorous agitation. From this first glass again 10 drops are put into the next, the mixture with the spirit of wine again effected by shaking, and so on, until the whole series has been attenuated in this manner. PART 1. ~. 8. DISSOLUTION OF SALTS, OILS ETC. For many remedies simple solution instead of trituration is employed, and this is especially the case with soluble salts, volatile oils and similar substances. Manifold reasons justify this deviation from the system of Hahnemann. By long continued trituration many not alone are soon partly unmixed, but several exert a decomposing influence on sugar of milk, which begins after the end of the labour-, and is continued in the store-vessel, for which the sourish smell evolving itself- after months is a sufficient proof. Deliquescent or volatile salts, volatile and fixed oils more- easily, show how evidently improper trituration is in such cases. The process in preparing the solutions is so simple and well known that it needs no description. For salts, pure water, for volatile oils, the strongest alcohol is to be used as a dissolvent. Few cases excepted, the decimal system may be carried through here also, so that the first solution contains /10o of the medicinal body, and therefore the prescribed manner of designation is preserved. Such salts as do not dissolve or remain dissolved in this proportion are dissolved in the proportion of '/,o (that is 5 parts to 95 parts); their first solution being not termed 1, but with the fractional number of their proportion. Through this mistakes and uncertainties are obviated. That from such a solution double the quantity (20:80) must be taken, for preparing a second solution answering arithmetically to the general proportion, is a matter of course, as well as the farther attenuation in the decimal proportion. Lastly we must direct the attention to several matters which this form of medicine requires for securing the necessary certainty.. 9. PRECAUTIONARY RULES FOR SOLUTIONS. 1. Solution must be always effected at common temperature (between 12 or 140 R.); and likewise the place for keeping of the medicine must be subjected as little as possible to changes of temperature for obviating crystallizing from cold, or condensation from heat. If the store-room be not a room fit for warming during winter, it would be necessary to remove all these solutions 2* * 20 PART I. of salts before the appearance of frost and to preserve them well protected in an other place till this period is over. 2. From the same reason and for obviating possible decompositions these solutions must always be protected against the influence of the daylight. 3. As long only as the liquid is perfectly clear and transparent, it is yet fit for use; as soon as turbidness, flakes, rings in the glasses or sedimentary crystals appear, it must be rejected and prepared anew. 4. Attention always must be paid especially to a good condition of the stoppers, because they become easier corroded than from the spirituous attenuations. A coat of collodium, dried before use, perfectly preserves them a long time from intrusion of the solutions of salt. 5. For production of the second potency as is the case with the fifth potency from triturations, diluted spirit of wine must be taken; only from the third potency undiluted spirit may be used. Observation teaches us that some tinctures bear this change only from the third potency. Such are the necessary rules for preparing dry medicines and for their being transferred into the liquid form. Before we pass over now to the preparation of Essences and Tinctures it seems proper to add those rules which are to be observed in their potentisation in as much as they also require several deviations. The liquid medicines, commonly understood under the name of Tinctares are divided, as will be mentioned more explicitly below, in respect of the quantity of spirit of wine contained in them, in two different classes, to which difference also that of their means of attenuation must be adapted ~. 10. ATTENUATION OF TINCTURES. 1. Tinctures prepared from dry vegetables and strong spirit of wine, are to be attenuated farther with the same after the above fixed decimal proportion. On the contrary 2. Tinctures prepared from dilated spirit of wine as well as the essences (which see), require in the first, sometimes still in the second potency a diluted spirit, that each may appear clear and without sediment; for such can never take place without essentially impairing the medicinal contents and is to be avoided carefully. PART I. 21 After these premises we now pass over to the statement of the manner of preparing the medicines got from the vegetable kingdom, which require a different treatment according to the difference in their constituents and in their chemical properties. ~. 11. PREPARATION OF TINCTURES. For abbreviating the single articles to be treated in the second part, as well as for facilitating a systemical view it appeared proper to divide the different forms of medicines comprehended under the name of tinctures in three classes after the difference of the manner of their preparation, to obviate often repetition of already given prescriptions, reference to the class, to which the substance to be prepared belongs being only necessary. FIRST CLASS. (RULE 4.) The first class accordingly is formed by all barks, roots, seeds, leaves etc. which are preserved and prepared in a dry state. Here the general rule is prevalent, that one part, after having been comminuted into a coarse powder previously, is poured over with ten parts of spirit of wine in a glass-vessel well secured with a piece of wet bladder, to be extracted for tincture, under dailyrepeated vigorous shakings. For obtaining an efficacious and powerful tincture from substances little solvable in spirit of wine, a previous trituration for hours, first dry, and then under addition of so much spirit as is necessary for forming a thick pulp will be of great advantage. It is not necessary and rather injurious to apply a higher temperature than that of a common room (12-140 R.); likewise the influence of the sun's rays is improper, its decomposing effect being injurious. After the lapse of the time stated the liquid is to be separated from the extracted substance according to the known rules by pressing; and after having been suffered to settle for twenty four hours, it is passed through white filtering-paper, and then preserved for use. To the different nature of the efficient ingredients of this large class of medicines answering solvents must be provided. Of course it is evident that strong spirit of wine (containing 70 to 80%) can not be the most proper for all, but that on the contrary many 24 PART I. tions; notwithstanding the externally most unexceptionable drugs allow a selection, being mixed from parts of different quality.* To make our opinion quite clear, we will for instance remember, how widely the interior quality of single pieces of Rhubarb differs from their external appearance; how much often an externally sound bark surrounds a mouldy and wormeaten interior, or how seeds sound in form and colour may yet be destitute of virtues and spoiled by lying, and so on, a variety of strange admixtures not to be mentioned. About this, therefore, the testing capacities must watch, that nothing that is inefficacious, wrong or strange, may become mixed with the medicines to be prepared. If it be remembered how important it is that the remedies are to be administered to the sick only in drops and mostly in attenuations most perfectly pure and vigorous, and that they are fit for answering the directions of the physician only under these conditions, no pains must and will be shunned for the utmost care in testing, extended to the single little pieces, that there may be obtained a production, perfect in all perceptible properties, which then will distinguish itself strikingly also externally from any other prepared with less care. Considering the proportionately small quantities to be prepared, these pains do not by far cost so much time as it might appear to some. ~. 13. SELECTION OF SIMPLES. In selecting fresh plants the following points are to be regarded. a) It is a general rule, that everywhere, where there are to be got plants grown wild (that is without the help of men spontaneously) they are to be preferred to the plants cultivated in gardens or anywhere else. If there is no question about the loss of volatile constituents the exsiccated vegetables if they are taken from their proper natural place of growth deserve yet the preference to plants grown in gardenTs or glass-houses. This principle will find its application to many foreign products.* But yet with the indigenous plants growing spontaneously " If the place from whence to draw them is too far off, there is an excellent expedient in having sent the duly gathered plants comminuted on their place of growth and covered over with their weight or double their weight of strong spirit of wine (in proportion to the quantity of their juice) in a proper vessel. After PART I. 25 b) a selection is to be made in regard of their place of growth, for this is always of essential influence respecting the development of their medicinal virtues; so, for instance, the appearance of a plant luxuriously grown up or very full of juice noways warrants for its being full of efficacy; as little plants liking a dry, sunny place are to be collected from a humid, shady one and vice versa. Such and the like considerations are never unknown to the experienced botanist. c) Only sound, perfect specimens are to be applied; all that are crippled, half dried up or turned into wood through age, rotten or otherwise spoiled must be singled out. d) They must also be kept clean, that is, free from mud, earth and other external substances. To wash them with water is allowed only in some cases, it is to be avoided in collecting roots, they on the contrary must be cleaned by cutting out what is foul, by beating and if necessary brushing. Care also must be taken to see not less e) that no insects remain in the plants, whose bodies and larvm could get into the Essence prepared from them. f) The time of day for the collection is likewise no indifferent thing; plants must be gathered neither during heavy morning dews nor after heavy rains; as they get also injured by being transported for days during great heat or pressed densely together in a high degree. g) That care must be taken to obviate mistakes of related species, is a matter of course; but it is also necessary especially in buying small quantities from paid gatherers to take the utmost care, that they are not left mixed with strange things, or other vegetable parts etc.; therefore a previous strict sorting is indispensable.* fourteen days' standing and aided by the press, this infusum furnishes a very vigorous tincture, at all events preferable to that prepared from plants less vigorous on account of having been cultivated or taken from a wrong place. To be sure, the mediation of an agent fully to be trusted is indispensable for this purpose. * A catalogue of our officinal plants, in so far as they are indigenous to Germany, in the order as they follow each other in the time of their most judicious gathering, will be welcome. Variations indeed (occasioned by diversity of places, influence of the change of weather alnd seasons), will be observed, making a difference from fourteen days to months; notwithstanding it will present a guide in general and preserve against neglects. A table has been annexed at the end of this work stating for every plant the month, in which its time of gathering begins in the rule, although it may last perhaps for months longer. 26 PART I. After having treated now the preparation of the remedies according to their different forms in such a manner that the form of preparation answering best the purpose may be found with certainty for every remedy to be ranged in later times among the medicinal treasure, we now pass over to those substances, which serve here not alone as dissolvents but afterwards also as medium for attenuation (vehicle). There are three: Spirit of wine, water, and sugar of milk;to the greatest possible purity of which as much care is to be devoted than to the remedies themselves, because it cannot be without influence upon the efficaciousness and quality of the remedies. ~. 14. SPIRIT OF WINE. Spirit of wine, a vinous product of fermentation drawn from saccharine vegetables, contains always some more or less strange admixtures, that is to say, such admixtures, as impregnate it more or less, without being a condition for its chemical composition, which after the manner of its preparation in its production as well, as according to the quality of the substances used, produce an aftersmell and taste not properly belonging to it, and must be carefully removed. The purest spirit of wine from its origin in this respect is obtained except from wine itself, from the purest grains of wheat and rye. The first condition in selecting it for homoeopathic use must therefore be, that one is strictly convinced that the product used may have no other origin;* for all spirit drawn from rice, plums, cherries, or another product of fermentation as well as the one prepared from potatoes is to be rejected for such use. But that all spirit for that purpose must always be perfectly free from fuseloil is the second condition, and the most different products being presented in trade in this respect, it is necessary to subject all spirit to a careful purification. This of course will be effected the more perfectly and easily, the purer the spirit to * To ascertain this, it has been proposed to prepare spirit of wine from dextrine syrup one has made oi.e's self; against which there is no objection, unless this process being more costly and only an experiment to be performed with small quantities requiring a contrivance and rooms, being at command only for a few. We assert that carefully purified spirit made of corn is not inferior to the spirit made from dextrine. PART I. 27 be acted upon was from the beginning. From this reason in most cases such whisky will deserve the preference, as is produced not in large establishments distilling it in great quantities, but such as is got with the former simpler apparatus and strengthened by repeated distillation, because in the socalled,steam distilleries" the removal of the fuseloil is generally far more imperfect on account of the speed and,abbreviation of the labour,. 15. PURIFICATION OF SPIRIT OF WINE. Such whisky as does not already contain at least 60 per cent of spirit, is first to be brought to this degree of strength- by rectification over newly made redhot charcoal, and the last parts of the distillation are to be separated from the first, for they contain more fuseloil. After this it is brought in contact with a proper quantity (about 1/,6t1) of charcoal newly made redhot and immediately coarsely pulverized afterwards inlarge glass carboys, filled up to7/A5t. After some weeks, during which itis to be agitated once a day very vigorously, let it be separated from the powdered charcoal by speedy straining and the distillation -egin in a well tinned still, well mixed through stirring with the twelfth part of common skimmed milk. Distillation may then begin under the known precautionary rules; but there are two conditions the fulfilment of which secures an excellent product.The first is, to bring about a layer of powdered charcoal over the surface of the liquid in the still, so that the evolving steams must pass through it, through which at the same time it is avoided that the spirit passes over-too quick. * The second condition is the peculiar form of the head of the boiler, which, instead of being formed wide and low, must be narrower and higher, whereby exactly the contrary from the formerly wished speed of the labour is attained, in as much as a good part of the ascending vapours is repressed in this prolonged way and only the specific lightest can pass over. * Such a contrivance is very easily furnished, if one has made a perforated disk of tinned iron plate, having the circumference of the inner side of the boiler, divided in the middle, and united by a hinge, to get it through the narrow neck of the boiler, and which rests upon four short supporters riveted in the boiler's side, upon which powdered charcoal may be strewed to the height of one and a half to two inches. PART 1. 29 stopped by a corkstopper and hung -up for exsiccation in the air. This done, the bladder gets some coats of a solution of isinglass and is again dried. Each bladder so prepared, is filled to 7/,t with pure alcohol of at least 75 per cont, the glass tube closed by means of a piece of wet bladder as it is commonly done with digesting vessels, and hung up on a thread slung around the tube over a stove at a dry temperature of 30 to 40 degrees. It is essential to have this degree of heat uniformly; therefore the places over a bakers' oven in a closed room, or in a well heated drying press in the laboratories are the best for it. After 8 to 10 days have elapsed, so much water has been exhaled from the spirit of wine into the -air through the side of the bladder that it appears strengthened to 95 or rather more per cent. Should it after this not have obtained the abovementioned strength, the process is to be continued till the aim is attained. Before it can be used, this spirit must be drawn over again in a glass retort over some fresh burnt charcoal, for it is turbid and sometimes also coloured, and comes from the bladder impregnated with a saccharine smell. We designate it with the name of strong alcohol or strengthened spirit of wine (Alcohol fortius). ~. 18. WATER. Besides the spirit of wine also water serves as a solvent medium for many medicinal bodies. Let it be free from saltish, earthy and metallic parts, contained in all springwaters in different quantities. Snow and rainwater are purer in that respect, but they are likewise not absolutely applicable in as much as earth, dust, soot and the like soil it, and would at least require to be percolated through a close straining apparatus. Therefore water purified by drawing it over gently in a well tinned still, head and refrigeratory and preserved in an earthen vessel protected lightly against dust, is to be applied. Careful purification of the distilling apparatus from all smells after medicinal substances, cannot be recommended enough, and therefore it is indispensable to observe the well known rule, to draw over the first pounds of the distillation a little hot and to throw it away so long as vinegar of lead makes it turbid, before the cooler water coming ovei is to be collected for use. The labour also must not be continued longer than to leave the third part of the water acted 30 PART I. upon in the boiler. Lastly for convincing one's self of the true chemical purity of the water it is necessary to apply the proper reagents. ~. 19. SUGAR OF MILK. We come now to the statement of the third medium of development (or vehicle), sugar of milk. This is an essential constituent of milk obtained by inspissation and crystallisation of sweet wheys of cow's milk. Manufactured for wholesale it is more or less adulterated with dust, wood, soot, sometimes also it has a mouldy and yellowish appearance, musty smell and disgusting aftertaste. Therefore for our use it must be purified carefully, and this may be done best in the following manner. Any quantity of sugar of milk coarsely powdered is dissolved by boiling it with its double quantity of distilled water; after a little rest the solution is to be filtered hissing hot through white filtering-paper supported by a piece of new bleached linen into a sufficiently roomy earthen vessel, containing as much pure strong spirit, as water has been applied for the solution of the sugar of milk. No sooner the two liquids come in contact, than the separation begins in the form of small pointed crystals, which accumulate partly at the bottom of the vessel, partly concrete as a continuous coating at its sides. After finishing the filtering and bef6re the vessel is set aside for cooling, the whole liquid is duly stirred with a clean wooden stick, for getting a perfect uniform mixture. This labour is to be done most profitably, at the lowest possible temperature in as much as through it the separation of the sugar of milk is very much promoted, so that the loss sustained is not considerable. After several days' rest the liquid standing over the crystals is poured off gently *, the sugar of milk obtained is taken off from the sides and the bottom of the vessel, washed with cold distilled water, then spread out in thin layers upon clean paper over sieves, and lastly dried with very moderate heat. To make it ready for use, for triturations as well as for dispensing, it is only to be reduced to the most subtle powder, for which operation an iron mortar may be used without * Most of the spirit applied may be recovered from the liquid by distilling it cautiously and it will be as good as before the operation, but not so strong. PART I. 31 hesitation, provided its being not only clean and free from odours, but also smooth, polished and free from rust, as we have mentioned on the 12th page. That an especially fine hairsieve not used for other purposes must be kept, is a matter of course. Sugar of milk is to be preserved in a dry, airy place in well closed glass or wooden vessels.. 20. GLOBULES. As a means for administering the doses as small and uniform as possible, many physicians make use of socalled globules, made by confectioners of sugar and starch, which are to be had in very different sizes from that of poppy-seed to that of middlesized shot under the name of sugar in globules (Nonpareille). For-medicinal use let only the whitest, driest and hardest be selected, and care taken that not globules of unequal size or sugar in form of dust may remain mixed with it.. 21. PRESERVATION OF THE MEDICINAL STORE. From the peculiar in many regards deviating manner in preparing the homceopathic medicines we see indeed the necessity of devoting to their preservation more than common care. In this regard the followingrules have shown themselves useful by experience. All triturations are to be preserved in medicine glasses of cylindrical form with narrow mouth, to be closed with a cork stopper, the volatile and odoriferous ones moreover tied over with a piece of soft dry bladder, and provided with labels, duly fixed (that is by gluing them on, never by tying them to the glasses), upon which besides the name of the remedy, also with readable figures the potency is written, and to arrange them alphabetically in a large, sufficiently deep drawer with cover in such a manner that the three (or if it be required, more) potencies of one remedy have their place in a common partition one after the other. The Essences and Tinctures must be placed in similar glasses containing two to three ounces closed with a tight stopper and * It is more proper to separate everywhere the dry triturations from the liquid attenuations which bear the same name, than to preserve them together in one place. - 32 PART I. durable cover in a separate press. Where greater quantities are consumed, separate storevessels must be set up to be preserved in a separate place. We have already directed the attention of our reader to the in, jurious influence of the sunlight; the stores therefore must beprotected carefully from it as well as from the daylight in general; this is the same with the chemical preparations and triturations as also with the essences, tinctures and attenuations. Let therefore all presses be provided with closely fitting doors impervious tolight. Some such preparations not bearing the light (f. i. Bismuth, several preparations of Mercury, Phosphorus and others) must besides be preserved in blackened glasses, and, in case that glasses of hyalith of the form wished for are not to be had, these are easily prepared by making a coat of copal varnish with ignited soot, and painting over with it the entire glass only neck and bottom excepted. * This varnish, after being well dried in a hot stove, is as durable for dry or for liquid contents, as easily to be renewed if necessary. Strong spirit of wine dissolves it of course. As to the dilutions and liquid potencies, they also are to be kept separated from each single remedy in a case, large enough for receiving the necessary number of glasses. Glasses of cylindrical form, holding two drachms are best adapted for it, because they require the least room and take in easily a quantity of 200 drops. For keeping off dust and preventing exhalation it will be proper to close each chest with a cover; let each bear the name of the remedy preserved therein distinctly written upon it; all remedies arranged alphabetically must be set up in a press locked. ** Such arrangement is highly preferable to putting them in a series in common larger drawers, because it prevents misplacements from one row to the other and thereby mistaking one remedy for the other; and besides better secures the glasses standing free from being broken, when the chests are drawn up and closed as well, * Neck and bottom must be left free from the coating for being able to see through the glass and making sure about its being clean, ** May he who intends to establish and keep a homceopathic pharmacy, and to gain the confidence of the physicians as well as of the public, spare neither labour nor cost, for potentisation not alone of every remedy as far as is required from him, but always to keep the necessary number of glasses for it! love for convenience and the temptation arising from it for wilful deviations from the prescriptions of the physician can be prevented only in that way, when the glasses belonging to all demanded potencies are ready and to be filled up without farther trouble. PART I. as it facilitates the alphabetical arrangement of-remedies later to be introduced. Moreover it is yet an indispensable rule, to mark all stoppers without exception, they may be used for -closing tinctures, triturations or dilutions, with the name of the remedy, and the two last also with the number of the potency to obviate all mistakes. This only can be attained, when, each glass of the dilutions, is furnished, as ~. 7 has been mentioned already, with a label pasted upon it, in order to distinguish the contents still with certainty, when the stopper has been lost. This rule besides facilitates a control of the glasses standing close together.. 22. ARRANGEMENT OF THE DISPENSARY. In the foregoing points most of the necessaries for a well fitted homoeopathic dispensary are stated already; we need therefore only enumerate the necessary requisites.as well as to point out some precautionary measures, for being able to dispense from it with a punctuality that creates -coifidence. ~ 23. OF DISPENSING. To the first, belong some mortars for trituration,.unglazed within, serving for mixing divided powders, which besides is always to be done according to the known rule' that a small quantity of the remedy, if it is a trituration must not be mixed witlhthe entire quantity of sugar 'of milk, but first is triturated with a part of it. For mixing- liquids with sugar of milk select a mortar glazed within, as the moistened mass sticks less to it, and a slight mixing by trituration likewise being only required, whilst the mixing of dry tritfratiohs (especially intended for dividing simple doses) require always a longer continued trituration according to the rules of art. Some spoons, fine scales, spatuhe and the necessary number of powder-scoops, ladles, all in so far as is possible of horn or porcelain, as also a pair of good taring-scales are necessary. For moistening globules with medicine, watch glasses or small porcelain cups, such as used by p'ainters, afford.the best means; in these the required number of globules is poured over with so much 3 34 PART I. of the medicinal liquid, as will be sufficient for moistening all the grains. After a minute, which time will do perfectly for securing the proper soaking, let that part of the liquid, which may be too much, run off, and if the globules are to be preserved separately, it is necessary to let them become dry, which will take place at common temperature in some hours if they are spread in a flat basin; whereupon the globules adhering together are separated by slight pressure and put into a glass very closely stopped. When globules are to be dispensed with -sugar of milk the prescribed number of doses is -distributed into the powder-scoops, the number of globules then added to each, which are put in the paper-capsules without crushing them. * Let the capsule intended for the powders be always made of the finest white glazed paper- absolutely free from odours, lest anything should stick to them or the medicine should take an odour not belonging to it. To prevent any possible mistake in dispensing (so very likely to happen on account of the prevailing similarity of the attenuations in their outer appearance) let it be a strict rule, especially when different remedies stand written upon the same prescription, to make ready each separately and to mark the first with its label, before the second is begun. It is here the same with what has been recommended ~. 7 for preparing dilutions in that case, where several medicines in liquid form are to be dispensed at one and the same time. If triturations are prescribed separately or mixed with sugar of milk, it will be serviceable to dispense them also in glasses, remaining best preserved against humidity in this way. Finally I should advise the dispensing assistant ought to pay attention to clean his hands as well as his dress most carefully, before beginning his homceopathic labours, lest the confidence of the sick in the certain efficacy, of the homoeopathic medicines should be disturbed, by foreign odours or other adulterations which, as is well known, are imparted so easily. These regards the pharmaceutist also owes everywhere to the public as well as to his own reputation. - * It is to be remembered that only tinctures or attenuations prepared frqm Strong alcohol are fit for being imparted to globiles, because Essences, anid watered spirit of wine soften them forthwith. DESCRIPTION OF T-iE MEDICINES AND THEIR PREPARATION. - ABSINTHIUM. Hlerba sea Surmnmitates Absilhiii, Absinthium vCulgare s. )majus, s. ruslicum. Common wormwood, Absinthium. From Artemisia Absinthium Lixn. Sexual Syst. Syngenesia (Cl. XIX.) Polygamia superflua (Ord. 2). Natur. ord. Coinp-osite (Corymbiferm). Hayne HI. 11. Diisseld. 235. This plant growing spontaneously in uncultivated sunny places, vineyards, and upon old walls all over Germany, is Wvell known and easily distinguished by the white silk" felt with which the leaves, especially the younger ones, are covered as well as by the specific bitter aromatic smell and penetrating taste of all, its parts frornm its related species. In July and August the flowering panicles, together with the topmost leaves are collected and prepared with -strong spirit of wihe for tincture according to Rule 3. Colour: Saturated greenish-brown; samell and flavour of the plant in a 'high degree. ACIDUM BENZOICLUM. Flores JBenzoes, Sal acidttn Benlzoeis. Aciduni beiizoilicum. Benzoic acid, Flowers of Benzoin. From the best Benzoin, consisting of miny white pieces, resembling almonds, any quantity is 'coarsely powdered and strewed uniformly upo'i the flat bottom ofa round iron dish, having 8 to 9" in diameter and the sides a height of 2 to3''. Over the rim of this dish then a sheet of not too tight flteriig paper is closely extended, turned downli and fixed on the outer side ivith paste. A conical cap, made "* The appearance of the Tinctures is determined by the colour they present irt a colonrless glass-phial having 2 to 21/, inches in diameter. 3* 36 ACIDUTM HYDROCYANICUM. of paste-board, 10 to 12 inches high and as wide as the dish, lined on the inner side with glazed paper, is put over the dish and likewise fastened to it with paperstrips, paste and strings as tight as possible. The dish, prepared in this manner is put upon an iron plate strewed with sand at most one inch high, lying over a moderate fire, to be kept burning for several hours and increased according to the greater or lesser quantity of the gum acted upon. The labour being finished and the apparatus again grown cold, it is taken apart; and in the cylinder will be found the most beautiful, long flexible needles of sublimed benzoic acid, shining like silk, having a white colour, at the most with a feeble yellowish tinge and a peculiar sweetish odour and harsh taste; they are to be taken out and preserved in wellstopped' vessels. Triturations are prepared from it. ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM. Aciduim zooticum s. borussicum. Prussic acid,' Hydrocyanic acid, Cyanide of Hydrogen, Cyanhydric acid. In a glass-retort, whose neck is broken off short, large enough to contain about a medicinal pound of liquid is put a mixture consisting of 21/2 drachms of triturated crystallised ferro-cyanate of potash and 3 drachms of pure not fuming sulphuric acid, previously diluted with 5 drachms of pure water. After having agitated the mixture in the retort, this is put in a small iron chapel upon half an inch of sand in such a manner, that the short neck is directed upwards; it is closed by means of a stopper through which passes a glass pipe about 1/4 to 3/, of an inch thick, projecting some lines on the inner side over the stopper. This pipe, the entire length of which must be 12-15 inches; is bent downwards a little outside the stopper in an obtuse angle, to reach into the neck of a tubulated receiver of a proper size, in which it is likewise fastened with a perforated stopper, both connexions being duly luted airtight. The tubulus of the receiver turned downwards is in the same way connected by a glasspipe bent in a angle with a bottle containing the receiving liquid, 18 drachms of watered spirit of wine. The latter pipe of connexion is to be immersed some lines into this liquid, and must be only tightly luted at its exit from the tubulus, but not in the receiver. Let the distillation now begin by a moderate fire carefully ACIDUM HYDROFLUORICUM. guided, and carried on so long, till the residue appears pulpy. If the liquid received should not weigh 22 drachms, it must be brought to that weight and be preserved, distributed in halfounceglasses, very closely stopped, in a dark place, or, -what is still better, in a covered box. Only -as long as the preparation is absolutely colourless and has the peculiar pungent smell of Prussic acid, it is fit for use. The potentisation is to be effected with strong spirit of wine according to the rule already given, but must often be made anew, because this preparation is very -much liable to decomposition. ACIDUM HYDROFLUORICUM. Acidum fluoricum, Fluoridiunm hydricum. Sparry acid, Hydrofluoric acid. Let 16 ounces of fluor spar, in very fine powder, be exactly mixed with 32 ounces of concentrated sulphuric acid, (prepared by burning of sulphur) in a leaden bottle that may have room for double the quantity of the mixture, and whose mouth must not be to narrow. After having put the bottle in a sandbath, let be added the cover to the bottle which is connected by soldering with a semicircular leadpipe /i' -wide and most securely luted, by a proper piece of rolled caoutchouc, crammed between the neck and cover of the bottle. After having placed under it an open leadbox or deep dish containing 12 ounces of water, in which the end of the leaden pipe is immerged, a moderate fire is made and- kept up as long as one may conclude from the gasbubbles ascending through the receiving water 'that sufficient acid is yet elicited. As soon as this labour is finished the receiver will contain 16 ounces of an extremely acid, yellow-turbid liquid, which first is to be freed from the sulphur driven over with it, by quiet settling. Of the acid then quickly to be filtered two ounces are saturated with as much carbonate of potash, and by this fluorkalium, the separation of the fluorsilicium likewise driven over is effected, so long till nothing more is precipitated. After previous settling, the now fully' clear and colourless hydrofluoric acid, having a specific gravity of 1,09, is filtered, hereby also a leaden bottle must be applied. The first attenuation is to be prepared with pure water, 38 ACIDUM MOLYBDPJNIOUM. the next with diluted and the following with strong spirit of wine. * ACIDUM MOLY3BDIENICUM. Acidum molybdicum. Molybdic acid. Let one part of molybdate of lead (yellow lead-ore) in a fine powder be so long digested with 11/4 parts of not fuming sulphuric acid in a sandbath, till a proof taken from it leaves a perfectly white residue; when water is poured over it. The blue-coloured, pulpy mass is afterwards diluted and edulcorated with much water, the ablution water filtered, nitric acid added and again evaporated, till the sulphuric acid begins to escape. The white powder formed thereby is pure molybdic acid, only to be yet edulcorated with much water acidulated with some nitric acid at the end of the edulcoration. After exsiccation it appears in the form of a white, loose powder, shining and palp-able not unlike scraped stearin acid, from which triturations are prepared. ACIDUM MURIATICUM. Spiritus Salis acidus, Acidmn Sais, Acidum hydrochloricuCm. Hydrochloric or Chlorhydric acid, Muriatic acid, Spirit of Salt, Marine acid, Spirit of Seasalt, Watery Hydrochloric acid, Glauber's Spirit of Salt. Common muriatic acid of commerce free from arsenic, not too weak, also freed from sulphuric or sulphurous acid by-adding a solution of chloride of Barium, is poured into a retort of proper size, and the 12th part of triturated muriate, of soda added. The * The property of this highly corroding and volatile acid, to.dissolve the silica from all its combinations, renders the use of glass- and porcelain vessels in its eduction and preservation absolutely inadmissible. Among the metals except gold and platinum at all events only lead is apt.for this, though also this. is corroded and destroyed by the 'ascending fumes in.not filled vessels. As a material, very adapted, not dear and easily to be brought into all forms, gutta percha has been approved, out of which by the aid of metal-moulds easily little phials with stoppers of the same mass may be formed. The openings round the stopper after being used must be always closed tightly by pouring melted wax over it, otherwise the contents of acid might evaporate through it. A double or threefold coating of collodium on the inner-side for rendering glass vessels adapted for some- time in preparing the acid, will preserve them against immediate corrosion; then receivers and filtering funnels of glass may be used. ACIDUM OXALICUM.. receiver to be applied in the known manner, must be kept cool continuously, furnished with a tubulus in which a knee-shaped bent glasstube is put in, and must contain distilled water, the fourth partof the impure acid acted upon. After having duly secured all junctures with lutum. and it being dry, the distillation may begin-and be carried on, till one half of the liquid is driven over. The muriatic acid made in this manner is colourless, has a. weak not pungent smell, is perfectly clear, and gives off no fumes. Specific gravity 1,12 to 1,13. Like all following acids it must always be preserved in glasses with glass stoppers. The attenuations are prepared in the like manner as is prescribed above under the head Fluoric acid. ACIDUM NITRICUM. Aqua fortis, Spiri-tus Nitri acidus, Acidun azoticim s. septicurm, Acidumi Nitri. Nitric acid, Hydronitric acid, Hydrate or sesquihydrate of Nitric acid, Nitric acid solutive water of Geber, Glauber's Spirit of Nitre, Nitrate of water, Twelve paits pure powdered Nitre (Saltpetre) are poured over with eight parts of. concentrated not fuming sulphuric acid in a tubulated retort connected with-an empty likewise tubulated receiver and also.with a second bottle containing sonme distilled water; then the distillation is effected after the known rule and continued with gradually increased fire as long as any liquid comes over into the receiver. The product obtained in this way is to be diluted to a specific gravity of 1, 2: it is to be tested whether it contains muriatic acid by- Nitrate of silver, and by nitrate of Baryta on account of sulphuric acid. Lastly it must be- purified perfectly by a second distillation_ after having separated the turbidness by letting it stand several days quiet. It is preserved and diluted as is mentioned under Aciduim hydrofluoricuim. ACIDUM OXALICUM. Acidunm acetoselice s. S'acchari s. carbonosum s. hypocarbonicum. Oxalic acid, Acid of woodsorrel, Saccharine acid. Acid of sugar, IIypocarbonic acid. Let any quantity of potatoestarch be poured over with the sevenfold to eightfold quantity of diluted nitric acid of a specific 42 ACONITUM. ther it is free from sulphurous or sulphuric acid, from nitric acid, from lime, copper, iron and similar adulterations before it can be used for medicinal purposes. The first solution (in the decimal proportion) must be prepared with watered spirit of wine, because a solution made with pure water would soon be liable to decomposition; the following attenuations are to be effected with strong spirit of wine. ACONITUM. Ilerba Aconiti Napelli, HIerba Napelli coerulei. Large blue Wolf's-bane, Monk'shood, Aconite, Helmetflower. From Aconitum napellus L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Trigynia. Nat. ord. Ranunculacee (Cl. XIII. -. 