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HOM(EOPATHIC MEDICINES,
Prepared with the greatest care, and by himself solely, may be had of
WILLIAM HEADLAND,
HOM(EOPATHIC CHEMIST,
63 HANOVER STREET, EDINBURGH, and at
15 PRINCE'S STREET, HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON,
Chemist to the following and other Medical Institutions:WESTMINSTER AND LAMBETH HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL
INSTITUTION;
WEST LONDON HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL INSTITUTION
THE HOM(EOPATHIC SANATORIUM;
THE EDINBURGH HOMCEOPATHIC DISPENSARY;
THE MARYLEBONE HOM(EOPATHIC DISPENSARY;
THE NEWCASTLE HOM(EOPATHIC DISPENSARY;
THE DUBLIN HOM(EOPATHIC DISPENSARY;
THE BRIGHTON HOMCEOPATHIC DISPENSARY;
THE GLASTONBURY HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL INSTITUTION;
THE CHELTENHAM HOMCEOPATHIC DISPENSARY.



Preparing for the Press,
AN INQUIRY
INTO THE
HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE OF MEDICINE,
BY WILLIAM HENDERSON M.D.,
Professor of Medicine and General Pathology, and lately one
of the Professors of Clinical Medicine in the
University of Edinburgh.



AN
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
STUDTY OF IIOMCIEOPATHY.
EDITED BY
J%.J. DRYSDALE, M.D., EDIN.,
AND
J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL, M.D., EDIN.,
EDITORS OF
FLETCHER 2S. ELEMENTS OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY., AND
THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF HOX(EOPATHY.
LONDON:
J. LEATH, 5 ST PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
SMYTH, BERRY STREET, LIVERPOOL.
MAOLAOHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH.
MDCCCXLV.



EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY.



iv           PREFATORY NOTICE.
pharmaceutical and pathological questions still under discussion among Homneopathists themselves.
It is our aim to remove the preliminary difficulties that impede the calm consideration of the
subject; and if any of our readers be induced to
undertake an experimental investigation of the
doctrines and practice of Hlomoeopathy, the end
we had in view in publishing this compilation
will be amply fulfilled.
J. J. D.
J.R.IR.
FEBRUARY 1845.



CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.                       Page. Characteristics of Homoeopathy,.....         1
CHAPTER II.
SA Sketch of the Origin of Homoeopathy. By Dr J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL, Edinburgh,......   33
CHAPTER III.
The Medicine of Experience.  By SAMUEL HAHNEMANN;
Translated by Dr BERRY KING, A.M., Oxon....    63
CHAPTER IV.
On the Homceopathic Action of Certain Remedies in Ordinary
Use. By Dr FRANCIS BLACK, Edinburgh,...   108
CHAPTER V.
On the Proving of Medicines on the Healthy Body. By Dr
DRYSDALE, Liverpool,.......   135
CHAPTER VI.
On the Theory of Small Doses. By Dr SAMUEL BROWN,.   152
CHAPTER VII.
Illustrations of Homceopathic Practice. By Dr DRYSDALE,
Liverpool,.........  179



vi

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIII.                       Page
Notice of the Hospital of the Sisters of Charity in Vienna, with
a Tabular View of all the Diseases treated there from 1845
to the end of 1843. By Dr FLEISCHMANN, Physician to
the Hospital,.........  215
CHAPTER IX.
Comparative Mortality of Certain Acute Diseases Treated Allopathically and Homceopathically,.....  230
APPENDIX.
On M. Andral's Homceopathic Experiments it La Pitie. By
Dr IRVINE of Leeds......  240



INTRODUCTION

TO THE
STUDY OF HOMUEOPATHY.
CHAPTER I.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMCEOPATHY.
HEALTH is of such paramount importance to man, and
Homceopathy-if Homceopathy be true-must be of
such paramount importance to health, that the subject
ought to command the attention of every class of readers,
without regard to the conclusions they may eventually
arrive at concerning its merits.  Both indifference, which
cares not to know, and dogmatism, which stoops not to
examine, are courses deviating no less from the practice
of a sound policy, than from the principles of true philosophy. It should be recollected, that if Homoeopathy, on
the one hand, boasts of adding to the scientific conquests
of the mind, and of conducing to the greatest interests
of the body, it is quite willing, on the other hand, that
the validity of its claims should be tried before an
A



2

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMIEOPATHY.

authority commensurate with their magnitude in the
severe rules of discipline which it enforces, and in the
decisions without appeal, which it has a right to pronounce.   Homoeopathy challenges no less peremptory,
unexceptionable, and accessible a tribunal than that of
experience.  It is neither fair nor safe summarily to dispose of its claims upon the assumption of its unworthiness, when we can take the advocate for Homoeopathy at
his word, and bring the regular, and, on that account,
more authoritative forms of investigation to bear upon him
and his cause.
Homoeopathy has now attained the growth of nearly
half a century;-old Saturn has spared it, the devourer
of fashions and baubles, of shams and lies. Halhnemann's
system has outlived its promulgator, and no signs of a
shaken or threatened vitality as yet appear.  A numerous body of men-most of them trained up in the purest
academical orthodoxy-have made, and are making, their
willing choice of Homoeopathy, and practise it in various
quarters of the globe;-there is such a thing as a homceopathic literature, periodical and otherwise, expounding the doctrine, exhibiting its methods, and challenging
inquiry into its results:-there are official statistic documents to be appealed to in homoeopathic hospitals;there are dispensaries, or similar establishments, in the
chief towns both of Europe and America, bringing daily
to the test of experience the efficacy or inefficacy of infinitesimal doses, and throwing open their doors to friend
and foe alike.  If all this is too little to establish the
truth of the system, is it not at least too much, far too



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMEOPATHY.

much, to allow it to be taken for granted that Homceopathy is an obvious fallacy or an absurdity?
Really, did we take the latter view of the question,
our curiosity would be whetted to the sharpest edge, to
discover how-by what portentous process, through what
singular plausibilities, or owing to what unprecedented infatuation in men's mind-an absurd or fallacious scheme
bearing immediately upon health and life, and substantiating itself into something exclusively and permanently
experimental, could have stolen into the dignity of a system. We would wish to be able to solve the riddle, how a
nonentity could counterfeit so well the bulk and gait of a
reality as to become the rallying point of a minority-a
respectable and intelligent minority, we trust-of the
medical class. Over and above all, we would grapple
body to body with this phantom: we would leave no
feature in it unexplored, no part of it undisturbed, no
boasted evidence unrefuted, no alleged fact undestroyed,
the sooner to force it back to its original nothingness.
But has not a process of the like description been
gone through more than once?  Has not Homoeopathy
been refuted usque ad satietatem?
If Hahnemann's system did stand, and does, it was
certainly not for' lack of would-be demolishers.  Professional Europe shook her sides with laughter at the first
announcement of the Hahnemannic discoveries.   That
one Herr Hahnemann, a physician of no great notoriety,
should have found, as it were, in one day, and in his individual head, what ages and the collective wisdom of
ages had not discovered, namely, a constant empirical
criterion to act upon, in the choice of medicines, looked



4,CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATIHY.

improbable enough;-that, as a scholion to the first proposition, the medicine made choice of, according to the
above criterion, should be administered in infinitesimal
doses, appeared such an absurdity as could only be met
with Horace's ' Risum teneatis, amici?'  When the system began to work, however, and to work well-had the
thing looked never so strange, had it been never so repugnant to the former notions and habits of the mind,
since experience was appealed to, and the experience was
within everybody's reach, a serious, philosophical and matter-of-fact discussion would have been no less honourable
to the medical class, than beneficial to the public at large.
Was such a course adopted?* How can it be said, in
any proper sense, that Homceopathy has been refuted,
when the only weapons brought to bear upon it, are ridicule and obloquy? You may kill with such weapons; you
can hardly prove. In the history of the advance of human
intellect, discoveries can be pointed out, which have called
up hatreds more fierce: no one, in our recollection, has
been assailed with jest and with sneers, in the same degree with Hahnemann's.  We have met with many a ludicrous account or abusive denunciation of a medical
hoax, going by the name of Homceopathy; we have read
witty sayings or grave rebukes concerning the homceopathic administration of' nothing' to patients; we have
admired the industry of certain reviewers, in unstringing
quotations from their antecedents and consequents, and
then stringing them up again into a nice suicidal contradiction, so as to impose upon the system the trouble of

* See Appendix.



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMEOPATHY.

demonstrating its own absurdity, and revealing the true
character of its supporters,-being that of, in most cases,
disguised allopaths,-enlivening the picture with an occasional inferred charge of poisoning, or underhand cocoavending, according as a tragic or comic demon lashes them
on; but we know of no substantial argument, of no genuine
unbiassed evidence being resorted to in the confutation of
the homceopathic system. To the very few who have animadverted upon Homceopathy, with something approaching
to gravity, we must, from the rarity of the cases, profess
ourselves greatly beholden; even with such, however, the
train of reasoning resolves itself into a begging of the
whole question, since they generally assume, that homoeopathic medicines, from their extreme attenuation, cannot
have any action upon the economy of the human body.
To this point we shall revert hereafter.
It is not with recriminatory feelings, nor in a tone of
complaint, that we advert to the obloquy and ridicule
constantly cast upon Homceopathy and Homceopathists.
The best feelings of our nature may have been shocked,
when, upon so solemn an occasion as death, even the
death of our venerable Master, the only exceptions to the
grave and respectful tone, assumed by the European press
in recording the event, were British periodicals, scientific
periodicals to boot; we may have felt disgusted, when,
upon the newly-closed grave of a good old man, the most
scurrilous imputations were laid by those ' exceedingly
honest' reviewers, who, after gainsaying his genius, caricaturing his doctrine, and misquoting his words, must
now proceed, forsooth, to slander his morals.  But these



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

for use.  Mankind feel that it approaches them as a conqueror, and they receive it as an enemy.'"
How, then, could Hahnemann's disciples wonder or repine that it should have fared roughly with him and his
truths?  For, though they certainly do not expect the
public to take their naked word for it, they feel bound,
nevertheless, to declare, that, in their estimation, Hahnemann is a very great discoverer, the Hahnemannic doctrine a very great discovery.  Had he run a smoother
career, had his words met with less incredulity, there
would, in their eyes, be something missing from that completeness of circumstances and distinctness of lines, which
mark the passage of a great man, and the conquest of a
new truth: the historical evidence, so to speak, in favour
of Homceopathy,'were thereby impoverished.  Nor were
obloquy and ridicule without their uses.  Such is the
alchemy of truth, that it can transmute into gold whatever
is presented to it, however base its dross. The discoverer,
let alone, might sink under the weight of his own discovery; it is the opposition with which he is encompassed,
that awakens him to the full consciousness of his mission.
The seer must steel himself into a hero; and so he walks
on,
attended
By a strong siding champion, Conscience.
Whether the above generalities are applicable or not
to Hahnemann and the Hahnemannic doctrine, it will be

* Quarterly Review, No. cxliii. p. 192.



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMEOPATHY.

imagined a theory, and then proceeded to subject it to the
test of facts: facts with him had the start of principles.
He was dissatisfied with the science as it stood before
him, but did not presume to find in the a priori conceptions of his own brain how it should stand; he had rather
a misgiving that stand otherwise it could not, and, with
equanimity enough, bade it a practitioner's farewell. His
mind was more on the alert than in ferment, when he
lighted upon facts which deeply told upon him, and ultimately, through a long, laborious, and most severe ordeal
of experiments, led him to the enunciation of his wellknown formula ' Similia similibus.'
Waiving the question, whether the Hahnemannic formula be, or be not, the expression of a general curative law,
we wpuld ask in the abstract, Does the conception of such
a law imply any thing unphilosophical?  Is it unphilosophical to suppose that amongst the beautiful, providential,
all-infolding laws of nature, there may be one applicable
to the cure of diseases? Is it philosophical to assume, in
the teeth of so many provisions made by the All-wise for
man, that there can.be no greater, no safer provision
made for the mitigation of the manifold distempers incident to his bodily constitution, than what medicine, as a
conjectural science, can afford  Medicine on every side
borders upon inductive sciences; and yet shall it be
doomed never to take rank amongst them?    Time and
genius could work all but miracles, in every branch of
human learning and industry; and shall it be declared
hopeless for them to achieve any thing momentous in a
science which is conversant with the greatest temporal
interests of mankind?



10         CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM{EOPATHY.
If we consider the extensive and extensible range of
medicinal substances throughout nature, the multiplicity
of their properties, known or knowable, and the variety
of their actions, determined or determinable, upon the
economy of the human system, it will appear that grounds
are not wanting for the following supposition, to-wit:that the human body, in any given abnormal condition,
short of mechanical obstruction, and resolution of the
vital principle, might be acted upon, towards the recovery
of its normal state, by some particular substance or substances out of the whole series,-were we but possessed
of a practical criterion to determine which.  It will be
evident to the reader that the matter stands here with
something more than a hypothetical affirmation.  Pharmacology must claim some such rationale or none. Some
such fact, some such assumption, is implied even by the
general allopathic practice, inasmuch as, in a large proportion of cases, it bears entirely upon the administration of
medicinal substances, and in no case altogether dispenses
therewith: the real point at issue is the attainableness or
unattainableness of a practical discriminating criterion for
and in every case.  As we write, however, not to prove,
but merely to illustrate, we will forego the advantage of
presumptive evidence, and rest content with shewing, upon
hypothetical grounds, that a general therapeutic law is
neither inconceivable nor irreconcileable to the ever-varying conditions of organization.  For if the human organism, throughout the variety of its phenomena, stands, or
may be conceived to stand, in a pathological relation to
the medicinal substances, considered in successive order,
and in the extent of their respective actions upon the self



CHARACTERISTICS OF IIOM(EOPATHY.

11

same human organism; it is clear that the expression of
such a relation would constitute the general therapeutic
law now in question: the ascertaining of this relation, and
the reducing of it to a single practical formula, would be
a matter of very great difficulty indeed;-of no insurmountable difficulty, however, in the estimation of any
one who bears in mind what genius, perseverance, and
fortune too, which sometimes comes in for a share in the
success of scientific enterprise, can achieve. If it be hopeless, on one hand, to seek for positive invariable data to
start from, proceed by, and refer to, in the mysterious
laws of action by which organization is governed; the inquirer, on the other hand, by directing his attention to
the medicinal substances themselves, will immediately
come in contact with a series of ascertainable facts, and
find full scope for his activity in a vast field of experiment. Let him then turn himself to nature's own pharmacopoeia and become conversant with the rich stores it
contains; let him study, compare, and discriminate the
properties of medicinal substances; let him try their
effects upon the economy of the human body, in every
variety of conditions, in every form of idiosyncrasy.  It
is uncertain whether this course will lead to a discoverer's
claims, but surely not a little will be added thereby to a
physician's qualifications; and were the ultimate result
of so much labour a simple aggregate of facts, with no
deeper connexion between one another than that ofjuxtaposition, still, it were not labour lost, nor were medicine
the worse for it.
And now,-suppose you had engaged in the path here
indicated, and that in the course of your experiments, you



12

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIOMIEOPATHY.

should light upon some very notable fact,-some very
striking coincidence,-some very characteristic manifestation-you would eagerly catch at it as at, perchance, a
thread to lead you further on; you would set about
thoroughly investigating it, pursuing it through all phases
and analogies, spying it out under every diversity, and
tracing it back, if possible, to its real source.  All your
experiments will, henceforward, point in one and the same
direction;-you strive, you pant after the solution of the
problem;-you can have no rest until you have conjured
it into the hollow whisper of a meaningless phantom, or
the liquid response of a prophetic reality.  You must
master it, you must know what it meant, what it was;
-perchance nothing, perchance something;-perchance
some very great thing.
Are we trying the reader's patience through a series
of gratuitous suppositions or fanciful representations?
All this is neither less nor more than a historical account
of the Hahnemannic discovery, short of the synthetic arrangement of our exposition, which represents generalities
as leading to experimental determinations, whereas, in
reality, Hahnemann's course, as stated above, was wholly
analytical, and gradually advancing from particular facts
to general conclusions.  A keen and ever-vigilant observer, he was struck with the very remarkable coincidence that certain substances, appropriated to the cure
of particular distempers, produced, in the healthy body,
the same series of symptoms which they were known specifically to remove. This circumstance might have passed
unheeded before a spirit less inquisitive by nature, or,
from stronger adherence to authority, moreat ease upon the



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

13

subject of the doctrinal and practical sufficiency of medicine, as it stood before him.  In a very active mind,
already in a state of alarm, so to speak, with respect to
the speculative tendency and traditionary dicta of the
science, and constantly on the look out for self-illumination and self-direction- a manifestation of so peculiar a
character could not fail to excite a kind of scientific restlessness, a spirit of experimental enterprise, a vague
presentiment of something worth at hand.    What is
this? How comes this to pass? Does this hold good for a
particular set of substances only?  In what specific character do these substances differ from others? Whence
these anomalies? Or might not, peradventure, those we
look upon as anomalies be isolated, fortuitous, unexplored
indications of a general fact? What strikes us as limited
to a few, might it not be found extending to many,-perhaps common to all medicinal substances, if only investigation and observation could do for the whole series what
accident and consecutive experience did in particular
instances?  And, if so,-if further experience should
establish as a fact that medicinal substances produce in
the healthy body the symptoms they otherwise remove,
would the inverted proposition hold, that the morbific action of medicinal substances on the human body, in a
normal condition, determines their therapeutic properties?
-Nature herself must answer the queries: experience
alone can decide the question.
Hahnemann did interrogate Nature.    To experience
he did refer the question.  What Nature's response and
experience's decision were, let a wise man find out for
himself.



14        CHARACTERISTIOS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

A not inconsiderable amount of direct evidence in
favour of the Hahnemannic law might be collected in the
shape of Homceopathic precedents, from the history and
general practice of medicine; inasmuch as the fundamental principle of Homieopathy was, at all times, to a
certain extent, unconsciously acted upon by the Allopaths, so called chiefly for distinction sake.  Nay,
the very origin of the inquiries and experiments which
ultimately led to a complete scheme, must be assigned,
as was shewn, to one such Homceopathic precedent in the
ordinary system. We forbear, however, entering now upon
this field, as it is not consistent with our plan to do more
here than shadow out the-path, which the reader may
profitably follow and tread for himself, towards a positive
conclusion concerning the claims of Homceopathy.  This
much, however, in connexion with the point, may be predicted, without any arrogant assumption of the prophetic
mantle; that the times are not, perhaps, very distant
when it shall fare with Hahnemann's discovery much as
it did with Columbus's egg. All the Salamanca Bachelors
and Theologians were able to make the egg stand after
Columbus had knocked the big end of it into a provisional
and very primitive sort of a pedestal.  Let only Homceopathy force its way into Academies and Universities,
and Hahnemann's discovery will turn out no discovery at
all.  The present hue and cry will lull itself into the
professorial drawl of-We knew as much.
Before bringing to a close these strictures illustrative
of the first characteristic of Homceopathy, it will not be
amiss briefly to advert to various difficulties urged by the
adversaries of the system, which, inasmuch as they are not



16        CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMCEOPATHY.

mass of facts and complex multitude of doctrines, which
enrich, and at the same time encumber the paths of medical science, must be the best cherished hope of all such
as believe Homoeopathy to be founded in nature, and
borne out by experience; but there is more than an objector's ingeniousness in this round-about way of representing Homceopathists as laying a claim to the absurd
character of healing monopolists; or it requires more
than a child's simplicity really to suppose that should
Hahnemann's system be true, the cures of Allopathy become a sphinx's riddle, past (Edipus's finding out.  The
glories of medicine, of Allopathic medicine, stand recorded in Time's book, whose leaves are centuries, whose
characters are the doings and sufferings of mankind;universal conscience and universal gratitude bear witness
to its beneficial working from the remotest ages down to
the present generation.  With feelings of reverence do
we look to the past;-tradition and authority are both
venerable, though neither infallible in our eyes. We
defend our cause, and only turn aggressors, in so far as
self-defence renders it necessary;-we demand the liberty of opinion and the right of choice that we respect
in others;-we put in a claim for admission within the
academical pale, in behalf of a system which professes to
court whatever severest ordeal and scrutiny may be imposed upon it, as the condition of its right of citizenship;
-we long to inscribe a new glory in the annals of the
science, whose humble but conscientious votaries we are,
and to add a new boon-a new blessing-to those that
medicine, through every succeeding generation, has bestowed upon suffering humanity. But who ever presumed



CIIARACTERISTICS OF HOMOEOPATHY,

17

to mark out the boundaries of medical industry and success? Is there not an infinitude of possible lines between
two points, although the shortest be but one?  Or did
our objector never bethink himself that something analogous possibly attaches to the Allopathic system, wherein
notorious differences of speculative and practical views
in eminent men are far from being constantly attended
by a corresponding disproportion in the ultimate results
There is as much ground for being sore puzzled at sailing vessels having crossed, and crossing, the Atlantic,
because steamers now do so at an increased rate of velocity.
It has been urged, thirdly-If the Homoeopathic law
be true, and the empirical criterion for the application of
the law be right,-the Homceopathists must be successful
in all cases.  When a general curative law is spoken of
upon hypothetical grounds, we are told that it is an arbitrary conception, altogether irreconcileable with the evervarying conditions of organization; these self-same, evervarying organic conditions, are entirely lost sight of,-nor
is any allowance made for them whenever the question
relates to the application of the law.  One thing is beyond doubt, ay, or even the possibility of doubt,-Homeopathy is unsuccessful in a great many cases. Were a voice
to proclaim from the clouds that the Homceopathic law is
universal, and its criterion incontrovertible, still we know,
that, quite apart from man's mortal condition, Homoeopathy, as an art, must often fail.  The Homceopathists.
will not be guilty of the absurdity of apologizing for not
being successful in all cases. How great soever their confidence in the system may be, they well know, that once



18

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMcEOPATIY.

in their hands, in poor men's hands, it must partake of
their limited and fallible nature.  Theirs is no thaumaturgy; Hahnemann was no magician;-if Homoeopathy
is to stand or fall by such a test, we had as well begin its
dirge.  Our objector is not aware, perhaps, that a test
hard enough is already imposed on Homoeopathy, inasmuch as wherever it reaches, it has to fight its first battle
against that class of complaints that are the most inveterate and most despaired of, and to recruit its first partisans from the ranks of the incurable, or such as are
deemed so; for who would set the example of trying this
exotic importation, but some solitary wild enthusiast, or
the many, who, from hopelessness and yet from hope,
would try anything?  And if Homoeopathy stand this
test, shall our objector still plead the admission of his
own? We would rather wish to learn from him if medicine in general is so very successful as to be justified
in turning away from any further inquiries, as to be
warranted in so cavalierly dismissing whatever is new,for the simple reason that it is new;-as if, forsooth, any
thing could have waxed old which had not its younger
days; as if-in the scientific province, emphatically sothe youngest were not the oldest.  Whatever our objector's expectations may be, the reader's conclusions will
not go beyond what our proposition involves, to-wit:-If
Homoeopathy be the best system of therapeutics known, as
is contended, it will have it in its power to shew, by comparative statistical tables, that the average mortality in its
practice is less than the average mortality in the practice
of all other systems. To such statistical tables do we then
refer our readers.



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM-EOPATHY.

19

We come now to the second characteristic of the
Hahnemannic system, which was said to consist in the
affirmation of empirical data'for the application and practical working out of the homceopathic law, by the administration of particles of medicinal substances destitute
of sensible properties.
Confident as we feel that the reader, whatever his
estimate of our abilities may be, is by this time convinced
of our perfect good faith, and of an unwillingness on
our part to argue him into any acquiescence or partial
concession, independent of subsequent experimental verification of our propositions; yet it is not without some
hesitation and embarrassment that we approach the subject of homceopathic doses.  So much ridicule has been
levelled at infinitesimal doses-and the thing at first
sight looks so very fantastical in itself, that the reader
may find it somewhat difficult to preserve a serious countenance at this point of our illustrations.  Supposing
that he has courteously followed us so far-that he acknowledges the injustice of passing judgment against
Homoeopathy, while it is not vouchsafed an audience or
a trial-that he admits as philosophical the conception
of a general therapeutic law-that he considers it worth
while, fiom what was stated of the Hahnemannic discovery, to institute inquiries towards ascertaining whether
a general therapeutic law is really embodied in the Hahnemannic formula or not; supposing all this, still he
may well be startled when he is told that the right application of the law is substantiated in the administration
of infinitesimal doses.  " Ay, there's the rub!"
In one respect, this must be considered as the stum



20

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

bling-block, although, in another and far more important
respect, it be the crowning piece of the system.  Many
judicious and otherwise well-disposed people have been
deterred from investigating the subject solely on that
account: they by no means object to small doses-they
go the length of exceedingly small doses, but there is a
point which faith alone can come up to, and for ' faith'
no scientific scheme has a right to call.  Give and get
fair play. Shew us your certainties,-at least your probabilities; we will try-we will examine them, and decide accordingly;-but if we are to get through the
portal of your system with eyes blindfolded, if our initiation is to be at the price of an act of mental submission,
we had as well spare the trouble of settling any preliminary at all.  Your conditions are extravagant, we cannot accept of them.
The subject is involved in great obscurity for the
homoeopathists themselves.  It is not meant to say that
there is in their minds one shade of doubt as to the actual direct efficacy of infinitesimal doses; this efficacy is
for them a fact, but they are at a loss how to account for
this fact, they cannot impart the confidence they feel by
any argument. The modus operandi of the homeopathic
doses is still a problem for them, and is destined perhaps
to continue one. Many a hypothesis has been suggested
towards its solution, but the very best can have no more
than a conditional value-than a relative weight.  The
scientific eye can draw many analogies from Nature, and
especially from its imponderable agents, not otherwise
bearing upon our senses than by their effects.  An elaborate exposition of such analogies will be found in



22

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMIOOPATHY.

it.  We are not prepared to say that we go along with
Hahnemann in all his theoretical views of the matter;
we speak of the naked empirical fact of infinitesimal
doses, quite apart from their rationale. Whichsoever
view be taken of Hahnemann's character and intellect,
the negative supposition lands us equally in a difficulty.
If he were what he is represented by his followers to have
been, a highly gifted, and a highly conscientious man, one
must give him credit for not speaking at random.  The
greater the novelty and wonderfulness of the fact asserted, the greater must have been such a man's diligence and anxiety to satisfy his mind about the reality
of the same, the greater his backwardness to proclaim
and maintain it, until he felt quite sure of the ground he
moved upon. That a highly gifted, a highly conscientious man should, his life through, amidst the loud warnings of European hilarity, fight with windmills, without
ever being shamed into some sense of the Quixotic turn
of his exploits, seems very improbable indeed.  The improbability verges upon absurdity, if the less favourable
view of his character be taken; if some of his opposers
be credited, who rough-draw him as a smart enough gatherer of plausibilities around a piece of quackery.  In
the name of wonder, who ever heard of a quack turning
his weapons upon himself, breaking his own wand, hitting upon the very trick which must strip him of all his
magic feathers?  What hampered and retarded the propagation of the system but those ill-starred infinitesimal
doses?  Were they not a huge, never-exhausted quiver,
whence our adversaries drew their best shafts?  Do not
the Homoeopathists acknowledge to this very day that



24          CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.
A man can admit the law, and reject, or, at least, modify
the application of the same.  We might hear of a minority of homoeopathic practitioners keeping on this side
of the mother-tincture, just as we hear of different opinions being entertained about the lower and higher dilutions on the other side of it.  Where there is a chink,
there might be a split.  What ' cyminisectores' must the
homoeopathists be, who take to the dressing up of a
shadow, and can spare time to differ about the stitching
of the dress!
It must, moreover, be borne in mind, that the question
does not bear upon a single act, or determinate series of
acts, which may be gone through in a fit of enthusiasm, and once gone through, leave, perhaps, no door
open for retreat; the question is here with something
incorporated into a homceopathist's whole occupation,
with a constant habit of his mind, with the daily, the
hourly repetition of a certain professional duty.  At the
same time, what can prevent a practitioner from stopping or retracing his steps, if he perceive that he has
gone astray? And how can he fail to perceive it, sooner
or later, unless labouring under aggravated blindness?
The " ultima ratio" against Homceopathy is to trace
every thing about it to the working of imagination. Did
ever any of our opponents ask himself this question-How
is the transition effected from a state of indifference or
hostility to a state of incipient interest in or thoroughgoing
adherence to, Hahnemann's system? Let the reader try
the question himself: it may prove suggestive of much.
A change takes place in a man's convictions bearing upon
a particular point: the change is necessarily determined



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

25

by some cause or other; you, for your part, see this cause
in a play of the imagination: but, again, what is it that
sets the imagination a-playing?  The most imaginative
of us all cannot have awaked of a morning, new-made a
homoeopathist by his night's dreams. Homoeopathy never
flashed upon any one in a sudden stream of light, or with
the pressure of an irresistible inspiration.
The change from a negative to an affirmative conviction about the efficacy of infinitesimal doses is, generally
speaking, the result of some circumstance or circumstances, leading to try the thing, and of the trial bearing, or
seeming to bear, it out. We know from personal experience that so it is. Independently of any testimony, however, it is difficult to conceive how it could be otherwise
than as is supposed, since all agree that the prima facie
impression is decidedly unfavourable to the admission of
any efficacy at all in infinitesimal doses. Our adversaries' supposition involves, then, the following proposition:
-That the imagination, in the present instance, takes its
starting point from a natural antipathy of the mind for
the very delusion meant to be forced upon it, and that it
reaches its resting-point, that is to say, the full acquiescence of the mind in the intended delusion, by bringing
the subject of the same to the test of experience;-which
proposition is convertible into this other:-That what in
every other case would prove the most direct and salutary
check upon imagination, turns out, in the solitary exception of Homoeopathy, to be its best ministering handmaid.
The truth of it lies much the other way.  Amongst
the most zealous advocates of Homeopathy there are very



26        CHARACTERISTICS OF IIOM(EOPATHY.
few, as we think, who cannot recollect a time when they
used to laugh at the Hahnemannic micropharmacy: he
at least who now addresses the reader, can, for one, acknowledge that such was the case with him. Still fewer,
it may be safely asserted, are the homceopathic practitioners, who would not at one time have rejected, as aa
insult to their judgment, the supposition of their ever
going the length of infinitesimal doses.  It was not by
help of imagination that a practitioner could have changed
his convictions so far as to administer them now in sober
earnest, and with undoubting assurance of their efficacy;
this could be the work only of a trial, instituted upon a
large scale, embracing a great variety of individuals and
cases, and evolving itself through so long a series of homogeneous results, as to put the possibility of fortuitous
coincidence altogether aside.  Nothing short of the testimony of the senses, nothing short of empirical certitude,
could ever have conquered, in a practitioner's mind, the
sway of long-established habits, and the hostility of preconceived notions.  We will ask it again, What short of
the testimony of the senses and empirical certitude, can
satisfy a rational man, a professional man, upon a question, involving, as the present does, the responsibility of
human life, the repose of his conscience, the dignity of his
calling, the integrity of his character, and the boon of
daily bread?  This is one of the advantages of Hahnemann's system, that it does away with professional scepticism:-you either believe in the efficacy of infinitesimal
doses, because you have ascertained it; or, if you have not
ascertained it, you cannot believe in it.
The reader is well aware that our adversaries' argu



CHARACTERISTICS OF IIOM(EOPATHY.

