A 574520 PUIKLON& PUBLISHER EOPATI' LIEATR Nt V "Oak zupplement TO THE DOMESTIC PRACTICE OF HOM(EOPATHY, BEING A COMPANION TO THE VARIOUS WORKS THEREON. BY GEORGE LENNOX MOORE, LICENTIATE OF THE FACULTY OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. LONDON: HENRY TURNER & CO., 77, FLEET STREET, E.C., AND 74, NEW BOND STREET, W. MANCHESTER: 41, PICCADILLY, AND 15, MARKET STREET. 1867. PRINTED BI 3. 3,. &D]ýA1D, B3ARTHOLOMEW-, CLIOSE. TO THE THOUSANDS OF FAMILIES IN THIS COUNTRY, WHO BELIEVE IN THE TRUTH, BECAUSE THEY HAVE EXPERIENCED THE BENEFIT, OF HOM(EOPATHY, ^s Work, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO ENLARGE THE SPHERE AND TO INCREASE THE USEFULNESS OF ITS OPERATION, IS MOST RESPECTFULLY ADDRESSED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. IN publishing this volume, the Author has several objects in view: to fill a void in the literature of Homoeopathy; to supply a desideratum that has long been experienced by every practitioner and family; to render the domestic practice of the best healing art more complete and efficient than it has hitherto been; and to bring within a small compass a variety of information, collated from various sources, which every one who wishes " God-speed" to Homoeopathy ought to know and to have at the finger's end. The Author expresses his acknowledgments for many valuable hints and some information to the works of Thompson, Combe, and others which do not require separate mention. He trusts that the work will prove acceptable and useful to those for whose special behoof it has been indited. MANCHESTER; May 5, 1858. II 2 F CONTENTS. PART I. CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL FEATURES OF HOM(EOPATHY. 1. Its discoverer Hahnemann-His experiments on the action of drugs-His discovery of the principle that "like cures like"-His labours and character. 2. Its law of cure-The action of medicinal substances in health -Examples of the homoeopathic action of drugs from an allopathic work. 3. Its dose-Smallness of dose not essential to homoeopathypower of small doses. 4. Its separate medicine - Evils of mixing different drugs together-importance of giving medicines singly. 5. Its followers-Not quacks, but educated, liberal-minded men -Their general character-Their vocation. 6. Its success-statistics of mortality from allopathic and homoeopathic treatment-Superiority of the latter in several violent diseases. 7. Its advantages-numerous reasons given to show in what respects homoeopathy is superior to the ordinary treatment. 8. Its preferableness to the medical man and to the patientReasons why both prefer it. 9. Its tests-Rules to judge good from bad practice-Homceopathy shown to be good practice. viii CONTENTS. 10. Its diet-Ignorance on this point-Regulation of diet necessary sometimes-Restriction no essential part of homoeopathic treatment-Medicines will act in spite of digressions from dietary rules. 11. Its remedies-List of 389 medicines used in homoeopathic practice-Their abbreviated, synonymous, and common names............ 1-31 CHAPTER II. DOMESTIC PRACTICE. Circumstances under which non-professional assistance may be advantageously and safely rendered-When a medical man is alone competent to act. Forms of Remedies: Internal Medicines-Tinctures, globules, pilules, and triturations-Relative dose of each-How to drop the tinctures-Attenuation of the medicines-Their preservation-Their administration-How to give them to troublesome children-Their genuineness-Homoeopathic preparation of camphor-In what diseases it is requiredHow to take it. External Medicines-Arnica-Its different forms-Tincture, how to make-How, and in what cases, to use it-Calendula, how and when to use it-Rhus, how and when to use itCantharides, how and when to use-Causticum, how and when to use-Hamamelis virginica, how and when to useHelianthus annus, how and when to use-Aconite, how and when to use-Cotton, flour, and curd-soap in burns and scalds-Poultices, their uses-How to make the bread, bran, oatmeal, bread and suet, carrot, fig, and linseed-meal poultices-Spongio-piline - Fomentations - Dry heat, by means of flannel, plates of iron, hot bricks, salt-bags, etc.Baths........... 32-45 CONTENTS. ix CHAPTER III. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. Importance of proper nursing-Its influence on the patientThe sick-room as regards position-Beds and beddingFurniture of the sick-room, chairs, tables, and the likeTemperature of the sick-room-Ventilation of the sick-room -Importance of this in infectious diseases-Meaning of the words infection and contagion-Infectious and contagious diseases-How such diseases may be warded off-Circumstances which favour their extension-Disinfectants, meaning of the word-Sources of infectious matter-Natural disinfectants-Importance of attention to them in health and in disease-Cleansing of the sick apartment and of clothes of an invalid-Artificial disinfectants: chlorine, how liberated, chloride of zinc, M'Dougall's disinfecting powder, charcoal, etc. Attendants on the sick-Qualifications of a hired nurse-Her duties-How the nurse should attend to the patient-On the diet of the sick-Necessity of regulating the food in illness-General examples given of this in several classes of disease-Food and its preparation-Arrow-root, as a jelly, a pudding, a custard, and blanc-mange-Artificial asses'milk-Cold broth-Essence of beef-Beef tea-Beef marrow bones-Bread panada-Whey-Butter-milk wheyBarley water-Cocoa-Chocolate-Soup and cream of latter -Grit gruel-Gravy soup-Isinglass jelly-Homceopathic invalid cakes - Linseed tea - Macaroni pudding-Rice, milk, and mucilage-Mashed carrots and turnips-Oatmeal gruel, porridge-Sago-Mucilage of sago-Tapioca-Mucilage of tapioca-Toast water-Water-Other drinksBandages and bandaging - Uses of bandages - Different CONTENTS. xi -From sulphuretted hydrogen-Treatment of apparent death from these two gases-From intoxication-Treatment of-From hanging-Treatment of-From poisoning-Poisons divided into narcotics, irritants, and acro-narcoticsExamples of each class-Symptoms produced by-Treatment of poisoning by the class of narcotics, and by arsenic, corrosive sublimate, the mineral acids, oxalic acid, the caustic alkalies, copper salts, fish, mushrooms, etc.-Emetic of mustard-In cases of criminal poisoning, secure bottles, etc.......... 77-99 CHAPTER V. MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY AND REARING OF INFANTS. Pregnancy not necessarily fraught with danger-Sympathetic disorders incidental to--Diet and dress of the pregnant female-Evils of tight lacing-Exercise required--Precautions as to social habits and general health-InfancyApartment in which the child is born-Washing and dressing it-Nature and shape of its clothing-Its food-Milk its natural and best sustenance--Evils of giving other kinds of food-As to the time and frequency of giving milkInfluence o6f mother's health on milk, and of milk on child -Mother's milk a model food-Its composition and destination-Hand-feeding-Best analogue of human milkHow prepared and how to be given-Sleep of infantsSpoon food-Time of weaning-Precautions required-Food needed - Excessive quantities injurious - Cleanliness - Clothes require frequent changing-Body must be washed in tepid water-Exercise-Must be judiciously adapted to the child's age, etc.-Rough usage hurtful-Open-air exercise best-How to help the infant to walk-The mental and moral training of the young...... 100-117 Xii CONTENTS. PART II. ON HEALTH. Definition of health-Characteristics-Perfect health rareDifference of health either original or acquired-Original difference from temperament, idiosyncrasy, constitution, hereditary predisposition, and age. Temperaments-Sanguine, bilious, phlegmatic, nervous, melancholic, athletic-Their respective characteristics-Different classes of disease which affect members of each temperament. Idiosyncrasy-Constitution, consumptive and apoplectic-Hereditary predisposition, meaning of-Hereditary diseases-Age-Diseases of infancy, puberty, adult and old age. Acquired differences of health-An enumeration of the causes. Means of preserving health by personal cleanliness, exercise, sleep, clothing, diet, and ventilation. Personal cleanliness indispensable to health-Secures the performance of the functions of the skin-Uses of the skinWater is the means employed-Cold bath, in the forms of plunge and shower baths, cold ablution, sea bathing-Effects produced by cold water so applied-Ill consequences sometimes follow-Signs of beneficial action of cold bathingCold water as a remedial agent-The warm, tepid, and hot baths-Their uses-How to guard against cold after a warm bath-Hot bath to be used with caution-Cleanliness of hair, teeth, and nails-Hair wash-Cleanliness of clothing,. etc. Exercise-Active and passive-Effects of exercise-Influence of partial muscular exertion in producing deformity-Evils of deficient and of excessive exercise-Rules by which exercise CONTENTS. xiii ought to be regulated-May be advantageously joined with recreation-Exercise of the chest. Sleep-Condition of body and mind in-Causes which interfere with-Excess as injurious as want of. Clothing-Should not be tight, but moderate, warm, clean, and well aired-Wet clothing hurtful-Should be suitable rather than fashionable-Also adapted to the season and state of weather. Ventilation-Different means by which the air is contaminated - Artificial and natural ventilators-Principle of ventilation. Diet-Nature of food-Rules to be observed as to food-Periods of taking, etc. Evils of smoking, chewing, snuffing, opium eating, drinking spirits, etc........ 118-144 PART III. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. General description of the organs of the human body-Definition of anatomy and physiology-The body divided into solids and fluids-Into head, trunk, and extremities, and into organs of motion, organs of digestion, etc., and organs of sense. Organs of motion include bones, muscles, and nerves. Structure, composition, shape, and uses of bones-Division of skeleton into the bones of the head, the trunk, and the extremities- The teeth, and their uses-The cavities of the chest and belly. Muscles-Their uses-Divided into voluntary and involuntary. Nervous system-Divided into cerebro-spinal and sympatheticThe brain and its coverings, viz., dura mater, pia mat ( I: and arachnoid-The lesser brain, the medulla oblongs; xiv CONTENTS. spinal cord, and the spinal and cerebral nerves--Functions of the cerebro-spinal, and sympathetic systems. Digestion-Definition of-Stages of-Prehension-Mastication -Action of the teeth-Chemical composition of salivaThe salivary glands-Action of the saliva-DeglutitionChymification-The stomach-Its situation and coveringThe gastric juice, and its action on food-Chyme-Chylifaction, food separated into chyle and excrement-Chyle absorbed by villi in intestines-Defecation-Excrement ejected by anus-Foods divided into nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized-Their respective destinations. Circulation-Chyle and lymph vessels-The course of chyleIts ultimate discharge into the blood-current. Circulatory organs of blood-Arteries, veins, capillaries-Heart, its structure and position-Its two functions in the great and little systems of circulation of the blood. Blood-Its composition and character-Differences of arterial from venous blood. Respiration-Organs engaged in, viz., muscles, trachea, and lungs-Structure and action of two latter-Inspiration and expiration-Number of cubic feet of air respired per minute -Respiration purifies blood, generates heat, and exhales water, etc.