3.). Hayne XII. 12. Brdt et Ratzeb. I. 42. Diisseld. 395. The fullest description and illustration of the Aconites is given in: - Illustratio specieruntm eneris Aconiti, additis Delphiniis quibusdam. Auctore L. Reichenbach. With 72 plates in Fol. Leipzig 1823-1 827. The genus Monk'shood is spread all over Europe, either growing spontaneously in the mountain districts or cultivated in gardens for decoration. Though all species possess more or less narcotic powers, it is notwithstanding by no means indifferent from which we draw our exceedingly important medicine. Experience has declared itself for the above stated. species and exclusively for the plant growing wild, which is indigenous to the Swiss, Carinthian and Styrian Alps, besides to the Pyrenees, the Dauphiny, as also to the mountains of Silesia, Bavaria, and to the Hartz. The stem, two to three feet high, is erect, roundish-angulate, only above a little covered with slender hairs (pilose); the leaves are long-petiolate, five-lobed, divided to the base, the lobes again deeply cleft, cuneiform, above shining dairk green, below light green. Flowers standing at the end in loose racemes, on long expanding pedicels, dark violet, the hood wide, semiglobulous with short blunt spur. The three- or five-partite capsule stand spread from each other. - In the flowering time, June and July, the entire plant, except the root, is prepared fresh for Essence after Rule 2 mentioned p. 22. Compare besides especially what has been remarked p. 24. about the selection of plants and in the note. Colour dark yellow-brown, smell strong narcotic, taste nauseous, not very bitter. *- * *: r S* s: *6* ACTAA, 43 ACONITUM LYCOCTONUM. Herba Aconiti lutei s..JLycoctoni. Dog's bane, Yellow nionk's hood, yellow Wolf's bane. From Aconitum Lycoctonum L. CL., 0. and Fam. like preceding. Brdt et Ratzeb. I. 38. The yellow monk's hood is indigenous besides to the alpine countries, also to the middle mountains of Europe, especially to Northern Germany, growing in and near clear forests of leaved wood on mountain meadows; it is also to be found in gardens. It is distinguished through its leaves having hair on both sides, very long p-etioles, being much less incised and dull green, having only 3 to 5 lobes,.from its relations. The whole plant is abundantly covered with hair, the strawyellow flowers have a cylindrical hood, and stand on the summit of the branches in pauciflorous diffuse racemes. Prieparation during the flowering time in July and August like Aeonitium Napellis.. ACTIEA. Radcix Christophorianao s. Aconiti s. Hlellebori "igri falsi. Common herb Christopher, Bane-berry, Cohosh, 'False black Hellebore. From Actsea spicata. -- L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae (Cl. XIII... 1.). Hayne, I. 14. G6bel, II. 31. Diisseld. Suppl. 112 A and B. This elegant plant will be found over all Germany, though not frequently; it likes a stony ground in mountain forests and shady humid woods. On naked, smooth, stiff, above ramose geniculated stems stand the petiolate, ternate - manifold compounded leaves, with ovatecordate, serrato-dentated incised leaflets. The white flowers with caducous petals, appear in loose racemes, on long peduncles, growing out of the axils. The fruit is a smooth berry, subovate, and shining black, when ripe. The perennial root forms a strong ramose-fibrous stock of-dark brown, when dried black,, colour; it "* In modern times medicinal use having also been made of this species of the numerous genus of Aconites, it was necessary to grant a place to it in the medicinal treasure. But it must be remembered expressly that as a rule under the simple designation "Aconit." always and everywhere only the abovementioned species "Napellus" is understood by the physicians, wherefore "Lycoctonum" is to be dispensated only on express designation. 44. A GARI CUS. is inodorous, the fine ramifying rootlets running out long, show in the crosscut a stellate quadri-partite medullary substance. We apply the root fresh taken out in May before the flowering- time for tincture after Rule 3, which possesses a darkbrown colour and a bitterish and somewhat harsh taste. IETHUSA. Herba Cicutce minoris s. Cicutaric g. Cunapii. Fool's parsley, little hemlock. From _Ethusa Cynapium - L.. Sex. Syst. Pentandria, Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2.) Nat. ord. Umbelliferae. Hayne I. 35. Brdt et Ratzeb. I. 27. This plant growing frequently in our kitchengardenis, especially among parsley, also in uncultivated places-, and resembling parsley, commonly one foot high, has a spindle-shaped root, erect and quite smooth, above sometimes violet striped hollow stem, dark green, on the lower base lighter coloured, very vivid shining, ternate-pinnate cleftleaves. The umbels are opposite - leaved, long-petiolate, without an involucre, with 10 to 20 very unequal rays; petals white, the exterior ones of the marginal flowers twice as big as those of the inner ones. The plant, inodorous in itself, develops, when triturated, a nauseous loathsome smell and similar taste, whereby it is the most easily distinguished from parsley. At the flowering time, in June till August gathered, it is prepared for Essence after Rule 2, which has a light brownishyellow colour and a corresponding rather strong smell and taste. AGARICUS. Agaric. Toadstool. From Agaricus muscuarius - L. Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia 0. Fungi (Cl. XXIV.) Nat. ord. Fungi. Brdt. et Ratzeb. II. 2. Diisseld. 5. This poisonous fungus, very spread in the German pine forests from August to September, first comes out inclosed in an oval pileus, which later appears burst as a crateriform wrapper at the base of the trunk in shape of a ring round this and of tubercles on the surface oftlhe cap. The white stem is central, tuberculous on its base, 4to 6" long and 1 to 11/a thick, above thinner. The cap is either high convex, or quite flat, not seldom concave like a dish, having a fine scarlet or deep orange-red colour, sometimes striated in gray, and set with many whitish tubercles. It has a very loathsome, ALCOROL SULPHURIS. 45 nauseous smell and burning acrid taste. We select the younger specimens, which have convex cap, not yet hollow stem, clean them from the adherent earth by scraping; peel off the exterior cortical part from stem and cap, and bruise the whole into a pulp; to make from it after Rule 2 the essence, possessing smell and taste of the fungus and a reddish colour. AGNUS CASTUS. Chaste tree. From Vitex agnus castus - L. Sex. Syst. Didynamia. Ord. Angiospermia. (Cl. XIV. 0. 2.) 2 Nat. ord. Labiatae. The shrub growing wild in the south of Europe is sometimes raised in pleasuregardens,,where it endures not too hard winters in open air. It is very branched, but flexible, everywhere (the most on the younger branches) covered with fine whitish grey felt, of aromatic smell made stronger by trituration. The petiolated leaves are 5 to 7 partite, deeply incised, the middle incisions being the longest, those on the side decreasing by little and little, above darkgreen, below greyish, for the touch like velvet. Flowers in loose racemes, like spicule, standing at the summit, in colour blue or purple, having a strong not disagreeable smell. Where fresh ripe berries are not to be had (as is commonly the case with us iin Germany, where the plants raised produce flowers, bu no fruit) we select in. the flowering time, from July till September, the flowering branches with leaves for preparing from them after Rule 3 a tincture, which proves to be of a dark browngreen colour, having a strong smell and aromatic, camphorlike taste. ALCOHOL SULPHURIS. Sulphuretum carbonei, Sulphitum carbonicum, Car-boeum sulphuratum, Carburetzm sulphuris, Sulphur carbonalum. Alcohol of sulphur. Sulphuret of carbon. The preparation bought from chemical establishments is an easyfluid, limpid, colourless, tolerably 'heavy liquid, of penetrating strong, peculiarly fetid smell, acrid, somewhat pungent taste and strong refractive power. Exposed to the open air in a cup, it must pass off easy and quickly in vapour, during which time the outer side of the vessel is overlaid with ice. Let it be preserved 46 ALUMEN. under water in a place protected from sunlight, and dissolved for medicinal use in the common proportion in strong alcohol. ALLIUM. Badices s. bulbi AllU. Garlick. From Allium sativum L. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia (Cl. VI. 0. 1.) Nat. Ord. Liliace. Hayne VI. 6. Diisseld. Suppl. 5. This wellknown culinary plant is cultivated everywhere. Its roots consist of several ovate-oblong, pointed, somewhat chrved little bulbs, not unlike claws, which each separately and all together are enclosed in one common dry membrane, and form in this manner an oval bulb. From the single parts, taken out in May and June fresh from the ground, and freed from their membranes we prepare after Rule 2 an Essence of yellow colour, possessing the- wellknown penetrating smell of garlick. ALOE. Gummi s. SuccAs Aloies, Aloel succotriaI S. socotarina s. lucida. Aloe. From Aloi spicata L. and other related species. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia (C1. VI. O. 1.), Nat. Ord. Liliacese. The juice which flows spontaneously out of the leaves in consequence of incisions made or cutting off pieces, afterwards inspissated by the sun's heat from several species of the genus Aloe, consists of vividly shining sap-greenish-black thin pieces, when held against the light of a reddish-brown pellucid appearance, brittle conchoidal fracture, weak smell resembling that of myrrh, and most bitter taste which lasts long. After Rule 1 with strong alcohol the tincture is to be prepared, containing in high degree the aloetic smell and taste, and possessing a darkred-brown colour. ALUMEN. Alhmen crudimn, Sulphas Alumince et Potasste acidiuls. Sulphas almninico-kalinus cuam Aqua. Alum, crystallised alum. Alum of commerce is freed from the iron it contains by repeated solution, filtering and recrystallisation, till reagents test its purity. AMMONIACUM. 47 - For medicinal use friom this pure alum a solution in the proportion of 1: 19 is made after the Rule laid down p. 19, and then the further attenuations are prepared. SAMBRA. Ambra ambrosiaca s. cinerea s. grisea s. nigra s. vera, Ambarnim cinerithiun, Sitccinum griseum. Ambergris. Ambergris is an animal.substance, to be found in the body of the cachelot (Spermacetiwhale) Physeter macrocephalus and other whales, but also floating on the Waves of the Tropic seas, as well as thrown out upon thtir shores. The best is the socalled grey one, of dark greyisli-brown to yellowish-grey colour, mingled with lighter layers, veins or also specks; it is somewhat tough (especially when fresh), shows itself to the feeling fatlike,. and becomes soft like wax through kneading with the hand. Its smell is peculiar, but noways agreeable, something like mould, becomes stronger by a little warming, arid its taste, is the same. Though tolerably dissolvable in sulphuric ether, trituration is to be preferred, because it preserves continuously all constituents; these separating partly in the continuance of time from the tincture. For extraction of-the latter 1 part of ambergris is to be poured over with 12 parts of ether and macerated for eight days, according to the common rules. Afterwards it must be filtered; AMMONIACUM.i Gtumnmi Anmuoniaci, unmmi-resina Ammomiaci. Ammoniacum, Romanic Gum. From Dorema Armeniaca Dec. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2.), Nat. ord. Umbelliferme. The milky juice flown out spontaneously after the stings of insects and indurated, appears in two different sorts in commerce. Though the tears occurring under the name of Ammoniacum in granis s. in lacrymis, which are from the size of peas to that of walnuts, roundish, smooth, yellowish-white, shining like wax not pellucid, nearly white on the fracture and conchoidal, shining and feebly opalescent, at common temperature hard, softening in the warm hand like wax, of a smell somewhat similar to that of garlick and an acrid bitterish-nauseous taste, are valued for being the best, at least purest sort, yet the second sort, known under the name of Ammoniacum in placentis s. in massis surpasses it very 48 AMMONIUM CARBONICTUM. much in strength of smell, has besides all internal properties in common with the other, and may therefore, if it is only dry and not too much mixed with mechanical adulterations, be used for tincture with strong spirit, which possesses the peculiar smell and taste of the Ammoniacum, and is of a straw-yellow colour. AMMONIUM CARBONICUM.. Alcali volatile siccum, Sal ammoniacum volatile, Ammonium aeratum, Carbonas Ammonia3 solidus. Carbonate of ammonia. Carbamide of Dumas, sesquicarbonate of ammonia. This salt when bought from the chemical establishments being mostly very moist, and also not seldom mechanically, adulterated by lead, we must resublime it or prepare it ourselves for medicinal use. Let one part well exsiccated and powdered sal ammoniac (Hydrochlorate of ammonia), mixed well with one part and a half of chalk likewise quite dry, be put in a high medicine glass, which must be filled with it only to the fourth part. After having closed its mouth with a proper chalk stopper, the glass is put- in an adapted vessel into the sandbath, but which must not reach above the contents of the glass. The ammonium is sublimed by means of a gradually raised heat, and overlays the upper part of the glass with a thin rind, of a crystalline appearance, which, after having separated the underpart of the glass, containing the residue which remains by cutting it, is to be scraped out with a wooden spatula. It must be perfectly white, of a penetrating smell, hurting the eyes. Let it be preserved in vessels very carefully closed against light and humidity: and prepare from it a watery solution in the proportion of 1: 9, and the- further attenuations after the Rule given. AMMONIUM CAUSTICUM. Alkali volatile, Alkali Fluor le Sage, Sal Alkali volatileý Spiritus Salis Ammoniaci caustici, Liquor Ammonii s. Amnioniaci caustici, Ammonia pura, Amnmonium purum s. liquidum, Aqua Ammonice purce. Solution of Ammonia, Caustic volatile alkali, Spirit of sal ammoniac with quicklime. Caustic ammoniac. Take one part of good quicklime and slack it with 1/ part of its weight of pure water, so that it may fall into a very fine AMMONIUM MURIATICUM. 49 powder, to be separated by a strainer from the stones, that remained entire. To this hydrate of lime is added in an iron or earthen still as much powdered sal ammoniac (muriate or hydrochlorate of ammonia) as it was unslacked lime, and then both powders are mixed as perfectly as possible, adding by little and little so much water as to conglobate the whole mass in wet lumps. With the evolving-vessel, which must be placed in a proper oven, now a not-too small receiver, containing one part and a half of distilled water, is brought in conjunction by means of a gas-delivering-pipe, which must be immersed deep into the water, and all junctures must be closed b a tight and fast lute. By this it is serviceable to let the gas pass before its entry into the water also through a little intermediate vessel filled with some hydrate of lime, for absorbing the carbonate or muriate of ammonia that may happen to come over along with it. By means of a Woulfian bottle, which at the same time is fit for reception of a safety-tube preventing too great tension in the apparatus, this is the best effected. By careful management of the fire the labour will proceed quickly and is finished when no gas bubbles appear more. The product distilled is brought to the triple of the weight of the sal ammoniac acted upon and will be of a specific gravity of 0,970. It must be colourless, clear, free from empyreumatic smell and lime, and be preserved in vessels very well closed. The first attenuation is made with water in the decimal proportion, the following with spirit of wine. AMIMONIUM MURIATICUM. Sal ammoniacum s. ammoniacus s. armoniacus, Alcali volatile salitum, MAurias Ammonice, Iydrochloras Ammoniwe, Chlloretum Ammonii. -Sal ammoniac, Hydrochlorate or Muriate of Ammonia. Sublimed (socalled Egyptian) Sal Ammoniac of commerce is purified by repeated crystallization, whereby by stirring and speedy cooling of the hot filtered liquid the formation of larger crystals is prevented. The crystalline powder obtained is washed with some spirit of wine, afterwards separated by filtering and speedily dried. Let it be perfectly white, inodorous, and resisting the action of the air. The first solution is made at 1/0o in water, the further attenuations after the given rule. 4 ANGUSTURA. 51 This plant is found wild in fallow grounds, fields, gardens, and in uncultivated sunny places over all Europe. The slender, mostly decumbent stems are smooth, branched, four-edged; the branches opposite diffused, the leaves clasping, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, entire- obtuse, underneath with blackish translucent spots. The small, but beautiful flowers, red like red lead, stand in pairs on long pedicels in the axils. Before the development of the flowers, in June, we gather the herb for preparing from it the essence after Rule 2. ANGELICA. Radices Angelicce sativce, Garden angelica. From Angelica Archangelica - L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Umbelliferse. Ga bel II. 26. Hayne VII. 8. Diisseld. 279-280. The garden angelica is a perennial plant, indigenous to central Europe, cultivated in several places; almost the only plant whose medicinal powers are improved by culture. The root mostly bought as a drug in dry state, is 1 to 11/2, long, the spindle-shaped root-head is set roundabout with many long, bent fibrous branches, increasing in thickness underneath. Its colour varies from light to dark earthy colour; it has upon its entire surface strong, deep longitudinal furrows, is spongy, and shows on being cut at length small yellow, resinous shining rills, the substance of the rind, 1 to 3'" thick, brownish and darkening towards the interior. Its smell is not disagreeable, strongly aromatic, the taste at the first sweetish-mucous, then sharp aromatic, and lasts long. It is used for preparing a tincture after Rule 1, of the described smell and taste and having a pale-yellow colour. ANGUSTURA. Cortex Angusturce genuinus s. verus, Cortex Angustinus s. Angostorce. China anaro- aromatica. Angustura or Cusparia bark. From Galipea cusparia et officinalis. Sex. Syst. Diandria Monogynia (Cl. II. O. 1.), Nat. ord. Rutaceae; formerly it was believed to come from Bonplandia trifoliata Willdenow. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (CI. V. 0. 1.) Nat. ord. Ochnea. Gobel, I. 2. Fig. 1-4.* * In fig. 4. of this otherwise so excellent work the bark is evidently represented 4* ANTIRAKOKALI. 53 China, Japan and the Philippine Isles, are brought us as a drug. They are star-shaped involucres, standing 7 to 9 round an axis, of rustbrown colour, having rough surface with wrinkles, internally smooth, including a nucleus, very shining, brown and oily, visible in the capsula, which is commonly open on one side. Smell and taste are agreeable and strong anise-like sweet. After Rule 1 a tincture is prepared from it, which has the smell and taste of the seed, and a light yellow colour. ANTHRAKOKALI. Lithaithrakokali simplex. Anthrakokali. Seven parts of dry pure caustic potash, are so long brought to and kept fluid in a polished iron vessel, till no more scum is thrown up; hereafter five parts of pit-coal reduced to the most subtle powder are added, the vessel is taken away from the fire and the mixture triturated till a perfect uniform black powder is obtained, which is to be distributed in small warmed glasses and preserved well closed against the access of air. Quite in the like manner the sulphuretted pit-coal-kali Lithanthrakokali svlphuratunm is to be prepared by previously adding a tenth part of pure sulphur to the pit-coal. It is not the same thing, which sort of pit-coal is selected; the inventer of this preparation ordered a pit-coal to be applied, as black as possible. Later observers pretend, that only coal obtained from Fiinfkirchen- in Hungaria furnishes an efficacious preparation. Rightly prepared the Anthrakokali is a black, very subtle, staining- powder of alkaline sharp taste, inodorous and becoming moist in the air without deliquescing. Five to ten grains of the preparation must be dissolved in an ounce of distilled water with a darkish-brown colour, which must continue after standing and settling of the insipid pit-coal-powder, so that the liquid is only translucent in thin layers. In this property the goodness of the preparation is known. We prepare triturations from it, but which must be made always in dry air and in a warmed mortar, also kept for use well closed. 56 ARSBNTUM NITICUM. under the most moderate pressure forthwith assumes the finest brightness of silver. There are triturations made from it. ARGENTUM NITRICUM. Nitrum argenti, Nitras argenticus. Argenti nitras. Nitrate of silver, crystallised nitrate of silver. This salt is obtained chemically pure by dissolving pure silver flattened into plates or rolled, and cut in small strips in pure, moderably strong nitric acid, which solution must be promoted by applying heat. The saturated solution is diluted with equal parts of distilled water, filtered, and slowly evaporated to the point of *crystallisation. In the cold there shoot out of it crystals, as clear as water, being rhombic and hexagonal tablets, to be washed with little spirit of wine, dried between blotting paper and preserved in blackened glasses. Triturations of this easily decomposable salt are absolutely improper for medicinal use, wherefore we prepare a solution in water, like with the other salts, and namely the first in the proportion of 5: 95 and attenuate it further according to the given rules, protecting it likewise carefully against the influence of the light. ARGILLA. Terra alumina s. ablminosa, Alumina, Argilla pura, Oxydurm almnninicnm. Alumina, Alum earth, Argillaceous earth. Alum free from iron is dissolved in boiling, pure water and decomposed by pure carbonate of potash, adding a little of the potash in excess. The whole is then digested gently for some time, to decompose a basic salt of alumina and sulphuric acid, which has been precipitated along with the alumina. The precipitate now well washed and separated by filtering, is dissolved, when still moist in muriatic acid, the solution filtered and then alumina precipitated anew by adding diluted caustic ammonium in excess. The obtained, very loose precipitate, requires long continued washing for freeing it perfectly from retaining sal ammoniac. After drying, it presents a loose powder, which is inodorous and tasteless, yellowish-white, and of which triturations are to be made. ARMORACIA. 57 ARISTOLOCHIA. Radices Aristolochice Clematitis s. vuilgaris s. longce s. creticce. Long birth-wort, Aristolochy. From Aristblochia Clematitis L. Sex. Syst. Gynandria Hexandria (Cl. XX. 0. 4.) Nat. ord. Aristolochiacese. Hayne IX. 24. Diisseld. 147. Gobel, II. 8. The common Aristolochia is a perennial, occurring near hedges, ditches and vineyards, indigenous to Southern Europe. Its root is very long and creeps far about, round like a stalk, as thick as a quill and more, articulated tuberous-branched, of blackish-yellow-brown colour and rough, tuberculated and furrowed surface. The stems are erect, from two to four feet high, simple, smooth, striped, set with alternately long-petiolate, cordate, entire, above vivid green, below grey-green, leatherlike leaves. The short-petiolate yellow flowers stand four to eight in the axils. The root taken out fresh in the months of April or September serves us for preparing a tincture after Rule 3. ARMORACIA. Badices Baphani rusticani s. sylvestris. Horse-radish, Crowflower. From Cpchlearia Armoracia L. Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliculosa (Cl. XV. Ord. 1.) Nat. ord. Cruciferae. Hayne V. 29. Diisseld. 400. This plant growing spontaneously in moist meadows, about river-sides and near bogs in the middle and south of Europe, is cultivated copiously in kitchengardens. The root penetrating vertically deep into the ground, is nearly cylindrical, 4 inches thick and 12 to 16 inches long; externally it looks yellow-grey, internally white, and develops when triturated or pounded a volatile, most penetrating acrid smell, which causes copious tears, and has a burning taste. Fresh taken out in autumn it is immediately after being cleaned comminuted with a grater, and prepared for essence after Rule 2, but which cannot be preserved for too long a time, therefore most be renewed, as soon as it does not more possess the volatile irritant properties of the root. * Its colour is brownish-yellow. * In a dry cellar the roots can be preserved under moist sand throughout the whole year, without losing their efficaciousness. 58 ARNICA. ARNICA. Radices, herba et flores Arnicce s. Doronici germanici, Panacea lapsorum. Leopard's bane, Mountain tobacco, mountain arnica, mountain betony. From Arnica montana, L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia, Polygamia superflua (Cl. XIX. 0. 2.). Nat. ord. Asteracems (Corymbiferoe). Hayne VI. 47. Diisseld. 239. Gobel II. 25. This perennial plant is principally indigenous to northern Europe, where it grows not only straggling on the elevated forest-sides, but also covers in some parts whole meadow-plains, seemingly as if it were cultivated; in the Alps it ascends to the boundary of ever-lasting snow, where it becomes smaller and pauciflorous. The root consists of a rootstock, which is as thick as a quill, running slanting, endbitten, below set with numerous very long and fleshy fibrils, of externally reddish-brown, internally yellow-vwhite colour, and very strong, peculiar, but not loathsome taste, increasing after exsiccation. The stem, one to two feet high, simple and round, proceeds from a crown of leaves standing tight, being simple, entire, ovate-lanceate, without petiole, is itself little branched and has few leaves. The flowers appear single at the end of the stem and the branches, on long, round peduncles, the calyx consists of two rows of scales, which sit on tight, are linearlanceolate, villose, brown at the apex, and includes the beautiful gold-yellow, convex disc, which is broad to 2 inches, composed of many infundibiliform androgyne florets, surrounded by a row of flatspread, or dehiscent marginal florets, whose ligule is long to one line and broad 1 to 11/2 lines, at the apex cut short and tridentated. The whole plant is besides set with scattered short, rough hairs, which imparts to it a dull gray-green appearance. At the period of full blooming (May to July) we gather besides the root, which is the most important part, also the root leaves and the fullblown flowers, which are to be taken out of the calyx, for removing the larvm of the Miusca Arnicce, which often sit upon the receptacle, and prepare from two parts of the root, one part of the herb, and one part of the flowers the tincture after Rule 3, which has the penetrant smell of the root and a saturated brown-yellow colour. It has been wished for to transfer the excellent healing power of the Arnica to the socalled court-plaster (English plaster-in Germany). Here is a prescription. 60 ARTEMISIA. this, what has been said page 19 in the first part about the watery solutions. For preventing the formation of mould, it is necessary to add 1/6 strong spirit of wine, in such a way that for instance 6 ounces of the watery solution are evaporated to 5 ounces and the evaporated ounce of water is made up with as much strong spirit of wine * ARTEMISIA. Radices Artemisia3 s. Parthenii, radices Artemisice vulgaris. Common artemisia, mugwort, St. John's wort. From Artemisia vulgaris L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia superflua (Cl. XIX. 0. 2.) Nat. ord. Corymbife.re. Diisseld. 214. Hayne II. 12. Gobel II. 22. The perennial plant, growing wild in all parts of Europe, is rather well known; it differs from its next and most spread relation Artemisia Absinthinm by the dark green and quite smooth surface of its leaves and the mostly quite smooth and very stiff stalks, which are frequently as if covered with dark violet brown or purple colour. Also it is not to be mistaken for Artemisia campestris mingled with which it often occurs; the latter having a particular more spare growth, attenuated branches decumbent till to the flowering time and quite narrow, linear setaceous leaves. The root to be dug in dry weather during November, consists of a stock of the thickness of a finger and some inches long, which is set roundabout with strong branched fibres, of light-greybrownish colour, and peculiar, loathsome acrid smell, which increases by cautious exsiccation. We prepare from it, after having not washed but only cleaned it by knocking, also dried and powdered, a tincture after Rule 1, which has a yellow-brown colour, little taste and the smell of the root. ARUM. Radices Ari vulgaris s. Aronis communis. Wake robin, calf's foot, haremint. From Arum maculatum L. Sex. Syst. Monoecia * As with mercurial remedies, it is desirable for the physician to conceal his prescription from curious and officious persons. For this purpose for the designation of Arsenic in medical prescriptions the expression Geffium or Tinctura Geffii has been accepted and introduced, which we do not omit to mention for the consideration of the dispensing assistants. 62 ASPARAGUS. Sex. Syst. Dodecandria Monogynia (Cl. XI. ord. 1.) Nat. 0. Aristolochiaces. Hayne I. 44. Diisseld. 148. Gobel II. 33. The hazel-wort grows all over Germany, also in all other parts of Europe in shady, elevated forests, under small bushes, especially under hazel-bushes (hence perhaps the name hazel-wort). The root is creeping, of the thickness of a straw, till to 6 inches long, geniculated bent hither and thither, in some places knotty, and set with thick fibres; the stalks, scarcely one inch high, villous, somewhat decumbent, end in two leaves, sitting on 3 to 4" long petioles, being reniform, entire, above shining dark-green, below greyish-green, run through with netlike veins, and sometimes set with slender hair, from the partition of which the short-petiolate, externally villous, green-red, internally dark-purple flower arises. The root dug out in March and April during the flowering time, has fresh a nauseous bitter smell, similar to pepper and valerian, and is used for preparing a tincture after Rule 3, which is of a dark-.brown colour, strong smell, and somewhat acrimonious taste. ASPARAGUS. Radices Aspuragi s. Asparagi altici. Asparagus. From Asparagus officinalis. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia (CL VI. 0. 1.) Nat. ord. Asparaginem. Hayne VIII. 29. Diisseld. Suppl. 8. This universally well known plant, cultivated in our gardens for culinary use, occurs on the shores of the sea on saltish ground, on sandy banks of rivers and meadows nearly all over Europe. The root-shoots sprouting forth in spring, the like as are used for food, are to be prepared for essence after Rule 2, which has little smell or taste, and a pale straw-yellow colour. ATRIPLEX. Herba Atriplicis foetidce s. olidw, Herba Chenopodii olidi, Herba fuilvarice. Stinking orach or arach, stinking blite or goosefoot. From Chenopodium Vulvaria. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2.) Nat. ord. Chenopodese. Diisseld. 124. This plant growing luxuriantly everywhere on ways, walls, heaps of rubbish, places for collecting manure, sprouts stems 1/ to 1 foot long, erect or decumbent, with p etiolate, rhombic-ovate, AURUM. 63 entire, gray-green leaves and flowers standing in the axils, and in glomerated naked racemes. The whole plant, and during the flowering time especially the lower surface, is as if dusted with flour, and spreads, when triturated, an exceedingly nauseous, squeamish smell, similar to that of decayed cheese. During the flowering time, which begins in July, the whole plant is prepared according to Rule 2 for essence; and it has the peculiar smell and saltish taste. AURIPIGMENTUM. Autrum pignentum, Arsenicum citrinum, Sulphidum arsenicosum. Yellow arsenic, Orpiment. Sesquisulphuret of arsenic. Though this combination of arsenic occurs in nature in large quantities, yet it is necessary to produce it artificially for medicinal purposes, on account of constant uniformity of the preparation. It is obtained by- conducting sulphuretted hydrogengas into a solution of white arsenic prepared with muriatic acid; a beautiful lemon-yellow precipitate, being sulphuret of arsenic, arises, which, well washed and dried, serves for triturations. AURUM. Sol of the Alchymists. Aurum foliatum s. metalli'r)im. Gold, Leaf-gold, Gold-foil, foliated gold. Ducat-gold is dissolved in the necessary quantity of nitro-muriatic acid, at last with the aid of heat increased to the boiling point, the liquid as neutral as possible is separated from the little chloride of silver by pouring it off, and then diluted with twentifold its quantity of distilled water. Hereafter the decomposition of the chloride of gold is to be effected in quite the same manner, as has been stated under the article "Argentum". The washing is likewise to be done in diluted sulphuric acid as has been said there. After the settling of the reddish-brown goldpowder, the liquid over it is poured off, the precipitate repeatedly washed in pure water, at last gathered upon a filter and dried. It presents a loose powder of peculiar dark cinnamonlike colour, which under pressure of the pestle assumes already the most beautiful metallic brightness. The first trituration is of a reddish-gray appearance, which distinguishes itself from that prepared from leaf-gold, as also 64 AURUM MURIATICUM. by its comportment under the magnifying glass, since also under the most powerful no metallic leaflets can be perceived. AURUM MURIATICUM. Murias Anuri Aurum sUtlit/nm s. chloratam s. hyd7lrochloratnm, Chloretum auricum. Goldsalt, muriatic Gold, (Hydrochlorate of) chloride of Gold, perchloride or deutochloride of Gold. In the like manner, as has been stated in the preceding article, a saturated solution of pure ducat-gold in Aqua regia (nitromuriatic acid) is made as neutral as possible; after separation of the chloride of silver this solution is evaporated by the aid of a moderate fire to exsiccation, whereby however decomposition, which easily ensues, must be prevented. One part of the obtained yellow-brownish powder is to be dissolved in nine parts of water, and this solution is to be preserved under the designation'of Aurum muriaticum 1, in a blackened glass, in a place quite dark and cool, for further attenuations. This salt is in dry, as also in liquid state of very volatile nature, and it corrodes the stopper; therefore it is to be preserved in glasses with glass-stoppers and carefully closed (for which purpose Caoutchouc would be the best). AURUM MURIATICUM NATRONATUM. Auro-Natrium chloratum, Aurochloras chloronatricus. Natronated Muriate of Soda and Gold, muriatic sodagold. Equal weights of dry chloride of gold prepared after our prescription, and of pure chloride of sodium (muriate of soda) are dissolved in six times as much distilled water, and exsiccated to dryness in the steam-or sand-bath under continual stirring. This produces a vivid lemon-yellow, crystalline powder, which becomes easily moist and is duly to be protected from air and light. From it also solutions are to be made in the common proportion, since triturations decompose very soon. AURUM SULPHURATUM. Sulphuretum Auri. Sulphuretted Gold, black suphuret of Gold. Any quantity of chloride of gold dissolved in ten times as much water and acidulated with little muriatic acid, is to be heated to boiling, and there is thrown into the boiling solution sulphuretted I I 3ARnYTA CAR1idOhTA. 65 hydOgeni-gaes till the decomposition is at an end. The sutiphuretted gold secedes as a dark coffee-brown precipitate, which yields after washing and drying between blottilig -paper and with most gentle heat a dark brown powder with some metallic glittering, and is to be preserved as carefully as all preparations of gold, and used for triturati on. BADIAGA. Badiaga, Riversponge, From Spongia palustris L. Spongilla lacustriz Link. Sex. Syst. Cryptogamin (Cl XXIV.). Nat. ord. Algoe. This beautiful green alga, to be found in stagnait waters, also ditches in Germany, but especially in Russia; very simila.r in texture. to the seasponge, appears in branching ramifications like stags' horns witfh Touinded corners and roundish ends, from the thickness -of a quill to that of a finger. - It -has a peculiar strong smell like putrescent crawfish. Taken fresh out of the water during the wari summermonths, it is fireed from the water iinbibed in its pores by noderate pressing and then prepared for tinctute after Rule 3, the smell of which is strong and the colour pale yellow-green. BARYTA ACETICA. Tr1Or~a 1ponderosa acetica, Bar 2/es iceticus. Bar yum ntoxydatum acelicm, 4Ac-etas Baryqtce s. harytlicus. Acetate of Baryta. This salt is obtained by dissolving pure carbonate of Baryta in concentrated vinegar prepared fro m acetate.of Soda, till it is neuttalised, whereby the aid of a moderate heat may be used. The liquid is diluted with the equal giqantity of distilled water, filtered evaporated till it becomes dry in the- water bath and preserved in a well-stoppedl glass. For medicinal use a solution of a mixture of one part of strong spirit df wine and three parts pure water is prepared in the decimal proportion and dispensed as Liquor Baryte uaceticce (Baryf. acet. I). The second attenuation is made from -this with diluted spirit of wine, the following with strong spirit of wine. BARYTA CARBONICA. Terra )ondeirosa aerata. Barxytes cairbonicus. Baryum oxy - datum carbonicun, C(akrbonas Barytoe s. baryticus. Carbonate of baryta. Through decomposition of a solution of pure muriate of ba5 66 BARYTA MURIATICA. ryta in ten times as much distilled water, by means of carbonate of ammonia a glaring white and loose precipitate is obtained, to be washed in pure water till no trace of muriate of ammonia is more to be found. After filtration it is dried widl gentle warmth and preserved. Triturations are to be made from it. BARYTA MURIATICA. Terra ponderosa salita, Barytes muriaticus, Baryumn ckloratum s. oxydatium muriaticum, Baryta hydrochlorica,I Hydr'oc/loras baryticus, (Jhloretum Baryi cur aqua. Chloride of Barium, muriate of Baryta. Prepare a mixture of 4 pounds of ponderous spar (native sulphate of Barytes), one pound of charcoal, both reduced to a most subtle powder, and 1/ part of pulverulent carbonate of soda, make it moist with little water, so that it may be stamped fast into a Hessian crucible, whereupon this is brought to a white heat in a windfurnace, in which heat it is kept for half to an entire hour. The mass, taken out of the crucible yet hot, is to be reduced into a subtle powder, mixed, after having put a small quantity of it (about two ounces) aside, with four times as much water, and add gradually muriatic acid. Evolving much sulphuretted hydrogen-gas most of the powder will dissolve, which dissolution is to be supported with application of warmth. Muriatic acid is so long added, till after ceasing of the evolution of gas a slight excess of the acid takes place. The liquid being afterwards filtered, the rest well washed and the whole inspissated to four pounds, to it is added so much of a solution prepared of the reserved sulphuret of barytes in six times as much water, that any mingled iron may be precipitated. The liquid after being again filtered is evaporated to dryness, then again dissolved in three times as much distilled water, the solution filtered and the crystallisation brought about. The crystals obtained present colourless, pellucid, fbursided tables of a tolerable specific gravity, permanent in the air and of bitterish acrid taste. Preparation like that which has been stated under Baryla acetica. BELLADONNA. Hb. Belladonce s. Solani fairiosi s. lektalis, s., mananci. Belladonna. Deadly Night Shade, common Dwale. From Atropa Bel BISMUTtrlM.. 