27

ment has no more weight than we have attached to it for
our own convenience;-inasmuch as it afforded us a fair
opportunity of urging upon him the consideration of what
may be termed a historical fact,-of the origin and gradual growth in a practitioner's mind of an affirmative conviction about the actual direct efficacy of infinitesimal
doses.  How far the position is tenable with regard to the
homceopathic practitioner, has been shewn; with regard
to the homceopathic practitioner's patients, we shall not
say that it is untenable, because common sense, we trust,
will not allow any one to take it,-unless, indeed, Allopathy and Homceopathy were first to reverse their practices,-to exchange the apothecary's mortars and pestles,
as heroes did their swords in days of yore.  He were an
idle, but not unintelligible arguer, who should contend,
that a bright golden mixture, for instance, will address the
imagination through the organ of vision, and thus induce
a titillation of hope,-or that, along with a bitter-tasting
draught, there will be conveyed in a patient expectations
of a result, as beneficial in degree as were the means unpalatable in kind.  But through which of the senses shall
an imperceptible dose find its way to the ebony or ivory
gate of imagination?  Into what anticipation or delusion
shall the most imaginative of patients distil a wine-glassful of colourless and tasteless water?  If not convinced
by a previous experience, or influenced by the testimony
of others, his impression will be, that things are likely to
remain much the same for all that.   Again, what clear
conception of Homoeopathy or rational idea of an infinitesimal dose have Dispensary patients?  Or is their
imagination likely to be worked upon in an inverse ratio



28

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOEOPATHY.

to the bulk of medicines?  How weak a hold must infinitesimal doses have upon imagination, since, after the experience of so many years, the testimony of so many persons, and the notoriety of so many facts, the subject is
still met with invincible incredulity, or passed by with a
supercilious sneer!  But, even discarding all this,-unless it were proved that either the homceopathists make
it a point never to treat infants, or that they are unsuccessful, or at least more unsuccessful in their treatment
of infants than of adults, our adversaries must take to
something else in order to account for homoeopathic cures.
Two ways still open before them: the shortest one is to
impugn all testimonies, to deny all cures, to raze Homceopathy to the ground by an act of mental despotism,-a
harmless sort of despotism upon the whole; the second way
is to fall back upon homoeopathic diet, and since imagination cannot be brought forward as the responsible agent
for every thing about the system, to try that as a succedaneum. Homceopathy shall follow them upon neither
ground.   A certain laconic philosopher, upon hearing the
reality of motion called in question, began to move. The
best answer the homoeopathists can give to a denial of
their cures, is to endeavour, under God's favour, to add
to their number. To him who would reduce the whole
Hahnemannic scheme to the dimensions of a simple dietetic process, they will charitably say-Beware! if you
make this good against Homceopathy, Allopathy has lived
its last day, and was never worthy to live at all.
The negative supposition about the efficacy of infinitesimal doses, involves, then, the following points:-Ist,
That Hahnemann did wilfully and gratuitously encumber



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOM(EOPATHY.

29

his discovery of a general therapeutic law with an appendage, which is, not useless only, but evidently calculated
either to retard the recognition, and to baffle all practical
purposes of, the law, if the law be true,-or, if untrue, to
expose it the more by complicating it with an absurdity:
-2d, That Hahnemann's followers did, and do, uniformly persevere in a practice opposed to their interest,
and defeating their object; although (a) the fundamental
principle of Homoeopathy could be admitted and acted
upon, independently of the administration of infinitesimal
doses,-at least on the supposition of their inefficacy;although (b) the homoeopathists, at the same time that
they are so unanimous in the admission of the efficacy of
infinitesimal doses, shrink not from manifesting some difference of opinion about the comparative power of the
lower and higher dilutions,-which implies good faith, and
excludes bigotry;-although (c) one does not well see how
they can otherwise have come to such an admission than
through the channel of empirical verification, or what is
deemed such; and although, finally, (d) one does not well
conceive how they can persevere in the same admission,
when this same empirical verification, or what is deemed
such, has not ceased, but continues, or rather recommences
every succeeding day of a practitioner's life;-3d, That
all homoeopathic cures are either the work of imagination,
-which has been shewn to be an illogical postulate;or else the result of fortuitous coincidence,-which could
be proved a mathematical impossibility.
The positive supposition about the efficacy of infinitesimal doses, implies nothing more, nothing less, than that
science has added another to the many ultimate facts,



CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMEOPATHY.

31

ties of medicinal substances by their pathogenetic action
on the human body, in order to proceed in the administration of the same upon a constant and discriminating
criterion, derived from the nearest similarity between the
pathogenetic effects of medicines and the symptoms of diseases.  It acts, as an art, upon an empirical certitude, on
the strength of which medicines are administered in an
extremely attenuated form, which, whatever the explanation of the fact may be, turns out always to have in it so
much of power and activity as to be fully adequate to all
specific curative purposes, and never so much as to affect
detrimentally the body with a surplus, or leave in the constitution the seed for future distempers.
If Homoeopathy be any thing at all, it is eminently the
medicine of experience, as its founder characterized it.
Great as the discovery was of the Hahnemannic law, it
would have remained incomplete, perhaps useless, had it
not found its practical counterpart in the administration
of infinitesimal doses.  To cure is of itself a glorious as
well as arduous aim for medical ambition; to cure in a
speedy, safe, and pleasant way, is something transcending the boldest anticipations of science, or most sanguine
hopes of men.
Does Homoeopathy really come up in its performances
to so very high-sounding promises?  With a strong sense
of diffidence, and much matter-of-fact precaution on one
hand, with a patient and truth-seeking spirit on the other,
we have been enabled to determine the point for ourselves; we have not the power, nor indeed the wish, to
determine it for others.  Homoeopathy takes no less definite, no less open, a ground than that of Experience:



CHAPTER II.

A SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.
BY J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL, M.D., EDIN.
IT has been well said that the history of the world is
but the history of great men; and it may be added that
we can best read the history of a theory in the mental development of the theorist.  The progress of a truth in
the world is but the open exhibition of a silent and unseen struggle in the spirit of its discoverer.  The objections raised against it, the old habits, beliefs, opinions,
and prejudices which it comes athwart, are obstacles
which the earnest propounder of a true system had himself first to overcome.  Truth in the world is but the
magnified reflection of truth in the individual mind.
The teacher of every great new doctrine has, while his
perception of the truth was yet dim, and before practical
persuasion had become blended with theoretical conviction, anticipated all general objections, fairly regarded
and considered the exceptions that might occur, and been
himself the arena whereon was enacted the strife of new
truth against prejudices, old habits, and hereditary opinions.  Hence, we shall best enable our readers to learn
the history of Homeopathy by exhibiting, from his own
writings as much as possible, the mental biography of



34

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

HAHNEMANN; for in Homceopathy it is especially true
that the origin and progress of a science may be most
profitably traced in the mind of him to whom the science
owes its birth.
SAMUEL CHRISTIAN FREDERICH HAHNEMANN Was
born at Meissen, in Saxony, that birth-land of reformers,
on the 10th of April 1755. His father, an upright, firm,
and energetic man, whose occupation was drawing designs on the porcelain for which Meissen is still so celebrated, educated him in his childhood with the utmost
care, teaching him always to rely upon his own observations as much as possible; and instructing him in the
elements of geometry and in designing.  He was early
sent to the borough school of his native town, and at
twelve years old he left that for the Fi'rstenschule.
Here it was that the industry which characterized his
whole life first displayed itself; for, so devoted was he to
his studies, that he used to deny himself sleep for three
nights in the week, that he might pass them in reading.
Such rare industry, joined to an amiable disposition and
unusual powers of acquiring knowledge, could not fail to
win the regard of his teachers; and we accordingly find
that the head-master of the academy soon looked upon
him rather as a companion than a pupil, discussing with
him the niceties of the classics, and permitting him to
select his own course of study, while the youthful Hahncmann repaid this indulgence by employing much of his
time in teaching the junior classes.
His father, whose means were but limited, wished to
take him from school before he had entered the higher
classes; but at the earnest solicitation of his masters, who



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

35

refused all fees for his education, he allowed him to complete the curriculum. His unceasing labour and sleepless nights at length told upon his constitution, and he
was laid up with a lingering fever. It was when recovering from this illness that he first resolved to study
medicine; and the theme he chose for his last essay, before
leaving school, was the wonderful formation of the human
hand. At the age of twenty, rich far beyond his fellows
in knowledge and learning, but with twenty crowns for all
his outward wealth, he left his home for the first time, and
went to Leipzig.   Here the high recommendations he
brought from his former teachers obtained for him free
tickets to most of the classes; but he had to gain his
livelihood by giving private instructions in Greek and
French, and by translating English works into German.
The translations were all done during the night, that he
might not trench upon his hours of medical study. Thus
he struggled on, until he had completed his course of
theoretical instruction; but, anxious to observe practice
on a larger scale than Leipzig afforded, he redoubled his
literary labours that he might make enough of money to
enable him to prosecute his studies at Vienna.  When
he had succeeded in accomplishing this object, he spent
a year at the Vienna Hospital, which was then under the
direction of Dr Quarin.   When the year was out he
found his little store exhausted, and Dr Quarin, whose
friendship he had gained, obtained for him the situation
of family physician in Hermannstadt. Here he found
leisure to devote himself to practice; and so successfully,
that in a year and a half he had collected a sufficient sum
to enable him to go to Erlangen, where, after another
year of study, he took his degree in 1779.



36             DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL
After spending a little time in Dessau, where he married, he accepted the appointment of District Physician
at Gommern, near Magdeburg.      This situation he held
for nearly three years; and here it was that the destitute
state of medicine, as a practical art, pressed so painfully
upon his mind that he resolved to abandon his situation,
although he was then living in most comfortable circumstances, and to go to Dresden, where he had many friends,
and where he hoped to support his family by his literary
exertions.
On arriving at Dresden, he was cordially welcomed by
many persons, distinguished both in literature and medicine. At the request of his friend Dr Wagner, and
with the consent of the town-council, he took the entire
medical direction of the Dresden Hospital for a year.
Finding that Leipzig afforded him greater opportunities
of study, he removed thither; and, although his medical
treatment was extremely simple, and he had the reputation of being a very successful practitioner, yet he became
so thoroughly dissatisfied with the uncertainty and danger
of the practice of medicine, pursued under no other guidance than that of the vaunted' established principles,' that
he resolved to relinquish it altogether: for (to use his own
words), ' the thought of being a destroyer of human life was
so dreadful, that soon after my marriage, I gave up treating any one, lest I should aggravate his disease, and occupied myself entirely with chemistry and authorship.'*
Chemistry yielded to him those positive fruits which
* We are indebted for these particulars to a series of papers written
by Dr Hartmann, which appeared in the ' Allgemeine Homomop.
Zeitung.' See also Ein Blick auf Hahnemann, &c., von Ernst, von
Brunnow. Leipzig, 1844.



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

37

medicine denied; and some of the preparations and tests
he discovered are well known (for example, the method
for detecting arsenic), and still retain his name.
When translating Cullen's Materia Medica, in 1790,
the description he there found of the virtues of cinchona
bark rivetted his attention; and, dissatisfied with the
author's attempt to explain its power in checking intermittent fever, he determined to make experiments with
the substance on himself.  With this view, he took, for
several days successively, a considerable dose of it, and
symptoms resembling the incipient stage of intermittent
fever ensued.  The thought then struck him, May not
the power of this drug to cure ague depend upon its power
of producing a similar disease?  Here was a conjecture
which, if true, were a clue to the labyrinth in which he
had before so hopelessly groped.
Disease now invaded his own family, and he felt, with
a father's keenness, his inability to afford aid.  His mind
was racked with the question, Is there no possibility of
giving greater certainty to medicine?  Again reviewing
what had been done in medicine to discover its deficiency
he came to the same conclusion that Bacon, from his lofty
point of survey, had before arrived at and announced in
these memorable words: ' In the consideration of the
cures of diseases, I find a deficiency of the receipts of propriety respecting the particular cures of diseases.  For
the physicians have frustrated the fruits of traditions by
their magistralities, in adding, and taking out, and changing a ' quid pro quo' in their receipts, at their pleasure,
commanding so over the medicine as the medicine cannot
command over the diseases; for except it be treacle and
mithridatum, and of late diascordium, and a few more,



38

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

they tie themselves to no receipts severely and religiously;
for as to the confections of sales which are in the shops,
they are for readiness and not for propriety; for they
are upon general intention of purging, opening, comforting, altering, and not much appropriate to particular diseases; and this is the cause why empirics and old women
are more happy at many times in their cures than learned
physicians, because they are more religious in holding
their medicines.  Therefore here is the deficience which
I find that physicians have not, partly out of the constant
probations of books, and partly out of the traditions of
empirics, set down and delivered out certain experimental
medicines for the cure of particular diseases, besides their
own conjectural and magisterial descriptions.'*
There must, said Hahnemann, be a thorough change.
'Medicine must be reformed from head to foot.     The
quiet mildness of a John Huss is not enough; we must
have the hot zeal of an immoveable Martin Luther.'  Such
was the work; let us contemplate the workman.   Hahnemann was now about forty years of age.    He is described by his opponents as a man of wonderful sagacity,
and of an indomitable, earnest, independent temper. The
profound and quaint Jean Paul Richter has characterised
him, after his own manner, 'as that double-headed prodigy of learning and philosophy, whose system, though
at first despised, was to drag to ruin the common receiptcrammed heads.'t
Our reformer's first work was to exhibit the uncertainty of ordinary practice.  He shewed how system had
* Bacon's Advancement of Learning, Aldine Edition, p. 175.
t Jean Paul Zerstreuete Blatter. 2 Bd. s. 292.



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOI(EOPATIIY.       39
chased system over the field of medicine, each with its
host of followers, and leaving behind its crowd of victims.
How is it, he asks, that two thousand years of deadly
experience have issued in a chaos of doubt and growing
disbelief  " Are the obstacles to certainty and simplicity in medicine insuperable?"
This question he sets about answering.  After pointing out, that regimen should be more attended to, and
specially adapted to each individual case, he observes,
that it is not the deficiency of our knowledge of surrounding agents, but our inability to apply that knowledge, which constitutes the grand obstacle to certainty
and simplicity in medicine. This is the very germ of his
system, which contains the doctrine of the application of
our knowledge of all remedial substances.
He then starts his grand objection to the ordinary practice, an objection which the wisdom of Bacon anticipated,
and the candour of Hufeland allowed. Is it wise, he says,
to mix many substances in one receipt?  Can we by so
doing ever raise medicine to certainty? Can we tell which
of the substances we have employed has effected the cure,
-which the aggravation? Can we know in a similar case
what medicine to select, what to avoid?  Of all the problems in physics, the ascertainment of a resultant of various forces is the most difficult to solve, and yet we can
measure with accuracy the individual composing forces.
In vital dynamits we cannot gauge a single simple force,
and yet we dare to guess at the result of an exceedingly
complex combination. Would it not puzzle any one to
predict the position which six billiard balls, flung, with
the eyes shut, upon the table, would ultimately assume?



ONI THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

41

principle for the discovery of the healing power of medicine, along with some observations upon the existing
methods,' is so interesting, as to justify us in subjoining
an abridgment.
' In the beginning of this century chemistry had attempted, by the application of heat alone, to obtain the
active principles of different medicinal substances.  The
total failure of the attempt disgusted all thinking physicians with the application of chemistry to detect the
noxious or sanative properties of bodies, and made them
condemn it altogether. This was evidently going too
far.  Little as we should be disposed to grant to chemistry universal sway over the Materia Medica, still less
should we deny that to it we owe many important discoveries.  To chemistry we are indebted for antidotes to
poisons, solvents of gall-stones, a better method of preparing drugs; chemistry has taught us the danger of
combining substances which singly are innoxious; and
how to detect and remove the adulterations of drugs.
Wp would not discard chemistry from being an assistant;
but there is much danger in using it as a guide.  The
danger of employing chemistry in those disturbances of
the animal frame which do not depend on the presence of
any deleterious substance, is shewn in the attempts to
cure putrid fever by antiseptics,--a practice followed by
the most disastrous consequences.
' Still more unfortunate has been the attempt to discover the properties of unknown medicines, by observing
their effects upon the blood after it is drawn from the
body. As if the substances mixed with the blood in the
living body just as they mixed with them in their test
D



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOMEOPATIIY.         43
nal properties of a plant, as the physiognomy of a man
the thoughts of his heart.
' Does astringency indicate a tonic?  How, then, is
sulphate of zinc an emetic? Are acids antiseptic? How,
then, does arsenic produce putrid diseases? Is the sweetness of acetate of lead nutritious?  The most poisonous
plants may be pleasing to the eye and grateful to the
palate.  Perhaps botanical affinity is a surer indication
of similarity of action?  To this there are many exceptions, and opposite and wholly unlike properties are found
in plants that stand side by side in the most natural arrangement.   We are far -from denying the many useful
hints the Natural System has given to assist in the discovery of new medicines; but these hints only serve to establish already discovered facts, or lead to hypotheses which
are far short of probabilities. And while we readily admit that the family likeness more seldom misleads than
the general resemblance of members of the same group,
yet the small number of exceptions is quite enough to
make us very jealous of drawing conclusions upon the
subject; since here we have not to do with the building
of systems, but with the restoration of the health of man.
' As this way, then, does not offer a safe avenue to the
discovery of the medicinal virtues of plants, nothing remains but experiments on the human body.    But what
kind of experiments? accidental or designed?
' Most of the virtues of our medicines have been discovered by uncertain empirical experiments, by chance, often
by non-medical persons.  We would not underrate the
high worth of the discoveries chance has made for us, but it



44

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

leaves nothing for us to do. Chance excludes design and
independent action. How saddening is the thought that
our noblest, most indispensable art, should have been built
on the wisdom gathered from chance hits, which presuppose the hazarding of many lives. Do such chance-discoveries suffice to the perfecting of medicine-the supply
of its deficiencies?  Year after year we are becoming acquainted with new diseases, and new phases and complications of old ones. If we have no way for discovering a
method of cure except what chance affords, then nothing
is left for us but to treat them with such general remedies
as appeared useful in apparently similar diseases. But
we often miss our aim, because a thing that is changed is
no longer the same.   We look sadly into the approaching century, in which some particular medicine, for some
particular disease, or stage or condition of disease, may
perhaps be discovered, as cinchona for intermittent fever,
and mercury for syphilis.*
' That the most important science should be so precariously established, like the concurrence of the Epicurean atoms for the formation of the world, never could
have been the design of the great and wise Upholder of
our universe. It were, indeed, humbling to our lofty race,
did its preservation depend upon chance.  No: It is a
quickening thought, that for every individual form of
disease there is a sufficient remedy, and also a way to
discover it beforehand.
'By the discovery of the virtues of medicine, we do
* Chance sometimes discovereth inventions; but that worketh not
in years but ages.'-BACON.



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

45

not mean the experiments made in hospitals, where in
this or that stubborn case which has resisted all ordinary
treatment, some medicine, either entirely new, or new in
its application, is had recourse to, without any reason
being given for so doing.  Such empirical ventures are,
to call them by the gentlest name, but foolish chancethrows-if they are not something worse.
' As we have already a great multitude of medicines
which we know to be powerful, but whose exact powers
we do not know, our object should rather be to learn
their virtues, than to add to their number.    Before
going farther, it is necessary to explain that we have no
hope of finding a specific remedy for what go by the
names of diseases in nosological arrangements, which pay
more attention to the accidental phenomena and unimportant concomitants of a disease, than to the essential
characteristics of the morbid action itself.  It is on account of the simplicity, constancy, and independent character of intermittent fever and syphilis, that remedies
which pass for specifics for these diseases have been discovered. It is, however, only in the simple form of intermittent fever, when free from all complication, that
cinchona is specific.
' Although there are not specific medicines for individual diseases, as these are described by ordinary pathologists, yet for every particular phase of disease there is
a specific remedy.
' There are, it seems to us, three ways for adapting
remedies to the diseases of the human frame.  The first
way-the removal of the ultimate cause (grundursache),



46

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

was the loftiest that could be adopted.  To the knowledge of the ultimate causes of disease, however, physicians never could attain: in the vast majority of cases,
these must ever remain hidden from human weakness.'
' In the mean time, all that could be gathered from
universal experience was united in a general Therapeia.
Thus cramp, from the presence of worms, was removed
by their expulsion; the fever arising from a disordered
stomach, by an emetic; the ball which caused traumatic
fever was extracted.  This aim was unquestionably high,
although the means used for its attainment were not always judicious.
' The second method employed, was to suppress the
existing symptoms by medicines that produced the opposite condition-as constipation by purgatives-acidity
of the stomach by alkalies-pain by opium.    In acute
diseases these remedies were proper so long as we did
not possess any efficient specific, which, like inoculation,
quenched the disease at once.   Such remedies may be
styled temporizing (temporelle).  But when these means
are employed to oppose chronic diseases, then it may be
called the palliative plan of treatment, and becomes reprehensible.  In chronic diseases they do good only at
first; consequently stronger doses are required, and the
primary disease is aggravated. It is true that purgatives
are used to combat constitutional constipation, and anodynes to subdue pain of long standing: but with what
disastrous issue!  And although the greater part of my
* Ins innere der Natur dringt kein erschaffener Geist. No created
spirit penetrates the heart of Nature.-GaETHE.



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

47

contemporaries still persist in this method, I hesitate not
to call it-palliative, dangerous, destructive.  Be entreated, my brethren, to forsake this way (contraria contrariis) in treating chronic diseases-it is the wrong way
-the thick forest-path over a dark heath that ends in
an abyss!   The proud empiric fancies it the royal road,
and plumes himself on his poor capacity of alleviating for
the hour, careless though the evil, under this skinnedover surface, be striking a deeper root.
'But we do not stand alone in this condemnation of the
palliative practice; other physicians, and these the acutest
and most conscientious, have from time to time employed
remedies which do not merely cloak, but which eradicate
the disease, and such remedies are specifics.     But
where did they find a guide to lead to these remedies?
None but the chance hits of their predecessors, or of
domestic practice, where the remedies were found useful in this or that disease.
' Is it not sad that the discovery and application of
remedies in chronic diseases is left to chance?   For
surely the investigation of the way in which medicines
accommodate themselves to the system for its restoration
when deranged, should be pursued rationally, and left as
little to chance as possible. We have seen that chemistry,
botany, and the effect of substances on animals, are all
insufficient to guide us to a knowledge of the intimate
action of medicinal substances.  Nothing, then, remains
but to determine their virtues by experiments with the
substances on man. This truth has long been acknowledged, but the mistake lay in applying them to the sick,
which involved innumerable fallacies.  Every-day prac



48

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

titioners describe only favourable cases, and designate
the diseases by some common name, without detailing all
the specialties of the case; and hence has arisen those
thick and mischievous volumes, enumerating a multitude
of abused medicines, each of which certainly cures ten or
twenty different diseases.
' The true physician who has the advancement of his
science at heart, requires no other knowledge of his medicines than, first, WHAT IS THE SIMPLE EFFECT OF
EACH, IN THIS OR THAT DOSE, UPON THE HEALTHY
MAN? Second, WHAT DOES THE OBSERVATION OF
THEIR EFFECT IN THIS OR THAT SIMPLE DISEASE
TEACH? We attain a knowledge of the latter, by studying the writings of practical observers, more especially
the ancient writers on medicine.  Throughout these are
scattered well described cases, in which simple medicines
were administered; and it is mentioned how far, and in
what way, these were useful or hurtful.  Yet here we
meet much conflicting evidence, and the determination of
the first question-the effects of medicines on healthy
persons-is more practicable.
' To this category belong all cases of intentional or
accidental poisoning; cases of criminals who have been
given over to be experimented on; of those who have experimented on themselves-and when too strong doses
of medicines have been given in simple diseases, the course
of which we know-as sometimes happens in domestic
practice.  A complete collection of such histories, with
observations on the degree of credibility of the narrators,
would form the grand code of our Materia Medica.
' In such alone could the true nature, the real effects,



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

49

of a medicine be certainly discovered; and from such a
book we could detect in what diseases these medicines
would answer.
' Still the key of application would be wanting; and
perhaps we are so fortunate as to present the principle
by which we could proceed to fill up the gap in the art of
healing, and to direct how a specific, for at least chronic
diseases, may always be discovered.
' Every powerful medicine excites in the human body
a peculiar kind of disease, and the stronger the medicine,
the more peculiar and violent the disease.
' Let Nature be imitated, which frequently cures one
disease by exciting another, and let a substance be chosen
whose action closely resembles the original disease, and
this will be cured-SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURANTUR.
' This proposition looks too like an unfruitful analytic
general formula, and we must attempt to expose it synthetically.
' Most substances have two actions; the one is the direct, the other the indirect; the latter is commonly the
opposite of the former.  In chronic diseases, let a medicine be chosen whose direct or primary action corresponds
to the disease; and then the secondary action will be the
accord of the system which is sought for.  Sometimes,
however, the secondary effect produces a disturbance that
lasts a few hours, or even days.
' The reason that palliative remedies do mischief in
chronic diseases is, that, after the primary effects, which
are the opposite of the diseases, secondary ones occur,
which resemble the disease.
' The more nearly the primary effects of a medicine
E



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

51

We are near the truth when the phenomena elicited by
the experiment correspond to the thought; while the opposite result shews that the question was falsely stated,
and that the conception was erroneous.'  The question,
Is this the road? is much more likely to obtain a satisfactory answer in physical, as well as critical research,
than the vague inquiry, Is there a road at all?
In the second place, there is something extremely honest
and outspoken in the style of the paper. Earnest and
bold, yet courteous and friendly, he seeks only to convince, not to proselytize, and addresses the understanding,
never the passions, of his readers.  What is there in this
paper that can justify the disgraceful epithets that have
been heaped on Hahnemann?    And yet this paper contains the whole marrow of the question-the very ' head
and front of his offending.'
In the third place, it is very remarkable that this essay,
containing so full a development of the system, should notice the dose only in a foot-note, warning the profession
of the danger of employing large doses when testing the
homoeopathic law; and yet this question of the dose, so
insignificant in itself, about which, even among homceopathists, there is a great variety of opinion; this question
of the dose is the rock on which the profession stumble,
the butt of empty laughter to the multitude who do not see
its natural connection with the primary proposition, and
the only feature which those who found their judgment on
a passing gaze at the outside are in a position to notice.
To this exposition of his system succeeded a series of
papers with various titles, in all of which his ruling resolution to reform medicine by exposing the danger of treating



52

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

artificially classified diseases, is conspicuous. In one he
denounces the attempt to storm disease by large doses of
numerous medicines. 'Such,' says he, 'is not the wish of
the omniscient Creator, who in nature effects great and
various designs by the simplest machinery; and surely
the remedies which he created are likewise so endowed
that each possesses a certain power, through the right
employment of which, in small doses, great and many
cures might be effected.  Would that, instead of plunging into empty speculations and theories, into inexhaustible
talk and scribbling, we did but seek to know accurately
the properties of medicines!'
In another paper he exposes the fashionable systems
of cure.  The first is the cure of names.  For example,
the patient has gout; then let A, or B, or C, be tried, and
so go through your list of gout medicines, until you hit
upon the right one.
The second is the cure of symptoms.  In this, general
symptoms are generally combated.  Thus, if the patient
has a dropsy, let a diuretic or diaphoretic be given to reduce the swelling.  ' Here is a dropsy, and little urine is
passed; the doctor must increase the flow of urine. Squill
stands at the head of the diuretic brigade.  This, then,
is ordered.  At first it expels much water; but, alas!
by constant use, less and less.  Symptoms of exhaustion
set in; loss of appetite; strength and sleep; the swelling enlarges.  Then does the doctor allow the patient to
sink quietly to his grave, when nothing more avails, having first shewn that he could for a short time increase the
flow of urine.'
It is wonderful how men of fairness and reflection can



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

53

harp upon so silly an objection to homceopathic treatment
as the absence of manifest effect of the medicines given.
Surely it is obvious that the rapid retreat of the disease,
without any disturbance of the system, is the effect sought;
and the only effect to be obtained in a perfect system of
cure.  Every so-called effect of medicine is an exhibition
of the imperfection of our art.  It shews, not that the
disease, but the system, is affected.  This lamentable
sophism has done much to perpetuate the use of strong
and mischievous measures; blinding the eyes of the sufferer to the sad fact that these measures are strong, not
against his malady, but against himself. ' The physician
does much, only not what he ought; he works wonders,
but seldom a cure.'
The third method is the cure of the ultimate cause.
The knowledge of the ultimate cause of disease, however,
is quite unattainable. Pathological anatomy shews only
its effects-not itself.  Tolle causam  is an excellent
maxim; but if we treat diseases without knowing their
ultimate cause, but only guessing at it, then we treat
phantoms which have an existence only in our own mind,
and sadly mistreat our patients.  While the principles
of treatment are false, the plan on which they are pursued
is absurd.  The whole art of prescription-writing is repugnant to sense, and should be immediately discontinued.
'The physician,' observes Hahnemann, ' in writing his
prescription, ordains to each ingredient his distinct office.
This shall be the base; that the adjuvant; the third
the corrective; the fourth the derivative.   I strictly
order that none of these ingredients presume to leave
his allotted post. Let the corrective not be negligent

' '



54            DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL
in covering the blunders of the base; but let him not
presume to overstep his limits, and act against the
designs of said base.  To you, Adjuvant, I commit
the mentorship of the base; you are to help him as
you best can; but attempt not with officious zeal to
play an independent part.    Co-operate entirely with
him, although you are quite a different thing. Such is
my order.   To the joint wisdom of the whole I commit
the charge of the expedition. Let me see how nicely
you can drive all impurities out of the blood, without
harming the unoffending; arrange and attune all that is
deranged and discordant. Your commission affords you
unlimited power.   You must reduce excessive irritability of the muscular fibre, and sensibility of the nervous
system.  See you the twitches in yon arm?    Fly to
their suppression.  That fellow has got jaundice; you
must bleach his face and deobstruate his ducts.  You,
most worthy Base, have been accredited as a very admirable deobstruent by one of the last pamphlets from
England; to you I commit the duty of resolving all obstructions.  The exact nature of these obstructions, to
be sure, I do not very well know; but you will learn
what is to be done when you are on the spot. To you,
Saltpetre, I allot the reduction of that putrid fever; don't
attempt to excuse yourself from the task, on the shallow
pretext that hitherto you have always failed: have I not
ordered a detachment of Sulphuric Acid to your aid?  I
know you will pretend that with Sulphuric Acid you cannot agree; but that is mere rebel-talk, as if such disagreement could occur against the wish of the receiptwriter.  Besides, have I not put at your disposal a troop



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOMEOPATHY.