-The atmosphere or air-Its composition-Its relations to man. Secretion-Definition of-Distinction between secretion and excretion-Organs of this function-The secretions of the lungs, the kidneys, the skin, and the liver-Excrermentitious matters-True secretions. Organs of the senses-Meaning of the word senses-Organs of sense. The skin composed of cuticle, rete mucosum, and cutis vera-Their respective structures and relationsAppendages of the skin, nails, hair, glands, and ductsUses of the skin-Perspiration, sensible and insensibleSkin continuous with mucous membrane-Sympathies between both in disease-The tongue-Its structure-Its uses-Taste, definition of-Conditions essential to. CONTENTS. XV The ear-Its structure-Sound-Definition of. The eye-Composed of membranes and humours-Description of each-Eyelids-Lachrymal glands-Tears, their usesVision-Nature of light-Young's theory-Sources of light -Importance of light to health. The nose-Its structure-Its nerves-Functions of the noseOlfaction-Odours, etc....... 145-188 A Dictionary of Medical Terms...... 189-205 List of duly qualified Medical Men practising Homceopathy in Great Britain......... 206-220 Index............ 221-224 HOM(EOPATHY. PART I. CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL FEATURES OF HOM(EOPATHY. ITS DISCOVERER-ITS LAW OF CURE-ITS DOSE-ITS SEPARATE MEDICINE-ITS FOLLOWERS-ITS SUCCESS-ITS ADVANTAGES -ITS PREFERABLENESS-ITS TESTS-ITS DIET-AND ITS REMEDIES. I. ITS DISCOVERER.-Samuel Hahnemann, who discovered, or, perhaps more accurately, worked out the principle of homoeopathy, was born in Germany in the year 1755. After going through the usual preliminary education of a youth, he began, and indeed continued, the study of medicine under considerable difficulties. As a means of gaining subsistence, he undertook the translation of Dr. Cullen's work on Materia Medica into his native tongue. While thus engaged, his attention was attracted to the great and deserved reputation enjoyed by Cinchona or Peruvian Bark in curing agues. He resolved to ascertain the effects which this medicine produces when introduced r" B 2 HOM(EOPATHY. into the healthy body. He discovered that bark occasioned a condition of the body similar to ague. In this he is borne out by Dr. Routh, an opponent of homceopathy, who states that "bark certainly produces symptoms, as alleged by homceopathists, very like those of ague." Hahnemann now carried his investigations further, and, assisted by a few devoted followers, experimented upon the actions of a considerable number of medicinal agents. The result was, that he laid down the principle, that like diseases are to be treated by like remedies. His researches stand forth as a proof of his unflagging industry, energy, and perseverance. He died in 1843, at Paris, in the eighty-ninth year of his age. Hahnemann was honourable, conscientious, and generous, although the great and undeserved persecutions and ridicule to which he was subjected, throughout a long, laborious, and useful life, imparted some intolerance of spirit and acerbity of disposition which were not natural features in his character. He published several works, expounding his discoveries of the actions of medicines on the healthy body, and his doctrines respecting chronic and other diseases. II. ITs LAW or Cus,.-Hahnemann, as we have said, was the first person who undertook systematic and complete experiments upon the consequences following the administration of medicinal substances to the healthy body. His successors are now following in the same track. Too much importance cannot be attached to the accurate and trustworthy determining of the specific action of drugs in health, ITS GENERAL~ FEATURES.3 3 because upon this point hinges the selection of a medicine to cure disease. It was formerly the custom to ascertain in what way the sick frame was affected by substances whose medicinal properties were little or altogether unknown. This is a fallacious method of experimentation, because it is impossible to discriminate between the results produced by the drugs, especially if several be mixed. together, and the changes consequent upon the progress or the abatement of the disease. It is, moreover, an inhumane and guilty proceeding to give large doses of substances whose actions are unknown, to the already over-afflicted body. The homeEýopathist, on the other hand, first experiments upon his own body in health, and having carefully ascertained the changes wrought by medicines, he is enabled to oppose the disease of his patient in accordance with the great and essential characteristic of homceopathy, viz., that those medicines which produce certain effects in health are the best curative agents for similar symptoms of disease. Every medicine produces phenomena peculiar in some respects to itself, and the changes which its presence occasion are manifested by symptoms or sufferings. Thus, when the berries of Belladonna, or deadly nightshade, are eaten, the sufferings produced are,. general fever, headache, sore throat, and scarlet rash. Now, similar symptoms very frequently accrue from the operation of natural causes, and the disease is known as scarlet fever. The medicinal and the natural diseases are not the same but like, and, following out the principle of homceopathy, Bella 4 HOM(EOPATHY. donna is the most appropriate remedy to give, not when the child has eaten the berries, but when it has been exposed to contagion, or to some other cause of scarlet fever. According to experience, we know Belladonna to be the most successful means of restoring and of retaining health under such circumstances. The reader will now perceive the difference between Belladonna curing scarlet fever (like curing like), and Belladonna curing its own effects (same curing same). Illustrations might be adduced in abundance, in support of the relation which subsists between medicinal and natural diseases, and to show that the most reputed remedies of thepld school owe their efficacy to their acting upon the homceopathic principle. The following quotation, however, will suffice; it is extracted from a work written by Dr. Routh against homceopathy. He states that " the experiments of Magendie have shown that tartar emetic, in doses of six to eight grains, will produce, amongst other lesions, pneumonia, if not rejected by vomiting. Every day's experience proves the efficacy of large doses of tartar emetic in curing pneumonia and other diseases of the lungs. Arsenious acid, long continued, will produce a variety of cutaneous eruptions. The advantage of arsenic in many of these diseases is, on the other "hand, well recognised. Certain peculiar eruptions which occur after taking mercury have been described as produced by it, and which closely resemble those against which mercury is a specific. Here, then, are instances of the occasional" (Dr. Routh might have said invariable) "truth of this law" (viz., the homoeopathic). ITS GENTERAL FEATUItES. 5 III. ITS DosE.-In the practice of homoeopathy, the quantity of medicine administered in sickness is extremely small, in comparison with the considerable doses which it is the custom of the old method to introduce into the body. Hence it has been inferred, that the cures and relief which are acknowledged to occur cannot be due to the action of minute doses, but rather to the influence of diet, faith, imagination, etc. It is necessary here distinctly to state, that the dose of the medicine does not constitute homoeopathy, but is merely a subordinate feature of a system which differs from all its predecessors or contemporaries in having a law to guide its operations. The question of the dose has excited considerable discussion. ' Some homeopathic practitioners are in the constant habit of prescribing not only appreciable but ponderable quantities of medicinal substances, and yet they are true to their creed, for the medicines are chosen in accordance with the sole characteristic of our system, viz., the fundamental principle of like curing like. Others, again, use the higher potencies, in which the medicines are extremely attenuated and supersensible. The superiority of the one practice over the other resolves itself into a question of personal experience, and can never be satisfactorily decided until our investigations into, and knowledge of, the actions of drugs, both in health and in disease, become more complete and accurate than they are now. But a more important question concerns the general reader. Have small quantities of drugs-so ITS GENERA.L FEA.TURES. 7. on the other hand, discards all complex and unwieldy machinery, and gives a single remedy by itself. By this means, the medicine, which is chosen according to the resemblance between its known action in health and the symptoms of the disease, produces the desired and anticipated effects, its action being undisturbed and unqualified by the contrary properties of drugs combined together. V. ITS FoLLoWERs.-The practitioners of homceopathy are frequently stigmatized as "humbugs," "quacks," "charlatans5" "rogues," etc. These genteel epithets are bandied about by the members of the old school, from whose ranks sprung up the very men to whom the above opprobrious appellations are really, truly, and solely applicable. But homoeopathic medical men can afford to hear and to read of such nicknames being applied to them. If examined, it would be discovered that they possess at least average intelligence, and have had the straightforward honesty to embrace a contemned system because they believe it to be the truest and the best. Many of them have seceded from the old school in order!to embrace the new one, and to work on in their noble and holy calling, under the influence of conscientious motives and rectitude of purpose. They have espoused homceopathy for no mean or contemptible object. They are, almost without exception, regularly educated to the profession; have pursued the usual routine of study, and, having passed the required examinations, are attested qualified to practise the healing science and art. Many of them hold responsible posts in connection 89 SHOMCEOPATHY. with several European courts; upwards of thirty are professors to continental universities; all are engaged in the great work of relieving human affliction, pain, and sorrow, by the gentlest and most expeditious means within their knowledge and command. They offer every inducement to the honest investigation of the claims of their medical faith; they invite the sceptical to witness the treatment adopted; they do not act secretly and for individual benefit, for in all their proceedings of a medical nature they act fairly, publicly, and above-board. Is it not a mistake to call such men quacks and humbugs? Do our opponents merit the distinction of being noticed? In homoeopathy there are, of course, as in every other practical work, mean, ignorant, and dishonest men. We must, therefore, distinguish between the faithful and the faithless practisers of the homceopathic law; between those who infringe and those who respect the established usages of professional etiquette; and, lastly, the law itself must be separated from its practitioners. VI. ITS SuccEss.-The most important question touching homoeopathy refers to the results of its practical operation. Admitting the certain fact that no system of treatment whatever can possibly avert ultimate death, is homceopathy superior to every other known means in prolonging life, in curing disease, and in relieving suffering? To avoid the imputation of partiality, it will be proper to quote from a work written against homceopathy by an allopathic authority, who will, therefore, be unlikely to speak too highly in its favour. Dr. Routh, in his work entitled "The ITS GENERAL FEATUIES. 