67 ladonna L. Sex.'Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O 1. Nat. ord. SolaneTe Brandt & Ratzeb. I. 17. Hayne I. 45. Diisseld. 191. A perennial plant of common growth throughout Germany, France, England, Italy, and found under bushes, on the slopes of mountains, in thick forests, especially also on newly uncovered places in woods. The spindle-shaped, branched, thick and juicy root brings forth stems 4-6' high, round, strong, tripartite-forkybranched, striped, reddish brown; the leaves partly alternate, partly opposite, are near the root 6 -8"long and half as broad, above decreasing shorter, egg-shaped, on both ends pointed, entire, rather smooth, the lower base at the veins slightly set with hair, feel therefore soft. The flowers stand single in axils, but form not seldom at the end of the branches leaved racemes, turned to one side; the bell-shaped corolla is about one inch long, dirty. green-yellow with brownish veins, violet at the forepart; the ripe berry is very like to the black cherry, but is of a'nauseating, only feebly sweetish taste, it is polyspermous. The leaves, especially those nearest the root, and the lowest of the stem are gathered before the flowering time, in June or July, and prepared after Rule 2 for essence, which has a saturated yellow-brown appearance, narcotic smell and nauseate taste. BERBERIS. Barberry, pipperidge bush. From Berberis L. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia (Cl. VI. 0. 1). Nat, ord. Berberidem,. Hayne I. 41. Diisseld. 368. This bush, which is 6-8' high, grows all over Europe on dry hills, on the edges of woods- and hedges; it has numerous long, virgated branches, set with many long thorns, on which the inverse egg-shaped, serrate and ciliated shining leaves stand fasciculated; tlie flowers proceed front. these in. rather long, pendulous racemes, which produce sixpetaled yellow flowers, smelling peculiarly nauseate, and subsequently ovate, red berries of sour taste. Late in autumn the long, branched, spread root of this bush is dug out for preparing according to Rule 1 a tincture from the bark which is (like the whole wood) internally saturated yellow and renders the tincture yellow-brown, and of a bitter taste, BISMUTHUM. Magistev um Bismuthi s. Marcasitce, IMarcasita alba, Calx Bismuthii, Albunm/rispauicitin. Bismnthatim subnitricum prwcipitatum. 5* BROMIUM. ball. From JLycoperdon bovista L. Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia (Cl. XXIV)..Nat. ord. Fungi. Diisseld. 1. Throughout the whole year the puff-ball is found, but especially in the beginning of autumn. on pasturegrounds and dry meadws of Europe. Nearly round as a ball it is at the base narrowed to form a thick,- foldy stalk. It is of a variable size between a diameter of 1P to 1'; when young it is white, laiter of dirty Fellow colour, finally its colour turns into umberbrown. The contentts of the receptacle are white at the beginning and j6uicv. turn then greenish and pulpy, at last brown and dry like dust; it siuells nauseous and has a flivourless, mouldy taste.. Not before this last mentioned state of ripeness the entire fulngi are used, by- extracting them after Rule 1 with diltied spirit of wine for tincture, which has a brown colour and little smell. The dusty sporules only can be used for triturations, for the wrapper cannot be reduced into powder. I There seems no conformity to exist, which of these two forms deserves the, preference on account of its efficaciousness; therefore it will be necessary to have them both ready. lBR ANCA UR1SINA. lHe)/tt et radices 13ran,ce ursince gerwinica.s. Spjjholdyllii Hertclei s. ACuU(/i ruifaris s. Pseadoacm1/ti S I (st'iiUc -lt - yaris. Hercules's all heal, bear's wort, cow's parsnip. From Heracleum Sphondylium L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2) Nat. ord. Umnbellifere. Havne VII. 10. This biennial or perennial plant grows on the meadows, pasture - grounds and woody grIasplaces of Geirmany and nearly all Europe; its spihdle-shapeci, branched, long, externally yellow brown root, containing internally a yellow milky juice, sproots out stems, 2 to 4' high, erect, tubular, furrowed, roug-haired, with large, mainifold compound, sharp -haired, dentate leaves. The large unequally flowering white or reddish umbels stand at the end. 'i'The root dug out during the suminermonths and flowering time is used for essence after Rule 2, which is of a light brownish-yellow colour and hauseous-bitterish sm ell and taste. BROMIUM. Broimum, Ialurides, Mlurina., Biromint. Bromine. From the different -mother liquors of saltsprings containing bro '70 BRUCEA. mine, that of Kreuznach may be selected, having become an article of trade. By evaporation to its third part and crystallizing it is freed from the greater part of the salts and'muriatic acid contained in it, as well as by adding sulphuric acid as long as precipitate ensues from the lime it contains. Add in a still with short neck and well-fitting glass-head, to 6 to 9 pound Avoir du pois (of the original quantity) one ounce of finely triturated manganese and also two ounces of sulphuric acid, diluted with as much water, and bring the mixture to boiling, after having closed all jointures most carefully. The beak of the head is to be elongated by a glasstube, and let into a tubulated receiver, upon glowed chloride of calcium. As soon as no brown vapours are more evolved, the labour is ended and stopped immediately. If a proper receiver (for instance a tubulated retort) has been selected, from this the rectification of the bromine may be effected immediately, as soon as its connection with the evolving vessel is interrupted and the tubulus closely stopped. Great precaution is necessary in these labours. One must protect one's self against the noxious vapours of the Bromine; the distillation must be effected gently and with gentle heat, the receiver kept as cold as possible. It is best to undertake the labour in free air, having the mouth wrapped up. The Bromine obtained is a dark brown-red fluid, in thick layers untransparent, in thin ones beautifully fiery red, translucent, of a suffocating odour, like chlorine, extremely irritating to the eyes, and of a shriveling, caustic taste. It is to be preserved in glass-vessels with well closing glass stoppers in a cool place. For medicinal use watered spirit of wine serves as a dissolvent in the known proportion; but the two first attenuations are easily decomposable, therefore not long preservable. BRUCEA. Cortex Augitstitrce sp'rlrits s. falsus s. fe'r-rgilnes s. ostitdicco s. Pse: doungisstrce. Spurious or poisonous Angustura bark. Formerly this bark was believed to come from Brucea ferruginea L Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia (Cl. IV.. 1.) Nat. Syst. Terebinthacem; but newer chemical researches put it out of question that its mother plant is Strychnos nux vomica, the poison nut; Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1) Nat. ord. Apocyneae. Gobel I. 2. F. 5-7. CADMIUM. 71 It consists mostly of rolled, but also flat pieces, sometimes curved backwards, of different diameter, having mostly a spongy, rust-coloured and white-gray cover, and more yellow, small-poxlike tubercles. The broken flats of this bark are smooth, ligneous and yellowish, outwards darker, inwards lighter, not resinous. The inner base is gray-blackish, sometimes dirty-yellow. Compare the article "'Angustu'ra. The tincture prepared after Rule 1 has a yellow colour and the taste of the bark. BRYONIA. Radices Bryonice albce s. Urce,angince s. Vjit's albce. White Bryony, wild vine, nep or hops, white vine. From Bryonia alba L. Sex. Syst. Monoecia, Monadelphia (Cl. XXI. O. 8.) Nat. ord. Cucurbitacea~. Hayne VI. 23. Diisseld. 271. Gdbel II. 39. A perennial plant occurring in fences, hedges and bushes though not frequently, yet spread nearly all over Europe, which climbs high. Its turnip-shaped, strong root, of a weight till to five pounds and more, contains a quantity of juice, appearing milky from much amylum, which is of acrid nauseous taste. The climbing stems are soft, angular, rough to the feeling and climb ten feet high and more, if they only find objects they can cling to. The petiolate, handshaped, five-lobed leaves stand alternately. The yellowish or whitish-green flowers stand in small racemes in the axils, and leave behind black, polyspermous berries. Late in autumn after complete ripeness of the berries, the root is dug and prepared for essence after Rule 2.. The juice pressed out containing very much amylum, it is useful, to remove this by settling and percolating before the spirituous extract is added. The essence, when ready, is also yet in need of longer time to be cleared perfectly than other ones, in as much as the secession of a rest of amylum takes place very slow. The tincture is of a pale yellow colour, weak odour, nauseous and somewhat harsh taste. CADMIUM. Klaprothiinm, I Melinunu. Cadmium. This metal occurs only very seldom in peculiar ores, but as a rule it is a companion of the zincores, namely of the calamine, and is precipitated out of a solution of it prepared with sulphuric 72 CADMIUM. acid in excess by sulphuretted hydrogengas in the form of sulphuret of cadmium, having a beautiful fiery lemon yellow colour, whose purity is acknowledged through its perfect volatilization on a heated platinumplate. The precipitate obtained in this way, which must be well washed, is to be dissolved in concentrated muriatic acid; after removing any excess of the acid by evaporating, the solution is decomposed by adding carbonate of ammonia in excess, the precipitate, being carbonate of cadmium, is carefully washed, filtered, dried. and afterwards slightly glowed. The oxide of.cadmium obtained in this manner is dissolved in pure diluted sulphuric acid and the salt set aside for crystallization. It forms colourless and odourless pellucid rectangular prisms. To obtain the pure metal fit for our purposes from them, there is only reduction on the galvanic way wanted, which is effected in the following manner:A solution of sulphate of cadmium prepared with twenty times as much distilled water is poured in a flat porcelain dish, wide enough, not to be replete with the liquid higher than some inches above the bottom, and in this are put several little bars of pure Eastindian zinc *. The decomposition begins forthwith, cadmium sticking round the zinc-bars in the form of a gray glittering covering. That this may not collect itself in thicker and more coherent layers, it is necessary not to leave the operation to itself, but to scrape off the precipitate formed from the bars by repeated scraping with a piece of wood cut sharp like a knife, making room for new layers. Towards the end of the operation when this takes place by itself more slowly, because the ley becomes-weaker, this precaution is less necessary. As soon as the decomposition is finished the ley'now converted into sulphate of zinc, is poured off from the little lumps of reduced cadmium, which are very similar to spongy platinum, these are repeatedly washed with pure water and dried. For separating some larger lamels possibly arisen, which might not easy to be worked on account of their toughness, the metalpowder is finely triturated in a porcelain mortar and afterwards sifted through a fine cloth. It presents a very delicate, lead-g-ray powder without * These zinc-bars are easily cast in the moulds of the lapis infernalis from the purest metal. Strips of zinc of commerce are not fit for being applied, because the parts of charcoal from this impure metal precipitated along with the preparation would adulterate it. CALCARIA ACETICA. 73 brightness, but which assumes a metallic brightness under the pressure of a steel. Triturations are prepared from it. CAINCA. Itrdices Ctinanwtce s. Caincew s. C(Jathicue s. Serpent*riw brasilia110!. Cahinca. Snowberry. From Chiococcaracemiosa L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia ( Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Rubiacee. GOibel II. 6. Diisseld. Siuppl. 59. This root comes from Brazil into commerce in pieces 3 to 41' lung andi as: thick as a finger and more; the thickest pieces distinguish themselves by apophyses, being partly under, partly between the bark branched lengthwise like veins, which may be partly separated easily. The bark of the thinner pieces is smooth, that of the thicker opes sometimes annulated, gra'y-brown, the interior yellowvish-gray, of tolerably strong odour and taste, IIsimilar to that of' gentian. The ligneous pith is yellow-White, strong, without odour and taste. We make use only of the bark of the -root for preparing a tincture of light brow nish-yellow colourni and nauseousbitter taste after Rule 1. CALADIUM. Poisonous Aruin. From Arum seguinum L. Sex. S)st. Monoecia Poly'andria (Cl. XXI. 0. 7.) Nat. ord. Aroide-e. -Stem 5 to 6' high, more than one inch thick, round, knotty. Leaves ovate-oblong, smooth, at the apex neared, petioles above canaliculate and clasping, sheath of the flowers pale green, its innerside purple, sp'adix yellow. From this plants cbming fromn the Eastindies, the essence must be drawn from certain medical source (Dr. Herfing), if an occasion to get it from a botanical garden of Europe ýhouLld not offer, in which case ti0he leaves are used after Rule 2 for tincture. CALCARIA ACETICA. Sal cretU3, - Sal cwtcr1' n, Caix acetiC((, Acetas cutlcicits. Acetate of' Lime. Let pure ctrbonate of lime be dissolved under continuous gentle boiling -and stirring with concenltrated vinegar prel:arel fromn acetate of soda. The neutral liquid after being a little diluted, is filtered CALOARIA IODATA. 75 lected in a flat dish; and so long exposed to the open air, till the lime has imbibed sufficient carbonic acid, for which, according to the quantity, more or less time is required. As soon as one is convinced by infusion of a diluted acid upon some triturated powder that no more caustic lime exists, all is put into a mortar, reduced to subtle powder and the coarser parts are separated by sifting through fine linen after the rules of art. It is a dazzling white, very loose and inodorous powder of lixivious astringent taste. Triturations are prepared from it. CLCLARIA CAUSTICA. (alix cica s. usta, Calcaria pura s. causitica, Calcium- oxydatum, Ox!ydrun calcictu. Burned or unslacked lime, caustic lime. oxide of calcium. Oyster-shells are brought as is described in the preceding article, to a red heat, only that this is continued stronger and for so long a time, till one is convinced by testing that all carbonic acid is expelled, for which purpose pieces out of different layers are to be examined. Immediately afterwards they are subtilely triturated in a mortar, sifted through linen, and preserved in airtight well stoppered glasses. For medicinal use a tincture prepared after Rulel with diluted spirit of wine is to be preferred to trituration; since during the trituration carbonic acid is again imbibed. But this tincture (S))piritus Calcarice causticce) is most carefully to be protected against the access of air, and it must be rejected as soon as it has attracted carbonic acid, and prepared anew. Colour pale straw-yellow, taste caustic, odour calcareous. CALCARIA IODATA. 'Caicaria hypoiodosa. Iodinelime. Iodite of lime. It is prepared by trituration of eight parts fresh-made but again cooled hydrate of lime (for which purpose the burned oyster-shells are sprinkled with water immediately after being calcined *, that they fall to powder under heat and swelling) with twenty seven parts of pure dry Iodine. It presents a black powder, smelling slightly after Iodine, of a very astringent taste, dissolving for the * Compare the preceding article. 78 OANC9ER. belonging to the Laurineas as well as to the Dipterocarpes (in which it exists already formed) by sublimation in great quantities, occurs commonly as a drug under the name of "purified or refined camphor" in round convex cakes, of a weight from 1 to 2 pounds, of semipellucid, white colour, strong, specific volatile odour, acrid, aromatic-burning taste and crystalline, crumbling texture. It is highly volatile and burns totally with a flame yielding much soot. We prepare a solution of it in the decimal proportion with strong spirit of wine, which is used as first potency for farther attenuations. It must be quite colourless and of strong odour and taste. CANCER. Cancer astacus. L. Fam. Crustacea. Crawfish, rivercrawfish, pondcrawfish. This crustaceous animal, spread over all Europe, an inhabitant of the smaller rivers, brooks and ponds, is so well known, that it needs no further description. A living animal (it is best during the summermonths) is bruised in a stone mortar to a fine pulp, poured over (after Rule 3) in a proper vessel which is to be closed, with double its quantity of strong spirit, and the yellowish liquid, possessing clearly a smell of crawfish is filtered off after some days. CANNABIS. Hemp. From Cannabis sativa L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Pentandria (Cl. XXII. 0. 5.) Nat. ord. Canabineae (Urticeem). Hayne VIII. 35. Diisseld. 102. This well known plant, indigenous to the East, with us cultivated in fields, has an erect, stiff stem, which, according to the goodness of the ground attains a height of 1 to 4' and'more. The opposite, long-petiolate leaves consist of lanceolate, pointed, serratodenticulated leaflets, set with stiff hair, of which that standing in the midst, is the longest. The masculine, greenish-white, dicecious flowers form a long end-raceme, the feminine spicule with many leaves; both exhale (especially in damp evenings) a strong balsamic-narcotic odour. At the flowering-time, in May and June, we gather the flower 80 CAPSICUM. thened spirit of wine. which will be of green-yellowish colonr and burning taste. CAPSICUM. Pipe'r hispanicnm s. indicam s. tarcicium, I'Ynctuns Capsici anini. Common capsicum, Chilly pepper. Guinea pepper, Cayenne pepper. From Capsicum annuum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V... 1.) Nat. ord. Solanee. Hayne X. 4. Diisseld. 190. The dried, leatherlike, ripe seed-capsules or pods, of scarlet or darkpurple, also orange-yellow colour, 2 to 4" long and 1 to 11/" thick, spindle-shaped, frequently a little curved, are yet provided with calyx and pedicel, the interior hollow, containing besides many kidney-shaped, flat, yellowish seeds (chillies), the remains of the carpels. Its taste is exceedingly acrid and burning, the odour weak, but causing heavy and lasting sneezing by its dust. Though this plant is raised in gardens everywhere in Germany, yet the seedpods brought us in dry state from the hot countries deserve the preference. We select the entire, most fresh, not wormeaten pods, free them from the pedicels and marrow with the seeds,, cut them with scissars into narrow strips and prepare then after Rule 1 a tincture, which, according to the colour of the fruit selected, turns out of yellow-red to garnet-red colour, is odourless and of burning taste. CARBO ANIMALIS. Animal charcoal, Leather-charcoal, Bone-charcoal, Flesh-charcoal. Hahnemann did burn thick neat's leather so long between ignited charcoal, till the last little flame was just vanished, choked afterwards quickly the burning leather-charcoal between stoneplates, powdered it, and made his experiments and experiences with this preparation. The bone-charcoal known under the name of Ebnr ustunm nigrnm as well as the flesh-charcoal Carbo carnis, which has become officinal in modern times (compare Pharmacop. Saxonic. ed. II. 1837), have indeed likewise animal origin; but it is evident, that they, in regard to chemical composition differ more or less from the above-mentioned preparation, and are not allowed to be substituted for it. bAWfrb S BNfitEDICTUS.8 81 The choking of the glowing leather-charcoal is effected more to the purpose in a crucible or similar vessel to be covered with a well closing lid; the powder must immediately be preserved in tightly stoppered glasses; let it be tolerably black, dimly shining, odourless and tasteless. Triturations are made of it. CARBO VEGETABILIS. Wood charcoal, vegetable charcoal, also only "charcoal" (under which term animal charcoal is generally not understood). Select the hardest, middling heavy pieces of beach or birchcharcoal, free from bark, which allow to perceive yet perfectly the texture of the wood and to conclude about perfect carbonization by a certain clear sound. These are divided into pieces at best as large as a fist, again well heated;, afterwards choked quickly in an earthen vessel with a well closing cover, and after cooling and removal, by blowing off, of those ashy parts, that have been formed, reduced to a subtle powder, and preserved in closed vessels in a dry place. The powder is more black than that of animal charcoal, and has, may it ever be so subtle, in sunlight a glittering appearance; it is besides likewise without odour and taste. Preparation like that of animal charcoal. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS. Ilerba Card'ui sancti s. Cnici sylvestris s. Acanthi germanici. Blessed thistle. Holy thistle. From Centaurea benedicta. L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia, Polygamia squalis (Cl. XIX. 0. 1.) Nat. ord. Synanthera. Hayne VII. 34. Diisseld. 223. This plant, indigenous to Southern Europe, is cultivated frequently as medicinal herb in Germany. The erect, somewhat angular, often reddish coloured stem is from the ground divided in many long, expanding branches, and everywhere set with long, crisp, somewhat viscous hair. The root - leaves are about one foot long, run down in a leafstalk, are pinnate, dissected, and provided with distant, sinuously dentate segments; the leaves of the stem are sessile, all set with hair like the stem and beautiful high-green.. The yellow flower-heads appear single at the end of the stems and branches, surrounded by several large, leafshaped bracteates; the oval, bellied calyx consist of close adjoined green scales, ending in long expanding thorns, and connected with the 6 82 OARDUUS MARIANUS. flowerets by cobweblike hairs. The whole plant has a peculiar, not agreeable odour and saltish-bitter taste. In June or July, shortly before the flowers come out, the leaves together with the flowerbuds are gathered and prepared after Rule 2 for essence, which has a green-brown colour and the taste of the plant. CARDUUS MARIANUS. Semen Cardui Maric s. Cardui maculati, Semen Lactei s. Spinc alba. St. Mary's thistle, Lady's or milk thistle. From Carduus marianus L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia, Polygamia equalis (C1. XIX. O. 1). Nat. Ord. Synanthere. Diisseld. 221. Hayne VII. 31. The annual plant, growing wild among rubbish and dikes in Southerly Europe, Asia, the East Indies, is cultivated also among us on account of its beautiful form and variegated leaves in gardens for ornament. The aculeate, fleshy, smooth, shining green leaves are spotted white. The violet flowers appearing in June stand in knobs to 3" thick, on long peduncles. The officinal seeds ripe in August, they are smooth, brownshining, oblong-ovate, 2'" long and 1'" broad, above a little more broad, flat-pressed, provided with a simple sessile hair crown, but easily falling down; the kernel is white, oily sweet. From the seeds bought in commerce the thin, lighter, pale-coloured are to be sorted out as less efficacious. With diluted spirit of wine a tincture is prepared from them after Rule 3, which has a lightbrownish colour and little taste. CASCARILLA. Cortex Cascarilloa s. Gasgarillce s. Chacarilla, China falsa. Cascarilla. False or gray Peruvian bark. Comes from different plants of the genus Croton (Croton Eleuteria Schwarz. Sex. Syst. Moncecia Monadelphia Cl. XXI. O. 1. Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), according to Linnaeus from Clutia Eluteria Sex. Syst. Moncecia Monadelphia (Cl. XXI. 0.1). Nat. ord. Euphorbiace. Gobel I. 3. This bark commonly occurs in rolled up quills sometimes also in open, heavy, hornlike, hard pieces, 1 to 7" long and having not above 1" in diameter, to a thickness of 1 to2"'. The outer side is often covered with a white-grey, lichenlike cover (similar to that of Peruvian bark), rough by longitudinal tubercles and cross clefts of the epidermis; the inner side is commonly smooth; both have a dimly gray, dusted appearance. The fracture is brittle, even, shining; the odour little aromatic, on burning charcoal very strong and like musk; taste somewhat rough, bitterish, aromatic. After Rule 1 a tincture is prepared from it with diluted spirit of wine, having a yellow colour and tolerably strong odour and taste. CASTOREUM. Castoreum nmoscoviticum s. russicum s. sibiricum. Castor, Castoreum, Beaver's cod. From Castor Fiber L. Cl. Mammalia, Ord. Rodentia. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 3, 4 and 4a. The genuine Russian castor occurs in egg-shaped, roundish or pear-shaped long cods, commonly a little flattened by pressure, from which commonly two stick together and weigh two to six ounces. The colour of the outer skin, which is 1/2 to 1'" thick, very tough, leatherlike, is dark brown or blackish, that of the contents yellowish-brown or reddish-brown; it is first soft, after further drying crumbling, interwoven with fine membranes similar to sinews; it is of very peculiar, strong, nauseate odour, reminding of something like juffts, increasing in drying and trituration, and of a similar, bitterish taste, which lasts long. Quite as much the Bavarian castor Castoreum bavaricum is valued, which occurs in much larger codpairs (to l1/2 pound), which are always softer and moister than the Russian castor. From the dried contents of the follicles we prepare, after having removed all that is membranaceous, triturations, which deserve at all events the preference to the tincture made after Rule 1 with strong spirit. The latter is of a light yellowish-brown colour and the smell of castor. CAUSTICUM. Hahnemann's Caustic, substituted for his former Tinct. acris sine Kali. He gave the following prescription for it. Let a piece of fresh burned lime of about two pounds, be dipped for about a minute in a vessel filled with distilled water; then put it in a dry bowl, where it will soon fall to powder, developping much heat. From this subtle powder take two ounces, mix it in a warmed porcelain mortar with a solution prepared of two ounces of bisulphate of potash, which has been made hot to 6* 84 OHAMOMILLA. glowing and molten, then again cooled and pulverized, and two ounces of seething water. This mixture is put in a glass cucurbit, the head luted with a piece of wet bladder, and to its tube the receiver is put which must stand half in water, and then the whole liquid is distilled with gradually increased heat to dryness. The educt, a little more than 11/4 ounces, clear like water, contains that substance in concentrated form, smells like lixivium of caustic potash and is upon the tongue of astringent taste, burns in the throat, congeals under lower degrees of cold than water and promotes the putrescence of animal substances put in it very much *. Muriate of baryta shows adulteration through sulphuric acid, oxalate of ammonia indicates lime contained in it; it is to be preserved in a well stoppered glass. The first potency is prepared with diluted spirit of wine, the following attenuations are to be made with strong spirit of wine. CHAMOMILLA. Flores Chamomilic vnlgaris s. Chamcemeli. Common chamomile, common feverfew. From Matricaria chamomilla L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Polygamia superflua (C1. XIX. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Synanthers (Asteraceam). Hayne I. 3. Diisseld. 241. Though this plant, growing abundantly wild in the fields, near roads, in clover- and fallow fields etc., occurs all over Europe and is well known, still it is liable to frequently being mistaken for * Considering this preparation has been written, disputed and scorned so very much from the chemical as well as from the medical point of view, that a pamphlet might be compiled about it. The author believes therefore that he ought not add to this literature anything more by stating his own views, which depart not at all from those of other chemists. He confined himself to the literal repetition of the original prescription of Dr. Hahnemann, and remarks only, that, so often the remedy has been prepared by him, -he never was able to find out the properties stated by its author the smell excepted (which is similar rather, to vapour of fresh lime than to that of caustic lixivium). Buchner has shown and it is known long ago that the preparation contains some ammonia in free state, which seems also to be constant and this observation is sufficient for admitting some medicinal value to the remedy notwithstanding all chemical objections. That Causticum never can stand in the place of that Tinctura acris sine K ali, the faulty prescription of which is shown (compare that Article), in regard either of chemistry or of medicine, is a matter decided long ago, and confirmed by experience. This is the reason, why this last preparation has been specified also. CHENOPODIUM. 85 similar species of its family. Instead of a prolix description, we will only direct the attention to the main characteristic, by which it is distinguished from all. This is the nake d, conical,s m o o th and at the same time hollow receptacle of its flower. From the plant, bearing flowers throughout the whole summer, the flowers are used for tincture after Rule 3, which is of greenishbrown colour and possesses the odour and taste of the plant in a high degree. CHELIDONIUM. Herba et radices (helidonii majoris. Celandine, Salentine. From Chelidonium majus L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia (Cl. XIII. O. 1.) Nat. ord. Papaveracese. Hayne IV. 6. Diisseld. 408. T'his plant spread over all Europe, growing spontaneously on hedges, roads, waste places and in bushes is very well known. Its stems, 1to 2' long, forky branched, are set with soft hair, have alternate, compound, ovate obtusely crenate, unequally dentate, smooth, light-green leaves; the yellow flowers stand at the end of the branches on soft haired peduncles. The radical leaves have long petioles; the perennial, cylindric, branched, several-stocked, longfibrillous root is externally brown-reddish, internally yellowishwhite to orange colour. The whole plant yields, when bruised or cut, a yellow milky juice of burning taste. The root dug in April or May is alone used for essence after Rule 2; it looks beautifully gold yellow and has a nauseous bitter, acrid taste. CHENOPODIUM. Gray orach or goosefoot. From Chenopodium Glaucum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2.) Nat. ord. Chenopodees. This very common plant occurs on rubbish, places where dung is laid, near houses, walls and ditches, containing stagnant filthy water. The stem, 1 to 1 /2' high, now erect, now decumbent, is often striped red and white-green, angular and naked; the alternate leaves, run into petioles, are obtuse, naked, above gray-green or blueish, below lighter, as if dusted with meal. The flower-racemes standing in the axils and at the end, consisting of green, densely accumulate flowerets without pedicels. 86 CHINA. At the floweringtime, from July to September, the whole plant, except the root, is prepared for essence after Rule 2. CHINA. Cortex Chince flavus s. regius s. Calisaya, Quina Calisaya. Yellow Peruvian bark, yellow cinchona bark, Calisaya bark. From Cinchona cordifolia and lancifolia Mut. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae. Gobel I. 7 and 8. The yellow cinchona occurs in quills and flat pieces; in pieces yet covered with the corky epidermis (Cort. Chince reg. c. epidermide) and in wholly or partly uncovered pieces (peeled yellow cinchona); its shape is alike different, for quills of 1/4", thickness by 1" diameter as well as flat pieces from 1 to 5" broad and 1/4 to 3/41 thick are found, which has its reason in the different age of the branches and boughs, from which it is taken. The surface of the quills is generally gray-brown; only seldom such quills are found, as are free from lichens; in many a wax-yellow thallus is perceived, which looks, as if it were molten upon it, and which is to be regarded as a characteristic of the yellow cinchona. The outer rind on the thick barks taken from old boughs is manifold split, coarsely rugged, with deep cross-splits, reaching the sapwood and with longitudinal furrows; it becomes 4 to 6"' thick. The colour of the sapwood is cinnamonlike with lighter and darker deviations. Odour and taste the wellknown ones of every good sort of cinchona. We prepare after Rule 1 with diluted spirit of wine a tincture of saturated red-brown colour, and powerful, not disagreeable bitter taste. CHININUM MURIATICUM. Chiinium s. Chinium hydrochloricum s. salitum, Murias s. Ilydrockloras chinicus. Muriate or hydrochlorate of Quinia or of Quinine or Quina. 41/2 parts of pure muriate of baryta are dissolved in 25 times their quantity of hot distilled water, and to the solution added gradatim 16 parts of dry sulphate of quinia. After the continually stirred mixture has boiled up for some minutes, it is filtered hissing hot and set apart for crystallization. The crystals consist of white -needles shining like silk, and have the bitter taste of the quiniasalts. They CHLOROFORM. 87 are to be examined whether they contain sulphate of qumia as well as muriate of baryta. All quiniasalts are to be used for triturations. CHININUM PHOSPHORICUM. Chinium phosphoricum, Phosphas chinicus. Phosphate of Quinia or Quina. In any quantity of moderately heated phosphoric acid of the prescribed specific gravity let be dissolved so much pure quinia, as is necessary for its neutralization, which will be as much as half the weight of the acid acted upon. The concentrated liquid is afterwards diluted with double its quantity of hot distilled water, filtered and put aside in a cool place for crystallization. Longer time is necessary for it, before the long, asbestlike crystals are formed, which must be washed and dried between blottingpaper. CHININUM SULPHURICUM. Sulphas Chinii s. Quinii, Chinium sulphuricum. Sulphate of Quinia or Quina or Quinine. Crystallised disulphate of Quinia. This alkaloid is prepared in the largest quantities and best kind in France, especially at Paris, and may be used without hesitation, after previous careful examination on account of its purity *). It forms in tender, white acicular crystals, shining like silk, as light and loose as Magnesia, of strong cinchona taste, which fuse easily when heated and burn completely under access of air. The coal must be dissipated, slowly indeed, but by continuous ignition perfectly. Invariable by pouring sulphuric acid over them, 'they dissolve with difficulty in cold water, easier in hot, the most easy in spirit of wine. CHLOROFORM. Superchloridum formylicum. Chloroform. Let ten parts of the best dry chlorinated lime be stirred together in a proper distilling-vessel with thirty parts of water, which mixture must not fill up the vessel above two thirds, and * Ample directions for this are to be found in Geiger's Handb. of Pharm. p. II. and in Dr. Mohr's Comment, to the 6th edit. of the Prussian Pharmacopceia. 88 CHLORUM. then add one part of strong spirit of wine to the mixture. After having stood well closed 12 to 16 hours it must again be well stirred and hereafter the distillation may be effected with a quick fire and proper cooling. The production received, is a colourless liquid, separating by itself in two layers of different specific gravity; the one below the intended chloroform, is separated from that above, a mixture of water, alcohol and some chloroform, agitated with so much hydrate of lime as is required for removing the 'free chlorine contained in it, and then purified by repeated distillation with moderate heat. It is a colourless, oillike fluid, spec. gray. 1,496, having an agreeable odour like ether which benumbs easily, and a sweetish taste. Dropped upon paper, it passes off quickly and completely without leaving any trace; added to water by drops it must not make it turbid, and not coagulate -the white of eggs. If Iodine is added it must not take a wine-red or brown colour, but the colour of the vapours of Iodine, otherwise it contains ether. A solution in spirit of wine is to be made of it. CHLORUM. Acidum muriaticum oxygenatum, Chlorinum, Halogenium, Aqu a oxymuriatica s. chlorata, Liquor Chlori, Liquid chlorine, Chlorineliquid, Chlorinated water, Oxymuriatic acid, Hyperoxymuriatic acid. Chlorine is gaseous, therefore in itself not applicable for medicinal use. The only form fit for that use is the liquid form, obtained by the absorbing of the gas in water., To produce chlorine gas a small glass alembic is taken the neck of which is half broken off, and the mouth of which must be closed with a wellfitting corkstopper. After having filled the alembic up to the neck with very coarsely powdered oxide of manganese freed from dust, and added so much crude concentrated muriatic acid, that the belly of the alembic may be half-replete with it, the mouth is stopped with the cork, which is perforated for receiving a glass tube, about /4" wide and bent in three legs. The chlorine gas escaping through this tube is collected by dipping the end of the tube so deep into a white glass bottle, which is filled up at most to half its height with distilled, quite cold water, that it reaches almost the bottom of the bottle, fit for being closed with a glassstopper. The evolution begins already in the 9 CLEMATIS. A small, elegant plant, growing everywhere in sunny places, on dry pasture-grounds and stony slopes 6f hills, having stems as long as a hand to a foot, mostly decumbent, the fore-part ascendent, set with hair; the leaves opposite, short-petiolate, small, above a little set with hair, shining green, below whitish, at the margin a little rolled down. At the end of the branches stand the conspicuous flowers, 3 to 6, upon thin, haired peduncles, in quinque partite, retrorse, haired calices, containing five large, beautiful gold-yellow petals. In May to Juli, gathered during the flowering time, the whole plant without the root is prepared for tincture after Rule 3, which is of a green-brown colour, CLEMATIS. Herba Flammulce Jovis s. Clematitis rectce. Upright virgin's bower. From Clematis erecta L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Polygynia (Cl. XIII. 0. 7). Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae. Hayne XII. 30. Diisseld. 390. In central and southern Europe this plant is to be found on sunny hills, in bushes, and on the side of forests. The stem, 3 to 4' high, erect, hollow, striped, and smooth, has pinnate-cleft leaves, the incisions of which on the base are cordate or ovate, pointed and entire. Flowers, multipartite cymes, the sepals oblong-spatulate, naked, having at the margin on the outer side hair like downs; petals white four-petaled. The fresh plan has a pungent acridness, irritating the nose, and blisters the tongue, when chewed. Gathered in the flowering-time, 'from June to August, it is prepared after Rule 3 for tincture, which is preferable to the essence and has a darkbrown-green colour and acrid taste. COCCIONELLA. Ladybird, Sun-chafer. From Coccionella septempunctata (Cl. V. 0. 