55

of derivative and alterative auxiliaries?  Each of you
must fulfil the office you hold in the constitutional Materia Medica.'  Thus, to use again the words of Bacon,
'they lord it so over the medicine as the medicine does
not over the disease.'  ' Can it,' Hahnemann continues,
'be believed in earnest that such mishmash will produce
the effect which might be expected from  the separate
operation of so many distinct agencies? as if those ingredients exerted no mutual influence upon one another I
Has it never occurred to any one that two dynamic
agents never can effect that which, if given separately,
they would accomplish, but that an incalculable resultant
force must be produced?  And how much more, when
not two, but many, substances are mixed! So that your
school-order of battle and all the bases and correctives
are of no avail.  Nature works by eternal laws, without
any leave of man.   She loves simplicity, and with one
instrument performs much; he, with many, little: let us
imitate Nature. To write complicated receipts, perhaps,
too, many in a day; is the acme of the worst kind of
empiricism. To give but one substance at a time, and
not to give a second dose until the effect of the first is
over, this, and only this, is the direct road to the sanctuary of art.'
Hahnemann, practically pursuing, as well as openly
teaching his system, soon excited the dread of the apothecaries, who saw the vision of their gains beginning to
melt.  This was not to be endured.   Were those faithful allies of the physicians to be sacrificed to pretended
reform? Were all their variegated mixtures to be henceforth utterly despised?  Dii avertant omen!   Were



56

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

there not laws to prevent physicians dispensing their
own medicines? Although the avowed object of these
laws was to prevent risk to the public from the incapacity
of physicians, amid the crowd of other business, to mix
properly their own prescriptions, and these laws, therefore, could not fairly apply to homaeopathic physicians
who never mixed at all; yet it was a legal barrier which
might be used to arrest this pestilent heresy, which
threatened the rich and imposing Apothecaries' Hall
with total subversion.  Hahnemann quietly asks,' Had
you interdicted Raphael, Titian, and Da Vinci, from mixing their own colours, where would now have been their
master-pieces?' But when was reason ever strong against
corporations? and this legalized persecution had a great
influence on Hahnemann's career.
In 1805 Hahnemann published a paper entitled 'The
Medicine of Experience.'*  This is an epitome of' The
Organon,' which soon followed. He had now attained
what he had long been seeking, a real principle of nature,
instead of dead formulas of art, as a guide in the treatment of disease.  This principle he had deduced from
large observation, had found perfectly consistent with the
experience of former writers, and had extensively tested
in his own practice with the happiest results. Firmly
assured of the existence of the law he had promulgated,
his attention was now turned to its explanation.  This
explanation must never be confounded with the law itself;
the one may be true, the other false.  The ascertainment
of a general law of action is quite sufficient as a guide to
practice, and is usually the limits of human discovery.
* A translation of this will be found at p. 63.



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

57

When we attempt its explanation we leave the territory
of observation and induction, and enter that of hypothesis.
Shall we close to the ardent soul of the discoverer this
fascinating region, and forbid him ' all high clambering
cogitations V'  Surely not.  We should receive both his
law and his explanation thankfully, and assign to each
its due value.  Blindly to accept an hypothesis, because
it comes from the discoverer of the law for which it is
invented, would be a foolish abdication of our reason; to
reject it without careful examination, unworthy the respect due to the discoverer.  The explanation which he
offers of the law is, that, when two diseases meet in the
system, the stronger overcomes the weaker; and he assumes that medicinal disease is stronger than natural disease, for the time of its existence, though not so enduring;
because the system is only occasionally susceptible to
natural morbific agents, but always susceptible to the
action of medicines.
Besides this explanation of the law, he lays down, in
an aphoristic form, directions for the exhibition of the
medicines, the amount of the dose, and propriety of its
repetition. He also gives some admirable directions about
the best method of detailing cases; and in these directions he particularly notices the attention to be paid to
the remote exciting cause of the disease, as well as to the
symptoms.   This is well worthy of noting, as his views
on this subject have been much misrepresented.
He was now rapidly approaching a full exhibition of
his system, to the furtherance of which his work Fragmenta de Viribus Medicamentorum Positivis, published
in the same year as the paper last noticed, and contain



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

59

He also distinctly asserts the proposition that the effect of substances in all doses are the same in kind, the
difference in their action depending upon the degree of
the patient's susceptibility, as well as on the quantity
employed.   A full consideration of the relative importance of these two conditions would put the qucestio vexata
in regard to the dose in its proper light, and might reconcile much discrepancy of opinion.
Thus far, in comparative obscurity, had the system
matured itself; and now the truth, that for twenty years
had been working and silently growing in the mind of
Hahnemann, confined in its influence to a limited circle,
was to find a voice in almost every land of Europe. In
1790 the homceopathic law dawned on his mind, and in
1810 appeared the ' Organon of the Healing Art' (Organon der HeilJanst), in which this law is propounded
and explained.
To the cursory reader, even though he be charitably
disposed, this work presents startling difficulties, which
are best removed by considering Hahnemann's position
when he wrote it. At this time the truth of his discovery was so entirely incorporated with his own mind,
by twenty years' reflection and experience, that his efforts
are directed fully as much to the explanation as to the
demonstration of the law; and the general arrangement
of the work is such as rather to perplex. Nevertheless,
the period of its publication will always mark a great
era in medical science, and the doctrines and precepts
it contains have worked much deeper into the general
practice of medicine than at first appears.  They have
exerted a powerful influence, not only on those who have



60

DR J. RUTHERFURD RUSSELL

adopted them, but upon such as have rejected them, and
who must be at a loss to account for the changes, obvious enough, that are passing over the face of medicine.
Its keen exposure of the ordinary practice, its proud rejection of old formulas, and its condemnation of timesanctioned systems, raised against it a clamorous and
angry host of opponents, who felt and resented this assault on their stronghold; while its fresh and vigorous
truthfulness, and its appeal to reason and experience
against all the old arbiters in medicine, served as a
gathering cry to numbers who had been convinced by
former papers, but had not ventured openly to espouse
so daring a heresy.  As to the shallow sentence of condemnation passed by our reviewers on the work, it was
no more than might have been looked for. It was not
to be expected that a book so full of novelties, written,
too, in a severe style, and presenting so many points on
which witticisms could be easily hung, should be studied
with that care and candour required for its appreciation,
much less that they should give themselves the pains of
fairly disentangling and exposing a system which condemned them sounsparingly. It would have been, doubtless, a higher task to have measured with an artist's eye the
structure as a whole, examined its foundation, and computed its proportions, than to have valued themselves on
their skill in breaking down the outworks and appendages, the presence or absence of which was of no consequence to the erection.  By and bye, ' the right critique will appear, which shall neither exaggerate, praise,
nor blame; for hitherto, as well the various prickling
girdles (cilices) in which he was to do penance have been



ON THE ORIGIN OF HOM(EOPATHY.

61

so wide for his body, that they slipped to his feet, as the
laurel wreathes so large for his head that they fell upon
his shoulders.'
To all his reviewers, and in Germany many and
able ones appeared, Hahnemann answered only by silence; well aware that a work like his was neither to
be sunk nor saved by a war of words.   If it were the
vehicle of great truth, although burdened with every conceivable fault, affording ample prey to the critics, yet,
once upon the stream of time, there it must float, unaffected both by the favour and opposition of cotemporaries.  Those who excuse their neglect of this work by
saying H-ahnemann was a quack, we would remind him of
the words Foster applies to a similar nickname: ' What
a quantity of noisy zeal would be squashed in dead silence,
were it possible to enforce a substitution of statements
and definitions for this vulgar, senseless, but most efficacious term of reproach.'  And let those who find in the
self-complacent ineptitudes of reviewers about ' German
mysticism' and the like, a sufficient expression of their
opinion, remember the constant advice of Dr Johnson:
STry by all means to get rid of cant.'  By those who
wish to understand it, it will be found full of deep reflection; and without estimating its faults, it may be safely
said that no one ever perused it with attention without
deriving from it much instruction: ' If the truth,' says
Hahnemann, ' which I discovered, while setting at defiance all prevailing prejudices, and simply contemplating
Nature, be as directly at variance with the dogmata of
the schools, as were the bold sentences which Luther
nailed to the Schloss-kirche of Wittemberg opposed to



62    DR RUSSELL ON THE ORIGIN OF HOMCEOPATHY.
the spirit of a crippling hierarchy, the fault lies neither
with Luther's truth nor mine. Let us be sure that we
have accurately computed the orbit of Hahnemann's mind
before we take upon us to condemn the aberration of his
course.
It would not be within the scope of this article to do
more than advert to the subsequent great works of Hahnemann-the ' Materia Medica Pura,' and the treatise
' On Chronic Diseases,' in which are detailed the effects
of fifty-nine substances on himself and his co-operators.
The industry, self-denial, and personal sufferings displayed by these works, is the strongest evidence of his
thorough conviction of the necessity of proving medicines on the healthy before administering them to the
sick-a subject fully treated of in a subsequent chapter.
Nor do we intend to discuss the so-called ' Psoratheory,' as our design throughout this volume is to represent and illustrate the principles involved in the practice of Homoeopathy, along with the evidence in favour
of their truth and applicability, and to avoid strictly
practical questions respecting the administration of the
individual medicines, and all hypothetical considerations
therewith connected.



CHAPTER III.

THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.
BY SAMUEL HAHNEMANN.
MAN, viewed as an animal, has been created more helpless than any other.  Nature has supplied him with no
weapons to resist his foes like the bull, nor power of rapid
flight like the stag; he has no wings, no webfoot, no fins;
nor has he an impenetrable shield like the tortoise, nor
any safe natural retreats like those prepared for insects
and reptiles.  No physical property has he which scares
his enemies like that which makes the hedgehog and torpedo formidable; he has not the sting of the wasp, or the
poison-tooth of the adder.
Naked and defenceless, he stands exposed to the attacks
of every beast of prey. As an animal, he has nothing to oppose to the action of the elements and meteoric influences;
he has no brilliant impermeable skin like the seal, no compact and oily plumage like the waterfowl, no shining cuirass,
like aquatic beetle, to protect him from the waves. As the
specific gravity of his body is scarcely less than water, he
swims with more difficulty and danger than any quadruped, and when that element is frozen, and the icy blast



64

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

assails him, nature has given to him no warm covering
like that of the Polar bear.  The lamb, immediately on,
its entrance into the world, knows how to find its mother's
udder, but the child would perish were not the requisite
nourishment given to it by its tender nurse.  Nowhere
does Nature prepare for man food ready for his use like
that for the ant, the caterpillar, and the Egyptian rat, or
the expanded flower for the bees.   He is liable to a
greater number of maladies than the brute creation, who
besides, as a means of preservation from these invisible
enemies, are endowed with a mysterious sense;-an instinct denied to him. Man alone quits painfully the womb
of his mother; he alone comes forth naked, weak, and
defenceless, destitute of every thing that could enable him
to maintain life; of all the bounty with which Nature has
enriched the very worm that crawls in the dust.
Where, then, is the goodness of the Creator which thus
disinherits man-and man alone, of all His offspring- of
the means of supporting life?
Ah! the Eternal Source of Love disinherited man of all
animal endowments, the more richly to ennoble him with
the spark of divinity-the soul, which, from its own fulness supplies his every want, secures his highest welfare,
and from itself developes that matchless superiority which
exalts this child of earth above all that do inhabit it.
The soul, which is itself imperishable, furnishes its fragile
tenement of clay with apparatus for its sustenance, protection, defence, and comfort, such as not the most highly
favoured creature has derived directly from the hand of
Nature.
It was to the fertility of the human mind in discover



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

65

ing resources, that the Father of our race principally relied for the arrest of those evils with which the delicate
organism of his children should be afflicted.  It behoved
the natural efforts which the body could make to remove
disease, to be few and limited, in order that the mind of
man might the better feel the necessity of discovering
more powerful auxiliaries than those which the Creator
had thought fit to implant in his frame.
There is nothing offered by Nature which we can use
to satisfy our wants in the state she presents it; our minds
must discover the means of making it conducive to our
comfort.  She causes the ears of corn to spring from the
bosom of the earth, not that we should swallow them in
their rawand unwholesome state, but thrashed and ground,
and, by means of fermentation and heat, divested of all
their hurtful and medicinal qualities, we should use them
in the form of bread. Thus, by our genius we prepare
wholesome and nourishing food.    Since the creation of
the world lightning has destroyed man and beast, but it
was the will of the Creator that man should discover, as
he has done, means of averting from his dwelling the fire
of heaven, and conduct it harmless to the ground by lofty
metal tractors.  It is thus that He permits all natural
agents to have a detrimental effect upon us, that we may
discover some counteracting power to secure us from their
molestation.
In like manner, He allows an innumerable multitude of
diseases to attack our delicate organism, threatening it
with death and destruction, knowing well that what is
merely within us is unable to repel the invader without,
sorely suffering from the contest, or sinking in defeat,



66              SAMUEL HAIINEMANN
Weak, limited, and insufficient were the curative resources
of the unassisted organism, in order that our mind might
be forced to employ its noble attributes, where the most
precious of earthly possessions, health and life, were at
stake.
It was not the will of the Father of mankind that we
should simply ape the operations of Nature; His will was
that we should do more than she, but in another method,
and with other means. To man it was not given to
make a horse, but he can make machines, each of which
is more powerful than a hundred horses, and more manageable too.  He has allowed us to construct vessels, in
which, sheltered from the monsters of the deep, and the
fury of hurricanes, and surrounded by all the comforts of
land, we can circumnavigate the globe, which fish cannot
do; hence his refusal to us of fins, gills, and swimming
bladders, such as fishes possess.  He has denied us the
plumage of the condor, but He has permitted us to discover the art of confining a buoyant gas, which carries
us silently through atmospheric regions all unknown to
its winged inhabitants.
So He does not allow us to employ mortification for the
separation of a crushed and mangled limb, as the unaided
animal organism would do; but He put the sharp, swiftdividing knife in our hands, moistened with oil by the
hand of man, that we might do the work with less pain,
less fever, and far less danger to life.  He allows us not
to employ the so-called crisis for the cure of fevers as
Nature does; we are not to imitate the critical sweats,
critical urine, critical abscesses, and critical bleedings of
the nose; but after patient search we find the means of



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

67

curing more rapidly, more surely, more easily, with much
less pain, much less danger to life, and much less consequent suffering.
I am astonished, therefore, at Medicine being so rarely
elevated beyond an attempted imitation of those rude
movements; and that, almost universally, it has been
thought there was nothing better to be done for the cure
of disease than to excite the system to evacuations by
means of perspirations, stools, vomiting, bleeding, and
artificial ulcers!  (Such has been the favourite practice
from the most ancient times down to the present day
On it we have been incessantly thrown back when
methods founded on abstract theories disappointed the
expectations which they had raised.)  As if these forced
and imperfect imitations were the same thing as the
crises which Nature produces from the secret sources
where her powers are elaborated! as if these crises were
the best means of subduing disease, and not rather proofs
of the therapeutic impotence to which the Supreme has
intentionally condemned our nature when abandoned to
itself. Never has it been in our power to excite spontaneous efforts of the organism by artificial means, and
the thing in itself implies a contradiction. Never could
it have been the will of the Creator that we should act
upon any such idea.   His will is, that unrestrained we
should bring to perfection our individual animal frame,
and the cure of its diseases.
Up to the present time, pure surgery alone has, to
some extent, followed these wise suggestions.  Whilst
Nature, left to herself, only succeeds in expelling the



68              SAMUEL HAHNEMANN
splinter of a bone by inducing a fever which compromises
life, and a suppuration which all but entirely destroys
the limb; the surgeon, after having made the necessary
incisions in the soft parts which cover it, extracts it with
little pain, without formidable consequences, and without
affecting the strength.  Slow fever, accompanied by insupportable pain, wearing out the constitution to the
very brink of the grave, is almost the only means by
which the organism can oppose a large stone deposited in
the bladder; but by the aid of an incision, the skilful
hand of the surgeon relieves the patient in a few minutes
of this foreign body, and thus spares him tedious suffering terminated by a miserable death. Or, must we strive
to imitate the gangrene and suppuration of a strangulated
hernia, because this and death are Nature's only terminations?  Should we have done sufficient towards saving
the life of a man who is losing all his blood from a large
artery, if we merely threw him into a fainting fit which
suspended the heemorrhage for half an hour? Should we
not rather have recourse to the tourniquet, the ligature,
or the plug?
It is always, indeed, a matter of the deepest wonder
to observe how Nature, abandoned to herself, deprived
of the aid of surgery, and receiving no succour from without, so often succeeds in curing diseases and accidents,
although with much pain and annoyance to the sufferer,
and danger to his life.  But in acting thus, she does not
intend us to follow her example. We cannot, we ought
not, to imitate her, because there are means infinitely
more easy, more prompt, and more sure, which the mind



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

69

of man is destined to discover, in order to fulfil the requirements of medicine, the most essential and most
elevated of sciences.
aTEXES CXay7o qru/g s xca Xoyog awgac'og.  Greg. Mag.
Medicine is a science of experience. Its business is
to oppose disease by remedies. The knowledge of disease, the knowledge of remedies, and of their application,
constitute medicine.
Since the wise and good Creator permitted those innumerable aberrations from health which we call diseases,
He must have revealed to us a distinct way for acquiring
so much knowledge of diseases as was requisite for the
application of their remedies; He must have shewn us no
less clearly the means of discovering in medicines the
properties which render them fitted for the cure of the
diseases. Otherwise he would have left his children
without relief, or exacted from them what was beyond
their power.
This art, so necessary to our smitten race, can be diffused neither through the unfathomable abyss of dark
speculation, or the boundless void of conjecture.  It must
be within our reach, within our grasp, within the sphere
of our external and internal perceptions.
Physicians have lost two thousand years in seeking to
discover the invisible changes which the interior of the
body gives evidence of during disease, the ultimate causes
of these, and the nature of their being; because they believed that they could not cure until they had attained
this unattainable knowledge.
If the failure of these long-continued efforts were not
a proof of the impossibility of success, the experimen



70

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

tal fact of their not being necessary for cure should at
once suffice to establish their impossibility. For the great
Spirit of the Universe, that most consistent of beings, has
rendered only that possible which is necessary.
Although we never can discover the internal changes
of the body, which are the source of diseases, yet the
knowledge of their external causes has its use.
No effect exists without a cause.  All diseases, then,
have their cause, however hidden it may be from us in the
greater proportion of cases.
We observe some diseases, few in number, which arise
always from one and the same cause.  Such, for instance,
as the miasmatic; hydrophobia, syphilis, plague, yellow
fever, small-pox, cow-pox, measles, and some others. They
have this peculiarity, that they always remain peculiar
diseases, and that, depending on an unvarying contagious
principle, they invariably preserve the same character
and the same course, setting aside certain shades of difference, depending on accessory circumstances, which, however, do not affect their fundamental characteristics.  It
is possible, also, that some maladies, the miasmatic sources
of which we cannot discover, such as the gout, ague, and
many others, endemic in different countries, depend equally
on a primary cause, which remains always the same, or
else a permanent union of various causes, which tend to
combine, without which they would not constitute diseases
so well characterised, nor would they be so frequent.
These diseases, few in number, at least the first mentioned, the miasmatic, may be considered as specific diseases, and be called by a specific name.
He who has found a remedy for one of these will be able



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

71

to cure it at all times and in all places, because a disease
of this nature ever remains fundamentally the same, both
in its manifestations and in its cause.
All the other maladies are so different the one from
the other, as regards these symptoms, that it may be safely
said, that they depend on a concurrence of many diversified causes, varying in their number, nature, and intensity.
It is possible to calculate how many words the twentyfour letters of the alphabet may number, when properly
combined, great as that number is; but it is not possible
to enumerate the diseases which differ from each other,
because our bodies may be affected by numberless external circumstances, for the most part still unknown, and
by just as many internal influences.
Every thing which exercises a specific action (and their
number is incalculable) may have an influence on our organism, which is in connection and in conflict with all the
elements of the universe, and may produce in it changes
as varied as are the causes which determine them.
What diversity must there not be in the result of the
action of these powers, when several of them exert their
influence on our bodies at the same time, in varied order
and succession, and with different degrees of intensity,
seeing that these bodies offer so much variety in their organization, and differ so much from each other at the various epochs of life, that no human being exactly resembles
another in any respect whatever!
Hence it follows, that, with the exception of a few peculiar diseases, the innumerable remainder are so different,
that each of them is seldom observed more than once;
and each case which we meet with ought to be considered



72

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

and treated as an individual disease which has never yet
appeared precisely as we see it in the present case, under
like circumstances, and is never, perhaps, to re-appear exactly in the same form.
The internal nature of each disease, of each isolated
morbid case, in as far as we require to know it, in order
to cure it, is ascertained by a careful observation of the
symptoms, in their entire circuit, their individual intensity, and their connection and succession.
After having recognised all the existing and appreciable symptoms of the disease, the physician has discovered
the disease itself; at least he has the knowledge sufficient
for its removal.
To effect a cure, we must have a faithful portrait of
the disease, comprehending the whole of its symptoms;
and, when possible, a knowledge of the predisposing and
exciting causes, in order, by the removal of flese, through
proper regulation of the regimen, to prevent a relapse of
the disease after a cure has been effected by means of
medicine.
The physician who wishes to trace the * tableau' of a
malady, has only to observe with attention, and copy with
fidelity.  He must avoid all conjectures and suggestions.
The patient relates the liistory of his malady; his
attendants mention his behaviour: the physician sees,
hears, and feels, in order to ascertain what is strange
and unusual about him, and records it all, in order to
represent the image of his disease.
The most permanent, striking, and distressing symptoms form the chief indication. The physician makes
them the leading features in the portrait he draws. The



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

73

most peculiar and unusual symptoms afford the distinctive characteristics of the individual case.
The physician listens in silence while the patient and
his attendants tell their story.  He then asks what were
and what are still the most permanent, frequent, violent,
and painful symptoms; lie requests him again to describe his sensations exactly, to recapitulate the progress
of events, to point out more precisely the exact seat of
his sufferings; he desires the attendants to recommence
their report, selecting such terms as express with most
precision that which they have already described, with regard to the changes observed in the patient.
If, on comparing this fresh recital with the one already
made, the physician finds the expressions and descriptions correspond, he may consider them true, and regard
them as the expressions of the patient's sensations.  If
they do not accord the one with the other,' he submits the
discrepancy to the patient himself, or to the assistants,
in order that they may decide which is true.    In this
manner he confirms what is true, and rectifies what requires alteration.
If the portrait be not yet complete, if there be any
portion or function of the body which the patient or assistants have not noticed, the physician addresses questions relative to these parts and functions, but framed in
general terms, in order that those whom he interrogates
may be themselves led to disclose the minutiae.
When once the patient, in whom alone, when the disease is not feigned, one ought to have full confidence, in
as far as regards sensations. has been led to furnish us,
of his own accord, with a complete enough picture of his
G



74

SAMUEL HAHNEMAKN

case, the physician may then question him more particularly.  But as these questions bear slightly the character of suggestions, he ought not to take for granted that
the first answers are correct; after having noted them,
he should recommence his inquiries under another form,
and in another order, being careful to add nothing, and
confining himself to retrace the exact state of circumstances.
Nevertheless, it often happens that an intelligent
patient will spare the physician these particular questions, and that he will, in the course of his recital, detail
those indications which render them   necessary.  The
examination being finished, the physician adds what he
himself has silently observed in the patient, and compares
these observations with what has been remarked by the
attendants.   The physician then learns what are the
remedies and domestic medicines, or other treatment,
which he has employed; and, above all, that of the last
few days. He chiefly inquires what have been the attendant circumstances before the use, or during the discontinuance, of all medicine.  This latter form is what
he considers the original state; the other is a partial
and artificial modification of the disease, which, however,
it is sometimes necessary to take, and treat such as it is,
when the state of matters is critical, and admits of no delay.  If it be a chronic affection, we leave the patient
without medicine for several days, in order that the disease may return to its original form, and defer a more
minute examination of its symptoms until that time, in
order to found the method of treatment upon real and
solid symptoms, and not upon those fleeting and false in



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.          75
dications to which the old treatment has given birth. It
is only the pressing case of an acute disease, which should
make us neglect this precaution.
In the last place, the physician should inform himself
generally of the exciting cause of the disease.  Scarcely
out of ten cases can we find one where the patient and
the attendants can assign a specific cause.  But if there
be an undoubted cause, it will almost always have been
mentioned during the relation of the case.  Generally,
when it is necessary to ask questions on this head,
nothing but uncertain information is obtained.   I except those causes which delicacy prevents patients and
friends declaring, at any rate of their own accord, and
of which the doctor should inform himself by judicious
questions, or by indirect information.  With this exception, it is often objectionable, or, at any rate, useless, to
have recourse to artificial suggestions, in order to discover the exciting cause, the more so, as our art knows
but very few causes which could guide it to remedies,
without having regard to symptoms of the affection,
which the exciting cause has given rise to.
By such zealous care, the physician will obtain an
exact picture of the malady; he will have it represented
by its external signs, except through which man, who
perceives only by means of his senses, never can apprehend the secret properties of things in general, and, of
course, not those of disease.  The disease being discovered, it is necessary to find a remedy.
The foundation of every disease is a preternatural
irritation of a peculiar kind, which disturbs the functions and healthful sense of integrity of our organs.
But the unity of the life of the organs, and their con



76

SAMUEL HAIINEMANN

currence in a common design, does not permit two preternatural irritations to exist together and simultaneously
in a human body.
Hence we derive the first experimental propositionWhen two general preternatural stimuli act at the same
time on the body, if they are not of the same nature, one
of them, the weaker, must for some time be suspended
and overcome by the other, the stronger.
The second experimental proposition is: When the
two stimuli have a great analogy with each other, one of
them, the weaker, is entirely extinguished and destroyed,
it and its effects, by the analogous power of the other,
which is the stronger.
Thus, for example, if when a man contracts, at the
same time, measles and small-pox (two heterogeneous
stimuli), and the measles break out first, these disappear
immediately on the invasion of the small-pox; and it is
only after this last is cured that the measles reappear
and run their natural course. I have seen this frequently.
Larrey informs us also, that the plague of -the Levant
stops as soon as the small-pox begins to predominate, but
that it breaks out again after the cessation of the epidemic
variola.
These two irritations are of a heterogeneous nature:
this is the reason why one is suspended by the other,
though only for a certain time.
But, if these two 'preternatural irritations are homogeneous in their nature, the weaker of the two gives way
to the stronger, and the latter alone accomplishes its
action, while the other is at once entirely extinguished
and destroyed. Thus the small-pox is an antidote to the
-cow-pox: the latter being arrested in its course as soon



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

77

as the infection of the small-pox, with which the body
had been previously impregnated, breaks out, and never
re-appearing after its cessation.
The vaccine matter which, besides its well-known effect
of producing the cow-pox, has also a tendency to give
rise to an eruption of little pustules, bordered with red,
principally on the face and fore arm,-a tendency which,
in certain conditions yet unknown, ordinarily occurs
shortly after the desiccation of the cow-pox, cures other
cutaneous disorders with which the patient was before
assailed, provided there be a great analogy between the
two affections; and it cures them permanently.
These two preternatural irritations cannot exist together in the same body; from whence it follows that
the new morbid irritation on its appearance destroys the
former, not temporarily only, but permanently, because of
their similarity; the one completely extinguishes, annihilates, and cures the other.
It is the same in the treatment of disease by medicines.
If we combat the itch of the workers in wool with a
strong purgative, jalap, for example, it gradually entirely
yields so long as we continue the use of the purgative,
because the effects of these two preternatural irritations
cannot exist at the same time in the body.  But as soon
as the effect of the artificial irritation ceases, that is to
say, as soon as we disuse the purgative, the itch returns
as it was before, because, of two heterogeneous irritations
one cannot destroy the other; it can only repress and
suspend it for a time.
If, however, we introduce into the body attacked by the



78

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

itch a new irritation whose nature is different, but whose
mode of action strongly resembles its own, for example,
liver of sulphur, which, according to my personal observations, and those of others, produces an analogous eruption to the itch, as two general preternatural irritations
cannot exist at the same time in the body, the itch disappears, not only for a short time, but permanently, on
account of its great analogy with the new irritation; that
is to say, the itch of the workers in wool is really cured
by the use of liver of sulphur, and for the same reason by
that of sulphur in powder, and sulphureous baths.
Even the affections which a superficial observer considers as purely local, are suppressed for a time by a new
irritation applied to the part, when the two irritations
have a heterogeneous or opposing tendency; for example,
the pain of a burn is instantly suspended by cold water,
and is not felt while the immersion lasts, but returns
with violence when the burnt part is withdrawn from
the water; it may be entirely and permanently, that is,
radically cured, when there is a great analogy between
the last irritation and the first.
Thus, when the action of the remedy, for example, of
the artificial irritation applied to a burn, is of quite
another nature from that of the morbid irritation, but at
the same time has a very analogous tendency, as in the
instance of concentrated alcohol, which produces on the
lips almost the same sensation as if a flame approached
them, the burnt skin, if we uninterruptedly continue the
application, will, in some hours in serious cases, and much
sooner in slight ones, be found perfectly cured and free
from pain; so true is it, that even locally, two irritations



80               SAMUEL HAHNEMANN
morbid irritation by setting up an appropriate counterirritation in opposition to it.
Not unlike, in this respect, to the specific miasmata
of diseases (that of the small-pox, of the measles, the
venom of the viper, the saliva of rabid animals, &c.),
each simple medicine creates its own special disease-a
series of determinate symptoms, which no other medicine
in the world can exactly produce.
As plants differ from each other in exterior form, in
their distinct mode of existence, in taste, smell, &c., as
each mineral or salt is classified apart from all the others,
as much by its external physical properties, as by its internal properties; so in like manner do medicines differ
from each other in respect of their medicinal virtues, that
is to say, in their power of exciting disease.  Each of
them determines a modification of the existing state of
health in a manner exclusively its own.
The greater part of the substances belonging to the
animal and vegetable kingdoms are medicinal in their
raw state.  Those which belong to the mineral kingdom
are so both when raw and when prepared.     Medicines
manifest their morbific power and true and absolute
operation most clearly in perfect health, provided care is
taken to administer each alone, and unmixed.
Several of the most active of these substances have
been tried on healthy subjects, and the symptoms they
have given rise to have been recorded.
If it be wished to take advantage of this natural guide,
and to investigate more deeply this new source of knowledge, it will be necessary to try all medicines successively
and cautiously, the strong as well as the weak, removing



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

81

carefully all accessories capable of producing any influence
whatever, and noting the symptoms the substance gives
rise to, in the order in which these appear.  Thus, we
shall have an exact and absolute picture of the morbid
symptoms which each of these medicinal substances has
the power of producing in the human body. And thus
shall we procure a sufficient store of artificial morbific
agents (medicines), to supply us with implements of cure,
from which we may make our selection.
Then, after having sufficiently examined the disease
which it is proposed to treat, that is to say, noted all the
appreciable phenomena in the order of their succession,
and having especially marked the most important symptoms, it only remains to oppose to this malady a medicinal
agent capable of itself exciting all the symptoms which
characterize the disease, or at least the greater part of
the severest, and the most important and peculiar, and
one that can excite them in the same succession as they
occurred in the natural disease, in order to attain a certain, speedy, and permanent cure.
The results of this method, so conformable to nature,
is infallible; it is, without exception, so certain, and its
rapidity so much surpasses all expectation, that no other
method of treating diseases is at all to compare with it.
But here it is necessary to have regard to the great
and important difference which exists between the positive and negative treatment, or, as it is termed, between
the radical and the palliative method.
The action of simple medicines on a healthy man, determines, in the first instance, phenomena and symptoms
which may be called the positive malady specifically pro



