0



JAMES EPPS,
UOMMOOPITHIC CHEMIST,
170, Piccadilly
Next the Egyptian h all;
112, Great Russell Street,
Close to Tottenham Court Road |
82, Old Broad Street, City,
A few doors from tho Bank.
Established 1839.



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2I






INTRODUCTION.
SOME apology is due to the learned author and the public for
the mutilation of a work valuable in all its parts. All the
parts, however, were not necessary for my purpose, and
would have needlessly increased the expences of publication
and the price of the work. My object is to recommend
to the English student a scientific study of the Materia
Medica, and to put before him the mode in which Hirschel
thinks it may be carried out, as well as to present scientific
criteria for the ascertainment of pathological resemblances.
I must own that I see much greater difficulties in the way of
the scientific investigation of the characters of a medicine
than I did at first sight. These difficulties, it appears to me,
arise from the imperfect state of our pathological knowledge.
We cannot, I think at present, mount up, as Hirschel has
endeavoured to do with Bryony and Rhus, to that element in
the action of a medicine, out of which all the others proceed.
With many medicines indeed we hardly know where to begin
or where to end.
An intricate nexus of actions lies before us, nothing points
to a centre, we must be content to record, we cannot analyze,
This is especially true of those medicines which act on the
vegetative life, such as Sulphur, Calcarea, Lycopodium, &c.
Opposite actions fail us here, or at least cease to characterize
the general action.
Nor is this wonderful. We have come to the region of harmoB



INTRODUCTION.


nious, yet to some extent independent, sources of action. The
ganglionic system has its various nuclei of action; it is a system
of confederated powers, and we must expect to find greater
complexity than prevails in an autocracy.    The attempt
indeed to find a primitive action out of which all the others
are deducible, may turn out to be like the attempt to find
out the commencement of a circle. Independently of these
considerations, physiology at her present period of development cannot explain all the phenomena that occur to us,
indeed cannot always enable us to refer them to their proper
seat. Hirschel endeavours, as far as is possible, to do this
for us. In the following passage he says:* " the modality of
the pain appears to depend partly on the affected part, partly
on the morbid process.
" Burning pain occurs, especially in the skin and mucous
membrane, the boring gnawing pain in the bones, the drawinc: in the nerves and muscles, the constrictive in the canals,
thlat as of sprain in the joints, that of shooting and cutting in
the serous and fibrous membranes. The various modifications
of pain are sub-species of certain principal groups. Then as
regards the morbid process, drawing tearing pains are occasioned by rheumatism, (Rhus,) jerking by affections of the
nerves of motion, (Amm. c. Stann.,) throbbing, beating,
hammering, by movements of the vascular walls; hyperasmia
in the capillaries, congestions, (Aconite, Bellad.,) shooting by
the more partial local accumulations of blood in the parenchyma, in the venous and capillary system, (Puls.,) the burning pains are consequences of passive stases, or incipient
decomposition (Phosph., Carb., Arsen.). The aching and
shooting pains of Bryony correspond to impending exudation;
the jerking, tearing, and throbbing pains of Chamomilla
with peculiar restlessness, to reflex action from the nerves of
sensation on the circulation; the pain of excoriation in
Ilepar is connected with the formation of abscess.
"The accompanying, preceding, or following pains have
SCrundriss ler Hoimopathie, S. 167-170. ( 2nd Ed.).



INTRODUCTION.


3


also their own significance. In affections of the prostate the
pain follows micturition; in the affections of the mucous
membrane of the urethra it precedes and accompanies it.
In gastric affections it is not a matter of indifference at
what period of the digestion a pain occurs. Constant- pains
depend chiefly on local peripheric disturbances; fugitive,
erratic, or such as are affected by the emotions, or by having
the attention directed to them, excite the idea of a central
origin. When the pain follows the ramifications of a nerve,
the periphery is probably affected. Periodic pains are central. Pains which are increased on pressure depend in general
on the periphery, if the pressure does not excite the pain in
a spot contiguous to the central organ, or in the central
organ itself, in which case the central point of origin is certain-(pain of stomach from     pressure on the vertebrae).
Confessedly, however, there is much ground for deception in
such cases as these, and the pain by itself is no sure criterion.
Whilst, for example, in inflammations of the serous membranes pain is the rule, (though even here there is a distinction to be made, for it is much more constant in pleurisy
than in peritonitis and pericarditis, where it is often entirely
absent,) it is often wanting in those of the parenchyma and
mucous membrane."       And again, " In the same way as
attention to the 'ratio symptomatum' has been advantageously employed in the analysis of the symptoms of inflammation, in the demonstration of the agreement between the
physical and physiological symptoms of organic diseases of
the heart, so may the special phenomena of the medicines,
and consequently their special indication-principle, be explained from their established characteristic actions and
organic relations in their totality, and thus a rational basis
in the received sense of the old school, apparently synonymous
with their 'theory,' be obtained. The particular kinds of
cough, for instance, correspond to a certain extent with some
uniformity to certain forms of disease. The tone of the
B2



4


INTRODUCTION.


cough is rough and hoarse in catarrh, in ulceration of the
larynx; hissing in laryngeal and tracheal croup, and bronchitis; barking at the commencement of laryngeal croup,
and in several forms of nervous spasmodic cough; sometimes
hollow in ulceration of the larynx and advanced tubercular
lung disease; in old subjects it is always dull, the inspirations not being deep, and the thorax not expanded.
" Thus also the periods of recurrence are characteristic; in
tubercular disease at its commencement the cough recurs at
night, or early in the morning; in croup at night; in
catarrh generally in the morning and evening. In emphysema, asthma, bronchorrhcea, there are often intermissions
for a week. In nervous persons the cough is dry, as likewise
in hyperwemic states, where the exudations are not fluid.
The seat of the cough     causes differences-not however
always well marked. Since these varieties depend on special
physical and physiological conditions, it can be shewn why
particular medicines correspond chiefly to the dry hyperaemic,
inflammatory, or the nervous, hissing, tickling, &c., cough;
others again to the moist, whereby we arrive at the specific
relation to the lungs, bronchie, larynx, as well as to the
morbid process and its stage. Thus Aconite, Nux, Bryony,
Belladonna, Conium, Hepar, Mercurius, Pulsatilla, Stannum,
Iodine, Ac. nitr. differ essentially in both directions.
"To keep by our illustration we may add, that an important
means of distinction is derived from the expectoration, as
regards its constituents, and in a less degree its taste, colour,
and consistence. Attentive observation shews that the differences of this symptom lie deeply, and consequently this
element cannot be a matter of indifference in the characterization of the medicines.
" The constituents of the sputa may, for example, according
to the essence and locality of the affection, consist of water,
(serum,) air, epithelium, albumen, blood, gelatine, mucus,
pus, fibrine, tubercular matter, fragments of pulmonary sub



6


INTRODUCTION.


well known fact that nervous affections are aggravated in the
morning and become less in the course of the day; the contrary is the case in vascular affections. In the one case the
accumulating excitement and repetition of action in some
measure elevate the internal energies, and       increase the
strength; in the other, exertion going on till evening, increases the determination    of blood, and appears to bring
about an increase of the evil.
" Nocturnal pains belong generally to the vegetative state.
On comparing the medicines which form themselves into
classes according to their action at different times of the day,
we shall find a point of stasis in these physiological relations.
Thus, when the phenomena appear in the evening, Arn.,
Ars., Bell., Bry., Colch., Hell., Mere., Ac. nitr., Puls., Nitr.,
suit; when they shew themselves in the morning, Ambra,
Amm. carb., Ammon. mur., Ant., Cin., Dros., Ignat.,
Nux. v., Phosph., Rhus., Verat., &c. For nocturnal symptoms
besides the anti-nervous and anti-congestive medicines, China,
Dulc., Ferr., Graph., Hep., Mag. mur., Mang., Nat. mur.,
Sep., Sil., Sulph., Thuj., &c., also suit. The influence of the
digestive process, of different aliments, of tobacco, for instance,
beer, &c., occasion many circumstantial and manifold pathogenetic signs, partly of an anatomico-physiological, partly of
a chemical nature. The same obtains with the period of the
year, the influence of the moon, of climate, of change of
temperature.
" Heat and cold also act differently, in proportion as the
circulatory or nervous systems are predominantly affected.
We call to mind here the treatment of rheumatism, of catarrh;
Belladonna suits where cold alleviates (congestive states);
Rhus, where heat relieves (nervous character); Cham., Mere.,
suit in intermediate states, where neither the one nor the
other essentially relieves. But does the heat of the bed, of a
stove, of the sun, make a specific difference as we find in the
provings? In each case we have to consider whether the



INTRODUCTION.


7


modifications are essentially connected with the character of
the medicine, or are only met with accidentally.
" We have, therefore, always to observe carefully the phenomena of disease, and to place a value on apparently
trifling circumstances.
" It will be well, however, to trace these up to their origin
and causal connection. We must do the same with medicinal actions; but it would be folly to come to a decision
exclusively, or principally on subordinate elements, which
must first derive their true value from organico-physiological
relations, and consequently are available only, as aids to the
indications.  The future has much to do in this.     But
precisely on account of this inability to refer symptoms to
their seat and causes at present, we must, on the one hand,
carefully observe, even where a rational theory and explanation may not be attainable at the moment, and, on the
other, not reject what, employed with judicious selection,
may furnish a help for the imperfection of our art."
The following   are Hirschel's views about primitive,
secondary, and alternative actions.
"An important' question for observation in medicinal
action, concerns the period and order, in which the symptoms
occur during the proving, on which account it is of great
advantage to have exact day-books kept of the specialties of
the proving. In this way we obtain one more datum for
the knowledge of the parts which are immediately and
specially affected by the medicine, and can lay out the
course of the disease, as well as its historical development.
Not less also is an important insight into the organic
ramifications, the internal connections, and the causal relations of the individual phenomena by this means facilitated.
Out of this observation of periods the separation into
primary and secondary actions arose.
" Hahnemann, for instance, styled as the primary or direct
action each change of feeling called up by the medicine.
This was the product of the medicine and the vital power.



8


INTRODUCTION.


" This was met by the reaction of the organism, the afteraction, the indirect or secondary action, whereby it sought
to replace itself in the position of integrity.   The first
action is a passive, the after-action an active condition.
The last is the opposite of the first.     Where no such
opposite state occurs, the vital power establishes its action
and absorbs the first action, and the normal state recurs,
which is the curative action. Examples are: increase of heat
in warm water-first action; decrease after the part has
been taken out of the water-after action; decrease of heat
in cold water-first action; increase after removal from the
water-after action; diarrhoa from purgatives-first; constipation afterwards-after action; narcosis from  opiumfirst; excitement, afterwards sleeplessness-after-action.
" We must, however, distinguish this kind of after-action
from  a state to which Hahnemann gave the same name,
viz., long continued actions, as paralytic states from Opium,
bone affections from Mercury, &c.
" Since the actions which appear in the provings are generally first-actions, these are pre-eminently the foundation of
homoeopathy.
" Since disease can be successfully combated only with such
primary actions of medicines, they only, according to Hahnemann, are truly curative, whilst the old medicine makes use
of the opposite after-action, and consequently was of service
only by palliation.   Hahnemann consequently, as a rule,
indicated only primary actions in his Materia      Medica.
This separation of action perfectly accords with the Hahnemannian view of the healing process, according to which the
vital power enters into a struggle with the medicinal disease.
"With this Rau's and Gerstel's characterization of the
after-action coincides, which the first defines to be a negation, a nullification of the medicinal actions by the organism,
the last calls it precisely " a re-actionary action."
"Not less do Schroen and Attomyr maintain these suppo



INTRODUCTION.


9


sitions of Hahnemann.     But soon opinions of a different
nature arose, rejecting so artificial a division of medicinal
action, and teaching the necessity of viewing them as a whole
-and with justice. For exactly as in pathology the morbid
process is forgotten in the division into stages, the type of
the medicinal disease is lost in this artificial division into
periods of action.
"The whole course of the historical development is the
main thing.
" These views were supported by powerful arguments, particularly by C. Hering,* Piper,t Helbig,j Watske,~ Kurz.||
" It is very truly said by Trinks in another place:~
" There is not a single unequivocal criterion in our power
by which the medicinal action can be distinguished from
the received, supposititious counter-action, just as little as
strictly morbid symptoms can be separated from the purely
hypothetical healing power of nature."
"And in fact we find, on considering the so-called afteractions more closely, the following observations confirmed.
(1) They no more depend on the organism alone, than do
the primary actions on the medicinal action alone, but they
are the continued phenomena of the medicinal disease.
(2) The so-called after-action is often the constipation
after a diarrhoea, for instance, merely a sign, that the
medicinal action has ceased, and that the organism has
resumed its rights.
(3) In other cases, again, the invasion of the supposititious
counteraction is exactly a curative action, an alteration of
tone through the medicine, so that the prover finds himself
in an opposite condition.
(4) In other cases these after-actions are only so-called
* Arch. Bd. 15, Hft. 1. t S. Above.  t Heraklides 1, S. xiv, and 2, S. xxxi.
@ Bekehrung's epistlen, S. Ixxx.  I| H-yg. Bd. 22, S. ccxxv.
~ Araznimittellehre II. Einl. S. xiii.



INTRODUCTION.


11


foreground, where we have to do with more important
elements.   The law   of nervous excitement, the peculiar
polar vibration between one activity and another, the passage
from excitement to depression, the invasion of exhaustion
after an exaltation of energy, as for instance numbness after
violent pain, all this is applicable to alternating action, as
Kurz has very justly shown, and we may agree with him,
whether with Helbig we consider them as extremes, subsiding
into rest; or with Watzke, the predominance of one or other
factor in one and the same process. We do not for all this
overlook the influence which the doses used in the provings,
their repetition, the period and duration of the action, the
excitability and passivity in the functions, and other circumstances, have upon the excitement of these different states.
" What Kurz says of narcotic medicines, and in particular
of Opium, that in moderate doses, they call out first excitement and then torpor, and therefore they act homceopathically
against pain, is applicable also to other medicines (in different
doses) which call forth gradations of actions, which might
easily appear to be counter-actions. By way of comfort we
may add, that increasing therapeutic experience is bringing
out the preponderating element in these alternations, as for
example, constipation in Bryony, hilarity in Aurum.
"The difficulty of distinguishing between idiopathic and
sympathetic symptoms, is in some measure facilitated by a
consideration of the order of the phenomena.
" The last for instance, as a rule, appear later, being only of
a secondary nature.
"But as this later appearance is not always to be ascertained by observation, being often apparently contemporaneous, we must not attach too much importance to this
characteristic.
" In a paper in the 'Neue Zeitschrift fiir Hom6opathische
Klinik,' (a journal edited by Dr. Hlirschel,) to be found in
Bd. 1, No. xiii, and entitled ' Erliuterungen zur rationellen



14


INTRODUCTION.


stances, and has led us confessedly to subtleties, which future
more exact provings must place in their true light.
"Thus our repertories distinguish  not only nocturnal
troubles, but with an adherence to the letter which seeks its
like, also, symptoms evening, evening in bed, at night,
before and after midnight, during sleep, in the morning in
bed, in the morning, in the forenoon, after breakfast; affections from  the west, the south, the north, the east wind;
heat of the sun, bed, and stove; movement in carriage exercise, riding, swinging, &c. This is the point at which faith
and knowlege come into conflict, and where the extremes of
both lead to hasty conclusions. The critical understanding
readily doubts facts and rejects them, or loses itself in hypothetical attempts at explanation, in categories, and constructions, at last in moonshine. Faith hangs on each syllable,
and swears by the dot over an i. It leads to mechanical
treatment, to the mere addition of a sum of similarities which
is placed over against another and similar sum. To get us
out of this dilemma, and to bring the incomprehensible into
reconciliation with the requirements of the practical reason,
there presents itself the following mode:
1. A fundamental inquiry must be made into the details of
the case in question, and the order of causation in which the
individual secondary symptom stands to the whole, must be
ascertained.
2. The details of the proving must be examined, in order
to discover whether the particular symptom is constantly
found in the majority of the provers, and when it occurs
singly, what kind of person the prover is who remarked it.
This is the value of the symptom a priori.
3. We must ascertain in what connection with the general
character of the medicine the individual apparently secondary
symptom stands, and whether it may be physiologically
explained by and deducible from this. This is the scientific
value of the symptom--a subordinate one.



18


INTRODUCTION.


Arsen., Aur., Kal. c., Lach., Spong., to those depending on
disease of the heart and heart diseases! What has its fine
diagnosis of these diseases profited the old school in a therapeutic point of view?  At most it has introduced a ' heart
diet,' and prevented mischief-Digitalis is its one and all, its
Alpha and Omega. Compare, on the contrary, the cases of
disease in the homoeopathic Materia Medica, the corresponding symptoms of Aeon., Bell., Ac. nitr., Chin., Ignat.,
Nat. mur., Nux. vom., Plat., Sulph., Verat., against the
congestive and nervous forms; of Puls. and Ferr. against
chlorotic and anemic states; of lod., Spig., Spong., against
hypertrophy; Arsenic., Dig., Spig., Kal. c., Naj. tripudians,
(according to Russell) against hypertrophy, dilatation, valvular disease. There needs only an exact science of symptoms,
a comparison of particular groups of symptoms with the
whole character of the medicine, in order to bring the newly
obtained results of pathology into agreement with our therapeutics.
" In conclusion, yet another proof from   another sphere!
The new pathological school has with justice laid great stress
on the excretions, though they over-estimate their symptomatic significance; and in particular they pay attention to
the urinary secretion and diseases of the kidney. What did
homoeopathy require long before this time? She requires
with regard to urinary diseases attention to be paid, not
merely to the subjective symptoms, to their different kinds
(dysuria, incontinentia, &c.), to the pain and the periods of
its occurrence (whether before or after micturition, in order
to distinguish between diseases of the prostate, of the fundus
of the bladder, of the sphincter, or the urethra, nocturnal, or
in the day, &c.), to the seat and origin (bladder, kidnies,
blood, &c.), the causes (catarrh, plethora, organic affections,
&c.), the exciting causes (fright, chill, spirituous drinks, &c.),
but she has long required that the practitioner should pay
attention to, distinguish, and determine the choice of the



INTRODUCTION.


19


medicine according to the quantity of the secretion (much,
little), the colour (pale, colourless, dark, yellow, &c.), the
smell and the chemical reaction (sour, ammoniacal, basic,
neutral), the temperature (hot, cold), the consistence (clear,
muddy), the constituents (blood, pus, fat, gelatine, albumen,
mucus, gravel), and the deposit (brick dust, clayey, salts),
because such differences exist in the provings.
" In short, it is difficult enough to choose according to these
specific differences, but the necessity of a comprehensive
inquiry into these elements has been long acknowledged by
us, and our Materia Medica was the first to put itself on a
par with diagnosis, in a relation valuable in practice.
" What follows out of these positions and examples? There
follows1st. That a rational connection may afterwards be found
where at first sight it was not visible, and that therefore caution
in pronouncing on individual symptoms, at present isolated,
and not always to be rationally explained, is necessary.
2nd. That a Mllateria Medica, objective, keeping itself free
from  all dogmas, schools, and tendencies of a temporary
character, must be the aim of sound physicians, and that one
of this discipline will easily connect itself with the advancing
progress of pathology.
3rd. That this Materia Medica can only be attained in the
physiological mode, that is, by provings on healthy persons.
4th. That the homoeopathic school up to this time has
alone followed this mode with earnestness and profit.
5th. That this school, inasmuch as it establishes its physiological observations yet further in practice, aims at the
greatest possible certainty for its experiences; and inasmuch
as it proceeds according to a settled principle, similia similibus,
it is the only school which acknowledges a rational empiricism. And finally,
6th. That consequently, on all these grounds, it will easily
keep pace in its therapeutics with    the  development of
c2



20


INTRODUCTION.


pathology, and especially of diagnostics, and will carry them
out into practice to an equal extent, whereas in the old
school the hiatus between both will be left undiminished, and
must indeed become greater.
" May the saying, 'qui bene diagnoseit, bene medebitur,'
be also made good in regard to our knowledge of diseases,
in relation to our knowledge of medicines. Then are we not
merely ' ministri,' but also 'magistri naturae ' "
In fact, the more we are enabled by diagnostics to unravel the distinctions of disease and to trace their phenomena,
each to its proper seat, the more light shall we have thrown
upon the symptoms of our remedies, and the greater will
be the precision with which we shall be able to apply them.
It is as if the causes which increased the range and clearness
of the  marksman's sight, also increased the range and
accuracy of his rifle.
In the advance of diagnostics lies, then, a sure ground of
hope, and one tie the more by which we may be connected
with our allopathic brethren, to whom we may well be
grateful, when we consider that in this case they are the
"cother ('oh~oi) men who labour, and we enter into their
labours."
Physical appliances, chemical and microscopic science,
electricity, galvanism and psychology, all are ours, and
combine to illustrate and facilitate the application of our
simple and beautiful law of cure. On the other hand, an
attentive examination and careful comparison of the symptoms to be found in our Materia iMedica may aid pathology
by presenting for her examination certain invariable sequences of symptoms, the existence of which has been
hitherto unknown from the paucity of recorded cases. Our
pathogeneses, indeed, add the resources of experiment to
those of mere observation furnished by natural disease. We
have, for instance, the advantage in an artificial pathogenesy
of knowing what the agent is that produces the disease; with



INTRODUCTION.


21


that agent we can produce disease in every variety of constitution, and by carefully comparing such cases, and ascertaining what modifications are invariably produced by each
particular well marked constitution, we may arrive at a law
of constitutional reaction.
We may also thus ascertain how particular classes of
agents are affected by certain constitutions-not only how
each agent is affected by different constitutions, but also how
each constitution is affected by different agents.
We have the means also of applying'in some sort the law
of concomitant variations to our inquiries. If, for instance,
we find that a certain well marked symptom occurs in the
proving of, say, a dozen medicines, and not in those of the
rest, we can inquire in what other symptom or set of symptoms those twelve medicines also agree, and set ourselves to
ascertain whether any and what relation obtains between the
one symptom and the other symptom or set of symptoms.
If we are minute enough in our investigations, we shall
probably discover in all these medicines some symptom
invariably connected with the one in question, which being
absent the other is absent also, between which there is also
a relation of intensity, so that the one being more intense,
the other is also more intense, and the contrary.
There will also be found to occur symptoms always present
with the one in question, but not having a clearly marked
connection. In case of any doubt, or if we wish to examine
for ourselves in the living body the connection of the symptoms, we have to institute provings on different individuals
till we get a case in point.  Much labour and patience
attend all experiments systematically conducted, but no
where will they be more amply rewarded.
It may be remarked here, although it is not strictly in
connection with the study of the Materia MJiedica, that the
provings may be made subsidiary to the detection of diseased
tendencies. If, for instance, a certain set of symptoms are



22


INTRODUCTION.


produced in a child by a medicine, another set in another
child by the same medicine, and so on, the groups bearing
the general family resemblance due to the character of the
medicine, but differing in consequence of differences in
individual constitutions, the differences point to latent
tendencies to disease or weak points, and make them  manifest, so that proper homoeopathic treatment can be brought
to bear in consequence of the knowledge thus obtained.
This is making remedies find the game and kill it. The
importance of this to the community cannot be over-estimated.
The curse inherited as far as the fourth generation may
thus be met and neutralized, and a due observance of the
laws of health repeal it for ever.
I feel confident that no one intending to make himself
scientifically acquainted with homoeopathy will fail to attain
considerable information from   the portions of Hirschel's
work which I have translated; I am sure also that a careful
study of them will furnish good training for the mind, and
wean it from that tendency to routine practice which disgraces the ordinary practice of homeopathy at the present
time. There are doubtless many faults in this translation.
I have done my best, however, to attain accuracy.
Dr. Hirschel's style is elegant; all faults on that score
must be those necessarily belonging to a translation, or due
to my awkwardness.



RULES
FOR THE STUDY OF PHARMACODYNAMICS.
(a.) As regards the mode of conducting the enquiry in relation
to the whole Materia Medica.
THE special object of the study of the Materia Medica must
ever be the knowledge of the curative action and the practical
employment of medicines in appropriate cases.
The homoeopathic student will be compelled to observe
with a certain resignation that the road to the knowledge of
the Materia Medica is not with us, as it is with the allopaths,
a broad and open one. The proper fundamental text of their
Materia Medica, which consists in clinical indications for
employment in special forms of disease, entirely fails us.
We have to attain this knowledge by a tiresome study for
ourselves, conducted according to the rules of art, and this
after a two-fold mode.
(a) The study of the pharmacodynamical character of the
medicine, with a view to its clinical applicability in a special
case.
(b) The construction for ourselves of special indications,
ad usum in morbis, out of the general physiological actions of
the medicines.
Both methods must be combined with one another. We
follow the first method, when we find in a repertory or in a
work of special therapeutics, a medicine for a special case.



24


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


We follow the second, when we study the Materia Medica
regularly, medicine by medicine, with a view to pure pharmacodynamics, and not with reference to any special case.
Never, however, must the study of special therapeutics
supersede that of -the Materia Medica, or be unaccompanied
by it. The practical extension of homoeopathy requires the
contemporaneous connection of both studies. We shall do
this in the best way by commencing our study of cases of
disease with such as characterize the indications of cure; we
specially recommend in this respect the first volume of the
Homoeopathic Archives, where the cases recorded by Gross,
Hartmann, Hartlaub, Haubold, Schubert, XEgidi, Wislicenus,
Stapf, M. Mueller, and others, exactly answer this object.
Many of the cures may be possibly due to nature; an improved pathology may possibly detect many sins of omission,
yet have these cases, as we have said, the merit of giving
accurate descriptions of disease and clear indications for the
choice of the curative agent.
The Hygea also, the practical contributions of Thorer, the
Journal of Homoeopathic Clinique, the Homoeopathic Studies
of Wurmb and Caspar, and Ruckert's Collection, contain
good materials for this purpose. In this course of study when
we meet with a medicine which has effected a cure, we must
look for it in Hahnemann's Materia Medica Pura, and then
review, not merely the symptoms for which it was used in the
special case, but also its whole sphere of action, so as to form
for ourselves an idea of the agency of the medicine in this
case and in general. This attempt will at first prove rather
rude; but the oftener a medicine is mentioned in cases of
disease, the oftener we review its general and special action,
the greater number of fixed points we shall obtain.
Let us now take up a work on special therapeutics, (up to
the present time that of Hartmann, if not the only one, is at
least the most complete,) or a good monograph, and peruse
the corresponding chapter; when, for instance, we have met
in the 3rd vol. 1-78 of the Archives of Stapf and Gross with
the case of pneumonia, in which Aconite and Bryony were
employed, let us read the section on acute pneumonia in



PHIARMACODYNAMICS.


25


Hartmann, or in the Homoeopathic Quarterly Journal of
Mueller and Meyer, or in the Clinical Studies of Wurmb
and Caspar.
Here we find a number of medicines with more or less
accurate indications. Compare these with the text of the
Materia Medica Pura, and we shall gradually become more
at home with it: individual points will combine as in a
crystallization, and form centres around which related symptoms may group themselves. In this way we follow out the
synthetic and the analytic modes at the same time. This
mode of investigation should also at an after period in practice never be omitted in making use of the repertories, or a
work on special therapeutics, which must never be allowed to
supersede the contemporaneous reference to the general
action of the medicine.
After this specially clinical course of self-instruction, we
may now proceed independently with the study of the Materia
Medica. For this purpose with the view of forming at once
a general view of a medicine, it will be well to make use of
Noack and Trinks' Manual. We- may then proceed for ourselves with the study of each individual medicine. Where
we have this before us in the later provings, as in those of
Vienna, the key to the enquiry is easily found; we require
only to make an abstract, a condensed arrangement of characteristics already, without any trouble of ours, prominently
brought out. Where, however, the old form of the Materia
Medica Pura and the chronic diseases of Hahnemann is
retained, as it is in the Homoeopathic Archives, in the
Hygea, in the General Homoeopathic Journal, in the provings
of Hering, &c., the student must search out for himself the
characteristic physiological points, and sketch out for himself
out of the individual symptoms a diagnosis of the whole
medicinal disease, and from the component parts of this disease particular types, which answer to natural forms of disease.
This constant reference to the practical side may easily
mislead, if we have not previously made a picture of the
general action, and to this individual forms must always be
referred. It is not easy to create such a characteristic type,



PHARMACODYNAMICS.                  29
view. Such are:-Aconitum, Belladonna, Bryonia, Mercurius,
Nux vomica, Pulsatilla; Champmilla, Ignatia; Cocculus,
Rhus, Dulcamara, Arnica; Phosphorus, Acidum phoshoricum,
China, Camphora, Arsenicum, Carbo vegetabilis and animalis;
Sulphur, Lycopodium, Sepia; Calcarea, Silicea, Hepar sulphuris; Ipecacuanha, Veratrum, Coffea, Hyoscyamus.
In the second series stand as semi-polychrests.
Colocynth, Opium, Stramonium, Cicuta, Staphysagria,
Spigelia, Conium, Cina, Platina, Zincum; Acidum nitricum,
Petroleum, Thuja, Graphites, Baryta carbonica, Ferrum;
Stannum, Aurum; Kali carbonicum, Digitalis, Helleborus,
Ledum, Cannabis, Cantharides; Drosera, lodium, Spongia;
Antimonium crudum, et tartarisatum, Natrum muriaticum,
Magnesia muriatica.
The following medicines form a third series.Ammonium, Acidum muriaticum, Acidum       sulphuricum,
Kreosote, Crocus, Sabina, Secale cornutum; Cuprum,
Moschus, Valeriana, Nux     moschata, Bismuthum, Asa,
Angustura, Agacus muscarius, Ambra, Anacardium, Capsicum; Agnus castus, Clematis, Colchicum, Squilla, Sassaparilla, Guaiacum, Oleander, Rhododendron, Ruta, Mezereum,
Bovista, Borax, Alumen, Plumbum.
To these medicines the remaining ones will connect themselves the more suitably, as the greater number of chronic
cases, for which these medicines are chiefly required, admit
of more leisurely study. Solemnly, however, do we repudiate
the idea of any preference being given to any medicine by
this arrangement; and we protest against any exclusive
favour being shown it in practice on that account.
Each medicine is in turn the best where it suits, and he
will do ill who limits his use of the medicines to the circle of
those with which he is most familiar, or to which he is
most partial.
The practice of the physician is, moreover, of so varied a
character, that at the very outset of his career cases may
occur in which the medicines of most unfrequent use may
find their fitting place. Constantine Hering sketches a very
true picture of a practice without a proper knowledge of the



30


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Materia Medica, when he says,-" In the greater number of
cases of every day occurrence, will these favourite medicines
be given where they do not suit, and can do no good: a
number of medicines will be used on account of single
symptoms, a still larger number will be entirely neglected.
In important and rare cases, where the greatest diligence is
given in seeking out the proper remedy, this sudden exertion
is of no use, so that of two medicines the right one cannot
be selected, or perhaps not a single one seems to suit."
(b.) In regard to the study of each individual medicine.
With regard to the particular study of each individual medicine, it is important, at first by anticipation as it were, to
form  for ourselves in broad and comprehensive outlines, an
idea of the sphere of action of the medicine; then to acquire
an insight into the anatomico-physiological or local-specific
relations, that is to say, a knowledge of the parts, organs,
systems, tissues, &c., on which the medicine acts; then to
ascertain the tendency and mode in which the medicine acts
-or the morbid process, and so to arrange the symptoms
into groups, as that out of them the pathological states and
special forms of disease may naturally proceed. With these
we must learn the exact connection of the circumstances
which exercise an influence on the production, amelioration,
and aggravation of the symptoms. We thus open out to
ourselves a view into the setiological relations; for example,
the action of the open air or chill; of indulgence in alcoholic
stimulants; the order in which these changes stand in regard
to particular functions, whether, for instance, they occur before,
during, or after a meal, or an alvine evacuation; the connection in which these groups of symptoms stand with one
another, as may be gathered from    their contemporaneous
occurrence or close succession; for example, headache with
gastric states, cough with vomiting, sleep with febrile state,
&c. Lastly, the mental states produced by the medicine are
very important for a knowledge of its individual nature. In
order to ascertain these important points, we must carefully
put together the details.   We must then institute com



PHARMACODYNAM1CS.