1) Coleoptera. Brandt and Ratzeb. II. 20. A very well known and widely spread insect, frequently to be found in Germany, the most frequently in England, living on vegetables in gardens and fields, cornfields and especially upon the deflorate heads of the common field-thistle (Cniceis arrensis). Head and thorax are black, flat, underbody and feet black, wing-shells COCCUS CACTI. arched, oval, red or orange-yellow, with (commonly 7) black dots, of unequal size, the wings nearly as long again as the body. When touched with the hand there issues from the joints of the feet a thickish juice, yellow like cambogia. The fresh caught insects after being bruised in a porcelain mortar, are extracted for tincture after Rule 1 with strong spirit of wine. The tincture is of a reddish-yellow colour. The best way of gathering these insects is, to put them immediately in a glass containing two drachms of strong alcohol; not only they are speedily killed in it, but also the juice of the joints, in which especially their efficacy seems to consist, is thus kept undimished, the same alcohol being used for preparing the tincture. COCCULUS. Semen C6cculi indici s. levantici, Baccce levantince s. orientales. India berries. From Menispermum cocculus L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Dodecandria (Cl. XXII. 0. 10). Nat. ord. Menispermeae. The ripe, dried, round, berrylike fruit, as large as laurel berries, bought from druggists, consist of a thin, black-brown, brittle, outer rind, of a tight-joined yellowish-white kernel-rind and of a dirty-yellow, hornlike-translucent, oily, round kernel, having a most disgusting and bitter taste, quite without smell. We prepare from the unpeeled berries, which have been opened previously for the necessary picking out of the old and inefficatious, a tincture after Rule 1, of a brownish-straw-yellow colour, from which at a temperature below the freezing-point margarine acid in small groups of verrucose little lumps are deposited on the sides of the glass. Without loss regarding the efficacy we separate the tincture by filtering during cold weather from it and clean the vessel from this fat. COCCUS CACTI. Grana Coccinellce, Cochinella, Cockinilla, Coccinilla. Cochineal. From Cdccus Cacti. L. Insect. Fam. Gallinsecta (Hemiptera). This insect is especially indigenous to the Mexican provinces of America, where it is reared expressly in plantations upon different species of cactus. We get it in a dry state from druggists and above all must COLUMBO. r roundish, brown, internally white, hard seeds, of the size of those of millet. On account of the more uniform and greater efficacy, we prefer the ripe seeds to the cormus, and prepare from them (with diltted spirit of wine) a tincture after Rule 1, which has a yellow colour und a.nauseous-bitter taste. When on express demand the cormuses shall be applied, these are to be gathered during the flowering time (after Geiger in June and July: but then it is difficult to find them), and must be prepared immediately fresh for essence after Rule 2. * COLOCYNTHIS. Fructus s. pomce Colocynthidis. Colocynth, bitter cucumber. From Cucumis Colocynthis L. Sex. Syst. Monoecia Monadelphia (C1. XXI. O. 8). Nat. ord. Cucurbitaceae. Diisseld. 268. The fruit, freed fromr the outer yellow rind, dried, for the most part as round as a ball, contain a loose, spongy, whitish, inodorous marrow, of an extremely bitter taste which lasts long; between it, in a double row, in carpels, very many oval, rounded smooth seeds, 2"' long and 11/2"' broad. The greater specimens are to be selected, the seeds to be removed, and then the dry pulp duly comminuted; a tincture after Rule 1' is to be prepared from them, which has a dark-straw-yellow colour and very bitter taste. COLUMBO. Colombo root. From Menispermum palmatum L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Dodecandria (Cl. XXII. 0. 10.) Nat. ord. Menispermee. G6bel II. 5. Diisseld. Suppl. 104. This drug, coming from Africa, consists of slices 1 to 3" broad, and 2 to 8"' thick, with undulated margins, somewhat raised towards the inner marrowy substance; there are also irregular longitudinal pieces mingled with it, forming half or entirely a cylinder, having a diameter of 3/4 to 11/'", and 2" in length. The * For obviating uncertainties and want of uniformity there must be fixed that under the simple term "Colchicum" always the tincture made of seeds is to be understood, but the essence prepared from the cormus is to be distinguished by the addition of "e radice". 96 coifM. outer side has a wrinkled, striped or furrowed and a very thin epidermis of dirty reddish-brown colour; below which there is found a resinous layer of yellowish- or blackish-green colour, 1/4 to 1/2" thick, clearly to be seen, when such a piece is cut across; on the flat surrounded by it, several concentric circles of different hue are visible. All pieces are not seldom covered with a powdery yellow-greenish dust, like Rhubarb, occasioned by friction. It is compact, heavy, not easily friable, of weak aromatic, nauseous odour and lasting bitter, at the same time mucous taste. Beware of mistaking it for a false Colombo (coming from Fraseria caroliniana); this is distinguished from it by having not alone a much weaker taste, but also has, when cut across, only two clearly different substances, rind and medullary layer, whereas the true colombo consists of 3 to 4 layers, clearly separated. After Rule 1 with diluted spirit a tincture is prepared, being of quince-yellow colour and very bitter taste. CONIUM. Herba Cicutce majoris s. terrestris s. maculaice, Herba Conii maculati. Hemlock, spotted hemlock. From Conium maculatum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Umbelliferm. Brdt. and Ratzeb. I. 25. Hayne I. 31. Diisseld.282. This biennial plant spread all over Europe, growing on heaps of rubbish, waste places, near hedges and in neglected gardens, has a spindle-shaped, white root, from which arises the stem, 3 to 5' high, erect, below often as thick as a finger, hollow, round, quite smooth, distinguishing itself by many red-brown spots and a blue rime, which is as it were breathed over it. The leaves near the root have thick hollow petioles and are tripinnate, having ovateoblong, deep-laciniate leaflets; the leaves of the stem are less compound, being sessile or provided with narrow sheathes, membraneous at the margin; both with prominent midrib; the umbels standing in the axils and at the end are petiolate, flat, with involucres bent backwards, having many leaflets; flowers white and small. The whole plant is quite smooth and of a disagreeable smell, very like mice-urine, by which it distinguishes itself essentially from most umbellate plants similar to it. Compare iEt/husa Cynapium. We gather the plant in full sap, the root excepted, from July to August, when upon the point of flowering, and prepare from 98 CROCUS. gregate, long-petiolate, hollow like caps, repand-dentated, above lessening, nearly apetiolate, reniform, blue-green. The small yellowish-green flowers bang numerous in a paniculated raceme, crowded together and consist of a quinquepartite calyx, with tubular quinquepartite corolla. After Rule 2 during the flowering time in the month of June an essence is to be prepared from it. CROCUS. Crocus orientalis s. de Gatinois s. Austriacus, stigmata s.flores Croci. The Saffron Crocus, Saffron. From Crocus sativus L. Sex. Syst. Triandria Monogynia (Cl. III. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Iridacea. Hayne VI. 25. Diisseld. 58. The best saffron occurring in trade consists of the stigmata and styles of the flowers bent and twisted in many ways, being one inch long and cuneiform, skinny, obtuse at the thicker end, tristigmatised, dark-red or red-yellow, shining like fat, at the thin end white-yellowish, light and elastic. Saliva, water and spirit are coloured by it dark gold-yellow; the smell is peculiarly aromatic somewhat narcotic, the taste balsamic. Adulteration by mingling it with other yellow flowers is best found out by soaking with water and afterwards spreading and inspecting the single stigmata. We prepare from it after Rule 1 a tincture with diluted spirit of wine, which has a deep gold-yellow colour and specific, strong smell and taste of saffron, and is still coloured after having been diluted ten thousand times. CROTON. Grana Tillii s. Tiglii, Senze Cataputice minoris, Nuces_ catharticce americance. Purging Croton. From Croton Tiglium, L. Sex. Syst. Moncecia Monadelphia (Cl. XXI. O. 8). Nat. ord. Euphorbiacee. The grains brought for sale from the Indies are ovate-oblong, at both ends obtuse, 3 to 41'" long and 2 to 21/"' thick, having a suture a little prominent; under the thin, brownish-yellow, somewhat darkspotted, brittle rind a yellowish-white, inodorous kernel is to be found, of a taste in the beginning mild oily, but soon afterwards burning acrid, causing heavy roughness and inflammation of the throat. b~itiPsM. 99 A tincture is prepared from them after Rule 1, having brownyellowish colour and' burning taste. * CUBEBA. Cubece Baccce s. semen Cubebarum, Piper caudatum. Cubebs,' Cubebpepper. From Piper Cubeba L. Sex. Syst. Diandria Trigynia (Cl. II. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Urticeae. The fruit occurring in trade under the above-mentioned name, being globulate and having a stalk, are the unripe berries of a bush indigenous to the East Indies. They are as big as middling peas, have a blackbrown, rough skin, covered with something like gray rime, and in it a kernel of the same colour; the first is of an agreeable aromatic smell, but of little taste; but the latter has a bitterish, acrid, pepperlike taste. The stalk cannot be broken off from the skin without injuring it. The tincture prepared after Rule 1 has a lightbrownish colour and odour and taste of the berries, CUPRUM. Venus Cuprum purum s. metallicum. Copper, pure or metallic copper. One part of purified sulphate of copper (q. v.) is dissolved in about thirty times as much of distilled water; the solution is poured into a flat porcelain dish, wide enough, that it is not replete higher than some inches, and then several little iron bars about /" thick, free from rust, are put in. The decomposition will ensue immediately, some copper being precipitated first as a smooth cover, afterwards as a very fine powder, upon the surface of the iron. To get this powder as fine as possible, it is necessary not to leave the deposition to itself, but to separate the precipitate by scraping it off the bars with a wooden spatula; the precipitate then falls down and malkes room for other deposits. By this the formation of larger lamels, is prevented, which are not quite fit for trituration, on account of their being divided with difficulty. * If instead of the tincture made from the grains, the expressed oil of them is to be administered, this must be dissolved in strong alcohol (alcohol fortius) in the decimal proportion, for tritirations with sugar of milk are inadmissible, because they become rancid soon enough, -~7* CUPRUM SULPHURICUM. 101 CUPRUM ARSENICOSUM. Arseniate o~ copper. Scheele's Green. This is prepared by boiling three parts of powdered white arsenic, with- eight parts of-caustic potash dissolved in sixteen parts of water, till arsenic begins to be separated in the form of a powder. Under continuous stirring this liquid is poured into a hot solution of eight parts of sulphate of copper made with forty eight parts of water, the precipitate well washed and dried with very gentle warmth. It is of a grass green colour. Triturations are made of it. SCUPRUM CARBONICUM. Carbonas cupricus. Carbonate of copper. This is obtained by decomposition of a solution of pure sulphate of copper in thirty times as much distilled water, effected by carbonate of soda in the-cold. The beautiful sky-blue, loose precipitate is washed as often as is necessary for removing the sulphate of soda. Collected upon the filter and dried with a gentle heat, it is a loose pale-greenish-blue powder, to be used for triturations. CUPRUM SULPHURICUM. Vitriolmn de Cypro s. cceruleum s. Cupri s. Veneris. Sulphas cupricus,, Deittosulphas Cupri cum aqua. Sulphate of copper, blue vitriol, vitriol of copper, formerly called Roman vitriol. The blue vitriol of commerce contains commonly iron andzinc; it is purified from it, by leaving a solution of it prepared with five times as much water for sometime (for weeks) in contact with a strip of polished copper; the iron falls down gradually in the form of yellow oxide, is separated by straining and the fluid brought to crystallization. Only the first crystals shooting on can be used for medicinal purposes, because the existing proportion of sulphate of zinc remain in the mother liquor and would crystallize only after further inspissation along with it. The azure crystals, are right rhombic, prisms and inequal hexaedrons, must be protected against the access of air; and a solution is to be made of them in the common decimal proportion. .DIGITALIS. 103 albus L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia (Cl. X. O. 1). Nat. ord. Rutacese. Hayne VI. 7. Diisseld. 379. Gobel II. 28. This beautiful plant is indigenous to Central and Southern Europe; it is often reared as an ornamental plant in our pleasuregardens. The long, fleshy, white, branchy-curved root is from the thickness of a quill to that of a thin finger, the middle is somewhat ligneous; it has a bitter-acrid, aromatic taste and its strong smell resembles that which is called goatish. It sprouts forth a stem 2-4' high, being simple, round, straight, covered especially above with viscous glands. The unequally-pinnate leaves with apetiolate, ovate, pointed leaflets stand alternate; the flowers form at the end a conspicuous raceme; the calyx is reddish-green, set with purple, resinoius hairs, _the flower is large, five-petaled pale-red with purple coloured veins, or else quite milk-white; the whole gplant has a strong balsamic odour. The root taken out fresh during the flowering time in the month of June or July (from the thicker pieces only the' rind) is prepared for tincture after Rule 3, having a straw-yellow colour and the odour of the root pretty strong. DIGITALIS. Herba s. Folia Digitalis purpurece s. Virgce regice. Purple fox-glove. From Digitalis purpurea L. Sex. Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia (Cl. XIV. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Scrophulariacese. Brandt and Ratzeb. I. 12. Hayne I. 45. Diisseld. 154. This plant spread all over the mountain districts of Germany, occurs also frequently in France and Switzerland; it flourishes especially on dry, stony, but wooded slopes. From the rather thick and ramose root shoots the stem, 2--6' high, often as thick a as finger, which is straight, round, and set with leaves. The root-leaves are large, ovate-lanceolate, obtusecrenate, the middle vein thick, running out in a canaliculate, fleshy petiole. The leaves of the stem are mostly sessile, all netlike veined and soft. The flowers, crowded along one side of the stem in a raceme not seldom one foot long, are pendulous, campanulate, 1 to 2" long, light- or dark-purple-coloured, internally, on the lower side, white spotted, with dark points. From the leaves gathered at the commencement of the flowers (in June till July) on dry days, only from plants grown wild, an .104 DROSERA. essence is to be prepared after Rule 2. It is of a dark browngreen colour and nauseous, slightly narcotic odour. DROSERA. Herba Rorellce s. Boris Solis. Sundew, youth-wort, lustwort, moor-grass. From Drosera rotundifolia L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Pentagynia (Cl. V. 0. 5). Nat. ord. Droseracee. Hayne III. 7. This small, tender plant is found in Central and Northern Europe, in Asia and America, on turf-moors, swamps, and marshy meadows among moss. The little leaves, clustered like rosettes around the flowerstalk, are long-petiolate, circular or reniform, cuneiformly running into the petiole, 3 to 4'" broad 1/ to l" long, somewhat juicy, set at the margin with bristly hairs, which stand off like fringe, being long, purple-coloured, as if they were bedewed. The small white flowers form on short peduncles a onesided, pauciflorous, above curved raceme. The whole plant, flowering in July and August, is prepared for tincture after Rule 3, having a saturated yellow-red-brown colour, little taste and no smell. It is more liable to be spoiled than others and therefore especially to be protected from sun-light. DULCAMARA. Stipites s. lignum (also falsely Radices) Dulcamarce s. Amaradulcis. Woody Nightshade. Bitter-sweet. From Solanum Dulcamara L. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Solanes. Hayne II. 39. Diisseld. 188. This plant, spread over all Europe, flourishes in moist, shaded places near the banks of ponds, ditches and rivers, and along hedge-rows. The woody, creeping root, sprouts forth a running stalk, which climbs still on the trees. The petiolate, alternating. leaves are ovate, pointed, darkgreenl, smooth; the flowers standing opposite to them form decumbent, bipartite cymes,-having violet petals and orange anthers. The green stalks collected in the months of April or October, which are flexible, covered with a gray.kin, smell strong of cats' urine when rubbed, an'd must not be ligneous. They are prepared for tincture after Rule 3. It is of a darkbrownish-green colour and bittersweet taste. EUGENIA. 105 ELATERIUM. Fructus Elaterii s. Momordicc,( Cucumis asininus s. agrestis. Squirting cucumber. From Momordica Elaterium L. Sex. Syst. Moncecia Syngenesia (Cl. XXI. 0. 6). Nat. ord. Cucurbitacese. Hayne VIII. 45. This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, but may be cultivated also in our gardens, The stalk which is 2 to 5' long, branched, creeping on the earth on all sides, is rough-setaceous and very juicy. The leaves are alternate on long, thick, bristly petioles; they are triangulate-cordate, above dark, dirty green, below lighter gray-green. The male flowers appear in July.in very longpedunculate loose corymbs, on which the single short-petiolate female flowers sit in the axils: they are of a pale yellow colour. The yellowish-green, fleshy fruit, which is 1" thick and 2 to 3" long is elliptic obtuse rounded, very rough-setaceous and fleshy. It contains a whitish, mucous juice, which it spirts out, along with the brown, -smooth seeds, with great force and very far, at the slightest touch, falling off from the stalk. At this time, in August and September, we collect this fruit to prepare from it an essence after Rule 2. EUGENIA. Jambos-Myrtle, common Jambos tree. From Eugenia Jambos L,. Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia (Cl. XII O. 1). Nat. ord. Myrtacese. A conspicuous tree, pretty indigenous to the East- and WestIndies *, and cultivated, having petiolate,. lanceolate, deep five to seven-partite,' smooth, shining leaves, and loose flower racemes, standing at the end, with' large, whitish flowers, and pear-shaped fruit, white and red coloured, or yellowish, smelling agreeably like roses, and being well-tasted, which are used like our fruitkinds. According to Dr, IHering's prescription the ripe kernels are applied for tincture. "* Though it is found in the botanical gardens of Europe, it will not bear fruit there, wherefore we must either content ourselves with the young twigs of this plant, which we prepare after Rule 3, or by the tincture, prepared from the ripe seeds on the spot by a trustful agent. 106 1EUPHOiiBIJM. EUPHORBIUM. Gummi-Resina s. Gummi Euphorbii. Euphorbium. From different Euphorbiacesp, especially Euphorbia officinarum, E. antiquorum and E. canariensis L. Sex. Syst. Dodecandria Trigynia (Cl. XI. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae. A milky juice, related to gummi-resin, exuded and obdurate after incisions made into the rind, in pieces of an irregular form, dirty-yellowish or brownish, impellucid, friable, from the size of a pea to that of a bean, found to contain little thorns or little cavities at their place, sometimes also small trilocular seed-capsules. Inodorous, of burning sharp, lasting taste; in the heat it melts developping an agreeable smell and burns with light, white flame. Its dust causes heavy, incessant sneezing, and provokes tears. After Rule 1 we prepare a tincture, having a brownish-yellow colour and the burning taste of the substance. EUPHRASIA. Herba Euphrasice. Eyebright, Euphrasy. From Euphrasia officinalis L. Didynamia Angiospermia (C1. XIV. 0. 2). Nat. ord. RhinanthaceT, Hayne IX. 8. The small annual plant spread over all Germany, is frequently found on meadows, dry pasture-grounds, grassy slopes and in clear forests. The stem, 5 to 12" high, branched on the base, often quite single, has small ovate, sharp-serrate, darkgreen, somewhat stiff, clasping leaves. The small flowers, are without peduncle, milkwhite, violet-red veined, at the bottom yellow, and sit, turned to one side, in the axils. In the flowering-time, during July and August, the whole plant, is gathered especially from pbor, sunny places and omitting the root, prepared for tincture after Rule 3, which is of dark-yellow-brown colour and slight smell of the herb; it contains remarkably much tannin making oxides of iron green. EVONYMUS. Semen s. fructus Evonymi. Spindle-tree, priests' cap, prickwood. From Evonymus Europwus L. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Celastrineae. FBIRUM AOBTIOUM. 107 The common spindle-tree is a bush occurring everywhere in Europe in hedges and bushes, becoming sometimes as large as a tree. It has lanceolate, at the margin crenate leaves and small pale-green, racemelike, fourpetaled flowers, sitting on forky-partite peduncles. The fleshy seed-capsule, rose-coloured when ripe, mostly quadrilocular, contains as many roundish, saffron-yellow seeds, of a disagreeable smell and bitter taste. The seed ripening in September with the capsules, are prepared for tincture after Rule 3. It has a saffron-yellow colour, no odour and nauseous bitter taste, FERRUM. Ferrum metallicum s. purum, Mars. Pure Iron (its preparations were called in olden times Chalybs or steel). A piece of the softest and purest forged iron, free from rust, is worked with a very sharp and very fine file; the filings falling down, being like dust, are collected upon a sheet of paper, and after having been separated from the coarser parts by sifting through a piece of fine linen, the tender powder is preserved dry in small and well-stoppered glasses, previously sharp dried, which must be replete with it entirely. The extremely fine milled iron powder, being now an article of commerce and quite free from rust, may be applied, after having been convinced from its being chemically pure by previous examination. In triturating it, care is to be taken, 'that not only the mortar and pestle, but also the sugar of milk be previously warmed, for preventing all moisture. This labour also above all must be continued without interruption, the attractive power of the iron for oxygen being continually active and causing oxydation. FERRUM ACETICUM, Ferrum oxydatum aceticum, Acetas ferricus, Acetas oxydi ferri. Acetate of iron. One part of the solution of chloride of iron prepared after our prescription is diluted with twelve times as much distilled water and afterwards decomposed by adding one and a half to two parts (or as much as is necessary for excess) of liquid caustic ammoniac. The precipitate got, being oxide of iron is collected on FERRUM LACTIOUM. 109 possible from oxide, of a green-brownish or gray colour, the quantity of carbonic acid it contains indeed decreases in time, even when best preserved, wherefore it is to be prepared anew every year. * FERRUM IODATUM. lodetum 'ferrosumn Iodide of Iron. Half an ounce of Iodine and two drachms of rustfree filings of iron are poured, over with two ounces of water in a proper cast-iron vessel and left standing well covered for some time till, if necessary with the aid of warmth, the formation and solution of the iodide of iron is completed. Let the green liquid be speedily filtered, the filtration washed a little and added to it one ounce and a half of powdered sugar of milk, after which the whole is inspissated in a porcelain dish with sufficient heat to the consistency of a mass for pills under continual stirring with an iron spatula. T'he dark gray-green mass is then spread upon flat vessels in layers as thin as possible or in little clods, for being exsiccated completely in a drying-press; after which it is preserved in well closed vessels. Triturations are to be made of it, the first of which is to be prepared with equal parts of sugar of milk, to adhere to the usual decimal proportion. FERRUM LACTICUM. - Lactas ferrosus s. Oxyduli Ferri. Lactate of Iron. This preparation is best made by decomposing protochloride of iron -with lactate of lime; the latter is prepared in the following way: - In an earthen vessel a solution of 8 ounces of sugar of milk in four quarts of water and one quart of thin cow-milk, mixed with 61/2 ounces of powdered chalk is put to fermentation at +20 to 250 R., which begins after 24 hours and finishes within 11to 12 days, during which time it is to be stirred very often. Hereupon the liquid is heated slowly to boiling in a boiler, constantly stirring, and continued- so, till all casein is curdled. It is now allowed to settle, "* Care especially is to be taken applying very dry sugar of milk, and to have the condition of the air in the laboratory very dry. 110 PERRUM MAGNETIOUM, the supernatant buttery parts are taken off, the liquid is filtered through wool, and the residue washed with some hot water. The filtration by slow evaporation to one third yields the lactate of lime in masses, which are pressed out, comminuted into pieces and perfectly exsiccated. The mother liquor will furnish a second portion by further concentrating it. A white granular crystalline powder is got, which is easily soluble in water. From this lactate of lime 2,1 parts are dissolved in three times as much water, and decomposed by 7 parts of a solution of chloride of iron, being of a specific gravity of 1,25 (prepared after the description given under the head Ferrum muriaticum, though of course the addition of muriatic and nitric acid afterwards to be put to, stated there, must be omitted). The lactate of iron after a longer rest separates in the form of a pale-greenish crystalline powder; it is collected upon a filter, washed with spirit of wine and dried with moderate heat, also well preserved from access of air. It serves for triturations. FERRUM MAGNETICUM. Lapis magneticus. Natural loadstone, black (deut)oxide of Iron. This mineral is a darkgrey iron-ore, a combination of oxid and oxidule of iron having the property of attracting metallic iron. It is to be found in primitive rock, in Gneiss, Mica (Glimmer), Chloriteslate, also in Serpentine stone and the Fletz-trapformation. The greater quantity and the purest is found in Sweden and Norway, but also Saxony, Bohemia, the Hartz mountain, England and Sibiria furnish it. It is of crystalline-acicular as well as of laminate texture, irongray, dimly-shining colour, and considerable weight. Select only the purely gray, shining pieces, freed from the outer rusty rind for triturations. FERRUM MURIATICUM. Sal martis liquidum, Oleum martis, Liquor ferri muriatici, Ferrum muriaticum oxydatum, Bichloretumn Ferri, Liquor subbichloreti ferri, Liquor ferri sesquichlorati. Red muriate of Iron Hydrated protochloride of Iron, Quater hydrated protochloride of Iron. Liquid sesqui-chloride of Iron. Dissolve iron filings in pure undiluted muriatic acid with the 112 FILIX. served in well closed vessels, and a watery solution is to be prepared from them, which can be used as not spoiled only as long as no sediment is formed in it. Let it be carefully protected from light. FILIX. Radices Filicis maris. Common male fern. From Polypodium Filix mas L. Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia (Cl. XXIV. 0. 2). Nat. Syst. Filices. Gobel II. 11. Diisseld. 19. This beautiful, pretty fern is spread over all Europe, occurring frequently among rubble, in bushes, clear forests of needlewood, and shaded ditches. The fronds are 1 to 2' long, the leaves bi-pinnately incised, the segments oblong, obtuse, denticulate at the 'apex, the petioles clothed with rust-coloured palem. The middle-stock is to 1' long, lies horizontally, is cylindrical, somewhat curved, 2 to 4" thick, formed of a quantity of apophyses, which are close together, 1 to 2" long, 3 to 5'" thick, round, curved, and densely set with rust-coloured scales, hiding the true stock, between which the meagre root fibres going downwards, proceed single. The best time for collecting this root is autumn, and the plants grown on stony slopes, lying towards the North, are believed the most efficacious. From the rootstock quite fresh dug, both the inner marrowy substance is selected and the youngest, neither dried up nor blighted apophyses of a green colour like pistachio-nut, strong, sweetish-nauseous smell and similar, afterwards bitterish-rough, slightly astringent taste. Both are freed from the brown epidermis and prepared for Essence after Rule 2 with strengthened alcohol, which is of the odour and taste described, and of a dark brown colour. FORMICA. Founica Rufa L. Fam. Heterogyna. Ant, wood-ant, red-ant. emmet, pismire. This allknown insect is found most frequently in pine-forests, where it is to be taken alive from its nests (ant-hills). After having removed all pine-leaves, pieces of wood, little stones ete. mingled with the animals, the latter are benumbed by sprinkling with some strong alcohol, afterwards bruised in a stone GENTIANA LUTEA. 113 mortar and extracted for tincture with double their weight divuted spirit of wine. It is of a brown colour, and sour not disagreeable smell and taste. FRAGARIA. Herba Fraguaria- s. Trifolii fragiferi s. Fragul. Woodstraw-berry. Fiom Fragaria vesca L. Sex. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia (Cl. XII. 0. 5)., Nat. ord. Potentilleme. Hayne IV. 26. From this well known plant, spread over all Europe, the specimens grown on clear, hilly parts of the fore-woods are especially collected along with the root in the beginning of the floweringtime in the month of May, and prepared for tincture after Rule 3; it has a slight, however not lasting smell of strawberries and a brown colour. GENTIANA CRUCIATA. Badix Gentianw cruciatce s. minoris. Cross-wort gentian. From Gentiana cruciata L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Gentianeae. - This plant is found on dry sunny hills, on the edges of woods and on slopes all over Central-Europe. Stem, ascending to 12" long, roundish, at the lower part pressed together, often purplish, richly set with leaves, the leaves crosswise, connate like sheathes at the base, broad-lanceolate. The dark violet, bellied-tubular, long flowers stand verticillate aggregate in the upper axils. The ramose, long-furrowed root, from a quill to a finger thick, yellow-white, forms a head from which numerous stems sprout out. Dried it is of a yellow-brown-red colour, very strong smell of gentian and similar bitter, but by far not as nauseous taste as that of Gentiana lutea. From the dry root, gathered during the summermonths, we prepare with diluted spirit of wine a tincture after Rule 1, being of light yellow-brown colour, and moderately bitter taste. GENTIANA LUTEA. Radices Gentiance lutec s. rubre s. majoris. Gentian bitterwort. From Gentiana lutea L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. O. 2). Nat. ord. Gentianeae. Gobel II. 14. Diisseld. 199. The root bought from druggists appears in 3 to 11" long, 8 114 CEUM. /s to 1" thick specimens, having often several heads, being somewhat branched, cylindrical, at the end thinner, curved and contorted, of dirty-rust-red or a little lighter colour, of peculiar, disgusting smell and penetrating, bitter, long-lasting taste The middling thick, neither worm-eaten nor very old roots are prepared for tincture after Rule 1 with dilated spirit of wine, which is of a yellow-brownish colour and very bitter taste. GEUM. Radix Caryophyllat1 s. Sanamundce s. Gei s. Gei urbani. Avens, herb bennet. From Geum urbanum L. Sex. Syst. Icosandria Polygynia (C. XII. 0. 5). Nat. ord. Rosaces. Gobel II. 25. Hayne IV. 33. Diisseld. 310. This plant indigenous to the greater part of Europe and very spread, grows near hedges, in moist uncultivated places, in shaded woods and fore-mountains. It shoots stems, one to two feet high, often standing oblique, single, above branched, set with rough hair turned downwards. The root- leaves and lower stem-leaves are long-petiolate, pinnate, having 5 to 7 cuneiformly incised leaflets. The yellow flowers, with small petals, appear from May to July single, on long erect or nodding peduncles at the end of the stems. The root forms a vertical, or oblique lying stock, several inches long, to ) inch thick, often having several heads or being succise, set thick with long, darkbrown, brittle fibrils. Its crosscut shows under the resinous epidermis a thick fibrous yellow rindbody and a violet or reddish granular medullar substance. Its smell is, especially after exsiccation, peculiarly similar to cloves, the taste is the same, a little bitterish astringent. We gather during the first months of spring only the root, to prepare from it a tincture after Rule 3. GINSENG. Radir Ginseng s. Ginsing s. Ginzing. Ginseng, All-heal, From Panax quinquefolium. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl.V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Araliacee. Gobel II. 5. fig. 2. Diisseld. Suppl. 69, About this once so renowned and costly root the authors are by no means right; this is proved by their differing descriptions GLONOINUIM. 115 and contradicting statements, if only Gei ger's, G Sbel's, D6bereiner's und Martius' works are compared. To the like uncertainty it must be subjected, to which of the described roots, being evidently of different origin, the pathogenetic examinations are to be referred. So much indeed seems certain, that the root, still now so highly valued and dearly paid for in China and Japan has come the most seldom to Europe. The most probable opinion might be, that those roots, coming from Sium sisarum (Willd.) and occurring mixed among Senega, have served first for the examinations. This at least is the drug, which the merchants use to furnish under the name of Radix Ninsi (Ginseng root). The tincture, prepared from them after Rule 1 has a strawyellow colour and little taste. GLONOINUM. Nitroglycerine. The oil-sweet (Glycerine or oxide-hydrate of Glyceril) got as a by-production when preparing plaister from oxide of lead and oil or fat, is dissolved from the ready mass of plaister by pouring water over it, and letting the mass: for some time longer in contact with the water; the liquid is then poured off and by throwing sulphuretted gas through it first freed from the lead it contains, and then evaporated. The Glycerine is thus obtained in the form of a clear thickish syrup, having a specific gravity of 1,252 to 1,27, yellowish colour, nauseous sweetish taste and no odour. From the oilsweet thus obtained let be added by drops and at intervals continually stirring so long into a mixture consisting of two parts of concentrated sulphuric acid and one part concentrated nitric acid refrigerated to the freezing-point, till single supernatant oily drops show a point of saturation *. The mixture is then poured into a copious quantity of cold water, whereby the glonoine separates in the beginning in the form of a loose fatlike precipitate, which, repeatedly washed with water and left to settle, at last condensates to a clear oily liquid, collected at the bottom * This process requires the greatest care, to prevent the mixture becoming too hot, or else detonation will ensue, which not alone will spirt about the whole liquid, being lost by it, but also may endanger the chemist; let it therefore be made in free air and at longer intervals, 8" GR ATIOL A, 117 acid for some days and afterwards carefully washed and dried upon a filter. It is still necessary to prepare the Graphite thus worked in a peculiar manner, if it is to give a good not glimmerlike trituration. Because of the extraordinary fineness and flexibility of its scaly crystals it resists even the most continual trituration, which has lasted for hours, and shows permanently not inconsiderable portions of shining points. To obviate this. the best means is, to triturate the purified Graphite in small portions with coarsely powdered sugar of milk, adding as much water, in a roomy porcelain dish, as is necessary for making the whole a thickish pulp, till the water for the most part is passed off again and the mass begins to become cloddy. Now as much boiling hot water is poured over the whole, as is necessary for dissolving the sugar of milk as well as to separate the finest parts of the mineral got by the known operation of washing from the coarser. This washed Graphite is dried after having been washed repeatedly, and used for triturations. GRATIOLA. Herba Gratiolce s. Gratice Dei s. Digitalis mniimce s. Centauroidis. Hedge hyssop, water hyssop, Gratia Dei. From Gratiola officinalis L. Sex. Syst. Diandria Monogynia (Cl. II. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Scrophulariese. Brandt and Ratzeb. I. 13. Hayne III. 13. Diisseld. 155. This plant growing in Central and Southern Europe near the borders of rivers, lakes and waterditches, also on moist meadows has a creeping, articulate, on the joints fibrillous root, as thick as a quill and whitish; the stem, / toll/.' high, erect, little branched, above foursided; the half-clasping, lanceolate, from the middle finely serrate leaves stand crosswise opposite; the peduncled flowers, sitting in the axils are white or pale reddish, towards the bottom yellowish. The whole plant is smooth, pale green, inodorous, of a highly bitter taste, which distinguishes it the most easily from other plants similar to it by their habitus. The plant collected with the root in the month of May before the development of the flowers is prepared for essence after Rule 2, which has a saturated green-brown colour, and very bitter taste. 118 GUACO. GUACO. The Guaco or Huacoplant, Alexipharmac Mikania. From Mikania Guaco Humb. et Bonpl. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia JEqualis (Cl. XIX. 0. 1). Nat. Syst. Compositce. This climber, highly-valued for its medicinal virtues in Columbia, Mexico, Guatemala, Venezuela and other parts of America, to which it is indigenous, was unknown to us till the epidemic cholera passed through Europe. It was recommended at that time as a remedy against that sickness and was introduced first in Europe by the druggists of South Germany. It is a liana sticking to the trunks and branches of the trees in its neighbourhood. The very long, round, contorted, furrowed stems, are to y/2" thick, graygreenish, glitteringly shining, ligneous, and set with rough hair, The leaves, 4 to 5" long, about 3" broad, are scarce, petiolate, ovate-pointed, slightly dentate, below set with stiff hair; the flowers stand at the sides of the younger branches in corymbs. Of the peculiar scent of the fresh plant, the drug possesses hardly a trace. The taste of the leaves is more bitter, than that of the stems, and the first are to be preferred as the more efficacious vehicle. For preparing a tincture after Rule 1, select the thinner parts of the tops of the stems, the leaves and flower-branches. It has a pale-yellow-green colour. GUAIACUM. Resina Guaiaci nativa. Gummi s. Gummi-resina Giaiaci. Gummi ligni sancti. Guaiacum. Gum Guaiac. From Guaiacum officinale. L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia (Cl. X. 0. 1). Nat. ord. RutaceTs (Zygophyllacete). The resin Guaiacum consists of irregular, large, multangular pieces, tears or masses, splitting on the surface, on the thin, conchoidal fracture-flats yellow-greenish pellucid, of a peculiar smell, similar to benzoin, and sweetish afterwards rough taste; the graywhite powder turns soon green in the open air. In alcohol it dissolves easily leaving only adulterations, mechanically mixed with it. After Rule 1 we prepare a tincture of it, which has a darkbrown colour. 1 EL I A T' S.1 119 GUTTI. Gummi Gutti s. Guttce s. Gambce s. Gambogice, Gutta Gamba s. Gambogia. Gamboge, Ceylon Gamboge. From Hebradendron gambogioides. Sex. Syst. Moncecia Monadelphia (Cl. XXI. 0. 8). Nat. ord. Guttiferge. We get this drug in compact masses partly in cylindric form, of 1to 3" in diameter and to 12"long, partly in lumps, of several pounds weight, which are shapeless, dirty green-yellow on the surface, striped with impressions made by leaves.