9 Fallacies of Homceopathy," gives the following results of the two modes of treatment:1. In inflammation of the lungs, Dr. Routh states that, in the allopathic hospital of Vienna, twenty-three patients out of every hundred die; whilst in the homwopathic hospital in the same city, only five patients die out of every hundred. 2. In pleurisy thirteen patients out of every hundred die in allopathic hospitals; whilst only three in the same number die in homeopathic hospitals. 3. In inflammation of the bowels, thirteen out of every hundred die in allopathic hospitals; whilst only four in every hundred die in homwiopathic hospitals. 4. In dysentery, allopathic hospitals lose twentytwo out of every hundred; whilst homenopathic hospitals lose only three in the same number of patients. Again, the following statistics of the treatment of epidemic cholera in 1854, extracted from the printed documents of the House of Commons, will establish the superiority of the homoeopathic treatment. In cholera cases generally, the number of deaths under allopathic treatment was forty-five in every hundred; under homceopathic treatment, only seventeen in every hundred. In the more severe form of the disease, attended with collapse, or sinking of the life-powers, sixty-nine in every hundred died under allopathic treatment,; but only thirty in the same number under the homoeopathic. To the foregoing indubitable facts might be added the testimony of many eminent medical men, the experience of every practitioner of homceopathy, and the willing acknowledgments of many 10 HOMCEOPATHY. families who have participated in its advantages and successes. VII. ITs ADvANTAGES.-We shall have occasion, further on in this work, to enumerate the numerous favourable circumstances attaching to homceopathy; but in this place we shall epitomize its more important advantages. They are:-The law of cure, which teaches the immutable and universal relation subsisting between medicinal and natural diseases; the guide, furnished by this law, to the selection of the most appropriate medicine; the administration of the medicines separately and distinctly; the rejection of all cruel and debilitating appliances-such as bleeding, blistering, setoning, issuing, salivating, and the like; the permanent and complete cure of the disease, so that the invalid does not suffer from its after effects; the exemption from the present and prospective evils of taking large doses of medicinal substances, whose retention within the body and subsequent action upon it may prove more dangerous and painful than the original disease; and, lastly, the very decided and superior success attending' homoeopathic practice-an advantage which an invalid will not unjustly regard as more important than all the others put together. VIII. ITS PREFERABLENESS.- Homoeopathy concerns both the medical man and the patient; the one who exercises the apparatus, and the one upon whom it is exercised. There are several reasons why both prefer hommeopathy, to any other known healing system. 1. The medical man prefers homoeopathy, firstly, ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 11 Because, in confronting the disease, it furnishes him with a safe and unerring guide in selecting the best remedy. His knowledge of the specific action of drugs, derived from his own investigations or from the researches of his professional brethren, and his acquaintance with the symptoms or outward manifestation of the diseases he is called upon to treat, enable him to determine, with certainty and precision, what particular remedy most closely resembles the sufferings of his patient. Having thus chosen a medicine on the principle of like curing like, he has no misgivings as to the result of its operation, provided the disease be not incurable in its nature. Secondly, it enables him to be prepared for the treatment or the prevention of any new disease that may appear, although he may not have seen a single example of it. The possession of its leading symptoms will alone be required, to enable him to choose that medicine to cure the complaint, which produces similar symptoms in health. By this means Hahnemann gave directions for the treatment of cholera in 1831, and, although he had not seen a single case, his recommendations were attended with the greatest success in curing that fell pestilence. Thirdly, Because he can administer the homoeopathic remedies and witness the proofs of their efficacy in circumstances-such as lock-jaw and other diseases-which would preclude the possibility of giving the large doses of the old school. Fourthly, Because he knows, from past experience, that homoeopathy is all-sufficient in the most desperate maladies, such as cholera and other acute diseases, in which 12 HOME OPATHY. some decisive and effective measures of relief must be immediately resorted to, else the patient will die. Pftily, Because he has no need to torment his patient -perhaps an infant or a child-with nauseous drugs, and to torture him with cruel and painful applications. The simplicity and gentleness of the homceopathic means of cure are no slight recommendation in its favour to the sensitive feelings of the humane physician. His duty does not consist in drug-giving and pain-inflicting, but in curing his patient by whatever measures he considers the best-and the simpler the better. Sixthly, Because the dose of medicine being small and exactly adapted to the diseased part, and to it only, he need not fear that his patient will afterwards suffer from the effects of retained drugs. It is well known that arsenic, mercury, and other medicinal substances may be taken for a considerable time, in comparatively large quantities, without any apparently injurious consequences supervening; but, at a period more or less remote, they begin to disturb the healthy functions, alarming symptoms appear, and death is not unfrequent. Seventhly, Because homceopathic remedies operate curatively in the so-called incurable diseases which have resisted all other tried medicines of the old school. Thus, constipation is generally cured by homceopathy, whilst the aperients of the old system make bad worse. The same general remark is applicable to many other complaints. Eighthly, Because when homeopathy cannot cure, not on account of inadequacy, but in consequence of the impossibility of the diseased part being restored to ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 13 health, owing to structural change, it can effectually alleviate suffering and assuage pain. Thus, although it cannot cure consumption-" a disease which medicine never cured"-yet it can relieve the cough, nightsweats, and purging. 2. The patient prefers homceopathy for several reasons, which may be summed up in a few words, being chiefly a recapitulation of the chief advantages of the system. They are the following:-He recovers more quickly, thoroughly, and permanently; he is not pained and exhausted by severe measures; he has not a large doctor's bill to pay when he recovers; and he is more likely to be restored to health from any disease. IX. ITS TESTS.-Some may consider the general public inadequate to adjudicate on the general merits of homoeopathy, in consequence of not knowing the professional bearings of the disputed points. This is, doubtless, true to a considerable extent; still, nonprofessional people fall ill, and are universally disposed to entrust themselves to that mode of treatment which can restore them to health the most expeditiously, economically, and permanently. In this respect they are more immediately interested than even their medical attendant. In the absence, then, of the necessary knowledge and opportunities which can alone enable those who have not received a medical training to judge correctly of the comparative value of homoeopathy, we shall furnish them with five excellent and appropriate rules. They are given by Dr. Hooker, the author of a prize essay against homceopathy. He says: 14 HOMCEOPATHY. "Good practice differs from its opposite in five particulars"1. It has fewer fatal cases, in proportion to the whole number that come under treatment. "2. It has fewer bad cases, because it does not convert light cases into grave ones, and succeeds, in many cases, in arresting disease at its very commencement. "3. The patients have commonly a shorter sickness. " 4. They are in better health after they have recovered, less apt to have bad results left behind, and less liable to disease in future. "5. He who pursues 'good practice,' has a less number of patients, and a smaller amount of sickness in the same number of families." These particulars are so truly and strictly applicable to homoeopathy, as every person at all conversant with the system will perceive, that they might have been written for the express purpose of proving that it is "good practice." The reader can decide for himself whether the above rules apply to allopathy, and whether it deserves to be called " good practice," or the reverse. The conclusion will not be far from truth. X. ITS DIET.-Ignorant people entertain very opposite and erroneous notions respecting the homceopathic diet. Some consider the cures, which cannot be gainsaid, to be attributable to dietary restrictions; others maintain that repletion of food works the oracle. Of course, both are wrong. Homoeopathy, ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 15 in regulating the diet of the invalid in accordance with the disease-its nature, progress, and stage-is but following out an essential necessity. The appetite is generally a correct index of the wants of the system, and he who can obey, without overstepping its desires, will not, as a rule, be doing much wrong. There are cases, however, marked by slight self-control in the patient, and by depraved or excessive desire for food, in which it is of the utmost consequence to attend to dietary regulations. The nature and quality of the food, and the various circumstances under which it is partaken, also merit the strictest attention, both as means of retaining health, and as passive agents in quelling disease. In every homceopathic domestic work, tables are given of certain foods which are " allowed " and "forbidden." If the reader will refer to these, he will find the prohibition placed upon substances which are known to possess medicinal or stimulating properties. Their exclusion, therefore, from the diet of the patient is required in order that the medicines given to cure the disease may not have their action disturbed, modified, or antidoted by any preventable influence. The author of this work, although deferring to the almost universal practice of homceopathic writers in commenting upon the diet, is convinced, from his own observation, that the medicines appropriate to the disease will generally exert their pure and desired action, even though the patient confess to very wide transgressions as to habits of eating and drinking. Many patients may smoke and snuff, indulge in onions and strong drink, and take potions of 16 HOMCEOPATHY. drugs in secret, and yet these substances do not seem to materially affect the curative action of the medicine chosen homaeopathically. Poor people, who cannot choose their food, who are no less glad to eat what they can get, than to get what they can eat, and to whom a pipe of 'bacca and a cup of strong tea are true luxuries in the midst of want and distress, recover from their diseases after much the same fashion as their better-to-do brethren higher up the social ladder, who can resort to a varied repast. Infants, and the lower animals, are also curable when diseased, although the infant can take only one kind of food, viz., milk; the horse, grass or bran, etc. These facts show that change of diet alone cannot account for the cures which occur in homoeopathic practice; and that the medicines of our system will act under circumstances apparently the most unfavourable. It is however advisable, when under homoeopathic treatment, to abstain from using all other drugs and domestic medicines, such as pills, senna, rhubarb, etc. XI. SOME OF ITS REMEDIES, with their abbreviations, synonyms, and common names:1. Absinthium. Abs. Artemesia absinthium. Wormwood. 