31


parisons in regard to the symptoms and the phenomena, and
"where we can get them, with regard to the individualities of
the provings, then certain diagnostic characters will assume
a certain constancy and importance, in proportion as they
develope themselves equally among several provers, and in a
stiking way.
From the characteristic anatomical signs, which are to be
mutually compared at first in individual parts, as the head,
chest, &c., then in their collective aspect, we are not to
understand the organs and particular systems merely which
are acted on, but by deeper inspection must learn to distinguish the predominant histological and general elementary
states to which the medicine is specially related.
When we have done this we have advanced far towards a
knowledge of the pathological process and its quality. Thus,
for example, after a proper observation of the mtiological
points, of the general character and of the particular appearances, affections of the glands easily lead us to scrophulosis,
of the mucous membranes to catarrh, of the fibrous membranes to rheumatism, &c. Connections between particular
anatomical parts and physiological functions will conduct us
to the phenomena of one set from those of the other; for
example, affections of the pleurm to the peritonceum, heart
and lung affections to liver and kidney affections, those of the
skin to the kidnies, those of the urinary apparatus to the
serous membranes, as in dropsy. Many mental states point
to heart, chest, and abdominal affections. The feelings and
indications of temperament to affections of the liver and
digestive apparatus.
Equivalent states should be arranged in the mind together,
for example, congestive phenomena and inflammations of
particular parts.
As we compare symptoms, types of disease will at first
spontaneously arise, which, however much they may differ
from the forms hitherto known, yet will recall to our recollection certain states, which are current among certain
nosological characteristics. We have in our minds, for instance, the forms of cramp in the stomach produced by Nux



PHARMACODYNAM ICS,


33


process. On this account we observe the places where they
occur, as. well as their kind. We have seen that certain
kinds of pain answer as much to the anatomical part, as to
the fundamental character of the disease. Drawing and
tearing occur in the muscles, shooting in the serous membranes, cutting in the abdomen, tenesmus in the bladder and
rectum, an ache or pressing pain in the head, squeezing in
the ears, boring in the bones, pain as of bruise in the muscles and joints, pain as of excoriation in the capillaries, burning in the mucous membranes, the external skin, in the
vessels (the blood itself?). The preponderating kind of pain
must consequently be especially indicated among the general
characteristics. To this must be added besides, the particular
circumstances under which the symptoms occur, are aggravated, or ameliorated, as the time, movement, air, heat,
pressure, the influence of particular acts, as of eating, drinking, going to stool, &c. And here the particular symptom
affected by the cause must be borne in mind, as well as the
cause itself. These conditions or circumstances lead us back
as we have before observed, to aetiology and pathology.
The influence of the period of the day distinguishes between
nervous, congestive, and vegetative affections; aggravation in
the open air points to a rheumatic diathesis; aggravation after
eating to a dependence on the digestive apparatus, &c. We
must beware, however, of supposing the contrary.    For
instance, it by no means follows that movement relieves
where rest aggravates, and vice versa. Dulcamara, for example, has many symptoms which are better by movement,
but very few which are worse at rest. It we cannot discover
the physiological causes of these changes in every case, yet
does experience shew us that precisely these above-named
points are connected with particular diseased states, and even
when this cannot be previously ascertained, yet do they
always provide such characteristic diagnostic indicatioans for
the particular medicines, that their retention among the
general signs is indispensable.
If we have now by this mental operation seized gradually
the general characteristic appearances of a medicine as they
D



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


35


J:  Meyer also has the merit of great clearness, and of having
successfully cultivated this stony field. What we miss in
his studies of Aconite and Platina, which are rather loosely
handled, he has given us in that of Sepia, which bears the
marks of proceeding from a well established basis; for we
have not merely a clinical use of the symptoms, as before,
but a general, deep, physiological characterization is presented, in which the partial constraints of unity, and the
hypothetical character of many assertions are willingly pardoned on account of the consistency and the simplification
which are consequently attained in the monstrous complexity
of the Sepia-symptoms.    I shall, myself, now proceed to
attempt a study of two medicines, Bryonia alba and Rhus
toxicodendron.
But these studies differ partly in the kind and mode,
partly in their tendency, from the above named systematizations; for I do not, as the above named writers do, proceed
from the stand-point which they justly take of teachers, of
men who are conscious they understand the medicine before
them, but, inasmuch as these representations are intended to
exemplify the way and mode in which the study of a medicine is to be undertaken for one's-self, I suppose myself to
be a learner, who, unacquainted with the medicine and its
properties, wishes to create for himself an idea and acquire a
knowledge out of the materials before him, and must consequently treat them in a purely objective manner. In the
consideration of what follows I would request this to be
particularly borne in mind.
The previous instructions and rules for the study of
pharmacodynamics will thus, in some measure, find a visible
and formal realization. Previously, however, I must be
allowed a few hints on the methods which are here employed.
The representation on paper, which is always necessary, in
greater or less extent, pre-supposes a division of the schema
into particular sections, because this trouble is not taken
in the Hahnemannian Materia Medica, and indeed the
operation is impeded by the separation of parts that belong
to one another. We are often, therefore, compelled to make
) 2









41


HEAD AND SCALP.


GIDDINESS,*   (sympt..............................
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11,
12, 17, 56,) as if one
were turning round, or
as if every thing were
turned round him (s. 2).
A dull, giddy, oppression (s. 3)               in the head.
Giddiness, as if intoxicated, (4, 5, 7,) and
as if the blood mounted
violently (s. 4)          to the head.
Giddiness, with  feel-.............................
ing of WEIGHT, (9, 22,
30, 31, 32, 51, 52, 56,)
as if every thing turned
round in a circle (9)
Giddiness and FUL- in the head (10).
NESS (10, 18, 58)
Giddy, with  sense  of..............................
whirling, and an unpleasant sensation in
the middle of the chest,
as if faintness was coming on (11)
Giddiness,  so  as  to..............................
stagger backwards and
threaten to fall (12, 13)
STAGGERING (8, 12,.......................
14, 16,) to both sides, as
if he could not stand up
firmly (14)
She  staggers  to  one.............................
side (15)
Giddy   in  the  head..............................
and weak in the limbs
(17)


when standing (s. 2), as
soon as he got up from
his chair, disappearing
after walking a little
(s. 6).
whilst sitting (stooping)
and reading, disappearing on rising up (56).
on sitting up in bed
(11).
on  standing  in  the
evening (12); on attempting to walk (13).
during walking (14); in
the morning on getting
out of bed (16).
after movement (15, 38,
42, 75); while standing
(15).
the whole day.


* The numbers affixed indicate the order of the symptoms according to
Hahnemann. The frequency and coincidence is given by the numbers.
Exactly equivalent symptoms are omitted.



4.2


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Dull movements in
the head, which occasion  giddiness  and
stagnation of thought
(19)
More   BEWILDERED
than giddy (20)
So weak in his mind
that his thoughts vanish; as if about to faint
with heat (21)
Hallucination,  his
own head seems much
too heavy to him (22);
like a hundred weight
(30, 31).
STUPID in the head
(23,26); with excessive
deficiency of memory
(23, 29); the thinking
faculty is impeded (26);
cannot collect himself
(29).
She forgets what she
is about (24, 25); and
lets every thing fall
out of her hands (25)
He asks for things
which are not present,
(27), which when obtained he will not have
(28).
Great weight (32),
and pressure (32, 38,
40, 43, 44, 45)
STUPEFACTION (33)
Confusion (34).
Gloominesss (35, 37)
as after a debauch (37).
HEADACHE (36, 37,
41, 42, 52, 53, 54, 57,
60, 61, 62, 63, 71, 75)


in the region of the
vertex and forehead.
in the head.


in


the face................ chiefly during standing.


of the whole brain from
behind forwards (32)
of the head............


(in the room), worse on
lying down (24).
whilst  stepping  out
(38).
till bed-time (35); he
will not get up (37).
beginning early in the
morning, not on getting
up, but on first opening
and moving the eyes
(36) early while waking
(37).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


43


Dull pain (39)
Dull ache (40)
Throbbing    pain
"(41)


in the occiput.
in the occiput.
in the forehead......... compelling recumben

cy.


Digging ache (42) in the anterior portion of
with pressure to the the brain


forehead


"Pressive pain (43)
Pressure from within
outwards (44, 52, 53,
57, 59).
Semilateral headache
of a pressing kind
Obscure compressive
pain (46)
At first congestion
of blood; then followed
a feeling of compression
Feeling of compression (48, 49, 50)
With jerks, like pulsations (50)
Heaviness of thehead
(51) as if it were stretch

in the forehead.
over the left socket in
the brain, passing into
a pressure on the eyeball from above, inwards (44); to the forehead (53).
and in the eye, of the
same side.
in the forehead and the
eye.
to the head (47).
from one temple to another (47).
from one ear to another
(48); on both sides of
the head (49).
in the brain.


especially on stooping
and walking quickly, a
walk tires him much,
so that he can hardly
stoop (43), while taking
a walk and after dinner (53).
she could not raise her
eyes for pain; on stooping she could not raise
herself again (51).
and great desire to lie
down.
while walking and after dinner (53).


ed-out, intermixed with
SHooTs (51, 57, 67 -70).


Violent    headache,
like a great weight, as
if he must nod on all
sides, with pressure
outwards (52)
Pressure   outwards
(53, 57)
Feeling   as  if all


in the brain.
in the forehead (53).



44


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


would fall outwards'
(54, 55)
Pressure  outwards
(59)
Feeling as of an expansive pressure (58,
60)
Headache, like   a
weight which presses
on a sore place (61)
Semilateral headache
like a digging pressure
Like a sort of digging
or tearing (62)
A twitching drawing
(63)
A jerking tearing (64)
Tearing pain (65, 66)
Shoots (67, 68, 69,
70)
"Whirling  sensation.
(70)
Headache, with HEAT
IN THE FACE, rather
jerking than throbbing (71)
Painful     throb
bing (72, 73, 75)


towards theforehead (54) 1 on stooping (55).


in both temples.
of the skull.
in the occiput, to the
shoulders.
on a small spot of the
right hemisphere of the
brain (62).
along the bones of the
upper and lower jawbones downwards (62,
63), in connection with
a painful submaxillary
gland.
in the malar and jawbones.
from the right malar
bone to the right temple upwards.
in the left side of the
head  (65); over the
forehead superficially,
then in the muscles of
the neck, then in the
right arm (66).
in the head through
the temple (67); from
the forehead   to the
occiput (69)
in the right side of the
forehead.


externally, more violent
on touch.
while walking in the
open air.
also perceptible externally (72); quicker on
movement (75).


(above,
(73)


on the vertex)


Pain, hollow throb- in both temples.
bing, (74); chirping as



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


45


of grasshoppers (76);
gurgling (77)
Pain, as if any one in the temples (78).
was pulling the hair
(78)
Burning pain (79)  above, on the head,  not painful on touch.
Headache (80)     in the forehead;     especially on touch.
Feeling of excoria- on one side of the oc- on handling it.
tion (81)            ciput,
Smarting, gnawing itching on the scalp,  (at night) (82); on
(82)                                     combing the hair (84).
Great greasiness of
the hair (83).
Conclusions from the foregoing.
As to the locality, we find both the whole head and particular positions of it affected.
Especially affected are:-the anterior part of the brain,
the frontal portion, the region above the eyes, the temples.
From this we learn that the first Branch of the Trigeminus
is affected by the medicine. One-sided, semi-lateral affections
occur only as detached symptoms. The General and Internal
Oppression of the Brain indicates affections of a serious
character. That these extend themselves to the Skull, the
Bones, speaks for a material obstruction, probably for an
effusion of fluid; S. 58, 60, point particularly that way.
The kind of pain and the termination of the inflammation
may lead us to an affection of the Serous membranes. There
are also for affections of the Muscles, and Fibrous membranes,
indications in the tearing pain.
Among the symptoms are predominant,-the phenomena
of abnormal Circulation, Hypercemia, Congestions in the
Vessels, Inflammation, (compare symptoms 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13,
19, 41, 47, 54, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77). These, and the remarkable heat in the face (20, 47, 71) show that the phenomena
are not purely of a nervous character, but depend on
Congestion.
The kind of pain gives special support to this view; it is



46


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


now pressive, now digging, now like a pain of soreness, and
now a throbbing. The squeezing, compression, tension, andc
distension, are only varieties of this pressure. This manifestly
points at hypercemia and inflammation. The shooting pains
indicate inflammation of the serous membrane (meninges),
aggravation by movement (stooping) speaks far for a congestive, that by touch for an inflammatory character. The
obscure movements, with giddiness and suspension of the
thinking faculty (19), the confusion (20), vanishing of
the thoughts,-further the S. 23, 24-29, the dull pain
point to oppression of the internal parts of the brain, and
particularly (a) to an affection of the Sensorium; (b), to a
commencing Deterioration of the Sanguification, as is usual
in organic diseases, in typhus and other nervous conditions.
The squeezing and pressure appears more in the central
parts, from within outwards (51, 53, 59, 88), particularly as
if all would fall out at the forehead.
This we find as well in mere hypercemia, as in organic
diseases of the brain; it points particularly to Decomposition,
to an Effused Fluid, (compare heaviness, tottering, &c.),
Exudation, Dropsical Collections.
Besides we find frequently-Jerking, Tearing, Digging.
These last kinds of pain are indications of nervous
affections, which depend principally on congestive states, as
also on organic changes lying more deeply, to which the
Twitching and the Gurgling are also to be referred as symptoms of organic disease of the heart, with hypercemic
diathesis.
The extension of the tearing to the face, &c., indicates a
neuralgic affection, which may have, probably, a congestive
or an inflammatory character. Whether the open air causes
aggravation, is not yet ascertained (rheumatic?).
On arranging these observations under a clinical point of
view, we find the following principal forms of disease correspondingly indicated, and provided that the precise phenomena suitable for Bryony are comprehended in the choice,
they will be indications for its employment.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.                      47
I.-ABNORMAL CIRCULATION (HYPEREMIA) OF THE BRAIN.
(1.) Congestive states, especially to the anterior part;
headaches of that sort.
(2.) Inflammations of the brain and of its meninges, especially where   nervous phenomena or exudation,
effusion of fluid threaten, or are already present.
(See II.)
II.--ABNORMAL SANGUIFICATION, COMMENCING ORGANIC DEGENERATIONS.
(1.) Second stage of inflammation.
(2.) Hydrocephalus acutus.
(3.) Typhus?   Compare the fever symptoms.
III.-NERVOUS DERANGEMENT (HYPEREMIC).
(1.) Affections of sensation in the head.
(2.) Neuralgia of the trigeminus.
(3.) Hemicrania.
IV.-RHEUMATISMUS? (HYPERGEMIC TEARING IN THE HEAD).
To get a more exact knowledge of the idiopathic or
sympathetic nature of the head affections, and for forming
groups of symptoms, compare the
(1.) Gastric affections.
(2.) Fever symptoms (on account of the headache, stupefaction, gloominess, forgetfulness, &c.).
(3.) Symptoms of the extremities (on account of rheumatism).
As to the scalp symptoms, they are either extensions of the
so-called hyperoemic or nervous states, or have to be compared with the skin symptoms.
We may remark that the Vienna provings (see Oestr. Zeitschr. f. Hom.
iii. 1.) has more than one hundred symptoms belonging to the preceding
section, (Hahnemann only seventy-eight) which are more clearly marked,
inasmuch as they give the seat and kind of pain with greater precision. The
pathologico-anatomical appearances (redness, vascular injection, plethora,)
confirm the above given conclusions from the symptoms.



48


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


FACE.


Painful THROBBING, in all parts of the face
(85)
Itching     prick- in the right frontal
ings, like those of muscle.
needles (86)
Tension (87, 91)   in the frontal muscle
under the skin (87)
in the skin of the face
(91).
HEAT, with REDNESS, in the head and face.


also perceptible under
the fingers.
on moving the eyes
(87); or the muscles of
the face (91).




(88, 89, 90); passing
(90)
Red spots (92)
Paleness of the face
(93).
Red, hot, soft swelling (94)
SWELLING,with some
PAIN (95, 96)
A small impetiginous
pimple (125)


in the face and neck.
of the face.
of the left side of the
face, more down along
the nose (95); of the
upper half of the face,
under the eyes and
over the root of the
nose, with swelling of
the eyelids (96).
on the right cheek.


Conclusions.


The Fifth Pair is affected here also, especially the frontal
and supra-orbital nerve, as well as the anastomosing nerves
of this with the facial.   Compare symptoms 86, 87, 91,
95, 96.   The forms of disease are:I.-Neuroses with     hyperoemic (inflammatory) character.
(Compare painful throbbing (85), itching pricking
(86), tension (87, 91), as
Inflammatory prosopalgia.
II.-Rheumatism, as
Rheumatic swelling of the face.
Compare further on,



50


t0RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Weakness of sight,
all the letters run into
one another (110).
Presbyopia; can only
see at a distance (111)
Redness and INFLAMMATION of the lower,
quivering of the upper
(112)
Pain  of soreness
and excoriation (113)
Smarting, as from
sand, compelling one to
rub his eyes (118, 119)
Sudden SWELLING of
the eye, and pain without redness; matter
oozes out, dark redness and swelling (120)
Itching, with burning and tearing (122)
Itching, mixed with
smarting, not to be removed by rubbing (123)


eye-lid.
in the inner angle of
left eye.
in the eyes (118); in
the right eye (119).
of the conjunctiva.
at the border of the
left upper eye-lid.
in the outer angle of
the left eye.


Conclusions.
If we treat of the parts affected first, we find the muscles,
the eyelids, the angles of the eyes, the conjunctiva, and the
whole ball of the eye. We have to add to the elements
already recognised as affected by Bryony (the blood, the
nerves, the sero-fibrous membranes, the muscles,) the Cellular
and the Mucous Membrane.
As before, we find predominantI.-HYTERCEMIA.
(1.) Congestive states of the eye (throbbing).
(2.) Inflammation of the lids, canthi, Conjunctiva (pressive
ache, constriction, smarting, excoriation;
redness, swelling, pus,) and indeed since the
Mucous Membranes are attacked, and the air is
brought into play, there is produced as a special
kind of Bryony-inflammation, the Catarrhal.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


51


II.-The NEUROSES.
(1.) A continuation of the neuralgia of the first branch of
the fifth pair, nervus frontalis, naso-ciliaris, lacrymalls, (S. 97, 102, 103, 104, 106, 115,) (smarting,
itching) =   an affection of the cutaneous nerves.
Are these eye affections independent? Experience teaches
their  sympathetic  constitution;  consequently    compare
further on,
(1.) Mucous membranes of the air passages, &c., for the
Catarrhal affections.
(2.) The skin symptoms for the Exanthemata (measles).
(3.) Gland symptoms for the Scrophulous nature of the
eye affections.
N.B.-S. 110 is connected with cerebral affections. S. 111 is too isolated
and questionable.
THE HEARING AND         EXTERNAL NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
THE EAR.


SWELLING, (126, 135,
136,) with  burning
pain
RINGING, as of small
bells, (127)
A     constrictive
pain with DYSECOIA,
removed by removing
the wax, but only to
return (130)
Feeling as if a finger
were pressed on it (131)
Dull pain (132)
Burning from within
outwards (133)
Burning (134)
Hard LUMP, which
often changes its size
(135).


of the right cheek,close
to the ear (126).
before the left ear.
in the auditory canal.
in the meatus auditorius externus.
round about the left
ear.
in the left ear.
in the lobule.
behind the ear.


which   increases  on
stooping, while reading.


E2



52


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


A pustular swelling,
which burst in twelve
hours, and FORMED A
YELLOW CRUST (136)
Humming (137)
Sensation, as if the
ears had been stopped
(138).
Shoots (139)
Discharge of BLOOD
(140)
Violent  pressive
pain (141)
ULCERATED


before the ear.
before the right ear.


first in one,
other ear


then the


during a walk in the
open air, and on his return to the house.


I from the ears.


in the right external
ear.
external ear (142).


Conclusions.
The seat of the symptoms is chiefly the outer ear, thoug]
the meatus, and without particularization, the ear itself art
said to be affected. Throughout, the affections of the Mucoum
Membrane come out prominently.
The clinical forms are here likewise.
I.-Hypercemia-(pressive ache, burning, shooting, dysecoia,
swelling; the open air and stooping aggravate).
(1.) Congestive states, connected with cerebral affections
(S. 127, 137, 138,).
(2.) Inflammation and   Catarrh  of the inner auditory
passages.
(Dysecoia dependent on congestion and catarrh.)
(3.) Swelling about the ear, connected with deposition of
coagulable lymph; affection of the cellular membrane.
II.-Neurosis.
(1.) Neuralgia of the external ear in connection with
hemicrania, congestion to the head (S. 130, 132,
134, 141,).



544


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE THROAT AND NAPE.


Drawing, with pres- in the throat up to the
sure (158)            ear.
Pain (159)          in the posterior part of
the throat
Tensive   STIFFNESS of the left side of the
(160)                 neck.
RHEUMATIC    STIFF- from  the side of the
NESS (161)            neck to the nape.
Tension (162)       in the nape
Itching   prickings, on the neck


like needles, provoking
scratching, and  disappearing  afterwards
(164).
Red MILIARY RASH
(194)
A smarting, itching
rash (197)
Pain of excoriation
(163)


perceptible  on movement.
on moving the head.
especially after walking
quick.
especially after perspiration.
on movement, impeding
turning of the head and
chewing, even to preventing it.


in the neck.
round the neck
on the left side of the
nape of the neck, and
neck, of the facial and
masticatory muscles


Conclusions.


The nerves, the muscles, and sinews, the cellular membrane, the external cutaneous parts. are affected in a similar
way with the preceding parts.   For we observe,(1.) An inflammatory state (S. 159, 163,). (Aggravation
on movement is worthy serious consideration here).
(2.) A neuralgic (S. 158,) through the anastomosis of the
trigeminus with the sympathetic and spinal nerves.
(3.) Rheumatic (S. 160, 161, 162, 192,), and
(4.) Exanthematic affections (194, 197,).
Compare for No. 2, the face symptoms; further on for 3,
the nape and limb symptoms; for 4, the skin symptoms.
Remar:k-Kammerer in his Metaphlogosen des Zellgewebes, considers
the Vienna provings acs doubtfil, that is, as sympathetic consequences of
arfginw.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


55


THE CHIN AND PARTS CONNECTED WITH THE
MAXILLARY BONES.


Painful pressure(127) under the right malar


Pinching    pressure
(128)
A pimple, with stinging pain (157)
Pain, either simple or
as from a pinch (191)
Feeling as if a little
knob on the bone, with
tensive pain (193)


bone
in the right joint of the
jaw
on the chin
in one of the submaxillary glands.
on the lower jaw.


disappearing from external pressure.
more violent on movement.
on  being  touched  or
turning the head.
on touch, and on turning
the head.


Remark.-S. 163 partially belongs here also.
Conclusions.
These symptoms bear the stamp of being sympathetic, and
indicate
(1.) Neuralgia of the trigeminus through anastomosis of
the zygomatic nerve with the second branch, and
with the facial nerve?   S. 127, (touching relieves/)
S. 193.
(2.) Muscular affections, S. 128, 191? 163.
(3.) Cutaneous affections, S. 157.


Fissure (165), burning (166).
Small   ULCERATED
PATCHES, with burning
pain, (167)
A small elevation,
from  time to   time
BLEEDING violently
A VESICLE, with burning pain (169)
ERUPTION, smarting
(170)


THE LIPS.
in the lower lip.
on the lower lip        on being touched.
on the right corner of
the mouth, but rather
on the lower lip.
on the red of the under
lip.
under the left corner
of the mouth.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


57


'(176); drawing (176,
177); sometimes jerking tooth-ache (182)
SLooseness
Tearing,   shooting
tooth-ache (182)
Feeling  as if the
tooth were screwed in
and then raised out of
its socket, with tearing
in the cheek and pinching in the ears (183)
Tooth-ache, as if cold
air were penetrating to
an exposed nerve in a
HOLLOW TOOTH (185)
Pain, as of SORENESS
Pain, of rawness and
soreness when shaking
a tooth (187)
All the jaw teeth feel
too long! (188, 189)!
they are so LOOSE that
they can be moved too
and fro (188)
SPONGY


of all the teeth (178)
passing  even  to the
cervical muscles.


in the tooth (185)
in the gum.


perceptible on being felt
or on clenching the teeth.
worse on eating and
warmth.
at night; relieved for
an instant by cold water,
better on walking in the
open air.
worse on lying on the
unaffected   side,  removed by lying on the
affected side.
on drinling something
cool.
she cannot bite with them,
and when she tries, there
is a pain as if the teeth
were falling out: early
on waking.


gums.


Conclusions.


These pictures of disease are excellently sketched. The
character of Bryony, even if all the tooth pains were merely
sympathetic, would only be the more confirmed.
Very clearly we perceive it as
I.-An action on the circulation.
(1.) The nervous, irritable, principally congestive toothache
(hence that of pregnancy).
(2.) The inflammatory toothache, especially the affection
of the periosteum and the gum: (the kind of pain,
the elongation, looseness of the teeth, the being screwed
in, dependent on an exudation at the periosteum of



PHARMACODYN AMICS.




swollen and full of mucus, which cannot be
hawked up (202)
SORE-THROAT; DRY
Sand raw (203, 204)..on swallowing.
in the throat (203); during empty deglutibehind and above (204). tion; during awaking;
disappearing after a
short time, then returning; worse in a
warm r-oonz (203); in
the evening (204).


Conclusions.
An unmistakable form of angina, faucium, and tonsillaris,
which is evidence for the inflammatory action, the affection
of the mncons membrane, and the chill element.
Compare further on:
The mouth, stomach, and bowel symptoms for the gastric
(catarrhal) character.,
INTERNAL PART OF THE MYOUTH.
(The Tongue, Thirst, and Taste symptots, &0c.)


FEELING OF DRYNESS
(205)
VESICLES, which burn
and smart (206)
Dryness (207-211)
sothatthetong-te sticks
to tbe roof of tbe mouth
(207)
Without thirst (208,
210).
Much THIRST, without heat (212)
Violent thirst, (213
-216)     twenty-two
days long (213)
Tim,~ SALIvA  RUNS
FROM HI-M INvOLUNTARILY (217, 218)


not on the tongue, but
above on the palate.
on the anterior border
of tbe tongue.
in the mouth (207, 209)
merely within the upper lip and the upper
teeth (211)


early
(209).


in  the m72o42n-ing....................Iin  the  day.


especially in the morning (214); night and
day (215); after eating
(216)


out of the corners of
the mouth (217)



60


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Accumulation     of
much   soapy, frothy
saliva (219)
Very WHITE coated
(220)
FLAT, SWEET, nauseous taste (221, 222,
225)
Disagreeably insipid
taste (223, 224). HE
HAS ALMOST NO TASTE
(223).
Almost no taste,when
not eating it is BITTER
(226).
Everything   tastes
bitter (227, 228, 229,
264); he can swallow
no food (227)


in the mouth.
tongue.
in the mouth.
in the palate (228); in
the mouth (229)


Taste as if the teeth............................
were FOUL, or of putrid
flesh (230)           in the mouth
A   RANCID, SMOKY
taste (233) rises     into the throat
Putrid SMELL (232)  from the mouth (232)


remained constantlyafter dinner (228); in
the morning (229); in
the evening after laying
down (264).
in the morning when
fasting, not during eating (231).
late in the evening.


Conclusions.
These pathogenetic actions form for themselves no exclusive physiological group of symptoms, but receive their
completion through others., Manifestly affected are the
mucous membrane of the stomach and the intestines,-the
bilious system.
We have consequently to compare further on.
(1.) The symptoms of the stomach and intestines, on
account of the gastric (apthous) and pituitous character (S. 220).
(2.) The hepatic and bilious symptoms, on account of the
predominant bilious character now presenting itself
for the first time.
(3.) Symptoms of fever and inflammation, for the sympathetic affections of these tissues in febrile and in-'



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


61


flammatory    states  (compare    the   symptoms    of
dryness and thirst).
(4.) The S. 217-219 point to cardialgic troubles.         See
stomach and abdomen symptoms.
Remark.-The tongue symptoms are more decidedly expressed in the
Vienna provings, and speak especially for aphthce, see above, 167.
STOMACH.
(Gastric symptoms, Hunger, Appetite, Risings, &c.)


Loss OF APPETITE
without bad taste (234,
236).
SPOILED   APPETITE
(235).
The stomach is empty; HUNGER without
appetite (237, 239)
Nothing has a relish
(246)
Morbid hunger with
loss of appetite (238,
244)
Constant   NAUSEA,
(240) and immediately
after morbid hunger,
(240, 245).
Morbid hunger, with
THIRST and FUGITIVE
HEAT (241)
Violent hunger for
fourteen days (242).
Much too great desire for food for six
days (243).
He has no appetite
for milk (247)


in the morning when
fasting (238).
in the morning (241);
till night (245).
but when he begins to
take it his appetite returns and it begins to
relish.


DESIRE FOR MANY
THINGS, which he can



RULES POR THE STUDY OF


not eat when he gets
them (248).
The food smells nice
(249)
Desire for WINE (250);
for   COFFEE    (251);
strong (252) frequent
empty RISINGS    (253)
(259)
After a rising mHcCOUGH (254) for a quar.
ter of an hour (255),
violent (256)
Violent risings (257)
with the taste of what
has been eaten (258)
Rising, with BURNING
taste in mouth, and
MUCUS in the throat
(260).
At each eructation a
shooting pain (261).
Burning, almost incessant,  eructations,
which make the mouth
rough and hinder the
taste for food (262).
A BITTER, DRY TASTE,
which remains so dry
in the anterior part of
the  mouth, without
thirst; the lips are dry
and split (263)
Eructations, at the
last BITTER (265, 266)
Bitterness comes into the   mouth, with
eructations, with VOMITURITION (267).
SOURISH eructations
(268, 271)
ACCUMULATION     OF


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I


but as soon as he begins
to eat, his appetite goes
away.
not after drinking, but
after the slightest food
(259)
without having eat any
thing before (254).
after eating,from morning till evening (257).............................. after eating............................  after eating.