- The conchoidal fracture is shining brown-yellow, the stroke upon paper lightyellow, laid on with water shining gold-yellow; taste in the beginning little, later rough; no smell. After Rule 1 a tincture is prepared from it, having a goldyellow colour. H1EMATOXYLON. Lignum campeckianum s. campescanum s. campeckense s. cceriuleum. Logwood, Campeachy wood. From Hcematoxylon campechianum. Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia (Cl. X. O. 1). Nat. ord. Leguminosoe. The logwood comes from Mexico (Honduras) in large yellowreddish logs, freed from the bark and alburnum, having an uneven, hewn surface of bluish-black, inside blood-red colour. It is also brought as rasped logwood (logwood chips) in rather thin chips, 1/2 to 2" broad, several inches long, partly elastic. It is of a rather considerable weight and compactness, slight violetlike odour, and sweetish astringent, afterwards bitterish taste, colouring at the same time the saliva violet-red. We prepare a tincture of it after Rule 1, which has a yellowbrown colour and taste like stated above, but is odourless. HELIANTHUS. Sunflower. From Helianthus annuus L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Frustranea (Cl. XIX. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Corymbifere. This annual garden plant, known to everybody, and cultivated everywhere, brings forth its flowers in July and August. The whole flowers to the bract are selected at the time of their full development before the period of fructification, for preparing from them an es HYPERICUM. 191 The root gathered from plants grown wild, immediately after the period of flowering, which ensues during the winter months, is cautiously dried and prepared for tincture after Rule 1, having a brownish-straw-yellow colour and weak smell. HYOSCYAMUS. Herba lyoscyami nigri s. Jusquiami. Common wild or black henbane. From Hyoscyamus niger L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Solaneme. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 14. Hayne I. 28. Diissell. 192. This known poisonous herb is spread-all over Europe, and is found growing wild near roads, on heaps of rubbish and in gardens; it is also frequently cultivated for medicinal use. The plant varies after its place between 1/2 and 21/,' height; the leaves near the root and those being the lowest of the stem are petiolate, deep incised, sinuously dentate, the lobes pointed, the upper leaves-sessile, clasping, all set with soft hair, sticky, gray-green. The flowers standing at the ends, form onesided spikes, the single non-peduncled flowers in villous, viscous calyces, have yellow petals, netlike run through by violet veins. The whole plant has an extremely disagreeable, disgusting and benumbing smell. At the period of the development of the flowers, in June or July, the leaves and flower-branches, after removing the ligneous stems are used for preparing, according to Rule 2, an essence which has the smell of the plant very much, and is of brown-green colour. HYPERICUM. Herba s. summlitates Hlyperici s. Perforatce.r Herba solis. St. John'swort, All saints'wort, Parkleaves, Hypericon. From Hypericum perforatum L. Sex. -Syst. Polyadelphia Polyandria (Cl. XVIII. 0. 4). Nat. ord. Hypericineme. Hayne VIII. 42. Diisseld. 420. This perennial plant is found all over Europe near the edges of woods, in ditches, near roads and balks, and upon sunny hills. The stem is erect, branched, round, smooth, two-edged, set with small,.opposite, half-clasping, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth leaves, which when held against the light, look as if they were perforated. The flowers standing at the ends of the branches, are short petiolate, star-shaped, yellow, at the margin blackdotted, form cymes, and leave obtuse-triangular, resinous-shining, brownred seedcapsules. 122 IGNATIA. The best time for gathering it, is in August, soon after its having blossomed, when the seed-capsules are not yet ripe; the latter are selected for preparing from them after Rule 3 a tincture, of a dark-purple colour and a slight balsamic odour. IGNATIA. Faba sancti Ignatii, Fabce Indicce s. febri/'gce. St. Ignatius' bean, Papeeta. From Ignatia amara L. fil. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V,. O. 1). Nat. Syst. Strychneme (LogoniacesApocynea). The bush indigenous to the Philippine Islands yields its seed or almonds for the drug commerce. They consist of obtuse, unequal tri-or more angular stonies, as big as hazelnuts and bigger, of an extremely tough, hornlike condition, externally gray, sometimes lighter, sometimes darker, dim, rough to the feeling, covered with a tender felt, sitting tight on, internally whitish; light or dark gray, pellucid when cut off in thin pieces, inodorous, of an extremely bitter taste and tolerably heavy. The best method for the diminution of these very hard and tough almonds is, to cut them with a sharp knife in slices, as thin and flexible as possible, to dry these with moderate heat thoroughly, and then to triturate them in a' mortar to powder, which is used for preparing a tincture, having a pale-strawyellow colour and very bitter taste. * INDIGO. Color Indicus. Indigo. From Indigofera argentea L. - and several other species. Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria (Cl. XVII. 0. 6). Nat. ord. PapilionaceEe. This known valuable colouring matter is contained in the epidermis of the Indigoplants, and is drawn from them by a process of fermentation, to which they are subjected. It is furnished in trade in loose, light, dry cubes, of some cubic inches, or in irregular fragments, which have a deep dark blue colour, fiery shining coppery and staining the fingers very much, conchoidal fracture, and neither smell, nor taste. Swimming upon water, it is as little * The tincture of the Ignatius'bean separates like the tincture of the nux vomica at stronger wintercold small crystals of the alkaloid contained in it; though these dissolve again through the influence of a higher temperature, it is at all events better, to withdraw the tincture from the influence of cold. IPECACUANHA. 123 soluble in it as in alcohol, but completely in concentrated sulphuric acid, and volatile in the heat. Triturations are prepared from it. IODUM. Iodina, lodium, Iodine. An elementary substance got from the ashes of different sea weeds in quantities, provided finest from the maritime provinces of France. It appears in black-gray, metallicshining, scaly thin lamins, very similar to graphite, a little reddish diaphanous, soft, friable; already volatile at common temnperature, it is sublimed in the heat forming violet-red vapours, of strong smell, coming very near to that of chlorine and an astringent acrid, pungent, long-lasting taste. Pure Iodine dissolves easily and perfectly in ten times as much strengthened alcohol, wherefore we apply only this solution (termed 1) for further attenuations, being compelled to reject as improper any trituration with sugar of milk, made in whatever proportion. The tincture is of a darkred-brown, scarcely pellucid colour, and stains the skin lasting yellow-brown ~. IPECACUANHA. Radices Hipecacuanhce s. dysentericce s. brasiliensis. True Ipecacuanha, annulated, Brazilian or Lisbon Ipecacuanha. Froni Cephaelis Ipecacuanha W. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Rubiacem.Gobel II. 30. f. 1. a-g. Diisseld. 258. Hayne VIII. 20. Under this name different sorts of the root occur in trade, coming from different plants. The annulated brown root is the most efficacious and therefore exclusively to be applied. It, is to 5" long and 1 to l1/"' thick, bent and contorted into a great variety of figures, of a very unequal thickness, so that it appears in one and the same piece now as if compound of puffs, now as if corded, not seldom as if it were composed of single rings strung together. The surface is rough, commonly wrinkled, of gray-brown colour; under it lies the rindsubstance, which contains the effica* The solution is only to be kept at hand for a short time, and must be preserved in well-closing glasses, provided with glass-stoppers, for it destroys corkstoppers very soon, and lodic acid is formed in contact with the air. The solution of the pure Iodine in alcohol being perfect, it deserves not to be termed Tincture, as it is designated in most pharmacopceias; we must consider it rather analogously to the solutions of salts and therefore designate as is above prescribed. 124 JACEA. cious constituent in the greatest proportion, to 1"' thick, of tight, granular resinous texture, and brownish cplour, It surrounds the round, ligneous, lighter medullary string only loose and is often crumbled off from it in some places. The smell is slightly musty, irritant in pounding, the taste bitter, acrid, nauseous, causing a strong choking sensation for vomiting. Tincture is prepared from it, which has a lightbrown colour. JACEA. Herba Violce tricoloris s. Trinitatis s. Jacece. Hearts' ease, pansy, three-coloured violet, herb trinity, beedy's eyes. From Viola tricolor L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Violaceae. Hayne III 4-5. Diisseld. 387. This plant, spread over all Europe, and known to everybody, grows especially on fallow grounds and cloverfields. Let it be gathered in spring at the beginning of its flowering-period from not too longpetiolate specimens, and on account of the very mucous condition of the fresh-pressed juice, the tincture be prepared more properly after Rule3, which is of a dark brown-yellow colour and an agreeable balsamic odour, being not it all to be found in the green plant. JALAPPA. Badices Jalappce s. Gialappjc s. Jalopii s. Gelappli s. Chelapce s. Mechoacannce nigrce, Jalap. From Convolvulus Jalappa L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Convolvulace-. G6bel II. 10. Diisseld. 198. The roots bought from druggists consist of differently shaped pieces, partly globular, partly turnip-shaped, or pear-shaped, partly in slices, from the size of a walnut to that of a large apple; it is of considerable weight, of very strong and tough texture and graybrown colour. On the fracture or cross-cut it is very resinousshining, run through with darker stripes, as it were in layers; the odour is strong resinous, nauseous, the taste extremely nauseous, rough, loathsome, lasting long. For preparing a tincture after Rule 1 the most ponderous and resinous pieces must be selected and cautiously dried, also rather fine pulverized previously. The tincture is of a brownish-strawyellow colour and the taste like above-mentioned. 126 JUNCUS PILOSUS. JUNCUS PILOSUS. Haired rush, Spring grove rush. From Juncus pilosus L. Sex. Syst. Hexandria Monogynia (C1. VI. O. 1). Nat. ord. Junceae. A grass species spread over all meadows, in groves and woods, the rootstock of which is oblique, sprouting suckers; culm 1/2 to 1' high, erect, leaved; leaves sheathy at the base, lightgreen, loose, set at the margin with long, soft, scattered hair, the cyme standing at the end, manybranched, forkshaped. During the flowering-period in April and May the root is gathered and worked as has been stated of the preceding. The appearance of the tincture is like that of the former. KALI BICHROMICUM. Bichromas kalicus. Red or bi-chromate of potash. This salt is made in large quantities for technical purposes from the native chromate of iron. It is got in small quantities by dissolving yellow chromate of potash in water and evaporating again to the point of crystallization under addition of nitric acid. It forms large yellow-red, anhydrous crystals, being large foursided prisms and tables, persisting in the air. The solution with water can only be made in the proportion of 5: 95, the salt re-crystallizing out of the fluid again, when contained in a larger proportion; the second -attenuation is accordingly to be brought with 20 to 80 drops to the proportion of /1o0. KALI CARBONICUM. Nirnum fixum?, Sal tartari, Alkali vegetabile aeratum, Kali subcarbonicum, Carbonas Kali s. kalicus s. Lixivice, Subcarbonas Potassa,. Fixed nitre, Potash, Salt of Tartar, Vegetable alkali, carbonate of potash, subcarbonate of potash. One part of pure crystallized nitre is detonated with two parts of purified tartar, after having previously reduced both to a fine powder and mixed exactly, in an iron crucible, free from rust and heated; the black mass obtained, is lixiviated with cold water, the liquid filtered and evaporated in a porcelain dish, till it becomes as dry as dust. For removing a trace of lime, which may be brought in by the tartar easily, let the powder again deliquesce in the free air. After some weeks the thick fluid is diluted with so much water, that it may easily be separated from the now formed car KAL HYDRIODICUM. 127 bonate of lime by filtering; then it is again reduced to dryness and preserved in well-closed vessels. Let it be a perfectly white powder, dissoluble in little water, leaving no residue. The solution in water after the general rule given is the fittest form for medicinal use; but also the 2d. attenuation (that = /oo) is to be prepared still with water, the 3d. with diluted spirit of wine, since even weak spirit still separates the salt in this proportion. Triturations with sugar of milk, though used, are not serving the purpose, because they are subject sooner to be spoiled. KALI CHLORICUM. Kali muriaticum oxygenatum s. hyperoxygenatum s. oxychlorinicum s. oxyhalogenatum, Chloras kalicus s. Potasscw. Hyperoxymuriate of potash, Chlorate of potash. With the apparatus described under the head "Chlor" chlorine-gas is evolved in the manner there prescribed; and this is conducted (not into water as described there but) in a concentrated solution of caustic potash. The chlorine-gas coming over is immediately absorbed by the caustic potash in the receiving vessel, and in the liquid form crystals of chlorate of potash; the chlorine-kalium (muriate of potash) arising at the same time remaining dissolved. After the labour is finished the obtained crystals are taken out of the liquid and purified by dissolving and re-crystallizing; they then shoot on in white rhombic columns or tables, shining like mother-of-pearl, having a bitter, cooling taste. For medicinal use a solution in water of 1/2o is prepared and the attenuations continued as has been prescribed under the article Kali hichromicum. KALI HYDRIODICUM. Kali s. Kalium khydriodatum s. hydriodinicum s. iodatum, lodetum Kalii s. kalicum, loduretum Kalii s. Potassce. lodite of Potassium, hydriodate of potash. It is prepared by dissolving Iodine in caustic potash liquor till it is neutralized, which is perceived by the liquid being coloured when Iodine is added in excess. The whole mixture is evaporated to dryness in a polished iron crucible, and heated to glowing flux, but only gentle kept in it for some time and then poured out. The cooled mass is dissolved in twice as much dis KREOSOT. 12b KAOLIN. Kaoline, porcelain or China clay. A mixture of aluminous and silicious earth, to be found in nature filling hollows like layers between Granite and other rocks, and distinguishing itself from other aluminous earths by its being free from iron, of quite white colour or only pale coloured. The most excellent occurs in the Saxon mineral mountains, near Misnia in Saxony, near Passau in Bavaria and near Karlsbad in Bohemia. - Let it be reduced to a fine powder first by pounding and then by washing, to make use of it for triturations. KERMES. Kermes minerale, Pulvis Carthusianor m, Sulphur stibiatunt rubrum s, rubeumn, Sulphuretum stibii ruibruin, Sesquisulphiuretum Stibii prcecipitatum. Kermes mineral. Carthusian powder, Sesquisulphuret of antimony. 24 parts of crystallized carbonate of Soda are heated to seething with ten times as much water in a polished iron boiler, then adding to it 1 part of sulphuret of antimony reduced to a most subtle powder, under continual stirring, they are kept boiling for two hours, making up, from time to time, the water passed off in vapour. The liquor after short rest for deposition of what is not dissolved is poured still boiling hot upon a thick warmed filter, spread over a likewise warmed, proper, large vessel. After perfect refrigeration of the liquor, to be effected as slow as possible, a fiery brown-red, loose precipitate has been deposited, to be repeatedly washed carefully with cold water, then collected upon a filter and dried with the most gentle warmth. The dry powder taken from the filter, is to be reduced to perfect uniformity by halfan hour's trituration in a porcelain dish and to be well preserved in a vessel protected from light. Triturations are made of it. KREOSOT. Creosotum. Kreasote, Creasote, Creosote. Flesh-preserving or mummifying principle. 9 130 LACHESIS. This is a production of dry distillation of vegetable substances in a raw state, contained the strongest in pyroligneous acid and and tar. The creasote bought from chemical establishments is a colourless fluid, similar to an essential oil, of strong refractive power, and 1,037 specific gravity; it has a penetrating and long-lasting smell of woodsmoke, especially when diluted with water, burningcaustic afterwards sweetish taste, acts benumbing upon the feeling of the skin and disjoins the epidermis. It reacts neither acid nor basic, makes a fatspot upon paper, vanishing, again after its evaporation, is volatile and distills over unaltered in closed vessels. Heated or with the aid of a wick, it burns with a very sooty flame. As to its purity it is to be tested, whether it contains Eupion and Paraffine, by dissolving it in concentrated liquor of caustic potash and diluting it with water, after which it must not become turbid. Picamar makes itself known by its bitter taste and by forming crystals in the cold, when mixed with diluted caustic lye. If it contains Ammonia a solution of acetate of lead would indicate it, when kreasote-water should become turbid with it. Kreasote is little dissolvable in water; but soluble in any proportion in strong alcohol and ether; we prepare therefore an alcoholic solution in the known proportion, which is to be kept well closed and apart on account of its penetrating and adulterating smell. LACHESIS. The poison from the venom-teeth or fangs of Trichonocephalus Lachesis, the lance-headed viper (virus of the rattle-snake), a species of snakes living in the hot parts of South America, being more tlian 7' long, of yellow-reddish colour, with a longitudinal row of large, black-brown, rhombic spots on the back, each including two spots of the prime-colour. The poison is like saliva, less tenacious, transparent and light, with a green hue; in the free air it becomes dry to a yellow mass, which retains long its poisonous properties. We must content ourselves with each form or preparation, in which it is sent from the country of the snake, and can only depend on the mediation of learned physicians. The best preservation might be with diluted spirit of wine (in a fixed and known proportion), the trituration with sugar of milk causing always the apprehension of SLOLIUM. 183 contain are Petalite, Spodumene, Lepidolite, Apyrite, Amblygonite and Triphylline In the last it is combined with phosphoric acid, and this offers the easiest method of preparing it. The mineral reduced to the most subtle powder is boiled with muriatic acid, to which is added some nitric acid, for:changing the present suboxides of iron and -maganese into oxides. The mass is made dry and again dissolved with water, leaving back silicious earth besides these two oxides. The solution being filtered, the last part of oxide of iron and manganese is separated by acetate of potash and then the phosphate of lithion is decomposed by carbonate of soda. The carbonate of lithion appears as a loose, white precipitate, which, carefully washed and dried, furnishes a very light, dazzling white powder, to be used for triturations. LOBELIA. Ilerba s. fblia Lobelice. Bladder-inflated Lobelia, Indian tobacco. From Lobelia inflata L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (CL. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Lobeliacee, Diisseld. 206. This plant, indigenous to North America, grows there in woods and upon the fields; it is cultivated in the botanical gardens of Europe. Its leaves are short-petiolate, 2" long and 1" broad, ovateroundish-obtuse, at the margin undulated-dentate, wrinkled, below a little haired. They are inodorous, in the beginning of inconsiderable, but afterwards pungent taste, which causes much salivation and at last a sensation of vomiting. They occur in trade in pieces and mixed with the cut stems compressed into oblong cakes, and deserve in this state as coming from their natural place the preference before the fresh plant to be got from gardens. After Rule 3 we prepare from them a tincture of a yellow-green colour. LOLIUM. Crap, drank, zizany, cockle weed, darnel. From Lolium temulentum L. Sex. Syst. Triandria Digynia (C1. III. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Graminece. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 1. This species of. grass occurring frequently on cornfields, has -erect cul ms, from 2 to 3' high, pendulous when on a luxurious -place, with many-flowered long spike, the spikelets of which sit 134 LUPULUS. alternately tightly over each other, and give to the upper part of the culm an air of being bent very much hither and thither, which is to be noticed as a characteristic. The calyx of the upper spikelet is bivalve, the crown valvulae twice as small as the calyx, the outer one with long, straight, stiff awn. In August, at the time of the harvest, the seeds ripen and this is the best time when the ears are to be collected and the tincture prepared from them after Rule 3. It is inodorous and of a greenish brown-yellow colour. LUPULUS. Strobull s. Coni Hiunuli, Flores Lupuli. Hops, hop-strobules or catkins. From Humulus Lupulus L. Sex. Syst. Dioecia Pentandria (Cl. XXII. 0. 5). Nat. ord. Urticeas. Hayne VIII. 36. Diisseld. 101. The hop-plant is frequently found wild on hedges, fences, on borders of rivers and in bushes throughout all Europe; it is besides cultivated as a highly important plant in many countries, especially in Bohemia and Bavaria. The plant climbing very high, has long-petiolate, large, 3 to 5 lobed, cordate, grossly dentate leaves and dioecious flowers. We make use of the catkins of the female plant, which stand like racemes on petioles in the axils, and prefer by right as an exceptional case, those from cultivated plantations, to those grown wild, because they contain more efficacious substances. Their scales are large, ovate, obtuse, pale yellow, and on the inner base as well as also the ovary and the ripe fruit itself covered with many yellow, shining glands, which contain the aroma and bitter substance of the hops. In August and September these hop-strobules are gathered and immediately a tincture is prepared from them when still fresh, after Rule 3. This has a dark-brown-red colour and aromatic bitter taste. LYCOPODIUM. Pulvis s. semen s. pollen Lycopodii s. Musci clavati s. Musci terrestris, Sulphur vegetabile s. Lycopodii. Club-moss seed, Wolf's-claw pollen-dust, earth-moss seed, vegetable sulphur, witch meal, Lycopodium. From Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium complanatum and Lycopodium annotinum L. Sex. Syst. Cryptogamia 138 MANANNUM nYPEROXYDATUM. manganese produced in this manner is extracted by boiling with pure water, continually stirring, the solution filtered and set aside, that crystals may, be formed. The pale rose-coloured, aggregate crystals consist of quadrangular columns, liable to decompose in the air. This sulphate of manganese is dissolved in six times as much pure water and decomposed by carbonate of soda. This must be completed in quick succession and in well closing vessels; which must not be much larger than the quantity of the fluids to be mixed requires, care being taken for excluding the influence of air in every way possible, on account of the uncommonly great affinity of manganese for oxygen. After having poured off the last washwater as perfectly as it may be done, the precipitate is collected upon a well-covered filter, the water pressed out, speedily dried between bibulous paper and atlast is driedperfectly in a warmed mortar. It is a gray yellowish-white, very subtle, tender powder, of which triturations are made. MANGANUM HYPEROXYDATUM, iVagnesia vitriariorum, MIIaganesium oxydatum natiumn, Superoxydum manganicunm. Manganese, Glassmaker's soap, gray oxide of Manganese, Binoxide of Manganese, Peroxide of Manganese. This well known mineral, occurring frequently in separate mines, is compact or radiated, dimly shining, deep gray-black, staining very much, never quite pure, but frequently mixed with strange earthy substances, especially with lime, as also always with iron. Select the radiated, crystalline manganese, pound it into pieces as large as peas, macerate it with common nitric acid, and wash it afterwards carefully; in this way the carbonates of the earths and the iron will be removed. Dried and reduced to the finest powder, it serves for triturations. MARUM VERUM. Herba Cyriaci s. Cortusce s. Mari Syriaci, summitates Mari veri. Syrian herb Mastich, cat thyme. From Teucrium Marurn L. Sex. Syst. Didynamia Gymnospermia (Cl. XIV. O. 1.). Nat. ord. Labiatae. Hayne VIII. 2. Diisseld. 170. This plant indigenous to South Europe and Africa is culti MENYANTHES, 139 vated in our gardens, where it attains the height of a small shrub, about one foot high. The shrublike stem is hard, thin, erect, set -with fine white felt, the leaves are very small, above vivid green, below tomentous, the light-red, small flowers stand in onesided racemes at the ends of the branches. The plant blooming in June and July, has a strong smell and taste, similar to camphor and valerian, both of which are very much lost if the dried plant is preserved without care. We prepare from the fresh plant, the flowering time of which is July and August, or from the well-preserved dry plant without the root, a tincture after Rule 3, which is of green colour and strong smell and taste. MELOE. Meloe proscarabceazs L. Cl. Insects. Fam. Trachelides. Oilbeetle, oil-clock, proscarab. Brandt et Ratzeb. II. 16. The common oil-beetle lives all over Germany, also in South Europe and is to be found in May and June especially during the dewy morning hours below trees in the grass. It is to 2" long, the hindbody to more than 1/2" thick, of dark steel-blue colour, with reddish hue. The head is black-violet with deep impressed notable points, The wing-shells mostly shorter than the free veinywrinkled hindbody, of the like colour, but a little darker. Feelers and feet are. nearly black. When touched with the hands there issues from all joints, especially those of the feet, pretty much yellowish juice, strong staining, tough pellucid, acrid, in which the seat of the medicinal efficacy is found; care is therefore to be taken that in collecting the animals this juice may not be lost, wherefore it is necessary to apply a pair of nippers for griping and taking them up. They are cut in pieces, to be poured over with strong spirit, for preparing from them a tincture after Rule 1, which is of pale greenish-brown colour, inodorous, but -of a little balsamic taste. MENYANTHES. Ilerba Trifolii fibrini s. aquatici s. amari. Marsh trefoil, bogbean, buck-beans. -From Menyanthes trifoliata L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (C1. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Gentianacese (Menyanthea). Hayne III. 14. Diisseld. 204. This plant spread all over North and Central Europe, occur 140 MERCURIALIS PERENNIS. ring also in Asia and America flourishes in moist marshy places, on boggy meadows, in deep moorground, near meadow streamlets flowing slowly, and the like. The stems sprouting out of the perennial, creeping, cylindrical root, which is as thick as a quill, are round, the leaves, similar to the trefoil species, stand three together on one common pedicle, are oval, oblong-obtuse, 2 to 3" long, vivid light-green and succulent; the whole plant is smooth. The beautiful pale rose-coloured flowers stand upon a separate scape in a raceme, and have always a villous beard. The herb collected in autumn is speedily dried and according to Rule 1 tincture prepared from it; being of dark green-brown colour and very bitter taste, and at all events more efficacious than the essence prepared in spring from the fresh herb. MERCURIALIS PERENNIS. Herba Mercurialis montance s. Cynocrambes. Male and female French mercury. From Mercurialis perennis L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Enneandria (Cl. XXII. 0. 9). Nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae. Hayne V. 10. The rather far spread plait, occurring in shaded, mountainous forests, on stony or moist ground, is distinguished from Mercu"ialis annua, related to it very nearly and occurring far more frequently, by its creeping, knotty, articulate root, which is verticillately fibred on the joints, by its single, low, below leafless stem and the short-petiolate, serrated, and short haired, elliptic-lanceolate leaves. During the flowering-period, in May, the whole plants along with the root are used for Essence after Rule 2, which is of a red-brown colour. MERCURIUS ACETATUS. M1ercurius acetosus, Hydrargyrum aceticum. Acetas hydrargyrosus. Acetate of Mercury. A solution of the nitrate of Mercury, as is mentioned under the head Mercurius solubilis, is prepared and decomposed by pure. carbonate of soda, dissolved in twice its quantity of distilled water. The carbonate of mercury obtained in this way is well washedheated to boiling in a porcelain dish with eight times its quantity.6fdistilled water, and then giradually so much of concentrated vinegar added, till MERCU*RIUS CORROSIVUS. 141 all is dissolved. The hot filtered liquid yields after refrigeration scale-like, crystalline laminae, shining like mother-of-pearl, and very greasy to the touch; they are removed from the mother liquor, speedily washed with diluted spirit of wine and, after being dried between bibulous paper, preserved, well protected from light. Triturations are to be made from it. MERCURIUS BIIODATUS. M1ercurius iodatus ruber, HyIdrargyrum bi'odatum s. deutoiodatum s. periodatum, Deutoioduretum Mercurii, lodetum hydrargyricun, Biiodas hydrTargyricus, Acidum iodo-hydrargyricum. Biniodide of mercury. Take eight parts of chloride of mercury, dissolve them in twenty times its quantity of hot distilled water and add in short pauses continually stirring ten parts of iodate of potash, previously dissolved in four times as much water. The fiery scarlet precipitate is sufficiently washed and dried with gentle warmth; it is insoluble in water, fuses easily, is volatile; in spirit of wine it is soluble. Triturations are to be made from it. MERCURIUS CORROSIVUS. MIercurius sublimatlus, Hydrargyrum muriaticum corrosivtm, Bichloretum lHydrargyri, Chloretum Hydrargyricum. Sublimate corrosive of mercury, corrosive sublimate, bichloride of mercury, perchloride of mercury, oxymuriate of mercury. It is best to purify this preparation bought from chemical establishments by re-crystallizing it, if it is to be used for medicinal purposes. Out of its concentrated and quickly evaporated watery solution it crystallizes in firm, long, acicalar, pointed, truncated erystals, is inQdorous and completely dissolvable in hot spirit of wine. - We prepare from it a solution with distilled water in the proportion of 1:19 and term this 1-= /25;o from this the next attenuation is made with diluted spirit in, the proportion of 2: 8 (designated with 2); for all further attenuations strong alcohol is used in the decimal proportion. 142 MERCURIUS DULCIS. MERCURIUS DULCIS. Calomnel, Calomelas, Hydrargyrum chloratam s. mturiaticum mite, Chloretum hydrargyrosum. Calomel, dulcified mercury sublimate, sweet mercury, chloride or protochloride of mercury. Let four parts of pure bichloride of mercury be reduced in a glass or porcelain mortar, to a most subtle powder, moistening it with spirit of wine; then it is mixed by continuous triturating with three parts of pure mercury till all globules have disappeared perfectly. The mixture is afterwards put into a small glass-subliming vessel, of such a size, that only one third may be filled. After having put this into a sand-bath in a proper dish and the mouth of its neck slightly stopped with a chalkstopper, the contents be sublimed with an at first moderate, later strengthened fire. Let the product obtained be of a yellowish-white colour, near the glass silverlike shining; a gray cover of metallic mercury, would make a repeated sublimation necessary. The thin rinds easily to be taken out by speedy cooling and breaking the vessel, which show on the inner side pointed crystals, are to be triturated to a most subtle powder under water, and gradually washed. At last the obtained powder is repeatedly washed with spirit of wine under continual stirring till the spirit filtered off shows no trace of sublimate of mercury, and then dried. There are triturations to be made of it, which like the preparation itself are to be preserved from the light. MERCURIUS NITROSUS. Hydrargyrum nitrictum oxydilatum, Nitras hydrargyrosus. Protonitrate of mercury. Twenty parts of pure mercury are'poured over in a very flat porcelain dish with a mixture, consisting of nine parts of pure concentrated nitric acid of a specific gravity of 1, 2 and twenty seven parts of distilled water, and left standing slightly covered at a dark and cool place, until the formation of the white octahedral crystals, the salt required, has ceased. From time to time they are taken away from the surface of the mercury, upon which they float, washed quickly with spirit of wine and dried between bibulous paper; then they are preserved in a well-corked MERCURIUS PR:aCIPITATUS ALBUS 143 glass-vessel. They are persisting in the air, and perfectly soluble with slightly acidulated water. The best form for medicinal doses is the solution, which is to be prepared with water containing some drops of nitric acid, in the common proportion, and to be preserved in blackened glasses. MERCURIUS PHOSPHORICUS. Mercurius phosphqoratus, Phosphas hydrargyrosus. Phosphate of mercury. This nearly quite insoluble salt is obtained by decomposing a solution of nitrate of mercury in twenty times its quantity of water slightly acidulated with nitric acid, by adding phosphate of soda as long as a precipitate ensues. Before the phosphate of soda is applied, one must be completely convinced of its being chemically pure, especially free from sulphate or muriate of soda and perfectly neutral; or else the precipitate will be adulterated with sulphate or muriate or black suboxide of mercury. After finished precipitation and repeated careful washing it is a white powder, consisting of tender pointed crystals, rather tasteless, which is used for triturations after having been dried with gentle heat. MERCURIUS PRIECIPITATUS ALBUS. Hydrargyrum ammoniato-miariaticum, Mercurius cosmeticus, Htydrargyrum muriaticum prcecipitatum, Murias oxydi hydrargyri ammoniacalis, Oxydum hydrargyricum cum Chloreto Ammonii. White precipitate of mercury, ammonio-chloride of mercury. This preparation is obtained by decomposing a cold, concentrated solution of sublimate of mercury by caustic ammonia, of which latter as long some is added, as the precipitate thrown down looks still completely white. This is washed with cold water, till the washwater is no longer made turbid by ammonia (for if the washing is continued too long the precipitate becomes yellowish by partly decomposition). Collected upon a filter, it is dried between bibulous paper by pressing, then dried completely with gentle warmth, secluding light, and preserved under the same caution; let it be a milkwhite, not too heavy powder, fit for being perfectly volatilized. Triturations are made of it likewise to be preserved in blackened glasses. 144 MERCURIUS PRnCIPITATUS RUBER. MERCURIUS PRECIPITATUS RUBER. Hydrargyrum oxydatum i'ubrum, Oxydum hydrargyricum, Peroxydum hydrargyri. Red precipitate of mercury, Binoxide of mercury, mercuric oxide, red oxide, oxide, or peroxide of mercury, calcined mercury. Red oxide of mercury of commerce, having been previously tested on account of its purity by perfect volatilization in an iron spoon, is reduced in a glass- or porcelain mortar, adding the necessary quantity of water to a most subtle, impalpable powder. Then much distilled water is added, and boiled under continual stirring for some time in a proper vessel. After short rest the water is poured off and the now orange-coloured powder is washed, till the washwater reacts no more sour. Collected upon a filter and dried in a dark place, it is preserved in vessels to be well protected against light. The triturations to be made from it must likewise be protected from light, the preparation being very easy decomposed by it. MERCURIUS PROTOIODATUS. Mercurius iodalus flavus, Hydrargyrum subiodatum, lodureturn Hydrargyri, lodetrnm hydrargyrosum. Protiodide, subiodide or green iodide of mercury. The subiodide of mercury is to be prepared by rubbing together 8 parts of pure mercury, with 5 parts of iodine in a porcelain mortar, adding gradually some alcohol, until globules are no more visible in the mixture, and this has got a greenish-yellow colour. After having removed the alcohol with gentle warming, the powder as well as the triturations to be prepared from it, are preserved in blackened glasses, well protected from light. MERCURIUS SOLUBILIS. Hydrargyrum oxydulatum nigrum, Oxydiulum Hydrargyri salinum, Nitras ammonicus cumr oxydo hydrargyroso. Ammonio-nitrate of Suboxide, or Dioxide of Mercury, black Oxide of Mercury, Protoxide of Mercury, mercurious oxide. Take 3 parts of pure mercury, treat it with 4 parts of pure MERCURITUST VIVUS. 145 concentrated nitric acid of a sp. gr. of 1,28, previously diluted with 6 parts of water, augmenting the heat gradually until about 2 parts of the mercury are dissolved (which may be learned easily by pouring the fluid off and weighing of the not yet dissolved mercury); the hot solution is diluted with 12 parts of distilled water, as still warm filtered into a roomy vessel, containing four times as much cold, distilled water, exactly mixed with it, and now added a mixture consisting of 11/2 parts of aqueous solution of ammonia, having a specific gravity of 0,95, and 8 parts of distilled water, in such a manner, that the liquid ammonia is made to flow in a thin, continuous streamlet, the solution of mercury being stirred assiduously till both are properly mixed. After due settling of the black precipitate, the supernatant liquid is poured off as quick as possible, the precipitate mixed with distilled water, brought upon a filter, and perfectly washed upon it. The drying of it must be effected by'pressing it between many sheets of bibulous paper and afterwards by exposure to free air, excluding both light and artificial warmth totally. In this way a velvet-black, subtle, tasteless powder is obtained, of always equal proportions in its composition, showing no metallic globules of mercury and perfectly volatilizing with heat. Let it be preserved in well closing, blackened glasses as well as the triturations made from it. * MERCURIUS VIVUS. Argentum vivum, iHydrargyrum. Metallic quicksilver, mercury. A tin-white, bright resplendent metal, at common temperature always fluid, in the smallest parts as well as in greater quantities always taking the shape of globules, with the heat evaporating, having a specific gravity of 13,5. For being convinced of its purity it is necessary to prepare the mercury.from artificial cinnabar, by exposing it well-mixed with equal parts of pure iron filings to an open fire in an iron or earthen retort. The beak of the retort, which must be as long as possible, must reach the surface of the water to be put in the receiver, so that the vapours of mercury coming over with the heat * The mercury contained in the liquid poured off first from the precipitate, may be separated apart by aqueous solution of ammonia, as long as the. precipitate thrown down is of a slate-gray colour; it is collected and dried for occasional reduction of the mercurdy. 