2. Acalipha Indica. Acaliph. Indian acalipha. 3. Aceti acidum. Acet. ac. Acidum aceti. Acetic acid. 4. Aconitum napellus. Acon. Aconite. Monkshood. Blue Wolfsbane. Helmet-flower. 5. Actca racemosa. Act. rac. Black Cohosh. 6. Actceaspicata. Act. spic. Herb Christopher. Baneberry. Cohosh. ITS GBENERAL FEATURES. 17 7. ZEthusa cysnapium. IEth. cyn. Garden hemlock. Fool's parsley. 8. Agave Americana. Agav.. Mague. American aloe. 9. Agaricus muscarius. Agar. Amanita. Bug-agaric. Toadstool. 10. Agnus castus vitex. Agnus c. Vitex agnus. Chaste-tree. 11. Alcohol sulphuris. Alch. sulph. Sulphuret of carbon. Carburet of sulphur. 12. Allium cepa. Allium c. Red onion. 13. Allium sativa. Allium s. Garlic. 14. Alces gummi. Alce. Aloes. Alce. 15. Alumen. Alum. Oxide of Aluminium. Alumine. Argilla pura. Pure clay, pure earth. 16. Ambra grisea. Ambra. Ambergris. 17. Ammoniacum gummi. Ammoniac. Gum ammoniac. 18. Ammoniumn carbonicum. Am. c. Carbonate of ammoniaSal volatile. 19. Ammonium causticum. Am. caust. Caustic ammonia. Solution of ammonia. 20. Ammonium muriaticwm. Am. m. Muriate of ammonia. Hydrochlorate of Ammonia. Sal ammoniac. 21. Anphisbeana vermicularis. Amphisb. 22. Anacardium orientale. Anac. Malacca bean. Cashew nut. 23. Anagallis arvensis. Anagal. Scarlet pimpernel. Red chickweed. Poor man's weather-glass. 24. Andira inermis. And. inerm. Yaba. 25. Angelica. Angel. Garden angelica. Angelica archangelica. 26. Angusturce cortex. Angust. Angustura bark. Galipea officinalis. Cusparia bark. Bark of Bonplandia trifoliata. 27. Anisum stellatum. Anis. Aniseed. Star aniseed. 28. Anthrakokali. Anthrak. Anthracite coal. Lithanthrakokali simplex. 29. Antimonium crudum. Ant. c. Crude antimony. Sulphuret of antimony. Sulphureti stibi. Stibium sulphuretumnigrum. 30. Antimoninum Tartaricum. Ant. tart. Tartarus emeticus. Tart. em. Tartar emetic. Tartarized antimony. Tartarus stibiatum. Potassio tartarate of antimony. C 18 HOMCEOPATHY. 31. Apis mel. Apis. Honey-bee. 32. Apocynurn cannabinum. Apoc. cann. Indian hemp, American-Indian hemp. 33. Apocynum androscemifolium. Apoc. andros. Bitter root, Wandering milkweed. Dog's-bane. 34. Aquilegia vulgaris. Aquil. Columbine. 35. Arctium lappa. Arct. 1. Common burdock. Clotbur. 36. Argentum metallicum. Argent. Argentum foliatum. Silver. 37. Argentum nitricum. Arg. nit. Nitrate of silver. Crystallized nitrate of silver. 38. Aristolochia milhomens. Arist. Snake-root. 39. Armoracia officinalis. Arm. Cochlearia armoracia. Horseradish. 40. Arnica montana. Arn. Arnica. Mountain arnica. Leopard's-bane. 41. Arsenicum album. Ars. Acidum arseniosum. Arsenious acid. White arsenic. Arsenic. 42. Arsenicum citrinum. Ars. cit. Arsenicum tersulphuretum. Tersulphuret of arsenie. Auripigmentum. 43. Arsenicum metallicum. Ars. met. Metallic arsenic. 44. Artemesia vulgaris. Artem. Radix parthenii. Mugwort. 45. Arum maculatum. Arum. Common arum. Wake Robin, Cuckoo-pint. 46. Asafcetida. Asaf. Ferrula assafcetida. Devils-dung. 47. Asarum Europcaum. Asar. Asarabacca. Hazelwort. Wild spikenard. 48. Asclepia incarnata. Ascl. inc. White hemp. 49. Asparagus officinalis. Aspar. Asparagus. 50. Astacusfluviatilis. Astac. fl. Cancer astacus. Craw-fish 51. Asterias rubens. Ast. rub. Red star-fish. 52. Athamanta oreoselinum. Athamant. Mountain Parsley. 53. Atriplex Olida. Atrip. Stinking goosefoot. 54. Aurum metallicum. Aur. Aurum foliatum. Gold. 55. Aurumfulminans. Aur. fulm. Fulminating gold. 56. Aurum muriaticum. Aur. mur. Muriate of gold. Deutochloride of gold. ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 19 57. Aurantia amara. Aurant. Bitter orange. 58. Baptista tinctoria. Bapt. tinct. Wild indigo. 59. Baryta carbonica. Baryt. c. Carbonate of barytes. 60. Baryta murnwiatica. Baryt. m. Muriate of barytes. Hydrochlorate of barytes. Chloride of barium. 61. Bebern cortex. Beber. Bark of the beberu. Greenheart-tree. 62. Belladonna. Bell. Atropa belladonna. Deadly nightshade. 63. Bellis perennis. Bellis. Daisy. 64. Benzoic acid. Benz. ac. Acidum benzoicum. Benzoic acid. Flowers of Benzoin. 65. Berberis vulgaris. Berb. Barberry. 66. Bismuthi magisteri m. Bism. Nitrate of bismuth. Magistery of bismuth. Pearl white. Spanish white. 67. Blatta Americana. Blatt. Kakeilat Americana. American cockroach. 68. Borax veneneta. Bor. Borax. Boras. Natrumboracicum. Biborate of soda. Tincal. 69. Bovista. Bov. Lycoperdon bovista. Puff-ball. Devil's snuff-box. 70. Branca ursina. Brauc. Heracleum sphondillum. Bear's breech. Cow's parsnip. 71. Brayera antiselmintica. Brayer. Kousso. 72. Bromium. Brom. Bromine. 73. Brucea Anti-dysenterica. Bruc. ant. d. Angusturaea spurea. False angustura. 74. Bryonia alba. Bry. White Bryony. Wild Hops. Wild vine. White vine. 75. Bufo sahytiensis. Bufo. sat. 76. Cakinca radix. Cahinc. Cainca. Cabinca root. Snowberry. 77. Caladium seguinwnz pers. Calad. Poisonous pedivous. Dumb cane. Caladium. 78. Calcarea acetica. Calc. ac. Acetate of lime. 79. Calcarea arseniosum. Calc. ars. Arsenite of lime. 80. Calcarea carbonica. Calc. c. Carbonate of lime. Oyster shell. 81. Calcarea caustica. Calc. caust. Oxide of lime. Quicklime. 22 HOMEOPA.THY. 140. Cyclanzen Europaum. Cycl. Sow-bread. 141. Qyprinus barbas. Cypr. Barbel. Common barb. 142. Cystisus laburnum. Cist. lab. 143. Daphne Indica. Daph. Indian daphne. Sweet-scented spurge laurel. 144. Delphinus amazonicus. Delph. Skin of the Amazonian dolphin. 145. Diadema aranea. Diadem. Diadem spider. Papal cross spider. 146. Dictamus albus. Dict. White dittany. Bastard dittany. 147. Digitalis purpura. Dig. Foxglove. Purple foxglove. 148. Dolickos pruriens. Dolich. Cowhage. 149. Drosera rotundifolia. Dros. Round-leaved sundew. Rorella. 150. Dulcamara. Dulc. Bitter-sweet. Woody nightshade. 151. Elaps corallinus. Elaps. Vipera coralline. Viper poison. 152. Elator noctilicus. Elat. noct. Firefly of India. 153. Elaterium. Elater. Squirting cucumber. Wild cucumber. 154. Eleis guineensis. Eleis. Palm-tree. 155. Ephedon occidentalis. Eph. occid. Popilote. 156. Eryngium aquaticum. Eryng. Button-snakeweed. 157. Erythroxylon coco. Erythrox. 158. Eugeniajambos. Eugen. Malabar plum-tree. Rose apple. 159. Eupatori m perfoliatum. Euipat. Bone set. Thoroughwort. Thorough-wax. Indian sage. Ague-weed. Joe-pye. 160. Euphorbia officinalis. Euphorb. Officinal spurge. 161. Euphrasia oficinalis. Euphr. Eyebright. 162. Euonynmus Europatum Euon. Spindle-tree. Prickwood. 163. Ferrumn aceticm. Ferr. ac. Acetate of iron. 164. Ferrumn carbonicum. Ferr. carb. Carbonate of iron. 165. Ferrum iodidi. Ferr. iod. Iodide of iron. 166. Ferrum magneticum. Ferr. mag. Mineral loadstone. 167. Ferrum metallicum. Ferr. m. Iron. 168. Ferrum sulpharicum. Ferr. sulph. Sulphate of iron. Protosulphate of iron. 169. Filix mas. Filix m. Aspidium filix mas. Male fern. 170. Fluoric acid. Fluor. ac. Hydrofluoric acid. ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 23 171. Formica rufa. Form. Red ant. 172. Fragaria vesca. Frag. Wood strawberry. Wild strawberry. 173. Gallic acid. Gall. ac. 174. Geranium mnaculatum. Ger. mac. Spotted geranium. 175. Gentiana cruciata. Gent. c. Crosswort gentian. 176. Gentiana lutea. Gent. lut. Gentian bitterwort. 177. Ginseng. Gins. All-heal. 178. Glanderine. Gland. Hippozanine. 179. Glonoin. Glon. Nitro-glycerine. 180. Grannatum. Gran. Punica grannatum. Pomegranate. 181. Graphites. Graph. Plumbago. Carburet of iron. Blacklead. 182. Gratiola officinalis. Grat. Hedge hyssop. Water hyssop. 183. Guaco mikania. Guac. Guaco. 184. Guaiacum officinalis. Guaiac. Resin of Guaiacum. 185. Guano Australis. Guan. 186. Gummigutti. Gummi g. Gutti gummi. Gutti. Gamboge. 187. Gymnocladus Canadensis. Gymn. Can. Chicot. Stumptree. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Fly-poison. 188. Hcmatoxylum Campeachliianum. Hematox. Logwood. 189. Iamnamelis Tirginica. Hamam. Witch hazel of Virginia. 190. Hedysarum ildefonsianum. Hedys. Brazilian burdock. 191. Helianthus annus. Helianth. Sunflower. 192. Heliotrope Peruviana. Heliotrope. Peruvian turnsol. 193. Helleborus niger. Hell. Black hellebore. Christmas rose. 194. Repar sulphuris calcarea. Hep. Liver of sulphur. Sulphuret of lime. 195. HFippomane mancinella. Hippom. Mancinella venenata. 196. Hura Braziliensis. Hura. Assacu. 197. Hydrocyanic acid. Hydroc. ac. Prussic acid. 198. Hyoscyamus niger. Hyos. Black henbane. 199. Hypericum perfoliatum. Hyper. St. John's-wort. Allsaint's-wort. 200. Ignatia amara. Ign. St. Ignatius' bean. 201. lindigo. Indig. Indigofera tinctoria. 202. lodium. Iod. Iodine. 24 HOMCEOPATHY. 203. Ipecacuanha. Ipec. Cephalis ipecacuanha. 204. Iris versicolor. Iris. 205. Jacoranda caroba. Jacor. c. Bignonia caroba. 206. Jalappa. Jal. Jalap. 207. Janipha manihot. Janip. Jatropha manihot. Manioca mandi. 208. Jatropha curcas. Jat. c. Barbadoes nuts. Infernal fig. 209. Juglans regia. Juglans. Nux juglans. Walnut. 210. Juncus efusu.s. Junc. ef. Flowering rush. 211. Juncuspilosus. Junc. pil. Haired rush. 212. Kali bichromas. Kali b. Bichromate of potash. 213. Kali bronzatum. Kali brom. Hydrobromate of potash. 214. Kali carbonicum. Kali c. Subcarbonate of potash. Salt of tartar. 215. Kali chloricum. Kali chlor. Chlorate of potash. 216. Kali hydriodicum. Kali bydriod. HydriodCate of potash. 217. Kali nitricum. Kali nit. Nitrum. Nitre. Nitrate of potash. Saltpetre. 218. Kalmia latifolia. Kalm. Mountain laurel. Broad-leaved laurel. Lambkill, Ivy-bush. Spoonwood. Calico-bush. 219. Kreosoturn. Kreos. Creosote. 220. Lachesis. Lach. Poison of the lance-headed viper. Trigonocephalus lachesis. 221. Lactuca virosa. Lact. Poisonous lettuce. Strong-scented lettuce. 222. Lamium album. Lam. Dead nettle. Blind nettle. 223. Laurocerasus. Laur. Prunus laurocerasus. Cherry laurel. 224. Leduin palustre. Led. Marsh tea. Wild rosemary. 225. Lepidium Bonariense. Lepid. Mastruco. 226. Lobelia cardinalis. Lob. card. Scarlet lobelia. Cardinal flower. 227. Lobelia inflata. Lobel. Indian tobacco. Emetic herb. 228. Lolium temulentumn. Lol. Cockle-weed. Bearded darnel. 229. Lupulus. Lup. Humulus lupulus. Hop. 230. Lycopodiun clavatum. Lyc. Wolf's-foot. Club-moss. Wolf's-claw pollen. Vegetable sulphur. ITS GENERAL OFEATURES. 2 25 231. Magnesia carbonicum. Mag. c. Carbonate of magnesia. Subcarbonate of Magnesia. 232. Magnesia mwrias. Mag. m. Muriate of magnesia. 233. Magnesia sulphurica. Mag. s. Sulphate of magnesia. Epsom salts. 234. Manganum aceticum. Mang. ac. Acetate of manganese. 235. Manganum carbonicum. Mang.c. Carbonate of manganese. 236. Manganunm. Mang. Manganesii oxydatum. Oxide of manganese. 237. Melastonla ackermani. Melast. 238. Menganthes trifoliata. Menyanth. Buckbean. Marsh trefoil. 239. Mephitis putorius. Meph. Skunk. American polecat. 