84               SAMUEL HAINEMANN
in consequence, the particular aggravation of which I have
spoken, do not take place during the first hour, the disease is nevertheless extinguished in a great measure; and
it only requires a few more doses, gradually weakened,
completely to annihilate it.
If, then, care be not taken always to diminish the
doses; if they be continued as strong, or increased in
strength, there succeeds to the primary disease which had
already disappeared, a kind of artificial medicinal disease,
which it is not necessary to excite.
But it is quite different in the palliative treatment,
where a medicine is employed, whose positive and primitive efect is the reverse of the disease.
Almost immediately after the administration of such a
medicine, we perceive a sort of ameliorationi, an instantaneous ebbing, so to speak, of the morbid irritation, but
for a short time, as for example, on the application of
cold water to a burn.   These medicines are what are
called palliatives.
Palliatives only prevent the morbid irritation from
acting on the organism, during the continuance of their
primary symptoms, because they then produce in the
body an irritation which is the reverse of the disease;
but afterwards, the reaction, which is contrary to the primary action, coincides with the primary morbid irritation.
and aggravates it.  During the reaction of the palliative,
and when the latter has ceased, the disease gains ground.
The pain of a burn is greater when the hand is withdrawn
from the cold water, than before its immersion.  As, in
the curative and positive treatment, there takes place
during the first hour a slight aggravation, to which gene



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.          85
rally succeeds an amelioration, and a more durable cure;
so in the palliative treatment, we observe, during the first
hour, almost instantaneously even, a delusive amelioration,
which diminishes every moment, and which, at the expiration of the primary, and purely palliative action, not
only leaves the disease to reappear as before the administration of the medicine, but adds to it a slight degree
of its secondary effect, which corresponds to the present
morbid condition, in proportion as the primary effect was
contrary to the pre-existing morbid state.
If it be wished to repeat the palliative, the first dose
will no longer suffice'; it is necessary to increase it and
to continue incessantly doing so, until the medicine no
'longer gives relief, or until the united effects of these
ever increasing doses have produced evils, which, when
they reach a certain amount, often suppress the original
disease, by substituting another at least as serious as the
former.
Thus, it is not uncommon for a chronic sleeplessness to
yield for some time to daily doses of opium taken in the
evening, because the primary effect of this substance,
which acts here as a palliative, is to cause sleep; but as
its secondary effect is to produce sleeplessness, that is to
say, to add to the primary disease, it is necessary continually to increase the dose, until an insupportable constipation, anasarca, asthma, or some other of the consecutive mischiefs of opium, forbid its further exhibition.
But when only a few doses of the palliative are administered against a habitual complaint, and its use is
suspended before any grave accessory symptoms are provoked, we shall not be long in being convinced that it



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SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

could do nothing in opposition to the primary disease; that,
far from that, it aggravates it by its secondary action;
and that, consequently, it procures really only a negative
relief. Thus, for example, if the person who wishes to
be cured of a chronic sleeplessness, complains only of
sleeping too little, a dose of opium taken in the evening
soon procures him a sort of sleep; but if he ceases after
some days to employ this medicine, which acts here only
as a palliative, then he can no longer sleep at all.
The employment of medicines termed palliatives, is
useful and necessary only in very few cases; in those
chiefly where the disease is rapidly developed, and
threatens an almost instantaneous danger.
Thus, for example, in asphyxia from freezing, after
friction of the skin, and gradual exposure to a temperature increasing in warmth, nothing restores the irritability of the muscular fibre, and the sensibility of the nerves,
more than a strong infusion of coffee, whose primitive
action is to increase the mobility of the fibre, and the
sensibility of all the parts of our body, and which, consequently, is a palliative in this case. Bnt here delay is
danger, and there is no sustained morbid state to combat;
for as soon as sensibility and irritability are restored,
even by a palliative, the organism, which has sustained no
injury, returns to its duties, and the play of the functions
is resumed, without the necessity of having recourse to
any other means.
In the same way, it may occur in chronic maladies, for
example, hysterical convulsion, or asphyxia, that the temporary influence of a palliative (as the smell of a burnt
feather) is pressingly indicated, solely to restore the



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

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patient to the ordinary state of his illness, which presents
no urgent danger, and which requires afterwards (in order
to be cured) the action of more durable and entirely different curative medicines.
But when a palliative does not effect in a few hours
what is intended, it soon begins to manifest the inconveniences of which I have just spoken.
In acute diseases, even in those which run their course
most rapidly, it is more worthy of the dignity of medicine,
and more advantageous to the patient, that he be treated
by positive and curative means.  The triumph over the
disease is more sure, and in general more prompt, and
without consecutive effects.
However, the bad effects of palliatives are trifling in
slight acute diseases. The principal symptoms disappear
in a great measure after each dose of these medicines,
until the disease has run its natural course, when the organism, which has not had time to be much disordered by
the secondary effects of the means which have been employed, returns to its duties, and by degrees overcomes
the disease itself, and the consecutive effects of the medicine.
But if the patient be cured during the time in which he
makes use of palliatives, he would have been equally cured
without any remedy; he would have been cured in the
same space of time, because palliatives never shorten the
natural period of acute diseases, and he would afterward
have more easily recovered, for the reasons I have just
given.  The fact that palliatives alleviate the most painful symptoms, gives the preference in the eyes of the
patient and attendants, but no real advantage. Now, the
curative and positive treatment has, even in the diseases



88

SAMUEL HAHNE3ANN

which rapidly run their course, an incontestible advantage over all alleviations which may be obtained by the aid
of palliatives, because it abridges the duration of the affection, really cures it before it has run its entire course,
and leaves no other symptom behind it, provided the
remedy has been chosen so as to correspond perfectly
with the case.
It may be objected against this method of treatment,
that, from the first existence of the science of medicine,
physicians have never used it, and that, nevertheless, they
have cured diseases.
This objection is only plausible. For, from the beginning of the art of medicine, all sick persons who have
really been cured promptly and permanently by medicines,
and whose restoration to health has not been the effect of
time, of the completion of the period assigned to acute
diseases, or of the insensible and gradual preponderance
of bodily energy, have been cured, unknown to the physician, by the method which I have just explained; that
is to say, by the directly curative action of a medicine.
However, it has occurred sometimes to physicians to
suspect, what is now confirmed by a crowd of facts, that
the true cure depends on this aptitude in medicines, on
this tendency which is inherent in them, to provoke symptoms analogous to those of the disease.*  But this ray of
truth has, unfortunately, seldom penetrated the spirit of
our schools, enveloped in their cloud of systems.
After the remedy has been discovered, by following the
steps traced by Nature herself, there still remains an important point, and that is, to determine the dose.  A

* See the following Chapter.



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

positive and curative medicine may, without any fault on
its part, produce the contrary of what it was intended to
operate, when it is employed in too large doses.  In such
a case, it engenders a disease more powerful than that
which before existed.
When the hand is plunged into cold water for some
minutes, we feel a diminution of warmth, or, rather, a
sensation of cold: the veins disappear, the soft parts
shrink, the skin is pale, and motion difficult.  These are
some of the primary effects of cold water upon the healthy
body.   But if the hand be withdrawn from the water and
dried, before long a contrary state of things begins to
take place: the hand becomes warmer than the other,
the soft parts swell, the veins project more, the skin is
redder, the motion is quicker and more energetic; in a
word, there seems an increase of vitality there.  This is
the secondary or consecutive effect of cold water on the
body of the healthy man.
This is also about the most powerful dose of cold water
that can be employed as a positive or curative means with
a durable success in a state of pure debility, which is
analogous to its primary effects on the healthy body.  I
say the strongest dose, because when the whole body is
immersed in this water, and the temperature of the former is very low, it is necessary to abridge the duration
of the application, to lessen the dose to a suitable degree.
But if the dose of this remedy be considerably increased in all respects, its primitive effects exasperate the
morbid symptoms proper to cold, so as to produce a state
of disease which the part we wish to cure of weakness
H



90,

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

can with difficulty, if at all, overcome. If the dose be
carried to a greater height, if the water be very cold, the
surface exposed of great extent, and the duration of the
immersion longer than usual, there follows a numbness of
the whole limb, cramp of the muscles, sometimes even
paralysis; and if the whole body remains an hour or
more plunged in cold water, death, or at least asphyxia
by freezing, takes place in a healthy man; but it happens in far less time when the action of cold is exerted
on an enfeebled body.
It is the same with all medicines, even with those
which are administered internally.
The reaper overcome by heat, by thirst, and fatigue,
whom a single mouthful of brandy restores in the space
of an hour, would fall into a (probably fatal) fever, if, in
such a case, instead of a single mouthful, he drank one or
two bottles of brandy at once; that is to say, if he took
the same positive and curative remedy, but in so excessive a dose as to render it hurtful.
It must not be supposed that this injurious effect of
exaggerated doses must belong only to substances employed as positive and curative medicines. Palliatives
also produce great inconveniences when the dose is too
violent; for medicines are substances hurtful in themselves, which only become remedies by the application, in
suitable doses, of their natural tendency to overcome maladies which have a positive or negative analogy with their
effects.
Thus, to limit ourselves to thie example taken from the
negative or palliative means, a frozen hand is quickly restoied in the atmosphere of a warm room; this moderate



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

91

heat acts here as an antagonist to cold; that is to say, as
a palliative, without much injury, because the application
is not too strong, and has need only to be employed for
a short time, in order to cure the morbid state of weakness which was rapidly developed.
But let the hand, already immovable and insensible
with the cold, that is to say, frozen, be plunged suddenly,
for an hour, into water at 120 degrees, a temperature
which the other hand can well bear, it dies without remedy,
gangrene attacks it, and it falls off.
A robust man, violently overheated, is not long of recovering himself in an atmosphere of a moderate heat
(about 650 F.), without suffering any appreciable evil
from the use of this palliative; but if, in this violently
overheated state, he remains for an hour plunged in a
river, an immersion which his body, when not overheated,
would have borne for the same space of time without suffering from it, he will be taken out dead, or attacked
with the most dangerous low fever.
Cold water relieves, as a palliative, a part which has
been burnt; but if ice were immediately applied to it,
sphacelus would ensue.
It is the same with internal remedies.  If a woman,
overheated with dancing, drinks a great quantity of iced
water, every one knows what the ordinary result is;
nevertheless a small spoonful of the same water would
have done her no injury, though it is precisely the same
palliative, but in a smaller dose.  But however overheated she may be, she would be refreshed in a sure and
permanent manner, if choice were made of a curative
means, whose primary effects correspond with the state



92               SAMUEL HAHNEMANN
in which she is, and if the remedy were administered in
a sufficiently weakened dose; that is to say, if she were
made to drink a little warm tea, with a small quantity of
spiritous liquor in it, and to walk slowly in a cool room;
whilst, on the other hand, a large glass of brandy would
throw her into a high fever.
Those only who observe attentively can form an idea
of the degree to which the susceptibility of the body,
with regard to medicinal irritations, is heightened in! a
state of disease.  This surpasses all belief, when the disease has attained a great intensity.  A person attacked
by typhus, whom we see lying in a state of coma, insensible to every shock, and deaf to every noise, quickly recovers himself under the influence of a small dose of
opium, though it be a million times weaker than has
usually been prescribed.
The sensibility of a very diseased body for medicinal
stimulants is carried, in many cases, to such a height,
that we see that the body, in this state, is acted on and
excited by powers whose existence has been almost denied, because they do not act on a healthy man, nor in
maladies which have no affinity for them.  I shall cite
here, as an example, the power of animal magnetism, of
this immaterial influence of one living human body over
another, which exercises itself in certain modes of contact, or quasi contact, and produces so energetic an excitement over those persons whom a delicate constitution
and a great sensibility render very susceptible of impressions, as well of lively emotions as the movements resulting
from a very high developed muscular irritability. This
animal power does not display itself in the least between



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.           93
two healthy and robust men, not because it does not
exist, but because it is much too feeble to be able to
manifest itself in healthy persons, whilst it often acts with
only too much intensity on a morbid state of sensibility
and irritability, as do also the smallest doses of other
curative medicines, in a very diseased subject.
It is the same with applications of the magnetic wire,
and with the contact with other metals, to the medicinal
effects of which a person in a state of health is absolutely
insensible.
On the other hand, it is no less true than surprising,
that the most robust persons, when attacked by chronic
diseases, cannot, notwithstanding the strength of their
constitution, and though they can bear without injury
many hurtful and energetic irritations, such as excess in
eating and drinking, or the abuse of purgatives,-they cannot, I say, take the smallest dose of the positive medicine which suits their case, without feeling the effects
of it as strongly as an infant at the breast.
There is, in medicine, a small number of substances
which act almost solely in a chemical manner; some (as
tannin) corrugate the living fibre, as well as the dead;
some (as oils) diminish rigidity; others may be chemical
antidotes to hurtful substances which exist in the body,
or at least in the " primme vim" (as chalk or the alkalies
neutralize deleterious acids in the stomach, or as hydrosulphuretted water combines with certain metals and
their oxides); others, again, may decompose these substances (as alkalis and hepar sulphuris do poisonous metallic salts); others (as the actual cautery) chemically
destroy parts of the body. If we except these few sub



94

SAMUTEL HAHNEMANN

stances, the operations (for the most part mechanical) of
surgery, and some injurious and insoluble bodies which
are introduced from without into the economy, other
medicines act in a manner purely dynamic, curing without provoking evacuations, without occasioning violent
or even appreciable revolutions.
Almost the only necessary condition, in order that
the effect should develope itself fully, and lead to the
cure, is, that the suitable medicine be brought into
contact with the living and sensible fibre; but it is of
little consequence, how weak the dose is, which, with this
intention, is brought to bear upon the sensible parts of
the living body.
If a certain small dose of greatly diluted tincture of
opium is capable of removing an unnatural propensity to
sleep, the hundredth part, the thousandth even of this
dose, is sufficient always to attain the same end, and the
dose may be yet much more attenuated without the
weakest ceasing to produce the same curative effect as
the first.
I have said that almost the only condition for the due
action of the medicine is, to place it in contact with the
living and sensitive fibre. This dynamic property reaches
such a length, that it is indifferent to the result with
what part the contact takes place, provided only that the
part be deprived of the epidermis.   It matters little
whether the dissolved medicine reaches the stomach, remains in the mouth, or is applied to a wound, or to any
part denuded of its skin.
When there is no fear of evacuations (a particular
vital disposition of the organism, which has the special



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

95

power of destroying the dynamic energy of a medicine),
the introduction of this last into the rectum, or into the
nose, fully answers the views of the physician; that is to
say, that if it has the power at all, it cures no less efficaciously a certain pain in the stomach, a particular kind
of cephalalgia, a species of stitch in the side, a cramp in
the calf of the leg, or any other ailment seated in a part
which has no sort of anatomical connexion with that to
which it is applied.
It is only the epidermis with which the surface of the
body is covered, that opposes any obstacle to the action
of medicines upon the sensible body which it covers; but
this obstacle is not insurmountable.
Medicines act through the epidermis, only they have
less power. Their action is weaker when they are in
powder, more energetie when they are dissolved, and so
much the more powerful in this latter case, as the solution is extended over a greater surface.
However, the skin is thinner in some parts, when
consequently the medicine acts with greater facility.
Such are the abdomen, the pit of the stomach, the groin,
the armpits, the bend of the arm, the inner part of the
wrist, the inner part of the ham, &c. These parts ane
the most sensible to the action of medicines.  Friction
contributes little more to favour the actibn of medicines,
than rendering the skin more sensible, and the fibre
more susceptible of being impressed by the specific medicinal power, which from thence radiates throughout the
entire organism.  If the thighs are rubbed so as to
heighten the sensibility, and mercurial ointment imme



96

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

diately applied, the result is the same as though these
parts had been rubbed with the ointment.
The specific virtue of medicines remains the same,
whether employed internally or externally, so as they are
put in contact with the sensible fibre, either within or
without.
The black oxide of mercury taken by the mouth cures
venereal bubo, at least as quickly and surely as friction on the thighs with the Neapolitan ointment.  The
immersion of the feet in a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate, cures ulcers in the mouth as rapidly and
as surely as the reception of this liquid into the stomach,
particularly if care is taken to rub the parts before bathing them.
The powder of cinchona applied to the abdomen cures
the intermittent fever, which this medicine has the property of curing when taken internally.
But as the diseased organism is generally much more
sensible to the dynamic action of medicines, so the skin
also of sick persons is more so than that of those in
health.  A small quantity of the tincture of ipecacuanha
applied to the bend of the arm, is sufficient to remove
the inclination to vomit in very sick persons.
The medicinal power of heat and of cold only seems
not to be so exclusively dynamic as that of other medicines.  When these two agents are employed as positive
remedies, the smallest possible dose does not suffice to
produce the effect.  It is necessary that both be stronger
and in larger quantities (to a certain extent), if it is
wished that their salutary action be rapidly accomplished,



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

97

But this appearance is fallacious.  The power of cold
and of heat is not less dynamic than that of other medicines, and the difference arises from our bodies being
already habituated to the influence which they exercise
in certain quantities.  That cold and heat may fulfil the
offices of medicines, it is necessary to carry them beyond
the accustomed degree a little, if they are to have a positive influence, much more if we have in view only a negative or palliative effect.
A heat equal to that of the blood is, for most of the
inhabitants of our climates, greater than they are accustomed to, so that a foot-bath at 98~ or 990 F., is warm
enough to remove, in a positive manner, heat in the hand;
but if we wish to procure a palliative relief in a case of
burning, we must use water much colder than that with
which we are used to bathe the healthy parts of our body,
and so much the colder (within certain limits, however),
the more violent the inflammation is.
What I have just said in relation to the necessity of
slightly increasing cold and heat when they are employed
as/ curative means, applies also to all other medicines
which the sick person has been in the habit of using
Thus, with persons who are accustomed to the use of
wine, brandy, opium, coffee, &c., these substances must
be given in rather stronger doses than those which they
have habitually taken.
Heat, cold, and electricity, belong to the category of
the most diffusible medicinal dynamic stimuli. The epidermis can neither diminish nor arrest their action, probably because this membrane serves in some measure as
a vehicle and conductor.  It is doubtless the same with



98

SAM-UEL HAIINEMANN

regard to animal magnetism, the medicinal action of the
magnetic wire, and, in general, to the power exercised
by the application of metals externally.    Galvanism
seems to penetrate with a little less facility through the
skin.
An attentive observer of Nature is soon ready to acknowledge that she works great effects with simple and
often very feeble means. To imitate her in this should be
the aim of the efforts of the reflecting mind. But the more
we heap together the means of attaining a single end, the
more we wander from our model, and the meaner are the
results at which we arrive.
With a small number of simple means, employed one
after the other, but oftener still with one alone, we can
restore the greatest disorders of the diseased economy to
the natural state of harmony,-we can cure, and often in
a very short time, the most chronic, and apparently incurable disorders, whilst, under the influence of means
ill-chosen and mingled together, we see the most trifling
maladies degenerate into distressing, serious, and incurable diseases.
Which of these two methods will the artist of healing,
who strives after perfection, choose?
It is always in the power of a single simple remedy,
free from all mixture, to produce the most salutary effects,
provided that it be well chosen, as the most appropriate,
and administered in the suitable dose.  It is never necessary to employ simultaneously two remedies.
We give a medicine in order to destroy the whole dis-.ease by the help of this single substance, or, if this cannot be completely attained, in order to see, after the



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.         99
remedy has exhausted its action, what are the abnormities which still remain to be combated. One, two, or at
most three, medicines suffice to annihilate the most inveterate disease.  If no cure takes place, it is we who
are to blame; the fault is neither with nature nor the
disease.
If we wish to judge of what a remedy effects, and still
leaves to be done in a disease, we need only give one
single simple medicine at once.  Any addition whatever
only disturbs the aim we have in view, and as, even were
it possible for us to know exactly the action of a simple
remedy, it would not be possible for us to estimate the
combined powers of a mixture of medicines, partly decomposed by each other, we are not in a position, when we
wish to separate the effects of the remedies from those of
the morbid symptoms, to distinguish, among the unexpected changes, which of them should be ascribed to the
malady, and which depend on some one of the ingredients;
consequently, also, we cannot know which of these drugs
ought henceforth to be abandoned or continued, nor what
substance ought to be substituted for one or the other,
or for all.  In such a course of treatment, no phenomenon
can be referred to its true cause.  To whatever point we
direct our attention, we find nothing but uncertainty and
obscurity.
The greater part of the simple medicinal substances
determine, in a healthy man, a series of positive symptoms, often of great extent.  The appropriate medicine
may then often include, in its primitive effects, the type
of most of the appreciable symptoms of thq m1alady which,. ~a e6: ~



100

SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

we wish to treat, with many other analogous types which
render it equally fitted to cure other maladies.
Now, the only thing we have to desire is, that a medicinal agent agrees with, or, in other terms, that it has in
itself the power of producing most of the symptoms we
discover in diseases; that, consequently, it is in a position, when employed as a counter-irritant, in the form of
medicine, to destroy or extinguish these same symptoms
in the diseased body.  We see that a single simple substance possessoe this property in all its sufficiency, when it
is carefully chosen for that object.
It is never, then, necessary to employ more than one
simple medicine at a time, when one is found which is
well adapted to the morbid case.
It is very probable, nay even certain, that, in a mixture of several medicines, each of them separately exercises no longer its own peculiar action on the malady, and
cannot, disturbed as it is by others, exert the specific
tendency belonging to it, but that one antagonizes the
other, and that all modify or mutually destroy their own
effects; so that the concurrence of several agents, decomposed by one another in the body, gives rise to an
intermediate resultant not to be desired, since it cannot
be known or even conjectured beforehand.
In fact, experience teaches us that one general irritation extinguishes or represses another, according as there
is between them analogy or opposition, or a great difference in intensity; when several medicines act together
on the body, the action of some partly destroys that of
others, a::d.all that remains to attack the malady is that,



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

10T

remnant of the action which has not been antagonized by
the combination. Now, we cannot know if this remnant
action be suitable or not, because we have no means of
arriving at the knowledge of what this will be.   All
morbid causes whatever never requiring more than one
simple medicine, no master of the art of healing, worthy
of the title, will dream of having recourse to mixtures,
and thus defeat his very object.  On the contrary, it will
be an infallible sign that he knows his duty, if he prescribes but one well selected substance which fails not to
effect a speedy, mild, and permanent cure.
If the symptoms are slight, and few in number, it is an
insignificant ailment, hardly requiring the use of medicine,
and which a change of diet alone will suffice to cure.
But if we perceive only two or three serious symptoms,
a circumstance of rather rare occurrence, the case is more
difficult than when there are a great many. It is not easy
to prescribe at first the remedy that is perfectly suitable;
it may be because the patient is not able to describe
with the necessary accuracy all he feels; it may be that
the symptoms themselves are not well marked or apparent.
In this uncommon case, we prescribe one, or at most
two doses of the medicine we consider the most suitable.
It happens' sometimes that this medicine is precisely
the most suitable; but, as it oftener happens that it is
not the one that should have been employed, we discover
afterwards symptoms which till then had been unperceived, or which have more fully developed themselves.
These symptoms, appreciable though weak, may help to
give a more exact picture of the disease, and then we



102

SAMUEL HARNEMANN

shall have greater certainty in choosing the appropriate
remedy.
The repetition of the doses of a medicine is regulated
by the duration of its action.  If it acts in a positive or
curative manner, an amelioration is manifested when it
has exhausted its influence, and a second dose destroys
the remains of the disease.  Some hours may elapse, without inconvenience, between the cessation of the action of
the first dose and the administration of the second.  The
part of the disease already overcome will not renew itself;
and even when the patient is allowed to remain several
days without medicine, the amelioration, owing to the first
dose, continues not the less sensibly.
Far, then, from its being improper to wait a little time
in such a case, repeating the dose too soon may rather
prejudice the cure; because the new dose may produce the
effect of an augmentation of the first, and in that way
become very hurtful.
I have already said, that the weakest possible dose of a
positive medicine suffices to obtain a full and entire effect.
If it is a substance the action of which lasts a long time, as
that of digitalis, which is prolonged to the seventh day; if
the dose be repeated three or four times a-day, the absolute
quantity of the medicine, which, before the expiration of
the seventh day, is twenty or thirty times greater, cannot
fail to be injurious, because a twentieth or thirtieth of
this quantity would have sufficed to effect a cure.
After the first dose of the medicine employed as a
curative means, has exhausted its action, we examine if it
be necessary to prescribe a second.  If the malady has
diminished in all respects, not only during the first half



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

103

hour which has followed its administration, but later,
throughout the whole duration of the action of the first
dose, and the diminution has become the more sensible as
this duration approached its term; or even if, as happens
sometimes in very chronic maladies, sometimes in those
the return of whose paroxysms does not take place during
this lapse of time, no sensible amelioration manifests itself,
but still no other new symptom of consequence is displayed,
then it is almost always certain, in the first case, and probable in the second, that the medicine was appropriate,
and of positive sanative virtue.  And we ought to prescribe a second, sometimes even a third dose, if circumstances require it, and if the first dose has not produced
a complete cure, as it often does in acute diseases.
When the medicine of which we have made choice to
obtain a positive cure, excites hardly any symptom which
has not been before observed, we conclude from that, that
it is the suitable remedy, and will with certainty cure the
primitive malady, even though the patient and attendants
perceive no appearance of amelioration; and, conversely,
when the curative remedy ameliorates the primary malady
in all its extent, it cannot produce any troublesome symptom.
All aggravation of a disease which supervenes on the
use of a medicine, all addition of symptoms which have
not, until then, pertained to this malady, belong solely to
the action of this medicine, when they are not manifested
a few hours before inevitable death, or when they are not
a consequence of errors in diet, a violent excitement of
some passion, or an irresistible disturbance of nature, attending the period of life. There are symptoms of me



104

SAMUEL IIAHNEMANN

dicinal disease which injure and annoy the patient, either
because the medicine has not been well chosen to cure
positively, or because it has been employed too long, or
in too great quantity, as a palliative.
An aggravation of the malady, by new symptoms of
great intensity, during the action of the two first doses of
a curative remedy, does not shew that the dose has been
too feeble, and that it ought to be augmented, but proves
that the medicine was not appropriate to the morbid state
against which it has been employed.
This addition of violent symptoms, foreign to the disease, resembles in nothing the aggravation I have spoken
of above, which the primitive morbid symptoms experience during the first hours following the administration
of a positive or curative remedy.
This phenomenon, due to the predominance of the medicinal symptoms, only shews that the remedy, otherwise
well chosen, has been employed in too large a dose; and
if the dose has not been enormous, it disappears at the
end of two, three, or at most four hours, giving place to a
lasting re-establishment of the health, which is restored
almost always before the expiration of the term fixed for
the action of the first dose, so that a second is generally
unnecessary in acute diseases.
Nevertheless, there is no positive remedy, however well
chosen, which may not excite slight new symptoms during
its use, in very irritable or very sensitive patients, because
it is almost impossible that there can be the same resemblance between the symptoms of a medicine and those of
a disease, as between two triangles whose angles and sides
are equal.  But the innate energy of the vitality more



ON THE MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE.

105

than suffices to overcome this slight aberration, which is
not even perceived, unless the patient be of excessive
delicacy.
If a sick person, endowed with ordinary sensibility,
feels, during the action of the first dose, some small symptom which he had not noticed until then, and at the same
time the primary malady seems to decrease, it is not
possible, at least in a chronic disease, to know exactly by
this first dose whether the remedy which has been chosen
has really a curative action. It will be necessary, after this
dose has exhausted its action, to give a second of the same,
the result of which can alone decide the question.  This
time, if the medicine be not perfectly appropriate, we shall
perceive another symptom arise, not the same as at the first
time, but almost always another, sometimes several, of a
greater intensity, without the cure of the disease, considered as a whole, having made any appreciable progress.
If, on the contrary, the medicine agrees, this second dose
effaces almost the whole trace of the new symptoms, and
the cure proceeds at a rapid pace, without any fresh obstacles arising.
However, if the second dose provokes the manifestation
of some new and unimportant symptom, and no more appropriate medicine can be found, from the unskilfulness
of the physician, or the insufficiency of the means whose
effects have hitherto been studied, the new symptom may
still, in chronic maladies, and in acute affections, which do
not run their course very rapidly, be got rid of, and a cure
obtained, though more slowly, by diminishing the doses.
In such a case, the energy of the vitality comes to aid.
It is no proof of the bad selection of a medicine, when



106

SAMUEL IIAIINEMANN

its primary effects extend themselves in a positive manner only to the principal symptoms of a malady, acting
but as a palliative on others of a less degree of intensity.
In such a case, the true curative power of the medicine
always triumphs, and the constitution enters upon its full
possession of health, but without concomitant suffering
during the cure; or secondary disease after it.  Experience has not yet decided whether it be proper to increase
the dose of the medicine, when it is necessary to repeat it.
In a chronic malady, when, in continuing the use of a
curative medicine without increasing the dose, there arise
new symptoms which do not belong to the primary malady,
as the first two or three doses acted without such inconvenience, we are constrained to seek the cause of this disturbance, not in the bad choice of the remedy, but in the
regimen, or some other powerful external cause.
If, on the contrary, the positive remedy have been
chosen in perfect affinity with the carefully studied morbid case; if a sufficiently attenuated dose have been prescribed; if it have been repeated, if necessary, after the
first dose has exhausted its action, acute or chronic maladies, however grave or inveterate they may be, are cured
in a manner so rapid, so complete, and so insensible, that
the sick person seems to pass almost suddenly to a state
of health, as by a sort of new creation; but for this it is
necessary that the treatment be not counteracted by any
sudden change in the system, by violent passions, by violations of dietetic rules, or by a disturbance of the vital
organs.
The influence of regimen and the habits of life on the
cure must not be forgotten, but it is only in chronic ma



ON THE MEDICINE oF EXPERIENCE.        107
ladies that the physician need take the direction of them;
for in acute affections, with the exception only of a state
of complete delirium, an infallible instinct speaks in terms
so clear and precise, that it suffices to direct the sick person and the attendants, not to counteract the views of nature by contradictions or misplaced entreaties.



CHAPTER IV.