~)1~~~~~~~11~~1 )~~~~~~~~~


after eating.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


63


SOURISH WATER IN THE
MOUTH (268)
Vomiturition  (269,
274, 279, 283, 284,)
without being able to
vomit, and frequently
empty eructations (269)
Nausea, (278, 272,
273, 283, 284,) with
much.flow  of water
from the mouth (272)
Frequent VOMITING
of YELLOW and GREEN
MucUs (275)
He awakes with nausea; vomits BILE and
FOOD (276)
Food comes by a sort
of INTERNAL   MOVEMENT, like a regurgitation, into the mouth
(277).
Regurgitation of the
contents of the stomach almost without
an effort (278).
Vomiturition   and
NAUSEA (279, 283, 284)
Vomiting  of solid
food but not of drinks
(280).
HEMATEMESIS,    is
obliged to lie down
(285).
Vomiting of a bitter
damp and putrid liquid,
the taste of which remains in the mouth
(286)


~~~~~~I~~)~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~~


in the morning after an
anxious dream (269).
in the evening before
going to bed (270); especially on simoling (as
usual) (273); early each
morning after getting
up (281).
in the evening (282).
immediately after midnight (276).
after eating, though he
relished it (279); without having eat anything  (283); in the
morning (284)........................  6  A.M.  (286).



64


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Squeamish and sick
(287)
"VOMITING of MUCUS
(288)
CHOKING RISING of
water and MUCUS, like
water-brash; there was
a rising up his chesthe was quite cold during
the time in the body
(289)
Painful feeling, as of
CONSTRICTION (290)
A sort of belching of
mucus (291)
(Cough (292); compare under larynx and
windpipe.)
HEADACHE (293)
Cutting,  as  with
knives (295)
Pressive ache (296)
At last pressure till
it is unbearable
Stomach-ache (297)
Ache, making one illtempered   (208, 299,
300); like a stone (298)
Pinching (301)
Feeling  of  BEING
SWOLLEN (302, 303)
Constrictive   pain
309, 310)
Cutting, with eructations, flushes of heat,
nausea and vomiting,
merely of the ingesta
(310)


after drink (afternoon)
(287).
in the evening............................... in the evening.


in the lower part of the
oesophagus.
from the stomach


in the region of the
epigastrium.
in the epigastrium
on the bladder and perinoeum.
in the stomach
in the epigastrium.
in the epigastrium.
of the stomach (309)
in and above the epigastrium.


in the morning (291).
especially after eating
(292).
quarter of an hour after
each  meal, gradually
disappearing, but renewed by each meal
(293).
on walking immediately
after supper.
it goes away on sitting.
both during and after
eating.
after eating, while walking.
some hours after eating (309).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


65


Conclusions.
When we include with      these the above given mouth;   symptoms and thefever symptoms, the forms of disease, here
excellently portrayed, become easily fixed. We find, directly,
1) an affection of the mucous membranes, presenting itself as
inflammation (compare the cutting) occasioned by acid in the
stomach, and probably dependent on venous congestion here
first conspicuous; (compare the morbid hunger, the cravings,
eructations, aching, pinching, flushes of heat (310), aggravation by eating, drinking, smoking, walking; particular mental
states (298).  This action on the venous system   becomes
still more manifest through 2) the morbid excitement of the
bilious secretion, the bilious element, (bitter taste, eructation,
yellowish-green vomiting, bilious vomiting). Probably these
conditions (venous congestion) also occasion 3) the affection
of the ganglionic nerves, which we see here sketched. How
far 4) 5) the liver and spleen, and 6) febrile conditions here
take a part, will only later be seen.
According to the insight into the Bryony action thus
obtained, the following forms of disease here present themselves.
A.-SToMACH AFFECTIONS (HYPEIREMIE).
(1.) Congestions (of venous character) presenting themselves, as cardialgia, (with congestions to the head)
especially of drunkards, (saliva symptoms, see
above, vomiting, pains,) of pregnancy (longings 248,
249).
(2.) Catarrh of the stomach, commonly called gastric
affections, as vomiting; acids; dyspepsia.
(3.) Inflammation of the stomach, rather the venous; chronic (261, 262, 295, 309, 310).
Remark.-Trinks refers S. 290 to contraction of the orifice of the stomach.
B.-BILIOUs STATES.
Compare further on,
Abdomen-symptoms for liver-and spleen-affections.
F



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


67


- Tensive pain (314)
Burning pain (315)
PAIN, AS IF ABOUT
TO VOMIT (316)
Pain, like stitches in
the spleen
At first tearing and
drawing
Then shoots (318)


in the region of the
liver.
in the abdomen, in the
region of the liver.
in the abdomen.
on both sides of the
abdomen.
in the abdomen...............................


particularly on movement.
especially during stool
and chiefly in the evening.
after drinking a warm
cup of milk in the afternoon.
and disappeared after
stool.


Violent     cutting
stitches (319)
The pain compelled
him TO BEND DOUBLE
(319)
Griping, with shoots
(320)
BELLY-ACHE,   with
anxiety and dyspnoea
(321)
Flatus does not pass
without loud rumbling
noise (322)
FLATULENT    COLIC,
(323) with pressure
Pain, as if he were
PURGED, or as if the
piles were about to
come on (324)
CRAMPISH pains (325)
Pressure, as from a
knob (329)
As if a lump lay (330)


from the abdomen upwards to the stomach


I..".........................


about the navel............................     relieved by walking.


in the region of the
coecum.
in the abdomen.
in the abdomen.
on the navel
deep in the abdomen.


in the night.
after supper.
on walking out.


Conclusions.
The proportionally small number of these symptoms nevertheless includes a number of forms of disease, since those of
the stomach treated together with those of the intestinal canal,
and the stool-symptoms that follow, with those of fever, must
F2



68


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


be counted with them. The idea included under the word
"abdomen" is also a very comprehensive one. In agreement
with the already explained Bryony character, we here give:
A.-DISEASES Or THE INTESTINAL CANAL.
(a.) Its mucous membrane.
Hypersemia; congestive and inflammatory affections;
(compare the fever symptoms, mucous and bilious
fever; typhus).
(b.) Its serous and fibrous membranes, (compare the cerebral symptoms).,
Hyperoemia; peritonitis serosa, S. 304, 311, with disposition to effusion, (compare dropsy) consequently
and especially in peritonitis puerperalis, (compare
what follows under the relations of Bryony to childbed, and to the female sex.)
Abnormal sanguification; hydropic exudation, after
acute states, as a sequela of scarlatina.
Rheumatism; peritonitis muscularis.
c. Neuralgia.
Enterodynia; colic (294, 305-308, 316, 321-323, 325,
329, 330). Compare chill, effect of flatulence, inflammation, (319, 320).
Remark.-In connection with the stomach and anus there are indications
for ileus.
B.-DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN.
Congestion, probably rather of the venous character,
and inflammation in the second stage; sub-inflammatory states; affection of the serous envelope. The
symptoms are not characteristic enough of the
higher degrees of inflammation.
(The Vienna provings have more decided liver
symptoms.)
Remark.-Many symptoms of the mouth and stomach become here comprehensible. Also those of the hepatic secretion, and the chemical constitution
of the gastric juice. Also many symptoms of cardialgia, which often appear
only as consequences of congestion to the liver and spleen.



rHARMACODYNAMICS.


69


Compare further on.
Stool and fever symptoms for the affection of the intestinal
canal -== affection of mucous membrane.
Symptoms of the extremities for rheumatic nature = affections of the fibrous membranes. Above, compare cerebral
S symptoms for affection of the serous membranes; exudations,
mouth and stomach symptoms for gastric and bilious character.


ANUS. (STOOL.)


RUMBLING in the ABDOMEN,   BELLY-ACHE,
and feeling of approaching diarrhoea (326, 327).
Horrible cuttings in
the abdomen, as if DYSENTERY was coming
on, without any evacuation (328)
Twisting and pinching, as if after a chill,
and after the pain a
LARGE SOFT STOOL (331)
Very offensive frequent evacuations (332,
338) and cutting before-hand (332)
DISTENSION OF THE
ABDOMEN, working in
the bowels, cutting, and
then  continual  COSTIVENESS; he feels as
if something lay in the
bowels (333).
Pain in the abdomen,
as of constriction and
contortion (334).
It excites an evacuation (335).
Stool twice a-day,
after some days constipation (336)........ o...............
in the abdomen and
region of the navel.
in the abdomen.


in the forenoon.



70


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Brown, frequent soft
stoolin a suckling (337).
Stool of large diameter, PASSED WITH DIFFICULTY (339).
DIARRHOEA (340,341,
345, 347, 353, 355) preceded by griping (349).
Looseness, without
any  other  complaint
(342); with   burning
(353)
Diarrhoea, four days
consecutively,   every
three hours, so urgent
that he cannot help
passing the stool; the
twelve days following
the usual stool almost
as urgent, passed unexpectedly (343).
Diarrhoea twice aday, so debilitating as
to keep him in bed
(344).
Diarrhoea, with    a
strong smell of putrid
cheese (347).
Soft BLOODY stools
(348)..After a hard stool
long continued burning (350)
Very firm stool, with
forcing out...............
which however soon
reentered; after which
diarrhoea with borborygmi (351)
Large itching, jerking stitches (354)




in the morning in general (345), particularly
at night (346, 353).




in the rectum.
of the rectum.
in the abdomen.




from the anus upwards.


Conclusions.
The actions pictured here are partly completions of what



PH-ARMACODYNAMICS.


71


has passed before, partly open up new states, which, however,
depend essentially on known relations.
1. The fits of colic, S. 326, 327, 331-334, 349, (cutting)
- establish the relations of Bryony to the chill element,
to the mucous and sero-fibrous membranes, (consequently catarrh, rheumatism) but stand in connection
also with affection of the liver and the hepatic secretion.
2. Dysentery is obviously occasioned S. 228, 346-348, 353,
by the catarrhal hypercemia of the mucous coat, a special predilection for the intestinal portion of which we
have recognised as proper to Bryony. The relationship of this affection with typhus and cholera, allows
us to conclude on its activity in
3. Typhous diarrhoea    when the other fever symptoms
4. Cholera                indicate Bryony.
5. In several symptoms diarrhoea alternates with costiveness 336, 351, or constipation alone recurs, 338, 350,
352. In order to find out from this alternation the
points for determination, we must interrogate clinical
experience. This teaches us that Bryony acts especially
in constipation. In agreement with this, the Vienna
proving shows that constipation is the essential action
of Bryony, and that diarrhoea occurs only after large
doses. (This speaks strongly as to the meagreness of
Hahnemann's proving). How this action consists with
the general character of Bryony, it is difficult to say.
However, bile seems to play the principal part, to which
the colour of the diarrhoea, the connection of the
Bryony obstruction with liver affections, (after sedentary mode of life, indulgence in alcoholic liquor, &c.,)
may incline us. The bilious element in Bryony (compare also the yellow colour of the skin) has also here,
consequently, its circle of action. The connection of
obstruction with congestions to the head, and with
heemorrhoidal affections (354), may also give indications for the choice of Bryony.
If we now connect the above-named forms, here again in
regard to the seat come out predominantly



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


73


TARILY; on inspect
there is none (364).
Some drqps of
urine PASS INVOLUN'
RILY (365)
After   micturiti
feeling as if he had
quite finished, and so
drops pass involun
rily (366).
URGENT DESIRE
micturate and frequ
MICTURITION (367)


ion
hot
TA-..........................  on  m ovem ent.
ion,
not
)me
itato
Lent..............................  on  walking  out.
THE GENITAL SYSTEM.
(A.)-The Male.


Itching, burning and in the ant. part of
shooting (368)    -    urethra
Burning (369), and
aching (379)           in the urethra.
Drawing and tearing in the ant. part of
(371)                  urethra (371)


the
the


when not making water (368).
when not making water.
while sitting.


Some stiches (372)
Shooting, burning,
itching (373):
Several red itching
MILIARY PIMPLES (374)


in the testicles (372)
on the border of the
prepuce.
on the glans.


(B.)-The Female.
of the labia majora.


SWELLING
On which a hard
black PUSTULE arises,
like a small lump, without pain and without
inflammation (375).
Very distended abdomen, with general
restlessness and pinching, AS ON THE APPROACH OF THE MENSES (376).
THE MENSES COME
TOO EARLY, 8 days
(377); 14 days (378); 3
weeks (379).



76


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


element is here manifestly confirmed by the coryza symptoms.
As S. 392 and S. 395 show the head symptoms are especially
indicative of the Bryony-coryza, and likewise the general
character of the medicine as it makes itself manifest, in
fever (S. 390), in rheumatic and catarrhal processes.
The states immediately following are frequently not to be
distinguished from those laid down in this section.
LARYNX AND TRACHEA.


Some   HOARSENESS,
(385, 386, 388), only
one tone of voice, with
inclination  to  sweat
(386)
Voice  rough   and
hoarse (387).
VISCID MUCUS, detached  by  hawking
(396)
DRY COUGH (397), as
if from the stomach
(398), preceded byitching and tickling (398)
Cough, from a continual tickling
Afterwards expectoration of mucus (399).
COUGH WITH EXPECTORATION (400, 401) at
the same time (400)
Continued dry cough
with running of water
out of the mouth like
water-brash (402).
Nausea, irritates him
to cough (403).
On coughing vomiting of food (404).
On coughing a long
continued shoot (405)
Dry, short, hacking
tussiculation, several..............................        whilewalking          out (385)


in the fauces, in the
trachea (40).
at the epigastrium.
in the throat


in the forenoon.


especially in the morning.


deep in the brain on
the left side.
against the upper part
of the windpipe.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


77


spasmodic    forcible
shocks, which seems to
be covered with dry
hard mucus (406)
Irritation to hawk
(407), as if some mucus
After hawking for
some time, a pain, compounded of excoriation
and ache
A feeling which compels him to cough, as
if from vapour
He feels AS IF HE
COULD NOT BREATHE
AIR ENOUGH (408).
Violent cough, with
much EXPECTORATION
OF MUCUS for a quarter
of an hour (410)
Scraping painful tussiculation,  as  from
ROUGHNESS and DRYNESS
He coughs up clotted
pieces of BLOOD (414).
He hacks and hawks
YELLOW MUCUS out of
the fauces (415)
On coughing shoots
(416)


were in the windpipe.
in the trachea,
in the trachea,


excited
smoke.


by    tobacco


more violent on speaking and smoking.
on coming from    the
open air into a warm
room.


in the morning in bed.


at the top of the wind- in the evening after lying
pipe (412)             down in bed (412).


inwardly in the throat.
Conclusions.


We need after the previous explanations only a short
classification here, in order to understand the action of
Bryony on the parts under consideration. But several of
the chest symptoms that follow, necessarily at the same time
belong here in order to complete the picture.
I.-HYPERIEMIA OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE WINDPIPE and of the LARYNX.
(1.) Simple acute catarrh after a chill, or in connection
with other states, see Skin Diseases.



78


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


(2.) Febrile catarrh, influenza with   the accompanying
headache (405), nervous cerebral irritation, gastric
affections (398, 402, 404,), pains in the back, &c., to
which the general Bryony type is very suitable.
(3.) Acute and chronic bronchitis and laryngitis, especially
the period of transition from one to the other,
(hoarseness, dryness, viscidity, incipient looseness
of the expectoration, excoriation, ache, scraping,
shooting).
(4.) Chronic catarrh (dry, hacking tussiculation, tightness
of the chest, excitability from tobacco smoke, speaking, changing the air,) of old people, with emphysema, bronchiectases, after hoemoptoic infiltration,
after pneumonia (obstruction of the air cells).
(5.) Hemoptysis (414) explainable from   its action on the
lungs and its venous relation, consequently in tuberculosis, but also in abdominal venosity, catamenial
irregularities (compare menorrhagia, epistaxis).
II.-NEUROSES (of the larynx).
(1.) Spasmodic cough, nervous form (398, 399, 406, 408,
412).
(2.) Whooping cough with inflammatory irritation of the
chest (see these symptoms).
(3.) Sympathetic   affection  of the vagus    (cough with
vomiting).
Compare further on, chest, fever and skin symptoms;
above, head, stomach, abdomen, genital symptoms.
Remark.-The cough symptomzs are more clear in Hahnemann's than in
the Vienna provings.
CHEST.
(Organs of Respiration, the Macmmce, the Heart)
On COUGHING, stitch- in the short ribs.
es (417)
On COUGHING, a shoot in the sternum.
He must hold the
chest with his hand; it
shoots also  (418)..........................  on  feeling  the parts.
On coughing, SNEEZING twice (419).



P'HARMACODYNAMICS.


79


On coughing, a heaving of the stomach to
vomit, without nausea
(420).
On coughing, pain
of soreness (421)
On    coughing,  it
strikes  through  the
whole head (422, 423),
like an ache (423).
Immediately after a
fit of coughing fr-equent
GASPING FOR AIR, quick
SPASMODIC    INSPIRATIONS, as if the child
could not recover his
breath, and therefore
could not cough; a
sort of FIT OF SUFFOCATION, whereupon cough
follows (424).
A   pressing   ache
squeezing  the  chest
(425)
An    extraordinary
HEAT   SHORTENS   the
breath, with a sort of
aching pain (426)
Burning pain (427)
The breathing is intercepted, (428), short,
he must breathe quickly (429).
Tightness   of  the
chest (430).
For twelve hours a
fit of TIGHTNESS OF THE
CHEST and shoots in the
side (431).
Tightness   of  the
chest; desire to draw
a full breath,- as if obstructed in the chest
and  prevented  from
breathing > pain, as if


at the epigastrium.


especially after midnight.


at the pit of the stomach.
in the epigastric region
(426).
in the right chest.



80


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


something was stretched which resisted extension (432)
Anxiety in the morning, as if from the abdomen, as after a purgative, and as if the
breath was too short
(433).
BREATHING    QUICK,
ANXIOUS, ALMOST IMPRACTICABLE, on   account of shoots, then
stitches in the vettex
(434)
Pressive pain (435)
Pressure as if with
the hand (436)
With the feet as cold
as ice, a pressive pain
(437)
As if it were obstructed with MUCUS, a
pressive  pain  (438)
and some shoots (438)
With weight in the
body, WEIGHT (439)
Shoots every now
and then (440)
A shoot (441)
A tensive pain, increasing to a dull shoot
(442)
Shooting, with anxiety (443)


in the chest, first under
the   shoulder blades,
then under the pectoral
muscles,
over the whole chest.
on the upper part of
the sternum,


on drawing afull breath.
which prevent respiration, and oblige him to
sit up.
she believes she cannot
go into the open air
without pain.


in the middle of ti
sternum,
on the chest.
in the sternum (438)
on the chest,


he on inspiration.


on inspiration, which
appears to lessen after
eating.
which   disappears on
eating.
on drawing afull breath,


in the side, on the ribs disappearing in the open


air.


from the upper part of
the chest through to
the shoulder-blade,
at the posterior part of
the ribs, especially under the shoulder-blades
in the chest,


on inspiration.
on inspiration.
on drawing a deeper
breath, and chiefly on
stooping forward.
in the evening.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


81


A momentary shoot
to  which   succeeded
simple pain (444)
On the side of the
chest, on which he did
not lie, a stitch (445)
Shooting and throbbing, like a pulse (446)
A shooting pressure
from within outwards
(447)


A shoot,
ulcer (448)


as in an


PAIN, AS AT AN ECCHYMOSED PART (449)
Pain, with oppression, disappearing on
* discharging flatus
An attack, as if the
disease had come to a
height and TOOK AWAY
THE    BREATH   AND
SPEECH (451).
A pain, as of being
squeezedtogether (452)
A squeezing chestpain (453)
INWARD HEAT IN
THE CHEST (455, 456),
and in the face (456);
sensation AS IF ALL
WERE LOOSE IN THE
CHEST and fell downwardsinto the abdomen
(457).
A squeezing pressure
(458)
Considerable SWELLING (459)


in the left collar-bone...4.9. 0....................
in the lower part of the
right side of the chest.
in the chest.
on a small spot under
the   sternum,   which
pains like an ulcer,
at the ensiform cartilage,
over the whole chest,
of the chest near the
sternum.
exactly ever the epigastrium,
behind the sternum,
of the external chest in
front.


on turning in bed.
on the slightest inspiration, as long as it lasts,
even under the touch,
but still more on raising the right arm; in
the morning (448).
under the touch, in the
evening.
in  the   evening    (9
o'clock) (450).
at its worst when sitting
on a chair and stooping,
and while lying on the
side.
more violent on inspiration and expiration.



84


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


the serous membranes for the formation      of exudations
(effusions). Compare, therefore, the pressure, oppression, the
peculiar tightness of the chest, the undefined dull feeling
and the sort of cough (as above); further, S. 432, 442, 447.
From these we conclude again upon the plastic processes in
the brain and the abdomen.
III.-ABNORMAL SANGUIFICATION.
(1.) Serous effusion in the cavity of the chest, hydrothorax in consequence of pleurisy. (Compare many
symptoms of tightness in breathing, pressure, especially S. 432, 433, 439, 442, 457, 463.)
(2.) As a consequence of organic changes, - Asthma
occasioned by tuberculosis. (Compare the symptom
of obstruction of the air cells-cough,) in connection with hydrothorax or hcemoptoic infiltration, as
a consequence of inflammations (exudations) on the
pleura, in the pulmonary tissue, heart affections
with venous disturbance of the circulation (452,
455-457), probably also in compression of the
cavity of the chest by ascites (433, 450, 451).
IV.-NEUROSES.
S. 454 contains a confirmation of the above given whooping cough action.
Remark.-Many symptoms in this section complete the catarrhal states
given above-also influenza, hcemoptysis.
B.-MAMMARY GLANDS.
The relations of Bryony to the glands and to the female
sex evince themselves in the form of mastitis. The phenomena in the nerves, muscles, and integuments, the back and
head pains point this way. Consequently when not nursing,
as well as when similar affections occur as a consequence of
suckling, or on weaning.
C.-T,  E THEART.
The symptoms of the organs of respiration must be
included in order to complete the very defective indications



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


85


of heart disease given here.   The symptoms are hardly
important enough either for organic affections,- or inflammations of the heart; yet we may conclude upon venous
congestions in the cardiac circulation, and on exudation in
the pericardium, partly through the secondary action on the
pulmonary circulation, partly through comparisons with
cognate states.
Compare further on, fever and limb symptoms; above,
larynx, trachea, head, stomach, abdomen symptoms.


Painful STIFFNESS OF
THE MUSCLES (464)
PAIN and WEAKNESS,
as if the head were too
weak (465)
PAIN, AS IF AFTER A
CMILL (466)
Pressing pain (467)
Burning (468)
Painful pressure
A dull shooting (469)
A  CRAMPISH   PAIN,
almost like a shudder
(470)
Shooting (471)
Shooting pain for six
hours (472)
Pain (473)
Burning (474)
A contractive pain,
almost like a cramp, as
if he were bound together with bands (475)


BACK.
on the right side of the
nape of the neck to the
axilla,
on the nape of the neck
where it joins the occiput.
in the nape of the neck.
between each scapulme,
and across to the front
of the chest,
under and between the
scapulae.
on the right acromion,
towards the posterior
and external parts, extending to the shoulder
joint,
between the shoulder
blades.
in the lumbar vertebras.
in the loins and back,
in the loins,
in the back.
across the whole back,


on moving the head.
while sitting, discappearing on walking.
more violent on touch.
on a deep inspiration.
at night.
which very much impedes walking.
in the afternoon, from
4 - 8 o'clock in the
evening.



86


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Drawing (476)


down the back,


A painfully shooting near the spine,
plucking (477)         on both sides,


Pain of bruize (478) in the sacrum,


Tearing (479)
Two great shoots, as
from a knife (480)
A tickling, creeping,
as of a mouse (481)


in the back and I
vertebrea,
in the hip.
from the axilla
hip.


numn


on sitting, going away
on movement.
while   sitting,  especially  morning    and
evening (477).
while   sitting,  worst
when    lying,   slight
when moving.
bar more in standing than
in sitting, but not in
lying;   it   prevents
bending and stooping.
the


to


Conclusions.
With the intermixture of the different seats of the affections,
that of the latter proceeds hand in hand. We distinguish
therefore,I.-Hyperoemia (A) of the vessels of the spine.
(1.) Venous congestion as a concomitant of catamenial
and heemorrhoidal affections, from a sedentary
mode of life, with obstructions (compare stool). As
evidences of this, pressure, burning, shooting, shooting jerks: the seat,-the skin, muscles, vertebrae.
Aggravation by touch, and in the evening.
II.-NEUROSES (B) OF THE SPINAL MARROW, probably depending also on congestion, or at least in connection
with I. This gives us,(1.) Spinal irritation (hysteria) and its consequences.
(2.) A portion of fever symptoms (intermittent and nervous fever).
For this nervous nature speak S. 465, 467, 470, 475--478,
481, (weakness, pressure, cramp, spasms, drawing, jerking,
pain of bruise, tickling, creeping). Amelioration by movement.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


87


III.-RHEUMATISM (C) OF THE MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS,
VERTEBRAE.    (Compare the symptoms of fever, and
those of the extremities.) Here, the extension of the
pain, which appears as stiffness, either drawing or
tearing, as after, a chill (466) becomes manifest,
and does not bear movement well.
Remark.-The back pains are often only secondary and sympathetic, being
connected with the abdomen and chest troubles, tearing in the extremities,
(thus S. 469, with pleuritis mnuscularis.)  They frequently, however, occasion
as primary, (spinal irritation) other states, as bladder affections, colic,
crampish pains of pregnancy.
Compare further on.       Symptoms of extremities and of
fever.
Above: abdomen, stool, genital and chest symptoms.


EXTREMITIES.


A dull shoot (482)
SWEAT (488)
A sort of shoot (483)
A   quivering  and
jerking (484)
Drawing, as of- a
thread (485)
Pressing pain (486)
NERVOUS     tearing
(487)
Pain, as of sprain
(489)
Shoots (491)
SWELLING (490, 492)


(Upper and Lower.)
above the axilla down
to the arm.
in the axilla.
in the upper arm,
in the deltoid muscle.
through the arm bones
down to    the finger
points.
on the bones of both
upper arms,
down the inside of the
arm.
in the region of the
acromion,
in the right elbow joint.
of the right upper arm
to the elbow (490); on
the elbow joint and a
little above and below
to the middle of the
upper and fore arm, as
well as on the under
part of the foot (492).


especially on lifting it.
which prevents sleep
in the evening.
on lifting up the arm.



RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Tearing pain (493)
Red MILIARY ERUPTION (494)
Violent shooting and
creeping (495)
Shooting
With drawing (496)
Creeping, as if numb
(497)
Shooting pains, with
WEIGHT (498)
HE CANNOT GRASP
FIRMLY
TREMBLING AND DISTENDED VESSELS (500)
Pain, as if SPRAINED
or DISLOCATED (501)
Fine shoots (502)
An INFLAMMATION
with burning pain (503)
Feeling of HEAT, after some hours feeling
of COLD (504)
STIFFNESS and feeling of NUMBNESS (505)
Tearing for a short
time, recurring at intervals (506)
Involuntary twitching (507)
Shooting pains (508)
NUMBNESS (509)
PARALYTIC FEELING
(510)


on the inner surface of
the fore arm from the
elbow in a line to the
wrist.
on the upper side of
the fore arm.
in the left arm.
in the point of the elbow.
in the tendons down to
the hand,
in the hand.
in the wrist.
with the hands (499).
of the hands.
in the wrist,
in the root of the hand,
of the back of the
hand (about midnight).
in the palm of the hand
and the fore arm,
in the palm of the hand.
in the joint between
the metacarpus and the
fingers, or in the last
finger joint.
of the fingers of both
hands,
in the fingers,
of the fingers of both
hands up to the root of
the hand.
in the fingers.


on bending  the elbow
the shoots are worse.
on each movement.
when the hand is warnz
and at rest, it also does
not go away on movement.
she must put it out of
bed in the morning.
on mo ving.
on writing.



PHARIMACODYNAMICS.


89


Pain, as of shooting
and cramp (511)
Hot, pale SWELLING,
with  shooting  pain
(512)
A   pimple, which
causes a fine shoot (513)
Pain, as if PUS WERE
IN IT (514)
Pain, as of bruise
(515, 517)
A pain every now
and then, like a cramp
(516)
Pain, as shocks or
blows (518)
Shooting pain (519)
Frightful  shooting
pain, with throbbing
(520)
UNSTEADINESS (521)
and TOTTERING (521,
526)
Dull shooting pain
(522)
Itching (523)
Tearing pains (525)
Great    WEAKNESS
525, 527, 533)
Drawing, AS IF THE
MENSES WERE COMING
ON (528)
Stiffness, like cramp
(529A*)
A shoot (529B)


in the ball of the thumb.
of the last joint of the
little finger,
between     the   right
thumb and index fin

on moving the finger
and making pressure on
it.
on each touch.


ger,
at the root of the little


finger.
of the loins and the
thigh,
in the loins.
in the hip joint,
from the hip joint to
the knee,
in the trochanter therein,


on lying on it.


while sitting and lying.
whilst lying or sitting,
better on walking.
on  walking   bent for
ward.
on a false step during
rest; on touch the place
feels sore.


in the thigh and leg.


in the hips.


on the hips and thigh.
in the right thigh,
in the thigh and feet,
in the thighs.
of the thigh,


on walking up or down
stairs (526).
on movement.
can hardly go up stairs
(525, 533),less on going
down stairs (525), to
be felt even when sitting (527).
in the morning in bed.


in the upper and anterior portion of the
thigh.


* Hahnemann has miscounted here.



90


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Pain, as of a bruise,
and beating, as a hammer (530)
Cramp (531)
Pain, as of fracture
(532)
Tense painful STIFFNESS (534)
A painful and shooting PUSTULE (535)
Tearing and burning
(536)
Pain, as of having
been beat (537)
SWEAT and itching,
as when an ulcer is
healing (538)
Fine, passing stitches (539, 540)
DRY   RASH, which
itches, looks red, and
smarts after scratching
(541)
Weakness (542, 543)
TOTTERING      and
KNOCKING (544)
So weak    are the
that they hardly support him (545)
Sudden   SWELLING
(546, 554)
without redness (548)
pain, as of bruise
And NUMB-FEELING
(547)
With SWEAT afterwards  (549), violent
drawing   pain  (549,
550)
RASH exuding moisture (551)


in the middle of the | while sitting,


thigh,


in the knee and the
sole,
in the patella,
in the knee.
under the knee,
in the right knee.
in the patella.


while sitting and night
on lying.
on going down stairs.
merely on touch.


in the ham,


at night.


in the knees (539); in on walking (539), merethe knee joint (540),  ly on movement (540).


on and in the ham,
especially in the knee
joint.


of the knees,


legs,


in the evening.
in walking.
on beginning to walk,
and merely on standing.
on moving, turning, or
feeling the foot.
during rest.


of both legs (546, 554),
of the under half, with
the exception of the
feet (549).
on the outer side of the
left calf,
at the same spot,
in the leg, especially
the calf; in the bones
of the legs (550).
on the legs.



92


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Pain, as if torpid, and
like tension (576)
Feeling of weight;
numbness, as if swollen (577)
Shooting and pressing pain, with pain as
if frozen (578)
A hitherto painless
corn aches and pains
(579), as if sore with
burning and shooting
(580, 583)
Shooting pain (581)
A   shooting,  with
strong feeling of heat
(582)
Pain, as of bruise
(584, 585)
Pain, as if bruisedor as if ulcerated un..
derneath (586)
Pain, as if the flesh
were loose (587)
A painless drawing
to and fro (589)
An anxious, pressive
drawing pain, as on the
approach of an intermittent fever (590)
Pressing pain (591)
Violent drawing (592)
It is intolerable to
him to keep the affected
part still (593).
Visible jerking (594)
When the pain subsides, coldness of the


in the depth of the sole.
in the under part of the
foot.


in the
toe.


ball of the great


in the balls of the right
toes,
in the balls of the toes
of both feet,
on the ball of the left
toe.
the arms and legs (585),
every part of the body
(586), all the   limbs
(588),
especially in the epigastrium,
over the whole body.
in the affected parts.
in the periosteum of
all the bones,
over the whole body,
especially on the chest.
through all the limb-s.
in the arms and legs,


worse on walking, but
also during rest (579),
on the slightest touch
(580; 583), even in bed
(580), thezpain ceases on
strong pressure (583).
more on sitting, less on
walking.
towards evening.
even in lying, while
sitting,  worse  than
when walking; he mustcontinually change his
position (585), on grasping any thing (586).
in the forenoon.
during the day while
sitting.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


93


face  and    trembling
(595).
Like needles running
into one (597); shoots
(596, 597)
Suddenly a shooting
itching burning, as if
stung with nettles (598)
Nothing to be seen
on the skin; this burn
ing (598)
Continual   burning,
itching, stinging (599)
Frightful shoots (600,
601, 602)
Painful   throbbing
(603)


in the affected parts.
over the whole body,


on a slight emotional
excitement (laughing).
came   on   the  mere
thought, or on being
heated.
evening, after lying
down in bed.
on movement, on touch,
(600), pressure (602).


over different parts of
the body,
in the joints (600), in
the affected parts (601),
in the vessels over the
whole body.


Conclusions.
Besides some undefined statements (as thigh, back of foot,
&c.,) we find, however, also very definite indications to
affections of the muscles, ligaments, tendons, periosteum,
particularly also of the joints (membranes ligaments), as well
as of the skin and cellular membrane.
The relation to the fibrous parts is predominant, which
we shall turn to account in the employment of the clinical
forms.
A.-Independent Diseases.
The already often indicated rheumatic nature of the Bryony
affection very prominently comes out, either with or without
fever, as,I.-ACUTE AND CHRONIC RHEUMATISM are clearly expressed
in S. 485-487, 490, 492, 493, 498, 506, 509, 510,
516, 518, 524, 530-32, 534, 536, 546-50, 552, 554,
556-60, 564, 566, 567, 570, 571-76, 585, 587-90,
593, 596, 599, and manifest the relations of Bryony to
the chill element. (Compare also the pains, drawing,
jerking, tearing, cramp, creeping, shocks and blows,
pain as of bruise, as if the flesh were beat loose, as



94


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


well as the aggravation by movement, touch, at evening and night). The especial forms are here,(1.) Muscular rheumatism, articular rheumatism (with
gastric complication, with pericarditis, endocarditis).