240. Mercurialis perennis. Merc. per. Dog mercury. French mercury. 241. Mercurius acetatus. Mer. ac. Acetate of mercury. Hydrargyrum aceticum. 242. Mercurius corrosivus sublimatus. Mere. cor. Hydrargyrum muriaticum corrosivum. Bichloride of mercury. Corrosive sublimate of mercury. 243. Mercurius dulcis. Mere. dule. Chloride of mercury. Hydrargyrum muriaticum. Calomel. 244. Mercurius iodatus. Mere. iod. Protoiodide of mercury. Hydrargyrum iodatum. 245. Mercurius solubilis. Mere. sol. Hydrargyrum oxydulatum nigrum. Black oxide of mercury. Hahnemann's soluble mercury. 246. Mercurius sulphuricus. Merc. sol. Sulphuret of mercury. (Etheop's mineral. 247. Mercuries vivus. Mere. v. Hydrargyrum. Mercury. Quicksilver. 248. Mezeretim. Mez. Daphne mezereum. Mezereum. Spurge laurel. 249. Millefolium. Millef. Achilla millifolium. Milfoil. Yarrow. 250. Mimosa humilis. Mimos. 251. Morphiumn aceticun. Morph. ac. Morphia. 26 HOM2aOP6TRY. 252. Moschuts. Mosch. Musk. 253. Murexz purpura. Murex. Purple shell-fish. Tyriandye. 254. Murure leite. Murure. 255. Muriatis acidum. Mur. ac. Muriatic acid. Hydrochloric acid. Chlorohydric acid. Spirit of salt. 256. Mygale avicularia. Mygal. Bird spider of Texas. 257. Myristica sebifera. Myrist. 258. Myrtis communis. Myrtis c. Myrtle. 259. Naja tripudians. Naja. Poison of the cobra snake. 260. Natrum carbonicum. Nat. c. Carbonate of soda. 261. Natrcm muriaticum. Nat. m. Muriate of soda. Chloride of sodium. Common salt. 262. Natrurm nitricum. Nat. nit. Nitrate of soda. 263. Natrsm sulphuricum. Nat. s. Sulphate of soda. Glauber's salts. 264. Niccolum carbonicum. Niccol. Carbonate of nickel. 265. Nitri acidum. Nit. ac. Nitric acid. Aquafortis. 266. Nitri spiritus dulcis. Nit. sp. dulc. Nitrous ether. Sweet spirit of nitre. 267. Nuphar lutea. Nuphar. Yellow water-lily. 268. Nux moschata. Nux mosch. Nutmeg. 269. Nux vomica. Nux v. Strychnos nux vomica. Poison nut. 270. Ocimum canum. Ocim. 271. (Enanthe crocata. (Enanth. Hemlock water dropwort. 272. Oleander. Oleand. Nerium oleander. Rose laurel. Laurel rose. Rose bay. 273. Oleum animale. 01. an. Animal oil of dippel. Essential animal oil. 274. Oniscus asellus. Onis. as. Wood-louse. 275. Opium. Papaver somniferum. White poppy. Laudanum. 276. Oxalic acid. Ox. ac. Oxalic acid. Saccharine acid. 277. Pconia oficinalis. Peon. Peony. 278. Panacea. Panac. Mercury of the poor. 279. Paris quadrzfolium. Paris. Herb Paris. True love. 280. Paullinia pinnata. Paulin. (Paullinia sorbilis of Von Master.) Curruru. Timbo-lippo. Guaratimbo. ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 27 281. Petiveria tetrandria. Petiv. Mappa graveolens. 282. Petroleum. Petrol. Mineral oil. Rock oil. Barbadoes oil. Barbadoes tar. 283. Petroselinum. Petros. Parsley-root. Apium petroselinum. 284. Phellandrium aquaticum. Phel. Water-fennel. Waterhemlock. 285. Phosphorus. Phos. 286. Phosphori acidumn. Phos. ac. Phosphoric acid. Acid of bones. 287. Phytolacca decandra. Phytol. Poke-weed. 288. Pichurim. Pich. Sassafras nuts. Pichurim-bean laurel. 289. Pimpinella saxifraga. Pimp. Burnet saxifrage. Stonebreak. 290. Pinus sylvestris. Pinus. Wild pine. Pine buds. 291. Platina. Plat. Platinum. 292. Platinum muriaticum. Plat. mur. Muriate of platinum. Chloride of platinum. 293. Plumbago littoralis. Plumbag. lit. Picao da praia. 294. Plumbum aceticwm. Plumb. ac. Acetas plumbi. Acetate of lead. Sugar of lead. 295. Plumbumn carbonicuns. Plumb. c. Carbonate of lead. White lead. 296. Plumbum metallicum. Plumb. Lead. 297. Podophyllum eltatum. Podoph. Hog-apple. May-apple. Wild-lemon. Duck's-foot. 298. Potlosfoatidus. Pothos. Ictodesfcetidus. Skunk. 299. Prenanthes seipens. Pren. serp. 300. Pruznus padus. Prun. pad. Common bird-cherry. 301. Prunus spinosa. Prun.spin. Wildplum-tree. Sloe-tree. 302. Pulsatilla niger. Puls. Pasque flower. Meadow anemone. Wind-flower. Anemone pratensis. 303. Ranunculus acris. Ran. ac. Upright meadow crowfoot. 304. Ranunculus bulbosus. Ran. b. Bulbous crowfoot. Buttercups. 305. Ranunculusflamula. Ran. f. Lesser spearwort. Crowfoot. 306. Ranunculus repens. Ran. r. 28 IoMMEOPrATHY. 307. Banunculus sceleratus. Marsh crowfoot. Celery-leaved buttercup. 308. Raphanus sativus. Raph. Radish. Black garden-radish. 309. Ratanhia. Rat. Rattany root. 310. Besina itu. Res. it. 311. Rheum. Rhm. Rhabarbarum. Rhab. Rhubarb. Rheum palmatum. 312. Rhododendron chrysantthemum. Rhod. Yellow rhododendron. Dwarf rose-bay. 313. Rhus laurina. Rhus laur. 314. Rhus radicans. Rhus rad. Poison vine. 315. Rhus toxicodendron. Rhus tox. Creeping poison oak. Poison ivy. 316. Rhus veneneta. Rhus ven. Varnish tree. Swamp sumach. 317. Rhyncospora alba. Rhyn. Whitebeak rush. 318. Ricinus communis. Ricin. c. Castor-oil plant. 319. Rosmarina oficinalis. Rosmar. Rosemary. 320. Rumex crispus. Rumex c. Water-dock. Yellow-dock. 321. Rhus graveolens. Ruta. Garden rue. 322. Sabadilla semen. Sabad. Cevadilla. Indian caustic barley. 323. Sabina.. Sabin. Savine. Juniperis sabina. 324. Sambucus niger. Samb. Elder. 325. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Sang. C. Blood-root. Indian pucoon. Red-root. 326. Sarsaparilla. Sars. Smilax sarsaparilla. Sarsap. 327. Sassafras. Sass. Laurus sassafras. Sassafras bark. 328. Schrofularia nodosa. Schrof. Brownwort. 329. Secale cornutum. Sec. Ergot of rye. Spurred rye. 330. Sedinha. Sedin. 331. Sedum acre. Sedum. Stone-crop. Small house-leek. Prick-madam. 332. Selenium. Sel. 333. Sempervivuwm tinctorium. Semp. tinct. Common great house-leek. 334. Senega. Seneg. Snake-root. 335. Senna. Sen. Cassia senna. 30 HOMoEOPATHY. 366. Theridion curassavicum. Therid. Black spider of Curacoa. 367. Thuja occidentalis. Thuj. Arbor vita. Tree of life. 368. Tilia Eluropcea. Tilia. Lime blossoms. Lime or Linden flowers. 369. Tongo. Tong. Tonkin beans. 370. Tradescantia diuretica. Tradesc. 371. Triosteum perfoliatum. Triost. Wild coffee. Horse gentian. White gentian. Fever-wort. Fever-root. Wild ipecacuanha. Bastard ipecacuanha. 372. Tussilago petasites. Tussil. Butter-bur. 373. Urtica urens. Urtic. Stinging-nettle. 374. Uva ursi. Uva urs. Arbutus uva ursi. Bear's-berry. Whortle-berry. 375. Vaccinin. Vac. Vaccine lymph. 376. Valeriana officinalis. Val. Valerian. 377. Veratrum album. Verat. White hellebore. Sneeze-wort. 378. Veratrum viride. Verat. vir. Green or American hellebore. 379. Verbascum thapsus. Verb. Yellow mullein. 380. Verbena. Verb. Vervain. Pigeon's herb. 381. Viburinum prunifolium. Viburn. Black haw. Nannyroot. 382. Vinca minor. Vinca m. Lesser periwinkle. 383. Viola odorata. Viol. od. Sweet violet. 384. Viola tricolor. Viol. tri. Jacea. Heart's-ease. Pansy. 385. Zincum metallicum. Zinc. Zinc. 386. Zincum oxydatum. Zinc. ox. Flowers of zinc. Oxide of zinc. 387. Zincum sulphuricum. Zinc. s. Sulphate of zinc. White vitriol. 388. Zingiber. Zing. Ginger. 389. Zizia aurea. Ziz. aur. Golden Alexander. Musquashroot. This arrangement of the medicines proves the abundance of the curative agents which homceopathy ITS GENERAL FEATURES. 31 can, when fully and thoroughly studied, apply in subduing disease. It also shows how wrongly those judge the system, who think they have exhausted its resources when they have tried it merely under the guidance of some popular domestic work (however good within its limit), which gives directions for the use of only a small number of the remedies at the command of a really studious homceopathic physician. CHAPTER II. DOMESTIC PRACTICE. THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH NONPROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE MAY BE SAFELY RENDERED-ALSO THOSE IN WHICH DOMESTIC ASSISTANCE ALONE IS REPREHENSIBLE-THE FORMS, DOSES, AND MODES OF PRESERVING AND OF ADMINISTERING THE INTERNAL REMEDIES-AND THE PREPARATION AND USES OF NUMEROUS EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS. I. THE vocation of the medical man embraces not only the personal inspection and cure of disease, but the removal of ignorance respecting the structure and functions of the human frame, and the best means of retaining its health. Within the last few years, many excellent works have been published, which have had this twofold object in view. Unprofessional individuals are not by any means so ignorant now, as they formerly were, of the laws which regulate the workings of their corporeal constitution. They are better able, therefore, to enforce their knowledge, and to guard against those deleterious influences which are ever at work undermining the bodily powers by slow and insidious approaches. Many medical men, holding enlarged views of the nature of their calling, have seen fit to extend these preparatory instructions to the treatment of some forms of disease in which their attendance is not absolutely necessary, or can DOMESTIC PRACTICE. 35 are adapted to boxes or chests, containing from twenty-four to a hundred or more different remedies. The medicines may be divided into two classes, viz., internal and external. INTERNAL MEDICINES.-1. Their Forms.-The internal medicines are prepared in four forms, viz.:Tinctures-which contain the active principle of the drug more or less concentrated; they are seldom used in domestic practice, but frequently, in acute diseases, by medical men. Pilules-an excellent form of the medicine, and very convenient for dispensary purposes. Globules-which are employed chiefly in domestic practice. And Triturations-in which form all insoluble substances are prepared up to the third attenuation. 2. Their Doses.-The dose of the tinctures is from one-fourth of a drop, to a drop. The drop may be easily divided into any number of fractional parts, by mixing it with as many tea-spoonfuls of water, and taking one spoonful for a dose. The best method of dropping the tinctures accurately is to place the lip of the bottle on the cork, which must be held in a sloping direction; then gently tilt the bottle (as in the engraving, on the top of next page), when the tincture will flow down the cork, and drop from the lower edge; thus a single drop or any number of single drops may be obtained. The dose of the globules is three for an adult; one or two for an infant. The dose of the pilules is one for an adult; one-half for an infant. The dose of the triturations is from half a grain to a grain for an adult, and from a quarter to 36 3HOMCEOPATHY. half a grain for an infant. The foregoing quantities apply to all the medicines in these respective forms. For all practical purposes the following may be considered equivalent proportions:One grain of trituration; One drop of tincture; Four pilules; or Twelve globules. 3. Their Attenuation.-- The word attenuation means the subdivision of the particles of matter, either by solution in a fluid, or by crushing. It is used in our system to express the degree of subdivision of a medicinal substance. The attenuations in most common use are the 3rd, the 6th, the 12th, and the 30th; but all the intermediate ones are prepared by, and may be purchased of, any respectable homoeopathic chemist. 4. Their Preservation.-The medicines will keep many years if placed in a dry, clean, cool place, from which all light, especially the sun's rays, is excluded. DOMESTIC PRACTICE. 