ON THE HOMELOPATHIC ACTION OF CERTAIN REMEDIES
IN ORDINARY USE, AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF AGARICUS MUSCARIUS: CLEMATIS: DULCAMARA: COPPER: IN THE TREATMENT
OF BURNS: IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF ARSENIC:
MERCURY: TARTAR EMETIC: IODINE: NITRIC ACID:
PLATINUM: GOLD: CUBEBS: CANTHARIDES: APIUM
PETROSELINUM: COLOCYNTH: OXALIC ACID: MILLEFOLIUM: TEA: SULPHUR: OPIUM: RHUS TOXICODENDRON: IPECACUANHA: SENEGA: STRAMONIUM: ACIDS, IN CUTANEOUS AFFECTIONS: CITRIC
ACID IN SCURVY.
By FRANCIS BLACK, M.D.
THE reader having now become familiar with the
origin and progress of Homoeopathy in the mind of Hahnemann, may naturally suppose, that if this law be of such
general application, and so fundamental to successful
treatment, that there must be frequent instances of its
operation in ordinary practice. A  similar suggestion
led Hahnemann to seek, in the present system of practice,
for corroborative evidence of the therapeutic law-Similia
similibus curantur.  With his usual industry and careful research, he has collected a great mass of instances,
in which the physiological and therapeutic actions of the
medicine, and the symptoms they remove, stand in the



110

DR BLACK ON THE HOMOEOPATHIC ACTION

excitement, ordinary causes of insomnolency.   Detharding states that he was enabled to cure, with its aid,
patients afflicted with violent colic and insomnolency.
Stcerck* cured a general chronic eruption with the
clematis, having himself ascertained that this plant has
the power of producing a psoric eruption over the whole
bodyt.
The Dulcamara, according to Carrere, has cured the
most violent diseases emanating from   colds.  Carrere,+
and likewise Stcerck, have observed that this herb, in
cold and damp weather, frequently produces similar affections.  Fritzell saw the dulcamara produce convulsions,
and De Haenu witnessed the very same effects, attended
with delirium.   On the other hand, convulsions, attended
with delirium, have yielded to small doses of the dulcamara, administered by the latter physician.    Carrere,~
Fouquet,** and Poupart,tt have attested the efficacy of
dulcamara in a species of dartres. Carrere, saw the use
of this plant excite dartrous eruptions, which covered the
entire body during a fortnight; and on another occasion,
when it produced the same on the hands, and a third
time when it fixed itself on the labia pudendi.
The convulsions which are caused by the administration of Copper, and those observed by Tondi, Ramsey,
* Lib. de Flamm. Jovis. Vienna, 1769. Cap. 13.
t Ibid. p. 33.
+ Carr6re und Starke, Abhandl. ueber die Eigenschaften Nachtschattens oder Bitter suesses. Jena, 1766. Pp. 22-23.
(I Annalen des Klinischen Instituts, iii. p. 45.
~ Ratio Medendi, tom. iv. p. 223.   ~ Ibid. tom. iv. p. 92.
** Tables Nosologiques, in Raouz.
ft Traite des Dartres. Paris, 1782. Pp. 184, 192.



112

DR BLACK ON THE HOM(EOPATHIC ACTION

that the heat and thirsts they experience are much moro
permanently relieved by hot drinks or a little spirits, than
by drinking cold water.    Blacksmiths and cooks, on
burning their fingers frequently relieve the pain by exposing the burnt part to the fire for a short time.
' Alcohol is one of the best remedies for burns of every
description. On the first application it appears to increase the pain, but the latter is soon allayed, and gives
place to an agreeable sensation of calm and tranquillity.
This method is never more efficacious than when the
whole part is plunged into alcohol; but where the immersion is not practicable, it is requisite to keep the
burned part continually covered with pledgets imbibed
with this liquid.'-(B. Bell, System of Surgery.)
Alcohol, in the above instance, cannot be beneficial,
owing to the cold it produces on evaporation, because its
success is greatest when the burned part is immersed in
the liquid.
John Bell having to treat a lady who had scalded both
arms with boiling liquid, covered one with the oil of turpentine, and plunged the other into cold water.   The
first was no longer painful at the expiration of half an
hour, while the other continued so during six hours.
The moment it was withdrawn from the cold water, the
patient experienced far greater pain; and it required much
longer time to cure this arm than it did to heal the other.
Mr Anderson likewise treated a woman who had
scalded her face and arm with boiling fat..' The face,
which was very red and painful, was covered with oil of
turpentine, a few minutes after the accident; as for the



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

113

arm, the patient had already plunged it, of her own accord, into cold water, and expressed a desire to await the
result of this treatment for a few hours. At the expiration
of seven hours the face was better, and the patient relieved
in this part.  With regard to the arm, around which the
water had been several times renewed, it became exceedingly painful whenever it was withdrawn from the water,
and the inflammation had manifestly increased.  The
next day I found that the patient had suffered extreme
pain in the arm; inflammation had extended above the
elbow, several large blisters had burst, and a thick escar
had formed itself upon the arm and hand, which were
then covered with a warm cataplasm.    The face was
no longer painful, but it was necessary to apply emollients
a fortnight longer to cure the arm.'  (Kentish, Second
Essay on Burns, p. 43.)
ARSENIC.

It will be admitted by all that
this medicine has been often found
successful in intermittent fevers
(Fowler's  Reports, &c., Lond.
1736); and considered by some
preferable to quinine, when the
disease is attended by inflammatory determinations (Cyclop. of
Pract. Med., vol. ii.,,p. 220.)

Among the symptoms produced
by arsenic, Boudin thus writes,' Quelquefois augmentation de la
force et de la frequence du pouls,
qui diminue ensuite. - M. Biott
avait remarquez dans ces changemens de pouls, une sorte de periodicit"' (Boudin's own italics.) ' Pour
mon compte j'ai vu survenir une
fievre intermittente quotidienne,
que je fus oblige de combattre par
la quinine, chez un de mes malades, qui, pour cause d'ichthyocose,
avait pris vingt-quatre centigrammes' (about 5 grains) 'd'acide ars6nieux en douze jours.
Sa fievre intermittente se manifesta a une epoque, oi aucune maladie semblablene regnait enville.'
(Trait6s des Fievres Intermitten



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

115

froi  small doses, gradually increased, of Fowler's arsenial solution.'  (Library of Prac. Med.
vol. i. p. 476.)
' In chronic affections of the
skin, particularly the scaly diseases, eczema and impetigo, arsenic
is one of our most valuable agents.'
(Periera, Mat. Med., 2d edit. vol. i.
p. 645.)
It is sometimes given with advantage in chorea and other affections of the nervous system.
'It has occasionally proved useful in symptomatic epilepsy.' (Dr
A. T. Thomson, Mat. Med. p, 517.)
Used also by Pritchard (Diseases
of Nervous System); also by Pearson and Brugnatelli.
' Periodical epilepsy cured by

' The sensation of tingling in
various parts of the surface, which
at the same time not unfrequently
exhibits an erythematous or vesicular eruption, are very common
effects from the internal use of arsenical preparations.' Med. Chir.
Rev., Oct. 1835, p. 421.)
In a case of poisoning, reported
by Dr Desgranges, the body, especially the hands and feet, were
covered with a considerable eruption of small pimples, with white
heads like millet. (Fodere, vol. iv.
p. 123.)
Dr Erischen, in describing the
action of arsenic, says, ' Girdlestone has remarked, that in some
cases the skin assumed a uniform
lobster-red colour, that erysipelas
comes on, that phlyctenae and pustules make their appearance when
the arsenic disagrees. I have very
frequently had occasion to observe,
that diseases of the skin for which
the medicine may have been administered, more particularly if it be
a case of chronic eczema, has evinced a decided tendency to increased
action; the patches becoming red
and irritable, shewing that the integuments partake in the excitement
that is induced in the system generally, by the employment of these
preparations.'  (Lon. Med. Gaz.,
1842-43, p. 200.)
Dr Periera mentions the following as some of the effects of longcontinued small doses: 'I eadach,
giddiness, and want of sleep are
frequently observed. The limbs
become painful, feeble, trembling,
subject to convulsions, occasionally
benumbed, and ultimately paralysed.'   (Mat. Med., 1st edit.,
part i. p. 387.)
A good example of epilepsy supervening on the administration
of arsenic has been minutely related by Dr Roget. The usual inflammatory symptoms continued
until the fifth day, when the patient was suddenly seized with



116

DR BLACK ON THE HOMO(EPATHIC ACTION

arsenic, by Dr Macdonald.' (New
York Journ. of Med. and Surg.,
Jan. 1841.)
' A seaman, 24 years of age,
had been subject to epileptic fits,
which occurred regularly twice aday, and had resisted all the more
ordinary modes of cure. Quinine
had also been administered on account of the periodicity, but was
of no avail. Fowler's solution of
arsenic was then given, in the dose
of four drops, three times a-day.
In three days the fits were postponed, and slighter. At the end
of other three days he had a very
violent one, after which they did
not return for a whole week. The
extraction of a tooth at this period
brought on a slight paroxysm, but
after this he had none for nine
days, when the medicine was discontinued, on which they returned,
but ceased again as soon as it was
resumed.' (Edin. Med. and Surg.
Journ., Jan. 1842, p. 255.)

convulsions of the left side, foaming at the mouth, and total insensibility. The convulsions endured two hours, the insensibility
throughout the whole night. Next
evening she had another and similar fit. A third, but slighter,
occurred on the morning of the
tenth; another next day at noon;
and they continued to return occasionally till the nineteenth day.
(Christison  on  Poisons, 1829,
p. 125; also Lond. Med. Chir.
Trans., ii. p. 134.)
Out of five individuals poisoned
by eating of a dumpling in which
arsenic had been mixed, one had
an epileptic fit on the first day,
which returned on the second; another had tremors of the right arm
and leg on the first day, and several epileptic fits in the course of
the night. During the next fifteen days he had a paroxysm every
evening about the same hour, which.
after an intermission of eight days,
returned, and continued to appear
frequently for several months.
(Christison, loco cit, p. 226; also
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ. xiii.
p. 507.)

MERCURY.

It is the opinion of the large
majority of medical men that mercury is necessary in the treatment
of syphilis; some may give it as a
specific, others in small quantities,
alternated with aperients, or it
may be applied as a mercurial lotion to the part.*

' Persons long or habitually exposed to fumes of quicksilver, are
generally afflicted with ulcerations
of the mouth and fauces; painful
affections of the periosteum, joints,
limbs, and ligaments, particularly
after exposure to cold; eruptions
on the surface of the body, and all
the affections to which the term
pseugo-.qyphilis has been applied.'
(Copland's Diet. Prac. Med. part
i. p. 125.)

* A most minute quantity of mercury is sufficient to affect the system. ])r
Macintosh, after describing some remarkable cases, says,-' Since that period I
have applied the black-wash to above forly cases of all descriptions of ulcers on
the penis, and in tio-thirds of these some degree of soreness in the mouth has
been produced with considerable mercurial fetor, in the space of from the fifth
to the tenth day. It wos then calculated that the hundred-thousandth part of a
grain of mercury could not have been received into tho system.'   (Pract. of
Physic, voll. ii. p, 299.)



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

117

' Black wash has in milder cases
(of cancrum oris) proved very beneficial.' (Maunsell and Evanson,
Dis. of Children, p. 216.)
' In the modified form of croup,
when it assumes somewhat of the
aspect of angina maligna, the pharynx and faucesbeing covered with
grey sloughy ulcers, calomel in full
doses is the only resource to be depended upon.'   (Thomson, Mat.
Med. p. 277.)
'Mercury is of more service in
this than the acute kind of laryngitis, because there is generally
time for it to act; it should be
given to an extent sufficient to
cause some soreness of the gums,
and very soon after this effect is
produced we shall observe a notable
change in the symptoms.' (Ryland, Dis. of Larynx, p. 112.)
' Dr Alison tells us, that many
practitioners of this country, since
the time of Hr Hamilton, have been
firmly convinced that there is a
peculiar, a specific virtue in mercury, in arresting inflammation.'
(Library of Prac. Med. vol. i. p.
151.)

Numerous other eminent authorities almit that mercury produces
all the symptoms of syphilis, ulcers in the throat, copper-coloured
blotches, nodes, &c.   (Patissier,
Trait6 des Maladies des Artisans,
Paris, 1822. Merat in Dict. des
Sciences Medicales, tome vi. Dr
Murphy in Med. Chir. Rev., Oct.
1839, p. 483. Bedingfield's Compendium   of   Practice, p. 170.
Eberle's Practice. vol. i.)
'But the disease which is most
likely to be mistaken for the effects of mercury is gangrene of the
mouth, commonly called cancrum
oris.' (Periera, vol. i. p. 708.)
Dr A. Thomson (Mat. Med. p.
271) says, 'it excites inflammation
of the heart and lungs, and the
salivary glands.'  At p. 280, in
mentioning its excessive use, 'it
produces much swelling of the
tongue and inside of the cheeks,
swelling and ulceration of the tonsils, the formation of sloughing
ulcers, fever,' &c.
'According   to Mr Laurence,
Mr Porter, and Mr Wood, the action of mercury leads to a state of
system in which chronic laryngitis
is very apt to occur.'  (Ryland,
loc. cit, p. 98.)
Dr Francis says, 'mercury is
one of the most universal stimulants. When taken into the system, it manifests itself by a quickened circulation, gives the blood
the disposition to take on the buffy
coat when drawn, renders the pulse
frequent and hard, increases respiration, excites the temperature
of the body, occasions a whitish fur
upon the tongue, and other symptoms of general inflammatory action.' (American Med. Register,
vol. iv. p. 494.)
Hunter observed that it 'quick



118    DR BLACK ON THE HOM(EOPATHIC ACTION

' The employment of mercury,
in inflammation of the bowels, is
as important as in any other form
of inflammation, and, next to bloodletting, holds an important rank.
Calomel or hydrargyrum cum creta
may be given alone, or associated
with opium, according as the bowels
are confined or loose.' (Maunsell
and Evanson on Dis. of Children,
1st edit. p. 263.)
It is unnecessary to quote authorities that mercury is given with
great success, that it? is by many
considered the sheet anchor, in dysentery.

ens the pulse, increases its hardness, and occasions a kind of temporary fever.' (On the Venereal,
p. 339; also Dr Colles, Med. Chir.
Rev., Jan. 1838, p. 80.)
' Calomel is also an irritant, that
is, it causes irritation and inflammation in the alimentary canal
when swallowed.' (Christison on
Poisons, 1829, p. 319.)
' Many times, I saw under those
large and long-continued doses of
calomel, the hydrocephalic symptoms suddenly vanish, and inflammation of the intestines arise, which
terminated in death.  Still oftener
I observed this unfavourable accident from an incautious use of
calomel in croup, viz., when all the
frightful symptoms of this tracheal
inflammation which threatened suffocation suddenly vanish, and enteritis develope itself, which passed
rapidly into gangrene, and destroyed the patients.'.(Periera,
2d edit., vol. i. p. 743.)
Dr Thomson (Mat. Med. p. 276)
agrees with Mr Annesly, whom he
quotes thus: ' Calomel increases
the capillary circulation in the
mucous coat of the larger intestines.  Thence it is useful in large
doses in increased vascular action
of the intestinal canal; such as occurs in fever, hepatitis, dysentery.'
Dr Murphy says, 'mercury produces dysentery and ulceration of
the intestines.' (Med. Chir. Rev.,
Oct. 1839, p. 480.)
Dr Colles observes, 'During this
critical period (salivation), the patient is liable to attacks of griping,
frequent desire to go to stool, and
tenesmus; these efforts areattended
with onlyslight evacuations, which
chiefly consist of mucus tinged with
blood; sickness of stomach and
vomiting also often supervene, the
skin is hot, and the pulse quick.
All of which phenomena are explained by the fact, that the specific influence of the mercury has



OF SOME COMM0ON REMEDIES.

119

Mercury is considered a specific
in diseases of the liver.
Mercury is often given with advantage in acute and     chronic
rheumatism.
It is unnecessary to quote authorities proving the efficacy of mercury in jaundice.

taken effect upon the alimentary
canal, instead of the salivary system.   This dysenteric affection so
generally appears at this period,
that the patient should be forewarned and prepared for it.' (Med.
Chir. Rev., Jan. 1838, p. 76.)
' It cannot, however, be denied,
that the immoderate use of mercury has been productive of liver
disease. The late Mr Hewson
pointed out this to the attention
of those who visited the Lock Hospital while under his care. At
this period it was the custom to
salivate every patient, and keep
him under the full mercurial influence for a month or two; and it
frequently happened, that, just as
the mercurial course was finished,
the patient got disease and enlargement of the liver.' (Prof. Graves'
Clinical Lectures, Med. Gazette,
vol. xix. p. 452.)
Dr Murphy observes, ' The tendency of fibrous structure to disease after a mercurial course, is
well exemplified by rheumatism.'
This effect of mercury is now so
well known, that it has received
a distinct appellation-mnercurial
rheumatism. (Med. Chir. Rev., Oct.
1839, p. 483.
' Mercury given without caution
often produces the same symptoms as rheumatism.'    (Cooper's
Surg. Dict., 5th Edit., p. 1204.)
Hunter tells us that 'mercury
often produces pains like those of
rheumatism and nodes.' (On the
Venereal, p. 339.)
Dr Johnson remarks, ' Dr Colles
takes no notice of a tendency to
jaundice after a mercurial course,
yet we have seen several examples
of it.'  (Med. Chir. Rev., Jan.
1838, p. 81.)
Dr Cheyne observes: 'It does
not appear to be generally known,
that mercurials actually produce
jaundice, though it is a fact of



120

DR BLACK ON THE HIOM(EOPATHIIC ACTION

which I have seen, within the last
two years, three striking examples.'  (Dublin Hosp. Reports,
1818.)
Dr Chapman, Professor of Medicine in Philadelphia, has observed similar cases. (Amer. Jour.
of Med. Sciences, vol. i.)
TTARTAR EMETIC.

The administration   of tartar
emetic in pneumonia, a practice
introduced by Rasori, has been
employed with great success.
' As far as regards the use of
emetics in dysentery, there is no
difference of opinioh among practitioners: the early periods of the
disease are those in which they
have been found most useful; the
effect of contagion has been prevented; and in many instances, as
in other fevers, the disease has
been cut short. Both tartar emetic and ipecacuanha, particularly
the latter, have been judiciously
selected for this purpose by the
best practitioners.'  (Thomson's
Mat. Med., p. 725.)*

After the administration of tartar emetic, 'the lungs are found
more or less inflamed.'    (Beck.
Med. Juris., page 788, edit. 6.)
In all Magendie's experiments
with tartar emetic, the lungs were
found of an orange red or violet
colour throughout, destitute of
crepitation, gorged with   blood,
dense like the spleen, and here and
there hepatized. (Magendie sur
1'Emetique, Paris, 1813, p. 24, ct
seq.)
Orfila writes, ' Independently
of the inflammation, more or less
intense, of the parts to which the
tartar emetic is in contact, this
poison causes also phlogosis of the
lungs and digestive canal. The
deleterious effects of the tartar
emetic are manifested, whether it
be injected into the veins, introduced  into  the digestive canal
(provided it has not been vomited
for some time after its introduction), or into the serous cavities,
or applied to the subcutaneous
tissue: it acts particularly in inflaming  the lungs, and mucous
membrane which lines the intestinal canal, from the cardia to the
inferior extremity of the gut.'
(Trait6 de M6decine Legale, 3d
edit., t. 3, p. 218.)

S That ipecacuanha is also hommeopathic to dysentery, see Hahnemann's MNit.
Med. We may also add, that Sir J. Baker (De Dysenteria, 1761,) and Dr Cullen (Mat. Mcd. ii. 477) consider ipecacuanha to be of most benefit in dysentery
when it acts as purgative.



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.
IODINE.

121

' This renders it a most useful
remedy in ascites, connected with
diseased states of the liver and the
mesenteric glands.'
' Dr Baron of Gloucester succeeded in curing that disease by
its means; and I believe a case
has also proved successful in the
hands of Dr James Johnson...
The tincture has also succeeded in
reducing enlargements of the liver,
when all other means had failed.'
(Thomson, Mat. Med., p. 848.)
' Enlarged liver and spleen removed by iodine. Three cases of
this kind have recently been reported by Dr Milligan, from the
Royal Universal Infirmary for
children, which appear to prove
the superiority of iodine over mercury in glandular and visceral
tumours.' (Med. Chir. Rev., vol.
ix., p. 168.)
' In chronic inflammation, induration, and enlargement of the
liver, after antiphlogistic measures
have been adopted, the two most
important and probable means of
relief are iodine and mercury,
which may be used either separately or conjointly. If the disease admits of cure, these are the
agents most likely to effect it.'
(Periera, 2d edit., vol. i., p. 244.)
Iodine has been recommended
by several in epilepsy and other
nervous disorders.  (Dr Manson,
Medical Researches on the Effects
of Iodine.)

M. Zink found, in a case, fatal
from iodine, which came under his
notice,-enlarged abdomen from
distension of the intestines with
gases, enlargement of the other
viscera, and serous effusion into
the peritoneum,.. enlargement
and pale rose-red colour of the
liver;.. in the chest, serum was
found in the sac of the pleura.
(Journ. Complementaire, xviii., p.
126, quoted in Christison on Poisons, 1829, p. 138.)
In a fatal case described in
Rust's Journal, the leading symptoms were pain in the region of
the liver, loss of appetite, emaciation, quartan fever, diarrhoea, excessive weakness, and, after the
emaciation was far advanced, a
hardened liver could be felt. (Magazin fiir die gesammte Heilkunde,
xvi. 3.)
'Iodine, indeed, has been supposed to possess some specific power
of influencing the liver, not only
from its efficacy in alleviating or
curing certain diseases of this organ, but also from the effects of
an over dose. In one case, pain
and induration of the liver was
brought on; and in another, which
terminated fatally, this organ was
found to be enlarged, and of a pale
rose colour.' (Pereira, loc. cit.)
Its use is attended 'occasionally
with symptoms which resemble
those of shaking palsy.' (Thomson, Mat. Med., p. 258.)
'Diirr observed in a patientwith
goitre, where iodine ointment was
applied, that it caused tremblings
in the limbs and muscles of the
face, anxiety, palpitations of the
heart, vomiting, violent headache,
and, lastly, accessions of convulsions, attended with foaming at
the mouth.' (Schweizerische Zeit-.:            L



122

DR BLACK ON THE HOM(EOPATHIC ACTION

Dr Streeten, in his Retrospective Address, referring to iodine
and its preparations, says,-' The
diseases in which it was found
most efficacious were certain chronic syphilitic affections, and especially such as are the combined
results of syphilis and mercury;
and various scrofulous degenerations.' (Trans. of Provincial Med.
and Surg. Association, vol. x., p.
87.)
'Iodine and its preparations
are frequently successfully administered in affections of the skin.'
(Pereira, vol. i., p. 245.)

schrift fiir Natur und Heilkunde,
vol. ii., 1836.)
Dr Streeten quotes from   Dr
Lawrie of Glasgow, who observed
the following symptoms produced
by the employment of iodide of
potassium. (See Lond. Med. Gazette, July 1840.) ' The mucous
membrane of the eyes and airpassages are said to be especially
liable to become affected. In one
instance the employment of the
medicine was followed by urgent
dyspncea and loss of voice; in
another by excruciating headache,
acute pain in the eyes, profuse secretion of tears, intense pain in
the nostrils, with swelling and
discharge of clear serous fluid; in
a third by fatal dyspnoea; in a
fifth by profuse papular eruptions,
which disappeared on the iodine
being omitted, and reappeared on
its being again resumed, followed
by sore throat, acute dyspncea,
and hoarseness, with fatal result;
the mucous membrane of the upper part of the larynx, rima glottidis, and epiglottis being found
cedematous on inspection; in a
sixth by intense headache, slight
salivation, and sore throat; and
in a seventh by severe headache.'
(Loc. cit.)
On several occasions it has caused
salivation and soreness of the
mouth. In the cases noticed by
Lugol, the patients were males.
In the Med. Gaz., vol. xvii. for
1836, two instances are mentioned,
one by Mr Winslow (p. 401), the
other by Dr Ely (p. 480.) Other
cases are referred to in Dr Cogswell's work.
M. Ricord, as the result of numerous observations on the physiological action of hydriodate of
potash, states among other symptoms, that it frequently acts on
the skin, producing numerous varieties of eruptive diseases. Bul.



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

123

de Th6rap., Sep. 1842. See also
fifth case quoted above of Dr Lawrie's.
NITRIC ACID.

Nitric acid has been found to
be of great use in salivation and
ulcerations of the mouth, brought
on by the use of mercury. (Aylon,
in the M6m. de la Soc. d'Emulation. Blair, Essay on, &c., London,
1808. Beddoes, London, 1779.)

' Dr Scott gave it in syphilis, and
applied it externally, largely diluted, as a bath, until the gums
were effected, and ptyalism produced." (Med. Chir. Trans, vol. viii.,
p. 173, et seq.)
' In some cases it has excited
ptyalism, and from this circumstance, as well as from the occasional benefit derived from its
use in the venereal disease, it has
by some writers been compared in
its operation to mercury.' (Pereira,
Mat. Med., part i., p. 162.)

PLATINUM AND GOLD.

Dr Ferdinand Ioefer has made,
of late, experimental researches
upon platinum and its preparations; he mentions that it proves
useful chiefly in syphilitic and
rheumatic affections. (Gaz. Med.
de Paris, Nov. 28.1840.)

Dr Streeten   (Trans. Provin.
Med. Surg. Assoc., vol. x., p. 89.),
reviewing Dr Hoefer, says the action of this metal seems to be alterative, analogous to that of gold
and mercury. But at page 116 we
have shewn that mercury is homceopathic to syphilis and rheumatism. From the above statement we can also deduce that the
preparations of gold, which have
of late been given extensively in
secondary syphilis, are also homceopathic to this disease.

CUBEBS.

' Cubebs,' says Sir Astley
Cooper, ' is a remedy of a most
admirable and useful kind, and
may be given with advantage even
in the inflammatory stages of gonorrhcea.' (Lectures, p. 506.)

Sir Astley proceeds to add,
' Cubebs appears to produce a
specific inflammation of its own on
the urethra, which has the effect
of superseding the gonorrhoeal inflammation.' (Lectures, p. 506.)



124

DR BLACK ON THE HO]MiEOPATIIIC ACTION
CANTHARIDES.

Cantharides has been given with
great advantage in gonorrhoea and
gleet, in dysuria and strangury.*
(Smith's.Med. Communications, ii.
p. 505. Young, Phil. Trans., No.
280. Roberton, Pract. Treat. on
the Powers of Cantharides.)

It is familiar to all that cantharides produces dysuria and strangury.
Rayer says: ' The great objection to its employment (in lepra)
is its liability to excite inflammation in the digestive organs, and
urinary passages, especially among
females.' (Dis. of Skin. Transl.
by Dr R. Willis.)
Dr Mackintosh says: ' Among
other causes, inflammation of the
urethra is produced by the action
of cantharides upon the system.'
(Pract. of Physic, vol. ii., p. 249.)

APIUM PETROSELINUM.

" M. Lallemand of Montpellier
has often administered the fresh
juice of parsley in acute gonorrhoea, with marked good effects.'
(Med. Chir. Rev., July 1839, p.
221.)

The reviewer goes on to say,'Its action seems to be in some
degree honmoopathic, as it certainly
acts not only as a diuretic, but
also as an irritant to the urinary
passages. Hence it often seems to
aggravate the urethral symptoms;
but they speedily abate, and the
discharge dries up.' (Loc. cit.)

COLOCYNTI.

Ehrenberg and Hemprich mention that the Arabs in the desert,
to guard themselves against attacks of dysentery, are in the habit of drinking milk which has
been kept standing a night in a
colocynth scooped out for that purpose. Dr L. Wolf has cured dysenteries at New York with this
drug. (Hecker's Literar. Annalen.,
20th vol., p. 406.)

In a fatal case communicated
by D'Annecy, which presented all
the symptoms of dysentery, the
abdominal viscera exhibited marks
of violent inflammation, the intestines were reddened and thickly
studded with black spots, most of
them  were either adherent or
covered with adventitious membranes. (Orfila, Tox. Gen., tom.
i., p. 696, edit. 3.)

* Dr Groenvelt, in 1695, was committed to Newgate, by a warrant from the
President of the College of Physicians, for prescribing cantharides internally.



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.
125

It has also been given with success in the 'dry belly-ache' of the
West Indies.

That colocynth produces colic is
familiar to all.
' Dr Fordyce mentions the case
of a woman who was subject to
colic for thirty years, in consequence of once taking an infusion
of colocynth prepared with beer.'
(Thomson's Mat. Med., p. 804r)

OXALIC ACID.

At the Scientific Meeting   at
Turin in September last, M. Nardo
made known the results of his experiments on the therapeutic effects of oxalic acid; to which subject he had been devoting his attention for the last twelve years.
It possesses the precious property
of calming the violent pain which
attends inflammation of the mucous membranes.    He especially
recommends its employment in all
diseases where this membrane is
implicated, as in angina, gastritis,
gastro-enteritis, stomatitis, and
aphthae. (Repertorio delle Scienze
Fisica-Medisch. del Piemonte, Jan.
1841; also Edin. Med. and Surg.
Journ., July 1841.)

' The first symptoms (from oxalic acid) have been immediately
burning  pain in the stomach;
when the dose was small, the pain
has sometimes been slight or slow
in commencing.... In general violent vomiting follows the
accession of pain. The tongue
and mouth occasionally become
inflamed if the case last long.'
(Christison on Poisons, p. 147.)
In all the cases of recovery from
poisoning by oxalic acid, 'great
irritation and pain in the stomach,
sometimes also in the throat, were
constant and early symptoms;
spontaneous vomiting is only mentioned in two instances; but in
several, more or less of gastric irritation remained.' (Beck. Med.
Jurisprudence, edit. 6, p. 705.)

MILLEFOLIUM.

Johann  Schrcederer observes:
' Millefolium is useful in bleeding
from the nose, hemoptysis, menorrhagia, abortion, pain and running from hemorrhoids.'
Materia Medica by Koschwartz,
Nurnberg, 1603, p. 1058.

The same writer says,-' If the
fresh weed be applied to the nose
it causes bleeding. It is a very
remarkable fact, when    applied
outwardly it should stop epistaxis
and when put into the nose should
cause it to bleed, and so produce
two opposite effects.' (Loc. cit.)

TEA.
SIn the summer of 1820, I was     It will be admitted as a familiar
requested,' says Dr Copland, 'by fact, that the use of strong tea



126

DR BLACK ON THE HOMOEOPATHIC ACTION

a practitioner to see the daughter
of a clergyman residing in Westminster, labouring under most
violent nervous palpitation, which
had resisted the means advised by
several physicians who had been
consulted. She was thin, delicate,
and highly nervous. Finding that
the usual remedies for nervous
palpitation had been prescribed
without any relief, I suggested
that a strong infusion of green tea
should be given three or four
times a-day, and continued for a
few days. Relief immediately followed, and perfect recovery in
two or three days.' (Dict. Pract.
Med., part iv., p. 177.)

(especially green tea), produces,
above all in individuals not accustomed to it, a train of nervous
symptoms, such as wakefulness,
great irritability, palpitations of
the heart, anxiety, &c.

SULPHUR.

In chronic cutaneous diseases,
more especially prurigo, impetigo,
and scabies, the internal use of
sulphur is sometimes attended
with great benefit.
Sulphur is a very popular remedy in hamorrhoids.

The power of sulphur to excite
eruptions of the skin, similar to
itch* and other affections in which
it is given, can be doubted by no
one who has visited the sulphur
baths of Germany, where the ' Badefriesel' (bath-rush), as it is
termed, is one of the most constant
effects which those who drink the
waters experience.
Krimer says, -' Sulphureous
baths often produce the very diseases which they are employed to
cure.' (Hufeland's Journ. 1834,
August, p. 9.)
' Sundelin says it operates specifically on the mucous membrane
of the rectum, and thereby promotes critical haemorrhoidal secretions.' (Pereira, vol. i., p. 460.)

* Because in the vesicular eruption produced by sulphur, there is no acarus
scabei present, it is not the less homoeopathic, for it is extremely doubtful if
the acarus is not a mere effect or accompaniment of itch. Rayer observes, that
it is indubitable that the number of these insects bears no proportion to that
of the vesicles. It is rare, he says, to discover these insects on the abdomen
and on the groin, where the eruption of scabies is, nevertheless, very common
and very apparent; moreover, scabies is known to continue when no more acari
are discovered. (Willis, Dis. of Skin, p. 344.)