(2.) Lumbago rheumatica (S. 519).
(3.) Ischias.
From these rheumatic phenomena we conclude back again
on the head pains, the prosopalgias, the tooth-ache, the colic,
the nature of the pleurisy, &c.
II.-Gout, which is to be concluded from the inflammatory
nature of the Bryony affection, the chill elements,
the affected parts, especially the relation to venosity,
the complication with fever and gastric states. The
action on the sanguification explains also the tendency to exudation.
With this view compare S. 482, 483, 491, 495, 496, 498,
499, 502, 503, 505, 506, 508-12, 514, 519, 522, 524, 529 B,
532, 534-40, 542, 543, 550, 552, 558, 561-76, 578, 581,
582, 584, 590, 593, 595, 596, 599, 600-602.
The forms are,(1.) Arthritis acuta, with disposition to effusion, to deposition, swelling, especially that of the great toe.
(2.) Arthritis (articulorum) with lymphatic effusions into
the capsules, inflammation of the periosteum, of
the cellular membrane.
III--HYPERJEMIA. (Compare the pain of sprain, of ulceration, the ache, the pressing pain, burning, tension,
especially shooting, (thirty-one times), aggravation by
movement, touch, at evening and at night.) According
to the parts affected, besides the gouty element, external agencies, such as sprains, strains are especially
here the causes of mischief.
We have here,(1.) Inflammation of the muscular fibre (psoitis S. 524,
529). 1. stage.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


95


(2.) Inflammation of the joints, 1. stage of coxalgia (520,
522), after sprains, violent movements.
(3.) Inflammations (of the skin and the cellular membrane) from pressure, cold, &c., (578).
(4.) Phlebitis, in the form of Phlegmasia alba dolens,
during the puerperal state (529, 530).
B.-Next to these independent forms the symptomatic states
now occur, which however likewise lie in the character
of the medicine.
(1.) Congestive phenomena   dependent on    congestive
states of the spinal marrow, connected with spinal
irritation, partly in neurosis (S. 484, 495, 497,
500, 507, 509, 510, 515, 517, 521, 523, 526, 528,
529a, 530, 531, 553, 555-557, 569, 577, 587, 588,
594, 598, 603), partly in fevers (S. 504, 507,
509, 510, 515, 517, 525, 526, 527, 533, 537, 542,
545, 585, 586, 588, 590, 591, 592, 594, 603).
(2.) Symptoms of the sanguification. (a.) As the secretion of the lymphatic fluid (oedema), (S. 490, 492,
546, 554, 558, 565, 577), especially in   acute
anasarca after scarlatina.  (b.) As exanthemata
(494, 513, 523, 541, 551).
(3.) Venous phenomena, dependent on abdominal anomalies, as haemorrhoidal states, and menstrual affections.
Compare further on. Febrile states, skin. Above: head,
face, toothaches, abdomen, chest and back symptoms, &c.,
for the rheumatic and hyperaemic character.
Abdomen and back symptoms for the venous character.
Stomach and intestinal canal for the gastric complications.
Affections of the serous and fibrous tissues for the exudations.



96


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Scabious
(604)


eruption


THE   SKIN.
merely on the joints, at
the inner part of the
wrist, in the  elbow
joint, also outwardly
on the olecranon prominence,in the knee, more
than in the ham.
on the arms, on the
anterior part of the
chest, and over the
knees,
on the abdomen and
hips.


Miliary rash becoming red, itching, and
burning (605)
Pimples, which burn
and itch,
On scratching, pain,
as of excoriation (606)
Yellowness (607)
Both in mother and
infant, and first in the
latter, a red, elevated
miliary rash (608)
Eruption, which is
painfully burning and
smarting (609)
Eruption so violently
itching, that he is ready
to scratch himself to
pieces (610)
Titillation and itch

before she lies down;
it goes off in bed.


of the skin of the whole
body, and particularly
of the face.


over the whole body.
on the abdomen and
on the back, even to
the neck and the forearm,
over the whole body,
especially on the back
up to the neck.
on the legs, about the


ing,                 knee, and on the thighs,
After scratching and
rubbing, SMALL, RED,
ELEVATED     PIMPLES,
which burn; when the
pimples are fully out
all itching ceases (611).
Tearing itching and on different places of
routing itching burn- the soft parts of the
ing shoots (612)     body,
With MILIARY PIM- on the arms, hands,
PLES a tickling itching and feet,
(613)




before midnight and in
the morning (painful).
in the evening.
just before going to
sleep  in  the day or
evening.
(in the day).



PHARMACODYNA.AMICS.


97


IED, ROUND SPOTS,
not DISAPPEARING ON
PRESSURE, LIKE LEN"TILS, without sensation
and large (614)
RED, SMALL SPOTS, On
PRESSURE GOING AWAY
FOR A MOMENT, pain
like nettle-stings (615)
A sore, painless place,
begins to burn violently (616).
Tearing pain in the
ULCERS (617).
The ichor from the
ulcers colours the linen
black (618).
Smarting pain (620)
The ulcer feels cold
and is painful, as if it
had come in contact
with very cold air (619).
Throbbing   almost
like stitches (621)


in the skin of the arms.
in the skin of the arms
and feet.


in the neighbourhood
of the crusts (of the
ulcers).
near the scab,


in the morning after
getting up, increased
on standing, less on
sitting, going off during moderate movement.
after dinner.


Conclusions.
The exanthematic forms depend on the action of Bryony
on the sanguification. Cutaneous eruptions are indeed frequently only products of decomposition and reflexes of more
deeply-seated actions on the mass of the blood.
The states which belong to this section are as follows:
1.-Miliaria, with its special affinity to the rheumatic process, to the serous and fibrous membranes, as an
accompaniment of acute gout, of rheumatic fever, of
pleurisy, and puerperal peritonitis.
2.-Purpura    hemorrhagica   in its connection   with  the
11



98


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


venosity  and   affections  of  the  intestino-gastric
mucous membrane.
3.-Erysipelas, especially the pseudo-erysipelas in inflammation of the joints, &c.
4.--Urticaria from rheumatic causes.
5.-iM easles.
6.-Scarlatina.
7.- Variola. In the three last forms more on account of
the fever-symptoms, the cerebral appearances, the
affections of the gastric mucous membrane, of the
bronchia, of the lungs, &c.
8.-Jaundice as a consequence of bilious conditions, venosity,
hepatic affections.
Compare further on. Fever-symptoms. Above: almost
all the other sections, external as well as internal.
STATE OF THE STRENGTH.


He does not like the
open air, though he
used to do so (622).
Very ANXIOUS when
in doors (623)
General WEAKNESS
(624, 625) (636, 637,
640) or
WEAK,    INDOLENT,
PROSTRATE and SLEEPY
(626)
Aching (627)
Want of stability, as
if the muscles had lost
their strength (628)
Is weakest (629)
Faintish and squeam-.. 0.............................
in the extremities (625)
of the arms and feet
(627)
in all parts of the body,


better in the open air.
in sitting, less when
walking (637), which
compels him    to  sit
down (625), on lying
down he appears better
(638), on waking out
of sleep (640).
while working the arms
sink; on going up stairs
can hardly get on.
on walking, especially
on getting   up  from
one's seat, and    on
the commencement of
walking; after a while
it gets better.
in the open air.
this disappeared in a



100


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


SLEEP AND THE STATES CONNECTED WITH IT.


Soon after waking
from his noonday sleep
he is worse, all his morbid symptoms are aggravated, his feelings
are perturbed (641).
One night he sleeps
sound till morning, and
is SLEEPY the whole
day after; the next
night RESTLESS; the
next day brisk (642).
Fainting fits, with
cold sweat and runbling in the abdomen
(643)
Very  inclined  to
yawn,      FREQUENT
YAWNINýG (644, 645)
constant, with much
thirst (646)
Stretching  of the
limbs (647)
SLEEPINESS'(648,649,
650, 653); on waking
all the limbs go to
sleep (652)
TIRED AND YET CANNOT SLEEP; when he
is about to go to sleep
he loses his breath
(654).
Tossing  at  night
with hands and feet
till one in the morning,
as if anxious; he lies
WITHOUT CONSCIOUSNESS, with cold sweat
in the forehead, groans,
and  then   weakness
(655).
Cannot lie in bed;


on getting up out of
bed.
the whole day (644),
before dinner (646)....                       (in the afternoon) (647).


immediately after eating (648), also in the
day (649), the whole
day (651), when he is
alone (653).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


101


any part he lies on
feels sore (656).
RESTLESSNESS IN THE
SBLOOD, goes to sleep
late anct not soundly
(657).
Tossing about, cannot go to sleep (658,
664, 668) for ANXIOUS
H-EAT,Vand yet none is
felt externally  (658,
664), in the morning
sleepiness (664).
Sleeplessness  from
restlessness  in  the
blood and anguish (659,
661, 663, 667), THE
THOUGHTS CROWD ON
ONE ANOTHER, without
heat, sweat, or thirst
(659)
FEELING   OF HEAT
AND EXTERNAL HEAT,
all over, without thirst,
he lies on one side after
another; on being uncovered  immediately
violent colic, pinching
shooting, or shooting
pinching, as if caused
by flatulence spasmodically  pressed  here
and there; sleeplessness frorn a number of
ideas that crowd upon
him (660)
Cannot sleep for heat
(662, 663); bed clothes
too hot, on being uncovered too cool; without thirst, almost without sweat (662)
Goes to sleep for the
first time at 4 A.M. and


he must rise (659); in
the night (661); before
midnight, (667).
in the evening immediately on lying down,
all night; it goes away
in the morning without
passing flatus...............................    several nights.



102


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


dreams then of dead
persons (665).
Cannot go to sleep
on account of A FREQUENT    SHUDDERING
FEELING OVER A FOOT
OR AN ARM, then some
sweat (668)
After a short sleep,
waking, there's a twisting about in the epigastrium, and a sickness as if to suffocate
(669)
WIMPERING in sleep
(670)
Before going to sleep
and while. going to
sleep JUMPING UP IN A
FRIGHT (671, 672) so as
to wake (673) out of a
dream, and cries out
(674)
Awakes   at   night
every hour and remembers a dream he has
had; on going to sleep
again remembers another dream as lively
and as capable of being
recalled  on  waking
(675, 676),
Very restless night;
ANXIOUS DREAMS (677,
678), she cries out loud
(677)
He   dreams  while
awake that some one
wants to break   the
windows (679).
RESTLESS SLEEP with
CONFUSED     DREAMS,
tosses from one side to
another (680).
Restless sleep, full of
thoughts (680).............................. before midnight.


she must get up; in
the evening.
about 3 A.M............................... every evening          (672).


Sabout 3 A.M,



PHARMACODYNAMICS.10


103


S OMNAMB3ULISTIC
STATE (682), rises up in
his dreams, goes to the
door as if he would go
out (687).
INVOLUNTARY STOOL
in SLEEP (683).
Dreams full Of DISPUTE and VEXATIOUS
THINGS (684)..
Vivid dreams ABOUT
ATTENDING TO HIS
DAY1 S BUSINESS in an
anxious and exactly
correct manner,
H-e busies himself in
his dreams about his
household affairs (686),..
He makes a movement with his mouth in
his sleep as if he chewed (688).
On waking from sleep
he is DE LIRIOUS (689);
nightly delirium (690).
DELIRIOUS TALKING
about business he has
to attend to, going off
on the accession of pain
(691)
The body being hot
and covered with sweat
(without  thirst),  a
FRIGHTFUL IMAGINATION that soldiers are
cutting him down so
that he would escape
from them, going off on
uncovering himself and
becoming cool (692)
Drew her mouth to
and fro, opened her
eyes  and   distorted
them, talked in delirium as if she had been.f........I the whole night.


in the morning at daybreak.
before midnight (about
2 A.M.).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


105


stance and of the membranes; ebriosity; compare
the peculiar delirium S. 685, 686.).
(2.) In febrile hypermemia of the spinal marrow, which
extends itself to the brain, as is the case in inflammatory   fever, rheumatic, gastric, exanthematic
fever, and intermittents.
(3.) In perturbations of the circulation in the heart and
the lungs through congestion and inflammation.
(4.) In inflammations of other organs.
II.-IN ABNORMAL SANGUIFICATION, by which decomposition
is introduced, and the activity of the brain is disturbed, as in typhus.  The various deliria, their kind
(S. 689, 690, 692, 693) point manifestly to a form of
irritability which is proper to typhus, which especially occurs in the fist stage. In this transition stage
Bryony will likewise find a place, as in the stage of
inflammation, when the decomposition, the effusion
begins.
III.-IN NEUROSES.
(1.) Many sensitive affections of the cerebral nerves, as
we have learnt above to recognize them, produce
as consequences the peculiar Bryony sleep-states.
Wherefore,
(2.) Spinal irritation  with sympathetic action     on the
brain.
IV.-In    predominant venosity    and   abdominal states, in
hepatic affections, gastric and bilious troubles (641),
hnemorrhoidal and menstrual complaints, these appearances are indications for the choice of the remedy.
Compare fever symptoms.
Remanrks.-S. 643, 660, point to colic and spasmodic attacks; 654, 669,
to states of the sleep in hydrothorax, asthma from diseases of the heart. S.
683, 697, belong to typus. From 682 and 687 Trinks concludes its employment in somnambulism. (?)



106


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF
FEVER SYMPTOMS.


In  the   afternoon
SHUDDERING, then heat,
at the same time with
CHILLINESS; the chilliness (yet were the arms
and hands warmer than
usual), the heat was in
With    PULSE-LIKE
THROBBING   PAIN  IN
THE TEMPLES, (without
thirst) (698).
After the noon-day
sleep he is chilly and
confused in the head
(699).
He must drink frequently (700)
DEADNESS AND NUMBNESS, ICY   COLDNESS
(703)
Coldness (704)
Chilliness (705, 706,
707, 711, 714); chilly
feel (709, 710); much
shuddering' (713)
Violent SHIVERING as
in an ague (708), with
shooting pain in the
left side above the hip,
as if a gathering was
forming there, though
without  thirst  and
without  heat  afterwards (708)
A feeling of chilliness pervading a sudden general heat (716).
Violent TI-RST (he
must drink much cold


in the chest and arms
(698)
the head (698).


of the hands and feet.
of the whole right side
downwards.
in the arms (706)
all over,


worse in the evening
(698), in the morning
on waking (701, 702).
at nights.
the whole day (706),
towards evening (710),
in the open air (707,
714), in the evening in
bed (711), on lying
down (712).
compelling her to lie
down.
after a walk in the open
air (715).


over the
(709)


whole skin


over the whole body,



P HARMACODYNAMICS.


107


water) with inward


heat, no heat to be felt
externally (717).
Great thirst (718),
thirst without external
heat (719).
Feeling of heat in the
face, with redness and
thirst (720)
Fugitive HEAT (721);
heat (722).
Heat in the external
ear, afterwards shud--
dering and shivering
(723)
FEVER, lying down;
CI-LLINESS, YAWNING,
NAUSEA, then SWEAT,
without thirst (724)
Fever, in the forenoon, heat (with thirst)
after some hours (in
the afternoon) chilliness, without    thirst,
with redness in the face
and   undefined   headache (725).
Sudden dry heat at
each noise (726)
Heat in frequent fits,
as if she stepped into
hot water (727)
Hot red cheeks, with
shivering   all   over,
goose skin, thirst (728)
First  thirst,  then
none, with   cold  feet
and hands (729).
In the evening she
feels as if there was
mucus in the throat,
she gets thirsty (730).
Violent (731) great
(732,734) strong thirst,


in the internal part of
the body (especially in
the abdomen) (722).
in the legs (723)


in the evening (723).
from 10 P.M. to 10 A.M.
(724).............................. and      each
(726).
in the lower extremities (727).


movement...........................      in the evening        (728).


in the morning on getting up (734).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


109


SOUR     SMELLING
STRONG SWEAT during
i a good sleep (762)
1i     About 3 A.M. before
sweat, thirst, then for
four hours   sweetish
sweat smelling sour,
before it goes off a
pressive drawing HEAD
ACHE, changing into
CONFUSED IDEAS (763)
Sudden awaking at
" night at 3 A.M., gentle
transpiration till morning with quiet repose
on the back, little slumber, dryness of the anterior part of the mouth
and of the lips, without
thirst (764).
Gentle transpiration
in bed (with sleep from
12 to 3 A.M.) (765)
DELIRIUM ABOUT BUSINESS  (766), would
several times jump out
of bed (767)...............................


in the night......................... after getting up.


from evening till morning.


Conclusions.
a.-SYMPATHETIC FEVER.
When we examine the nature of fever narrowly, we find it
chiefly to be a reflex of a local affection on the central
nervous system, and on the whole circulating fluid, and that
fundamentally viewed it really represents in general what
inflammation does specially and locally. The predominant
venosity, the commencing decomposition and metamorphosis,
which showed themselves in the forms and stages of inflammation proper to Bryony, as well as the character of irritability and sensibility therewith connected, occur quite in the
same measure in the febrile phenomena of Bryony, which



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


111


symptoms of the extremities) especially also in rheumatic-gastric fever with violent congestion.
b.-IDIOPATHIC FEVERS.
Besides these more symptomatic fevers, we can exhibit
two kinds of fevers,-in which the central nervous system
appears to be more originally affected,-intermittent fever
and typhus, though it is still to be supposed that there are
intermittent fevers in which the spinal irritation also depends
only on local affections, as from  affections of the spleen, the
bladder, which affect intermittent states; and though further
in typhus the disturbances possibly and probably depend
rather on a corrupted and qualitatively abnormal circulating
fluid. The phenomena of Bryony, however, all theoretical
positions put aside, answer for an abundant activity of the
medicine in both kinds of fever.
I-IN    INTERMITTENT FEVER.       The type of intermittent
fever is not so characteristically indicated, and the
spinal affection comes too little into the foreground
to fix Bryony for pure intermittent fever, at the same
time the action of the medicine extends itself to
organs, which may easily excite intermittent feverfor example, the spleen, the liver, the bladder, &c.
It suits consequently in intermittent fevers, with
pleuritic, venous, gastric, rheumatic phenomena, &c.
Chilliness plays in them the chief part.
II.-IN TYPHUS, especially in the stage of transition; with
gastric, bilious, or pituitous characters; with complication of chest affections; in the versatile form,
with increased sensibility (compare the symptoms of
delirium, and sleep); from the absorption of irritating
matter into the blood, as in milk fever, the commencement of pymemia, and the nervous phenomena
occasioned by it. But in general we must not, in
regard to the selection of Bryony, confine ourselves
in all fevers to the febrile symptoms alone, as con



RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


sidered by themselves they possess no very high
degree of significance; but we must consider the
whole type of this medicine, which as regards fever,
is completed by a comparison of the following symptoms:-of the head (congestive states), of the lips
and parts adjoining (hidroa, aphthee), of the internal
mouth (coating of the tongue, thirst, dryness, symptoms affecting the taste), of the stomach (appetite,
eructations, and other gastric and bilious symptoms),
of the intestines and their evacuations (we first
learn to know the symptoms of gastro-enteritis and of
puerperal peritonitis by taking together the febrile
and local affections, as well as the characteristic constipation),  the urinary   affections (these  become
important for us only through the fever), the nasal
and bronchial mucous membrane (the kind of cough
is peculiarly characteristic), the chest (the complication of catarrhal and inflammatory affections with
pleurisy, pneumonia is very distinctive for Bryony,
and frequently occurs: for example, in typhus with
the character of venosity, decomposition), of the
heart (congestive states), of the back and the extremities (as well on account of rheumatic symptoms
as of those of spinal irritation important in all fevers),
of the skin (deciding the question for exanthematic
fever, for miliaria compare the sweat symptoms), of
the  state of the    strength  and  of sleep, which
have only value in connection with the fevers, but
exactly characterise the action of Bryony in certain
defined cases. After an arrangement of. all these
possible combinations, we are able to conceive of the
variety in the kinds of fever in which Bryony is indicated. The hypermemic, nervous (congestive nervous), rheumatic and gastric character of the fever may
be read from the foregoing fever symptoms themselves,
without the need of any commentary or comparison.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


113


INTELLECT AND        FEELINGS.
Hesitations, APPREHENSIONS (768).
ANXIETYin the whole
body, which   always
drives him to something, and wherever he
comes he finds no rest
(769).
ANXIETY; he is uneasy about the future
(770).
Very IRRITABLE FEELINGS, very disposed to
FRIGHT, FEAR, and VEXATION (771).
Very fretful and disposed to PASSION (772).
At first DEPRESSION,
then HILARITY (773).
Depression (774).
Much WEEPING (775).
Feelings at once fretful, passionate, and
tearful (776).
Fretful, believes she
will never be ready
with her work, always
takes the wrong thing
up,WILL TAKE UP SOMETHING ELSE INSTEAD,
then a pressive aching
pain in the forehead
(777).
ILL HUMOURED, QUARRELSOME (778).
MOROSE, looking on
all with VEXATION(779).
OVER-ACTIVITY, she
will undertake and do
too much (780).
Excessive ill humour,
indisposition to think,
PROSTRATION of THE
POWER   OF THINKING
(781).


I



114             RULES FOR TRE STUDY OF
Conclusions.
The psychological truth of these psychical phenomena
comes out from their agreement with the physical actions.
1.-S. 768, 769, 770, 774, 775, point to the connection with
the venous states, especially of the abdomen, and
clearly depict the melancholic temperament.
2.-The disturbances of the biliary secretion, the hepatic
affections, the bilious-abdominal element, which are
proper to Bryony, are completed by the derangements
of feelings occurring in the choleric temperament.
Compare S. 772, 776, 778, 779.
3.-A sensitive irritability connected with the nervous
character is predominant- (S. 771, 773, 777, 780),
which remarkably characterises the female sex and
emotional life (hence Bryony in many diseases of
women), but is moreover proper to certain forms of
disease.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


115


FINAL RESULT.
General characteristics of Bryony.
When we combine the foregoing details in a general picture, the following general characteristic of the Bryony
disease result.
A.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTER.
The essential part of all the actions of Bryony is excitement of the vaso-motory actions.
(2.) This appears predominant in the course of the venous
system, and in the sphere of the capillary system,
and more especially in its venous portion.
(3.) This excitement of the vascular activity goes hand in
hand in Bryony, with excitement of the nerves of
sensation.
It is possible that Bryony acts through direct change of the circulating
fluid, or primarily on the nerves of sensation, and afterwards on the vasomotory nerves; but this excitement of the nerves of sensation will increase in
either case secondarily with the exaltation of the vascular life.
(4.) The increase of the circulatory movement appears as
the first degree of the excitement of the vasomotory activity; the hyperaemia and congestion of
the vessels especially the venous, (whether in consequence of contraction of the vaso-motory nerves
set up by excitement of those of sensation? or
primarily?) as the second; the action on the blood
itself in inflammation, or in other metamorphic
changes, as the third.
Stasis with its reactions and terminations appears to be the most widely
diffused element of the Bryony action, characterised by the affection of the
venous syjstem (in contra-distinction to the arterial Aconite), by the sensational
excitement, which occurs especially in connection with venous affections, and
by the plastic tendency (in contra-distinction to the otherwise related Belladonna). That stasis often appears externally as accelerated circulatory
13



116


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


movement, and often succeeds it, is zoell known. Fever is only a general
stasis. It is self-evident besides, that the foregoing three degrees are only
ideal, i.e., do not manifest themselves openly as stages.
II.-From this fundamental property the character of the
reaction of Bryony is explainable.
(1.) It is adapted specially for intermediate states and
transition formations, partly as regards the participation of the nervous and vascular systems,
partly as regards the transition from states of excitement to different forms of deposition. It is
consequently suitable for erethistic states, in which
a certain mobility of the blood (exalted irritability)
with increased sensibility of the nervous system
(exalted sensibility) is present; for such as are
intermediate between synochal and venous states,
or in the course of the disease for the period, at
which a more pronounced synochal or erethistic
character is passing into a nervous, connected with
decomposition of blood.
Consequently Bryony is adapted likewise for these stages of transition in
fevers, which in inflammations begin at the second stage, at which transformation (effusion, &c.,) commences.
(2.) Since we ~ind these wavering states of excitability also
at the period of childhood, in the female sex in
general, and quite specially during pregnancy and
the puerperal state, in the melancholic and choleric
temperament, in nervous bilious constitutions, states
likewise closely connected with the venosity everywhere predominant, these individual physico-psychical states quite specially answer to Bryony.
III.-On    these fundamental relations a      special light is
thrown by(a) The pains which Bryony calls out, These are in the
order of their frequency.



PIARMACODYNAMICS.


117


1. Shoots (sharp, dull burning,
burning-itching,   tearing,
cutting..............
S2. Pressing pain, (routing, pinching, squeezing) and their
sub-species:
Gradual pressure (compression,
distension,  pressure  outwards) tension............
3. Drawing (constriction) and the
sub-species:
Twitching, tearing (jerkwise
twitching)............ =
4. Throbbing.................
5. Itching and its sub-species:
pinching, smarting-creeping, scraping............
6. Burning (shooting)........
7. Squeezing pain..............
8. Pinching (constrictive)......=
9. Pain of excoriation (cutting?
smarting, ulcerative)...
10. Pain as of bruise............
11. Pain as of sprain.......... =


affection of the serous membranes
-skin, glands: inflammation.
affection of the vessels: congestion,
inflammation, exanthemata, ulcers,
exudations.
affection of the nerves-specially
the neuroses, the fibrous membranes: rheumatism-gout.
affection of the vessels-congestion, &c.
cutaneous affections-exanztemata
-ulcers.
affection of the mucous membranes,
vascular tissues, external skin:
congestion, catarrh, inflammation.
affection of the nerves-muscles
-fibrous membranes-neuroses
-rheumatism-gout.
affection of the nerves-muscles
-neuroses.
affection of the skin and mucous
membranes-inflammation-exanthemata--exudations-ulcers.
affection of muscles - nerves -
fibrous membranes - bones:
neuroses--'7eumatism.
affection of bones:-rheumatisngout-(affections of joints).


(b) Also the peculiar conditions, under which aggravation
occurs, are characteristic.
They are movement and pressure, (see hyper~mia),
open air, (see catarrh, rheumatism, gout), the evening
and night (see hypermia, vegetative states). These
stand in connection as well with the morbid phenomena, as with the exciting causes (aetiology).



11F8


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


B.
IETIOLOGY.
All circumstances which excite the circulation will produce
phenomena similar to those of Bryony, as vexation, anger,
(venous-bilious states, hypercemia, fever), excessive exertions
(diseases of the muscles, joints, hyperemia, fever); further,
the exciting actions of the open air; chill, especially from dry
cold and wind (rheumatism, catarrh), likewise whatever occasions obstructions of a venous character, a sedentary mode of
life (plethora and its consequences).    Consequently these
exciting elements are also so far indications for the choice of
Bryony.
C.
LOCAL RELATIONS OF THE BRYONIA DISEASE.
(Anatomy.)
Bryony has its special anatomico-physiological relations,
(1.) To the venous and capillary system, and to the mass of
the blood itself (compare stasis, metamorphosis, fever).
This is the general action, and most of the following relations are only
localised affections of the circulation and changes in the composition of the
blood.
(2.) To the peripheral but also central nervous system
(brain, spinal marrow, spinal nerves, N. trigeminus
ganglia)-(compare neuroses).
(3.) To the serous membranes (pleura, peritonoeum, cerebral meninges, - (compare inflammation, exudations).
(4.) To the muscles and fibrous membranes, (tendons,
ligaments, neurilema, periosteum, especially the
articular apparatus)-(compare rheumatism, gout,
straining of the muscles).
(5.) To the mucous membranes (mouth, stomach and



120


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


nerves (of the head, face, teeth, stomach-cardialgia, of the intestines-colic, of the liver-hepatalgia, &c.), affections of the vagus-hooping cough.
II.-Action on the blood itself in connection with abnormal
circulation and plethora: changes in sanguification.
(1.) Inflammations and inflammatory states occasioned by
exciting elements, actions of the fresh air, violent
movement, exertion, with predominant affection of
the venous system (and of the nerves), acute and
chronic.
(a) Of the parenchyma, of the brain and the meninges, of
the liver, of the uterus, &c.
(b) Of the serous membranes, pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis.
(c) d) e) Of the skin, of the cellular tissue, of the glands.
(f) Of the mucous membrane, as catarrh (catarrhal inflammation,) of the nose, of the mouth, of the
larynx, of the bronchial and pulmonary mucous
membrane (influenza), of the bladder, uterus,
stomach and intestines; gastric states and fever,
pituitous fever.
(g) The tendons, and fibrous membranes, as inflammatory,
erethistic rheumatism (or rheumatic inflammation),
occasioned by the irritating action of the suppressed
cutaneous transpiration on the blood.    Compare
also gout.
(2.) Effusions, from similar causes as inflammations, consequences of local or general hyperzemia.
(a) Exudations as terminations of inflammation, serous,
especially in  the  serous membranes --hydrops
acutus; sero-albuminous in the mucous membranes
-as catarrhal exudation.
(b) Lymphatic deposits in the glands, scrophulous affections.
(c) Typhus infiltrations. See fever.
(d) Exanthematic formations.
(3.) Fever with changes in the blood tending to decomposition; typhus in the first stages; intermittent



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


121


fever in connection with hepatic, splenic, and spinal
affections of a plethoric kind. (The symptomatic
fever compare with the local states.)
(4.) General venosity: venous plethora      or abdominal,
hoemorrhoidal, and menstrual plethora in consequence of exciting    conditions (diet), sedentary
mode of life; the albuminous venosity of Engel,
which gives the well known venous constitution of
the blood. It occasions secondarily: congestions,
hemorrhages, neuroses, inflammations, exanthemata,
frequently  also  catarrhs, especially the gastric
variety. It also occasions(a) Bilious states, diseases of the liver and biliary apparatus.
(b) Gout: affections of this character of the fibrous membrane, joints, &c., with erethistic, inflammatory
character. (Bryony will suit only those forms of
gout which agree with its general type.)
E.
For the purpose of a general view, the forms of disease
may be arranged in topographical order.


1. HEAD.
Brain and     Congestion, inflamits membranes.  mation.
Typhus.
Hydrocephalus
acutus.
Sensational affections.
Neuralgia.
Hemicrania.
Skull.        Rheumatism.
Face.        Inflammatory prosopalgia.
Neuroses.
Rheumatism.
The Eyes.    Congestion.
Inflammation.
Catarrh.


1


Neuroses.
The Ear.     Congestion.
Inflammation.
Catarrh.
Swelling.
Neuroses.
The Nose.    Epistaxis.
Ozoena.
Coryza.
The Lips.    Hydroa.
Aphthae.
The Mouth.   Gastric, bilious, inS    flammatory symptoms.
The Teeth.   Congestive,
Inflamm.,    Tooth
Carious,     ache.
Rheumatic,



122


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


2. TIE THROAT.
The Palate.   Angina faucium  et
tonsillaris.
Inflammation, or
Catarrh.
Larynx.       Laryngitis.
Trachece.    Tracheitis.
(Influenza).
Chronic catarrh.
Hooping cough.
Spasmodic cough.
3. THE CHEST.


External
Chest.
Pleurce.


Rheumatism, apyretic stitches.
Pleuritis muscularis


et serosa.
Bronchice.    Bronchitis.
Lungs.        Pneumonia.
Hydrothorax.
Haemoptoe and hmemoptoic   infiltration.
Tuberculosis    and
inflammation.
Dropsical asthma.
Acute states of tuberculosis.
Heart.        Venous obstructions
in the circulation.
Pericardium. Pericarditis.
Mammce.       Mastitis and hypermmic states during suckling and
weaning.
Diaphragm.    Inflammation.
4. ABDOMEN.
Stomach.      Congestion.
Inflammation.
Catarrh.
(Gastric states).
Cardialgia (Congestivo-venosa).


Intestines and Congestion.
Peritonceum. Inflammation.
Peritonitis,
Puerperalis,
Muscularis,
Serosa,
Enterodynia.
Hydrops. acutus.
Ileus?
(Typh.) Diarrhcea.
Constipation.
Liver and    Congestion.
Spleen.      Inflammation.
Bilious states.
Bladder.     Congestion.
Inflammation, or
Catarrh.
(Dysuria).
Kidnies.     Congestion.
Bright's Disease.
5. PELVIS.
Ovarium.     Hypersemia.
(Phlebitis?).
Uterus.      Acute   menstrual
anomalies and
consequences.
6. BACK, OUTER THROAT, AND
NAPE OF THE NECK.
Inflammatory neuralgia.
Rheumatism.
Hyperemia (Menstrual and I-Imorrhoidal affections).
Spinal irritation.
7. EXTREMITIES.
Rheumatism (Lumbago, ischias).
Arthritis, acuta et chronica.
Inflammation of muscles.
Inflammation of joints.
Inflammation of skin and cellular
membrane.



PI-IARMACODYNAMICS.         123


8. SKIN.
Miliaria.
Purpura hmmorrhagica.
Erysipelas (Pseudo-erysipelas).
Urticaria.
Icterus.
(Morbilli,
Scarlatina,
Variole).


9. GENERAL AFFECTIONS.
Fever: Typhus, Intermittent fever
(inflammatory, catarrhal, gastric,
venous-bilious,    exanthematic,
rheumatic, gouty fever).


N. B.-The special indications for
contained in the foregoing symptoms,
always refei in the choice.


these diseases are
to which we must






Hi.


EXAMPLE OF THE SYNTHETICO-ANALYTIC
MODE OF TREATMENT.
THt, ACTIONS OF THE


RHUS


TOXJCODENDRON,


(POISON-OAK, OR SUMACH,)
ACCORDING TO
IIAIINEMANN'S MATERIA MEDICA PURA,


Bk. IT, p. 361-417.






18


R1ULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Feeling of weakness at the heart; trembling of the heart; suppression of the lacteal secretion.
Constriction; oppression of the chest and short breathing, with
weakness of the limbs-as if without feeling in the chest, numb and
stiff; short breathing, even to suffocation; a constriction of the trachea;
tickling cough, with shortness of breath; cough like whooping cough.
Feeling in left shoulder as if paralysed; pain in the nape of the neck
like lead; pain as of bruise over the loins, weight, pressure.
Trembling in the arms, (cannot keep the arms up,) in the limbs after
being used; powerlessness and stiffiless of the forearm and finger on