87 Scents or odours injure them, and also contiguity to the odorous particles of camphor. Earthenware spoons are the best for measuring, stirring, and taking the medicines. Those made of metal are objectionable, but if used should not remain in the mixture, and ought to be carefully wiped after measuring each dose. The medicines may be mixed with water in cups, tumblers, or bottles, taking care that they are perfectly clean, and protected from the entrance of dust floating in the air, by being corked or otherwise covered. Bottles containing tincture should be kept standing upright, with the cork screwed tightly down, to prevent evaporation of the spirit. The water should be perfectly pure; filtered rain water is the most exempt from mineral, vegetable, and animal impurities; boiled water allowed to cool is suitable. 5. Their Administration.-The medicines are directed to be taken every half-hour, or every three or four hours, or night and morning, or at any other stated period; the frequency of the dose depending upon the effect desired, and that being regulated according to the violence of the symptoms. When two medicines are used, the doses of each have to be alternated, or taken alternately or in alternation, which means, the act of following or being followed, by another medicine, at certain intervals of time and in regular order of succession. The dose should not be taken during the hour which precedes nor the one which succeeds any meal. The patient must never, under any circumstances, be aroused from his sleep in order to take the medicine. Children seldom exhibit DOMESTIC PRACTICE. 39 mencing with chilliness and shivering; in giddiness; pain, weight and pressure, or other sensation at the pit of the stomach; in cramps or stiffness in the calves of the legs, or in the muscles of the arms; for sensations of general uneasiness; in sudden loss of strength, pain in the bowels, and excessive purgings; and, lastly, at the beginning of most diseases. One drop ought to be taken on a piece of sugar, or mixed with a tea-spoonful of water, and repeated every quarter of an hour until three doses have been taken. In cases of cholera, two drops may be administered in the same medium, every ten, fifteen, or twenty minutes, according to the violence of the symptoms and the degree of amelioration. III. THE EXTERNAL APPLICATIONs.-These act directly upon the diseased part, and thus assist the internal remedies in restoring health. We shall consider each application separately. 1. ARNICA.- This remedy may be applied externally in the forms of lotion, cerate, arnicated balls, linimnent, opodeldoc, or plaster, etc. The most important and most frequently used of these forms is the lotion, which is made by adding one part of the mother Tincture of Arnica to twenty parts of water. It is applied to the part affected by saturating a linen or cotton cloth, which must be laid on the surface of the wound, and covered with oiled silk to prevent the evaporation of the fluid. Arnica is used in all kinds and varieties of injuries produced by mechanical violence, such as sprains, falls, contusions, and bruised 40 HIOMCEOPATHY. or lacerated wounds; also for corns, chilblains, chapped hands or lips, rheumatism, and after surgical operations. Caution.-In some cases of peculiar susceptibility, Arnica produces a troublesome eruption resembling erysipelas, especially if the lotion is used stronger than directed above. Where this is the case, it must be entirely abstained from, and HJeliantlhus annum or Calendula used as a substitute. 2. CALENDULA is used in the form of a lotion, made by mixing one part of the mother tincture with four parts of water. It may be used, in the same way as Arnica, in cuts and in all lacerated or other wounds which will not heal without the formation of matter. Calendula court-plaster is a convenient application in adjusting and retaining the edges of slight cuts so as to leave no scar or disfigurement. 3. RHus.-The lotion is made by mixing from five to ten drops of the strong tincture with a table-spoonful of water. The liniment is, however, the. best form for applying Rhus. It is used in sprains, rheumatism, etc., being well rubbed into the part affected. 4. CANTHARIDEs.-This medicine has been found exceedingly valuable in burns and scalds, especially if applied immediately after the accident, before any other applications have been resorted to. Thirty drops of the tincture at the second attenuation, added to two table-spoonfuls of olive or of salad oil, should be smeared upon the injured surface, which is afterwards to be covered with layers of clean cotton wool, in order to exclude the air. DOMESTIC PRACTICE. 41 5. CA.USTICIUM, in the proportion of six drops of the third dilution to every tea-spoonful of water, and applied by saturating a linen rag is of service in burns and scalds when some time has elapsed since the casualty. 6. HAMAMELIS VIRGINICA is a useful external application to enlarged (varicose) veins on the leg. It may be used by saturating pieces of linen with the lotion, which is made by mixing a table-spoonful of the mother tincture with four table-spoonfuls of water; the pieces of linen so saturated are to be placed upon the distended veins, and the leg is then to be bandaged from the foot to the knee. It may also be applied in the same way to piles; the compress of linen being retained by a bandage passing between the thighs, and attached in front and behind to a band encircling the loins. 7. HELIANTHUS ANNUM.-This remedy is useful in the same class of cases as Arnica, and may be used as a substitute, where the latter is apt to disagree. 8. ACONITE.-This powerful medicine has been successfully applied, in the proportion of ten drops of the strong tincture to a wine-glassful of water, in various affections, in which the predominant symptom was excessive and excruciating pain. 9. COTTON, soft and finely carded, is a popular and very proper application in burns and scalds. 10. FLOUR is another handy substance to apply to burns or to scalds. 11. CURD SOAP is also employed in similar cases. The further consideration of these three substances 42 HOMCEOPANTHY. will be resumed when the treatment of burns and scalds is enjoined. 12. PouLTICES. - These well-known applications serve several useful purposes. They combine both warmth and moisture, the effects being to assuage pain, to relax tense structures, to promote the formation of matter, and to hasten its approach to the surface of the skin. Several kinds are used, and will now be described. They are:(1.) The bread poultice, which is best made according to the instructions of Dr. Epps, who orders old, stale bread, rubbed into fine small crumbs, which should have boiling water poured on to them; they should then be boiled together in a saucepan for one or two minutes, constantly stirring; add a little butter or lard at the last. It is to be laid on a piece of cotton or linen rag, and applied to the part requiring it. (2.) Bran poultice, according to Druitt:-" Make a flannel or linen bag of the size requisite to cover the part affected, and fill it loosely with bran. Pour boiling water on this, till it is thoroughly moistened, put it into a coarse towel and wring it dry. Then apply it as soon as it is cool enough." (3.) Bread and suet poultice, prepared according to Druitt as follows:-" By mixing equal parts of breadcrumbs and mutton-suet, grated very fine, with a little boiling water, and stirring them in a saucepan over the fire, till they are thoroughly incorporated. It is a very admirable soft poultice for parts that are excoriated, or that threaten to slough during long illnesses." DOMESTIC PRACTICE. 43 (4.) The oatmeal poultice is prepared by gradually and slowly stirring small quantities of oatmeal into a pan containing boiling water, until it acquires a thickness sufficient to enable it to be applied, on a rag, to the affected part. (5.) The carrot poultice is best made by boiling the carrots until they become soft, after which they must be bruised into a pulp, and applied like the others. It is an excellent application in scrofulous, cancerous, and other unhealthy sores with little disposition to heal and attended by offensive discharge. (6.) The fig poultice, an agreeable, suitable, and convenient way of relieving the pain, and promoting the maturation of a gum-boil, is used by applying the cut surface of an ordinary fig to the part affected. (7.) The linseed-meal poultice is the one in most common use and the most esteemed, because it possesses all, or nearly all, the advantages of the others. The justly celebrated Abernethy orders it to be made as follows:--He says, "scald your basin by pouring a little hot water into it; then put a small quantity of finely-ground linseed-meal into the basin, pour a little hot water on it, and stir it round briskly until you have well incorporated them; add a little more meal and a little more water, then stir again. Do not let any lumps remain in the basin, but stir the poultice well, and do not be sparing of your trouble. If properly made, it is so well worked together that you might throw it up to the ceiling and it would come down again without falling im pieces; it is, in fact, like a pancake. What to do next is to take as much 41 HOM(EOPATHY. of it out of the basin as you may require, lay it on a piece of soft linen, let it be about a quarter of an inch thick, and so wide that it may cover the whole of the inflamed part." Poultices should be moderately soft, and large enough to cover entirely the part affected; but not heavy, else the patient will complain of the weight. They should, generally speaking, be renewed night and morning; the exceptions to this occurring in cases attended with much pain and inconvenience in the adaptation of the poultice. When matter is issuing from any part of the body's surface, the poultice should be kept applied until the pain has subsided and the healing process has begun at the bottom; the poultice being changed, in such cases, every night and morning for the sake of cleanliness. (8.) Spongio-piline.--A convenient and elegant method of applying both heat and moisture to the abdomen in colic, to the chest in pleurisy, and to other parts which require soothing and relaxing. It has this advantage, that it can be washed clean and used any number of times. 13. FOMENTATIONS have much the same effect as poultices, in imparting warmth and moisture to the part affected. The best form of fomentation is the application of coarse white flannel, dipped into, and afterwards wrung out of, boiling water; this is then to be applied loosely, and as hot as the patient can bear. The size of the flannel, of which there ought to be two pieces, to be used time about, will, of course, depend upon the part on which they are placed. When DOMESTIC PR1ACTICE. 4 45 laid over the abdomen in cases attended with severe pain in that region, the flannel ought to be well wrung out to prevent the bed becoming wet, and proving a source of annoyance to the invalid. 14. DRY HEAT, applied by several means, is of great service in severe and deeply-seated pains. It may be employed by means of-i. Flannel, which, on account of its coarse, loose texture, entangles hair between its fibres, and is besides a substance through which beat does not quickly pass to other bodies. It should be applied loosely, and next the skin. 2. Plates of iron, enveloped in flannel, or the stomach-plate, made purposely to apply in cases of cramp of the stomach. 3. Hot bricks, or bottles filled with hot water, anid wrapped in flannel. 4. Salt-bags. These several ways of applying heat have their special recommendations, and are of easy and convenient use in cramp, and in apparent death from drowning, etc. 15. BATHS, in the form of cold, or tepid, or hot water, or of vapour, besides being of very considerable utility in various diseases, are a most important means of retaining sound and vigorous health. Their consideration, as remedial agents, will therefore be deferred until we come to speak about them in reference to their employment in the preservation of health. CHAPTER III. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. OF THE FURNITURE, SITUATION, TEMPERATURE, AND VENTILATION OF THE SICK-ROOM-DISINFECTANTS--THE DUTIES AND QUALIFICATIONS OF NURSES AND OF ATTENDANTS ON THE INVALID-THE DIET AND MODES OF PREPARING FOOD FOR THE VALETUDINARIAN. I. DISEASE and death are our common portions; we are familiar with, and must sooner or later submit to their infliction. It is, however, the duty of all to avail themselves of those means which are calculated to mitigate the severity of the one, and to temporarily ward off the approach of the other. On the one hand, they can procure the assistance of the medical man, who will resort to all the appliances within his reach and knowledge that can have a direct influence in subduing disease; and, on the other hand, they can employ the collateral and most important agency exercised by those engaged in the tender office of nursing. The medical man and the nurse have, in their different spheres, the same object in view, namely, the restoration of the patient, or, if that be impossible, the alleviation of his sufferings, and the promotion of his temporal welfare. Our SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 47 remarks must, however, be exclusively restricted to a consideration of the various duties which fall within the immediate province of the nurse. It is scarcely necessary to say, that the patient's mind is much comforted and his bodily ills relieved by kind and sympa.. thetic attendants; it acquires a repose and placidity which accord better than irritation and unrest, with the solemnities of affliction, and the prospective uncertainties of the individual's existence. But unless the kind efforts, which the illness of a friend or of a relative is sure to excite, be carefully and judiciously adapted to the patient's condition and wants, more harm than good would be done by acting upon that peculiar irritability of mind which is so frequent an accompaniment of bodily suffering. These causes of annoyance to the invalid are frequently ascribable to ignorance, or to officious zeal. The following remarks may tend to remove the former, and to moderate the latter; whilst they may prove not unacceptable to those whose duty or calling requires them to solace and cheer the pained and exhausted sufferer. II. TEa SICK-RooM.-The sick apartment should be lofty, spacious, and well ventilated, but without currents of air, in order to ensure a uniform and medium temperature. For the sake of quietness, it should not be situated over the kitchen, or facing into a throng thoroughfare, for the patient may be annoyed by the constant passage of vehicles and pedestrians. It should, if possible, face northwards, so that the entrance of light may not anuoy the 48 HOM(EOPIATHY. patient. An open fireplace, and a chimney which "draws" well, are desirable. The doors must make no noise, either when opening or closing. The windows should have the upper sash movable, and the shutters and blinds belonging to it should be so constructed as to be capable of admitting or of excluding the rays of light, according to existing necessities. The patient will sometimes experience much relief, when the window is directly opposite to him, by interposing a green curtain. The floor must be firm and noiseless when trodden upon; and the paper should be of uniform colour, and free from all figures or patterns, especially of the spotted or wavy sort. The bed should be placed in that part of the room where the air cannot accumulate, and where the nurse can conveniently attend upon its occupant; the curtains should be removed, for they exclude the pure, and confine the impure, air, and thus heat the patient, hurry his breathing, and otherwise distress him. The height of the bed must be regulated according to the requirements of the nurse; it should be carefully and evenly made; there should be no lumps of feathers, and no part of the surface should be higher than another, except in special cases, where it is desirable or necessary to raise a portion of the patient's body. The material composing the bed will depend upon the nature of the complaint. In some cases, hair mattresses are preferable; in others, the air- or the water-bed. The air-bed consists of an india-rubber bag, as large as the ordinary bed, divided SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 49 into several compartments, which do not communicate with one another. It is furnished with stop-cocks, which regulate the quantity of air introduced by means of common bellows. The water-bed admits "water into a trough composed of wood, until it reaches rather higher than the level of an elastic waterproof sheet, which is attached to the inner side. Both these beds adapt themselves to the frequent changes of the patient's position, on account of their containing elastic fluids. They are well suited to invalids suffering from a lingering illness, in whom bed-sores are not unfrequent, in consequence of the unequal pressure of the ordinary bed upon some prominent part of the body. On a table, near the patient, should be placed the following articles:--his toast and water, or other drink, in a half-covered cup, with handle and spout, so that he can at any time allay his thirst without changing the supine position; his medicines and their corresponding spoons; and any other thing which he frequently requires. Another table should have the following articles upon it:-writing paper, pens and ink, with which to jot down any occurrence affecting the patient's condition that may be of consequence to communicate to the medical attendant; with these materials the prescription can be written, if necessary: two clean tumblers or cups, a mug of pure, filtered, cold water, and two earthenware spoons should also be at hand. A narrow piece of carpet may be laid along the E 50 HOMcEOPATHY. floor, by the sides and bottom of the bedstead. These pieces can be readily taken up whenever the floor requires sweeping; it must not be washed. If the apartment be large enough to contain, without inconvenience, another and smaller bed, the patient may be occasionally removed to it; the change frequently soothes and affords relief. A reclining or easy chair, or a couch or sofa, in the sick-room, or in an adjoining apartment, is a desirable article of furniture. The patient can then be removed, if practicable, when the bed requires making, or the linen changing; or when alteration of position is desirable. Two ordinary bed-room chairs should complete the appointments of the sick-room. Other articles of furniture, or anything else that may be required for the patient's use, must be kept in a room adjoining. There are two conditions of the sick-room, in reference to which it is necessary that we should offer a few observations. They are temperature and ventilation. III. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SIR-nooM.-- This is a matter of no little moment. It is specially important in chest diseases, for the air, during the process of breathing, is brought into direct contact with the delicate membrane which lines the air-passages. In consumption, bronchitis, and other affections of the lungs, a uniform temperature of about sixty degrees, according to Fahrenheit's thermometer, should be maintained. In fevers, attended with hot skin and rambling, the temperature should be lower, especially if the apartment be badly ventilated and pent up. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 51 This is especially necessary in the dwellings of the poor, who, besides living in rooms so constructed as to be almost incompatible with the long continuance of health, have a stupid and mischievous prejudice against pure air. It is, of course, beyond the scope of this work to particularise the degree of temperature suitable to every disease; it is the medical man's province to see that it is suitable to the requirements of the patient. In some cases it has to be regulated by the thermometer; in others, it must be adapted to the feelings of the patient. Great caution must be exercised not to expose the patient to currents of air when'attempting to moderate excessive heat; and also to prevent him encountering extreme and sudden transitions, either in, or after he has left, the sickroom. IV. VENTILATION OF THE SICK-ROOM.-Ventilation has for its object the maintenance of a pure atmosphere, in rooms and other places, by the constant and gradual admission of fresh air, and the displacement of that which has been already breathed or otherwise contaminated. In this place we can refer to ventilation only in connection with disease, and our remarks must necessarily be succinct. Air which has been frequently respired cannot support animal life. In the sick and close chamber, it is rendered still more noxious by the various emanations from the diseased body, and unless it can be removed, and a fresh supply of pure aii be admitted, not only will the chances of recovery be fewer, but the attendants are rendered more susceptible of disease. Where 52 HOMCEOPATHY. ventilation is defective, the attendants inhale an atmosphere laden with poisonous matter from the affected body of the invalid, which, under certain favorable circumstances, engenders in the sound frame a disease identical to that already existing in the patient. To diseases arising in this way, in consequence of the existence of a poison in the air, the term infectious is applied. Typhus fever, hoopingcough, small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, chicken-pox, influenza, erysipelas, plague, etc., are examples of diseases which are propagated from diseased to healthy individuals by infection. Other diseases are termed contagious, and depend upon contagion, which, in its strict acceptation, means the communication of disease by contact. The diseases produced in this way include glanders, gonorrhoea, syphilis, itch, purulent ophthalmia, etc. In common language, however, the words infection and contagion express the same meaning, viz., the communication of a disease from a sick man to a healthy one, either by personal contact, or by inhaling the exhalations arising from his body. The sources of infection will be considered under disinfectants. The importance of deciding as to the infectious nature of various diseases is unquestionable. It not unfrequently happens that friends and even relatives shun the poor invalid stricken with some dire malady, because they fear exposing themselves to the influence of a communicable disease. This is especially the case with cholera, which the ignorant regard as the most infectious of all diseases. It is, however, satisfactory to say, that SIOK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 53 the tide of professional opinion flows in the opposite direction. In all such diseases, the liability to be seized will be much less if the individual observe due cleanliness of person and temperate habits, combined with a good and generous diet, and freedom from mental depression. But, on the other hand, no circumstances favour the propagation and extension of infectious diseases so much as the following:-Intemperance; deficient or bad food; long-continued exposure to moisture and to cold, especially if the house be damp and badly drained; anxiety, fear of being attacked by the prevailing disease, care, discontent, and other depressing mental emotions; want of rest; fatigue, long watching, and defective ventilation. Hence the necessity of nurses having a sufficiency of rest and a generous diet, but without brandy or other spirit. To those who are more immediately endangered by exposure to infection, it will be satisfactory to know that they may calculate, with certainty almost, upon immunity from the disease by a careful observance of the following suggestions:-In waiting on the patient, always stand between the current of fresh air and the patient, never placing yourself where the contagious matter can be blown from his body on to your own; do not incline your body over the patient's; avoid inhaling his breath; pay strict attention to your own general health, and evade all the predisposing causes. Be particular to ventilate the room well; if this be not attended to, the infectious matter will gain greater power by being mixed with stagnant air; it will be 54 54 HOXCE0PA.TIY. come absorbed by all the porous substances in the room, and may, in another place and at a future period, return to full activity in communicating disease to a healthy district. The substances which entangle and retain the infectious matter emanating from the diseased body, comprise feathers, hair, wool, cotton, and other similarly porous articles. This remark will furnish a hint to the nurse as to the material of her apparel. Other means of preventing the injurious consequences of infectious matter will be considered in the next paragraph. V. DIsINFEOTANTS.