128

DR BLACK ON THE IIOM(EOPATHIC ACTION

was so susceptible to the action of
rhus toxicodendron, that he could
not drive along the roads where
the plant grew, or shake hands
with a person who had been exposed to the effluvium of this plant
without being almost immediately
attacked with the rhus erysipelas,
which   affected his neck, face,
hands, arms, chest, and genitals
in particular. (Pr6cis Analytique
des Travaux de la Societ6 Med.
de Dijon, pour    l'annee 1832.
Dijon, 1838. P. 48,)

deaden his susceptibility, when,
finally, his physician, Bressa, determined to give him the rhus grandiflora, which produces effects very
similar to those of the rhus toxicodendron. At first it causedan erysipelatous affection of the eyelids
and nose; in course of time, however, it no longer produced any
perceptible effect, and he was enabled, not only to expose himself
to the effluvia of the rhus tree,
but could even handle it without
the slightest inconvenience.' (Loc.
cit.)

IPECACUANHA.

' Nauseating doses of Ipecacuanha are used with considerable
advantage in acute cases of mucous
catarrh....... In asthma benefit is
obtained by it, not only when
given so as to occasion nausea and
vomiting, as above noticed, but
also in small and repeated doses.
In both this and the preceding
disease (hooping-cough), the benefit procured by the use of ipecacuanha arises, not from the mere expectorating and nauseating operation alone of this remedy, but
from its influence otherwise over
the eighth pair of nerves.' (Dr
Pereira, Elements of Mat. Med.
2d edit. vol. ii. p. 1429.).
'Besides the beneficial effects
produced by it as an emetic, ipecacuanha is, when used with this
or other intentions, one of the best
medicines that can be resorted to
in asthma, as being suited to all
the states of the disease.'  (Dr
Copland, Dic. Pract. Med. p. 148.
Art. Asthma.)

' When taken in small and repeated doses, ipecacuanha principally directs its influence to the
secreting organs, especially those
of the chest, whose activity it promotes. It specifically affects the
bronchial membrane, in some morbid conditions of which it promotes   expectoration, while    in
others, attended with a profuse
secretion of phlegm, it exerts a
beneficial influence, and often contributes to the restoration of the
part to its normal condition.'
(Dr Pereira, loc. cit. p. 1427.)
'Inhaled, it iritates the respiratory  passages, and    in  some
persons brings on difficulty of
breathing, similar to an attack of
spasmodic asthma.' (Scott, Phil.
Trans. for 1776, p. 168.)
' How  singular it is,' says Dr
M. Hall, ' that ipecacuanha, taken
into the bronchia, should excite
asthma, and taken into the stomach
should induce another affection of
the respiratory system, vomiting.'
(Lectures in the Lancet for April
21, 1838.)
' Mr Roberts, surgeon, at Dud



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

129

ley, is affected in this way, and
I have received from him the following account of his case:-' If
I remain in a room when the preparation of ipecacuanha is going
on-for instance, making the pulv.
ipec. comp.-I am sure to have a
regular attack of asthma. In a
few seconds dyspnoea comes on
in a violent degree, attended with
wheezing, and great weight and
anxiety about the precordia. The
attack generally remains about an
hour, but I obtain no relief until
a  copious expectoration  jakes
place, which is invariably the
case. After the attack is over I
suffer no inconvenience.' (Pereira,
loc. cit, p. 1427,
SENEGA.

'It is an exceedingly valuable
remedy in the latter stages of
bronchial or pulmonary inflammation, when this disease occurs
in aged, debilitated, and torpid
constitutions, and when the use of
depletives is no longer admissible...... In chronic catarrh and humoral asthma it has also been
used.' (Pereira, Mat. Med. vol.
ii. p. 1708.)

Dr Copland, speaking of the
treatment of asthma, says, 'It
should be kept in recollection
that they (Innula helenium, and
senega) are amongst the most active excitants of the respiratory
mucous surfaces we possess, and
are extremly apt to change active
congestion of the bronchial lining
into inflammatory action, especially in young, plethoric, or robust
subjects; and by their effect on
the expectoration, particularly by
increasing it, rendering it thinner,
less viscid, and more readily expectorated, to occasion a deceptive appearance of benefit, even
when they are increasing morbid
action with all its ill effects.'
(Dict. Pract. Med., Art Asthma,
p. 149.)

STRAMONIUM.

' From the known effects of the
datura stramonium in large doses
producing delirium and illusions,

Dr Fowler has related the case
of a little girl who took a drachm
and a half of the seeds. In less



131

OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

teen complained of violent cephalalgia, which frequently returned.'
(Bayle, loc. cit. p, 272.)
ACIDS IN CUTANEOUS DISEASES.

I As to the propriety of the employment of acids, so usually recommended in cutaneous disorders,
we might, if guided by theory
alone, have some doubts.........Yet
here, as elsewhere; preconceived
notions with regard to the propriety of a therapeutic agent in
disease, derived from a knowledge
of its influence in a state of health,
must not be put in competition
with the practical results of experience, and we have certainly
seen very troublesome cases of
eczema yield rapidly, whilst acid
drinks were used.' (Cyclop. Pract.
Med., Art. Eczema, p. 683.)

' For in certain habits, as has
been remarked by Sir A. Carlisle,
they (acids) of themselves occasionally excite much irritation of
the skin. Thus many people are
affected with pimples shortly after
taking them, together with burning heat in the face, and itching
over the whole body.' (CyclopPract. Med. loc. cit.)

CITRIC ACID
It is unnecessary to quote authorities attesting the efficacy of lemon juice and citric acid in scurvy.

' During a residence of twenty
years in the West Indies, I have
only seen one case of scurvy, and
that case was decidedly brought
on by the excessive use of citric
acid, which an American gentleman had been recommended to use
as a preventive against the yellow
fever. His own conviction, as well
as mine, was, that the scorbutic
symptoms had been brought on by
the acid. This was immediately
laid aside, and under the use of carbonate of soda, he was completely
cured in three weeks.'  (Observations on the Healthy and Diseased Properties of the Blood, by
W. Stevens, M. D., p. 451.)

It may be now asked, what is the relation between the
physiological action of these remedies, and the symptoms



OF SOME COMMON REMEDIES.

133

cause it excites a specific action sui generis. What, then,
is this specific action?  From the action of mercury on
workmen who are employed in its manufacture, it appears
that it produces a disease so similar to syphilis, that it is
called pseudo syphilis.  Why does mercury cure sloughy
sore throats, and other inflammatory affections. It cannot
be because it acts, as some suppose, by its weight, its divisibility and mobility, and thus getting into the blood,
separates its globules, renders it more fluid and fit for secretion, makes the lymph thinner, &c.; for if such were
the case, metallic mercury were the best preparation,
which is contrary to experience.  It cannot be because it
acts as a derivative, for care is taken that it do not affect
the bowels; it cannot be that it acts as a sedative, for all
regard it as an excitant, and, to guard against its stimulating and purgative effects, administer it with opium.
How does it act in enteritis and dysentery? because, say
some, it is a sedative; but it is erroneous to suppose that
because mercury is given in dysentery, and cures it, therefore mercury is a sedative, when these same writers admit that it stimulates, nay, inflames the bowels.  Even
Mr Annesly, who is the great advocate of the sedative
action of mercury, admits that it increases the capillary
circulation in the mucous coat of the larger intestines,' thence,' he says, ' it is useful in increased vascular action
of the intestines.'  So difficult has it been to explain the
beneficial action of mercury, that most writers now rest
saiisfied with styling it a specific.
Since, then, the various theories as to the action of
mercury either contradict each other, or are all opposed
to the generally admitted effects of this substance on the



134  THE HOMCEOPATHIC ACTION OF COMMON REMEDIES.
healthy person, such a view must be taken as will reconcile its successful administration in various diseases, and
be in accordance with its physiological action; and the
only one that can as yet be proposed is, that it is homoeopathic, that it acts in accordance with the therapeutic
principle, SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURANTUR.



CHAPTER V.

ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES ON THE HEALTHY
BODY.
BY DR DRYSDALE, LIVERPOOL.
THE proving of medicines, i.e. the practice of ascertaining the action of medicine by experiment on the
healthy body, may be justly considered as having originated with Hahnemann; for, although Haller had previously recommended it, on the obvious principle, that it
is desirable to be acquainted with the properties of the
medicines we employ, and Alexander had even made a
few isolated and imperfect experiments on his own person, there was still wanting a definite therapeutic principle to give the practice such value in the estimation of
medical men in general, as would induce them to act on
Haller's recommendation.   This connecting link was
afforded by Hahnemann's discovery of the law-similia similibus.
The proving of medicines, therefore, was the first offspring of Hahnemann's discovery, and a necessary preliminary to the construction of a therapeutic system. For
the same reason, unless it be continually carried on,
Homoeopathy must remain stationary; iu other words, an



136   DR DRYSDALE ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES
increasing knowledge of the specific action of medicines
is a necessary condition of the advancement of therapeutics.
Hahnemann himself set a noble example in this respect to his medical brethren; for, not satisfied with
pointing out the proper path to be pursued, he led the
way, by instituting a series of experiments on his own
person and many of his friends, with the view of ascertaining, on incontrovertible grounds, the physiological action of the different articles of the materia medica. These
experiments, continued during upwards of thirty years,
are still the most satisfactory on record, and must ever
remain a splendid monument of the untiring zeal and
powers of patient investigation which distinguished the
founder of the homceopathic method. It is the duty of
all medical men to contribute their share to this important work; and in doing so, it must not be forgotten, that
a more direct advantage will accrue to them from the
personal knowledge they will thereby acquire of the minuter shades of the specific action of medicinal substances.
We propose, therefore, in the present paper, to make
some remarks on the proper mode of conducting investigations of this kind, pointing out the principal circumstances which must be attended to, and the cautions to
be observed, in order that the results arrived at may be
worthy of such confidence as to entitle them to be applied to practice.  We are led to do so, in the hope that
our remarks may be serviceable to those who feel inclined to advance the cause of Homoeopathy, by extending our knowledge of the pathogenetic effects of medicines.
In investigating the action of medicinal substances on



ON THE HEALTHY BODY.

137

the body, allowance must be made for the modifying effect of all those circumstances which influence the action
of other morbific causes; for it is in this light that medicines are truly to be regarded.
Age and Sex.-Among these modifying circumstances
may be first mentioned age and sex.  The medicine must
be tried on individuals of all ages and both sexes, for
obvious reasons; but, besides the difference arising from
the distinct nature of the sexual organs, it is found that
some medicines suit one sex better than the other, even
in complaints which are common to both, e.g. crocus and
platina are particularly adapted for the female sex, and
nux vomica for the male.  The same remark has been
made with respect to children and aged individuals, in
complaints not connected with the sexual functions.
Temperament.-Individuals of different temperaments
also should be chosen as subjects of experiment, and all
differences in the character and intensity of the symptoms observed in each temperament should be carefully
noted, for it has been found that certain medicines are
particularly adapted to certain temperaments, e. g. nux
vomica, bryonia, nitric acid, &c., to the nervous and
bilious temperaments, pulsatilla to the lymphatic, and so
forth.  The influence of habit of body is also not to be
overlooked.
Idiosyncrasy.-An important modifying influence is
idiosyncrasy.  Idiosyncrasy may be of two kinds, i.e. it
may give rise to an action differing altogether in its nature, or differing only in degree from the normal action
of the substance.  The effect of a substance administered



138    DR DRYSDALE ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES
to a particular individual may be altogether peculiar, as
in those rare cases where odours usually disgusting produce a pleasant impression on the olfactory nerves, or
where simply nutritious articles give rise to anomalous   affections, or where particular medicines produce an action altogether foreign to their usual symptoms.   From  such peculiarities as these, no useful instruction can be gained.   But, in the majority of instances, idiosyncrasy is nothing more than an increased
susceptibility to the normal action of the medicine, as, for
example, when the dust of ipecacuanha produces asthma,
or a fraction of a grain of mercury produces salivation.
These are merely the normal effects of the substances in
question; and their inertness in similar doses in most
cases is, as well remarked by Hahnemann, only apparent,
for they do act more or less on all individuals in the
same manner, but the susceptibility is only developed in
a few in health, to such an extent as to make it perceptible.  In disease, however, they act in all cases when
homceopathically indicated; and a diseased state of the
system may thus be looked upon as equivalent to an idiosyncrasy in relation to the homceopathic remedy.   But
the progress of chemistry has furnished us with further
confirmation of this opinion.  The excessive itching of
the body, which has long been observed in some rare
cases to follow the exhibition of opium, was generally
looked upon as the effect of an idiosyncrasy or peculiarity
in the individual, and not to be accounted for by any
thing in the medicine itself; but, since chemical analysis
has shewn the composite nature of opium, it has been



ON TIE HEALTHY BODY.

found that one of its constituents, viz. codeine, produces
in almost all individuals, when given in sufficient dose, a
species of febrile nettle-rash, attended with excessive
itching over the whole body.- The itching occasionally
observed to follow the exhibition of opium   may, consequently, be considered to have been nothing more than
the effect of an unusual susceptibility to the normal action of codeine.   Idiosyncrasy is, therefore, often a valuable adjuvant in the proving of medicines, as it gives a
peculiarly distinct and, as it were, exaggerated picture of
the specific action of the substance.
The provings must be often repeated.--Independently
of the reasons already given for multiplying the experiments, it is desirable, for another reason, to repeat the
provings on a large number of individuals, for, as slight
variations in the different functions are experienced by
every one, even when in the best health, it is only from
their repeated occurrence that we are justified in ascribing many of the common symptoms to the effect of the
medicine.*   In order, therefore, to avoid the admission
of accidental symptoms, none should be adopted, unless
they have been found to present themselves in several of
the provers.   By comparing also one proving with another, and ascertaining the degree of constancy with
which the different symptoms have appeared, we may discover those most characteristic of the action of the me* Widnmann, when in the best health, noted down for some time all
his sensations, and was astonished at the number and variety which he
experienced; and if he had been proving any medicine at the time,
these symptoms might have been put down as the effects of the medicine, had the precautions above mentioned not been attended to.Hufeland's Journal, Nov. 1823.



ON THE HEALTHY BODY.

141

mercury were always given in purgative doses, we should
learn very little of its other infinitely more characteristic
effects.  Large doses of some substances produce also a
certain amount of chemical action, which either overpowers, or, at least, prevents us from observing distinctly
their proper specific dynamic action. The most useful
doses are, therefore, those which are just sufficient to
produce distinct symptoms; such doses are also the best,
as they produce chiefly primary symptoms; while large
doses cause many secondary symptoms, and act so rapidly
that the observer is confused. The dose may be repeated
once or many times daily, and for many days in succession; but in that case it is often difficult to separate the
primary from the secondary symptoms, and also the course
of the symptoms cannot be so accurately observed.   It
is, therefore, often useful to give a single pretty large
dose, and watch its effects.  This plan is chiefly useful
with some vegetable medicines whose sphere of action is
small, and of which the first dose sometimes exhausts, for
a time, the susceptibility of the system to the action of
the substance.
Diet.-The diet and regimen of the prover must be
regulated with great care.  Moderation in all things, and
abstinence from every thing tending to exercise any medicinal or distracting influence, are necessary.  All fermented and spiritous liquors, coffee and spices of every
description, all green vegetables and roots, with the exception of green peas, kidney beans, carrots, turnips,
cauliflower, and potatoes, and even any one of these, should
it disagree in the most trifling manner with the stomach,
must be avoided during the proving.  Also all over-exer



142    DR DRYSDALE ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES
tion of the mind and body, deep study, strong mental
emotion, and violent passion, unfit the individual for these
experiments.
Directions for Individual Provers.-Each one must
write down his name and age, and description of his person, indicating the temperament, complexion, colour of the
hair and eyes, stature and habit of body, &c.    Anonymous observations should be rejected, except in the case
of females and non-intelligent provers; but, in these instances, the person under whose direction the experiments
are conducted is to be held responsible for their accuracy.
These precautions may seem unnecessary, but, unfortunately, they are not so; for, incredible as it may appear,
individuals have actually been found base enough to sport
with the lives of their fellow-creatures, by the publication
of false provings for the sake of gain.*
Observations by the prover on himself before beginning.
-The prover should choose a period when he is in the
best health, and regulate his diet according to the above
directions, at the same time avoiding all causes of unusual
mental and bodily excitement.    As every one, however,
is liable, even in the best state of health, to slight variation in the sensations and functions, each prover should
observe himself accurately for a week or ten days before
commencing his experiments, and should write down all
* A miscreant, called Fickel, published, under feigned names (Heyne
and Hofbauer), two books of fictitious provings. From their internal
evidence alone, Drs Trinks and Helbig of Dresden shewed that these
were false, and that both publications were the work of the same individual. They were, at length, traced to Fickel, who was, at the same
time, detected in other knavish practices, and was forced to fly from
Leipzig to avoid imprisonment.



143

ON THE HEALTHY BODY.

his sensations just as if he were taking the medicine.
Having thus discovered what symptoms he is liable to naturally, he must afterwards carefully avoid setting them
down among the effects of the medicine. Most persons
have also some weak point in their constitution which is
liable to suffer from any cause that in any way deranges
the general health, whether that cause act specifically or not
on the organ in question.  The prover must, of course,
avoid enumerating these symptoms also among the effects
of the medicine.*  Should there occur, in the course of
the proving, such a deviation from the diet or regimen,
as would throw doubt on the results, the subsequent symptoms must be included within brackets; and if any interruption of greater moment should arise, the proving is to
be altogether suspended for a time.
Having duly attended to all these preliminary precautions, the prover should begin to take the medicine whose
action he wishes to investigate, in any of the doses already
mentioned; and when symptoms begin to shew themselves
distinctly, he should describe them as accurately as possible, observing the following cautions:Primary and Secondary Symptoms.-One of the most
important things to be kept in view is the distinction of
symptoms into primary and secondary; for it is familiar
to all, that any unusual action or excitement of any part
is invariably followed by a corresponding degree of quite
the opposite state, and, therefore, it is the primary symp* A considerable interval should be allowed to elapse between the
proving of different substances on the same individual, as the symptoms are apt to recur, even after weeks or months, on any disturbance
of the system.



146   DR DRYSDALE ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES
mine the precise nature of the affection; but if to these
two symptoms be superadded general fever and ischuria,
then the diagnosis of nephritis becomes complete.
Isolated Symptoms.-But the fact must not be lost
sight of, that individual symptoms will frequently arise in
the course of the provings; and as these symptoms are
often of great value, as indicating the therapeutic powers
of the substance, they must be carefully registered.
Description of Symptoms.-In describing the symptoms, the greatest minuteness and accuracy must be observed; the character of the sensation should be indicated
as accurately as possible, which is often best done by some
familiar comparison.  And as the etiological relations of
the action of a medicine are of the greatest consequence
in displaying its character in a definite manner, it should
be carefully noted how the symptom is affected by different circumstances, such as, position of the body, motion or rest, eating or fasting, day or night, in a room or
the open air, state of the weather, &c.; and, in short, no
circumstance, however trifling, which excites, aggravates,
or relieves any symptoms, and which may in any way tend
to indicate the characteristic action of the medicine, must
be omitted.
A few special examples may probably be the best way
to illustrate the minuteness with which it is necessary to
examine and describe the symptoms.
Head.-To put down simply headache as a symptom
of a medicine, would give little information as to its specific action, as that is one of so general occurrence. The
pain must be described as accurately as possible, and this



ON THE HEALTHY BODY.

147

often can be best done by a comparison with some familiar
sensation.  It must be stated, for instance, if it is shooting, tearing, throbbing, &c., or creeping, buzzing, vibrating, &c.; or if pressure, whether from within, or without,
or downwards; or if it is like a cord round the head, or
a sensation of weight or lightness, fulness or emptiness,
heat or cold, &c.  Also state accurately the part of the
head affected; or if it varies, state the course and direction of the pains.  At the same time state any symptoms
that accompany the headache. This is of great importance, as the accessory symptoms are often the best means
of distinguishing the character of the affection: among
these are usually affections of the eyes, nausea, variation
of the countenance, shivering, or heat, &c.  In short, any
sympathetic symptom, however trifling, that may tend to
mark the character of the primary affection, should be
noted.  The state of the mind that attends each variety
of headache is also to be accurately noted.  Also note
the circumstances in which the pain is aggravated or ameliorated, such as lying down or walking about, time of
day, eating, &c.
As an example, we may take symptom 67 of Hahnemann's proving of Rhus toxicodendron.*-' On awakening
from sleep, immediately on opening the eyes, he is seized
with violent headache, at first in the forehead behind the
eyes, as if the brain were torn, like that after intoxication from brandy, increased by moving the eyes; then in
the occiput, like a bruise of the cerebellum.'
Or Nux vomica,f symptom 84.-' Headache, begin* Reine Arzneimittellehre, vol. ii. Jourdan's Trans. tom. iii.
t Vol. i.



148   DR DRYSDALE ON THE PROVING OF MEDICINES
ning some hours before dinner, increased after eating;
then violent shooting pains in the left temple, with nausea
and very acid vomiting, all which symptoms disappeared
on lying down in the evening.'
Or Belladona,* symptom 96.-' Pain close above the
orbits, with the feeling as if the brain were pressed out,
preventing the eyes being opened, and forcing the patient
to lie down, with strong contraction of the pupils, and
feeble voice.'
As another illustration we may take cough.     Its
character should be accurately described, whether deep,
tickling, hollow, short, hard, spasmodic, dry or moist.
The expectoration should be minutely described, whether
easy or difficult, copious or scanty, mucous, purulent,
frothy, bloody (if pure blood, whether bright or dark),
according to the colour, taste, and smell; and it should
also be examined with the microscope, and a few simple
chemical tests.  It should also be stated what the cough
is more immediately excited by, such as itching, tickling, dryness, oppression, &c. in the larynx, trachea, or
chest; also the circumstances that bring on, or aggravate, or ameliorate the cough. And the prover should
not neglect to mention minutely the sympathetic or accompanying symptoms, which are very often the only
means of obtaining a characteristic of the substance;
such as, pains (accurately described) in the chest, head,
or abdomen, dyspnoea, palpitation, nausea, eructation,
vomiting, epistaxis, pain in the eyes, ears, &c.
Examples from HIahnemann's Materia Medica.-' Dry

* Op. cit. vol. i.



ON THE HEALTHY BODY.             149
cough during the night, which goes off on sitting up, but
returns on lying down again.' Pulsatilla, symptom 617.
'Dry cough, as if coming from the stomach, preceded
by a creeping and tickling at the epigastrium.'  Bryonia, symptom 398.
' Tickling cough from irritation at the bifurcation of
the bronchiam, from the first loose, with greenish, nauseous, sweetish-tasted expectoration, worse in the evening
before going to bed; attended with hoarse voice and
rawness of the trachea after each cough.' Stannum, symptom 364.
It is unnecessary to multiply examples, as these may
be deemed sufficient: I may therefore say that the same
degree of minuteness is to be extended to the observation of all the organs and functions of the system.  The
state of the mind and temper are also to be carefully observed and noted.
In conclusion, it must be observed, that, as the object
of proving is to obtain as perfect a knowledge as possible
of the artificial diseased states produced by the medicinal
substance, all the care, skill, and knowledge, that are required for the diagnosis of natural diseases are required
equally for investigations of this kind.  Perhaps these
qualities are even more essential in this case, for we have
not, in the great majority of instances, the aid which
pathological anatomy affords.  The first step is to give
a perfectly faithful account of all the phenomena, quite
unblassed by any theoretical views or speculations on the
part of the observer. The strong tendency to theorize



ON THE HEALTHY BODY.            151
observation is for all time, and possesses the same value
after the lapse of centuries as it does at the moment
when first made; but any theoretical view, however
scientific, or in accordance with the state of knowledge
of the day, must of necessity be imperfect, and only of
temporary value.  The prover should therefore confine
himself entirely to the observation of fact, and leave it
to others to draw deductions; or, if he does draw deductions, the facts and the reasoning should be kept quite
separate and distinct.



145

DR SAMUEL BROWN

the routine practice upon the prevalent principles, mixed
and motley as he found them in the schools, and to follow
the long-known clew into the arcana of the labyrinth,
inspired by the faithful hope of discovering some high
and homogeneous theory of therapeutics, which might
enable him to restore the oldest practice of the world, on
the foundation of a scientific basis, at once extended and
profound. Many admirable men had become aware of
the comparative uselessness of the practice of physic, and
even suspected it not innocent of aggravating disease and
hastening death; but this truly great physician had the
precision to solidify his instinctive apprehension into a
conviction of the understanding, the honesty to act on
his decision, the bravery to face the overwhelming difficulties of a new investigation, and the reward of eventually succeeding to his own satisfaction.  Whether all
or any of his great conclusions be founded on the immutable truth of nature or not, the satisfaction with his
own results, of such a man, is worthy of the most stedfast consideration by the world.
There are very few medical men now-a-days but become
more and more diffident of their art, as well as more and
more willing to trust the unimpeded operations of restorative Nature, the older they grow in the service of the
profession; and, indeed, a whole country of physicians
seem to have, in some degree, and tacitly, come to the
conclusion, that it is better to defer the invention of a
therapeutic art, till the advancement of physiology and
pathology shall enable them to enter on the work under
more propitious auspices, while meantime they will practise their medecine expectante, watching and gently guid



158               DR SAMUEL BROWN
impalpable quantities have the copious testimony of
Nature in their favour, the physician may conscientiously
proceed to administer them in accordance with the homoeopathic formula, and eventually decide the urgent inquiry
by a cautious, prolonged, and assiduous appeal to his own
experience.  This is the manly course for the critical
practitioner to pursue; but the advocate of homcopathy
has a previous duty to perform: He must harmonize the
principle, implied in this practice with invisibles, with the
general theory of Nature, so far as that has yet been discovered and received.
There is, indeed, another procedure which has some
show of reason in it.  The homceopathist may advance
his proposition regarding doses as an empirical result,
achieved more by the sedulous prosecution of an accidental observation than by forethought, and assert that
he will abide by it in defiance of theoretical consistency,
having forever established it by the grateful bedsidefor himself.  Reformers are generally very positive in
their temper, and frequently take their innovation for
the one fixed and everlasting centre of the world, to
which all things must be conformed, or else fall down into
loose disorder. One resolute homoeopathist after another,
accordingly, declares the efficacy of his diminutive pills to
be as great as Hahnemann alleges, till there has gathered
around the standard of the reformer a body of protestants,
so large, so intelligent, so learned, so successful in research,
and so able to write, as to constitute a worthy opposition
to the predominant school; and out of the conflict of the
two, the philanthropical student of the history of sciences
may predict the best results.  To the scientific specta



159

ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

tor, in fact, this new aspect of the medicine of modern
Europe suggests the assurance, that neither party has
grasped the whole truth of a possible healing art; that
now they must act and react on one another, till a third
be eliminated from the contest, destined to strike out an
opposition to its own included errors in the course of
time: and this new antagonism shall again be resolved
by the progress of discussion and discovery.
To return; the numerous able works, asserting the
utility of homoeopathic practice, on the ground of sheer
experience among the sick, are calculated to impress
their opponents with the conviction, that there is certainly enough of practical truth in the principle to
authorise them to give it a candid trial, since so many
of their equals, in whatever is scientific and virtuous,
are ready to stand by both the principle and the practice.  Let them take the fact of the number and merit
of homoeopathic physicians and books as their certificate of right to make experiments upon their patients;
especially since it shall only be doing nothing at the
very worst; and, still more especially, as they are well
used to the art of prosecuting experimental investigations
of a far more formidable kind, in connection with the custom of exhibiting sensible doses of the most potent and
untried of chemicals. Such is one view of the question;
but still a theory of small doses is the desideratum.
The professor of mathematics at Prague has endeavoured to supply this want according to his habits of
thought, his ability, and his means.  Professor Ddppler
is not a physician, nor yet a homoeopathic partisan, but



ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

161

not in the name of one's school, but in behoof of the
generous antagonist himself, mankind, and truth.
DIppler published his mathematico-physical considerations on the question of the bulk of medicinal doses in
Baumgartner's and Holger's Journal of Physics, in 1837.
The gist of the argument, he leads out, is to the effect,
that the question of greatness, respecting material operations, is altogether relative to the kind of operations investigated. The quantity of caloric in the whole world,
if it were expressed, and could be condensed by some
Faraday or Thilorier on one scale of the most delicate
of balances, would not make it kick the beam so sensibly
as the thinnest breath of air, if at all; yet, that latent
heat is so magnificent in power, that certain local disturbances of its equilibrium are productive of earthquakes and volcanoes: and Newton used to boast, with
that quiet pleasantry of illustration which was as characteristic of him as his sure induction, that, if he were the master of fire, he could pack the planet in a nut-shell. Electricity, too, is said to be imponderable; but the sudden
restoration of the interrupted balance, between such
quantities of the subtle fluid as are contained in opposing
clouds, themselves so diminutive in comparison with the
body of the earth, is the cause of the thunder-storm.
Nothing created is great or little, except comparatively,
and in relation to its effects and the method of operation.
Hence there may arise on the very threshold of the inquiry the preliminary question, Whether a medicine act
on the frame by virtue of its ponderable quantity; or by
the extent of its surface, which is brought in contact with
the surfaces of the structures on which it reacts?  This
o



162

DR SAMUEL BROWN

query must be ultimately answered by the extensive observation of physicians, seeking a reply to it; but to the
physicist it is plain, that, if the latter be the true rationale of the operation of medicines (so far as that is
physical), the homceopathist, prescribing the decillionths
of grains, may, after all, be giving greater doses, in reality,
than the allopathist when he exhibits his ounces.   So
reasons Dippler; and, distinguishing that physical superficies of a body, which is the sum of the exposed surfaces
of its exposed particles, he shews that the triturations, practised by the homceopathic pharmaceutist increase the latter
surface, that is, the surface that shall be brought into reaction with the tissues, at a very rapid rate.  A cubic inch
of brimstone broken into a million of equal pieces, a sandgrain each in size, is magnified in sensible surface from six
square inches to more than six square feet.  It is calculable in this way that, if each trituration of the homeopathist diminish his drug a hundred times (an extremely moderate allowance I aver), the sensible surface
of a single inch of sulphur, or any other drug, shall be
two square miles at the third trituration; the size of
all Austria at the fifth; of Asia and Africa together
at the sixth; and of the sun, with all his planets and
their satellites, at.. the thousandth?  No; but at the
ninth!
The method of trituration is very simple. A grain
of the drug to be prepared is carefully rubbed down in
99 grains of soluble, insipid, and pure sugar of milk,
which is extensively made in Switzerland from the residuary whey in the manufacture of cheese; a grain out
of this 100 is triturated with other 99 of the sugar of



ON TUE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

163

milk: a grain of this mixture of the second dilution is,
in its turn, diffused through 99 grains of fresh sugar, so
as to produce the third dilution; and so on to the
thirtieth, or beyond it.
In connection with the trituration of insoluble solids it
has been objected, that if, for example, a million of separate particles be contained in a grain of the third trituration, and that trituration be then diffused through 100
drops of pure water, each drop will contain 10,000 particles; that one of these drops, diffused in 100 of pure
water, will give 100 particles in each drop; that the next
dilution will yield only one particle for each drop; that
consequently, in the next again, there must be 999 drops
of water without a single particle of the original metal,
or other insoluble body; and that, in fine, the higher
dilutions of the homceopathic practitioner are hereby
for ever demonstrated to be null and void, at least in
the case of insoluble substances.    This looks very
shrewd, and even has an air of the recondite about it.
But who assured the sagacious amateur that the effects
of trituration in the way of diffusion, though indefinitely inferior to those of true solution, are to be calculated by petty millions of particles?  Besides, there is
every probability that the diffusion through the milksugar is, at a certain point, consummated to the degree
of solution itself by chemical reaction throughout the mass.
Molten iron solidified has no action whatever on dry air,
and, even when subdivided by filing, does not oxidate itself, without the disponent help of water and carbonic acid;
but let it be reduced from the state of hydrated peroxide
by hydrogen, at a temperature not too far above the boil



ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

165

strictly applicable, even in theory, only to insoluble medicines; and how few are insoluble!   To triturate a
drug, which water, or the juices of the stomach, can
dissolve, would be a weary wealth of labour wasted, so
far as expansion of its surface is concerned; for perpetual trituration and breaking down of agglomerated
particles, such as can be brought under the grasp of mortar and pestle, of agate of even the closest grain and the
finest polish, were far short of the searching analysis of a
solvent.  Why, solution of a solid is always preceded by
chemical combination; and then the liquid compound is
diffused through the free solvent, in conformity with a law
like that of gaseous diffusion.  Consequently, in the cases
of soluble medicines (that is, in the vast majority of instances), the allopathist actually makes himself and his
patient surer of bringing the sensible surface of his physic
to bear on the sensible surface of the organism, than the
homoeopathic practitioner with his triturated powders.
In fact, all that this ingenious theory can do for homceopathy is to render it intelligible that utterly insoluble
bodies, such as platinum, gold, diamond, or ignited silica,
may be made potential medicaments by trituration; and
that is not much.   Let us do honour, however, to the
professor, for scouting the vulgarity of those pedantic
sciolists, who point their petty ridicule at the homoeopathic medicines, on account of their minuteness in the
unessential properties of size and weight.  It is surely
time to fling away such partial, and really gross, conceptions of the forces of nature.  The very direction in
which a power is applied, or in which a weight is allowed
to operate, is so immensely more significant than the weight



ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

167

fearlessly following the principle of electrical induction by contact, discovered that half-a-dozen square feet
of the copper sheathing of the British fleet are rendered electro-negative (that is, the polarities of all the
innumerable particles, which make up that extent of
surface, are reversed) by a zinc nail driven through the
centre of the space, and are thereby protected from the
corrosive action of the sea with its stores of oxygen, chlorine, and iodine, everywhere ready to be let loose upon
metallic substances. Nay, Sir John Herschell finds, that
the relation to electricity of a mass of mercury is such,
that it may be reversed by the admixture of an almost
infinitesimal proportion of a body, such as potassium, in
an opposite electrical condition: and with such electrical
conditions are all chemical actions, whatsoever, inseparably
connected; while every one is aware that physiological
phenomena are complicated with chemical changes, as well
as chemical disturbances with mechanical alterations. So
impressed is Herschell with this class of observations as
to observe, ' That such minute proportions of extraneous
matter should be found capable of communicating sensible
mechanical motions and properties, of a definite character,
to the body they are mixed with, is perhaps one of the
most extraordinary facts that has appeared in chemistry.'
This discovery of Davy's and Herschell's appears to
have suggested to Prout the theory of merorganization.
Sugar from the cane, or from diabetic urine, are as similar in composition to the sugar of milk, to manna, and to
gum-arabic, as the several varieties of cane-sugar resemble each other: and Prout is of opinion that some
body or bodies, other than oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,



ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

169

a mass of mercury to electricity.'  The excellent profes.
sor sagaciously and charitably adds, that it is not ' unlikely
that the system of the homoeopathists in Germany may
have grown out of some facts that had been observed with
respect to the powerful influence exerted on the system,
when even very minute quantities of certain active principles were added to common medicines.'  This is a generous suggestion; but it is certainly more remarkable still
for its good-natured ignorance of the system to which it
professes to relate.  Dr Prout was probably nearer the
mark when he hinted, in his Gulstonian lectures, that on
some principle of this kind the fatal effects of miasmata,
diffused through the atmosphere, may yet be interpreted.
Even unorganized nature, then, is an admirable commentary on the narrowness of such partial interpreters as
insist upon reducing every manifestation of force to the
standard of weight and measure.  This, however, is not
a physical, but a physiological inquiry.  There is that
which is a thousandfold more delicate, and more susceptible of every influence, not substituted for, but superadded to, and incorporated with, mere physical sensibility to reaction of every kind.   Every thing that
has been said about material forms, into which the
breath of life has not been inspired, must be affirmed, and
more urgently affirmed, of the living frame, with its fearful, though harmonious complication.  The physician and
his forces have to deal with a quivering epitome of all the
species of susceptibility in creation, one kind reacting on
another so as to produce a combination of harmony so
highly strung, that the prick of a pin shall grate upon
every fibre, and a cooling odour, in a hot atmosphere, imP



ON THE THEORY OF SMALL DOSES.

171

combustion, among the equally complicated molecules of
the blood; from which it might gradually creep upon the
softer solids, and at length fall to gnawing the very ligaments and bones, till the hectic, produced by so universal
and devouring an irritation, should put the wan and wasting victim out of pain.
Almost any man in a somewhat asthenic condition
of body, passing a fen over-night, and inhaling the
overhanging vapours, is seized with a shivering ague,
which may engorge his spleen and embitter him for life;
yet the malaria of even the Pontine marshes cannot
be extracted, by the most solicitous analysis, from the
atmosphere in which it is concealed.   All kinds of
miasmata have eluded ponderable observation; yet their
effects are, many of them, as sudden, certain, and terrific,
as those of the deadliest banes.  The morbific ingredient
of the smallpox, even when conveyed by inoculation with
sensible quantities of matter, must be very trifling; but
the train of symptoms which ensues is not insignificant.
The impregnative principles of scarlatina, typhus, and
the plague, the victim of the last of which, it seems, must
not be approached within several feet on pain of almost
certain infection, are surely potent enough in pathogenesis:
but what is the bulk, or the weight, of a sufficient quantity to destroy?
In a word, all the diseases which are known to be
produced by the entrance of something foreign into the
system, through the natural channels, are introduced
by insensible quantities; so insensible, that we cannot
say of what, and so penetrating, that there is no excluding them, but by avoidance.   The glass-mask of



172              DR SAMUEL BROWN
Alasco itself, even were it not to break, would not protect the daring experimenter from  the torpedo-touch
of the invisible, inodorous, and impalpable external
cause of cholera morbus, if the internal disposition were
not wanting:-the internal disposition; for there are
two parties to the production of the anomalous or morbid, as well as the normal or healthy phenomena of life;
external agents and the reacting organism.  In connection with this simple first principle of physiology stands
a silly misunderstanding of Homceopathy, which the majority of its opponents have palmed upon themselves. It
is to be understood that Hahnemann and his followers
never either inculcated or supposed, that insensible doses
can react so powerfully on the healthy frame as to bring
out symptoms.   Yet the celebrated Andral tried if he
should infect himself with intermittent fever by eating
globules, impregnated  with  infinitesimal weights of
quinine!
It must not be forgotten that a specific, or specifically
exalted, susceptibility must concur with the specific reagent, or degree of common reaction, in order to the
elimination of the desiderated phenomena.  The internal disposition must not be absent any more than the
external disponent.  There are two ways in which the
former, and two in which the latter, may become abnormal, and so be rendered the causes of morbid manifestations of vitality.  That is, there are four simple ways
in which disease may be educed; retaining the term
disease for the expression of the sum of the abnormal
symptoms of life, presented at any given time.   The
susceptibility to the action of a material reagent may



176

DR SAMUEL BROWN

consisted in the sudden advancement, by influential men,
of one or other of these first elements of Physiology to an
undue prominence, from a position of previous undue neglect.  To take one example, Paracelsus dissipated the
cloudy speculations concerning the union of soul and body,
which were entertained by the degenerated Aristotelians
of his day; and founded that rude iatro-chemistry, which
is now brought forward in an elaborated form by Liebig
and his disciples.  Although Gay-Lussac and Thenard
are the true leaders of the recent movement in organic chemistry, Liebig has stated its connection with
physiology the most boldly of their followers, and may
be considered as the representative of a large school of
chemical physicians. He is the Coryphaeus of the new
iatro-chemistry and its eager proselytes.  In him the
chemical element of physiology is suddenly developed to
excess.  In Hahnemann and his followers there is the
idea of vital dynamics, in direct opposition to, and exclusive of, the iatro-chemical principle. Liebig has arisen to
counteract the excessively dynamical character of Hahnemann's conclusions. They are not only opposites; but they
are polar.  They are mutually positive and negative. It
is between these extremes that the battle of opinion is
fought.  There is little scientific charity on either side.
Liebig denounces the homceopathists with impetuous contempt.   Hahnemannians laugh at the doctrines of Giessen as gross and mechanical.   Yet they are both in
possession of most important truths; although there appears to be little prospect of a direct coalition.
In the mean time, there is a class of investigators, deaf
to the clamour of both these great extremes.   They



180

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

sons who have not taken the trouble to investigate the
subject; and especially if we can, at the same time, illustrate some of its more obvious practical advantages.
These advantages we consider of sufficient importance
to induce all reflecting medical men, who are sincerely
desirous for the advancement of our art, when once convinced of the truth of the homceopathic principle, to
devote themselves with zeal and energy to the study
and further development of the method of practice founded on it.
Viewed in a purely practical light, apart from all
theoretical speculations, homoeopathy is exceedingly simple, and may be defined to be the art of curing diseases
by the specific action of medicines, i. e. the power which
medicines possess of simply and directly curing disease,
without the intervention of any other apparent action
on the system.    The foundation on which it is based is,
the adoption of the homoeopathic principle* as the law of
* Although it is not our intention to enter into any theoretical disquisition on the homceopathic principle in this volume, yet I cannot
refrain from directing attention to the remarkable analogy which its
apparent paradox finds among the phenomena of the physical sciences,
STwo loud sounds may be made to produce silence, and two strong lights
may be made to produce darkness. *  k *  The explanation which
philosophers have given of these strange phenomena is very satisfactory, and may be easily understood. When a wave is made on the
surface of a still pool of water, by plunging a stone into it, the wave
advances along the surface, while the water itself is never carried
forward, but merely rises into a height and falls into a hollow, each
portion of the surface experiencing an elevation and a depression in
its turn. If we suppose two waves equal and similar, to be produced
by two separate stones, and if these reach the same spot at the same
time, that is, if the two elevations should exactly coincide, they would
unite their effects, and produce a wave twice the size of either; but if
the one wave should be just so far before the other that the hollow of



HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

183

by tenesmus; belly swollen and tender to the touch; no
worms passed.
2d, Tongue furred and pale, with red spots; lips dry,
cracked, and foul; picks the nose much; face pale and
puffed, with stupid expression.
3d, No appetite; great thirst.
4th, Somnolence in the day; sleep restless, starts,
screams that she is falling; pupils dilated and sluggish.
5th, Emaciation; great weakness and languor; some
short cough.
This is a very simple case, it may be said, and if
treated on rational principles, would easily be cured in
no long time.  It may, therefore, be useful to examine
what is called by practitioners of the ordinary method,
treatment on rational principles, and compare it, and its
issue, with the homceopathic treatment.
An opinion of the nature of the case, such as the following, would first be formed. ' The seat of the primary
pathological change, is evidently the mucous membrane of
the intestinal canal, especially the colon, and this is indicated by the first and second groups of symptoms.  The
symptoms of deranged digestion and nutrition are evidently consecutive, and those of disordered cerebral action and the cough are sympathetic.  The only rational
mode, therefore, of curing such a case, is to remove the
primary diseased state; and the cause being thus removed, the consecutive and sympathetic symptoms, which
are merly efects, will also be removed.'
Thus far the mode of procedure is perfectly rational,
and thus far both methods agree; but in the manner in
which the desired object is to be effected, they differ
widely. A very little reflection will shew that the ordi



184

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

mary method is in reality in many respects unmingled empiricism (I use the word in its proper signification); while
the homceopathic method, if it be empirical, may at least
aspire to the title of rational empiricism. Let us examine,
first, the way in which such a case would be treated, according to the ordinary soi-disant rational method. One of the
first things that strikes us is the extreme diversity of the
means which would be employed by different practitioners
in a case like this: scarcely any two, it may be said, would
treat it precisely alike, each founding his treatment on his
notions of pathology and the action of medicines, which,
in many cases (especially in respect to the latter), are exceedingly vague and imperfect. We can therefore scarcely
be surprised to find among these means many of the most
inconsistent and contradictory character.  These, it is
clear, cannot all be right, and doubtless many of them, if
not positively injurious, are at least useless. Among the
most common modes of treating the case before us, we
may notice the employment of castor oil, or some other
mild purgatives; leeches and fomentations to the abdomen; calomel; mercury with chalk; Dover's powder, or
opium in some other form; ipecacuanha, alone or with
rhubarb; astringents, &c. &c.
Any one, or several of these, would be used almost quite
indiscriminately, according to the prevailing fashion of the
day, or according to the fancy of the practitioner into
whose hands the patient happened to fall; and not unfrequently the whole list would be gone through, and a great
many more besides, before the termination of the case.
How far these means, even when successful, act according to the reputed rational principles, it may be not amiss
to inquire a little more in detail.



H031CEOPATHIC PRACTIC1E,

187

sessing any power of lowering capillary action,. as might
have a priori been expected, it has quite the- opposite
effect, and, in fact, produces inflammation of those very
organs, the inflammation of which it is most signally efficacious in curing, e.g., iritis; so that here again the only
rational way of explaining its action, is the admission of
the homoeopathic principle.*
The action of purgatives has been already noticed, and&
that of alteratives will be considered presently. The exhibition of astringents, in a case like this, can have no
pretensions to rationality, as the diarrhoea is a mere symptom of an ulterior morbid state, the removal of which latter necessarily entails that of the former also. The same
objection applies to opium, if, indeed, the cerebral symptoms be not considered to afford a sufficient counter-indication for its use here. The use of diaphoretic and other
so-called derivative or counter-irritant agents, must, how* The action of mercury in inflammation has always been a stumbling-block to those who deny the truth of the homceopathic principle;
and quite recently the researches of M. Andral have thrown additional
obstacles in their way, by shewing that, in the inflammatory affections
produced by mercury, the blood displays that increase in the quantity
of the fibrine which accompanies all other inflammations. This at
once overthrows the theory of those who attempt to explain the antiphlogistic action of mercury, by supposing that it causes a dissolved
state of the blood, or diminishes the quantity of fibrine. ' Par consequent,' says M. Andral (Haematologie Pathologique, p. 89), ' lorsqu'on
l'administre pour combattre certaines phlegmasies aiguis, la peritonite
par exemple, ou n'est pas en droit d'admettre qui son action antiphlogistique depend de ce qu'il cr6e dans le sang une disposition inverse a
celle qui coincide dans ce liquide, avec 1'existence d'un etat phlegmasique.'
Whereinsoever, therefore, the anti-inflammatory power of mercury
resides, it certainly does not reside in any power which that medicine
possesses of producing in the healthy body a contrary state, either of the
solids or fluids.



188

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

ever, be admitted to be rational; for although practitioners have not iri general any definite idea of the nature
of their action, still, as experience has shewn it to be a
general law that a diseased action may often be cured by
setting up another disease in a different part, this is, to
all intents and purposes, a sufficient explanation to entitle
the practice to the title of rational. But this painful and
uncertain indirect method cannot be compared with the
direct or specific method in a case like this, as we shall
see presently.
The last of the medicines which we shall notice, that
might be given in this case, are those belonging to the
class of alteratives; if, indeed, this can be called a class;
which is really little better than a receptacle for all those
remedies that cannot be forced into any other class, and
to which the pride of fancied rationalism is unwilling to
give their true name-specifics.   In the present case,
Hyd. c. cret4 would probably be given for the ostensible
purpose of correcting or altering the secretions.  But
surely this intention is at least an exceedingly vague one;
for the intestinal canal is susceptible of hundreds of distinct kinds of action, and hundreds of medicinal agents
are capable of producing each its own peculiar action; it
is, therefore, a very easy matter to alter the action in any
case, but as there are so many different kinds of morbid
states and different kinds of medicinal action, and only
one kind of healthy action, how are we to know that the
alteration will be precisely what suits the case, and not
an alteration for the worse?
It is certainly a fair question to ask him who prescribes
any of these medicines, Do you know the action of this



HOMEOPATHIC PRACTICE.

189

medicine on the healthy body, and if so, have you any law
which assures you that that action is such as will counteract the morbid action in this case? He would be compelled to answer, ' No, I never studied its action on the
healthy body, and the knowledge of it would be of little
use to me, as I do not know any law or principle that expresses the relation between the action of a medicine on
the healthy body, and its specific effects in disease.  My
only reason for giving it in this case is simply that I know
from experience that it has been useful in similar cases.' In
this instance likewise, therefore, the treatmentis empirical.
Thus, in the treatment of the case before us according
to the ordinary method, the design, as we have seen, is
perfectly rational, but in the execution of it, from the
want of accurate knowledge of the action of medicines, and
of a guiding principle for their administration, the practice is empirical, and often little better than mere routine.
The homoeopathic method of treatment differs widely
from the foregoing modes, and is conducted on more scientific and rational principles. The case before us is looked upon as a special affection of a portion of the intestinal
canal, the ultimate pathological nature of which our knowledge does not enable us to determine, but which we know
we could cure if we could find a medicine capable of producing, in a healthy subject, a precisely similar pathological state. It seems necessary here to advert shortly to
an objection frequently urged against the homoeopathic
method, viz., that it is a treatment of the symptoms only,
and does not take cognisance of the disease.
This error arises from a twofold source.   1st, The
confusion that exists in the minds of many writers, both



190

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

in favour of and against homoeopathy, respecting the mutual relations of nosology, pathology, and morbid anatomy.
It must be confessed that Hahnemann has given some
countenance to the objection, by denouncing, under the
term pathology, all abstract speculations on the ultimate
nature of morbid action, and all nosological systems, as
tending, by classifying diseases according to certain partial outward resemblances, to bring under one name several morbid states essentially distinct-a practice totally
irreconcilable with a specific method of cure: while, on
the other hand, some of the adversaries of homoeopathy,
by taking the term pathology in a limited sense, and confounding it with morbid anatomy, have construed the
above denunciation of abstract speculations into a disregard of morbid anatomy, and other objective departments
of the science of pathology,
Although, as above said, the object in homceopathic
treatment is to adapt one morbid state, by similarity of its
symptoms, to another, without any attempt or wish to
penetrate into the ultimate nature of the proximate cause,
yet, in reality, it is that proximate cause which is the
sole object of treatment in the homceopathic, just as much
as in the ordinary method; for we must not be deceived
in the belief that pathology has as yet taught us, or perhaps ever can teach us, any thing more than the discrimination of morbid states from each other, by the attentive study of their symptoms, under which term must be
included physiological, anatomical, chemical, and physical.
By the attentive study of the outward signs or symptoms, we are enabled to recognise the existence of one
hidden entity, viz., the proximate cause, as distinct in its



HOM(EOPATRIC PRACTICE.

191

rise, progress, and termination, from many other equally
hidden entities; and it is solely on this power of discrimination of one proximate cause from another, and not
on any fancied knowledge of its essential nature, that the
hope of rational treatment, by whatever method, rests.
For example, a constant series or group of symptoms enables us to recognise the existence of a morbid state, distinct from any other morbid state, called inflammation;
and this we shall suppose we have learned, by long experience, to cure whenever it occurs, with the necessary
modifications which its seat may suggest, provided we can
recognise it.  Suppose, then, a patient is brought to the
physician, presenting bronchial respiration, dulness on percussion, and pain in one side of the chest, dyspnoea,
cough with rusty sputa, frequent pulse, general fever,
&c., he, if a pathologist, immediately recognises the proximate cause of these symptoms to be seated in the lungs;
and of the kind which produces the symptoms proper to
what is termed inflammation, as it occurs in these organs;
and being able, as we have above supposed, to cure inflammation, he has merely to apply that treatment, with
the modifications that the seat may demand, in order to
conduct the treatment of the case (as an individual case)
in a rational manner. But if he wishes to go a step
higher, and attempts to explain the action of his remedies
in inflammation itself, there he is at fault, from defective
knowledge, both of the ultimate nature of that process,
and of the laws of the action of medicines.  The homoeopathist, however, can go a step higher, and can explain
the action of his remedies in inflammation, by referring it
to the general law of the action of medicines, termed the



192

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

homoeopathic.* It is plain that the homceopathic practitioner requires the same amount of practical pathological skill to enable him to discriminate proximate causes
* Though the homceopathist can thus advance, with certainty, further
than the allopathist can do, without having recourse to one or more of
the hypotheses which have been suggested, to explain the proximate
cause of the disease, and the action of the remedy,-hypotheses, be it
observed, which are often dissimilar, and even opposed, some of which
are held by one class of allopathists, and scouted by another,-his advance does not lead him nearer to a knowledge of the proximate cause
of the disease, and he is far from supposing that it does. He merely
knows and avers, that a proximate cause (be its nature what it may),
which produces a certain group of symptoms, can be removed; and in
the particular case is removed, by a remedy which has the power of
producing a closely similar group of symptoms, and, of course, a closely
similar proximate cause as the source of them. His superiority over
the allopathist lies in this, that, without assumption of any kind, and
in virtue of an incontrovertible law, or general fact, discovered and
constantly attested by observation, and observation alone, he can tell
that his remedy acts by virtue of a particular property,-unknown,
indeed, in the manner of its action, but ascertained to exist by its effects.
Doubtless, he may, if he please, speculate on the manner in which it
acts, and also on the nature of the proximate cause of the disease which
it cures; but then if he make the result of such speculations the ground
of his selection of a remedy (among several that may be deemed, in a
general way, applicable to certain classes of symptoms), he forsakes the
guidance of the general fact referred to, and is just as liable to error as
the allopathist. The homceopathist may safely speculate, without limit,
on the nature of diseases, and on the operation of remedies, provided
he adheres in practice to the rules of the homceopathic law. In point
of fact, homceopathists (many of them at least) are just as inquisitive
about the proximate causes of disease as most other practitioners are;
and if they have not yet speculated much on the manner in which their
remedies act, it is simply because the subject is so difficult, in the present state of our knowledge of physiology, and of the intimate properties of matter in general, as to render the attempt utterly hopeless.
By and by the difficulty may lessen, and when it does, homoeopathists,
who have leisure and inclination to search into the philosophy of their
art, will not be wanting.
The allopathist has less difficulty to encounter in following, to a certain extent, the operation of his remedies. A scruple of julap purges,



HOMnCOPATHIC PRACTICE.

193

(though simply as entities of an unknown nature) from one
another, and adapt to each the appropriate remedy, otherwise he is liable in all cases, and certain in many cases,
to be misled by partial outward resemblances (for there
is no disease each of the symptoms of which is not common to many other diseases), and mistake one morbid
state for another, and thus give a wrong medicine; and
not only that, for he is equally liable to make the same
mistake in finding the remedy, even after he has obtained
a correct notion of the disease.
It is true that an ignorant person, by blindly following
the homoeopathic law, and merely covering the symptoms,
without attempting to analyse them, sometimes, or even
*
and a scruple of ipecacuan causes vomiting,-the former operation may
remove a headach, and the latter may relieve a cough. But a homceopathic dose of belladonna, or of bryonia, does no more than cure the
headach and ease the cough; it can point to no diarrhoea, or convulsive
retching, as the instruments of its power; after it disappears in the
mouth we learn nothing of its doings till it soothes the sufferings for
which it was given. It may be easy for the allopathist to give some
reason why his purging, or his vomiting, should produce its effect on
the head, or on the chest; and, whether right or wrong, no one can
refute his asertion, that purgatives determine to the bowels, and thereby
relieve the head; and that emetics, by exciting the par vagum in the
stomach, relieve the par vagum in the lungs. It is quite possible that it
may be as he says, and quite as possible that it may not. At all events,
no one can disprove his allegation. We, however, have no intermediate
commotions, to afford us grounds for an hypothesis to explain the curative action of our remedies. If they produced vomiting or purging,
we might entertain and express the same or similar views of their action as the allopathist does of his drugs. But we have nothing, absolutely nothing, on which to hang the fragments of a conjecture, even
of what our remedies do after they are swallowed, till they cure. To
speculate and theorise in circumstances like these were a folly of the
grossest kind, and well might we be deemed, if we did, the enthusiastic
visionaries that our opponents suppose us to be.



194

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

frequently, succeeds in curing cases that have baffled the
best directed allopathic treatment; and this has given
countenance to the foregoing objection to the homoeopathic
method; and it has been also said that any uneducated
person is able to practise it by merely following certain
rules, without knowing what he is treating. But this
arises from the very perfection of the law, which thus occasionally enables therapeutics to take a step in advance of
the other departments of pathology; and even the most
learned and skilful pathologist still finds, in the practice
of medicine, not a few cases to which his pathological
knowledge affords him no clue, and to which he can find
no precise parallel in medical records; in such cases, the
most well-read and sagacious physician is glad to have an
empirical law, by which he may possibly hit on the specific remedy, to fall back upon.  Such cases, however,
still remain exceptional; and though an ignorant person
may make brilliant cures, still to practise medicine, as a
whole, on the homoeopathic principle, requires an equal
or greater amount of pathological knowledge than the ordinary method. It is a common observation, in places
where Homoeopathy is Well known, that though an ignorant homoeopathic practitioner may continue to make from
time to time remarkable cures, yet he is no more capable
to sustain his reputation, as a practitioner of medicine, than
an ignorant allopathist: indeed, less so, from the greater
precision required, and the adventitious circumstance of
novelty, which exposes him to a severer ordeal.
2dly, The want of reflection on the nature of the action of medicines; for it is generally overlooked that no
medicine can produce symptoms alone, but that all the



HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

195

symptoms, even the most trifling, must have their proximate causes, just as well as those of natural diseases; and
that, in fact, each remedy is an exciting cause of disease,
or a remedy, according to the circumstances in which it is
administered.  The study of the action of medicines is
thus a branch of pathology, and one certainly not less important than, and as difficult as, that of natural diseases;
for we have seldom opportunities of receiving the aid of
morbid anatomy.
But when thoroughly studied, and we have a pathology
of the action of medicines, then will therapeutics become
really a branch of pathology, and the art and science of
medicine present one harmonious whole; the same knowledge and skill being employed to investigate the operation of the causes of disease and that of the remedies; and
therapeutics being simply the adaptation of one morbid
state to another, thus producing its extinction, and the
consequent restoration of health.
Without, therefore, any conjectures or a priori speculations about the virtues of medicines, the homoeopathic
practitioner proceeds to search, among those medicines,
the effects of which have been ascertained by experiment
on the healthy body, for the medicine capable of producing an affection the most nearly resembling the case under
consideration.
The case under consideration, as indicated by the first
group of symptoms, would seem to be met by a great
number of medicines, such as, for example, mercury, chamomilla, belladonna, arsenic, sulphur, colocynth, veratrum, &c.   Mercury, especially, produces, in a marked



198

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

soon assumed the character of hoemorrhage, and had continued increasing till the date of admission.
Her present state is-Discharge profuse, dark-red
blood with clots; great pain across the small of the back,
and pains like labour pains.
Face and lips pale, ringing in the ears, and palpitation of the heart; pulse rapid and feeble; appetite bad;
tongue flat, flabby, and pale; gnawing pain in the stomach.
The influence of Secale cornutum on the uterus, and
its power of producing haemorrhage and contraction of
that organ, and, in fact, bringing on labour pains, is well
known to practitioners generally. In addition, the appearance of the patient, the previous abortion, and the
dark colour of the discharge, shewed that medicine to be
perfectly homceopathic in this case.  A dose of the 2d
dilution (10,000th of a drop of the tincture) was therefore given, and ordered to be dissolved in a tea-cupful of
water, and a tea-spoonful taken every three hours.
The patient returned in a week, and reported, that
after the first dose the pains went away completely, and
the hlemorrhage began to diminish, and ceased entirely in
two days.  Tongue natur'al, appetite better, tinnitus and
palpitation gone.
EFFECTS OF A BLOW, COMMOTIO CEREBRI.
A. C., a boy of three years old, of lymphatic-sanguine
temperament. The child had been healthy at birth, and
remained so till a year ago, when he was found paralytic
on one side, without any known cause or previous illness,
as reported.  Under the use of blisters and leeches he
had recovered in three months, and remained well up to



HOM(OPATHIC PRACTICE.

199

the present time, except that the affected limb seemed
smaller and colder than the other.
A fortnight ago he received a violent blow on the nose,
and soon after was seized with headach, fever, and sickness, which have continued since.  His present symptoms
are,--
He complains of constant pain, and great heat in the
head.   In the morning coldness and shivering, followed
about 2 P.M. by heat and dryness of the skin all over the
body, not succeeded by perspiration. The heat continues
during the greater part of the night, attended with much
thirst, sleeplessness, restlessness and sickness, and towards
morning he falls into a heavy sleep with sonorous breathing.
No appetite; foul tongue and breath.   Cannot pass
urine during the day, but at night passes a considerable
quantity of strong-smelling high-coloured urine. Nothing
remarkable was observed in the state of the pupil.
In this case another feature, almost peculiar to homoeopathic or specific practice, is brought prominently forward, viz., the aid that is derived in therapeutics from
taking into consideration the character of diseased action,
as manifested by the nature of the exciting cause.  In
the ordinary practice, the most skilful detection of the
exciting cause is often of little use in the treatment, for in
general it is either a poison circulating in the system, and
incapable of being directly removed, or it has already
ceased to operate before the physician is called, as in the
case of mechanical injuries, cold, mental emotions, &c.,
and he has to combat their dynamic effects, which he can
only do on the common principles suggested by their seat
and more general pathological nature, such as inflamma



200

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

tion, spasm, &c.  But, in addition to these, the homceo.
pathic practitioner takes into consideration the character
or kind of inflammation or spasm produced by a particular exciting cause. For example, if we suppose two cases
of colic, in every respect, apparently, exactly alike, but
the one produced by wet feet, and the other by anger or
vexation of mind; in the former case, Dulcamara would
be the specific, and in the latter Colocynth.  In like manner, in the case before us, the remarkable influence (noticed by Hahnemann) of Arnica, in the dynamic effects
of mechanical injuries, at once suggests to us the propriety
of administering that remedy, provided that, in other respects also, it is homceopathically'suited to the case. But,
before going farther, the question will naturally present
itself to the minds of many persons, ' How can Arnica or
any other medicine be, strictly speaking, homceopathic in
mechanical injuries; it cannot produce wounds or bruises?'
No, certainly not; but it is to be recollected that bruises,
&c., are not simply mechanical breaking or tearing, or
compression of the living tissues, but are accompanied
(or rather followed) by a peculiar morbid process, in fact
an inflammation of a peculiar kind (generally tending to
effusion of blood).  Now, arnica produces effects very similar to those which follow injuries, and in this respect
it is homceopathic, not only in respect to the affection at
the bruised part, but also to many sympathetic effects in
other parts of the system.  To return to our case, we
shall now see if it is homceopathic in other respects as
well as in relation to the exciting cause.
The first symptom, pain in the head, is too indefinite
to lay any stress on; the next, viz., heat in the head, is



HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

201

of more importance in the choice of the remedy, and is one
of the characteristic symptoms of Arnica.*
The shivering in the morning and forenoon, t followed
by heat without perspiration, the heat with thirst, and
restlessness with sleeplessness, + and the heavy sleep with
loud breathing, ~ are quite homceopathic to the action of
arnica. So are the foul tongue and breath, II as well as in
a marked manner the retention of urine.~
The arnica being then perfectly homoeopathic, both in
respect to the etiological condition and the existing affection, it was accordingly administered in the 6th dilution
(billionth), to be taken night and morning.  The result
was that in a few days the child was perfectly relieved
from all the above symptoms.
SCIATICA.
W. J., met. 44, a tall man of sanguine-bilious temperament; had    previously enjoyed perfect health.    Five
months ago, while at work, he felt a sudden pain across
the loins, so that he could not straighten himself.  The
pain soon extended to the hip, where it has affected him
ever since, and latterly to such an extent, that he has
been unable to work for the last seventeen weeks; and
is pale and emaciated, and worn out with suffering.
During that time he had been subjected to a variety of
* See Hahnemann's Reine Arzneimittellehre. Bd. i. art. Arnica.
Symptoms 16 to 20.
t Loc. cit. Symptom 573.    Loc. cit. Symptoms 575 and 579.
~ Loc. cit. Symptoms 554, 562.  || Loc. cit. Symptoms 151, 315.
'~ Symptom 279.