10 148 MORPBIUM AGOETICUM. process repeated two to three times, until all the. opium has become a uniform pulp. The extracts obtained are mixed, inspissated to half their volume, then a boiling liquid consisting of 1/4 part hydrate oflime and two parts of water is added, and boiled with it for a quarter of an hour, strained and pressed out. The residue now washed twice with 21/2 parts of water; all the liquids containing lime are inspissated until two parts remain, filtered and then 1/o part of sal ammoniac is added to the boiling liquid. Thus it is left to rest for 8 days in a cool place. The liquid separated from the precipitated pure morphia is again inspissated to half its bulk and likewise set aside to separate the morphia it still contains. The obtained morphia is dissolved in eight times Its quantity of distilled water with the aid of some drops of diluted sulphuric acid; the solution is mixed with as much again of strong alcohol and this digested with some animal charcoal, filtered, and the filtration mixed with liquid caustic ammonia until it reacts clearly alkalic. After some days all the morphia will be crystallized out of the liquid; it is collected upon a filter, and washed upon it with distilled water. Should it not be quite white, the solution with water and alcohol and the whole process is to be repeated. Care is to be taken, that the solution of morphia to be purified by the animal charcoal be strongly acidulated, because the animal charcoal partly absorbs acids. The morphia obtained in this way is quite free from narcotine, the presence of which is detected, muriate of morphia being made turbid through a solution of carbonate of potash. It crystallizes in white, resplendent, transparent, rectangular obtruncated columns, persists in the air, is inodorous and has a bitter taste. Triturations are made from it. MORPHIUM ACETICUM. Acetas Morphii s. morphicus. Acetate of Morphia. It is prepared by dissolving pure morphia in diluted acetic acid until it is saturated, filtering the liquid and evaporating it with very gentle heat in flat dishes until the salt remains dry. The dried rather formless mass is powdered, and forms then a not quite white powder, smelling of vinegar, to be preserved in well to be closed vessels. Triturations as well as solutions with acidulated water can be made of it. NATRUM SULPHURATUM. 151 acid. The saltish, quite white powder is to be dried quickly between filtering paper and in not too warm air, and to be preserved in duly closed vessels, for obviating its decomposition. A solution containing 10 per cent is made from it. NATRUM MURIATICUM. Alkali minerale muriatosum, Sal culinaris s. marinus s. Gemmce, Natrum hydrochloricum, Natrium chloratum, Chloretum Natrii s. natricumn. Common salt, culinary salt, muriate or chloride of soda. The common culinary salt is purified, after having been rubbed into a subtle powder, by repeatedly continued washing with distilled water, till the liquid running off shows no indications of earthy salts or sulphates: the residue is dissolved in three times its quantity of pure water, filtered and set aside for crystallization, where it shoots on in the form of small, hollow pyramids, of which frequently several appear accumulated over each other. Let it be perfectly white, not becoming moist in the air, and dissolvable in three times its quantity of water, yielding a clear liquid. A watery solution containing 10 per cent is made from it. SNATRUM NITRICUM. Nitrum cubicum s. rkomboidale, Nitras natricus s. Sodce. Cubical nitre, saltpetre from Chile, nitrate of soda. The saltboughtfrom druggists is purified by re-crystallizing and applying, if necessary the reagents mentioned under the head "Kali nitaricmzn. From the filtrated and pretty well concentrated solution it shoots into cubic, pellucid crystals. From it also a solution in the common proportion is to be made. NATRUM SULPHURATUM. Natrium sulphuratutm, Bisulphjretum Natrii. Liver of sulphur prepared from soda, sulphuretted soda, sulphuret of soda or sodium. Equal parts of carbonate of soda and pure sulphur, both free from water and well mixed, are fused with moderate heat and con 152 NATRUTM SULPHURICUM. tinual stirring, in a covered earthen crucible, till they are united into a perfectly uniform, tough, liver-brown mass, dissolving itself, a slight turbidness excepted, easily and perfectly in water. Poured out and powdered when still warm, it must be preserved quickly in well closing vessels. We prepare from it, however in small quantities, a solution with diluted spirit of wine to be kept for a short time, which must be protected carefully from light and access of air; and is to be made anew when no more completely clear. NATRUM SULPHURICUM. Alkali minerale sulpl-hricdm s. vitriolicum, Sal mirabilis Glauberi, Sulfas natric(us s. Sodce. Sulphate of soda, vitriolated soda, cathartic salt of Glauber. The purification of this salt bought from chemical establishments is effected in the like manner as that mentioned about Natrium carbonicum, preventing the formation of larger crystals in the filtered solution by stirring. If the solution should be sour, the acid is to be removed by adding carbonate of soda. Treated in this way there is no difference between this salt and the carbonate of soda in the outer appearance; it is very white, and falls easily into powder, wherefore it must be dried speedily and preserved in air-tight vessels. Solutions in the common proportion are prepared from it. NICCOLUM CARBONICUM. Carbonate of Nickel. Nickelore (regulus of cobaltum) reduced to a subtle powder is dissolved in moderately strong nitric acid with the aid of warmth; the solution, being a little acid, is diluted with five times its quantity of water and filtered. By throwing through it hydrosulphuretted gas, arsenic and bismuthum are separated, and now caustic potash in excess is added to the solution again filtered, for separating iron, so that by the appearing of green flakes oxide of nickel becomes cognizable. The whole liquid is now boiled for 20 to 30 minutes, and if green flakes of nickel still appear, one may be convinced that all iron is removed. The solution is now separated from the deposit by filtering and the oxide of nickel precipitated by caustic potash, so that a little of it may remain in the solution, which after stirring and settling still appears a little green. The 154 ENANTHE. extracted for tincture after Rule 1; this tincture has a vivid strawyellow colour and very bitter taste. NYMPHZEA LUTEA. Radices Nymphcece lutee, Nuplar s. Nenuphar luteum. Nenuphar, yellow water-lily sea-flower. From Nymphoea lutea L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia (C.XIII. 0.1). Nat. ord. Nymphse. Hayne IV. 36. In stagnant waters, especially deep, large fish-ponds, the large heartshaped, entire, smooth, vividgreen leaves appear floating on long, obtuse-triangular petioles. The beautiful yellow flowers, of agreeable odour, on round scapes stand just out above the water; its sepals are hollow, coloured, far greater then the petals. The root is not seldom as thick as a fore-arm, several feet long, branched, bent hither and thither, fleshy- spongious, rugged, yellow-brown or earth-coloured. It is taken out of the bottom fresh in June, and prepared for essence, which has a pale strawyellow colour and little taste. (ENANTHE. (Enanthe, Hemlock-dropwort, aquatic filipendula, marshy parsley. From (Enanthe crocata L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Umbellifera. This plant is indigenous to England, Sweden, France and Spain, in moist places and swamps, and distinguished by a milky juice which is contained in all its parts, and turns quickly saffronyellow in the air. The root consists of 4 to 6 oblong, fleshy tubers; the stem attains a height of 5', the leaves are all bipinnate cleft, the umbels very extended, having 15 to 30 rays, its involucres and involucels formed of many leaflets. From the fresh roots collected during the flowering period in June and August an essence is prepared after Rule 2, or if these were not to be had a tincture is made after Rule 1 from dry roots with diluted spirit of wine. The colour of the essence is yellow-green. * The powder of commerce is as little to be used for medicinal purposes as the kernels which are inside gray or specifically light. OLEUM ANIMALE. 155 OLEANDER. Oleander, rose-bay, rose-laurel. From Nerium Oleander L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Apocynese. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 20. A perennial, evergreen bush, growing wild in South Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa near rivers, and cultivated with us as an ornamental plant. With us it is mostly reared in the form of a tree, always ending in tripartite branches, with erect leaves, which are 3 to 5" long and 6 to 12"' broad, darkgreen, above shining, leatherlike, the midrib of which juts out strikingly. The flowers standing at the ends in cymes, are inodorous, funnel-shaped, rose-coloured or milk-white. From the leaves plucked at the beginning of the flowering period we prepare a tincture after Rule 3, being of dark browngreen colour. OLEUM ANIMALE. Oleum Cornu Cervi rectificatum, Oleum animale Dip pelii s. cethereumn Rectified oil of horns, Dippel's animal oil, rectified animal oil, ethereal or essential animal oil. It is obtained by repeated slow destillation of the fetid animal oil, Oleum animale foetidum s. Cornu Cervi feetidum at a very gentle fire. It is to be observed, that 1. by filling the glass distilling vessel (an alembic with a head of glass is the best) its sides may not be soiled, 2. the distillation is not continued too long, and 3. that when the distillation is repeated another vessel is to be applied, and three to four times as much pure water added. Let the production be limpid, nearly colourless, highly volatile and of a very light specific gravity, having a penetrating animal-empyreumatic, but not quite disagreeable smell, which last re-appears as soon as the oil, changing its colour from light into yellow and darkbrown, and losing its specific lightness, becomes spoiled. It is to be preserved in very small, blackened vessels, provided with well-closing glass-stoppers, and perfectly protected from access of light and air. We prepare a solution of it with strong alcohol in the known proportion, to be preserved with the like care as the pure oil, and renewed, if it appears no more limpid and colourless. * * Duflos remarks, that the essential animal oil, when again rectified, and some phosphoric acid is added, becomes not brown, even when preserved for a longer 156 OLEUIM TEREBINTHINI. OLEUM TEREBINTHIN1E. Spiritus s.. Essentia Terebinthincegallicce. Oil or spirit of turpentine. All species of Pinus yield the thickly fluid balsam of different purity and goodness known under the name of turpentine, from which the essential oil is produced in large quantities by distilling it with water. It is limpid, scarcely shining yellowish, very volatile, of penetrating peculiar odour and hot taste. For medicinal use we purify the best French oil again by slow destillation over water in a glassretort, and then it appears to be perfectly white, of much less hot smell, but more volatile than before. If not preserved in small glasses and protected from the influence of light, it turns soon again resinous, coloured and smelling bad. * Form of medicine like that stated unter the head of "Oleum animale". ONONIS. Radices Restce bovis s. Remorcv aratri s. B. alopecuroidis s. R. urinarice. Rest-harrow, cammock, petty-whin, fin. From Ononis spinosa L. Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandria (Cl. XVII. 0. 4). Nat. ord. Leguminosa. Hayne XI.43. Diisseld. 324. Gdbel II. 28. This shrublike plant is spread over the greater part of Europe, in waste grounds, on dry, grassy places, near roads and balks. The perennial root is manyheaded, running far, outside dark red-brown to yellow-brown, internally white, ligneous, hard, tough, inodorous, of mucous, afterwards a little astringent taste. It sprouts forth several stems, which are 1 to 2' high, erect or half creeping, very branched, round, as thick as a quill, ligneous-stiff, with small, petiolate, ovate-oblong, serrated, partly nearly smooth, partly villous, alated leaves. The thorns, 1 to 2" long, straight and time. In as much as he finds the cause of the colouring in ammonia contained in the oil, which would be combined by that addition, and also retained, the application of that means may not appear to be recommendable, since it brings about a change in the essential constituent of it. * The nature and speedy decomposition of both these essential oils makes appear the former manner of preparation (triturations with sugar of milk) improper and therefore to be rejected. OREOSELINUM. 157 stiff, stand axillary between the leaves and branches. The violetred or flesh-coloured flowers, appear at the upper part of the branches, stringed above each other, from June till August. The root to be collected in spring before the flowering-time is to be prepared fresh for tincture after Rule 3, which is of a red-brown colour. In the cold it gets a gelatinous consistency. OPIUM. Opium crudum s. thebaicum, Laudanum, Meconium. Opium. From Papaver somniferum L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia (Cl. XIII. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Papaveraceae. Brandt et Ratzeb. 1.43. Hayne VI. 40. Diisseld. 405. It is the dried milkjuice of the unripe poppy-heads. The best sort of Opium is brought to us in large, irregular cakes or loaves, 1 to -1/2 pound in weight, covered with poppy-leaves, outside dry, pretty hard, inside softer (becoming still softer by pressing between the fingers), of yellowish-lightbrown colour, developping very strong the known peculiar, benumbing smell of opium, and of a nauseous-bitter, afterwards a little acrid taste. We prepare with diluted alcohol a tincture from it after Rule 1 which has the odour and smell as well as the colour of the opium in a considerable degree. OREOSELINUM. Hierba Oreoselini s. Apii montani s. Petroselini montani s. Polychrestee s. Veelguttce. Small wild parsley, small mountain parsley, stone parsley. From Athamanta Oreoselinum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Umbellifera. Hayne VII. 3. Diisseld. 291. This plant, occurring on loose meadows, hills and slopes nearly over all Europe has tripinnate, long-petiolate root-leaves, lying squarrose spread, often revolute upon the ground. The stemleaves consist of broad, skinny leafsheathes, at the end of which small, very imperfect leaves are developped. The umbels stand at the top of the long, naked stems, which are 1 to 3' high, they are compound, many-rayed, flat. The common and special involucres are many-leaved, revolute, the flowers white, of equal size, the whole plant of agreeable aromatic smell and taste, nearly related to common parsley. 160 PHOSPHORUS. PHOSPHORUS. Brand's or Kunkel's phosphorus. Take a piece of pure phosphorus free from arsenic and oxide, and pour over it in a strong medicine-glass twenty times its quantity of strong alcohol, stop the glass slightly with a corkstopper and keep it in a vessel filled with hot water, till the phosphorus is fused. Then take it out of the water and agitate it continually, closing the vessel with a finger, till the phosphorus is divided in innumerable little balls and this have again become hard. The phosphorus subtlely divided in this manner remains with the alcohol for fourteen days in the glass, well closed, and dayly oftentimes heavily agitated. The tincture is then filtered off and to be preserved in a blackened glass over some thin slices of phosphorus protected as well as possible from the rays of light. It is colourless but has a strong odour and taste of phosphorus, and develops, when poured upon one's hand, vapours of phosphorus, whereas it becomes milky, when mixed with water and agitated. It must not react sour, also not be kept in large quantities, but ought rather often to be prepared afresh. AETHER, PHOSPHORATUS is prepared quite in the same way with sulphuric ether free from water; the only difference is, that the phosphorus is not comminuted with ether, but with hot water, which is separated by filtering as soon as the phosphorus is again hard. * PHYTOLACCA. IHerba Phytolaccce. Kermes. From Phytolacca decandra L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Decagynia (Cl. X. O. 6). Nat. ord. Phytolacca. The very conspicuous plant, indigenous to Virginia, Switzerland and the countries near the Adriatic, is also cultivated in our gardens. The branched, pretty thick trunk attains a height of 5 to * Phosphorus occurs often containing arsenic, therefore one must be-certain about this before it is used, which is done in the manner stated under the head "Acidum phosphoricum". If no phiosphorus free from arsenic should be at hand, it must be prepared from pure phosphoric acid by way of reduction. PIMIPINE LLA. 161 7', the ovate-lanceolate leaves, 8 to 12" long, entire, and beautiful green, stand scattered. The white or reddish, peduncled flowers appear in July and August at the end of the branches, opposite to the leaves in racemes 3 to 6" long. The quinquepartite concave lasting calyces are transformed with the flatpressed, furrowed ovary into a berry as large as a pea, being at first green, when ripe dark purple, containing much dark carmine-red juice. In October, the time of full ripeness, the leaves are used for preparing an essence after Rule 2. PICHURIM. Fabce Pichurim s. pichurince majores s. Pecurim s. Sassafras s. Brasilienses, Nuces Sassafras. Sassafras nuts, Pichurim bean, Nutmeg bean, Brazilian bean. From Nectandra Puchury major Nees. Ocotea Puchury major Mart. Enneandria Pentagynia (Cl. IX. 0. 5), Nat. ord. Laurineas (Lauraceoe). The large tree from which these seeds come, is found in the woods of the Brazils. They are the seedlobes taken out of the fleshy berry and dried over fire. They form oblong, half beans, about 2" long, at the inner side flat or a little concave, at the outer side convex, covered with a wrinkly skin, compact, hard, yellowish-brown, at the inner side reddish-brown, of agreeable, but not too strong smell, similar to nutmeg or sassafras and of like aromatic taste. In the same manner as from other seeds a tincture is prepared from them after Rule 1, which is of light brownish-yellow colour and has the taste and smell above described. PIMPINELLA. Radix Pimpiniellce albce s. nostratis s. umbelliferce s. hircinw, Radix Saxifragce s. Tragoselini. Burnet-saxifrage, stone-break. From Pimpinella Saxifraga L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Digynia (Cl. V. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Umbelliferea. Gobel II. 27. Hayne VII 20. Diisseld. 173. This plant, spread all over Europe, growing also wild in the North of Asia, is found on dry, rocky places, on the edges of fields and woods, heaths, pasturages and on hills. It sprouts one stem, seldom more, being erect, branched, striped, smooth.or slightly haired, 1 to 2' high. The root-leaves consist of 5 to 7, sessile, 11 162 PITsiuS SYLVYESTRIS. ovate-oblong-obtuse, inequally dentated, pinnate leaflets, on long petioles, sheathlike at the base. The not numerous leaves of the stem are pinnate, with incised pinnated leaflets and become grTdually smaller towards the end of the stem; all are smooth, above dark green, below pale. The many-rayed, many-flowered umbels have no involucres, the petals are of equal size and white. The spindle-shaped root is many-headed, 3 to 6" long, above to 1' thick, decreasing towards below, mostly obtruncated; it is deep and bent, has longitudinal wrinkles, is crooked, sometimes contorted, set with many ring-shaped knobs, of dim yellow or brownish colour; when cut through, the loose, spongy, whitish medullary string shows itself surrounded by a ring of little yellowish or brownish holes. The smell is nauseous-aromatic, very strong, the taste pungent acrid, causing long lasting saliva, and a harsh taste in the throat. The root, to be gathered in spring from dry places, is used for preparing a tincture after Rule 3, which has very strongly the smell and taste above described, and is of a brownish-yellow colour. PINUS SYLVESTRIS. Strobuli s. Coni s. Turiones Pini. Pine-shoots, Pine-buds. From Pinus sylvestris L. Sex. Syst. Monoecia Monadelphia (Cl. XXI. 0. 8). Nat. ord. Coniferse. Diisseld. 80. This sufficiently known tree, mbst certain to be distinguished from the fir species related to it, by its long needle-shaped leaves, being in pairs 'united in a short whitish, skinny sheath, is to be found all over the North of Europe and Asia, where it forms the most excellent forests. The young shoots or sprouts appearing at the ends of the branches in spring (therefore formerly called quite falsely coni) are oblong cylindric, 1 to 2" long, 3 to 4"' thick, covered with red-brownish, lanceolate scales, which are very rich in rosin, of agreeable aromatic strong; 'dour and taste. In the month of May they are gathered for preparing an essence from them after Rule 3, having the properties above named and a dark green-brown colour. PLATINA. Platina del Pinto, Platinum. Platinum. For obtaining platinum in the form of powder let the thinnest PLUMBUM, 163 platinum wire be selected, this being prepared from the purest metal. It is cut in very short pieces, and poured over in a small glass-retort with 4 to 6 times its quantity of concentrated nitromuriatic acid, to which a proper receiver is adjusted without any lute. By the aid of the flame of spirit the liquid is heated to boiling, and kept so, as long as an influence of the acid upon the metal is perceived. When this has ceased the deep yellow-brown solution is separated from the metallic residue, and upon the last again a proper quantity of fresh acid is poured. The process is repeated until all the metal is dissolved, but care is to be taken-to get a solution as neutral as possible, and to let rather a little residue of metal undissolved, than to-add acid in excess. The solutions mixed, are then diluted in a sufficiently roomy vessel with ten times as much water, and decomposed by adding so long from a concentrated solution of sal ammoniac, as a lemon-yellow precipitate still appears. This is collected upon a filter, washed repeatedly with diluted spirit of wine, well-dried, and then put into a small, but wide glass-alembic with a long neck. In this it is cautiously heated to glowing, till the yellow powder is changed throughout into a steelgray, dim, lustreless mass (called spongeous platinum). The platinum ammonia being very volatile, it is necessary to stop the neck of the vessel loosely with a chalk-stopper and to lay the alembic as oblique as possible. The production obtained, is pure platinum in the form of powder, to be used for triturations. PLATINA MURIATICA. ChIloras platinicus. Muriate of platinum, chloride of platinum. The solution of platinum mentioned in the preceding article is evaporated with moderate heat, till the platinum is dry, and taking care to prevent decomposition. It will be a dark brown-red saltmass, to be dissolved in nine times its quantity of water, and which is preserved (being termed Platina mutriatica 1) for preparing from it further attenuations. Here also cork-stoppers are to be avoided. PLUMBUM. Saturnus of the alchemists. Lead, pure, metallic lead. For comminuting the soft lead, so liable to oxidizing in me11* 164 PLUiLBUM ACETIOUM, tallic form into a powder as subtle as possible, the best way is the galvanic process of reduction. For this purpose one part of pure crystallized sugar of lead is dissolved in a hundred parts of distilled water, and 4 to 6 ounces of this solution are brought in contact with some ofthe bars of pure EastIndiazinc, mentioned under the head Cadmium b, in a porcelain dish, putting them into the solution. The decomposition begins immediately and continues as long as acetate of lead is in the solution for being reduced. - If this process shall succeed, the following rules are to be observed: 1) that the lead precipitated is often to be scraped off from the bars, or otherwise large lamels would be formed which would not yield a subtle powder. 2) That the mother liquor now. containing acetate of zinc is poured off as soon as one perceives the reduction-process to be at an end, and that now solution of sugar of lead is poured over the bars anew. 3) That as soon as thb whole process is finished the precipitated lead, being a loose, porous, dark gray mass, still coherent in little lumps, is speedily washed with hot distilled water, whereby however all mechanical pressure is to be avoided, this easily causing an injurious union of the soft mass to hard globules. 4) That the precipitate is collected upon a filter, as soon as the wash-water runs off clear, the water adhering to it is dislodged by pouring over strong spirit; at last the liquid is as well as possible removed by moderate pressing between the fingers, and the metal now taken from the filter pressed between several layers of bibulous paper so often with the hand, that it sticks no more to it; finally the complete exsiccation is effected by slight trituration in a warmed porcelain mortar. In this way a lustreless leadgray, and, if the process was managed with attention, quite subtle powder to be used for trituration, is obtained. PLUMBUM ACETICUM. Saccharum Saturni, Acetas pliimbicus crystallisatus. Salt or sugar of lead. Acetate of lead. The well know salt of lead, bought from chemical establishments, is purified by dissolving it in distilled water and re-crystallizing, adding to the solution 1/1 of the salt, distilled vinegar and letting it be in contact with strips of metallic lead for some days, be * Compare the note of the article Cadmium p. 12. PODOPHYLLUM. 165 fore it is set aside for crystallization, for the purpose of separating any parts of copper possibly extant. For medicinal use let be applied only the first crystals shooting on, which, when formed slowly, appear in large, smooth, foursided prisms, having a.white colour, shining like mother-of-pearl, sweetish-vinegarlike odour, and sweet, afterwards astringent taste; they are not persistent in the air. We prepare from it a watery solution in the common proportion, but which must be always preserved in well-closed glasses, access of air separating oxide of iron. Triturations made from this salt are besides as well admissible. PLUMBUM CARBONICUM. Magisterium Plumtbi, Cerussa, Carbonas plumblicus. Ceruse, white lead, carbonate of lead. Though there is no want of pure ceruse from manufactories, yet we prefer to prepare this remedy ourselves. It is obtained by decomposing a diluted solution of pure acetate of lead with carbonate, of soda. The loose, dazzling-white precipitate is carefully washed, collected upon a filter and dried with moderate heat. It is a heavy, but loose, very subtle and white powder, of which triturations are made, PODOPHYLLUM. Duck's foot. From Podophyllum peltatum L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Monogynia (Cl. XIII. 0. 1). Nat. ord. P-eoniea. This perennial plant, indigenous to North America, is also met with in the botanical gardens of Europe. The long, very extended tuberous root, is set with long fibres, of externally brown, internally yellowish-white colour. The erect, single, and naked stem grows as high as a hand and above. The leaves are shieldshaped, nerved, divided in 5 to 8 unequal, grossly dentated lobes. The large campanulate, white flowers, hang single in the axils on peduncles 1" long. The calix has three sepals, the corolla is ninepetaled. The fruit is a greenish-yellow unilocular berry of the size and shape of a hip, We apply the root for preparing a tincture after Rule 3. 166 PRUNUS PADUS. PRUNUS PADUS. Cortex Pruni Padi s. Cerasi racemosi s. Cerasi Padi. Common bird cherry. From Prunus Padus L. Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia (Cl. XI. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Rosace~e. Gobel I. 20. Hayne IV. 40. Diisseld. 317. The conspicuous, sometimes treelike bush is spread all over Europe and known as an ornamental plant, Its petiolate leaves, to 2" long, ovate, obtuse-pointed, and serrato-dentated, stand alternately. The very sweetscented, white flowers appear in numerous, distant, 4 to 6" long racemes, and leave round, shining black, juicy berries, as big as a pea. We make use of the bark, peeled off in spring from the younger twigs before the flowers begin to bloom, which fresh is outside greenish-red, smooth, somewhat grained, and set with small white warts like dots. The inner side looks brownish-yellow, becoming darker afterwards: its smell is benumbing, similar to bugs, like-cherry laurel. From it a tincture is prepared after Rule 3, having a darkbrown colour and the above-mentioned taste and smell. PRUNUS SPINOSA. Flores Acaciarum s. Acacice Germanicce s. Acacice nostratis. Common black thorn, sloe bush, German acacia. From Prunus spinosa L. Sex. Syst. Icosandria Monoygnia (Cl. XII. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Rosacem. Hayne IV. 44. Diisseld. 320. This bush, growing wild all over Europe in hedges, on the edges of woods and near roads, is quite well known, and blooms early in spring, before its leaves are developped. The white flowers stand single or in pairs at the sides and axils of the branches so tight, that they often quite cover them, and are sweetscented like bitter almonds. Fully blown-up, and gathered during dry weather, they are used for tincture, prepared after Rule 3, which has dark-yellow colour, and odour and taste of the flowers. PULSATILLA. Ilerba PulsatillwC nigricantis s. minoris s. Anemonis pratensis. Meadow anemone, wind flower, campana. From Anemone pra RANUNCULUS ACRIS. S 167 tensis L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Polygynia (C1. XIII. 0. 7 [6]). Nat. ord, Ranunculaceas. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 31. Hayne I. 23. Diisseld, 392. The small or true meadow anemone is found on sunny elevated places and pasture-grounds where the soil is sandy, also in clear pine-forests in Central and Northern Europe. The leaves, only imperfectly developped before the floweringtime, stand at the root, petiolate, bipinnate; from the crown of leaves lying upon the ground rises the round flowerscape, which is 3-6" long, straight and leafless, at the top of which the beautiful campanulate, black violet-brown flower appears, whose six petals are a little narrowed at the points and then revolute; it is pendulous during the flowering time. The sessile involucre consists of three, manyfold linear-lanceolate pinnate-cleft leaflets, at first sitting tight under the flower, later by elongation of the peduncle standing remote; the whole plant is set with many, soft, silklike, white hairs, and has a woolly, lax appearance. It is odourless, but shows when bruised a most acrid vapour, causing many tears. The Anemone Pulsatilla to which it is very -similar, distinguishes itself by more hair, much more shaggy scape, curved above, by its flower which is nearly only half 'as big and pendulous, of much darker colour and has the petals at the point bent backwards. In the flowering time in the month of April the whole plant is gathered without the root and immediately used for preparing a tincture after Rule 3, being of light greenish-brown colour and burning taste. RANUNCULUS ACRIS. Meadow crow-foot, small butter-cup. From Ranunculus acris L.:Sex. Syst.: Polyandria Polygynia (Cl. XIII.. [6]). Nat. ord. Eni culacee. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 32. This perennial meadow-plant is common to plains and on mountains, ori the Alps, to the boundary of snows all over Europe. The root-stock, as thick as a quill, running slant, is set tight with fliform, whitish fibres, several inches long; the root-leaves are hand-shaped-divided, the segments hearly rhombic, deep incised, dentate; the stem-leaves are smaller, the -topmost tripartite with linear segments; the stem, 1 to 2' high, is erect, branched, striped, and has the shining goldyelow flowers at the end of the branches on round., not;- furro wed peduncles; on the naked receptacle RAPHANUS. 169 During the flowering time in the summermonths the whole plant without the root is prepared for essence after Rule 2, similar iri-colour and acrid taste to the former. RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. Herba Raminctuli palustris. Marsh crow-foot or buttercup, blistering crow-foot. From Ranunculus sceleratus L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Polygynia (Cl. XIII. 0. 7 [6]). Nat. ord. Ranunculacese. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 32. Spread over all Europe, this plant has its place at the edge of stagnant waters, on marshy dikes, moist meadows and at the borders of small rivers in. rich soils. Among all species of crowfoot this is distinguished by its high, coniform receptacles, which overtop by far the very small pale-yellow petals. The branched stem is 1 to 2' high, is tubular-thick, angulate-furrowed; the longpetiolate root-leaves, are 3 to 5 lobed, and form a circle; the clasping stem-leaves are short-petiolate, alternate, tripartite. The whole plant is naked, greasy-shining, only sometimes slightly set with downy hair. The flowering period lasts from July to September, during which time the plant, like the other species of crow-foot, is prepared without the root for essence, which is of a light yellow-brown colour and burning taste. RAPHANUS. Radix Raphani nigri s. hortensis. Radish, black garden radish, summer- or winter-radish. From Raphanus sativus L. Sex. Syst. Tetradynamia Siliquosa (Cl. XV. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Cruciferse. Hayne XI. 41. Of the several varieties of radish, generated by culture, the preference, is given to that known under the name above-stated. The very large, roundish, turnip-shaped root, attaining a weight of more than one pound, has a black or black-gray skin, white, compact, very juicy flesh and an especially pungent taste and smell. Hollow or juiceless roots are to be rejected, those of middling size being preferable. In the month of June or July, an essence is to be prepared from it after Rule 2, having a pale yellow colour and acrid smell. Compare the article Armoracia. 170 R ATANIA. RATANHIA. Radices Ratanhice s. Ratanhce. Ratany. From Krameria triandra Ruitz. Sex. Syst. Tetrandria Monogynia (Cl. IV.. 1), Sex. Syst. Polygalacese. Gobel II. 4. Hayne VIII. 14. Diisseld. 413. This root; coming from America, consists of a branched rootstock of indefinite shape, 4 to 8" long and some inches thick, from which many branches are developped about 2' long, 7 to 8'" thick and numerous root-fibres, as long and to some lines thick; they are bent hither and thither, and sometimes knee-shaped. The thickness of the rind-substance, being externally dark brown-red, internally darker, nearly violet-red, is considerable, taken in proportion to the ligneous fibre; numerous longitudinal and cross-splits run through both, which causes the falling off of the first. The texture of the inner ligneous part is tight, coarsely-fibrous, when cut shining like resin. The root is tolerably heavy, inodorous, of a strongly astringent taste, colouring the saliva brown. We select the middling pieces still completely clothed with the rind, and prepare from them a tincture after Rule 1 with diluted spirit of wine, being of a dark-brown-red colour and astringent taste. RHEUM.A Radices Rhei Moscovitici s. Russici s. Rlhabarbari veri s. orientalis. True Russian Rhubarb. From Rheum palmatum L. Sex. Syst. Enneandria Monogynia (Cl. IX. O. 1). Nat. ord. Polygonacem. Gobel II. 1. Hayne XII. 6. Diisseld. 118-120. Though this sort of Rhubarb has the same native place with the socalled Indian or Chinese Rhubarb, it notwithstanding originates from other plants, and is justly- preferred to threm on account of its far more careful treatment and selection. It occurs in flat, partly barklike, or in roundish, cylindric, angular pieces with wide bore-holes of a very different size and middling heaviness. The outer yellow-powderous cover is arisen by mutual friction while it is transported; after its removal the yellow-brownish flat appears as if covered with white netlike veins; on the crosscut it is vivid brownish, red and white marbled, crystalliine and resinous, at the same time shining, when chewed grating between the teeth like sand, colouring the saliva strongly yellow, of nauseously rough, bitterish taste. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 171 For preparing a tincture after Rule 1 with diluted spirit of wine we select the heaviest and most regular coloured pieces; it is of a saturated dark-yellow colour and has the well-known taste of Rhubarb. RHODODENDRON. Folia Rhododendri chrysanthi. Sibirian or yellow.flowered Rhododendron, dwarf rose-bay. From Rhododendron chrysanthum' L. Decandria Monogynia (Cl. X. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Ericacese. Hayne X. 27.-Diisseld. 216. This alpine plant indigenous to the highest snowy parts of Sibiria and Kamtshatka we buy as a drug. At the end of the span-long, quill-thick, gray-brown branches stand the leaves, which are 2 to 3" long, short-petiolate, ovate, above smooth, yellowishgreen or else rust-brown, at the margin a little revolute, and leatherlike, along with the red-brown, woolly flowerbuds. They smell slightly like rhubarb and have an astringent taste. They may be mistaken for the leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum, but these are easily' distinguished by the dark, rust-coloured cover of the underside. The leaves of Rhododendron maximum are nearly as big again, above more green, below more pale, and those of Rhododendron hirsutum are set with stiff hair at the margin, have longer 'petioles and white dots below. After Rule 1 a tincture is to be prepared from them, being of a darkbrown colour and astringent taste. RHUS TOXICODENDRON. Folia Toxicodendri s. Rhois toxicodendri s. radicantis. Creeping poison oak, poison wood, poison ash, poison ivy. From Rhus Toxicodendron and radicans L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia (C1. V. 0. 3). Nat. ord. TerebinthaceTa. Hayne IX. 1. Brandt et Ratzeb. Suppl. 48. Diisseld. 353 et 354. This tree, stately in its country, North America, attains in Europe, where it is reared as an ornamental bush in gardens and parks, and flourishes in shaded, protected places, mostly only a height of 4 to 6'; it occurs partly erect, partly radicant. The older rind is brown-gray, smooth, the leaves are longpetiolate, trifoliate, the leaflets broad, ovate, oblique-pointed, rounded at the:- base, commonly entire, only with single, large teeth, 172 RI-I TS VE RNIX. the two opposite short-petiolate, the upper long-petiolate. They, like the green branches, yield a milky juice, becoming quickly black in the air. The small, yellowish-green flowers stand in short panicles in- the axils of the branches and appear from- June to August. The best time for collecting the leaves, is after sunset in cloudy, sultry days and from shaded places, in May and June -before the flower appears; let a tincture be prepared from them after Rule 3, being of a dark-yellow colour. * RHUS VERNIX. Varnish Sumach tree. From Rhus Vernix. L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Trigynia (Cl. V. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Terebinthacese This tree, indigenous to North America and Japan, is cultivated like the before-mentioned in shaded gardens and parks of Germany, but less frequently, being shunned on account of its likewise noxious exhalations. Its branches are gray brown, covered with small warts, its leaves smooth, lanceolate, unequally-pairedpinnate, similar to walnut-leaves, ever-green; the pale yellowgreenish flowers stand in loose racemes and leave berrylike fruits, as big as peas. The time for collection and manner of preparing are the same as with the before-mentioned plant. ROSMARINUS. Herba Anihos s. Rorismarini hortensis s. Libanotis. Rosemary, Anthos. From Rosmarinus officinalis - L. Sex. Syst. Diandria Monogynia (Cl II. O. 1). Nat. ord. Labiate. HayneVII.25. Diisseld. 162. The bush, growing wild in South-Europe and the East, is also frequently found in our gardens, though it does not hold out our winters. The ligneous, erect stem attains a height of 3 to 6' and * Though the author collects this plant every year and from different places, he never has experienced any injury from its poisonous exhalations or from its touch, mentioned so often in the handbooks. May however nobody be made sure by this remark, for it is well known that susceptibility towards such impressions is very different. At least nobody should go to work, having the hands injured (by wounds from cutting, bruising or the like) and not-without protecting gloves. 