movement; coldness of the forearm, as if bruised; feeling on the skin
of the forearm as if rubbed with wool or scraped with a knife, with
feeling of coldness; finger as if asleep, numb, with tingling; crampish
drawing inwards. Thigh as if bruised, with paralysis in the anterior
muscles; jerks, with trembling of the knee; after walking buzzing
sensation in the knees and ham. Stiffness. Cold in the left shin bone.
Tottering. Paralytic drawing in the foot. Extreme weight in the
hams and calves. Uncommon weakness in the legs; they feel heavy
and bruised, as if paralysed. Spasmodic drawing of the calves and
cramp.   Vibration in the legs, with restlessness.  Tingling in the
feet, in the paralysed parts. Loss of feeling and numbness of the
under part of the feet, as if they were of wood. Spasmodic contraction
of the soles and toes. Paralysis of the lower extremities; shuffling
and slow walk.
The limbs, on which one lies, go to sleep. Trembling in the arms
and legs, even at rest. Jerking of the limbs, of particular muscles.
Great weakness in the whole body, as if the bones felt sore; weakness,
sensation as if bruised.  Semilateral contractions of the arms and
legs, especially at night. Disposition to lie down; cannot keep out of
bed, must lie down an hour at a time in order to gather strength; on
lying down drawing in all the limbs. Feeling of fatigue, worse when
sitting, less on movement. Paralysis over the whole body, in all the
joints. Tottering, cannot stand upright.
Fainting, with retention of consciousness, without pulsation of heart,
rather cold than warm.
Somnolence; sleepiness, even in the day, with anxiety, restlessness,
melancholy. Restlessness when sleeping in the day.
Movements and playing of the fingers and hands in sleep. Much
violent and spasmodic yawning, with danger of dislocating the jawbone. Restless, interrupted sleep, with tossing and anxiety. After
waking out of sleep in convulsions, shrieks on account of excessive
headache, and feeling of dislocation in the limbs. Sleeplessness, with
and without sweat and heat. Anxious, frightful dreams; muttering
delirium.  Somnolence, with troublous dreams; could go to sleep
while walking; unpleasant thoughts, and dozing into sleep. Sleep not



132


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


gastric region, back); as of ulceration (behind on the palate);
dull and pointed (epiglottis); itching (nape of the neck); fine
(head, sternum, limbs); drawing (over limbs; throbbing (region
of the heart); boring (ribs, upper arm, thigh); tearing (chest
to the abdomen, wrist, tibia); drawing twitching (coccyx);
burning (axilla, back of the foot, toes); spasmodic (ankle);
jerking (ball of the toes); shooting outwards (lower limbs).
Pain as from bruise (brain, orbital cavity in the bones, maxillary joint,
temples, throat, sacrum, sides of the lumbar vertebra, limbs;
-in the ulcers; general).
Cutting (eyes, cheeks, feeth, umbilicus, abdomen); tensive (scapula).
And the sub-species:
Routing or digging (abdomen, bones of the hand); and twisting
(abdomen).
Itching (hairy scalp, face, rectum, mamm0e, nipples, throat, fore arm,
limbs, ham-strings, hairy parts); gnawing (scalp, hands);
smarting (eyelids and angles of eyes); shooting (prepuce,
calves, toes); burning (elbows, hands, chilblains).
And the sub-species:
Tingling (forehead, occiput, ear, gums, stomach, rectum, finger,
knee, leg, feet; face, spine, and sternum; in the ulcers);
itching (ear); as needle scratches or pricks (teeth).
Tickling (air-passages).
Pinching (finger).
Burning (head, face, stomach, abdomen, rectum, urethra, chest, sacrum,
arms and hands, between the fingers in the flesh, limbs, over
the hips;-skin over the whole body); gnawing (fore arm);
itching finger.
And the sub-species:
Smarting (eyes, urethra, parts of generation); as from salt (in
the ulcers); burning (in the ulcers).
Pain as of excoriation (nostrils, teeth, throat, anus, vagina,
throat and trachea, on the chest, sacrum, corns).
Burning' (gums).
Pain as of ulceration (abdomen.)
Throbbing (head, ear, epigastriumn, gastric region, balls of the toes).
And the sub-species:
(Legs, back of the feet); pulsation.
Beating (teeth, throat, elbows, foot); cutting (back of the palate).
Swashing as of water (hands, calves).



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


135


consequently in Rhus aggravations on lying down, while
sitting, which compel one to get up, piedominate over the
qpposite observations. The occasional relief from touch is
not quite to be overlooked, since in vascular affections pressure aggravates, in nervous relieves. The action of the open
air points to rheumatic nervous affections (see the pathology).
B.
The diseases answering to the proper actions of Rhus,
which is itself an wetiological element in the production of
diseases in this direction, are occasioned by debilitating
actions of every kind, acting partly primarily on the nerves,
as emotions, immoderate exertions; partly secondarily on
the vascular activity, as bad nourishment, loss of fluids,
previous diseases, miasmatic contagions, or sporadic decomposition of the blood, wettings. It is of little moment
whether excitement precedes these depressing elements,
though this is frequently the case, for we have to do here
merely with the result, the asthenia, whether it be direct or
indirect (according to Brown).
C.
If at our first study we obtain a general view of the seat
or locality of the affections, and see that besides the mind
and general feelings certain organs and parts are specially
affected, as the head (forehead, occiput), the face, the organs
of the senses, the teeth, the outer throat and parts about the
nape of the neck, the stomach, the abdomen, the pelvic
organs, the nose, the windpipe, the larynx, the lungs, the
back, the extremities, the skin, we shall on a more attentive
perusal, and particularly on a comparison of the physiological
phenomena arrive at a definite anatomical constitution.
(1.) The nerves appear to be predominantly affected, as is
already clear from the foregoing peculiarities, and
particularly the  brain (cerebellum), the spinal
marrow with its ramifications, though likewise the



136


RIULES FOR THE STUDY OF


ganglionic (stomach, intestinal, genital, and cardiac
parts), and the vaso-motory nerves. In every case
the fundamental action of Rhus depends on this
specific relation to the nervous system, and in most
cases this is its primary action (compare neuroses
and affections of the blood). Though the motory
apparatus of the same is transmitted,(2.) The relation to the vascular system, specially to the
venous and the capillary system, the lymphatic and
the glandular system (the lacrymal glands, the submaxillary, the parotid, the sublingual, the cervical,
the inguinal and the axillary glands, the mamme);
compare states of    decomposition, (hcemorrhages,
exudations, colliquations, inflammations, fevers, dyscrasias). The working of this anatomical constitution shows itself further in the relations to the(3.) M[uscles, the fibrous membranes, and the articular
apparatus (face, throat, nape of the neck, chest,
heart, shoulder, back, especially the loins, axilla,
glutsei, hips, extremities; gums, maxillary, axillary,
elbow, hand, finger, hip, knee, and ankle-joints).
Compare rheumatic and arthritic affections, and
those from over exertion, lifting, sprain,(4.) To  the mucous membranes (eyelids, eyes, ears,
Eustachian tube, nose, lips, mouth, inner throat,
palate, tongue, stomach, intestines, bladder, urethra,
uterus, trachea, larynx, bronchie).       Compare
catarrh, hemorrhage, exudations, ulcers,(5.) To  the serous membranes (peritonoeum, pleure,
endocardium, meninges). Compare inflammations,
exudations(6.) To the skin and cellular membrane (head, face, ear,
throat, scrotum, and genitals, chest, back, extremities). Compare states of decomposition, exudations,
exanthemata, inflammation, dyscrasias, (ulcers, &c.).
(7.) To the bones and the periosteum (cheek, orbits, zygomatic bone, frontal bone, maxillary teeth, clavicle,
sternum, ribs, spines and bodies of the vertebre,



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


137


axille, extremities-(joints, see above). Compare
rheumatalgia, dyscrasice (gouty, scrophulous, rhachitic).
D.
Keeping closely in view the fundamental character of
weakness (asthenia) with the double manifestation of paralysis (torpor), or of versatility (excitement), we can now,
with the aid of watiology and anatomical (local-specific)
conditions, proceed to the investigation of the pathological
relations.  Certain principal forms of morbid states will
come out as we proceed, and show that one band connects
all these varieties, the fundamental action of an abnormal
inervation, which permeates all stages from asthenic' versatility, through depression to real exhaustion and paralysis
of the vital activity.
We find then, to anticipate in groups the results of what
has been topographically investigated (see E).
I.-IN THE SPHERE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Neuroses of all kinds, occasioned by weakening influences
of all kinds (as loss of fluids, degeneration of the blood, bad
nutrition) upon the brain, spinal marrow, ganglions and
their ramifications.
(a) Neuroses with the character of torpid asthenia and
real exhaustion, paralytic states, and particularly
palsy (of the eyelids, amaurosis, deafness, of the
spinal marrow, of the bladder, &c.), paraplegia and
hemiplegia, epileptic states, agrypnia, sopor, states
of debility during convalescence from severe illnesses, melancholy, hypochondria, weakness of
intellect, imbecility.
(b) Neuroses with the character of      versatile asthenia,
weakness with over excitement, spasmodic states,
"and particularly convulsions, chorea, tetanus, spasmodic yawning, nervous giddiness, nervous headaches, megrim, prosopalgia nervosa, odontalgia,
neuralgia of the stomach (cardialgia) and of the
bowels (entero-dynia), neuroses of the bladder



138


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


(retention  of urine), spasmodic laryngeal and
tracheal affections (cough), nervous asthma from
affection of the vagus and of the heart, neuroses of
the spinal marrow, spinal irritation, pains in the
back, loins, and limbs, ischias, neuralgia of the
skin. To this section also belong, with the special
affection of the fibrous parts, muscles, bones, joints,
in consequence of being wet through, and from
the  debilitating action  of cold, the rheumatic
affections of Rhus which do not, as in Bryony,
depend on vascular affections (hyperoemia), but on
nervous affections, and which express themselves
in conformity with the Rhus character, either as
palsies or as neuralgias (rheumatalgia): like the
affections arising from over exertion (strain, sprain,
contusion), which belong likewise to the neuralgim.
II.-In the sphere of the vascular system, hmmatonoses,
occasioned by weakening influences in the form of decomposition or of degeneration. If we suppose the nervous affection
as the primary element of action, it follows, that the morbid
affections of the blood-life, which Rhus points out, will be
only of a secondary kind, and will arrange themselves in the
sphere of metamorphoses as a real torpor or paralysis of the
vascular walls, more rarely as states of excitement with the
character of weakness.   This will accord with the already
explained action on the nerves. We have consequently, as
the defective nutrition, and the morbid assimilation of the
fluids may act injuriously on the nerves and induce effects
answering to Rhus, to expect also proceeding from the nerves
similar states for the blood-life.
For both kinds of states, which often complicate each
other mutually, also in the so-called nervous diseases, Rhus is
adapted. The following special forms are here to be mentioned.
(a) Diseases of the blood with the character of decomposition and of degeneration through weakening influences, such as defective nutrition, loss of fluids,
miasmatic and contagious action.



PHARMACODYNAM ICS.


139


(aa) PARALYTIC STATES.
(1.) Putrid decomposition on the skin and cellular tissue;
morbus maculosus Werlhofii; purpura hbemorrhagica; petechiae; carbuncles; pustula maligna;
ulcera pedum phagedenica, gangrenosa.
(2.) Exudations on the skin and the cellular tissue;
blood swellings (encephaloematoma neonatorum);
perniones; hydrops, particularly after cutaneous
eruptions, cedema scroti; in the serous membranes;
dropsical exudations (hydrocephalas acutus--(Mor.
Mueller); hydrops pericardii; endocardii; hydrothorax: hydrops peritonei; articular dropsy;
In the parenchyma; cedema pulmonum?
(3.) Colliquations, in phthisis and consumptions, acting
symptomatically.
(4.) Hemorrhages, especially in the mucous membranes
(epistaxis, pneumonorrhagia, dysenteric h-emorrhage, uterine hEemorrhage).
(bb) VERSATILE ASTHENIC STATES.
(1.) Inflammation with nervous or dyscrasic character,
and disposition to decomposition, in consequence of
chill and abnormal nutrition. (See 2).
In the mucous membranes, as asthenic-catarrhal,
scrophulous inflammation   of the eyes, eyelids,
psoropthalmia; blennorrhcea of the lids; otitis;
otorrhoea; inflammation of the nose; ozoena; catarrh or inflammation of the Eustachian tube, of the
nose, of the trachea, of the larynx, of the bronchise,
of the lungs (hepatization with nervous state);
grippe, catarrh or inflammation of the palatal parts;
oesophagus; ventriculo-intestinal catarrh; diarrhoea;
dysentery (especially the reflex nervous phenomena
of the same); catarrhus vesicme; uterus;
In the serous membranes with disposition to decom



140


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


position (effusion); pleurisy, endocarditis; peritonitis, meningitis, in consequence of debilitating
influences or chills, less against the inflammation
itself, than against the nervous accompaniments
and consequences (decomposition);
In the fibrous membranes, muscles, bones, as rheumatic and dyscrasic inflammation;
In the glands in the same way (parotitis, &c.).   (See
above C.)
(2.) Exudations, especially in    the skin, exanthematic
eruptions, scarlatina miliaris, morbilli, erysipelas
bullosum, pustulosum, neonatorum; variola, variolois, urticaria, pemphigus, where nervous excitement concurs with decompositions.
(3.) Febrile states, and particularly as well the symptomatic, when they incline to morbid states of the
assimilation,-for example, take on pyoemic action
(puerperal and the so-called status nervosus, putridus, as also idiopathic, in especial, intermittent
fever, typhus under all forms).
(b) Diseases of the blood with the character of depraved
nutrition, with torpor and depression of the vascular life; dyscrasime;
In the lymphatic and glandular systems; scrophulosis;
induration; swelling of the glands;
In the cutaneous system; dyscrasic exanthemataas psoriasis, impetigines, herpes, especially of the
face, tinea capitis, lepra, gutta rosacea, rhagades,
verrucm, chiefly in scrophulous diathesis;
In the bones and cartilages-rhachitis, tophus, caries;


I



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


141


In the joints, muscles, fibrous parts; arthritis acuta et
chronica, chiefly with neuralgic character or with
effusion; articular diseases with scrophulous diathesis.
E.
We shall be justified in this arrangement, if descending
from generals to particulars we here survey the individual
forms in topographical arrangement in the order of the
Hahnemannian schema, according to their concrete appearances as the groundwork of the whole.
HEAD.
(Neuroses.)
Giddiness, pure nervous giddiness. (Incipient softening of
the brain?)    (Spt. 1-9, 11, 12, 14, 16-19, 51).     Compare
headache.
As if drunk; violent giddiness; every thing turns round with him;
wavering, tottering, and reeling in the body; as if he was held up
aloft; with heaviness; on stooping as if the blood shot into the brain,
as if he could not rise again.
Cephalalgia.-Rheumatic, gouty, and nervous headache.
(Spt. 13, 18, 20-25, 33, 37-50, 51, 88).
Confusion without any definite pain; headache, as if stupified,
and humming in the head; inebriation; tightness of head, with
difficulty of thinking; reeling headache, over the whole head; head
full and heavy, as if the brain fell forwards; as if the brain were
loose and struck against the skull; across the forehead, in" the
occiput; pressive headache, as if with a dull point; pressive drawing
on the left side of the hairy scalp towards the upper part; and
deep over and behind the right orbit a pressive downwards, as of a
weight; headache, as if the eyes were pressed out of the head, with
yawning and chilliness, without thirst. Constant weight in the head
on stooping, as if a weight fell forwards; also in the temples; as if the
brain were compressed on both sides; as if the forehead were pressed
asunder, with weight, on coming out of the open air into the room, or
on waking out of the mid-day's sleep. Burning pressure on the right
temporal bone. Tearing pain all over, stronger on the left side, with
external pain, as of excoriation, in the right temple across on the hairy
scalp. Drawing in the occiput and the temples, with pressive pain in
the eyes. Headache, as from disordered stomach. Violent headache,



142


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


as if the brain were torn to pieces, as after a debauch; in the occiput
as if it were a bruised pain; in the temples a pressure outwards. Fluctuation, as of water in the brain. Creeping and formication over the
forehead and the nose, disappearing on stooping. Shoots outwards.
Fine throbbing in the right side. Burning in the head and fine throbbing or clawing headache in the occiput, sometimes in the forehead.
Fine violent shoots in the right temple inwards. Sudden jerks in the
occiput. Shoot during eating, then sickness and fulness. Burning
creeping in the forehead. As if a painful digging with a needle, a fine
stitch-like digging. Headache as if external, the skin as if constricted
and plucked up, yet not painful under the touch.
States of depression in cerebral activity. Weakness of
mind. Weakness of memory. Imbecility. (Spt. 10, 16, 22,
25-32, 35, 36).     Compare psychial states under A.
A stupified state, a weakness in the head. Oppression and want of
desire for literary work. Prostration, thought is difficult, speaking
troublesome, and against the grain. Cannot put thoughts together;
quite stupid.  Slow movement of the ideas.  Forgetfulness.  Dull
weak memory. Loss of thoughts; as if in thought, and yet want of
ideas.
Diseases of the outer head.    (Compare face, skin). Encephalatoma.    Exanthema.     (Spt. 87-92).
Creeping on one spot of the occiput, as if an ulcer would form there;
upon the scalp; hairy scalp painful on being felt, and on brushing the
hair back; external pain, as of boil. Gnawing itching, where a miliary
pimple comes out.
(The other symptoms mentioned here by IHahnemann relate to stomach
affections and febrile states.)
FACE.
(Neuroses.)
Prosopalgia nervosa and rheumatica. (Symptoms, 97, 114,
153-156, 184, 186, 188-190, 193, 194, 196, 200, 203.)
The face is deformed and distorted; the left side as if drawn together
and shorter; the right as if elongated. Drawing and tearing in the
region of the eyebrows and in the cheek bones. On the inner side of
the socket towards the nose, in the bone, pain as of bruise. Pressure
with fine shoots in the zygomatic bone; upon the frontal bone. Dull
drawing on the left side of the forehead, through the left cheek down
the jaw, through the muscles and teeth, as if toothache was commencing. In the evening shooting twitching, in single jerks, out from
the temples into both jaws and rows of teeth, with weakness, pain as of



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


143


bruise in the left temple, yawning. In the under lip a pinching spot.
Vibration and cracking in the maxillary joint. A pain in the maxillary
joiht, deep under the ear, as of cramp, during rest and on movement,
relieved by strong pressure from without and the use of warm things;
as if bruised, as if it would break. Like needle prickings in the cheek.
Cutting, then itching and shooting. Cutting constriction in the cheeks.
(Affections of the Blood.)
Exudations a); exanthemata, dyscrasic:-crusta lactea,
impetigo, Psoriasis, herpes, Tinea faciei, gutta rosacea, acne,
lepra, pustula maligna, carbunculus, acute cutaneous eruptions, as maculme or miliaria (scarlatina), wheals and points
(urticariae, morbilli), vesicular   and   pustular  formations
(Zone, Erysipelas bullosum and pustulosum, variola and its
cognates, pemphigus).      Compare febrile states and skin
(spymtoms, 97, 114, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187, 192).
Redness and sweat, without thirst. Scaling of the skin.  Great
swelling, the head as big again, phlegmonous vesicular erysipelas.
Erysipelatous swelling of the face and neck; of the eyelids; of the
lobules of the ear, with violent burning, tension; cannot open the eyes
for eight days. Fine scales on the face. Vesicular erysipelas, with
burning pain, tears in the eyes, vesicles full of yellow water, burst, then
a mealy desquamation.   Cramp in the right cheek, as if it would
ulcerate, with heat and roughness of the cheek, as if a rash was about
to appear. Upon a wrinkle of the cheek a pustule, painless till it is
handled, when it pricks. 'Burning vesicle about the mouth and on the
nostril. A pimple on the lower lip, below the red part. Dry, parched
lips, with reddish crust. Clusters of pimples, which are filled with a
watery fluid when first forming, they are near the corners of the mouth,
on the border of the lower lip, feel sore when touched, and when not
touched a smarting sensation, as if occasioned by salt, is experienced in
them. Pimples on the side of the chin, with pus at their tips, on being
touched a feeling as if a sharp wedge was pressed into them, accompanied with a continuous burning.
b. H-ydrops (after rashes?). (S. 108).
Swelling of the head, throat, and the chest, down to the navel.
THE   EYES.
(Neuroses.)
Palsy of the lids, amblyopia amaurotica, amaurosis, (S.
127, 128, 151).
Twitches and constriction; weight and stiffness in the eyelids, like
palsy, difficult to move. Weakness of sight; objects are pale. Sensation as of gauze before the eyes.



144                RULES FOR THE STUDY OF
(Affections of the Blood.)
Inflammatory states and catarrhal, dyscrasic (scrophulous,
rheumatic, gouty), blepharitis and ophthalmia. Blennorrhoea palpebrarum (of new-born infants), photophobia scrophulosa, corneitis?    (S. 115-152.)
Inflammation of the lids. Smarting itching on the upper eyelid,
disappearing on rubbing. On the inner surface of the right upper eyelid a feeling as if swollen, with pressure, going off in the open air.
The eyelids are dry, as if drawn together by sleep; much swollen.
Twitching of the lids, with feeling of dryness, during a febrile chilliness. Lids in the cold air as if sore, from saltish, smarting tears.
Itching in the right external angle of the eye. Red, hard swelling,
like a stye, on the lower left lid, towards the inner angle, with pressing
pain, for six days.  Feeling of swelling in the right inner angle.
Smarting as if from acrid acid in the right eye. Pain in the eye-ball on
turning and pressing it. Pressure, as from dust. Periodic cutting in
the eye, with difficulty of opening the lids in the morning. Pressure
on straining the sight, as if from inflammation in the left eye, with
redness of the inner angle, and closure, as from mucus, in the evening.
Pressure and constriction; burning pressing feeling in the eye. In the
morning the white is red, the eyes project; are red and agglutinated
with matter. Ophthalmia. Weeping eyes, with cedematous swelling
around them. In the evening lacrymation with burning pain.
EARS.
(Neuroses.)
Nervous dysecoia, buzzing, ear-ache, (rheumatic). (Spt.
157-159, 161, 164, 165, 182).
Ringing in the right ear on walking. Two violent cracks in the left
ear, as if the membranas tympani has burst; while lying down and
in the act of going to sleep, he started up. Buzzing before the ear.
Squeaking in the ear, as of young mice. Coldness in the closed mouth,
with roaring in the left ear. Ear-ache. Fine, painful tearing behind
the left ear.
(Affections of the Blood.)
(Inflammation dyscrasic;) otitis scrophulosa.        Otorrhmea
(S. 160, 162, 163, 166).
Painful throbbing, at night, in the internal ear. Sudden drawing
pain, as if a thread was being drawn through. Before the right ear,
as if something was blowing within, or lay before it. Itching creeping
in the ears, as if there was something alive in them, compelling him to
put his finger in.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


145


NOSE.
(Affections of the Blood.)
Epistaxis (Spt. 168-170, 176, 177).
Epistaxis, hardly ever except on stooping; on hawking.
(Dyscrasia); scrophulous inflammation of the nose, ozoena,
exanthemata (S. 171-175, 178, 179, 181).
Feeling of hardness and swelling under the nose, going away on
being felt. Tension under the right nostril. Hot burning under the
left nostril, so that the breath seems to come hot through it. Apex of
the nose hot, painful to touch, as if it would suppurate. Sensation of
excoriation in the nostrils. Scabby eruption near the left ala nasi and
under the nose. An herpetic eruption about the nose and mouth,
sometimes with twitching and burning therein. Burning vesicles about
the nose and mouth. Spt. 167.-Swelling of the nose, of the ears,
and of the neck, appears to be of rheumatic character.
PAROTID AND SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS.
(Dyscrasic Inflammation.)
Parotitis and inflammation of the sub-maxillary gland
(acute and chronic), scrophulous, rheumatic (S. 198, 201,
202).
The glands under the angle of the jaw pain, even without being
moved, as if from being pressed and dug into. Swollen, hard parotid
and submaxillary glands; swelling of the submaxillary gland, with
shooting on swallowing.
TEETH.
(Neuroses and Dyscrasia.)
Odontalgia nervosa (rheumatica), arthritica, cariosa (S.
191, 199, 204-225).
Burning constriction in the right cheek, with pressing pain in the
crown of the three upper molares. Feeling as if the gums were squeezed
together on both sides. Slow shooting, and at the same time jerks in
the cuspidati. Jerls at night into the head, eased by applying the
hand; in the roots of the nerves of the hollow teeth; in the nerves
from below upwards. Pressure in the external side of the gum of the
lower back teeth, at the same time in the axilla; dull, at the same time,
in the shoulder. Sharp and dull pain, with musty smell, in the mouth.
Pain in the upper teeth, as if they would be drawn in by the roots into
*'. - L;.;:



146


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


their sockets; feeling as if a tenacious body were between them.
Feeling compounded of cutting and soreness.  Intolerable burning
pain, as of excoriation, in the gum to the root of the back teeth, compelling the patient to sit up, with feeling of heat in the body, and particularly about the head, with sweat on the forehead. Cutting beating
pain in that portion of the palate where the teeth terminate, as if from
ulceration; contact occasions a pricking, as from an ulcer. Pressure
in the inner gums of the fore teeth, and in the periosteum of the sockets,
shifting to and fro. Looseness, painful creeping, like a digging with a
needle. Pain merely on biting and chewing, as if too long and loose,
yet do they not shake, and they do not pain on being felt. Toothache,
first in the hollow teeth, which are longer and looser, then in the upper
ones shooting and creeping. Cold and warm drinks touching with the
tongue give pain. Visible shaking, even when not chewing. The
gums separate from the shaking teeth; they can be separated from these
teeth and touched without pain, except when the teeth themselves are
painful.
MOUTH, TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, &c.
Symptoms of nervous (febrile) and catarrhal affections (S.
226-234, 236).
Accumulation of water in the mouth, of a saltish taste. Dribbling
from the mouth during sleep; he must often spit out much saliva and
tough mucus. Something comes up from the stomach therewith which
tastes sour, hawking up of mucus in the morning, on rinsing the mouth
out it is worse; in the morning saltish mucus on the tongue. Tongue
not coated, dry, exciting one to drink. Feeling of dryness on the
point of the tongue, unallayed by drinking, much mucus in the mouth
without taste.
THROAT, PHARYNX, &c.
Symptoms of paralysis of the pharynx, of nervous (febrile)
and catarrhal states of the pharyngeal mucous membrane
and angina tonsillaris (S. 235, 236, 246-254).
Feeling of dryness in the throat; thirst; tough mucus in the throat,
disappearing after a little hawking, leaving behind some roughness.
Feeling of swelling with pain as of bruise, with or without talking; on
swallowing, hiccoughing, yawning, especially on empty swallowing
there is pressing pain; pressive pain as of swelling with shooting, as
if something pointed (a needle) had stuck in. Cannot drink, chokes at
each drink; there is, as it were, inactivity or torpor of the epiglottis (?)
with feeling of dryness in the throat. Throbbing at the back part of



PI-ARMACODYNAMICS.


147


pharynx, violent shoots, beginning dull, ending pointed and sharp, in
the region of the epiglottis, when not swallowing, dispelled on swallowing. On swallowing shoots, when the throat is dry, pressure when it
is moist. Feeling in the left tonsil as of roughness, and excoriation on
swallowing.
STOMACH, GASTRIC AFFECTIONS, APPETITE, &c.
(Neuroses.)
Affections of the ganglia; cardialgia.
(Diseases of the Blood.)
(a) Asthenic affections of the mucous membrane in the
form of gastric catarrh (status gastrico-pituitosus),
idiopathic and symptomatic.
(b) States of decomposition; symptomatic appearances in
typhus, putrid and     similar states (the perforating
ulcer of the stomach?).    (S. 255-349, 355.)
Putrid taste after eating and waking, without bad smell of the mouth;
greasy in the mouth, but food tastes properly; as if after putrid meat;
putrid, slimy, insipid; bread tastes rough, dry, scurfy, bitterish; beer
does not taste; bitter taste in the morning, going away after eating;
bread and acids taste bitter. After the use of milk acid at the stomach.
Appetite.-Repugnance to bread, meat, broth, eating in general,
several times a day; desire for cold milk. Full after wine, repugnance
therefore with weight in the head; disinclination to coffee, tobacco;
but no loathing at them. Sudden appetite for dainties. Entire loss of
appetite; becomes immediately satisfied and yet there is hunger; with
emptiness in the stomach and violent hunger. Weight in the abdomen
which seems quite empty, with hunger; in the morning hunger going
away at table, yet eating does not gratify; as if hunger attacked the
"chest; fulness under the sternum, as if the appetite had gone for ever.
Stomach constantly as if full; tolerable relish for food but no appetite.
Loathing with shuddering and nausea, with shivering over the whole
body without chilliness; squeamishness and vomiturition in the morning
as if in the chest. Nausea as if in the throat; in the chest with
craving hunger, disappearing on eating; in the stomach with squeamishness in the chest, increased on stooping or after eating and drinking.
Eructations and fulness after moderate eating; craving hunger,
soapy taste in the mouth, all tastes like straw, with eructation, appetite
immediately goes away, with fulness after eating; creeping in the
mouth, and terrible eructations, relieved by lying down, returning on
rising up again. Empty eructation after eating and drinking; in the
L2



148


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


evening violent eructations of air, then hiccough; eructation- from the
stomach losing itself in the chest, as if it would remain there; after
eating, as if burning; after eating, giddy, uneasy in the stomach with
distension; immense and sudden weakness in the head, with giddiness
and tendency to fall forwards, headache, toothache, cough, weariness,
extraordinary somnolence; headache after drinking beer; feeling as
of heat; shuddering after eating. Pressure in the stomach, as after
something indigestible; pinching in the abdomen; pressing, drawing
hitherwards in the left hypochondrium, with anxiety, and nausea in
the chest; with anxiety going away in the open air. In the evening
frequent rising from the epigastrium to the pit of the throat, nearly
taking away the breath for the moment. Pressure on the epigastrium
as if swollen up, taking away the breath; as if from a large morsel
swallowed; oppression as of constriction, as if full and tight; shoots in
the epigastrium, in the right hypochondrium; pinching in the epigastrium, and from thence into the abdomen at a small place; violent
throbbing in the epigastrium; pain in the stomach, as of a lump after
eating; under the diaphragm, above the stomach, a painful pinching,
then deeper in the stomach itself; constriction from the right towards
the stomach; pressive shooting in the region of the stomach, preventing a deep breath. Warm and squeamish as if to vomit, giving up on
lying down again; straining as if to vomit, at night in sleep;
accumulation of saliva with vomiturition to overflowing, and yet
hunger.
ABDOMEN, STOOL, ANUS.
(Neuroses.)
Ganglionic   and   spinal affections,   enterodynia,  colic,
especially the spastic and rheumatic.
(Diseases of the Blood.)
Asthenic affections of the mucous membrane.
(a) In the form of catarrh of the intestines, of diarrhoea
(also from rheumatic causes), or of catarrhal dysentery.
(b.) Or of ulcerative dysentery.
(c.) Symptoms of typhoid and putrid affections (S. 350-3544,
356-435).
Sense of obstruction or of pressing upwards in the hypochondria
with anxiety, as if death were impending, while sitting bent forwards;
pressing upwards in the abdomen as if the intestines were raised
towards the heart; sense of distension and of heat on the breast while
rising after stooping; a pressing in the left side under the ribs; shoots



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


149


from  the right towards the stomach. Pain in the abdomen as of a
heavy lump; on sitting, pain as if pressed. Pressing on a small place
as if wind had become incarcerated, merely on turning, not on being
felt. Pinching in the region of the umbilicus, with chilliness running
over the upper arm; during sitting with oppression ascending from
below upwards; under the ribs, on the right, towards the navel as
from worms,; with incarcerated flatulence, of which no little passes off,
while walking in the open air; almost a twitching pinching in different parts of the abdomen; extraordinary during a natural stool;
violent with distension in the region of the navel. Digging pain in
the right side of the abdomen; shooting from the navel towards the
region of the heart, repeated at each pulsation; over the navel,
Drawing from the umbilicus to the mons veneris. Pain as of bruise
under the navel; visible constriction in the middle of the abdomen,
across the umbilicus, so that the abdomen under and above this constricted band feels distended, hard and rigid. Spasmodic drawing in
the region of the navel; cutting in the left side of the navel on
expiration, when sitting; spasmodic pains in the right side of the
abdomen, early in the morning, when taking a little cold, accompanied
with a moaning, desponding, disconsolate mood; first cutting, then
shooting towards the right.     Colic composed of cutting, tearing,
'pinching, without much flatulence and distension, affecting the whole
intestines, worse on moving, better when at rest. Painful distension
with colic. Painful distension with colic, as from incarcerated flatulence, soon after a meal. Scarlet redness, four fingers broad, under
the navel. Distension of the abdomen with fermentation, very stinking flatus. Burning in the abdomen with thirst; digging up and