202

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

different modes of treatment, but without any relief.
His symptoms, when admitted on the 10th March, were
violent pain in the hip-joint, moving in shocks down the
thigh; pain much aggravated at night, and accompanied
by great shivering; he is unable to stand upright; the
hip feels cold; urinary and other functions normal.
The characteristic symptoms in this case, viz., the
aggravation of the pain at night, and its being attended
with shivering, corresponding completely to the action of
Pulsatilla,* that remedy was accordingly administered
in the 18th dilution (sextillionth) twice a-day.
17th.-Pain not so bad; in other respects the same.
Continue Pulsatilla in the 6th dilution (billionth).
29th.-The pain is quite gone from the hip, and he
is, on the whole, so much better as to be able to return
to his work.  He complains still of pain in the calf of
the leg, shooting down to the feet, worse at night, accompanied by numbness of the leg.
This last circumstance points now to Chamomillat as
the proper remedy; it was therefore given in the 3d
dilution (millionth).
14th April.-The affected leg is quite well, but on
change of weather he has had occasionally slight pain in
the other leg. Rhus toxicodendron, 6th dilution.
When inquired about, at the beginning of June, the
patient had continued quite well.
In this case we have to remark the much greater
efficacy of the 6th than of the 18th dilution of pulsatilla.
* Hahnemann Reine A. M. Lehre. 3d edition, vol. ii. pp. 274, 318.
t Ibid. 2d edition, vol. iii. p. 86.



HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

203

PERTUSSIS, DIARRH(EA, AND EPILEPSY.
The next case that we may notice is one of peculiar
interest, as it displays in a striking manner one of the
greatest advantages of the homceopathic method, viz.,
its peculiar fitness for complicated cases.  This is a
class of cases in which all truly practical men will hail
with gladness any improvement in the practice of our
art; for how often does it not happen that the physician
is obliged to stand by, as it were, with his hands tied, and
witness the progress of the disease to a fatal termination,
the patient being too weak to admit of the (supposed)
necessary depletive or other energetic measures being put
into operation; or in a complicated case, that the treatment necessary for one affection is counter-indicated by
another: nay, has it not even frequently happened that
the patient has been cured of the disease under which he
laboured, and yet sunk from the effects of the treatment?
M. W., a delicate child, aetat. 2.
Since the commencement of teething, has been subject
to epileptic fits, which come on quite irregularly.  They
are preceded by a scream, and in the fit the eyes are
open and fixed, and the whole body convulsed.
For many months she has had diarrhoea, with frequent
thin dark-coloured motions.   Not vaccinated.   Four
weeks ago took small-pox, and, when scarcely convalescent,
a week ago was attacked with hooping-cough.
When brought to the Dispensary on the 8th of January,
the following symptoms were observed:Pale and emaciated appearance; livid marks from the
small-pox still visible on the back, legs, &c. Cough,



HOMIEOPATHIC PRACTICE.

207

ing short and difficult, the number of the respirations 36;
pulse 104, but soft; skin hot and moist; tongue foul,
no appetite, much thirst; urine high coloured; prostration of strength.
Physical signs.-In the lower and posterior half of the
right lung there was complete dulness on percussion, and
absence of vesicular murmur, which was replaced by
bronchial respiration and occasional crepitating rale.
Prescription-Phosphorus 3, every 4 hours.
5th Feb. In every respect much better. He had slept
much, and often for several hours in succession.  Cough
less; sputa scanty, but viscid and rusty; scarcely any
pain in the side, except on deep inspiration; pulse 86;
skin cool; bowels not opened.  Physical signs the same,
but more diffused crepitating rale.  Cont. Med.  In the
evening, after having talked too much with a friend, he
became worse again, and the pulse rose to 100, skin hot,
increased cough and dyspncea, with pain in right side.
Two doses of Bryonia 3, were ordered at an interval
of 3 hours, and then the Phosphorus to be continued
every 3 hours.
6th, Pulse 80.  Cough again less, and pain only on
deep inspiration.  Sputa still rusty and viscid; less
thirst; some appetite; bowels confined; tongue coated.
Physical signs.-Complete dulness in the whole inferior half of lung, except a small portion anteriorly; no
respiratory sounds can be heard, except occasionally subcrepitant rale at the edge of the dull part.
Prescription-Interpose two doses of Bryonia 2, and
continue the Phosphorus as before.



HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

209

GASTRODYNIA.
G. W., a man aetat. 39, of bilious-nervous temperament.  His health had been generally good, with the exception of a similar stomach complaint about twenty years
ago, and six years ago he had typhus fever, which was
followed by ulceration of the left leg.
For his present complaint he had (as he said) taken,
without any benefit, almost every kind of medicine that
could be thought of.
When admitted on the 22d April, he presented the
following symptoms, which had affected him for the last
three years:
Sharp pain in the epigastrium, as from a knife, shooting through to his back, and sometimes to the right side;
worse before meals, and on stepping hard, though he is
never quite free from it. It comes sometimes in paroxysms so violent that he is obliged to bend double, and
cannot straighten himself.  These paroxysms are accompanied by eructation of wind and sour fluid, and sometimes by sickness and vomiting of yellowish fluid, occasionally tinged with blood; the epigastrium is tender to
touch, and the pressure of tight clothes insupportable;
appetite good, and tongue pretty clean; bowels costive;
lightness of the head, and occasional dimness of vision.
A drop of the second dilution of Nux vomica (T-y0)
was administered dry on the tongue at the Dispensary,
and he was told to come back in a week, a few inert
powders being given with him to take in the interval.
On the 30th he stated that, for the first three days
after taking the medicine, he felt aggravation of his conmiS,



210

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

plaints, but since then he has been gradually getting
better; bowels still confined.
A drop of the first decimal dilution (Tith) was now
given in a powder of milk sugar, along with several inert
powders, and so numbered that we could know, although
he did not, on which day he took the medicinal powder.
On the 10th of May he stated that he had been quite
free from cramp, or any pain in the stomach for several
days.  The bowels are now regular; lightness of head
and dimness of sight relieved; he complains of distension
and nausea after meals. He perceived no aggravation
after any of the powders.
Three doses Chamomilla 1 ( i) one every other day.
17th May; no sickness or distension after meals; but
he has had some smarting raw pain in the stomach and
under the breast, relieved by eating.  Arsenic 12 (quadrillionth) one dose, and 6 (billionth), one dose to be taken
at an interval of a week.
On the 7th of June he came back on account of a blow
he had received on the leg, which had caused the old ulcer
to break out afresh.  He stated, that for some time he
had been quite free from complaint in the stomach; and
said he 'felt as if he had a new stomach.'
This case is interesting in respect to the dose. After
the first dose of Nux vomica, there was a marked aggravation of the symptoms, followed by decided amelioration.
This affords an example of what is called the homceopathic
exacerbation-a phenomenon which is generally to be
looked on as a favourable sign, as it shews that the remedy is quite homceopathic to the case; but its occurrence
is by no means necessary to the cure, nor is it even a



212

DR DRYSDALE'S ILLUSTRATIONS OF

sible in homoeopathy, till a greater number of facts have
been collected by competent observers.
In selecting the foregoing cases, it is not at all intended
to hold them up as specimens of extraordinary cures which
we are enabled to effect by the increased resources of
homoeopathy, but merely as examples of the difference of
modes of treating ordinary cases, such as we meet with in
practice every day; nor is it meant to imply that all cases
are equally successful.  On the contrary, we are quite
aware and ready to admit, that, in many cases, we are able
to give only partial relief, or none at all; which indeed we
can easily conceive must of necessity occur, when we consider, on one hand, the nature of disease, many forms of
which are necessarily irremediable, and others are so variable and uncertain in their symptoms, as to make it
impossible, even when they are curable, to fix at once, in
every case, on the appropriate remedy; and, on the other
hand, the still imperfect state of pathology, and the
comparatively limited resources afforded by our Materia
Medica.
But, as said before, our present object is not to give a
comparison between homceopathy in its present state, and
the ordinary method, but merely by a few well-marked
cases to shew the truth of the homceopathic law, and the
practical application of it.
This, we conceive, is the only way in which the superiority of any mode of treatment over others can be forcibly impressed on the mind; for, in a statistical calculation made from a number of cases, the mere difference of



216

DR FLEISCIHMANN'S NOTICE OF TIHE

Government, and the minister Count Kolowrat, who is
ever forward to advance and protect whatever is good and
useful, graciously took up the matter; and very soon
afterwards his Majesty issued an order cancelling the
statute which forbade the practice of homceopathy.
Since that time there began in Austria a new era for
homceopathy, which diffused its beneficial operation on
all sides. The homoeopathic physicians could now prosecute their profession without fear of transgressing the
law, and their number has tripled itself in Vienna.
There is scarcely a province in Austria, out of which
there have not come physicians to study homceopathy
practically in this hospital; and many who have since
prosecuted the practice with zeal and success in Germany,
Italy, France, and England, received their first instruction in this hospital.  In Linz, an hospital has been
opened, and the results are most gratifying; and in two
other provinces, similar establishments are in progress of
erection.
The new method has made more impression upon the
public, as is exhibited, among other things, by the increase
of out-patients at the hospital.  In 1839, the number of
out-patients was scarcely more than 3000; in 1840, it was
4106; in 1841,4300; in 1842,4798; in 1843, 6826.
Homoeopathy has not only extended itself externally,
but it has consolidated itself internally.  Those who have
recently adopted it are, for the most part, young, energetic men, who strive to keep pace with all the improvements in medicine, and do not hesitate to shake off the
gaudy trappings which mysticism and quackery had hung
upon homeopathy.



HOMIEOPATHIC HOSPITAL IN VIENNA.          217
Medicines are diligently being proved over again; a
journal is established, in which every one may communicate the result of his experience, and advance the
science according to his ability. We look with confidence to the gracious resolution of the Government respecting the desired Chair of Homoeopathy; and thus, by
the combined efforts of those who are in earnest with
homoeopathy and medicine generally, will the clouds which
still bedim our sky disperse.
TABULAR VIEW OF THE CASES TREATED IN THE HOMOEOPATHIC HOSPITAL OF THE SISTERS OF CHARITY FROM 1835 to 1843.
" Il n'y a rien de plus positif, ni de plus eloquent, que les chiffres."
NAPOLEON.
Abscess in the brain,.               3             3
Amenorrhoea,....         10   10
Aneurism of the heart,..          1             1
Aphthe,....          5    5
Apoplexy,....          9    4   2    3
Ascites,....    1    13   10   1    3
Asthma,....          2    2
Bronchocele,....          1        1
Burns,.....         18   16            2
Cancer of the stomach,..          2             2
of the uterus,..          3        2    1
Caries of the bones,..          5        5
Cataract (commencing),..          2        2
Catarrh,....    1    43   44
Chest (rheumatic and gouty affections of the),...    1    47   47       1
Chlorosis,....         80   79            1
Cholera,....         24   21        2   1
Chorea,....          4    3   1
T



218          DR FLEISCIHMANN'S NOTICE OF THE
tr..      11     a
0i
Club-foot,...                8    6   2
Colic, rheumatic,..           1    1
inflammatory,.           1    1
menstrual,...          15   ]5
painter's,...         28   28
Congestion of the abdominal viscera,...          2    1         1
Convulsions,....         12    12
Cough,.....           9    9
chronic,..        130 119    1      7 3
spasmodic...         18   18
Croup (Briune),....          1    1
Delirium tremens...           4              4
Diarrhoea,....        114 112           2
Distortion of the foot and knee,         7    7
Dropsy, general,..               12   11         1
Dropsy, ovarian,...          1        1
Dysentery,...          44   42         2
Emphysemalof the lungs,.           2              2
Epilepsy,....              1        1
Epistaxis,...           1    1
Erysipelas of the face,.        4   177 177     1     2 1
of the foot,..         31   31
Fever, bilious,...           9    9
catarrhal..             175 168           3 4
cerebral,...    3          3
continued,...        294 279     1    10 4:gastric,...    2  516 512           3 3
inflammatory,..         37   36          1
intermittent,..        229 227           1 1
low,...           1    1
milk,....           1    1
putrid,...    2      1    2         1
rheumatic,...    1   556 555             2
typhus (abdominalis),       3  816 669     2   140 8*
worm,..           1    1
* Giving a mortality of about 19 per cent., while the average mortality of,Continental typhus is about 33 per cent.; and, according to Chomel, this average
is pretty constant, whichever of the various methods of treatment employed by
allopathic practitioners be adopted.-See Chomel's Lectures upon Typhus Fever.



IIOM(EOPATHIC HOSPITAL IN VIENNA.

219

I. ~ ~ \ -

Fractures,...
Frozen feet,
Furunculus,
Gangrene of both feet,
Gastricismus (dyspeptic affections),
Gastric derangement,
Gastrodynia,....
Gout, acute and chronic,
in the hip,...
in the head,
Haematemesis,
Heamoptysis,
Hamorrhage,
from the trachea,
from bursting of a
blood-vessel,
Haemorrhoids,
Headaches, chronic,
gastric,
gouty,
nervous,..
rheumatic,
Heart (organic disease of the)
(palpitation of the),
Herpes,...
Hoarseness (chronic),
Hydrocephalus,
Hydropericardium,
Hydrothorax,
Hypochondriasis,
Hysteria,
Inflammation of the articulations,
aorta,
bladder,
brain (membranes),
bronchial tubes,
cellular tissue,
ear,
eyes,

1
2
1

1   1
5   5
1   1
1
116 116
25  25
31  31
100  97
6   6
34  34
1   1
50  47
20  19
1   1
2
18  18
6   6
8   8
3   3
1   1
43  43
15
2   2
20  19
6   6
6
2   1
7   1
3   3
6   6
210 203
3   3
3   3
17  15
15  15
3   3
4   4
30  30

1
1

1

2 16

1
1

1



220          DR FLEISCHMANN'S NOTICE OF THE
Inflammation of the eyes (strumous),   20   20
gland (parotid),.         3    3
gland (thyroid),.         1    1
heart (endocarditis),     29   29
intestines,..          6    1         5
kidneys,..          1    1
larynx,..          4    3         1
liver,..          6    6
lungs,..        300 280        19 1
mamma,..          1    1
muscles,..          1    1
muscles of the chest,      3    3.ovaries,..          3    3
pericardium,.          2    2
peritoneum,.        105 100         5
pleura,..        224 221         3
psoas muscle,.          1    1
spinal marrow,.          1    1
spleen,..          2    2
throat,.1            299 299         1
throat (gangrenous),       1              1
uterus,..          1    1
veins,..          2             2
Influenza,....         52   51         1
Insanity (amentia),..          2        2
Jaundice,...        1    35   36
Leucorrhoea,....2              11
Liver (affection of the),..          1    1
Mania (acute),..         12   10   2
Marasmus,..          1              1
senilis,...          6        1    5
Measles,....         25   23         2
Medullary sarcoma of the liver,         1        1
of the eye,.         3        2     1
Menorrhagia,..         14   14
Miliaria purpurea,...          7    4         3
* This is a much more common disease in Vienna than in Britain. See Report of Dr Skoda's division of the General Vienna Hospital for the treatment of
diseases of the chest, in the (Esterr. Med. Jahrbiicher for 1843-44.



HOMHEOPATHIC HOSPITAL IN VIENNA.

221

I                                 I                                 I                                  I                                 I

Nervous debility (general),
Nettle-rash,..
(Edema of the lungs,
Paralysis,....
rheumatic,
Phthisis,...
Porrigo capitis,
Psoric eruptions,
Pterygium,.
Ptyalism,...
Purpura heemorrhagica,
Rheumatism, acute and chronic,
Scalds,.....
Scarlatina,..
Scrofula (general),
Small-pox,.
Spasms,.
Spasms of the bladder,
chest,
stomach,
uterus,
Spleen (affection of),
Sprains of the foot,
arm,
Stomach (induration of),
(softening of),
Strabismus,.
Swelling of the cheek,
cervical glands,
foot,
hand,
lip,..
lymphatic (abscessus lymphaticus),
knee,
knee (white),
lacteal,
neck,
Tape worm,.

4
3
14
5
2
98
6
12
1
1
2
188
1
33
7
136
43
1
3
33
1
1
6
1
6
1
2
29
2
4
3
1
1
11
4
1
2
1

3
3
5
2
6
10
1
1
2
188
1
31
4
120
43
1
3
32
1
1
6
1
2
29
2
4
3
1
1
9
4
1
2

1 13
27   71

2
1
6

2
2
11
1
1

I
2
5
1

1
1



CASES OF PNEUMONIA.            229
two hours. The skin is slightly moistened with perspiration; the tongue thickly coated, but no longer dry; the
respiration still short and hurried, but fewer stitches;
the expectoration tough and glutinous; the abdomen sensitive, but soft: only one brown pulpy stool; pulse, 110;
bronchial respiration on the upper right side of chest, and
numerous rales below.
Phosph. was continued, and the cold cloths and enemata discontinued.
April 9.-Decided improvement.    The patient slept
for several hours without delirium; and the respiration
is easier and more prolonged; the pain only felt on taking
a deep breath; the cough is trifling; the sputa are copious and easily detached; the diarrhcea has entirely
ceased; the skin is soft, inclined to perspiration; the
pulse is 110. Much mucous rattle is audible.
April 10.-Visible improvement; phosph. 4th dilution
every second hour was given. On the 13th, when he was
about to be pronounced convalescent, he was attacked with
parotitis, which ended in suppuration, but which soon got
well under the use of mere. sol. 3d dilution; so that he
left the Hospital quite well about the end of April.
There is no doubt that pneumonia may be cured by various homoeopathic medicines; yet I have been quite convinced, by the experience of many years, that it is cured
by no medicine so rapidly and certainly, without any other
aid, as with phosphorus; and I am inclined to believe,
that a pneumonia which phosphorus does not cure is as
yet incurable by the homoeopathic method.



CHAPTER IX.

COMPARATIVE MORTALITY OF CERTAIN ACUTE DISEASES TREATED ALLOPATHICALLY AND HOMC(OPATHICALLY.
NONE of our professional readers can be ignorant of
the advantages which have accrued, both to semeiotics
and practice of medicine, from the general adoption, in the
principal schools of clinical instruction, of the numerical
method of ascertaining the importance of the phenomena
of diseases, and determining the value of different modes
of treatment.  We may, therefore, spare ourselves the
labour of a lengthened disquisition on the subject.  The
objections which have been urged against it do not at all
affect the use we make of it in this chapter; and to
shew that they do not, is the chief object of the observations with which we introduce the tabular statements
that close our volume.
Before the numerical method, or simple arithmetical
computation, was applied to practical medicine, it was
very difficult to arrive at considerable accuracy in the
general descriptions of individual maladies, or to attain
an exact estimate of the relative usefulness of the expedients proposed for their removal.   When physicians



ALLOPATHIC AND HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.

233

twelve.  The necessities of individual cases are never to
be disregarded at the instance of average results, otherwise there would be an end to discrimination in practice.
All that can be justly concluded in reference to the
average success of opposite or dissimilar remedies for a
disease, is, simply, that a greater number of cases occur
which admit of being cured by the one than by the other;
and not, assuredly, that all the cases that are capable of
being cured are so by the remedy which displays the
lowest average'mortality.  No doubt, by a conceivable
minuteness of statistical calculations and classifications,
averages might be struck in favour of this, or of the other
practice, respectively, as preferable in particular circumstances of sex, age, temperament, vigour, predominant
peculiarities in the symptoms, &c.; but, practically, such
refinements would be found impossible beyond a very limited extent; and, therefore, each practitioner, while he
keeps that remedy mainly in view which in common cases
affords the greatest average success, must occasionally
relinquish it for the direction of other dictates of experience and reflection, though they may not have been reduced to numerical precision.
These observations apply equally to the homeopathic
and allopathic systems of practice; but they have not
been intended to bear upon the comparison which our
tables exhibit between the average results of the two.
That is limited to a few of the most important acute inflammations, in consequence of the want of data for a
more extensive comparison.  The contrast which it presents between the average success of the homeopathic
and of the allopathic method is so much in favour of the
U



ALLOPATHIC AND HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE.     235
ready adverted.  No numerical results can ever supersede the necessity of discrimination in the treatment of
particular cases, by the homoeopathic, any more than by
the allopathic, practice.
To the ordinary practitioner we have to suggest one
pregnant theme for reflection before closing our remarks.
Are such remarkable facts in favour of homoopathy, as
are exhibited in the following tables, the results of leaving diseases to nature, as some men in their ignorance
occasionally assert?  The public source from   which
these facts are derived, and the acknowledged proficiency
of Dr Fleischmann in the art of diagnosis-a proficiency
attested by the foes as well as the friends of homoeopathy
-leave, as the alternatives in this matter, either the
admission that the hommeopathic practice is positive and
powerful in the cure of diseases, or the assertion, that the
secret of its success lies in a negative quality, the not
opposing the curative resources of unassisted nature.
If the latter be true, what a fearful judgment must
necessarily be formed of the allopathic method!     If
unaided nature cures fourteen out fifteen cases of inflammation of the lungs, what should be said of that method
of practice, which, by opposing her efforts, saves only
four out of five.  In other words, if, out of a hundred
cases left to nature, only seven die, what is the value of
that system under which, out of a hundred similar cases,
twenty die?  This view is oie of momentous consequence
to the practitioners of medicine; and we trust it will have
its due effect in leading them seriously to reflect on their
responsibility-on the awful circumstances in which they
voluntarily place themselves, when they meet facts such
as these with indifference or contempt.



240     M. ANDRAL'S HOM(EOPATHIC EXPERIMENTS.
laid aside, it is clearly not in inquiries where a previous bias
towards the conclusion arrived at, may, without breach of
charity, be suspected.
Such trials of Homoeopathy are by this omission put beyond our reach; and we shall, therefore, say nothing further
on them. We propose, however, to dwell at some length on
one to which the remark is but partially applicable, having
been made amenable to criticism by the publication of the
details.  We refer to the series of experiments, instituted
several years ago by Professor Andral, at the Hopital de la
Piti6 at Paris.  And it seems of peculiar importance to take
up these experiments, first, because none are so frequently
and so triumphantly referred to by the opponents of Homoeopathy, in proof of the inefficiency of the system; and, secondly, because the high standing of M. Andral, both at
home and abroad, entitle us to consider this trial as a favourable specimen of the class; the more so as the Academy of
Medicine evinced the high value they placed upon it, by making it the main ground of their decision against Homoeopathy
in the year 1835.  We have, therefore, made a careful study
of the published accounts of these experiments, contained in
the sixth volume of the Bulletin G6neral de Th6rapeutique
(Sept. 1834), and would invite such of our candid opponents
as may chance to peruse these pages, to look with us for a
little into the details of the trial.
When we are told (p. 319) that a faithful application was
made of the " principles and ideas" of Hahnemann; that the
diet was such as he prescribes; that the experiments were
made on an extensive scale, and continued uninterruptedly
for several months; finally, that the cases were noted down
with "scrupulous attention," and digested in " immense and
well drawn up tables," by M. Andral's " interne," M.
Maxime Vernois; the reader is inclined to suppose that all
the conditions requisite to make such a trial conclusive were
observed; and when he then learns that out of 54 cases treated,



EXPERIMENTS AT LA PITIE.

243

16th, Hypertrophy of the heart; predominant symptom,
acute pain at the epigastrium.   No effect.
17th, Acute arthritis; predominant symptom, pain at the
shoulder.   No effect.
18th, Pleurodynia, with bronchitis; predominant symptom,
continual fits of coughing.  No effect.
19th, Chronic gastro-enteritis; predominant symptom,
violent pain in the left knee and shoulder.  No effect.
Colchicum, 15th dilution.    20th, Acute arthritis; predominant symptom, violent pain, with redness and swelling of
both wrists. Effect, abatement of the pain.
21st, Lumbago; predominant symptom, violent pain in
the loins.  No effect.   This woman was bled.
22d, Tubercular consumption; predominant symptom,
stitch in the left side. Effect, abatement of the pain.
Hyoscyamus, 12th dilution.      23d, Pulmonary consumption; predominant symptom, violent cough. No effect.
24th, Pleurisy, with bronchitis; predominant symptom,
violent cough.   No effect.
25th, Bronchitis; predominant symptom, violent cough.
No effect.
Mercurius solubilis, 6th dilution.   26th, Mercurial trembling of the upper and lower limbs.    No effect.*
27th, Syphilis, ulceration of the glans.    No effect; the
ulceration making progress, destroyed the frenum; the disease was checked with mercurial ointment.
* This case shews how little M. Andral understood the system he
undertook to test. Homceopathy (as the name, indeed, indicates) proceeds on the principle of similarity, not identity; and we challenge
any one to point out a single passage in all Hahnemann's writings,
to justify such a practice as was here followed. Indeed, such an idea
as is implied in this experiment is refuted by daily experience; for
were it true, the last dose of a drug should neutralize the effects of its
predecessors, and there would be no such thing as lasting medicinal
disease. This case, then, has no title to the place it occupies in a series
of experiments on Homceopathy.



248

MA. ANDRAL'S HOM(EOPATHIO

lack of knowledge proceeded, surely the consciousness that he
did not possess the means of testing the system, should have
prevented him from stating before the Academy that he had
given it a fair trial in his wards, and found it wanting.
It is scarcely necessary to prove that M. Andral gave the
wrong medicines in the majority of the cases above detailed,
after shewing that by chance only he could be right. In fact,
he was reduced, partly by the want of the Materia Medica,
partly by his neglect of such remedies as had been published,
to guessing at the medicine which would be prescribed by
Homoeopathy; and as he did not avail himself of the assistance of any one better acquainted with the subject than himself, the results he obtained were such as might have been
anticipated. These considerations make a detailed examination of the practice adopted quite superfluous; we will, however, notice one or two of the cases, in order to shew into
what an inextricable maze of difficulties a man is thrown,
when deprived of the clue-the knowledge of the pure effects
of the medicines.
Let us take as examples the four cases treated with arnica. As the symptoms, with a single exception in each
case, are not recorded, it is quite impossible to determine on
the proper remedy to be given; but we may remark on the
first case, that arnica is very seldom used in phthisis. If the
reader wishes proof of this, let him turn to that article in
Jahr's Repertory, and he will find that arnica is not to be
found among the eighteen medicines most often useful in alleviating the sufferings of the consumptive.  The next case
is one of cerebral congestion, with great giddiness; this was
probably a case to which arnica was adapted, for we find its
administration was followed by good effects; but this good
fortune was plainly owing to chance, for there is nothing in
the case to point out to us, without trials, whether arnica,
belladonna, or nux vomica, not to mentioni others, would prove
specific; so that there was at least twice as much probability



EXPERIMENTS AT LA PITIE.

249

of the wrong medicine being chosen as the right, and, in the
former case, the ill success which must have followed would
have been laid to the blame of the system. We are at a loss
to know why arnica was given in a case of hydropericarditis;
we do not remember of a single case in which it was indicated;
the presumption is, that arsenic, lachesis, or spigelia, were
more appropriate to the case. As to the last case, we may
observe, that it would perhaps be impossible to select any
medicine out of the whole pharmacopoeia less likely to prove
beneficial than arnica. That this is not a simple assertion on
our part, may be seen by once more turning to the Repertory
of Jahr, when it will be found, that, though no less than thirty
substances are enumerated as occasionally remedial in such
cases, arnica is not there. We might proceed in this way
through the remaining cases'; but we think sufficient has been
said to convince every one that these experiments had in them
nothing homoeopathic but the name. We may just refer,
however, to two cases of diarrhcea (cases 32 and 33), which
Andral, by departing from his usual practice of mentioning
but a single symptom, has unwittingly given us the means of
shewing to have been wrongly treated. The diarrhoea of pulsatilla, though not unfrequently accompanied with colic, is for
the most part more free from pain than that produced by
other medicines; so that, when we meet with such a case as
No. 32, unless the temperament be strongly indicative of pulsatilla, we naturally search among other remedies for the specific, and none is more frequently required than chamomilla.
On the other hand, pulsatilla is likely to be useful in such
cases as No. 33, for which chamomilla is certainly not suited;
so that, in these two cases, the only ones in which there are
any land-marks by which to guide our course, Andral chose
the medicine least likely, on homweopathic principles, to effect
a cure.  It surprises us to find cases of intermittent fever
among those experimented on; for these affections are, without exception, the most difficult of any to treat on homceo



252

2M. ANDRAL'S HOM(EOPATHIO

the results are similar. This has not been done; till it be,
the enemies of any new system dare not in conscience say it
has no power.
But we are very far from anticipating any injury to Homoeopathy from a statistical comparison of its results with those of
the old system. On the contrary, we point with confidence
to statistics, as one of the means destined to be most powerful
in establishing the value of the system. Before, however,
either favourable or adverse conclusions can be drawn from a
body of cases, we must be assured that the system was fairly
and intelligently applied, which we have seen was by no means
the case in those before us; it is therefore useless to proceed
to consider the inferences deducible from them, for from false
facts no ingenuity can obtain true deductions.  But we think
it may not be amiss to consider for a little, whether, even supposing the facts to have been good, they were of such a nature
as to be of service in a statistical inquiry.
The object of such trials being, as we have already observed,
to institute a comparison between the merits of the two rival
systems, it is obviously requisite that such diseases be chosen
to operate upon, as admit of the display of the powers of medicine; for, where both systems are powerless to cure, no deductions favourable to either the one or the other can be drawn.
It is therefore matter of surprise, that so intelligent a man as
M. Andral (and a statist withal) should have included in his
trials so large a proportion of intractable or absolutely incurable cases.  Nothing would have been easier than to have
avoided this, for M. Andral did not take indiscriminately all
patients entering his wards during a certain period of time
(which, though on the whole the fairest mode of proceeding,
inasmuch as it secures an unbiassed allotment of cases, would
also be in some measure objectionable, as it would necessarily
include some patients incurable by any system, and therefore
make the results, quoad these cases, indecisive of the question); on the contrary, he selected his patients, as we infer



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