8ABADILLA. 173 is clothed with evergreen, below a little white-felty, opposite, linear-lanceolate, at the margin a little revolute leaves. The violetreddish flowers sit racemose in the axils; they have a bilabiate calyx The whole plant has a strongly balsamic odour and bitterish camphorlike taste. At the flowering-time, in May and June, we apply the leaves and flowers freed from the ligneous stems for tincture after Rule 3, being of a brown-green colour and having the odour and taste before-mentioned in a high degree. RUTA. Herba lutce hortensis s. satirce s. latiofolice s. rnlgaris. Garden rue, broad-leaved rue, common rue. From Ruta graveolens L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Monogynia (01. X. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Rutaceae. Hayne VI. 8. Diisseld. 376. A plant frequently cultivated in our gardens, has stems 1 to 3' feet high, round, stiff, smnooth and branched, long-petiolate bi- and tripartite pinnate cleft, somewhat fleshy leaves, the leaflets of which are obtusely spatulamform or cuneiform, entire and very vivid green. The gold-yellow flowers appear in June or July at the end of the branches in branched corymbs. The whole plant has, especially when bruised, a balsamic, somewhat nauseous, strong smell and aromatic acrid, bitterish taste. The flowerbuds not yet open are used for essence prepared after Rule 2, having a dark-brown colour and the strong odour and taste of the fresh plant. SABADILLA. Semen Sabadili s. Sabatiglice s. Cebadillce, Hordeum causticun. Cevadilla, Indian caustic barley. From Veratrum officinale v. Schlechtenthal. Sex. Syst. Polygamia Moncecia Cl. XXIII. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Veratrese (Melanthaceas). Diisseld. Suppl. 4. The mother-plant yielding this seed grows according to Bran dt upon the Mexican Cordilleras; what we get in commerce under the name of Ceyadilla seed -is a mixture of seed-capsules, partly without, partly with seed in them, and of loose seed and pedicels. The brownish capsule, composed of three monolocular, connate splitting capsules, is smooth, trilobed, at the top towards the interior opening. It contains in each carpel several oblong some 174 SABINA. what angular, wrinkled, black-brown, shining seeds, having no sensible smell, but a very acrid, long-lasting taste. The seeds taken out of the capsule are used for tincture to be prepared after Rule 1, being of a yellow-brown colour, but without smell. SABINA. Herba Sabince s. Savince. Savine, Common Sabine. From Juniperus Sabina L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Monadelphia (C1. XXII. 0. 8.) Nat. ord. Conifers. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 47. Diisseld. 87. Indigenous to the countries of South-Europe, this treelike evergreen bush is also not seldom reared in Germany, where it likes a shaded place. Its very small, opposite, lanceolate, imbricated leaves, are dark-green, of extremely strong, nauseous-balsamic odour, and bitter acrid taste. April is the best time for collecting the tops of the younger branches for preparing from them a tincture after Rule 3. The tincture has a saturated darkgreen-brown colour and very strongly the peculiar smell and taste. SAMBUCUS. Flores Sambuci et Cortex interior. Elder, bore-tree, common elder. From Sambucus nigra L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria trigynia (Cl. V. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Sambucinee. Hayne IV. 16. Diisseld. 266. The arborescent shrub spread all over Europe is sufficiently known and needs no description. In June and July, when fully blooming, we collect the whole umbels along with the two leaves standing next to them for preparing an essence after Rule 2, which has a yellow-brown colour and the known smell of the dried flowers. Besides this there is prepared after Rule 3 a tincture from the greenish-white bark of the younger branches (Cortex interior) freed from the epidermis; which tincture is of brown-green colour and strong, nauseous smell and taste, deviating very much from the essence prepared from flowers, in its efficacy as well as in its external properties. * It is to be observed, that the physician, when prescribing the tincture of the bark, always designates is by "Cortex Sambuci', on the contrary the single term, <"Sambucus" always means the tincture prepared from the flouers. SCROPHULARIA. 177 The true squill is a perennial growing on the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, from which only the bulbs covered with red skins are gathered. They are to be had in commerce fresh as well as dried, but they are bought commonly in the latter state. The whole bulb attains a weight of several pounds, is covered outside with skinny, red-brown, pellucent peels, under which then lie the thick, fleshy, juicy, at first pale-violet, nearer to the middle quite white scales.. At the rather broad base sits in a circle, a number of thick round, long root-fibres and at the pointed top the green shoot shows itself. The dried bulbs occur either in entire or once cut, detached scales, more frequently in narrow crosscuts of them, being several inches long, half an inch broad, and some lines thick. They look yellowish-white, are commonly flexible and tough, for they eagerly imbibe water from the air. They have no smell, but a very nauseous loathsome bitter taste. No volatile constituent existing in the squill, which could be lost in drying, and well-dried bulbs at all events being less subject to be spoiled, than the imported fresh ones, it is more to the purpose for our use to apply the first, especially as these are to be had always and everywhere. Let only the whitest and most fleshy be selected, which have not become brown by drying or ever half-burned, as little the thin, coloured, skinny, inefficacious scales, comminuted with the aid of a knife, and diluted spirit of wine poured over them after Rule 1. The tincture thus obtained is of a lighter (quite pale straw-yellow) colour, than that prepared from fresh roots, but is notwithstanding noways less efficacious. SCROPHULARIA. Radix Scrophularice vulgaris s. feetidce s. majoris (the Galiopsis, Ocimastrum of olden times). Fig-wort, brown-wort, blind-nettle, kernel-wort, gil-wort, scrophulary. From Scrophularia nodosa L. Sex. Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia (Cl. XIV. O. 2). Nat. ord. Scrophularia. Gobel II. 33. Hayne V. 35. This plant spread over all Europe is found in moist and shady.places, on the sides of rivers and brooks, near dikes, hedges, and in the bushes. The stem, two to three feet high, is quite erect, branched, sharp four-edged, smooth, only above set a little with soft hair. Branches and leaves are opposite, the latter petiolate, ovate-cordate, sharp, partly doubly dentated, on the lower surface paler, netlike veined. The flowers stand at the end of the 12 SEEnIUM. 179 SEDUM ACRE. Hlerba Sedi mi noris acris s. Sedi miinmi s. Sempercivi minoris s. Vermicalaris. Wall-pepper, stone-crop, prick-madam, sengreen. From Sedum acre L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Pentagynia (Cl. X. 0. 5). Nat. ord. Crassulaceae. Hayne I. 15. The perennial little plant is spread all over Germany; it grows most frequently on old, dry and sunny situated walls, on desert sandy places, on meager grass-plots, and on rocks, commonly clustering together like turf; there it sprouts its round stems, often lying down on the base, one to at most four inches long. These are set imbricately from below with apetiolate, short, roundish, obtuse, fleshy, whitish-green little leaves. The yellow, star-shaped flowers form at the top pauciflorous corymbs. The whole plant has an acrid-burning, long lasting, nauseous taste. The Sedum sexangulare, related to it, is distinguished by its longer, cylindric, tasteless leaves, standing in six rows. Sedum refleyulm, as a rule, becomes higher; its leaves are longer, cylindrically awl-shaped, and at the stem bent downw ar ds; it is likewise tasteless. The time for collection is in May before the development of the flower; at which time the whole plant is used for preparing an essence after Rule 2, which is of a pale brownish-yellow colour and has the acrid taste of it. SELENIUM. Selenium. This sulphurlike elementary substance, which is separated in pure state in chemical factories partly from sulphur residue, collecting itself in the lead-chambers in which sulphuric acid is prepared, partly from its combinations with lead, copper, silver or quicksilver, has the following properties: - It possesses a reflecting surface of dark, redbrawn colour, similar to polished hematite, is odourless and tasteless,- fuses easily and passes off in vapour. Its fracture is of metallic splendour, conchoidal-glasslike, of lead-gray colour, besides brittle and easily friable into a dirty-tile-red powder, which sticking to the pestle appears gray and assumes a polish. From this reason, in preparing the first trituration of Sele12* SERPENTARIA. 181 linear-lanceolate, frequently at the margin involute shape, and their nauseously bitter taste. The best entire senna consists of leaflets, which are ovate, pointed, in the middle with a strongly marked rib, 1/z to 1" long, to 3"' broad, smooth, thin, brittle, of pale yellow-green colour, peculiar, disagreeable smell, and very mucous, bitterish-nauseous taste. We prepare from the pure leaflets after having them freed from all strange admixtures, a tincture after Rule 1 with diluted spirit of wine, having a very dark brown-green colour. SEPIA. Sepice succs. Sepia. Inky juice of the cuttlefish. From Sepia officinalis-L. Cl, Mollusca. 0. Cephalopoda Cuv. Brandt et Ratzeb. II. 31 et 32. This animal inhabits all European seas, but most frequently the Mediterranean. From thence also comes the officinal part under the name of painter's sepia. It is the contents of a separate bladder, to be found in the abdominal cavity of the animal, opening itself like a funnel in the mouth, and which may be spirted out at will. In dry state, as it occurs in trade, it appears to be a darkblackish-brown, solid mass, of shining conchoidal, very brittle fracture, havinig a faint smell of seafish, nearly no taste at all, scarcely dying the saliva, included in little skins of the shape of grapes. For triturations it must be carefully dried previously, and freed from the skinny envelop. There may be made a tincture from it after Rule 1 with diluted spirit of wine, which is nearly colourless, but of a strong smell and little taste; though trituration is the chief form. SERPENTARIA. Radices Serpentarice virginianc, Radices Viperince s. Colubrince s. Contrayervce virginiance. Serpentary, Virginian snakeroot. From Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Sex. Syst. Gynandria Hexandria (Cl. XX. 0. 4). Nat, ord. Aristolochiacea. Gobel II. 25. Diisseld. 143. This plant, indigenous to North-America, furnishes us with its roots by drug-commerce. They consist of a short, thin, cylin 182 SILICEA. drical root-stock, which is bent hither and thither, set with fibres closely sitting on, 1 to 4" long, thin, flexible, often tightly matted together, of dark gray-brown, inside lighter colour, Its smell is strong, more like camphor than like valerian; taste aromatic, pungent bitterish. The tincture, prepared after Rule 1, has a pale yellow-brown colour and strong smell. SILICEA. Terra Silicea, Acidum Silicumn, Silica. Silicic acid, Silicious earth. In an iron crucible, quite free from oxide (a platinum crucible being still better), a mixture of equal parts of carbonate of soda fallen into powder and dry carbonate of potash are melted. In the fusing mass by degrees and in little portions a fourth part of subtilly powdered rock-erystal is put; each time an effervescence arises, caused by the escaping carbonic acid, wherefore the crucible must not be too small. If this ceases when new parts are put in, the mass is set aside for becoming cool after having been poured out of the crucible upon a stone plate or porcelain dish; then it is dissolved in diluted pure muriatic acid, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. For removing the possibly existing traces of oxide of iron, the completely dried and powdered mass is moistened with concentrated muriatic acid, and washed after some hours repeatedly with hot distilled water, upon which the pureI silicic acid remains as a snow-white, slowly depositing precipitate, which is collected upon a filter, dried and pounded into a subtle powder; it is preserved in the form of a very loose, specifically very light, dazzling white powder. It is used for triturations. SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM. Mala a'lrea s. lycopersica, poma amoris. Tomato, love apple, wolf's peach, apple of love. From Solanum Lycopersicum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Solanese. The plant, indigenous to South-America, is cultivated in our gardens. The stem, about 4' high, is branched, and-as well as the SOLANUM NIGRUM. 183 unequally paired leaves set with hair. The flowers are yellow, axillary, of the form of the solanee. The large, apple-shaped, a little flat-pressed fruit, is smooth, shining red, very juicy and fleshy, of- agreeable sour taste. We make use of the latter, when they are fully ripe, in Octoer, for preparing an essence after Rule 2, having pale yellow colour and little taste. SOLANUM MAMAMOSUM. Mammiform solanum. From Solanum mammosum L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O 1). Nat. ord. Solanese. This annual plant is indigenous to the West Indies, Carolina and Virginia, and is but now and then reared in the botanical gardens of Europe. The erect, single, villous stem, grows several feet high, and is set with strong, crooked pricks. Its leaves, being 3 to 4" long, are frequently as broad, cordate-lobed, set with red, hair. The smnall blue-gray flowers stand in cymes, and bring yellow invertedly pear-shaped (or mammiform) fruits, to be prepared for essence after Rule 2. SOLANUM NIGRUM.N Herba Solani s. Solatri nigri. Common night-shade. From Solanum nigrumn L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Solanee. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 19. Hayne II. 40. Diisseld. 189.. This known annual weed, spread everywhere, grows in gardens, near roads, hedges and on heaps of rubbish. It is to 2' high, has erect diffuse stems, with alternate, petiolate leaves, I1/. to 3" inches long, and half as broad, obtuse-angled, and smooth. The white, sometimes pale-violet flowers are found from July to September in axillary umbels, on dependent long peduncles, and leave black, sometimes orange, shining berries, as large as peas. We apply, the root excepted, the whole plant, when it has already ripe berries (for in the later summermonths, flowerbuds, floweis, unripe and ripe berries are found at the same time) and prepare from it an essence after Rule 2, having darkbrown colour and narcotic smell and taste. 184 SPIGELIA. SPIGELIA. Herba Spigelice anthelmice. Indian pink., pink-root. From Spigelia anthelmia L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Gentianee (Spigeliacee). Diisseld. 205. This plant is indigenous to Brazils, Cayenne, Martinique, and the Antilles. We get it as dried, gray-green stems, 1-to 2' long, as thick as a straw, above thicker, having few leaves, sometimes with the fibrous, blackish-gray root on them, which latter has a disgusting smell. The lanceolate, apetiolate leaves stand at the top of the stems, four in form of a cross, the flowers, seldom on them, stand in short spikes. We prepare a tincture from it after Rule 1, having-a palegreen colour. SPONGIA. Spongia usta s. tosta, Carbo Spongice. Burnt sponge. Let any quantity of raw sponge (best Turkey sponge), after having been freed from the stones, paper, straw and like adulterations by sorting, be cut in pieces of the size of a hazel-nut, then be burnt in a common iron coffee-roaster, but which is taken for this purpose exclusively, moderately pressed in, and over more vivid wood fire, and slowly turning, till the sponge gets a dark rust-brown colour, but not longer. After having shaken it out, the pieces among it, which have become quite coal-black are rejected, as being less efficacious and then the rest is pulverized and sifted. This must be continued only as long as powder is obtained, without requiring heavy pounding, for the hard residue, consisting mostly of stones and shells is no preparation fit for use and therefore to be rejected. From this fresh prepared powder a tincture is to be made after Rule 1, which must possess a yellowish coffee-brown, a little changing colour and very distinct smell and taste of iodine. The more these properties are wanting, the less inefficacious this important medicine is believed to be, and as this form is to be judged with grater certainty, it deserves the preference from the former usual triturations. It is to be preserved well protected from sunlight. STAPHISAGRIA. 185 STANNUM. Tin, among the ancients understood under the sign and name of Jupiter. This is a soft, very tough metal, of strong, silverlike brightness; when bent in not to thick bars, it gives a peculiar, scratching sound, which is the stronger, the purer the metal. The best is brought in commerce under the name of Saxon and English grain tin. For being convinced of its purity, it is fused at the most possible low temperature and poured out upon a stone plate or other fit mould. It must then possess a quite smooth and bright surface, and show not the least trace of crystallization. For medical preparations we first reduce it by melting and pouring it out into a deep vessel with pure water into thin lamins, in which shape it is fitter for dissolution. A weighed quantity of such laminated tin is poured over, in a proper vessel, with concentrated, pure muriatic acid, and set aside under moderate warmth for dissolution. Without fear of adulteration a polished coppervessel may be advantageously selected for this, as long only care is taken, to have always tin in excess. By adding gradually muriatic acid the perfect solution is effected. This filtered solution, being as neutral as possible, is diluted with so much distilled water, that the whole liquid is a hundred times as much as it contains dissolved tin. After having slightly acidulated the solution with pure muriatic acid if necessary, the galvanic reduction of the metal is effected by zinc put in it, and the whole process is followed up as it is given under the head "Plumbum". In this way a subtle and quite pure metallic powder is obtained, being of light yellowish-gray colour without brightness, which it soon assumes under the burnishing-steel, and is used like the other for triturations. STAPHISAGRIA. Semen Staphisagrice s. Staphidis agrice s. pedicularis. Stavesacre, louse-wort, lice-bane. From Delphinium Staphisagria L. Sex. Syst. Polyandria Trigynia (Cl. XIII. 0. 3). Nat. ord. Ranunculaceae. Diisseld. 394. The lark-spur, growing wild in Southern Europe on barren 186 STRAMONIUM. places, furnishes these seeds, which are irregular three or fouredged, externally gray-brown, rough, with netlike raised lines, and contain a yellowish or brownish, very oily kernel, of bitter, afterwards burning taste. It is needful to free the powdered seeds as much as possible from the fixed oil by pressing them repeatedly between renewed bibulous paper, before they are prepared_ for tincture after Rule 1. The black, far more inefficacious seeds are also to be sorted out, and only the grayish or brown, heavy ones are to applied. The colour of the tincture is pale straw-yellow. STRAMONIUM. Semen Daturce s. Stramonii s. Solani fwetidi s. Solani maniaci. Thornapple, apple-thorn. From Datura Stramonium L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Solanacee. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 15. Hayne IV. 7. Diisseld. 193. This annual plant is diffused throughout the whole world, and is found partly growing wild on heaps of rubbish, near gardendung, on pasture-grounds, in and near villages, partly as ornamental plant in gardens. The strong-fibred, diffuse, white, turniplike root, sprouts forth a smooth, round stem, below single, above branched, 2 to 4' high. The long-petiolate leaves stand alternate, are large, ovate-pointed, unequally sinuous, dentate, nearly naked, above darker green than below, of benumbing nauseous, loathsome smell and bitter-saltish taste. The large, milkwhite funnel-shaped flowers, appear in July and August, are axillary and leave a very prickly, quadrilocular capsule, as large as a walnut and larger, containing a large number of reniform, flat-pressed seeds, as big as lentils, when ripe outside brownish-black, rugose, inside white, inodorous, oily. These contain the efficacious constituent (Daturine) in greater quantity, than the leaves; they. alone must be applied for tincture after Rule 1. Its colour is yellowish-brown, changing vividly into green, the want of which property, as well as a deposit of a brown resinous layer in the store-vessel, would indicate an older not more efficacious tincture. STRONTIA. Terra strontiania, Strontia carbonica, Carbonas stroutitcus. Carbonate of Strontian, Strontian earth. 188 STRYCHNINUM SULPHURIOUM. white needles, which shine like silk, are flexible, united fasciculated, and dissolvable in water and diluted alcohol. STRYCHNINUM SULPHURICUM. Sulphate of Strychnia is prepared with pure sulphuric acid quite in the same manner as the precedent salt of Strychnia and has the same properties. All preparations of Strychnia are like other alkaloids to be triturated after the rules given, this form being more durable than the solution in spirit of wine. SULPHUR. Flores sulphuris, Sulphur s. Sulfur depuratum s. sublimatum. Flowers of sulphur, sublimed sulphur, pulverulent sulphur. The flowers of sulphur of commerce must not alone be washed repeatedly with boiling distilled water, on account of the sulphuric acid contained in them, but it is also necessary to test whether they contain arsenic, before their use for medicinal purposes. This is done most easily and securely by detonating the sulphur mixed with four times as much pure nitre in a glowing crucible, then dissolving the remaining mass in water, and applying the known reagentia showing arsenic to the solution. Should the sulphur contain Selenium, which would be indicated by a darker orange colour, one would be convinced of it, by'boiling the sulphur with nitro-muriatic acid, neutralizing the filtration with potash and adding hyposulphate of ammonia, whereby Selenium is separated in red flakes. The pure sulphur has a pale lemon-yellow, not dark colour, keeps dry, forms not little lumps when pressed between the fingers, but stains more and scratches less than the impure. The most proper preparation at all events is the trituration; but Hahnemann has also introduced TINCTURA SULPHURIS or Spirit'us sulphuratus, which is to be prepared with strengthened alcohol, one ounce of which dissolves at common temperature 1 to 2 grains. At very low temperature or by slow evaporation the sulphur secedes in crystals, in the shape of fine yellowish-white needles. Well-prepared tincture of sulphur must cause an opalescent turbidness, when dropped into water. 190 SUMBUL. ter, until the washwater flows off pure. Collected upon a filter and pressed after being dropped off, the precipitate is divided in little lumps and dried perfectly upon bibulous paper, with very gentle warmth or in the warm air, and then triturated into a fine powder, which is to be preserved protected from light. Triturations are made from it. SUMBUL. Sumbul-root. Sumbulus moschatus (Reinsch) can only so long be regarded as an interimistic systematical name, until the origin of this drug is scientifically fixed and has become known. The statement according to which this root comes from Nardostachys Jatamansi, is not in the least probable. Its origin is rather derived with far better reason from a waterplant, belonging to the umbelliferas. We obtain the root, coming from Bucharia, via Russia, in large thick slices, having 2-5" in diameter by 1 to 2" thickness, very similar to the root pieces formerly known under the name of-Mechoacanna alba (a plant likewise not determined with certainty) as well as to the roots of the Bryonia. We may conclude from this, that the root has the extent and shape of a large turnip and in its fresh state a weight of one to two pounds. The slices show upon their flat sides a pretty loose, spongy texture of dirty earth-colour, frequently interwoven with irregular horizontal layers of bundles of vessels, atthe same time as ifinterlarded with many gumlike, semipellucid, little lumps, singly interspersed (which may be caused from dried milkjuice). The outside of the root is of somewhat darker colour, furrowed with parallel cross-wrinkles, narrowing towards the head in concentric rings round a top, about one inch thick, and which is formed by a bundle of tightly united, bristly fibres, seemingly the remains of the stem. Such fibres are also found on the periphery of many rootslices, sometimes as tightly accumulated, and nearly in parallel direction, as the hair on a doe-skin. The odour is decidedly and very strong musklike, taste similar, sweetish bitterish, afterwards a little rough., We prepare from it a tincture with diluted spirit of wine, being of a pale brown colour and not very strong smell, 192 TANACETUM. TANACETUM. Herba et flores Athanasice s. Tanaceti. Tansy. From Tanacetum vulgare L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia Superflua (Cl. XIX. 0. 2). Nat. ord. Composite. Hayne II. 6. Diisseld. 236. The plant, spread nearly all over Europe, grows near roads, dry dikes, on the edges of fields and ditches, and becomes to 4' high. The erect, almost smooth, angular, when flowering hard, stem is divided above in numerous branches. The alternate, petiolate leaves are feathered in unequal pairs, darkgreen, smooth, soft-felty haired when young. The gold-yellow flowers, aggregate in thick corymbs at the ends of the stem, appear in July. They by preference posses the nauseous-balsamic smell and taste peculiar to the whole plant, and which is not dissimilar to that of wormseed. These are prepared for tincture after Rule 3, which is of a greenish-yellow colour and strong smell and taste. TARAXACUM. Herba et Radices Taraxaci s. Dentis Leonis s. Leontodontis s. Lactucce pratensis. Dandelion, lion's tooth. From Leontodon Taraxacum L. Sex. Syst. Syngenesia ZEqualis (Cl. XIX. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Compositoe. Hayne II. 4. Diisseld. 249. This well known and everywhere spread plant needs no description, is also hardly subject to be confounded with others, in as much as it has a sure characteristic by its tubular stems, yielding a white milkjuice. Let the whole plant along with the root be gathered in April and May, before the flower is opened, and let those plants be selected by preference, which are grown on poor, stony ground, and be applied for preparing an essence, after Rule 2, which is of a light, yellow-brown colour. TARTARUS STIBIATUS. Tartarus emeticus s. antimoniatus, Tartarus Antimonii, Antimonium tartarisatum s. tartaricum, Tartras kalico-stibicus, Tartras oxyduli Stibii et Potassce, Kali stibico-tartaricum. Potassiotartrate of Antimony, emetic tartar. TELLUR. 193 Let three parts of oxide of antimony, free from arsenic, and reduced to a subtle powder, and four parts of powdered and purified tartar (bitartrate of potash) be stirred in a porcelain dish with water till it becomes a pulp; then let it be heated to + 60 to 700 R., and be kept at this temperature for some hours, adding as much water as there is occasion, that it may fill up about the same measure, till a proof taken out, dissolves itself almost wholly in 15 times as much of cold water. Now it is poured over with 6 to 8 times as much boiling water and boiled for half and hour under continual stirring with a wooden spatula, and then it is filtered still hot, The mother ley, separated from the crystals obtained, is again brought to crystallization by evaporating. All crystals got by degrees are washed with little cold water, again dissolved in 15 times as much of distilled water at common temperature, filtered, and the filtration again evaporated to the point of crystallization. The crystals obtained must be pure milkwhite and translucent; their form is the rectangular, four-edged pointed column; they are heavy, brittle, of sweetish-metallic taste. The aqueous solution of this salt is soon subjected to decomposition, therefore we are compelled to make triturations from it. TAXUS. Folia s. summitates Taxi. Yew, ew-tree, eugh. From Taxus baccata L. Sex. Syst. Dicecia Monadelphia (Cl. XXII. 0. 13). Nat. ord. Conifers. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 46. Diisseld. 88. The common yew is aii arborescent shrub occurring in mountainous forests of Europe and Asia, among us reared in gardens and parks, but which attains a very notable trunk. The leaves (needles) stand comb-shaped, in two rows, are 6 to 9'" long, and nearly 1"' broad, a little obtuse, prickly-pointed, entire, above darkgreen shining, below yellowish-green, stiff. They are without odour, of lasting bitter, very disagreeable taste. In March or April we gather the youngest tops of the branches, and prepare from them a tincture after Rule 3, which is of darkbrown colour and bitter taste. TELLUR. Tellurium. A metal-like elementary substance, following next to Sulphur 13 196 TINCTURA ACRIS SINE KALT. Tilia grandifolia, large-leaved lime tree, summer lime tree, spring lime tree, or water lime tree. Both furnish in July their excellent sweet-scented, therefore much liked flowers, long ago used as a household remedy, commonly gathered with the long peduncles and bracts for using them to make tea. For our use we only apply the flowers freed from the peduncles and full of smell, from which a tincture is prepared after Rule 3, which retains little of the agreeable odour of the flowers. TINCTURA ACRIS SINE KALI. Hahnemann's caustic tincture. His prescription is the following: Take the most acrid blood-red Tinctura Antinonii acris (Tinctura kalina p/harmac. Borussicce), saturate it with so much concentrated vinegar, that litmus paper begins to be reddened (that is, that all kali in excess be saturated). Or add to a fresh prepared Tinctura antimonii acris so long sulphuric acid in a preportion of 100 drops of water to 150 trops of concentrated sulphuric acid, that the tincture begins to redden litmus, and then the little acid in excess is removed by a very little lime, whereupon the tincture remains as highly coloured as before. * TONCO. Fabce de Tonco s. Tongo s. de Tonca s. Tunca. Tonquin bean. From Dipterix odorata W. Sex. Syst. Diadelphia Decandra (C1. XVII. 0. 4). Nat. ord. Leguminos~e. Of the two sorts occurring in trade the Dutch beans deserve the preference; they are oblong, straight, or sometimes a * We do not intend to give a commentary on this medicine arisen from a false chemical idea, like the Causticum, and have only stated its prescription because its efficacy has been maintained and confirmed by many, and may also be granted, all theory set aside. But it is evident that it cannotbe indifferent whether for saturation of the caustic potash acetic or sulphuric acid is taken, in as much as in the first case acetate, in the latter sulphate of potash will be contained in the solution. For obtaining a uniform condition of all remedies also this arbitrariness must be undone. We- therefore fix, that always only acetic acid is to be used in preparing this medicine, the attenuations of which are to be made in the common proportion. 198 URTICA. darkgray, that of the younger branches brown. The small greenred flowers appear fasciculated-aggregate at the extreme branches in March before the leaves, and are the best means for distinguishing the two species; for Ulmus campestris has very short peduncles of equal length: Ulmus effusa has longer peduncles ofunequallength. The leaves stand alternate in two rows, on very short petioles, are oval or reversed ovate, short pointed, unequal and doubly dentate, stiff and rough, above darkgreen, below paler. From one or the other species, both having the same constituents, the bark is gathered in the first spring-time, for which purpose by preference young, but not too thin branches are to be selected. They are freed from the epidermis and one part of the peculiar rindsubstance, so that only more of the bast remains, which has, when dried, at the outer side a red-brownish, cinnamonlike colour, on the inner side the colour is lighter. We prepare a tincture from it after Rule 3 of rather dark colour and somewhat astringent taste. URTICA. Herba Urticce minoris. Common nettle. From Urtica urens L. Sex. Syst. Moncecia Tetrandria (Cl. XXI. 0. 4). Nat. ord. Urticacewe. This plant, wellknown and spread everywhere, js easily distinguished from its related species Urtica dioica (great common nettle), by the small, ovate, incised serrato-dentate leaves, having below five nerves, by the light-green colour, and by the in general much smaller form of the whole plant. It blossoms from July to October, the ripe seeds are gathered, freed after drying as well as possible from the green involucres, and then the small, pale gray-yellowish, smooth grains are used for preparing a tincture after Rule 1, being of pale yellow-green colour. UVA URSI. Folia s. herba Uvco Ursi. Bear's whortle berry, strawberrytree, arbute-tree, red-wort. From Arbutus Uva Ursi L. Sex. Syst. Decandria Monagynia (Cl. X. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Ericineae. Hayne IV. 20. Diisseld. 215. This plant spread over Europe, Asia and America grows on dry heaths, in pineforests and on sunny, stony places. It is a TERATRINUtMI. 199 small, elegant shrub, with branches 1 to 3' long and decumbent, which are set with whitish hair when young. The short-petiolate leaves, are reverse-ovate, at the base narrower, on the lower side netlike veined, leatherlike, shining, entire, evergreen. The whitereddish, blown up, globose flowers sit on short red peduncles, and stand at the end of the branches in small, a little bent racemes. The" leaves, to be gathered about autumn, contain much tannin making iron blue (the characteristic distinguishing them from similar leaves). VALERIANA. Radices Valeriance minoris s. sylvestris. Wild Valerian, capon's tail. From Valeriana officinalis. Sex. Syst. Triandria Monogynia (Cl. III. O. 1). Nat. ord. Valerianacee. Gobel II. 36. Hayne III. 32. Diisseld. 254. The common or small valerian is a perennial plant spread over all Europe, growing on. meadows, in clear, moist woods, on the sides of brooks, but most luxuriantly on the slopes of fore-Alps. It attains a height of 6', has a single, smooth or also little haired stem, feathered, below petiolate, above sessile leaves, with lanceolate, dentate leaflets. The flowers are umbels standing at the end, with white-reddish, not ill-scented, funnelshaped flowerets. The root, the only officinal part, consists of an oblong, roundishrugged root stock, about 1" long, in front obtruncated, which is grown over with fibres, running out to all sides, standing tight, to 6" long, round like a stalk, set with fibrils. Its colour is lightbrown or reddish-gray when fresh, darker to blackish-brown, when dried, under the -epidermis lighter. Smell penetrating, peculiar, camphorlike, taste similar, afterwards a little bitter. The root drawn by commerce from the Alpine countries deserves the preference to any other; we prepare from it a tincture with diluted spirit of wine after Rule 1, being of reddish-brown colour and very powerful smell and taste. VERATRINUM. Veratrum, Veratrina. Veratria. From the seeds of Veratrunm Sabadilla this alkaloid is prepared in the following manner: After having freed the seeds from all tough, light covers, it is reduced to a coarse powder, and this is done, for evading the 200 "VERATRUM. most injurious dust, under adding some spirit. This powder'is then digested for some hours with three times its quantity of strdng spirit, acidulated with little pure sulphuric acid, at a temperAture that comes near to boiling. This operation may be repeated once or twice with two thirds of the former quantity of spirit, After having pressed out the last extraction, all the liquids together are subjected to distillation, until the spirit is drawn over. The remains, after adding a proper quantity of water are boiled so often in a porcelain dish, as caustic soda causes still a precipitate in a proof taken from the decoction. To the mixed liquids, concentrated by, cautious evaporation, now caustic soda is added, as long as a precipitate ensues. This precipitate collected upon a filter, and washed with pure water, is soon dried completely with the proper warmth. For removing the Sabadilline as well as the colouring matter mixed with it, the dry precipitate is now mixed with equal parts in weight of purified animal charcoal, and the mixture macerated with six times as much of ether, frequently agitating, which treatment is repeated after pouring off the first extraction, with half as much ether. The obtained ethereal solutions are filtrated, the ether taken off by distillation, and the residue dissolved in twelve times as much water acidulated with /24 of rectified sulphuric acid, filtered, and decomposed under stirring by caustic ammoniac to excess. The precipitate got in this way is pure Veratria, which is dried with gentle warmth, after having been often washed, and will now be a loose, yellowish-white, a little glittering, inodorous powder, of burning acrid taste, the dust:of which is to be evaded most carefully, for it causes vehement incessant sneezing. A solution in spirit of wine is to be made of it. VERATRUM. Radices Hellebori albi s. Ellebori s. Verathi albi. White hellebore, sneeze-wort. From Veratrum album L, Polygamia Moncecia (Cl. XXIII. 0. 1). Nat. ord. Veratreas (Melanthaceas). Gobel II. 21. Brandt et Ratzeb. I. 5. Diisseld. 46. This plant is indigenous to most of the Alps and fore-Alps of Europe. It has a subterranean, perennial, rootlike stock, which we obtain in trade commonly under this name; its shape is obtuse, knotty, some inches long and one inch thick, wrinkled, rather verrucose, above set with numerous rootfibres, to be found mostly VERBENA. 201 only in remains. The colour of the epidermis is blackish-brown or gray, the pith is yellowish-white, tough, resinous. Ifs smell is inconsiderable, but the dust causes the most vehement sneezing; the taste is acrid, burning and lasts long. From the dry rootstock we prepare a tincture after Rule 1, which is of yellow brown colour and the taste mentioned. VERBASCUM. Flores et herba Verbasci. Mullein, wool-blade, torch-weed, high-taper, (cow's) longwort. From Verbascum Thapsus L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Verbascineae. Hayne XII. 38. Diisseld. 158-159. This stately perennial plant is found almost all over Europe on dry, sunny places, especially frequently in sandy soils and on rocks. The quite straight; erect, ascending stem, sprouting forth from a crown of petiolate, ovate-oblong root-leaves, is, as a rule, quite single, attains a height to 6', is thick, round, above angular by the thick flower-raceme, till there set, with decurrent, thick, soft, leaves, which are pale gray-green. The whole plant is tightly set with white felt or woolly haired. The flowers form a long racemelike, compressed spike, are short-peduncled; the beautiful goldyellow corol is not larger 'then 1/", funnelshaped, more frequently closed than open, whereby it is easily distinguished from the very similar Verbascum thapsiforme, which is more than as big again, and has large flowers, wheelshaped diffuse. The anthers are white-woolly with vermilion pollen. At the flowering-time in July the flowiers and leaves are collected at the same time, and from them is prepared a tincture after Rule 3 of dark yellow-brown colour and little herblike smell, which possesses nothing of the agreeable of the dried flowers. VERBENA. Herba Verbence s. Verbence maris. Vervain, vervin, simpler's joy, iron-wort, pigeon's herb. From Verbena officinalis L. Sex. Syst. Didynamia Angiospermia (Cl. XIV. 0. 2). 