writhing colic, as if a worm was moving itself; drawing to the left on
fetching a breath; crackling and rumbling, with shocks to the mons
veneris. Fulness and fermentation with hunger, going away after a
meal; jerks from flatulence; pressure; jerks and pinching; while
walking the interior of the abdomen feels lax, and it shakes at every
step. In the morning on stretching the abdomen feels sore, and the
integuments too short. In the right side of the abdomen drawing
pressure, and in the skin of the abdomen feeling as if covered with a
spider's web; pressing on the mons veneris, with sensation as if
stretched. Drawing across the inguinal ring when sitting; tension
with shooting; tension from within outwards in the left groin, as if
from a hernia; weight as if a tumor were hanging down; pressing
outwards with crackling and rumbling in the abdomen; constriction in
the left groin, so that he must walk bent forwards. On the mons
veneris two red, round spots, from blisters that have burst. In the
middle of the abdomen, before noon, cutting, frequent stool, of natural
appearance; lessened by bending forwards, increased on walking.
Constant pressure to stool, with nausea and tearing in the bowels,



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


151


turbid, when he makes it; soon becoming turbid; whitish and muddy;
always whitish and muddy the longer he urinates, the last drops turbid
as if flocks; like water with a snow-white deposit (double stream).
Exudation a): dropsical, oedema scroti et praeputii: (b)
exanthematic, erysipelas bullosum, miliaria, herpes (S. 451
-468).
Frightful eruption on the parts of generation; swelling of the urethra; moist eruption on the scrotum, with swelling of the prepuce and
glans; rigidity and swelling of the genitals; tympanitic, hard, thick,
especially of the scrotum, with much itching; dark, scarlet redness,
from the scrotum downwards, without swelling, becoming streaky in the
middle of the thigh; miliary rash on the scrotum, moist; red spots on
the inside of the prepuce, near the froenum. Pain of the glans on
account of paraphimosis; dark prepuce; humid vesicle on the glans; a
great vesicle under the prepuce on the glans, which burst the following
day; swelling of the prepuce close to its union with the glans; shooting itching within the prepuce.
(Consensual symptoms?) Pain of the inguinal glans, merely at night
in bed, on turning and rising up, (449); in the left testicle a cutting
drawing.
Hmemorrhage from the uterus; premature menses; metrorrhagia.   (S. 473-482).*
Violent pains, as if the catamenia were about to commence immediately, deep in the abdomen; shoots in the vagina, not increased on
touch; pain of excoriation soon after being felt. Haemorrhage from the
uterus; without pain in a pregnant female. Return of the menses,
which had been long suppressed, they flow strongly; violent smarting
as they flow from the genitals.
Curative action.-The catamenia cease suddenly to flow.
MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE NOSE.
Catarrh of the nose. Coryza with asthenic character (S.
483, 484, 488, 490, 492).
Sneezing; violent, frequent, very frequent, nearly spasmodic; the
mucous flows in quantity involuntarily from the nose, as in the most
severe cold, in the morning, and yet he has no cold. (Nose obstructed,
worse in the room). Coryza and cough, with expectoration.
* The recommendation against menostasia, to which the element of chill
could alone give any countenance, is uncertain; that against metritis is not
borne out; that against putrescentra uteri, on general grounds, is hypothetical.



152


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


LARYNX AND TRACHEA.
(S. 485-488, 491, 492, 517, 521, 522.)
(Neuroses.)
Spasmodic cough.
(Affection of the Blood.)
Catarrh with asthenic character, oedema glottidis.       Influenza,  chronic   catarrh   with  bronchiectasis.    Chronic
hoarseness. Compare symptoms of the lungs.
Hoarseness, deep in the windpipe; scraping, rough feeling, in the
larynx, causing hoarseness. A roughness in the throat and in the
windpipe, as if the chest were sore and raw, causing cough. Tickling
irritation in the windpipe, as if to cough, shortening the breath, going
away on moderate movement. Tickling cough, occasioning dryness of
the throat, in the evening; in the pit of the throat. Sensation in the
throat-pit as if the trachea were stopped up and constricted, passing
off for a time after eating and drinking, but soon returning. Feeling
of coldness in the throat on expiration, as if the breath was passing out
cool. Ascension of a hot vapour (from the lungs).
EXTERNAL CHEST.
(S. 499-501, 844).
(Affections of the Blood.)
Exudations, consequences of suppressed secretion of milk.
Itching in the breasts; itching in the left nipple; milk leaves the
breasts; papular eruption on the right side of the breast, half way round
the back, painful as if sore and excoriated, with four stitches from within
outwards.
PLEURAE AND LUNGS.
(S. 494, 502-516, 518-520, 523-543, 548-552.)
(Neuroses.)
Rheumatalgia, pleuritica (but not against pleurisy).
(Afections of the Blood.)
(a) Inflammations with nervous, asthenic or putrid character; pneumonia nervosa in the stage of hepatisation, with impending cedema of the lungs, and the
effects of infiltration, asthma, &c.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


153


(b) I-H morrhages; pneumorrhagia, cough with hemoptysis
in  asthenic, tuberculous subjects, and the consequences of hemoptoic deposits-asthma.
(c) Emphysema.
(d) Hydrothorax     after   eruptions.   Endocarditis,    rheumatica, &c.
Deep shoots on both sides of the sternum; fine shoots, oppression on
the sternum, causing dyspnoea, with constant short cough, without
expectoration.  Constriction on the sternum, with shooting jerks
therein. Pain, as if something was pressing on the sternum. Oppression on the chest, as if after crying; of the cavity of the chest; pressing.
Oppressed and anxious, as if one could not fetch a breath; with shoots
especially on breathing. Constriction of the chest, with squeamishness
and nausea; tension, quite short breath and weakness in all the limbs;
unpleasant with cough; short breathing, especially on going to stool;
cannot sit, must fetch a deep breath, as if to choke, especially after
each meal. Dyspnoea, after walking; scraping and burning feeling on
the chest, even independently of respiration. Slow drawing down the
chest, not during respiration.  Weakness, talking is troublesome.
After walking in the open air sense of fulness, therewith hunger, without appetite; on the chest, as if without feeling, (numb anl stiff)
hooping cough, with shaking in the chest, in the head, as if all were
loose there. Dry cough, with shooting in one loin before midnightviolent, most so on waking, with black sticky expectoration; in the
open air; very oppressive, with white mucus, day and night; short,
anxious, painful, waking one up before midnight from sleep, with very
short breathing. On coughing general sweat, pain in the stomach,
vomiting of food; little sleep from his troubles. Taste of blood in the
mouth, without h   Semoptysis. Retching nausea under the short ribs,
tightening the breath. Frequent hawking, with bitter taste in the
mouth and throat, in the evening, and morning till getting up. Unpleasant feeling of heat in the chest on walking in the open air. Frequent stitches in the side on walking in the open air; violent and
throbbing, with crying out, when sitting; tearing from the right breast
to the left side of the abdomen; boring in one of the lowest ribs, on
speaking and deep inspiration; violent in the left side under the ribs.
Boring pain in the left, in the evening. Swelling and painfulness of
the left side from the axilla below the ribs.
HEART.
(S. 547, 548.   Many symptoms cited as belonging to the
pleura and lungs, should have their place here).



154


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


(Neuroses.)
Spasmodic    heart  affections reflected  from   the  spinal
marrow.
(Affections of the Blood.)
Symptoms of hydrops, pericardii, and endocardii, after
rheumatic affection.*
Unpleasant feeling of weakness in the heart; trembling of the heart;
palpitation, when sitting, so violent that the body moves at each stroke
of the pulse.
BACK, NAPE, SHOULDER-BLADES, SACRUM, &c.
S. 553-592).
(Neuroses.)
(a) Spinal irritation with asthenia.
(b) Paralysis of the spinal marrow.
(c) Rheumatalgia of the muscles of the back.
(d) Neuralgic pains from over exerting the muscles of
the back.
(e) Ischias.
(Affections of the Blood.)
(a) Coxalgia.
(b) Rachitic affections of the bones.
(c) Gouty affections.
Compare also the symptoms of the extremities and skin
which follow.
Nape of the neck feels sore on movement, as if stiff and tense. Itching
shooting, like flea bites, in the nape of the neck. Pressure in the
muscles of the neck on bending the head forward, in the upper part of
the neck; the place feels numb. Drawing over the side of the neck
on stooping.  Rheumatic stiffness of the whole neck, so that on
moving the head he cries out loudly. Pain in the nape of the neck as
of a heavy weight like lead, preventing lying down. Itching on the
neck, and on the forearms. The left shoulder feels as if paralysed;
tensive cutting all over the shoulder-blade; a rolling, twitching, and
s In organic affections of the heart, diseases of the valves, hypertrophy,
&c., Rhus may be of some service altogether symptomatically, but only the
above-named affections appear to us to suit Rhus, particularly the neuroses.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


155


constriction in some parts of the left scapula, and over the right knee;
pain as from strong pressure with the finger on the left scapula; constriction of the skin over it; twitching on the side of the same; drawing from below upward, and pressure under the left scapula in the side
of spine; drawing and pressure under the right scapula, confining the
breath. Tearing between both shoulders, and constriction of both
sides. Violent rheumatic pain between the scapula, affected neither
by movement nor by rest, relieved only by heat, increased by cold.
Shooting in the back; pressive, more when walking; also on stooping, yet more on rising up again; in the evening drawing in the back,
must sit upright; disappears on walking. Constriction as if bound by
a cord in the muscles of the back, less on leaning back, increased
on bending forward. The loins feel sore while sitting, as if after
stooping and bending of the back too violently. Pain as if bruised in
the loins on lying or sitting still, not on movement; stiffness on
movement; shooting jerks; on being grasped pain as if the flesh were
beaten loose in the loins. On the right side of the lumbar vertebre,
and on the loins as if bruised. Pressure as from the sharp edge of
a knife when standing and bending backwards. Below in the loins,
on the right, a burning spot. Weight and pressure as from a blow.
Drawing, jerking shoots in the coccyx as with a needle. Tearing and
drawing from the hip to the knee. On lying on the side pain as of
soreness on the hip, and of the loins when lying on the back.
EXTREMITIES.
(UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, THE JOINTS.)
(S. 593-756, 766, 768, 773, 795).
(Neuroses.)
"(a) Spinal irritation.
(b) Debility and palsy of the upper and lower extremities.
(c) Rhenmatalgia.
(cd) Neuralgic pains from over exertion, strains or sprains.
(Affections of the Blood.)
(a) Rachitic affections of the bones (caries).
(b) Gouty affections (of the joints).
Compare also the skin symptoms.
Pressure on the right axilla, on the clavicle. From the axilla to the
hand a feeling as if something rolled neither warm nor cold. Drawing
under the armpit to the middle of the upper arm on lifting the arm.
Swelling of the axillary glands, painful even when not touched.



156


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Tearing in the axillary joint and in the upper part of the scapula; in
both upper arms, worse when at work, during which the arms sink
down; on pressing thereon pain as of soreness in the bones; tearing
in all the finger-joints; violent in the arm, most violent on lying still.
Drawing and tearing from the elbow-joint to the wrist; jerks in both,
even during rest; in the thigh, a little above the knee. Tearing and
drawing in the right groin down the thigh; from the hip to the knee;
from the knee to the ankle; tearing in the knee and the tarsal joints,
more when at rest; in the middle and outer part of the thigh when
sitting, disappearing on movement.
Pressure in both hip-joints at each step, and as if there was paralysis
of the muscles of the thigh. Continued pressing pain in the sole of
the foot, near the ball; on the right tibia, afterwards burning; crampish on the left tibia, while bending the knee, then burning and on the
right thigh under the groin on one spot while sitting. Drawing shoots
down the arms from the shoulders; fever in the limbs. Shooting, in
the axilla, while lying, ceasing on movement; in the joints, when at
rest, not on being handled, tearing in the left wrist; on the tibia with
weakness; boring in the upper arm, thigh; violent in the right upper
arm, as if it came from without; shoots as of needles in the left arm,
soles of the feet, heels; burning under the left armpit, on the arms,
back of the foot, between the toes; shoots on the back of the index
finger in the tendons; in the fingers, in the thigh outwards; from the
great toe to the middle of the left breast; in the ham-strings on violent
movement; rising from seat, and handling; over the knee; in the left
ankle-joints, and tendo achillis, as if with knives; in the outer ankle of
the left foot; under the knee; on the inner side of both knees, shifting
from one to the other; on the outer part of the ankle; in the heel,
while sitting, after walking in the open air; while resting on the foot;
by jerks in the diseased ball of the great toe, as if a boil was going to
break out, in the evening shooting in it, fine in the toes; shooting
outwards on the side of the knee; crampish in the ankle at the knuckle.
Jerking feeling in the left arm; involuntary painless jerking in of
both thumbs; in the thigh with trembling of the knees; in the calves.
On crossing the feet feeling as of vibration in the shanks of the tibia,
compelling him to move the legs here and there. Feeling as if hot
water ran through the arms; in the points of the fingers; (in a warm
room) as if distended with blood, while the back of the hands are cold.
Drawing in the right buttock, immediately under the sacrum, disappearing, when pressure is made over it: in the knee; in the os
femoris, compelling the patient to bend double; while standing up; in
the ankle; upwards in the heels; burning drawing pressure in the great
toe, with heat; drawing and tension in the right hip, in the calf, makes
the foot restless; paralytic feeling while sitting; crampish drawing in
the left elbow joint, on movement; in the right buttock; (crampish



PHAIRMACODYNAMICS.


157


drawing of the finger;) crampish constriction on the inner side of the
sole, while stretching out and bending the foot upwards it abates; of
the toes; spasmodic drawing up in the left calf to the ham.
Tension in the left upper arm in the open air; in the elbow-joint,
while stretching out the arm, with difficulty in elevating it; in the hip
joint while sitting; in the groin, as if the skin would not yield; on the
back side of the thigh; drawing down the left thigh from the joint; in
the knee, as if too short; in the knee-joint; in the calves, the ham
strings as if too short; in the feet, with weight; while sitting, while
walking, tired; with pressure in the soles; with shoots, and as if the
skin was stretched up, in the calves. Tension with stretching of the
ham-strings, exciting restlessness in the feet, with crawling. A painful
throbbing in the left elbow. Beating and throbbing on the dorsum of
the foot. Itching, burning, from the left elbow, obliging one to scratch,
going away afterwards; violent in the hands; shooting in the left calf;
in the ball of the left great toe; on the left ankle, and over the dorsum
of the foot; violent (on drawing off the stockings) in the region of the
ham-strings; scratching is painful. Burning, gnawing, in the right
forearm, in the flesh between the thumb and the left index finger.
Digging pain in the bones in the left forearm, during movement, and
jerking in the right carpus. Stiffness of the whole forearm, of the
finger, in the knees and feet. Disposition to stretch out the legs. As
if bruised. Feeling of powerlessness in the forearm, in the fingers on
movement; pain as of a sprain in the left carpus in the act of grasping
any thing. In the upper part of the left carpus feeling as if sprained;
in the upper part of the right thigh, inwardly to the groin, a pain like
what is felt in a strain or sprain of the wrist; the foot feels as if sprained
in the morning when stepping on it. Bruised pain and drawing in the
thigh. Feeling in the left upper arm as if rubbed with woollen cloths,
or as if it had been scraped with a knife, with a cold sensation in it.
Coldness; cold sensation in the carpus, which has the natural warmth
to the feel, as if a cold wind were blowing upon it, also on the left tibia.
In the evening in the bad leg a pain for half an horn', throbbing and
creeping, with a cramp-like pain, as in a whitlow, increased by motion,
but worst under the touch. Cramp-like pain in the left buttock and
thigh; in the calf while sitting, going away on rising up; in the calf
after midnight when lying in bed, after walking, while sitting, going
away while bending the leg.
Trembling of the arm during moderate movement of the arm and leg.
Deadness and numbness of the foot, with feeling as if it were made of
wood. When stepping the heels feel as if swollen. The limbs, lain
upon, go to sleep. The left index finger goes to sleep; index and
middle finger numb. Creeping and numbness in the finger points;
creeping and gnawing in the metacarpal joints of the fingers, in the
feet. Buzzing in the knees and hams. While walking, weak in the



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RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


legs, heavy and bruised, which goes away after sitting; the legs are
tired, as after a long walk; painfully tired in the legs while sitting,
which goes away on walking; in the feet at the 'same time going
upwards is difficult, as if one had been running much; as if the blood
sank down into them; as if the legs were paralysed; as if a hundred
weight were pressing on the hams and calves, with difficulty to bring
the feet forwards.
Heaviness in the legs, extending from above the knee to the lower
tarsal joint, making it difficult for her to stand; this heaviness diminishes
when walking, and is not felt on sitting. Cannot advance for stiffness.
Staggering towards the right. Paralysis of the lower extremities.
The fingers move with pain on account of swelling. The back of the
head smarts and is hot; the skin is hard, rough and stiff. Hot swelling
of the hands and of the face. Erysipelas, swelling, and pustules, with
burning and itching on the arms and hands. Pain and swelling of the
arms. Discrete, small, round, red spots on the forearm. Vesicles on
the right wrist, on a blood red ground, always increasing from the size
of a kneedle's head to that of a pea, which collectively appear to form a
thick cluster, and appear shining and brown from the desicated moisture
which exudes from the vesicles as clear water. A number of vesicles
in the form of a bracelet, four fingers broad, round the wrist, exuding
clear water. Hard pimples on the hand, with shooting, gnawing, itching. Inflamed blotch on the middle joint of the ring finger, with itching
burning pain, sometimes passing over into a slow stitch; cannot be
removed by friction and scratching. Pimples on the inner side of the
wrist, and on the cheeks, resembling itch, which burn and itch and
smart when scratched. Feeling of heat in the left foot. A red very
hot spot with burning pain on the right hip, swelling of the feet, painless on being handled. Burning point at the inside of the right thigh
near the testicle. Red, burning spots and streaks on the inner side of
both knees, with small vesicles which soon dried up. Small red spots
on the ball of the foot. Recurrence of the chilblains of the previous
year, with burning throbbing; when not scratching there is pricking,
after scratching, blotches. The corns smart and burn.
A cracking for several hours in the right hand, between the thumb;
in the outer side of the calf. Pinching on the back of the finger, on
the outer part of the arm and on the head.
SKIN.
(S. 757-759, 761-764, 772, 774-788).
(Neuroses.)
Neuralgic affections, dependent on spinal diseases.



PHAR.MACODYNAMICS.


159


(Affections of the Blood.)
Exudation-formations, (a) dropsical; anasarca, (after ex-, anthemata, especially the dyscrasic).
(b) Exanthematic; (1) dyscrasic, psoriasis, impetigo, herpes,
especially of the face, tinea, lepra, gutta rosacea,
rhagades, verrucae:
(2) putrid; petechime, morbus maculosus, carbunculus, pustula maligna,, perniones; (3) albuminous, erysipelas
bullosum and pustulosum; scarlatina, morbilli, variola,
variolois, urticaria, pemphigus; all with       nervous
symptoms and disposition to decomposition of the
blood.
Swellings (encephalhematoma).
Ulcera phagedoenica, gangroenosa.
Creepings in the face, spine, sternum. Itching burning here and
there; over the whole body, especially on the hairy parts; upon the
head. Swelling of the hands and feet. A wound became inflamed and
was set with small vesicles containing a milky fluid; some with a
transparent fluid became confluent and desquamate. Eruption like
nettle-rash.  Burning eruption of small vesicles filled with water.
Redness of the skin over the whole body, excepting the scalp, the skin
of the palms and soles. Very painful violently burning itching eruption, especially on the scrotum, the prepuce, the eyelids, the eyes, (with
swelling,) consisting of small yellowish vesicles, which run together
and become moist, some as large as a lentil on the arms and loins, on
being scratched getting very hot. Slow suppuration of many of these
pustules, they have a red areola, are broader, heal slowly; the smaller
ones dry up more rapidly and desquamate. Red spots of the size of the
largest lentils, with small vesicles in the middle; on being touched by
the juice two black spots on the index finger in an hour's time; twentyfive days after violent burning in the mouth and throat; speedy swelling
of the left cheek, upper lip and eyelid; the night after great swelling of
the forearm, skin becomes leathery, intolerable itching, great heat. After
four days pustules on the hands and forearms, which burst and exude a
clear moisture. Black pustules with inflammation and itching overspread the body in a short time. A black spot on the part touched
with the juice. Scurfs over the whole body. The skin is made red by
the juice, and like tanned leather; after some days desquamation.
Creeping pains in the ulcers; smarting pain in the ulcers, as from salt,
merely at night; in the day merely on going into the open air; shoots
in the neighbourhood of the scurf; pain as of bruise in the ulcers;
burning smarting therein, with weeping and moaning.



160


R1ULES FOR THE STUDY OF


Compare here the exanthematic symptoms occurring in
other places.
SLEEP SYMPTOMS.
(S. 817-876.)
Agrypnia and sopor, generally symptomatic phenomena;
compare specially febrile states.
Yawning; in the morning frequent; as if sleepy; violent and spasmodic with danger of spraining the maxillary joint. Sleepiness in the
day, even in the morning. Anxiety, restlessness, melancholy, dry lips;
while sitting after walking. Disposition to lie down, weak and weary;
cannot remain out of bed; on sitting up nausea. In the evening sleep
suddenly comes on, not to be shaken off, all the limbs as if paralysed.
Somnolent state, full of tiresome uninterrupted dreams. Late going to
sleep and tossing about in bed. Great nocturnal restlessness; sleeplessness till midnight, with or without sweat; without heat; four
nights cannot remain in bed. Cannot go to sleep; sweat without
thirst; for great liveliness, insupportable heat, ebullition of blood, without thirst, throbbing. Appearances like thick clouds before the eyes;
after midnight quiet and sleep. Restless, uninterrupted sleep, with
much tossing on account of a burning eruption; tossing about, airing
of the bed clothes, uncovering one's self, with nausea; full of vexations,
unpleasant conceits and thoughts. On going to sleep pressure at the
stomach, preventing sleep; dreams anxiously of business. Talking in
sleep, in the evening, loud, half aloud, about the stories of the day, of
business; will toss off every thing; longs after this and that; in the
morning does not sleep again, and when he does, lively dreams of being
awake, as if he had not slept. No sound sleep after midnight; restless
tossing on account of unpleasant burning over the whole body, without
thirst, with dreams full of anxious troubles and impulses. Dreadful
shocks on going to sleep, as if he had let something fall. Jerking starts
during the forenoon sleep. During the day's sleep restlessness, movements of the hands in sleep here and there, and playing with the fingers
and hands. Loud crying in sleep. Sleep with open mouth. Anxiety
at night, he would escape from the bed, seek help, on account of an
indescribably unpleasant feeling.  Great timidity at night, cannot
remain in bed, as if something drove him out. Breath short, loud and
thick, inspiration inaudible. Must lie on his back at nights. Unpleasant heat, without thirst. Frequent waking up at night on account of
a nasty bitter taste, with dryness, in the mouth; thirst without desire
to drink, with slimy mouth. Waking about midnight, on account of
violent, pinching, digging up pain in the abdomen, with prostration and
emptiness at epigastrium, and retching, which soon passes off. Dreams



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


161


of circumstances thought of in the evening, or heard or transacted; of
the accomplishment of projected ideas; of fire; fearful with palpitation
while waking. After getting up confused in the head; on waking with
convulsive movements of the limbs, shrieks on account of a tremendous
headache, proceeding from a feeling of forcible drawing of the limbs;
very vexatious, irritable mood on waking.
FEBRILE STATES.
(S. 878-942.)
(Equal participation in nervous and sanguineous affections).
(a) Intermittent fever.
(b) Fever with decomposition of the blood and affection of
the nerves; typhus (stupidus and versatilis); F. putrida; F. pycemica (especially in      puerperal fever,
tuberculosis).
(c) Symptomatic fever with nervous (typhus) phenomena
with local affections, especially catarrhal, rheumatic,
exanthematic fevers of this nature.
Shuddering on rising in the morning; in the back. Sensibility to
the open, cool air, it even produces pain on the skin, although there is
no repugnance to it: cannot get warm in cold air however much
wrapped up. Chilly shivers, with violent thirst, mucus within the lips;
feet icy-cold, not to be warmed in the evening in bed, the rest of the
body warm. Extremely cold hands and feet the whole day; inward
feeling of cold in the limbs, as if they were dead or asleep, but no
external cold. Chilliness in the house towards evening; fugitive chills,
with dry lips and little thirst and hunger; continual chilliness; in the
open air without thirst; shuddering chill on coming out of the open air
into the warm room, without thirst; in the evening, in the house, with
throbbing toothache and accumulation of saliva, without thirst; in the
open air shuddering chilliness, becoming still worse in the warm room,
and even at the hot stove, with violent thirst and ceasing of the flow of
saliva; the chilliness loses itself only in bed, though the thirst remains,
then stupid sleep, with tightness and confusion of head, going away
after rising. In the evening external cold and chilliness, without shivering, no coldness to the feeling, not cold inwardly, can bear cold drinks;
immediately after lying down external heat, without thirst; moist
mouth, dry lips. About midnight some moisture on the skin during a
half slumber, afterwards sweat in the face, hairy scalp, neck to the
chest. Shuddering and heat at the same time, without thirst, after
taking a walk, then somewhat warmer. Sweat over the whole skin,
MI



162


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


especially in the palms of the hands. Inwardly hot, outwardly cold,
warm to the feeling, and without particular thirst; coffee increases the
heat. Pinching cold in the feet, between the shoulders, then much
outward heat, burning in the left arm, and on the left side of the upper
part of the body, with redness of cheeks.
In the evening chilliness and heat, the face seems hot, but the cheeks
are pale and cold to the feel. The breath comes hot out of the mouth.
Fever with convulsions, and evening fever with diarrhoea, chilliness,
then in bed for several hours dry heat, with much thirst, cutting in the
abdomen as with knives, diarrhoea in the heat, then sleep, then again
diarrhoea. On the following evening diarrhoea again, chilliness for one
hour through all the limbs, without thirst; then dry heat, heat with
violent sweat, three hours long with thirst; merely mucous diarrhoea,
with violent cuttings in the bowels, tenesmus, headache, pressing from
both temples towards the mesian line, congestion of blood and heat in
the head. In the forenoon sleepy weariness, yawning, as if before
going to sleep, while walking, with anxiety; stool, with cutting; immense heat in the whole body, without thirst; shuddering, as after
warm water had been poured down, or as if hot blood were in the
vessels and head, and as if the head were pressed down, obliging him
to stbop, with throbbing headache; in the evening chilliness, as if cold
water were being poured over him, or as if cold blood were in the
vessels; after lying down and being covered up, heat; at night drawing in the spine between the shoulders, and in the limbs, as if he should
stretch himself constantly. Early in the morning sweat. Towards
mid-day febrile chilliness in all the limbs, with headache and giddiness;
in the evening chilliness again; he has to lie down; at night sleeplessness, giddiness, and sweat. In the afternoon stretching in all the
limbs, shuddering, thirst, with cold hands,, heat and redness of the face;
in the evening in bed shivering; in the morning moisture over the
whole body, with pressure over the temples; in the afternoon general
warmth, with heat of the head, both internal and external, and shuddering, without thirst; stretching, drawing weakness, in the limbs.
Headache, as if the head felt oppressed and the sides of the occiput
were pressed together; violent cough, with short breathing and pain in
the throat, as if the tonsils were swollen - towards morning the whole
body was covered with a slight moisture. Heat on the left side, cold
on the right side, without chilliness; heat on the other parts of the
body; over the head and back chilliness. Cold shivering through the
sweat, with cramps in the abdomen at night in bed. Inclines to vomit,
with heat of the head and hands, and chilliness of the rest of the body;
afterwards chilliness all over after retching. She feels hot to herself
and others, with distended veins, and a weakness which compels her to
support herself. Violent thirst; the day after shuddering over the
upper part of the body, especially the arms. Heat in the face and



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


163


fingers, with chills in the scapula, without thirst. In the evening
inward heat in the forehead and head, extreme heat in the hands, with
dull headache. Heat and sweat after and while walking in the open
air. Violent burning in the skin, with twitches; general sweat; cough.
Sweat over the whole body, not in the (hot) face-in the morning
gentle, round the neck, all over the body with the exception of the
head, without smell, acrid, sour, without producing weakness, on both
legs, at night, in the morning, daily, with cold sweaty cheeks. Heat
and great thirst; thirst, especially in the morning, at night, strong, for
water or beer. Absence of thirst. Pulse slow, sometimes irregular,
quick.
PSYCHICAL STATES.
(S. 943-976).
(DEPRESSED STATES.)
(a) Melancholia.
(b) Hypochondriasis.    Amentia.
(c) Stupidity.
(d) Amnesia.
For the citation of the particular states see above A, where
also what remains further to state about the general appearances, state of the strength, &c., are contained.


M 2



EXAMPLE
FOR THE
COMPARISON OF, MEDICINES
WITH ONE ANOTHR






168


RULES FOR THE STUDY OP


may in most points agree, yet that one or the other presents
such a difference, that the recomposition of the whole produces a new sharply defined individuality. The field of
Pharmacodynamics will in this way be carefully ploughed up,
repetition gives firmness of grasp, and comparison sharpens
the sight. If we take, for example, Bryony, whose actions
we have learned, and imagine to ourselves that the learner
has jumped on some stages, where he is already at home in
the Materia Medica, a comparative review of the analogues
of Bryonia will be of great use. (We omit here the comparison of Bryonia and of Rhus, which may be almost spontaneously made from the very minute characteristics given
above, for the sake of avoiding needless repetition.)
In the Materia Medica of Noack and Trinks a long list of
the medicines related to Bryony is cited, which show naturally
a higher or lower degree of agreement. To this class belong
(1) Aconit., Ammon., Ammon. muriat., Berberis, Chin.,
Clemat., Colocynth, Led., Lycop., Mercur., Phosph., Puls.,
Rhus, Senega, Squill. (2) Alum., Am., Ars., Baryt., Bell.,
Boyist., Cham., Cin., Coff., Dros., Dulc., Graph., Hep. sulph.,
Ignat., Kal., Lach., Magnes., Moschus, Mur. ac., Nux v.,
Op., Ran. bulb., Rheum., Ruta, Stram., Sulph., Thuj., Verat.
(3) Calc., Caps., Nit. ac., Selen.
We are about to compare the first named eight of these
medicines with Bryony to make ourselves aware of this
relationship, and in this way to reflect a clearer light on the
individual medicines themselves.
Aconite has in common with Bryony the action on the
vascular system, the mucous, serous, and fibrous membranes,
the external skin, the secretions of the liver and gall-bladder,
the lungs, the urinary and sexual organs, the muscles, the
articular apparatus, the periosteum, and on the nervous system of the sensational sphere. It affects likewise the circulation, and induces plastic consequences, which constitutes it
the most powerful medicine in fever and inflammation.
The pains which Aconite induces are drawing, drawingtearing, shooting, pains like those from a bruise, especially



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


169


of the joints; it causes besides weakness, faintness, &c.
The sufferings become worse in the evening and in the open
air.
The special cases in which Aconite and Bryony are employed run much together. These are congestions, haemorrhages, (nose, lungs, rectum, uterus,) inflammations, (of the
eyes, intestines, respiratory organs, serous fibrous membranes,
mucous membranes,) muscular and articular rheumatism,
acute and chronic gout, spinal irritation, neuralgias of particular nerves, exanthematic fever, (roseola, morbilli, miliaria,
variola,) catarrh, rheumatic, typhus fever, intermittent fever,
bilious states, (fright and vexation, icterus,) hepatic affections, &c.; and consequently both medicines differ in this,
that in Aconite the arterial, sthenic character predominates,
every thing bears the stamp of the active, synochal, stormy;
whilst Bryonia answers more to venous and irritable, mixed
with sensitive, erethistic states. Aconite is, to speak for
once after the manner of Vogt, the male, Bryony the female
principle of the circulation. The former consequently requires the full strength, the first, forcible, determined onslaught of inflammations, fevers, and similar states; the latter
suits rather the resultant and transitionary states.
Ammonium carbonicum shares with Bryony the shooting,
tearing, drawing, the pains of sprain and ulceration, &c., the
sensitiveness to cold and the open air, the influences of a
sedentary mode of life, the relation to the female sex, the
excitability, the venous constitution, the congestion to the
head with pressing outwards at the forehead, with nausea,
the ophthalmie, the dysecoia, the epistaxis, odontalgia, cardialgia, colic, gastric affections, obstructions, anomalies of
menstruation, night-cough, hamoptysis, asthma, eruptions,
rheumatic gouty affections, weakness of the limbs, restless
sleep, dreams, excitement in general; and yet "wide as the
poles asunder" is this medicine from   Bryony in its fundamental asthenic diathesis, in its disposition to decomposition,
to colliquation, out of which all these indications take their
rise. The excitability is here totally devoid of energy, it



170


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


depends precisely on torpor and dissolution. There we see
irritability of an active kind, here adynamia, which in its last
flickerings still bears the appearance of life. Consequently
Ammonia suits in lymphatic constitutions, in all asthenic
fevers, with chest affections of the same kind, in chronic
affections of the lungs with suppurations, in gangrene. We
may add as a special indication, which fails in Bryony, that
heat relieves the symptoms of Ammon. carb.
Ammonium muriaticum agrees with Bryony in particular
relations only, particularly as regards the kind of the pains,
the mood, (but especially melancholy,) the weakness, heaviness of the limbs, the congestive exanthematic character, the
relation to the mucous membranes and glands, to obstruction,
to cough, &c.
Even a superficial observation, however, will soon teach us
that the metamorphoses within the capillaries are of a different character, and that the tendency to the mucous membranes is constituted in quite a different way from that of
Bryony, as well as that the sphere of action proceeds within
more defined restrictions in Sal ammoniac than in the more
deeply penetrating elements of our medicine.
The same is true of Berberis, which likewise on the side
of the lower metamorphoses attacks certain points of the
organism, which apparently stand a degree deeper in importance. A primary action on hemorrhoidal affections,
urinary diseases, and anomalies of menstruation, are predominant here, an action which fails in Bryony. Besides
this, the pains, the feeling of prostration, the aggravation in
movement, the symptoms of the joints, bones, tendons,
(lymphatic swellings,) muscular system, the fibrous parts in
general, the liver, skin, a predominant direction to the venous
system, to the mucous system, (of the eyes, of the gastricointestinal canal, of the urinary organs, of the genitals,) the
biliary  system, -lastly, the catarrhal, rheumatic, gouty
elements, are all quite adapted for drawing interesting
parallels.
The affections of Berberis are worst in the afternoon.



PHARMACODYNAMICS.


171


China, on the contrary, agrees with Bryony rather in the
points of exit of the nervous and vascular system, and has
certainly a surprising similarity with it as regards the kind
and seat of the pains, the aggravation by movement, touch,
at evening and night, in the open air, the stiological elements, (anger, chill,) the relation to the female sex and the
clinical applications, (for example, congestions, hmmorrhages,
catarrhs and inflammations, fever, dropsies, rheumatism, gout,
gastric, bilious states, &c.).  But the fundamental character
of China is not irritability with increased sensibility induced
by real elements of excitement, but precisely by states of
debility. States of depression are present here, although
they appear outwardly as exaltation. The paralysed central
parts lose their influence, the uncontrolled material elements
accumulate, decompose, and thus excite commotion. Consequently the psychical mood in China is different from that
in Bryony; consequently the principal setiological elements
are here:-debility, all kinds of loss of fluids, their irritations;
consequently in China prevail tremblings, jerks, internal
restlessness, paralytic feelings; consequently the vasomotory
activity loses its contractive power, and passive congestions,
haemorrhages, mucous discharges, asthenic inflammations,
slow fevers, scurvy, consumptions, effect an entrance.
Clematis has only a remote similarity in the kind of pain,
the articular rheumatism, the glandular affections, megrim;
but the fundamental character is that of torpor and of
cachexia; the reproductive is the principal sphere, (consequently tooth-ache in hollow teeth, scrophula, chronic
exanthemata); and as a psychical element, melancholy is
predominant.
Colocynth has also on a closer examination only some particular elements related to Bryony, particularly as regards
the neuralgias of the trigeminus, the affections of the joints,
especially of the aponeuroses, the ligaments, the swellings of
the external parts, the venous, bilious, rheumatic, and gouty
affections. By way of distinction we must content ourselves



RULES FOR THE STUDY OF


with pointing out the jerking, the cramp, the constriction,
which predominate over the other kinds of pain; the stiffness,
weakness, cramps, faintings of Colocynth, the oppression, the
sthenic character of the reaction on the other hand, the
specific relation to hmemorrhoidal affections, to dysentery, to
coxarthrocace, ischias, &c., and the aggravation of many
troubles also during rest, and the relief from passing flatus.
Ledum has a special relation to the brain, to the organs of
respiration, the lymphatic vessels, the secretion of urine, the
external skin, the serous and fibrous tissues, the muscles,
bones, and will coincide in many points of view with Bryony,
with which Ledum has in common the moral state, the head
congestions, the rheumatic and gouty elements (of the joints
especially), the hydrothorax, hwemoptysis, exanthemata, &c.,
as the aggravation by movement and the nocturnal exacerbation. But though among the sensations the predominant
jerking, the incapacity for bearing the heat of the bed, and
aggravation through heat in general, present remarkable
differences, yet the principal feature in the action of Ledum,
namely, the decomposition in the blood and the want of
internal vital heat, is much more decisive. From this the
action in hmemoptysis, consumption, hydrothorax, &c., is
abundantly explicable.
It would lead us too far, if we went on in this way, to subject all the medicines which have been arranged as related to
Bryony, to a specification.  It is easy to see how these
affinities can be considered in a more or less extended circle.
And in fact Bcenninghausen has cited as "concordances" of
Bryony, in addition to the above mentioned numerous medicines, these that follow besides: Hyoscy., Nat. mur., Sep.,
Aur., Canth., Carb. v., Caust., Con., Creos., Petrol., Phos. ac.,
Plumb., Sabad., Spig., Staph., Zinc., Asafoet. Mezer., Silic.
Arg., Cupr., Cyclam., Rhododend., Sabin.      Ant. crud.,
Cicut., Spong., Viola tricol. Ant. tart., Croc., Nux moschat.,
Dig., Fcrr., lod. Coccul., Colch., Stann.
It is easy in this way to draw in the whole Materia



174


RULES FOR THE STUDY OF PHARMACODYNAMICS.


only symptomatically related agree merely in some groups of
symptoms."     " Particular families which   are especially
adapted for comparison are, for instance, Nux, Ignat, Puls.,
Cham., Coff., Caps., Ambr.; further, Ars., Verat., Ipec., Am.,
Ferr., China; probably also Staph. and Sulph. ac., Sulph.,
Calc., Lyc., Led., and in another view, Theridion. One of
the most remarkable and beautiful families is Hep., Mere.,
Bell., Lach. Between this and the analogues of Ars. stands
Phos. ac. and Carb. veg., with their analogues; likewise
Cup., and in another direction, Aur. A rich store of knowledge is created out of such comparisons like those beautiful
crystalline deposits which are formed when you suspend a
crystalline salt in a saturated solution of the same salt."
(Compare C. Hering-iiber d. Stud. der hom. Arzneimittell.
Arch. f. hom. Heilk. xvii, 1, S. 105-108).
From the same esteemed physician had already proceeded
(see Arch. xi, 3, 80,) Contributions towards the institution
of comparisons between similarities and differences. Further,
(Arch. xiii, 2, 1,) A Survey of the whole field of Medicine, as
a preliminary attempt by way of guide to future inquiries,
which lays before us much to encourage and stimulate us in
the way of increasing our medicinal treasures and confirming
our symptoms. Highly to be recommended also is Hartlaub's
Contributions for the comparison and characterisation of
several remedies in regard to their pathogenetic peculiarities,
as of Nux, Ignat., Puls., (Archiv. iv, 1, 3,) and Watzke's
Comparison   of some remedies with      Nat. mur., (Oestr.
Zcitsch., iv, 1, 198,) &c.
Ieil's attempt at a division of medicines according to their
action on systems and organs, composed to facilitate their
study, valuable as it is in itself, yet gives but one side, and
is therefore not sufficient.



177


APPENDIX.
MyV intention in this Appendix to the foregoing translation of
Hirschel's Rules for the Study of Pharmacodynamics, of his
Examples of the independent Examination and Treatment of
Medicines (selbst-bearbeitung), and of his Examples for the
Comparison of the Medicines with one another, is to supply
briefly from other portions of his admirable work, such information as may tend to throw light on the selection of remedies for any particular case of disease.
The indications for the choice of the remedy are, he says,
taken,
(1.) From the complex of the symptoms of the disease, with
a special distinction of the primary, idiopathic, pathognomonic, and diagnostic signs. (Diagnosis).
(2.) From the systems or organs affected. (The anatomicophysiological basis).
(3.) From  the diseased process-its nature, history, and
duration. (The physio-pathological basis).
(4.) From the internal etiological elements lying at the root
of the disease, (the proximate cause,) so far as this is
to be ascertained; as well as from      the external
exciting causes, even when these are to be sought for
at a great distance, (for example, in chronic diseases,
dyscrasic affections). (Etiology).
(5.) From the peculiarities of the diseased individual in
relation to age, sex, constitution, temperament, psychical peculiarities, mode of life, &c.
(6.) From the peculiarities of atmospheric and telluric relations in regard to weather, temperature, period of
N



178


APPENDIX.


year and time of day, prevailing endemics and epidemics.
(7.) From  the particular modifications which external and
internal influences, such as movement, posture, the
open air, mental exertion, particular functional acts
(eating, drinking, &c.) call out in the symptoms of the
disease (and of the medicine).
In the words of the author's admirable summary-" The
similarity which ought to obtain between the medicine and
the disease, is principally to be recognised in the symptoms
which were predominant in the proving of the medicine on
healthy persons, and in those essentially belonging to the
disease. It must not only, however, extend merely to these
outward signs, but there must also be a relation of similarity
(agreement) and specific conformity of the particular medicine to the seat, the process, the internal and external conditions and causal relations of the case of disease, so that the
peculiar character of the medicine may exactly correspond to
the peculiar nature of the disease."
In comparing the symptomatic treatment of the old and
new school, the author begins by stating that the therapeutic
school distinguishes three indications in the plan of cure(1) the indicatio causalis-the object of which is the destruction, removal, or controlling of the cause of the diseased
state; (2) the indicatio essentialis, which takes in hand the
most essential process in the case of disease, as the one, on
which all else depends; and (3) the indicatio symptomatica,
which only attempts to remove or moderate particular troublesome symptoms, to obviate intercurrent accidents or
casualties, and to oppose dangers arising from a complication
of relations. It receives its full justification from the fact
that in the greater number of cases danger arises rather from
secondary and tertiary disturbances, than from the essential
process.
It is to be considered, permitted, or demanded,
(1.) In diseases which get well of themselves.
(2.) In troublesome or exhausting symptoms.



APPENDIX


179


(3.) Where a particular symptom only loosely connected
with the principal disease prevents the cure, or impedes' the employment of the suitable remedy.
(4.) In dangerous secondary disturbances, dangerous to life
(indicatio vitalis).
(5.) In all incurable diseases.
(6.) When death is impending.
(7.) In uncertainty about the diagnosis, where careful sounding by means of symptomatic treatment is possible
and allowable.
On the consideration of these principles, which characterise
the whole allopathic art of healing, we begin to perceive the
advantages of the new school. These consist
(1.) In this, that the three above cited indications in great
measure come together in the homoeopathic mode of
treatment, and therefore present this, even in the
sense of our opponents, as a rational mode of treatment.
(2.) In this, that the symptomatic mode of treatment of the
old school is quite different from the observation of
symptoms in hommopathy, which offers no points of
comparison with such mere empirical courses of procedure; and
(3.) In the fact that it is rare indeed that anything answering
to the allopathic " indicatio symptomatica " occurs in
homoeopathic practice, and always then with much
surer guarantees for its successful attainment. As
for the plan of experimentally feeling one's way in a
doubtful case, we can always spare ourselves this
trouble, as our whole system of therapeutics rests on
a much surer basis. On a strict inquiry into the
cases as they occur, we shall find that it is especially
in allopathy that the pure symptomatic treatment has
the greatest extension, being by no means limited to
the cases in which we also have recourse to it, that is,
when the diagnosis is uncertain, (7th point,) or for
palliation (points 1 to 6).



180


APPENDIX.


We would ask each allopath on his conscience how often
it is possible to bring forward the indicatio causalis, or essentialis, and how often with the best will and the most extensive
knowledge, the most acute diagnosis will enable him    to
advance against the causes and the essence of the disease?
The symptoms of the disease, the external signs, are as
necessary for diagnosis to the adherent of the old school as to
us. But too often he believes he is taking measures against
the disease, while he is striving symptomatically against some
of its component parts. His reasoning has deceived him.
When, for instance, he diagnoses a dysentery, and from its
fancied essence deduces the usefulness of an opiate, which,
however, only checks or removes the tenesmus or the diarrhoea, without touching the essence of the disease, the treatment is not causal, or essential, but only symptomatic. It
would not be difficult to shew in the same way that most of
the allopathic cures are in this sense only symptomatic. The
employment of Chloroform in neuralgias, of drastics, acrids,
of cupping-glasses, of irritating frictions in amenorrhoea, of
resolvents, Aloes, &c., in habitual constipation, of Digitalis,
of Squills, in dropsy-do all these refer to a cure which has
anything to do with the essence of the disease?
Both schools need the knowledge of symptoms. It is the
mental process with these symptoms that divides the schools,
involving as it does a different mode of apprehending and
employing them. The allopath creates out of these symptoms
a diagnosis of the disease, from this all peculiarities are
excluded, and a medicine antagonistic to the presumed essence, or the so-called proximate cause, is chosen.
The homceopath treats also the symptoms as constituent
parts of the picture of the disease, as means of diagnosis, but
he does not forget the one for the other; he retains fast hold
on them (the symptomn) as pointers for the choice of the
medicine, because they objectively hold up before him by
their peculiarities the special nature of the disease, through
the whole process of subjective composition; whereas the
allopath forms for himself such a nature subjectively, and
therefore gives up the objective basis. The result is con



APPENDIX.


181


sequently the most opposite.   The mental process of the
allopath leads through a necessary fiction, on the one hand
in consequence of a defective knowledge of remedies, on the
other precisely in consequence of an abstraction from symptoms, but too often to a symptomatic treatment, since the
"rational" relations at his command are not sufficient.
The process of the homoeopath, on the contrary, gives,
through the use of the symptoms, an objective presentation
of the picture of the disease, which in its totality leads to an
essential and real cure.
The symptomatic mode of treatment takes note of individual symptoms, or symptoms only as such, without
mental analysis, valuation, or connection; processes to which
the new school applies itself with especial diligence. The
principal thing, the thing to be known with it, is not the
symptoms, but the essence of the disease in all its relations;
but to the symptoms, inasmuch as they are the best means
for arriving at the knowledge of this essence, and for the
determination of the morbid relations, it attaches a particular
value. They are the means to their end, and the basis of
their observations. In these outward signs the inner type of
the disease is mirrored; in their totality they must contain
the constituent and characteristic parts which compose the
whole. From the phenomena coming out to observation at the
surface, we must conclude on the internal causal relations, the
very thing the homceopath does, since he does not stop at observation alone, at the mere appearance, as a child does, but
proceeds to combine, to determine, and conclude. He, too,
forms for himself a diagnosis of the disease by the separation
of the essential from the non-essential; he, too, distinguishes
primary and secondary, pathognomic, sympathetic, &c.; he,
too, estimates the etiological element as the external constituent; but he never loses the objective actual substratum in
the subjective, mental product which it has created, and thus,
holding his ground fast, he is not exposed to the uncertainties
of a wild goose chase. Hence the same individual signs in
their connection are serviceable to him for comparison with
the symptoms of the artificial medicinal disease, which he now



182


APPENDIX.


proceeds to combine and determine on, as he did before with
those of the natural disease, for the purpose of obtaining a
corresponding  type of artificial medicinal disease.   The
more striking the correspondence of the parts, the more
exact that of the whole to the whole. But this must not be
the result of a mechanical covering of one part by another,
but of a judicial comparison, a separation, a synthesis, depending on the finest analysis; or a merely external, formal,
not an internal, essential resemblance, would be attained.
Every attempt at finding a resemblance requires reflection, if
this is not to be founded on mere externalities, but is to
signify a true internal affinity and agreement, such as we
need. Wunderlich* in his Examination of the Rules of Classification, reviews seriatim the particular criteria of homceopathicity, which he styles essential, or illusory and accidental.
With regard to similarity in external phenomena, he asserts,
justly, that affections the most different as to causes, antecedents, and internal changes, may appear similar, for superficial symptoms very often depend on non-essential concomitants. A supposed similarity of cause may often bring
together affections of the most different form, for we have
generally only an imperfect and partial knowledge of the
causes of disease, and a portion of the cause escapes us, and
is not taken into consideration.
A similarity in the changes of the most essentially affected
organs would give the most natural ground of classification,
if we only always knew the essential changes and did not so
often take accidental or consecutive disturbances for them.
Neither the symptomatic, nor the etiological, nor the
anatomical element is therefore alone and by itself sufficient.
On this account we cannot dispense with either of them; but
we are often compelled, in the failure of other guides, to hold
on by the symptomatic external similarity of the form of the
disease. These criteria are available as to the homeopathic
principle in the treatment of disease, and we may consequently apply the whole of this decision with unimportant
clhau c to the law of similia similibus.
"* Page 62.



184


APPENDIX.


Crampy constriction, distension
in jerks. Crampy tension, forbidding the slightest movement.
Pressive shooting pain in theumbilical region.  Straining and
grasping  about the umbilicus,
obliging one to bend forwards.
Pressure as from a heavy weight.
Violent noisy borborygmi in the
abdomen.
Feeling as if a hard body pressed
outwards towards the inguinal
ring.


Colic, as if all the intestines were
tied up in a knot.
Painful pressure in the 'neighbourhood of the coecum.
Flatulent rumbling and pinching. Borborygmi in the abdomen.
A feeling in the left groin, as if
a hernia was going to appear.


How similar are these symptoms, and yet how different is
the application of these remedies according to the signification
of these symptoms! Indeed a case may occur in which the
symptoms may appear more like those of Veratrum than
those of Belladonna, and yet the latter be the medicine, for
Belladonna answers to inflammatory rather than spasmodic
colic, Veratrum the reverse. And indeed the symptoms of a
peritonitis may resemble those of Veratrum, and yet never
yield to it, for though the character of Belladonna does
answer to a peritonitis, that of Veratrum never does. A
more exact comparison, a deeper insight, a taking into
account of several elements, are necessary, in order to base
a specific relation between the medicine and the disease, in
order, in each individual case, to find out what is suitable and
indicated.
But we must now proceed towards the objective inquiry
which presents to us the observable phenomena.
Review of the anatomical element, the locality.
The anatomical element, the locality, deserves a special
consideration.  Pathology, from   the time she began to
follow out diseases from their local points of origin, and to
pay special attention to the anatomical basis, has taken a
new start, and has, in consequence, to a certain extent, the
first title to the name of physiological medicine, a title,
however, to be fully earned only by her labours in the



APPENDIX.


185


future. Physiological medicine also cannot escape treading
this path, if she means to attain her principal indication, that
of individualisation.  Since each organ possesses its own
peculiar life and its proper or individual kind of activity, the
knowledge of the specific relations of medicines to particular
organs and to the functions they derange is a great step to
-the comprehension of medicinal action in general and to
treatment. We oppose to the disease seized in its point of
origin and its first element of development, the locally acting
medicine-the contending parties touch equally on one and
the same ground, a direct mutual action must follow.
Besides, the anatomical basis gives also the conditions for
certain forms and alterations of the diseased state, which are
of more or less general influence in proportion to the extent,
the properties of the different structures and tissues, and
the connection these tissues have to the others.
We deduce from the structural basis certain general laws
of disease, and apply them to the respective localities. For
example, we know that inflammation has very different terminations as it occurs in the serous and the mucous membranes, and we turn this knowledge to account in pleurisy,
pericarditis and gastro-enteritis; or we make use of the
unity of the catarrhal process, which as a congestive process
depending on the peculiar structure of the mucous membrane,
runs a very similar course, whether it attacks the bronchie,
the stomach, or the genito-urinary system. The question of
first importance is the enquiry as to the sphere of action
which the medicine has, or to speak strictly, the question as
to the locality, that is, as to the organs affected.
We must first know whether a medicine acts on the heart,
lungs, bladder, brain, &c. In this way we attain at once a certain, although a general knowledge of the physio-pathological
processes, which become developed in one or more large
portions of the organism, and are affected and altered by
the medicine. In general several organs are affected by one
and the same medicine. We then put the further question,
what particular parts of these organs are particularly affected
by the medicine, and we deduce therefrom    an affinity-it



186


APPENDIX.


may be-to the mucous membranes, the lymphatic system,
the capillary system, the venous branches. If we know that
"a medicine has a decided action on an anatomical system or
"a particular tissue, we have attained a certain amount of
knowledge as to the physiological characteristics of the
medicine, secured to us by a certain regularity running
through all diversities of place. We attain, to express ourselves with more precision, a more exact comprehension of
the type of the medicine's action; for we know not only the
influences upon the organs of the body as such, but also the
changes produced on the more remote elementary portions of
the organs, and of the whole body. We then see why the
same medicine acts alike in different parts of the body, and
have opened out to us a comprehension of the relation
of the medicine to the morbid process essentially dependant
on the anatomical basis.
For this reason, if the inquiry as to what organs a medicine affects is of paramount importance for the determination
of its functional activity, since the organs or groups of
organs present functional unities or groups, not the less
pressing is the inquiry as to the elementary structures
over which a medicine extends its influence, whether on the
vegetative, (the membranes, the ligaments,) or the animal,
(the nervous and muscular systems,) or the general substratum
in the deep back-ground of life, (the lymph, blood, and
cellular membrane).
This shows partly the internal antecedents of the functions,
partly gives us a solution of the formal changes presented
by structure, which come especially under consideration in
diversities of the morbid process, in which both the functional and the material play an equally important part. To
recapitulate, it is of the first importance to know in what
organ the disease has its principal seat, since the functional
changes and the symptoms which manifest these are regulated
by this.
We have then to distinguish what elementary tissues are
affected, and ascertain their structure.
Hlypermmia presents us a clear example. The relation of



APPENDIX.


187


the locality, of the histological basis to the kind of degeneration, is nowhere better shown than here:-an inflammation
in the lungs will excite quite different symptoms from  one
in the stomach, and will also, as it selects the mucous membrane, the parenchyma, the veins or the capillaries for its
seat or terminal point, present great differences of form,
though the process itself remains unaltered.
The researches of Berres* as to the arrangement of the
smallest arterial and venous twigs in the capillary system,
have shewn the way to place the hyper-emime on the most
special local basis.
According to these, great differences arise from the ultimate form of the ramifications-for instance, the linear, vascular tissue in the muscles, which has little tendency to become
hypereemic; the longitudinal of the nervous substance, which
permits a rapid flow to and fro; the longitudinal meshy tissue
of the fibrous membranes; the dendritic in the serous; the
radiating vascular plexus in the glandular organs; and the
erectile tissue; from whence the more or less easy occurrence,
the intensity and duration of the hypera~mime may be anatomically explained. Not less, important are the anastomoses of
the capillary arteries with the capillary veins in the simple
meshed flexus, in the connecting meshed flexus (muscles,
nerves, fibrous membranes), in the encircling meshed flexus
(glands, lungs, cortical substance of the brain), in the looped
vascular net, looped formations (organs of the senses, papille
of the tongue, the pylorus, the small intestines, the papille of
touch, the genitals), in the looped meshy tissue (serous membranes, corium, mucous membranes).
Examples of local specification.
This knowledge is as important in pharcodynamics as in
pathology, and it cannot be a matter of indifference to proceed beyond the knowledge of the specific relations of the
remedies to the organs, to win our way by comparison and
* Berres' Anatomie der Mikroskop. Gebilde des Menscli. K. S. 36-70, und
Wunderlich's Auwendung auf die Pathelogie, S. 354.



APPENDIX.


191


brain? the spinal marrow    (sensational or motor fibres)?
ganglia? the vascular walls? arteries? veins? the capillaries
of a parenchyma? the blood itself? But to get at these
ramifications we have to ascertain the central point, from
which arise difficulties, only to be overcome by a logical
presentation and development of the type of the disease.
From what has been said it is clear, that (1) together with
the so-called general action, a special and peculiar one upon
one or more points is possible, which may be (a) either the
cause, or (b) its consequence; and (2) that, in particular,
proceeding from one organ, for example, the heart, the
lungs, the liver, an action may be produced on the blood or the
nervous system, which, in their turn, excite reactions.
On applying these observations to the laws of healing, we
observe that a local disease can be as well met retrogressively
by a medicine of general action, as the healing of a general
affection can be brought about by the treatment of a particular part.
The part which this relation of locality plays in the
different schools of medicine, exhibits their difference in a
strong light. In allopathy, where the local action of a
medicine is ascertained only by its use in disease, the reference to pathology is loose. In consequence of the predominance of the use of general means according to dogmatic categories, and of the prevalence of so-called general methods,
local reference is the exception (Wunderlich, indeed, calls it a
delusion to expect advantage in therapeutics from localization
in pathology), it frequently coincides with topical (external)
or symptomatic action. Since allopathy chiefly acts by antagonism, by exciting the secretions, by derivatives, by quantitative and chemical means, but especially by acting on the
constituents of the blood (alteratives, resolvents, diluents,
corroborants), with a dark instinct in the ways of humoral
pathology, and by massive doses takes the whole system into
its hands, this ignorance and neglect of the local peculiarities
of their medicines does not work them so much harm as might
have been expected, but confessedly deprives them of the
advantages of a direct mode of cure.



192


APPENDIX.


Rademacher, on the contrary, places, with justice, a great
value on these localizations; but, alas! only too great a
value, since the protestations of his disciples to the contrary notwithstanding, he undervalues quality, and creates
artificial distinctions, as the categories of medicine, the only
objects of his therapeutical investigations, fully show.
On finding these localizations he has an indication for
practice. His division into medicines for organs, and for the
general system (wrongly styled by Kissel medicines for the
blood), is only of service in so far as it helps to a selection
of one of them, or indeed to an addition of several out of
one, or a combination out of both classes-a two-fold division which is both logically and physiologically untenable,
in consequence of the difficulties in distinctions and separation, as Kissel himself confesses; the complexity of intercurrent symptoms, and the interchange of organ and blooddiseases, and this without reference to the fact that the action
of the nervous system or of the blood on an organ is quite
overlooked, though this may be local.
We do not consider therefore that Rademacher has made
any important advance in practice, for in truth, in spite of
Kissel's excellent requisition for a deeper physiological basis,
an observation of the diseased process, a semeiotic valuation
of the morbid symptoms, of the relations of a humoral state,
&c., these are less in question than the anatomical basis;
and, moreover, in the attempts after the origo mali, the complex, the type of the disease in general, a point with us of the
highest importance, runs a great chance of being overlooked.
The so-called inductive method, by which these artificial categories have been discovered, is also in the highest degree
exceptionable, and is nothing more than making the healing
art a blind groping with no better guide than chance. If Copper
and Iron are medicines acting on the general system, as
trials in diseases considered general teach us (these are
generally epidemics); and if Copper:and Iron, again, cure a
pneumonia, as trials in disease again teach, is pneumonia
therefore a disease of a general character?  In this way
pathology will be dogmatically enriched by therapeutics, and



194


APPENDIX.


Out of this neglect of the material side of medicinal action
may be deduced the imperfect observation of the chemical
element, as well as the predominance of subjective phenomena over objective changes, which is observable in the
homaeopathic Materia Medica, which, in this relation, presents great deficiencies.
The word " dynamic," in particular, has led to great
misunderstanding, and is, in many respects, a cloak for
obscurity or the want of scientific knowledge. Sometimes it
is used to indicate force in apposition to matter (and in
strictness this is the right meaning); sometimes it is used in
a more restricted sense for the manifestation of action (function) in apposition to modifications of the fluids and form;
sometimes to phenomena occurring in time rather than in
space; and in its most special anatomico-physiological relation, for the activity of the nervous system in apposition to
the life of the blood and of the organs. At all events, however, an exclusive predominance of one sense, whatever this
may be, without the participation of the other, must always
be unphysiological; since both apparent opposites, in consequence of the unity of life in organic nature, as also in the
phenomenal world and the laws of inorganic matter, run into
one another.
On this ground it is incredible that Hahnemann meant by
his dynamism to exclude the material participation of medicines.  Such an observer could not have overlooked the fact
that certain medicinal substances, his own antipsorics in
particular, have a very decided material sphere of action,
since his doctrine of psora and of the other dyscrasias, took
precisely the state of the sanguification for its principal basis.
Confessedly, however, the matter was looked at in the most
general way.
To come to particulars with the changes in sanguification,