'Nat. ord. Verbenaceme. Hayne V. 42. The plant spread everywhere grows near roads, on heaps of rubbish, near old walls and waste places near villages. The stem is 1 to 2' high, herbaceous, four-sided, diffused branchy patent, 202 VINCA. stiff bristly. The opposite leaves run cuneiformly into the petiole, are lyrate, feathered or partite, incisedly serrated, rough, dull gray green. The violet or dull reddish-white flowers stand at the tops of the branches in thin spikes, which are 1 to 2" long, In the flowering-period, which lasts during the whole. summer, we collect the plant without the root, to prepare from it, because it yields little juice, a tincture after Rule 3, having a very dark colour, no smell, and little astringent taste. VINCA. Herba Vincce pervincce s. Vincce minoris. Periwinkle. From Vinca minor L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. 0 1). Nat. ord. Apocynese. This evergreen, shrublike, creeping plant is very much spread and likes shaded woods, and stony slopes or hedges, is also frequently reared in gardens for ornament. On thin, round, deoumbent, radicant stems are opposite in intervals the nearly leatherlike, short-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, above shining darkgreen leaves. The flowers appearing in April and May stand single in the axils, on long peduncles; they are large, funnelshaped, blue or violet. The herb collected during the flowering-period is prepared for essence after Rule 2, which is of a brown-green colour. VIOLA. Flores Violarum s. Violce odoratce s. Violce Martice. Sweetscented violet, single March-violet. From Viola odorata L. Sex. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia (Cl. V. O. 1). Nat. ord. Violarie. Hayne III. 2. Diisseld. 386. The well-known perennial is found all over Europe, also inAsia, growing wild in shady and moist places, and also cultivated in ga-rdens. The distinguishing characteristics of the true violet are: 1. the well known exceedingly agreeable and strong smell. 2. the dark colour and smaller size of the flower. 3. the runners. 4. the single not branched stem. The whole blossoming plant along with the root, 'gathered in March and April is used for preparing an essence after Rule 2, which has a dark-brown colour, a slight smell of violets, but distinctly a taste similar to that of ipecacuanha, ZINCUM. -203 ZINCUM. Slannum Indicurm. Zinc, gold marcasite, spelter. The East India zinc (Zincum orientate) occurring in trade is the purest, though not to be regarded as chemically pure. It has a blueish gray-white colour, strong brightness, crystallizes in foursided columns, has a radiated-laminar texture and clear sound; it is so brittle, that it bears powdering under certain circumstances. This metal, coming in blocks of 18 to 20 pounds is repeatedly subjected to melting under addition of sulphur, often stirring the liquid mass with a wooden spatula, as long as formation of dross is perceived. When the sulphur burns off at the surface without forming new scoria, then let the mass become cool and separate the dross from the pure metal. Then again molten and poured out in a heated polished iron mortar, it bears pulverization; the coarser parts are separated from the more subtle, in order to repeat the same process with them, until a sufficient quantity of powdered zinc is 'obtained, the most subtle parts of which are to be separated in the known way, by sifting through fine linen. Zinc also may be reduced in its metallic form from its salts, when a very concentrated solution of chloride of zinc is brought in contact with pure zinc-bars in a proper vessel having a wide mouth (conf. the Note under the head "Cadmium" p. 72) in such a manner, that they are hung up on threads suspended in it. Over the layer of chloride of zinc, only 1 to 1 /2" high, a layer of pure water is cautiously poured in such a way, that both the liquids do not mix. At the place, where the layer of water rests over the zinc-ley, the separation of metallic zinc begins in the form of gray lustreless warts, depositing around the bars. After some days, and when the bars are agitated, a part of the metal reduced in this way separates, new layers lay themselves on, and the operation continues until the whole zinc-ley is decomposed, or the zinc-bars, becoming sensibly thinner by dissolution are broken and fall down, when they are replaced by new ones, to bring the reduction to its end. The zinc obtained in this way is then washed, finally agitated with a proper quantity of strong alcohol (for removing the moistness) and collected upon a filter. The exsiccation must be effected 204 ZINCUM ACETICUM. quickly (as has been mentioned under the head "Cuprum"), if the powder is to remain pure metal. Triturations are made from it. ZINCUM ACETICUM. Acetas Zincicus. Acetate of zinc. Two parts of pure sulphate of zinc are dissolved in four times as much hot distilled water, and poured, continually stirring, into a solution of 2 /2 parts of carbonate of soda in hot water, containing about '/2 of this salt. The precipitate obtained, very white, is washed in the vessel of precipitation as long as is necessary, and then collected upon a filter. From the precipitate still moist and pulpy any quantity is dissolved with hot concentrated vinegar to perfect neutralization and the acetate after filtering set aside for crystallization. The crystals obtained are white, rhombic tables, shining like mother-ofpearl, decaying a little in the open air. A watery solution in common proportion is to be made from them. ZINCUM HYDROCYANICUM. Cyanetiam Zinci s. zincicum, Zincum cyanatum, IHydrocyanas Zinci. Cyanite of zinc, Hydrocyanate of zinc. A solution of acetate of zinc, prepared according to our prescription, is decomposed by diluted hydrocyanic acid. The precipitate obtained is carefully washed, separated by filtering from the water and dried. It is a dazzling white powder, to be preserved in blackened glasses, protected from light. Triturations are to be made from it. ZINCUM OXYDATUM. Lana philosophica, Nihilum album, Pompholyx, Calx Zinci, Flores Zinci, Zincum album, Oxydum Zinci. Flowers of zinc, oxide of zinc, zinc-white. * * The history of the original preparation of the oxide of zinc as well as the experiences and observations of the physicians relating to the differently certain efficaciousness of this formerly so high valued remedy, lead to the preference to the remedy prepared in the dry way before the manner in the humid way (newly introduced in the pharmacopoeias), though we must own, that the first is rarely or never obtained as chemically pure as the latter. 206 ZINGIBER. The afterwards settled and refrigerated liquid is filtered under addition of a little pure sulphuric acid in excess, and evaporated to the point of crystallization. By stirring from time to time the crystallization be interrupted, so that only small crystals can be formed, which are separated from the mother liquor, dropped off, and dried on white bibulous paper. They are of dazzling-wvhite colour, most astringent metallic taste, tender needles well to be preserved from access of air. We make solution with water from them after the known proportion. ZINGIBER. Radices Zingiberis s. Zinziberis s. Gingiberis albi s. nigri s. communis. Ginger. From Amomum Zingiber L. Sex. Syst. Monandria Monogynia (Cl. I. O. I.). Nat. ord. Scitamineae. The roots of the ginger-plant brought us from the Indies and China as a drug form hands (tubers) 1 to 2" long and 1" broad, flatpressed, hand-shaped, divided in lateral branches, which are hard, heavy, tight, resinous-shining, of strong, aromatic odour and hot, biting taste, outside of blackish-gray or brownish, inside of yellowish-white colour. The quite white ginger can not be used for medicinal porposes, because the supposition is against it, of having been bleached by art. We prepare a tincture of it after Rule 1 of yellow colour and strong smell and taste. A CATALOGUE of all the plants growing wild or cultivated in Germany as well as of some animals, being used in homceopathic medicine according direction of this work, arranged in the manner, in which the season offers them. * February. Helleborus March. Asarum Sambucus (Cortex intern.) Mezereum. Tussilago Ulmus. April. Aristolochia Arum Chelidonium Dulcamara Geum Juncus pilosus Paoonia Prunus spinosa Pulsatilla Sabina Taxus Viola. May. Acteaa Allium Apis Arnica Asparagus Cistus Colchicum (semen) Cyprinus Fragaria Gratiola Jacea Lamium "* Compare the Note p. 26, 208 -M.eloe Mercurialis Ononis Oreoselinum Pa-ris Pi-nus Prunus padus Ranunculus bulbosus Raphanus Rhus Rosmarinus Scrophularia Sed'ur Taraxacu-m Thuija Ymoca. June. Aconitum Napellus Zmqthusa Anagallis Belladonna Branca ursina Calendula Cannabis Chainomilla Cicuta virosaClematis Cotyledon Dietamnus.Digitalis. Helilotropiurln Hyoscyarnus Juglan's Ledurn Millefolium Nym'phoea -Pim~pinella Ranunculus ac'ri~s. 5 flam~mula, iRuta, Sambucus (fires). July. Absinthium Aconiturn Lycoctonuim Agnus castus At-riplex Badiagra Carduus Benedict. Che-nopodiurn Coccinella Conium Drosera JEuphrasia Gentiana cruciata ilelian'thus Hypericurn Juncus effusus Lactuca v~irosa Maj orana Marum verum' Oleander Ranunculus sceler,!atus Secale cornutum Tabacum Tanacetum Tilia Verbascum Verbena. 209 August. A ran'ea Coichicum.(radix) Elateriumi Laurocerasus Loliuni Lupulus Lycopodiuni Petroselinurn Solan~urninigrurn Stramionium. Aristolochia Bovista Cyclarnen E vonymus Arinoracv.i~ A~rum Berberis Bryonial September. Filix -Myanthes Syniphytum Urn,tursi. Octob'er.' D ul1caniara!Ph-ytolacca Solanu'm Lycopersicum Urtica. Novelmber. Artemisia., 14 Absinthium -majus -rusticum -vulgare Acacia German Acetas Ba~rytoe. - baryticus - calcicus - cupricus - ferricus - hydrargyrosus - mauganosu's - morphicus - Morphii - oxydi Cupri -- Ferri - Plumbi crystall. - plumbicus - Zincicus Acetate of baryta, -of copper -ýý- cc;pier -rystalfised -of copper neutral -of iron -of lead -of lime - of manganese - of mercury - of morphia, - of zinc Achillea Millefolinin Acid arseaious - benzoic. - clilorhydric -cyanhydric b ydrochloric: -watery -bydrocy~anic *hydrofLuode Page 35 Acid hydro-hiitric - -hypocarbonic - -Marine - -molybdic 4'66 -muriatic 65 -nitric -- - hydrate of 7 3' of bones 400- of sugar 407 - of wine. 140 - of woodsorrol 4,37, -oxalic 44.-8 -oxymuriatic -- phosphoric 400 -Prussic 407 -saccharine 464 -sparry -- sulphuric 203 - siliceous 65- tartaric 400 - tartarous - vinOUS - - vitriolic - Acidum acetosellee 407 - arsenicosum 464 - arsenicos. vitreum 73 - azoticum 4 37 - benzoicum 440 - benzoylicum 4 48- - Borussicu-m 203 -. carbonosum. 446 - fluoricum 59 - hydrochioricum 35 - hydrocyanictim 38 - hydro-fluoricum 36 - hypocarbonosum 38 - iodo-hydragyr. - - molybdoanicum 36 - molybdicum 37 - muriaticuma Page Page 39 Acidum muriaticum oxy-genatum i 88 38- nitricum - - 055mm 40 39 - o'xalicum 39 - - phosphoricum 40 40 - phosphori perf. - 39 - sacchari, 39 411 - salis 38 39 - septi-pum - 39 -- - silicum 48.) 88 - suIphuricum 441 40 - - purum. - 36 -suiphuris 39- - tartaricum 37 - vitrioli 41 - zooticum, 36 482 Aconite 42 44 Aconitum Lycoctonuim 143 - - Napellus 4 2 - Actaea spicata 43 - XI rugo crystallisata 400D 39 X ther phosphoratus 460 59,Ethusa cynapium -44It - Aga'ric - Agaricus muscarius - 35 Agnus castus 45 - Alabastrum, I7 36 Album hispanicum. 67 39 Alcohol of sulphur 45 37 -sulphuris 38 Alkali caustic volatile 48 36 - vegetable 426 37 - Fluor le Sage 48 39 - minerale ae-ra~tum 450 444 - muriatos. 454 38 - - sulphuric. 4.52 - -- vitriolic. - OW *vegetabile aeratum -426 X e INDEX. 211 Page Page Page Alkali vegetab. nitratur 28 Anise indian 52 Arsenicum citrinum 63 volatile t48 Anise stellated 52 - oxydatum 60 salitum in 9.Anisum stellatum - Artemisia' common 59 sicculm 48 Ant, wood-, red-, 412 - Absinthium. 35 All-heal 41, f Anthos 472 - Contra 90 Allium sativum 46 Antliakokali 53 - Vahliana A10 - Antimonium.54A vulgaris 60 ABlo lucida --bisulphurat. auran- Arum poisonous 73 soccotarina tiac. 4 89 - maculatum 60 spicata - '6hridum54 - seguinum 73 succotrina-- suiphuratum - Asa fcetida 61 All-Saints'wort 424 - - aurantiacum 489 Asarabacca Alum crystallised 46 - tartaricum 492 Asarum europoeum - earth 56 - t~rtarisatum - Aselli 447 Alumen crudum 46 Antiniony 51 Asparagus 62 Alumina -56 golden sulphur of *18,9 officinalis Ambarum cineritium 47 - xysulphnret of - Athamauta Oreoselinum 4 57 Ambergris - p~otassio-tartrate of 192 Atriplex olida 62 Amblygonite 433 sesquisuiphuret of 54 Atropa Belladonna 66 Ambra ambrosiaca 47 sesquisnlphuret of 429 Auripigmentum 63 cinera - suiphuret of 81 Aurochioras chioronagrisea - Apis mellifica tricus 60 nigra - Apium petroselinum 459 Auro-Natrium chloravera - Apple of love 482 turAmmonia carb-onate of 4-8 - thorn 486 Aurum, chioratum - bydrochlorate of 499Apyrite 433 - foliatum 63 muriate of - Aqua-Ammoniae purae 48 - hydrochloratum -64 neutral phosph~oric 50 - chlorata 88 - metallicum 63 phosphate of - - fortis 39 - muriaticum -64 pura 48 - oxymuriatica '88 - natronatum sesquicarbonate of - Aquatic -flipendula 454 - pigmentum 63 solution of Arabian coffee 94k - salitum 64 Ammoniac caustic - Arach, stinking 62 - sulphuratum - gum 47 Aralia nudicaulis 476 Avens 444 sal 49 Aranea Diacema 55 Baccae Cubebarum 99 AmmoniacumI 47 Arbor vitae 495 - levantinm 93 Ammonjo-chboride of mer- Arbute tree 498 - orientales cury 443 Arbutus Uva ursi - Badiaga 65 Ammonlo-nitrate of oxide Archaingel 432 Badiane 52 of suboxide of mer- Argenti nitras 56 Balsamus brasiliensis 97 cury 44411 Argaentum me'tallicum 55 - Copahu AmmoniUm aeratum 48 - nitrieum 56 - Copaiva - carbonicum - - purum '55 - de Cobaiba - causticum - vivum 4U5 Bane-berry '34 - liquidum - Argilla pura 56 Barb orbarbel, common 402 - muriaticum 49 Argillaceous earth 56 Jarbadoes tar 458 - phosphoricum 50 Aristolochia Clematitis 57 Barberry 67 - purum 48 - serpentaria 48.1 Baryta, Acetate of 65 Amomum Zingiber 206 Aristolochy' 57 - Carbonate of Anacardium 60 Armoracia- - muriate of 66 Anagallis arvensis Arnica montana 58 Baryta acetica 65 Anemone meadow 466-- plaister 59 carbonica pratensis - Arseniate of lime 71 - hydrochlorica 66 pulsatilla 467 - of copper 401 - nuriatica Angelica Archangelica 54 Arsenic 59 Barytes aceticus 65 Angustura - - sesquisulpliuret of 63 - carbonicus 65 bark poisonous 70 - white oxyde of 59 - muriaticus 66 spurious. - - yellow 63 Baryum clloratum - Animal charchoal 80 Arsenious acid 59 chloride of - oil, Dippels 455 Arsenicum album - oxydatum aceticum 65 14* 212 INDEX. Page Barynm oxydatum car- Borax raffinata bonicum 65 - veneta - - muriaticum 66 - Venitian Bastard Dittany 402 Bovista officinalis Bear's whortle berry 498 Branca ursina - wort 69 Brazilian bean Beavers' cod 83 Bromate of potash Beedys' eyes 12:) Brometum kalicum Belladonna 66 - Kali Benzoic acid 35 Bromide of potassium Benzoin flowers of - Bromina Berberis Nulgaris 67 Bromine Betony, mountain 38 Bromium Biboras iinatricus 68 Bromuni Biborate of Soda 68 Bromuretum potasSic. Bichloretum 1Ferri I 10 Brown-wort - Hydrargyri I I 1Brucces ferruginea Bichloride of mercury 411 Bryonia alba Bichromas kalicus 426 Bryony wild Bichromate of potash - Buck-beans Biiodas hydrargyricus 41I Bulbi Allii Biiodide of mercury - - Colchici Binoxide of manganese 138 Bull-fist Bird cherry 466 Bund Birth wort 57 Burned hearts' horn Bismuth 68 - lime - magistery of - BI3urnet saxifrage - oxide of - Burning crowfoot - trisnitrate of - Burnt sponge - white - Butter-bur Bismuthum 67 - -cup, bulbous- subnitr. praecip. - rooted Bisulphuret of mercury 91 - cup marsh Bisalphuretum Hydrargyri - - small rubram - Cabaric - Natrii 151 Cadmium Bitter cucumber 95 Cafura Bitter purging salt 436 Cahinca - sweet 404 Cainca Bitumen liquidum 458 Caladium Black lead 416 Calcareous earth - ore 447 Calcaria acetica - oxide of mercury 4I. - arsenicica - sulphuret of gold 6i - carbonica - thorn, common 4 66 -caustica Blessed thistle 81 - hypoiodosa Blind nettle 434 477 - iodata Blister flies 79 - phosphorica Blistering-Bflies - - pura - crowfoot 169 - sulphurata Blite stinking 62 - sulphurica Blood-root 475 Calcined mercury Bog-beans 439 Calcium oxide of Bone ashes 16 - oxydatum - charcoal 80 - sulphuratom - earth 76 Calendula officinalis Bones, acid of - Calfs-foot Bonplandia trifoliata 51 Calisaysa Bore tree 4`74 Calomel Boras Sodae 68 Calomelas Page Page 68 CaIx 74 - - acetica 73 - - Bismuthi 67 - - phosphorata 76 69 - usta 75 461i - viva 4128 - Zinci 204 428 Camfor 77 - Cammock 456 - Campana 466 69 Campeacly-wood 419 69 Camphor 77 - Camphora chinensis - - - japonica 428 - officinalis 477 Cancer Astacus 78 70 Canella Zeylanica 91 74 Canfer 77 74 Cannabis indica 79 439 - sativa 78 46 Cantharides 79 95 Capivi balsam 97 68 Caphura 77 68 Capon's tail 499 76 Capsicum common 80 75 - annuum so80 464 Carbamide of Dumas 48 468 Carbo animalis 80 4 84 - Carnis 80 so 197 - mineralis 416 - SpongiTe 18I 468 - vegetabilis 84 '168 Carbonas Amimonii so467 lidus 48 61 Baryte 65 71 - baryticus 77 - Calcarim 7ý 78 - calcicus 74 78 - cupricus 410 73 ferricus 408 74 - Kali 426 73 kalicus 426 74 - Lixiviie - - Magnesite 435 75 - magnesicus - - - manganosus 437 - - natricus c. aqua 450 76 - plumbicus 465 75 - stronticus 486 76 Carbon mineral 416 77 - sulphuret of 45 444 Carbonate of ammonia 48 75 - of baryta 65 - - of copper 401 76 - of iron 408 77 - of lead 465 60 - of lime 74 86 - of lithion 432 ý42 - of manganese 437 S of magnesia 435 INDEX.213 Page Page Page Carbonate of nickel 452 Chenopodiunm glaucum 85 Clematis erecta 92 - of potash 426 - olidnm 62 Clubmoss'seed 43J - of soda 4"50 - vulvaria 62 Clutia Eluteria 82 - of strontia 486 Cherry Laurel 432 Cnicus arvens. 92 Carbonenm sulphuratim 45 Cheslip 4 '17 Coccionella septempunct. 92 Carburet of iron 446 Chilly pepper 80 Cocculus 93 - of sulphur.5 China clay 129 Coccus cacti - Carburetum Ferri 11-6 China 86 Cochineal - - Sulphuris 45 - amaro-aromatica 51 Cochinella - Carduns benedictus 84 - falsa 82 Cochinilla - - marianus 82 Chininum hydrochlori- Cochlearia Armoracia 57 Carex arenaria 476 cum 86 Cockleweed 433 Carthusian powder 429 - muriaticium - Cockroaches 147 Cascarilla 82- phosphoricum 87 Cockspur rye 478 Cashew nut 90 - salitum 86 Coffea arabica 941 Cassia acutifolia 480 - sulphuricum 87 Coffee Arabian - - elongata - Chinium sulphuricum - - Mocha - - lanceolata - Chiococca racemosa 73 Cohosh 43 - obovata - Chloras kalicus 427 Colebicum autumnale 94 - obtusata - - magnesicus 4136 Colocynth 95 - Senna - - platinicus 463 Colocynthis - Castor 83 - Potassae '127 Colombo root - - Fiber - Chlorateofpotash - Color indicus 422 Castoreum bavaricum Chloretum Ammo- Columbo 95 - moscoviticum - nim 49 Comfrey 194 - russicum - - auricum 64- Common black henbane 421 - sibiricum - - Baryi c. aqua 66 - - thorn 465 Cathartic nut, Indian - hydrargyricum 4 44 - Capsicum 80 black 425 - hydrargyrosum 442 - Chamomile 84 - salt of Glauber 452 - natricum 454 - dwvale 66 Cat tyme 438 - Natrii - - elder 474 Caustic ammoniac 48 Chlorhydric acid 38 - herb Christopher 43 - barley - Indian 473 Chloride of Baryum 66 - male fern 442 - Hahnemann's 83 - of gold 64 - nettle 498 - lime 75 - of mercury 442 - night-shade 483 - tincture of Hahne- - of Soda 451 - parsley 459 mann 496 - of Platinum 463 - rue 473 - volatile alkali 48 Chlorinated water 88 - salt 454 Causticum:83 Chlorine liquid - - wild henbane 424 Cayenne pepper 80 Chlorinum - Coni Humuli 434 Celandine 85 Chloroforme 87 - Pini 462 Centaurea benedicta 84 Chlorum 88 Conium maculatum 96 Cepa marina 476 Christmas rose 120 Consound 494 Cephailis Ipecacuanha 423 Cicuta virosa 89 Convolvulus Jalappa 424 Cerussa 465 Cina 90 Copahu 97 - nigra 446 Cinchona bark 86 Copaiba balsam - Ceruse 465 - cordifolia - Copaifera oflicinalis - Cevadilla 473 - lancifolia - Copaiva - Chalk 74 Cinchonia, sulphate of 90 Copper acetate of 400 Chamomile 81 Cinchoninum sulphuri- - arseniate of 404 Chamomilla - cum - - carbonate of - Charcoal animal 80 Cinchonium sulphuricum - - metallic 99 - bone - Cinnabar 94 - pure - - flesh - Cinnabaris - - sulphate of 404 - leather - Cinnamon - - vitriol of 404 - vegetable 81 Cinnamomum verum - Copperas 444. 205 - wood - - Zeilanicum - Coral red 97 Chaste tree 45 Cistus canadensis - Corallia rubra - Chelidonium ma- - Helianthemum - Corallum rubrum - jus 85 Clavus secalinaus 478 Corallium rubrum 214 INDEX. Page Page Page Cornu cervi ustum al- Crow-foot burning 468 Dulcamara 4104 bum 76 - -marsh 469 Dust silver 55 Corrosive sublimate of - -meadow 167 Dutch myrtle 432 mercury 441 - -small 168 Dwale, common 66 Cortex Angosturm 51 Crystallized alum 46 Dwarf rose-bay 174 - Angustinus -- - soda ISO Earth-moss seed 434 - Angustur. falsus 52, 70 Crystals of verdigris 400 Ebur ustum nigrum 80 - - ferrugineus 70 Cubebm 99 Egg-shells. 71 - - ostindicus -- Cubebpepper, Cubebs - Elaterium 405 - - spurius 52, - Cubical nitre 454 Elder 474 - - verus 51 Cucumber, bitter 95 Elm tree 497 - Calisaya 86 - squirting 4105 Emplastrum Arnica 59 - Cascarilla 82 Cucumis agrestis. - Emetic tartar 192 - Cerasi Padi 166 - asininus - Emmet 412 - - racemosi - - colocynthis 95 Epsham orEpsom salt 436 - Chacarilla 82 Culinary salt 454 Ergota 478 - Chamelacm 4 46 Cuprum aceticum 400 Ergot of Rye - China flava 86 - arsenicosum 410I Essentia Terebinthin. - - regius 86 - carbonicum - gall. 4.56 - Cinnamom. acut. 94 - metallicum 99 Eugenia Jambos 405 - Cocognidii 146 - purum - Eugh tree 493 - Cocci gnidii 44I6 - sulphuricum 401 Euphorbia antiquorum 406 - GasgarillcT 82 Cusparia bark 54 - canariensis - - internus Sambuci 474 Cuttlefishinkyjuiceofthe184 - officinarum - - Laureole 446 Cyanetum Zinci 204 Euphorbium - Mezerei - - zincicum - Euphrasia officinalis - - nucum Juglandis 425 "Cyanhydric acid 36.Euphrasy - Pruni Padi 466 Cyanide of hydrogen - Evonymus europaus - Pseudoangusture 70 - of zinec 204 Ew tree i193 - Punicw Granati 416 Cyclamen europmum 402 Eye-bright 106 - radicis Granator. - - root -*Fab e arabice 94 - Mali Punicae - Cynanchum Arguil 1.80 - brasilienses 161 - Sassafras 175 Cyprinus barbus 02 - de Tonca 196 Thymelaem 446 Dandelion 492 - de Tonco - - Ulmi interior 197 Daphne Mezereum 416 - de Tunca - - - pyramidalis - Darnel 433 febrifuge 422 Cotyledon umbilicus 97 Datura Stramoniim 486 - indica - Court plaister 59 Deadly night-shade 66 - lev-antina 9i Cow's longwort 201 Dead nettle 431 - Pecurim 46o. parsnip 69 Delphinium Staphisa- - Pichurim - Crap 433 gria 4'85 - majores - Crawfish 78 Deutochloride of gold 64 - Ignatii 4 22 Creasot6 4 29 Deudoioduretum Mer- - Sassafras 464,1 Creosote - - - curii 441 - Tongo.496 Creosotum - Deutosulphas Cupri c. False-black Hellebore 4.3 Crocus, opening of iron 108 aqua 101 Fern, common male 412 Crocus austriacus 98 Devil's dung 1 Ferrum aceticum 407 - de Gatinois 98 - snuff-box 68 - carbonicum 408 - Martis aperitivus Dictamnus albus - 02 - iodatum 409 Stahlii 08 Digitalis purpurea 403 - lacticum - - orientalis 98 Dippel's animal oil 455 - magneticum 4,10 - sativus - Dipterix odorata 496 - metallicum 407 Cross-spider 55 Disulphate, crysfallized - muriaticum - 10 Cross-wort Gentian -1143 of quinia 87 - - oxydatum - Croton Eliteria 82 Dittany bastard 4102 - oxydat. 1.08 Spurging 98 Dog's bane 43 - - aceticum 407 - Tiglium - Dorema Armeniaca 47 - - fuscum 4108 Crow-flower 57 Drank 433 - oxydulatum-carbon. - Crow-foot blistering 169 Drosera rotunidifolia 404 - - fuscum 408k - -balbous-rooted 468 Duck's foot 165 - purum 407 N216 INDEX. Page Henbane, common wild or black 4 21 Hepar sulphuris calcareum 76 Heracleum Sphondyliuni 69 Herb bennet''1,1 - Christopher 43 - p aris 458 - trinity 4 2 -Herba Absinthji 35 -Acanthi german. 8 - - vulgaris 69 -Achillew albw 1-446 -Aconiti lutei 4.3 - - Lyc~octoni - - - Napelli 1, - -salutiferi 158 -Amaraci 436 -Anagallidis Manis 50 -Anemon. pratens. 166 -Anthos 47 2 - -sylvestris 1I32 -Apii montani '157 -Arboris vitmT 195 -Arnicae 58 -Athanasiae 192 A-Atriplicis foctidre 62 - -olida3 62 Belladonnre 6 -Brancrae Ursinae 69 -Caithaessativas 77 - - vulgaris -Cannabis indicee 79 -Cardui Sancti 84 -Centauroidis 447 -ChamTecisti -94 -Cbelidonii major. 85 -Chenopodil olidi 62 -Cicutas aquaticas 89 - raculatas % 96) - iajoris 96 T -ininoris 44 -terrestris 96 -Cicutarim 1441 - Cisti Ledi 432 - Clemnatitis rectze 92 - Cnici sylvestris 81 - Conji aquatici 89 - - raculati 96 -Ccnsolidas nd. 4191 -CortusWe 1138 -Cotyledonis 97 -Cynocrambes 4 i0 -Cynapii 44 -Cyriaci 438 -Digitalis minimre 4,17 - purpureaB.103 Doroni'i gerrnanici 58 -Euphrasias 106 -Flamrnulre 468 Page Page Herba Flammiuke Jovis 92 Herba, Spigelias anthel- FraaaricT '113 mine 484 - IFragjile 4,I 13 - Tahaci '191 - Gratiah elDci 4'17 - Tanaceti '192 - Gratiolse ':117 - Taraxaci - Helianthemi 91 - Ther-e,. crsareT 4 919 - Hyoscyami nigri 4212 - 7- chinens. - - -peruviani 191 - - imperialis - - Hy~perici 124 - viridis - - Intybi angusti 41314 Thujre - 195 - Jacea-, 12IF -Trifolii amari 139 - Jusquiauiti 421 - aquatici - - Lactucoe -foe-tidre '13-1 - - fibrini - - -pratensis A192 - -fragriferi 4413 - Libanotis 4I72 - Trinitatis. 4 2!P - Lobelire '131 Umbilici Veneris 927 - MVaj or an re estiv, '136 - Urtice mimnoris '198 - Mari syriaci 438 - Uvae Ursi- eni - _-Veelguttac '157 - Mencurialis- mon - Verbasci 204 tanre 14.0 -Verbence - Millefolii 4, iý6 - Ma ria - Myriophylli '146 - Vermicularis 4179 - Napelli corerulei 41.2 -Vernucarire '77 - Nicotianrfe. '1_91 - Vincae ininoris 20 2 - Oreoselini 457 - - pervincTe Paridis '158 - Violre tricoloris 4 211 -Pastinacre vulgaris 69 - Virgas nregire '103 I'erforatfe 424 Hercules's all heal 69 -Petroselini m ont. 457 High taper 2011 -Phiytolac~cie 4 60 Hoblice '1O7 -Polycbrestr 4 57 Hog's ýbread 102 -Popul~aginis 77 Holy-rose 94 -Pseudoacanlthi 69 Holly-thistle 811 -Pulsa~tillar ruin.- 466 Honey bee 54 n nignic~. - Hops 431+ - Ranuinculi pailnstris 4 69 Hop catkins - Rorelle40 - stnobutes - -Roris niarinii hor-- Hordeum causticum 4 73, tensis '172 Horse radish 473 - - - sylv. 432 Huaco plant 418 - -Solis- 404 Humulus Liipulus 434 - utre hortensis 4173 Hydnargyrum. 4415 - - latifoliare - - 'aceticum 440 - - sativre - - amnmoniato mluria- -VIulgaris - ticum '143 -Sabinas'74 -biiodatum 4411 - Sampsuchi 136 - chionatum 4112 - SavinaB I Ti - deuto-iodattum - - Sedi minimi '179 - muriaticum cor- - acis - os. - Sempervivi minor.- - - mite 02~ - Solani funiosi 66 - -prarcip. 143 - - lethalis - nitr. oxydulat. 44ý2 - - maniaci - -oxydatuin nuhnum '144 - - nigri- 483 - oxydulatumnigrum 44.4 - - quadnifolii '158 -periodatum '1i4 - S oIatni n igri '183 -subiodatum. 1144 -Solis 42.1 - sulphnratumnrubrnm,9,1 Sphondylii 69 Hydras fennicus 4108 INDEX., Page Page Mountain arnica 58 Nihilum album 204 Oleum Martis 11to - betony - Nitras Ammonie c. - Petras 158 - parsley, small 457 oxyd. Hydrar. 4 1 - Terebinthinas 1456 - tobacco 58 - argenticns 56 - Terre 458 Mugwort 60 - Bismuthi 68 - Vitrioli l41 Mullein 201 - hydrargyrosus 142 One-berry 458 Murex purpurea 450 - kalicus 428 Oniscus Asellus 147 Murias Ammonias 49 - natricus '154 Ononis spinosa 456 - Auri 64 - potasse 428 Opium 4 57 - chinicus 86 - Soda 1541 - crudum - - Magnesi2 436 Nitroglycerine 41145 - thebaicum - - Morphii 449 Nitrate of potash 428 Orach gray 85 - oxyd. hydr. am- of silver 56 - stinking 62 mon. 443 - of soda 1i51 Oreoselinum 457 Muriate of Ammonia 49 - of water 39 Origanum Majorana 136 - of baryta - 66 Nitre 428 Orpiment 63 - of magnesia 136 - cubic 4514 Oxalic acid 30 - of morphia 449 - fixed 426 Oxide of bismuth 68 - of platinum 463 - purified 4128 - of calcium 75 of Quinia 86 Nitric acid 39 - of lithion 132 - of Quinine - - - hydr. or ses- - of manganese gray 4138 - of Quina - quihydr. of - - of mercury red 4i4 - of Soda 451 - solutivewaier - of nickel 4152 Muriatic acid 38 of Geber - - of zinc 204 - gold 64 Nitrum 428 Oxidulum bydrarg. saliMurides 69 - Argenti 56 num 444 Murina- - cubicum 451 Oxydum aluminicum 56 Muscas hispanica 79 - fixum 426 - calcicum 75 Muscovy glass 77 - rhomboidale 451 - ferricum c. aqua 408 Musk 4 9 Nuces aromaticas 453 - hydrargyricum 4 44 Myristica moschata 453 catharticas 98 - Hlydrarg. c. Chloret. Napbta Petra 4'158 - nucistas 4 3 Ammon. 143 - Petrolei - - Sassafras 464 - Stibii hydr. sulph. 489 Nardostachys Jatamansi 490 Nuclei Myristic2e 453 - Zinci 20 Natrium chloratum 4514 Nuphar luteum 415 Oxymuriate of mercury A1I - sulphuratum - Nutmeg 453 of potash 127 Natrum boracicum 68 - bean 16 I Oxymuriatic acid 88 - carbonicum 150 Nux cathartica ameri- Oxysulphuret of Anti- chloratum 45 cana 98 mony 489 - hydrochloricum - - moschata 453 Oyster-shells 74 - muniaticum - - vomica - Pasonia officinalis 458 Snitricum - Nymphaa lutea 451 Panacea lapsorum 58 - subearbonicum 450 Ocimastrum 477 Panax quinquefolium 144 - sulphuratum 454 Ocotea puchury 464 Pansy 4I2 - sulphuricum 452 Oenanthe crocata 4154 Papaver somniferum 457 Natural Loadstone 4 40 Oil beetle 439 Papeeta 422t Navelwort, Venus'- 97 - clock - Paris quadrifolia 4158 Nectandra Puchury 464 - Dippel's animal, Park, leaves 424 Nenuphar 454 rectif 455 Parsley, common or - luteum - - ethereal essential - garden 459 Nerium Oleander 155 - of horns rectif. - marshy 454 Nettle, common 198 - of turpentine 456 - small wild 457 Neutral phosphoric Am- - of Vitriol 44 - - mountain - monia 50 Oleander 455 - stone - Niecolum carbonicum 152 Oleum animale - Peony 458 Nickel carbonate of - - - athereum - Periwinkle 202 Nicotiana tabacum 194 - - Dippelii - Perchloride of gold 64 Night-shade common 483 - - fatidum - Peroxide of manganese 1438 - - deadly 66 - Cornucervifetid. - Peroxidum hydrargyri 4446 - - woody 404 - Cornu cervi reetif. 145 Peravian bark false 82 220 INDBX. Page Page Page Peruvian bark gray 82 Pompholyx 204 Radish, black-garden -469 - -yellow 86 Pond crawfish '78 - sommer -balsam white 97 Poor man's weather- - winter Petalite 4133 glass 50 Radix Acanthi vulg. 69 Petasides, great 197 Porcelain clay 429 - Ac-oniti411 Petroleum 458 Potash 196 - - falsi 6 Petroselinum 459 - bichromate of - - AlIMiA, 6 P'etty-Whin 4156 - brornate of '128 - Alopecuroidis 45-6 Pharinacolite 741 - carbonate of 126 - Amaradulcis 40M. Phiellandrium aquaticuml159 - chilorate of 127 - Angelicaen satiyae 51 Phiosphas Ammonive 50 - hvdriodate of - - Ani vulgaris 60. chinieus 87 - hyperoxymuriate of - - Aristolochive Cle- hi~drargyrosus 4 43 - nitrate of 428 miatitis 57 Phosphate of Ammonia 50 - oxymuria~te of 4 27 - - creticoe - -o~f lime 76 - red chromuate of 4 2-6 - - longn - - of mercury 143 - subcarbonate of - - - Vulgar. -. of quinia 87" Potassio-tartrate of An- - Arnicee 58 Phosphoric acid 40 timony 492 - Aronis coommunis 60 -Ammonia 50 Potassium, bromide of M12 - Artemisieu 60 Phosphorus '160 - iodide of '12,7 - Arthanitm 402 Phytolacca decandral - Precipitate of mercury - Asari 61I Pichjurim bean 4614 red 444 - Asparagi altici - 62 Pigeon's hierb 204 - - white 44.3 - Aza~ri 61 Pimpernel common 50 Prick madam 4 79 - Branczn ursiun 69 - red 50 - wood 106 - brasiliensis 423 Pimpinella saxi-fraga 464 Priest'scap- - Bryonin albn 74, Pine-buds 462 Proscarab49 - Cahinem 73 -shoots - Protiodide of mercury i I i. - Cainana - Pink root 48ý Protonitrate of 442) - C a in c Pinus sylvestris 462 Protoxide of 4 44 - Caryophyllatie '114 Piper caudatum 99 Protosulphate of iron 441 - Chelapf 424. Ctibeba - Prinus Laurocerasus 4 32, - Chelidonii maj. 85 - bispanicum 8,0 - padus 466 - Christophorian2 43. indicum - - spinosa- - Cicutae aquatieve 89 - turcicum - Prussic acid 36 - Coichici 94J Pipperidge bush 67 Puck-ball 68 - Colubrina 481 Pismire '112 - fist - Columbo 95 Platirma 162 - foist- - Conii acpaatici 89 - del Pinto - Puff ball - -C onsolidanmaýjoris 494 - muriatica 463 Puffin- - Contrityervan virPlatinum '162 Pulsatilla 4 66r gin. 484 - muriate of 167 Pulverulent sulphur 188 - Cycl aminis 402 Plumbago 416 Pulvis Carthusianorum 12949 Dentis Leonis 492 Plumbum 463 - Lycopodii 434 - Dictamni albi 40-2 -aceticum 164 Punica Granatum 4116 Diptamni albi - -carbonicum 468 Purgingr Croton 98 - Doronici germanici 58 Podophyllum peltat. 465 - salt 436 - Dulcamarme 404 Pollen Lycopodii M3 Purple fox-gliove 403 - Dysenteric~ 423 Polygala Senega 180 Purpura 450 - Ellebori albi 2010 Polypodium Filix mias I112aw Quina, 86 - - nigri 420 Poison ash creeping 174 - hydrochiorate of - - Filicis man's 44`2 -ivy creeping 47.1 - muriate of - - Fraxinelh 4 0121 - nut 453 - Calisaya- - Fraxini pusnili - - Oak creeping 174 Quinia hydrochlorate of- - Gelapii 424 -wood creeping - - muniate of - - Gei urbani 444 Poisonous arnum 73 - phosphate of 87 - Gentianme eruciatme 443 Poraa aenonis 482 Quinine hydrochiorate of 86 - uteum - Colocynthidis 95 - muriate of 87 - - majoris - P~omegranate, bark of Quinine phosqphate of - - - - minoris - the root of the 446 Quickafiyer metallc 405 - ---rabre - INDEX. 221 Page I Radix Gialappan 4924. Radix Scrophulari&2 val-Giugiberis albi 206 gar. - -communl. - - Seneca2 - -nigri- - S e 11~ -Ginseng 4 1 A - Serpentariaý bras. -Ginsing - - -virgiAn. -Ginzing - -Sphondyflii -Hellebori albi 200 - Squilbe rubr-e - - nigri falsi 4 3 - Syi rphyti - - nigri 420 - Taraxaci H -eraclei 69 Tragoseliuii -Hippecactianhge 123 -Urinarlae, - alapprn 42ý -Uve anginaue -Jalopii - - alerianae minor. -LactuicT pratensis 4 92 - sylvestr. -Leonto dontis - - \Teiatri albi - Mechoacannae ni- - -nigyri grr2 421 -Viperina -Melampodii 4[2 0 -Vitis albng-Nardi rsiai 6 1 -Zhiuriberis -Ninsi '115 - albi -Nympbheie lute-re '14 M -nigri -Ornithogali 4706R-a~nunculus acris -Pseonive 458 - - bulbosus -Pceonia3 - - Flammula -Pancratii yeni 470 - sceleratus - Panis porcino 4 02 Raphanus sativas - Parthenii 60 Ratanhia -Pastinacie vulgaais 69 Ratany -Petasitidis 497 Rattle-snake root, -Pimpinelke albm. 46.1 Rectified animal oil,. -hircinm 161 Dippel's - - nostratis - Red ant - - umibell. 4-64 - c oral -PolygalIe virgr. 480 - oxide of mercury -Pseudo acanthi 69 - pimpernel -Raphani hortensis 4 69 - wont - -nigri - Resina Euphorbii - -rnstieani 57 - Guajaci nativa - -sylvestris - Rest-harrow -Ratenhma 470 Rheum palmatum. - Rataubive - Rhododendron ebrysan- Remorw aratni 456 thorn - Restie Bovis - - ferrugineum - Rhabarb. oriental. 470 - hirsutum. - Rhabarbari yeni - - maximum - Rhei moscovitici - Rhub arb - - ussici - Rhus radicans - Salsaparillfe 475 Rhus Toxicodendron - Sanamundoe 4 44 - Vernix - Sangruinarioe 475 River crawfish - Sarsoe 475 - sponge - Sansaparilke - Rock oil - Sassapanillm - Roman-vitriol - Saxifiragae 461 Romanic gum -Scillie 476 Rose-bay -Scrophularia3 fce- - -laurel -tidai 477 - mary Pag-e Page Rute common 473 477 - garden broad leaved480 Rush fluttering' 425 4180 - grove, spring 426 73 - haired - 418 1 - spring gro VeC' - 69 Routa ograxeoleus 173.1'76 S ab i maI4Th '191 Sahine,7 comimon -,192 Saccharine acid 39,1 61 Saceharnin saturni 4161 4156 Saffron crocus 98 71 - meado-w 941 9 9 Sal amnioniac 49 - - cathart. of Glaub er 452 '200 - conimon.15O,1 120 -culinary4181 Epsom 436 74 - purlgi ng2 06 - of tartar 426 - S al aciduim lenzoe~s 35 - - alkali volatile 43.,167 - amanum 436 468 - am-mo'niacum 419 - - - volatile A.8 4169 - anglicuni 136 - - armoniacus 49,170 - Caucrorumi 73 - - C r et a-- 480 - culinare 4511 - Epshamense 436 405 - essentiale Tartan 4Ik1 4412 - Gem~mwe 451 97 - maninum444 - Mantis 4-10 50 - - liquidutu 1444 4198 - mirabile Glauheri 152 406 - petrie 428 4,18 - saidschiitzense 436 456 - seidlitzense 470 - Sodaa 450 - Tartani 420 474 Salentine 85 - Salt of steel 4144 - Saltpetre from Chile 454 - - prismatic 128 '170 Sambucus ni'gra 4174 471 Sanguinania canadenslis 4 75 - Sarsaparilla 47-2 Sassafras bark78 - bean 464 65 - nut 458 - officinalis 475 404 Sassaparille from Ron47 duras 476 455 - Lisbon - - -- Vera Cruz 472 Saturnus 463 432 Savine common 474 4-7 2 Scheele's Greenz 404 -Scrophulaniie ma- - - wild jor. 477 Rosmarinus offleinalie 222 INDEX. Scilla maritima Sclerotium Clavus Scrophularia aquatica - nodosa Scrophulary Sea-flower - onion - salt, spirit of - sun-flower Seeale clavatum - corniculatlnm - cornutum - luxurians - maternum - temulentum Secalis mater Sedum acre - reflexum - sexangulare Selenite Selenites Selenium Semecarpus Anacardiumn Semen Anarcard. orient. - Anisi canadensis - chinensis - indici - stellati - Apii hortensis - Badiani - Cardui maculat. - Marife - Catfaputioe min. - Cebadillve SCinTc levantic Cocculi indici - levantici - Colchici - Contra - Cubebarum - Daturm e - Evonymi - Fceniculi aquatici -1 - caballini - Lactei - Lycopodii 4 - Musci clavati - terrestris - Pedicularis I - Petroselini 4 - Phellandrii 4 - Ricini majoris 4 - Sabadiglike - Sabadillke - Santonici - Solani foetidi 4 - maniaci - Spinie albae - Staphidis agrie 4 Staphisagrise '?C P 176 Semen Stranimonii 4 178 - Xantonici 177 - Zedoariie - Senega 4 - Sengreen I 4 5k Senna 4 176 Sepia officinalis 4 38 Serpentaria 94 Serpentary 1478 Sesquicarbonate of am- monia - - sulphuret of anti- mony - - - of arsenic - - sulphuretum stibii - preecipitat 479 Shepherd's weatherglass - Sibirian Rhododendron 4 - Silica 77 Silicea - Silicic acid 479 Silicious earth 50 Silver - - dust of 52 - nitrate of crystall. - Simpler's joy - Sium Sisarum Slaters 4 4159 Sloe bush 52 Smilacine 4 82 Smilax medica 4 - - officinalis 98 - syphilitica 1473 Sneeze-wort 90 Snowberry 93 Soda carbonate of 4 - - crystallisata 9! - biborate of 90 - chloride of 99 - gold, muriatic 186 - muriate of 4 106 - natronated muriate 159 of Gold and - nitrate of 4 82 - salt 4 13 - sulphate of 4 - - sulphuret of 4 - - sulphuretted 185 - vitriolated of Glau59 ber 4 459 Solanum Dulcamara 4i S - Lycopersicum 4 3 - mammosun 4 - nigrum 90 Solution of ammonia 86 Sow 4 - - bread 4 82 Spanish flies 85 - white SSparry acid age 1' 186 Specular stone 90 Spelter - Spider Garden 80 Spigelia anthelmia 179 Spindle tree 180 Spirit of nitre, Glauber's 81 - of sal ammoniac - with quicklime - of salt Glauber's - of sea salt 48 - of turpentine Spiritus Calcariae cau29 sticas 63 - Nitri acidus - Salis acidus S54 - ammoniac. 50 caustic. age 77 203 55 14 84 39 48 38 486 "75 39 38 48 171 - sulphuratus '188 182 - Terebinth gallic. 156 - Spodumene 433 - Sponge burnt 484 - Spongia palustris 68 55 - tosta 484 - - usta 56 Spongilla lacustris 65 20o Spring grove rush 426 4/15 Spurge olive 446 147 Spurred ryc 478 166 Spurious Angustura bark 70 176 Squill 176 75 Squirting cucumber 105 - Stannum 485 - - indicum 4185, 203 200 Staphisagria '185 73 Staves-acre 50 Steel salt of 4,11 -- Stellated anise 5 92 68 Stercus Diaboli I 51 Stibiuam bisulphburat. 6 praecipit. 189 151 - sulphurat. aurantiac. 64 - - nigrum 5+ 154 Stigmata Croci 98 50 Stipites Amarie dulcis 404 52 - Dulcamaras 54 Stone-crop 479 - - break 464 - parsley 4587 52 Stramonium 486 ol04 Straw berry wood 443 82 - - tree '198 83 Strobuli Humuli 431 - Pini 462 48 Strontia carbonica 486 17 Strontian carbonate of - 02 - earth79 Strychnia 487 68 - nitrate of - 37 - sulphate of 488 224 INDEX. Page Page Venitian borax 68 Vitriolum ceruleum 404 Wolf's-bane, yellow Venus 99 - Cupri - - claw pollen-du Venus' navelwort- 97 - de Cypro - - peach Veratria 199 - Martis 411 Wood-ant Veratrina - - Veneris 4101 Wood charcoal Veratrinum - - viride I14ii Wood lice Veratrum 200 - Zinci 205 Wood sorrel, acid - album - Wad 44 6 Woody night-shade - officinale - Wake robin 60 Wool-blade - Sabadilla '199 Wallnut 425 Worm-seed of JudE Verbascum thapsiforme 204 Wdll-pepper 479 - -wood, comm - Thapsus - Water cicuta 89 Yarrow Verbena officinalis - - hemlock - Yellow-arsenic Verdigris crystals of 100 - - fine-leaved 459 - flowered Rhc Vermilion 91 - hyssop 417 dendron Vervain 201 - lily yellow 454 Yew Vervin - - chlorinated 88 Youth-wort Vinca minor 202 - nitrated 39 Zinc Vinous acid 4&4 White arsenic 59 - acetate of Viola odorata 202 - magnesia 4 35 - Cyanide of - tricolor I24 - oxide of arsenic 59 - Flowers of Violet sweetscented 202 - precipitate of mer- - hydrocyanate - three-coloured 4 24 cury 143 - oxide of Virginian snake-root 4814 White vine 71 - sulphate of Virgin's bower, upright 92 - vitriol 205 Zinc-w-hite Virus of the rattle-snake 430 Wild bryony 7 I Zincum Vitex agnus castus 45 - hops - - aceticum Vitriol blue 1 04 - nep - - album - green '14 - Spikenard 61 - cyanatum - of copper 401 - vine 74 - hydrocyanic. - of iron 'II4 Wincopipe 50 - orientale - oil of 44 Wind flower 466 - oxydatum - Roman 404 Wine, Acid of 41 - sulphuricum - white 205 Witch-meal 434 Zingiber Vitriolic acid 44 Wolf's-bane, large blue 42 Zizany Vitriolum album 205 ist of cea on )doof Page 43 4 34 482 4142 84 4147 39 4004 204 90 3 5 '146 63 471 193 404 203 204 204 205 204 205 2041 203 204 203 204 203 20/1 205 206 4133 ERRATA. Page 95, 1. 12 for Pome read Poma. - 128, 1. 8 - HYDROBRIOMCUM read HYDROBROMICUM. - 173, 1. 11 - latiofolia read latifolia. - 176, 1. 3 from below - Squilla read Scilla. PRINTED Y ALEXANDIPS R: PRINTED BY ALEX ANDER WIEDE. 4111111M OF MICHI'GAN 39015 01056 8601 Filmed by Preservation 1990 q