brought about by medicines, was not thought worth while,
from the dynamic point of view; and it has been only of late
that men have begun to turn their regards on the material
side, as is observable in the Materia Medica of Noack and
Trincks, or in the allusions made by Franks to Mitscherlich's



PPEND'ix.


195


excellent researches into the action of medicines on the blood
(Arch. xvi. and xvii.), Arnold's trials with Phosphorus, Aeon.,
and Bry., &c., and the notice which the labours of B3cker,
Beneke, &c. in this field, have attracted among homceopaths.
There is greater difficulty, however, in inferring, from trials
on healthy persons, made with large doses, and affecting the
relative constituents of the fluids and the structure, to the
effects of small doses in disease, than where the phenomena
are merely functional. Chemistry also has not yet made such
advances as to indicate pathological changes, and it is questionable whether chemical re-agents are calculated to detect
the finer shades which are occasioned by homoeopathic action.
Let us consider, in the first place, the obstacles opposed by
the living and organic body to such inquiries; and secondly,
the uncertainty whether the material changes effected by
medicines in our doses, arsenic, for instance, acids, carbon,
lime, present such chemical differences, and last so long, as
to fall under the notice of the analytical chemists, as happens
with regard to such allopathic remedies as act principally in
a chemical way. On this subject the researches of Mitscherlich, Liebig, &c., have established certain data; from which
we learn that chemical action may happen in the following
modes: (1) upon the external skin, deoxidizing, abstracting
water, or combining with its constituents (albumen compounds) or producing coagulation; (2) on the intestinal
canal, in similar ways; (3) by affecting the solubility of
ingesta in the intestinal canal; (4) on the mucous membrane
of the air-passages (in the form of gas); (5) on the blood,
through the respiration, or absorption from the mucous
membranes or skin; (6) on the internal tissues and constituents, through the mediation of the blood, or by infiltration
of the tissues. Either the constituents are dissolved by
chemical agents (alkalis, iodine, acids, water,) brought into
the circulation and excreted, or insoluble compounds are
formed, especially with albumen (compare Mitscherlich's
researches on the Sulphates of Copper and Iron, in Muller's
Archiv. 1838, s. 1; on the Relation of Acetate of Lead to
Albumen, Casein, Osmazome, Gelatine, Mucus, Fibrine, to
o 2



196


APPENDIX.


Blood, Urine, &c.; in the same Journal, 1836). The chemical actions on the blood appear to be the following: formation of blood (tonics, nutrients, iron); diminution of formation (lead, quicksilver, salts, alkalis, antiphlogistics);
increase of particular constituents in it (carbon, oxygen,
salts); acceleration of metamorphosis by an increased addition of oxygen (nitric acid, the water-cure?); retardation of
its natural changes (inadequate supply of oxygen, abstraction of water); increase of its coagulability, plasticity;
diminution of its coagulability (by salpetre, alcohol, salts
especially prussic acid); and the introduction of peculiar
changes proper to the science of sanguification.
Although these rude chemical changes and actions cannot
be cited in homceopathic therapeutics (they need confirmation, and their use is too much founded on dogmatism to be
yet applied to the treatment of disease), yet do the results of
several medicines (we recollect the acids, Arsenic, China,
Phosphorus, Calcarea, chloride of Sodium, Baryta, Silica,
Graphite, Carbon, Sulphur,) point to many of the above
mentioned modes of action, which are necessarily connected
with material changes in the blood.
Let us consider that Copper, Zinc, Lead, Arsenic, Manganese, &c., have been lately discovered in the blood; whether
they are accidental or necessary constituents of the blood we
do not yet know. Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Iron are, however, essential constituents. Their influence is the more remarkable from the smallness of the quantities in which they
are present. The same is the case with the above mentioned
metals. Now, why should not a small quantity of a medicine
excite as essential changes in the blood pathologically as
these do physiologically? The influence of acids (Carbonic
acid in the blood), salts, and earths, on the formation and
metamorphosis of the tissues, is known. We find carbonates
and phosphates of Lime in the bones, in all the fluids, and
in each cell-formation; phosphates and carbonates of Mlagnesia in the bones, Natrum muriaticum in all the fluids and
tissues, carbonate of Soda in the blood and in the lymph,
Silica in the urine, saliva, hair, bones; and these are pre



APPENDIX.


197


cisely the substances which the most remarkably develope
the vegetatiye actions of medicines in homoeopathic pharmacology.
Let us consider further that Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Calcium, Fluorine,
Kali, Natrum, Silicium, Magnesium, and Iron, are the principal constituents of which the essential organic substances
are composed; that out of the different atomic relations of
these elements, with trifling discrepance, a new      radical
(hypothetical, it is true, and not capable of being presented
in an isolated condition) Protein is formed, which again, in
combination with other substances, with slight variations,
presents the manifold modifications of the organic substance
(albumen, fibrine, caseine, globuline), so that these form a
series of protein compounds with Phosphorus and Sulphur,
and their different combinations with water, salts, &c.; that
by a slight change in the dextrine (starch gum) of the vegetable matter of the ingesta, possibly the analogous gelatine
is formed, as from the vegetable albumen the protein; that,
finally, in the normal functions by respiration (combination
of the carbon of the ingesta with the oxygen of the air), by
exfoliation from free surfaces, by the skin, the liver, the
kidnies, a continual decomposition of protein takes place.
Under these circumstances of constant and easily effected
organic change, it is not too bold to attribute to medicinal
substances a chemical action, not to be measured by the
standard of inorganic chemistry, or of our present analysis.
We allude particularly in this last respect to      Bocker's
researches with regard to the reproduction.*
The urinary excretions, the proportion of carbonic acid in
the respiration, the elementary and form-changes of the
blood, during the use of various medicines, are here observed.
The results of the action of Belladonna, Sulphur, Kali
aceticum, here given, confirm   the other known effects of
q: Beitrige zur Heilkunde, insbesondere zur Krankheits,-Genuss-mittelund Arzneiwirkungslehre, nach eigenen untersuchungen, B. i. and ii., Crefeld,
Juncke u. Mueller.



APPENDIX.


199


(3.) Whether the interval between the dynamic and material
action be not so small as to allow us to adopt the
idea of their being simultaneous.   The solution of
this question is interesting in a scientific point of
view, but it only receives a practical importance when
we consider it from a somewhat comprehensive physiological point of view, and refer the dynamic to the
activity of the nervous system, against which we set
that of the blood and different organs; in other
words, when we put the question
(4.) Whether medicines act through the blood or the nerves?
And here the following possibilities occur.
(1.) Medicinal influences may act only'through the nerves;
(2.) Only through the blood;
(3.) Or they work through both, and
(a.) The nerves give the first resistance, or
(b.) The blood.
Cases 1 and 2 contradict, by their isolation of vital phenomena, daily experience and the laws of life, which present
the antagonism between force and matter as the indifferentiation of the different, as Schelling would say, and deny so
exclusive an action of either of the systems. Case 3 is the
only one, therefore, to be considered; and indeed it is
probable that
(a.) In the great majority of cases the action proceeds
from the nerves, and in such a manner that (1) the nervous
tissue is immediately affected, or that (2) the blood is the
bearer or medium of the action, in such a way that medicines are brought into contact with their related nerves
and organic systems by means of the blood, and that from
these again a reaction on the blood and organs follows.
These would be the so-called dynamic actions, in which a
special physical electric influence enters,-a thing quite
possible according to Dubois Raymond's experiments, or, as
we have indicated above, only temporary, quickly passing,
from their insignificance imperceptible, chemical metamorphoses. But there may also occur
(b.) In the blood itself such primary material changes,
as to alter the nerves in a more or less material way. Arnold



200


APPENDIX.


has on these points given very valuable remarks, and interesting examples, and established facts. In the same way as
the cellular tissue, the mucous and other membranes, and
different tissues (according to Emmert's researches) may
become infiltrated with medicinal substances, so may the
nervous tissue likewise.
We may give as examples:-the strong action of Belladonna on the iris by local application; the topical action of
sedatives, as Opium, the application of medicines for the
glands, which produce a quick local action without the
participation of the organism; the narcotisation of isolated
nerves by means of Opium and Nux vomica-tetanic fits in
frogs, even when the heart has been separated by ligatures,
or entirely detached, after the introduction of Strychnine
into the skin, the cellular tissue or the stomach.
The extension of medicinal action by means of the blood
(2) (although the lymphatics as well are here active, yet
absorption takes place in general by the veins) is rendered
probable by the recovery of substances in the blood, in the
secretions, in the substance of the organs, and in the expired
air.  The necessity of previous reception into the blood
before general action can take place may, however, be
admitted as a general rule. After the application of cupping
glasses to a poisoned wound, or of a torniquet above the
wound, no general action follows, although general action
will follow if vascular communication with a poisoned and
detached part be kept up artificially by a tube. Medicines
introduced immediately into the blood act in general with
greater speed and violence. Nervous communication merely
will not ensure general action: on the contrary, division of
the nerves, of a part, or of the spinal marrow, or in general
interruption of the nervous communication, will not prevent
it, as Arnold's experiments with Strychnine fully prove.
In fine, there is no doubt, as we have shewn above, that
medicines cause material changes in the blood itself, from
which the nerves are affected secondarily (b).
In addition to the examples given above we may here
cite, that Saltpetre and Sal ammoniac lessen the coagulability of the blood.  The passage of Phosphorus into the



APPENDIX.


201


blood shews itself externally by the smell of the expired air,
and its emitting light, by a diminution in the circumference
of the blood globules, and in the coagulability of the blood, and
from immediate contact by softening of the spinal marrow.*
Acids and bases evince their affinity also in the organism.
The vegetable acids change themselves into carbonic acid.
Iron, Saltpetre, Sal ammoniac, Phosphorus, enter into
combination with the constituents of the blood; Saltpetre,
Sal ammoniac, common salt with the protein.        All this
authorizes us to characterize the separation and apposition
of the dynamic and the material as a misapprehension of
the vital manifestations. We are also compelled to ascribe
an important part in the giving effect to medicinal action to
the vascular as well as to the nervous systems. An examination, however, of homneopathic specific action, the quality
of the medicines employed, and the manner of cure, its
frequent lightning rapidity, all induce us to ascribe in by
far the great majority of cases under our mode of treatment
the decisive influence and the primary action to the nervous
system.
The consideration of the morbid process.
After the observation of the locality as regards the functional and material phenomena of the morbid state, comes
the consideration of the morbid process itself. The specific
relation of the medicine to this element must necessarily
play an essential part in the similarity, the agreement
between the medicine and the disease. For it is undeniable
that the individual nature of the disease which must correspond with the individual character of the medicine, is
principally based on its peculiar life, which takes a certain
physico-pathological course on a given anatomical basis, and
perfects its development according to certain laws and tendencies.   An ulcerative, croupy, catarrhal, and typhoid
process, occurring as they do on the same mucous membrane,
will depend on the most different pathological conditions,
& See Arnold's Researches, Hys. Bd. xxiii, S. 9 ff.



202


APPENDIX.


diverging in determinate pathogical directions materially
and functionally. It becomes, therefore, the problem of a
rational pathology to discover those several physiological
fundamental conditions, simultaneously with the anatomical
seat in each case of disease. But it is also necessarily the
problem of rational therapeutics, (a problem to which the
therapeutico-physiological school, consequently the homoeopathic, can alone claim the praise of having attended,) to
determine the physiological fundamental character which
must qualify the medicine employed, if it is to act on this
peculiar process.
Now it is the provings of the medicine on the healthy
body which afford the means of attaining this knowledge.
We willingly confess, however, that we need the aid of
pathological experiences to facilitate the generalization of the
morbid process which we require: in one word, that the
symptoms alone, without further combination, comparison,
and induction, will never lead us to sound conclusions on
the morbid process. For instance, it is of great importance
to us, and it facilitates the indication when we know the
particular pathological state which underlies a diarrhoea,
and consequently led by the symptomatology and practical
experience, distinguish the relation   of Mercury to the
hyperaemic, of Pulsatilla to the gastric-catarrhal, of Antimony
to the gastric, of Arsencium, of Acidum phosphoricum, to
the typhous, of corrosive sublimate to the dysenteric process.   At another time the      conditions underlying the
diarrhoea, such as teething affections, tubercular disease,
scrophula or pregnancy, require a special consideration,
which must not be confined to the symptoms of the medicine
merely, but must also be directed to the generalization that
a given series of medicines exactly corresponds to this or
that process, and to that series must our attention be limited,
and out of that series must corresponding symptoms be
selected.
In tubercular diarrhoea we therefore make our selection,
similarity of symptoms being presupposed among Calcar.,
Chin., Ferr., Phosph., Arsen., and in scrophulous, among



APPENDIX.


203


Calcar., Lycopod., Silic., Baryta, &c.; when occurring in
pregnancy, iamong Antim., Lycopod., Phosph., Petrol., Sep.,
Sulph.; in teething, among Chamom., Merc., Calc., Ipecac.,
Sulph. and Phosph., &c.     Without this knowledge of the
special relation to the morbid process, acquired from the
general physiological and special pathological character of the
medicine, we may be often led astray, though an apparently
exact correspondence of symptoms may exist, for this may
be merely superficial. We proceed to give some examples
by way of illustration. The treatment of ulceration of the
mucous membrane of the mouth will be very different according as it is dependant on simple hyperaemia or local
causes, (ulcers of the follicles, phagedenic, excavating ulcers,)
scurvy, mercury, syphilis, or other constitutional causes. In
such cases the symptoms corresponding to the form of the
ulcer are less decisive than the character of the medicine.
Vomiting, constipation, are frequently almost isolated
symptoms of disease. If we now compare the exciting
causes which underlie those in strictness only symptomatic
but not the less substantially occurring states, and consider
how on the one side in practice such states occur as partial
diseases, presenting only a few points of observation, and
how on the other hand the medicinal symptoms exactly on
such points present indications but little characteristic, it
becomes clear that it is only the relation of the medicine to
the different pathological processes which call forth one and
the same symptom which can produce a rational cure. The
use of Iodine, of Bromine, of Spongia in croup is well
known.    On comparing the symptoms they excite with
those of croup, a great similarity is perceptible. But who
will deny that many other medicines present quite similar
if not quite such characteristic symptoms, without having
their specific relation to this process confirmed by experience, as for instance Conium, Ipecac., Sepia?
In spite of the well defined symptoms which distinguish
the medicines against toothache from one another, we have
often transitions from one to another, as for instance between
Mercurius and Chamomilla, Nux and Sulphur. If then the



204


APPENDIX.


symptoms are not sufficiently marked to determine by themselves the choice of the medicine, the congestive, the nervous,
the arthritic, rheumatic, carious character of the toothache,
and the correspondent peculiarity of the medicine comes in
to our help. A typhous, tubercular pneumonia will call for
other medicines than a pure one, even though the symptoms
may appear alike. Dropsy after exanthemata requires in
consequence of the underlying diathesis other medicines
(Ars., Dig., Hell., Calc., &c.) than one after debilitating
losses of the fluids (China, Ferr., Sulph., &c.); or in consequence of organic degenerations (Kal., Lye., Baryt., Spig.,
Squill, &c.).
Quite in this connexion occurs the necessity to pay
attention to the stage of the morbid process, for this is
always changing and puts on different characters at its
different periods, consequently requires different medicines,
as for instance is particularly remarkable in inflammation.
On perceiving the external manifestation of these changes,
the practitioner will derive great advantage in selecting
medicines which in their general and special physio-pathological character correspond to this or that period. Thus
we employ Bryony in consequence of its tendency to produce
exudation in the second stage of inflammation, but Aconite
in the first. Thus does the action of Phosphorus on the
nerves of the vessels explain its employment in the stage of
hepatization of the lungs, that of mercury its use in the
suppurative stage of inflammations, that of Hepar Sulphuris
in abscesses, the second stage of catarrh, the third of hooping
cough, the commencement of the retrogression of croup.
Thus the different periods of hydrocephalus, the progressive
degrees of scrophula, of syphilis according to the affected
tissues, (primary, secondary, tertiary   symptoms,) make
differences in treatment. All demands a symptomatic phenomenal basis, and yet requires a deeper physiological appreciation.  Here we have a confirmation that we should never,
for the sake of the symptoms, which however are our guideposts, lose sight of the generalization; that this latter,
however, is never for us a vague and hypothetic essence, but



APPENDIX.


205


must depend upon objective perception. In the particular
we never lose sight of the general, nor in the latter the
former.
The consideration of the external and internal exciting causes.
Since disease is a process compounded of the outward
noxious influence and the activity of the organism, upon
which the former must be considered as still exercising a
continued influence, we cannot thoroughly characterize the
disease without knowing its external exciting cause; not
merely in the internal physiological causal element, which
we, who have no great love for speculations about the
"essence," suffer to stand over with the proximate cause.
With regard to the choice of the medicine also we have to
prosecute our enquiries on this side. Medicines, we have
seen, are distinguished in relation to different processes and
forms of disease, it is therefore evident that in the question
of similarity not only have we to do with the symptoms of
the disease at present under our notice, the so-called "status
proesens," but also with the past, the preceding symptoms,
the course from the first development, together with the
predominant exciting elements. For a gastric disturbance, a
chill, an overheating, an emotion, a weakening influence
from loss of fluids, though they may call up a similar form of
disease, for instance, a cardialgia, must yet be met by very
different medicines. If this be important in acute diseases,
it is much more so in chronic, where the so-called constitutional disturbances, generally depravation of the whole mass
of the circulating fluids, render an exact appreciation of the
exciting causes necessary for their successful eradication; for
there is not in the symptoms alone without this point of
support, without a previous resolution of the question whether in reality such a general disease underlies the phenomena,
a sufficient indication for the cure.
Hahnemann, therefore, in spite of all his dislike for subjective reflexion, in spite of his dictum to keep to the objectively perceptible symptoms, created the psora-theory, which,
if we give up the indefensible categories, rightly viewed, was



206


APPENDIX.


nothing more than a recommendation to enquire into the
deep seated etiological relations, an enquiry extending necessarily into the remote past.
Closely connected with these causal relations is the strictest
consideration of the individuality in all its relations. This
element is a not less important requirement for a just appreciation of the relations of the medicine to the disease. In
going with precision into the causal elements, we come to the
circumstances which occasion certain predispositions to disease, which assist in the determination of the character of the
reactivity, the so-called strength of the individual. These
are birth, education, habits, mode of life, in a word, congenital and acquired dispositions. These explain the prevailing tendency to this or that disease; for example, to catarrh,
rheumatism, congestions; the predominance of the venous
system, lymphatic obstructions, scrophula; finally, also the
sthenic, erethistic, or torpid character of diseases, which are
founded more in the general relation of the individual, in his
reactivity particularly, in the elements belonging to the past,
than in the local constitution, or the special physiological
nature of the disease. Thus a strict examination into all the
predominant internal and external exciting causes leads us
into the characterization of the individuality, which is therapeutically indispensable to us, because it facilitates the
diagnosis of the disease in many regards, and not unfrequently determines the choice of the medicine; for as we
have seen, it is not only of advantage to us to know whether
we have, for example, to do with a congestive or a dyscrasic
inflammation; whether a node owes its origin to gout, or to
the abuse of Mercury, or to scrophula; whether hypertrophy
of the spleen is occasioned by abuse of China, or by internal
causes; but it is also of great importance for the choice of
the medicine whether a haemorrhage bears a sthenic or asthenic character; whether a spinal irritation is a sympathetic or
primary affection of the spinal chord without previous sexual
weakening, or whether it is the consequence of over excitement in connection with loss of fluids.



APPENDIX.


209


in large tableaux, like types of disease! However much
there may be mysterious about the external physicotelluric states, about their share in the miasmatic or contagious nature of diseases, and about the essential nature of
epidemics themselves, experience undeniably shows that each
disease that appears in an epidemic form preserves its own
special peculiarity. It is possible and probable that this
speciality of particular epidemics depends on those unknown
cosmic conditions; for otherwise a fact known to every
practical homoeopath would be inexplicable, viz., that medicines even quite suitable will be vainly employed in epidemics
until experience after a careful comparison of the specifically
indicated medicines discovers the one exactly corresponding
with the prevailing epidemic conditions.
We have only to think of the influenza, autumnal dysenteries, epidemic diarrhoeas, typhus, and cholera epidemics.
The different remedies found especially efficacious in one
epidemic show themselves perfectly inoperative in another.
A more precise appreciation of the elements underlying epidemics must be arrived at, if we are to get a process of cure
rationally adapted for all cases.
The idea of specificity, and homoeopathy as its doctrine.
If we now reconsider the elements developed in this division, it will become evident, that under all circumstances the
objectively present phenomena, the symptoms, deserve the
first consideration in the relation of similarity, because they
give the most remarkable fixed points for the choice; that
this consideration, however, is not the only one, but must be
completed by the establishment of a correspondence as to all
the relations already described. With the purpose of expressing more clearly this exact definition, not as some think,
extension of the homoeopathic principle, homoeopathy has
itself been indicated by several of its cleverest cultivators as
the doctrine of specificity, or the specific method of cure. It
remains a question whether this was necessary, still more
whether it was advantageous. It did not diminish misunderstandings; on the contrary. In various quarters this was
P



210


APPENDIX.


treated as a surrender of the distinguishing principle, as a
return to old medicine. This, however, is by no means the
case, when the difference between the modes in which the
idea of the " specific" is understood in the two schools is
considered. The old school has its " specifica organorum, et
morborum."    As to the first, it forgets the difference of
phenomena, and with regard to the last restricts itself to
names and classes of disease, as Celsus, Dioscorides, the
Galenists, Dr. Hoffmann, and Hufeland prove, and more
lately Oesterlen, Ruete, &c. And even Kopp, who in a
modified way defends homoeopathy in his "Deukwurdigkeiten"
has only " specifica organorum."     Others, as Sachs and
Stieglitz, lay the chief stress on the certainty of action on a
given organ, and do not shrink from taking into the definition the acknowledgment of ignorance as to how this action
takes place. Wendt and Griesinger consider " arcana" and
"specifica" identical. Wunderlich, who often uses "cempirical" and " specific " as synonyms, confesses likewise the
obscurity in which the mode of action is involved, and has
principally "specifica morborum" in the usual way. H. L.
Richter's statement characterizing in one sentence the whole
modern tendency of the new school is an accurate description
of this mode of view. " The special indications of diseased
forms (indicationes morbi) are not so much directed to a
specific medicine, or a specific method, (which with the
advance of science, will gradually give way to indications of
cure based in physiology,) but result from special peculiarities
of individual diseased forms or species, principally (sic!) from
particular stages of the morbid process, &c." *
Walther comes very near to the true idea of the specific t
when he supposes that each medicine may act specifically,
and   that this specificity consists in a condition to be
exactly determined essentially from the morbid life, which
must be investigated in the disease as well as in the medicine.  These conditions are general and particular, and
affect the individual constitutions of the human organism
~ V. gt. Grundriss d. inn. Kl. 2 Aufl., 1853, S. 13.
t Hufeland's Journal, May, 1839.



APPENDIX.


211


and their variations, including all and every alteration of the
variations of the morbid character occasioned by the external
universe. Each alternation which the diseased forms pass
through in different phases of their development, determines
the specificity of individual medicines, consequently the specificity is of an alternating character, &c. He wants however
the knowledge 'that the medicine itself is a pathogenetic
element, and has of course no idea of the mode in which this
is to be established.
The new school has specifics against morbid processes, as
Tart. em. against pneumonic, or chemical states, as Beneke
and Garms teach. But both these cases are partial, and the
last, in consequence of the progressive nature of chemistry,
passes on into hypothesis. We were much surprised to find
even Kissel stating that the idea of the specific was capable
of being investigated in a chemical way. Medicinal substances, according to him, supply a specific want in the blood
or organs, which occasions disease. If they remove this want,
the basis of the disease, and the process dependent on it, they
become specific medicines. This is not acting on the form,
the function, and the process, but upon the basis, the cause,
and the essence, which excited the pathic process in the blood
or the organ. And because homoeopaths do not proceed
upon the essence (this essence) of the disease, but in the most
recent development of their doctrine, hold no longer "indeed
merely to the external symptoms, but only to the appreciable
anatomico-chemical changes, which do not allow us to ascertain the essence, and do not vary with it," consequently
"they do not possess the correct idea of the direct mode of
cure, which is also sometimes called the 'specific.'"
We see, on the contrary, on how much surer a basis this
idea of the specific is built in the homceopathic school.
Hahnemann takes as the specific "not the general in
medicine, but something quite special." Everything with
him is "individual and special."  There are with him no
C absolute specifics " for particular diseases in the usual
sense, but there are as many specifics as there are different
states of individual diseases.  The "similia " must con



212


APPENDIX.


sequenly correspond not to genus and species, but to particular cases in all their peculiarities.
Provings on healthy persons are the sure guide to the
knowledge of the tendencies of medicinal action, and to their
employment on fixed principles.     Homoeopathy is consequently the doctrine of rational-specific medicines.
Stapf* calls specificity the condition of mutual relationship
of different influences as well as of diseases, and the influences
which affect them (external circumstances) in the last case,
" a natural relation," which depends on mutual, most intimate, and essential peculiarities.
"Wolft extends the idea of specificity to diseases in specie,
but is not fond of this expression on account of its abuse in
the old school.
Roth and Kurtz particularly, limit the idea more strictly.
It is not enough to know the affected part, but we must
enquire into the primary and chiefly affected factor, into the
organic tissues, &c., so as to learn what organic functions
suffer, and in what peculiarities the pathological state consists. For all this we must find a correspondence in the
medicine.
This is Schroen's " concrete-specific" method, and Martin's
fundamental state of the disease, which requires the corresponding similar medicine.
J. W. Arnold, who had some time before expressed himself
on the "individual" in the specific, has very well arranged
the particular requisites for the same. According to him the
principal part of our knowledge of the specific peculiarity of
the medicine we are about to use homoeopathically consists
in the knowledge of its elective action on an organ or system, and in an exact characterization of the kind of affection
excited, obtained by an observation of the functional powers,
which are to be submitted to a physiological analysis, in order
to obtain the internal connection of the disturbance, as well
as of the physico-chemical changes.
The idea of specificity, however, comprehends in itself the
special and proximate relations to the peculiarity of the disSArch., i, 1.     f  Idem. 418.



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" A more useful exposition of our system we never read."- The -omo3opathist.
" We have never seen so full and comprehensive an account of the principles
and practice of Homceopathy."--Noncomformist.
" The best acquisition to homceopathic literature during the whole year."Dr. C. IHering.
DUDGEON'S (Dr.) PATHOGENETIC CYCLOPTEDIA.
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HUM[PHREY'S (Dr. F.) DYSENTERY and its Homceopathic Treatment. 2s. 6d.,,         CHOLERA        and its Homoeopathic Treatment. Is. 6d.



JAHR'S (Dr. G. H. G.) GENERAL               AND    SPECIAL
THERAPEUTICS OF MENTAL DISEASES, according to Homoeopathic Principles. Translated by J. M. GALLOWAY, M.D. 10s.,,    MANNUAL OP HOM(EOPATHIC MEDICINE,
Translated by Dr. CURIE. 2 vols. Published at 32s., reduced to 24s.
NEW       MANUAL OF HOM(EOPATHIC
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bound, 30s.
LAURIE'S (Dr.) ELEMENTS OF HOM(EOPATHIC
PRACTICE OF PHYSIC. Second Edition, 16s.
MALAN'S (Dr.) HOM(EOPATHIC POCKET BOOK.
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MARCY'S (Dr.) HOM(EOPATHIC THEORY AND
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MOORE'S (JAS. V.S.) OUTLINES OF VETERINARY
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SHARP, (W., M.D., F.R.S.) AN        INVESTIGATION          OF
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Price 2s. the set, in stiff covers, or 2d. each.
1. What is Homceopathy? Sixth Edition.
2. The Defence of Homoeopathy; being a Reply to Dr. Routh's " Fallacies
of Homceopathy." Sixth Edition.
3. The Truth of Homceopathy. Sixth Edition.
4. The Small Dose of Homoeopathy. Third Edition.
5. The Difficulties of Homceopathy. Second Edition.
6. The Advantages of Homoeopathy. Second Edition.
7. The Principle of Homceopathy. Second Edition.j
8. The Controversy on Homoeopathy. Second Edition.
9. The Remedies of Homoeopathy. Second Edition.
10. The Provings of Homceopathy. Second Edition.
11. The Single Medicine of Homoeopathy.
12. The Common Sense of Homoeopathy.
NORTH AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF HOM(EOPATHY,
EDITED BY
DRS. MARCY, PETERS, HOLCOMBE, & PRESTON.
Published Quarterly, Price 3s. 6d.
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AN   ADDRESS ON      THE   HOM(EOPATHIC SYSTEM         OF
MEDICINE,
Bead before the Medical and Surgical Society of Newcastle on Tyne,
January 31, 1843,
BY THOMAS HAYLE, M.D.
Price 6d.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR,
BELLADONNA AS A PROPHYLACTIC AGAINST
SCARLET FEVER.
1847, Price 2d.
HOMCEOPATHY: ITS NATURE AND EVIDENCE;
-WITH A FEW WORDS ON SMALL DOSES.
A small tract, at Is. 3d. per 100, or 10s. per 1000.
POPULAR LECTURES ON HOM(EOPATHY,
CONTAINING
A VINDICATION OF HAHNEMANN AND HIS DOCTRINES FROM THE
-ATTACKS OF DR. GLOVER.
Price 6d.
The above can be had of
Mr. JAMES PYBURN, 32, Northumberland St., Newscastle-on-Tyne.
PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION,
A. TI:EAL'TSLAOTIOTIr    OF
DR. HIRSCHEL'S       HOM(EOPATHISCHE        ARZNEISOHUTZ,
A Domestic Homceopathy on Scientific principles.
London: Printed by W. DAvY & SON, 8 Gilbert Street, Oxford Street, (W).



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