-Thi5 term is applied to substances wrhich have the power of decomposing noxious effluvia and infectious matter, so that they are made incapable of acting injuriously upon the healthy body. The infectious matter, when absorbed into the system by the blood in the lungs, is endued with the power of inducing phenomena of decay, of which it is itself a product. This matter exists in the atmosphere, and is derived from the decomposition (or disunion of the elements) of animal and vegetable bodies. After the extinction of vitality they are subject to chemical laws, and are resolvable into various elementary or compound gases, which are more or less deleterious to living structures. The sources of infection are various. Thus, it emanates from ponds, stagnant pools and marshes, where the conjoint influences of moisture, light, heat, and vegetation favour the liberation of gaseous impurities. Decaying animal and vegetable matter, such as exists in stables, and pig-sties, accumulations~ of manure, cess-pools, water-closets, etc., SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 55 are fertile causes of infection and disease. These heaps of rotting matter are allowed to collect in the immediate neighbourhood of our houses, and cannot but injure public health. They should be removed as often as possible; taking the precaution to use some efficient disinfectant to deodorize or to decompose the hurtful gases. Towns are specially liable to become involved in the mortality consequent upon the extension of infectious matter. The air in towns is made impure by particles of unconsumed carbon; by the refuse of various manufactures; by the accumulation of organic matter and of pernicious gases, the result of animal and of vegetable decay in either living or dead bodies: all these foul impregnations become concentrated in the unventilated atmosphere of our large towns. To the foregoing sources of infection, we must add the poisonous exhalations given off from the body during disease. Although man is thus exposed on all hands to direct influences which operate upon his health in accordance with unknown laws, yet he can, to a considerable extent, counteract these injurious vitiations, by availing himself of natural disinfecting agents. Amongst these we may enumerate ventilation, water, light, heat, and cold. The mortality from disease would be much diminished, and general public health much improved, were these considerations taken into account in the erection of buildings, so as to ensure complete ventilation, plenty of light, and the other essentials of a good habitation; and in the correction of such habits of life as are known to militate against health. They are also, to a 56 HOM(EOPATHY. certain extent, applicable to the sick-room; but the most efficient disinfectants of an artificial kind will now be considered. All articles of clothing or of merchandise, which are imbued or impregnated with infectious matter, should be subjected to a high heat, to currents of air, and to soap-and-water washing, steaming or boiling. The use of various disinfecting substances to prevent the dissemination of the infectious matter is necessary, both during the course of illness and after it has terminated. In addition to this, the furniture and other appointments of the sick-room should be well washed with soap and water; the walls re-papered or white-washed, and the wood-work repainted, after illness from infectious diseases. 1. Chlorine.-This powerful disinfectant may be cheaply procured by thoroughly mixing three parts of common salt with one part of the binoxide of manganese, and by adding thereto two parts of oil of vitriol, mixed with two parts of water. Several chemical changes ensue, the result being the evolution of chlorine in the form of a greenish, pungent, suffocating gas. It irritates the nose, wind-pipe, and lungs, and, if breathed in its undiluted state, will destroy life. When used, the above materials must be placed on an earthenware dish, and allowed to remain for several hours within the closed doors of the impure room. Air must afterwards be freely admitted, to displace the chlorine. Of course this is applicable in disinfecting an apartment only after the patient has been removed. 2. Chloride of Zinc has been much employed in the SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 57 form of Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid. It can be purchased of most chemists, full directions as to its use being given on the bottle. 3. AM'Dougall's Disinfecting Powder.--This is, perhaps, the most valuable disinfectant that has hitherto been introduced. It effectually, cleanly, and rapidly disinfects sick-rooms, damp cellars, stables, sewers, foul linen, and, in short, all sources of noxious odours and of infectious matter. It can be scattered over the surface, or mixed with water, or a disinfectant gas can be liberated from it, on the addition of a little oil of vitriol. It has also this important desideratum to agriculturists, that it does not injure the fructuous ingredients of manure. The powder is composed of sulphurous acid, combined with magnesia and with lime, to form the sulphide of magnesia and lime; of carbolic acid, procured from the oil of coal tar, combined with lime, to form carbolate of lime: free lime also enters into its composition. 5. Charcoal.-The carbon which is left after the submission of wood to destructive heat, atmospheric air being excluded, is known as charcoal. When quite fresh, and reduced to a coarse powder, it is a disinfectant to which the most rigid homoeopathic practitioner cannot object. It removes stenches, by its property of absorbing certain volumes of the noisome gas between its particles, and it also destroys the peculiar organic matter upon which infection depends. VI. ATTENDANTS ON THE SIOK.-The invalid should not, if possible, be left to the care of a hired 58 HOMCEOPATHY. nurse, even though she possess every requisite qualification for the performance of her onerous duties. His perturbed mind is calmed, and his pained body is relieved, by the constant presence of one more or less intimately connected by the bond of ]indred, or the ties of association, whose interests are largely involved in the chances of his recovery. The gentle, loving, considerate, and self-sacrificing offices which a wife, a mother, or a sister can perform for his special behoof and welfare; the tones of endearment or of sympathy which are poured into his willing ears; the winning, cheerful, smiling face, which is ever near him, in moments of anxiety and of foreboding; the delicate attentions and the never-tiring patience of a good woman;-all these exercise a very considerable influence upon the invalid, by inducing him to connect the happy, contented, healthy days of yore, with the hope and confidence which still buoy him up regarding his own share in the events of the future. Who better able than a wife or a mother to understand the disposition of her invalided husband or son? to anticipate and provide for his every want? to control his petulant, querulous inclinations? to administer the consolations of religion? to receive and carry out the instructions of the medical attendant, and, with all gentleness, to refuse compliance with desires which might injure rather than benefit the patient? But a hired nurse is almost indispensable in cases of severe or long-continued illnesses, that require constant attention. A person suitable in every respect to manage a SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 59 sick-room is rarely met with. Before engaging the services of a nurse, inquire as to the possession of the following qualifications:-Vigorous and unimpaired health; strength and activity; a happy, cheerful, and conciliating disposition; an equable temper, capable of resisting all provocations and grumblings; a kind and sympathising manner and address; a taste for plain, neat, clean attire; a prepossessing countenance; a firm and collected bent of mind; honesty, sobriety, and other moral traits of character; the middle age, that is, from twenty-five to fifty; and, lastly, sufficient general education to enable her to rightly comprehend and to scrupulously apply the instructions of the medical man, without interposing any practices or suggestions of her own. This is the general outline of a model nurse, one that is rather difficult to meet with in actual practice, but still one that ought to be found and-prized. Such a nurse will know in what her duties consist. There are, however, some who are not learned in their calling, and to whom the ensuing brief hints may not misapply. Nurses-remember that bodily suffering affects the mind, and that you will but increase the dangerous nature of the disease which afflicts the invalid, unless you accommodate your services to his requirements. Therefore let your sole thought and aim be compassionate and assiduous attention to whatever will enhance his comfort of body and tranquillity of mind. Be kind, cheerful, and good-tempered, bearing patiently and complacently with his fretful dis 60 HOM(EOPATHY. position and capricious desires, which he can scarcely help or control. If you cannot accede to his wishes, refuse them firmly but gently, so as to avoid causing pain and disappointment. Ascertain in what way you can anticipate and minister to his inclinations, and avoid objects and topics of his dislike; but do not be officious in your interference. Be calm and quiet in manner, voice, appearance, and movement, under circumstances no matter how trivial or momentous, for his jaded and acutely sensitive frame will be tormented even by the most trifling incident. Attend to, and as far as possible believe in, his statements, for he swill be annoyed if you give him room to doubt your agreement with him. Permit no disputing amongst visitors within the patient's hearing; no loud talking, and silence all whispering. Do not allow visitors to converse with him when you observe his dislike to it; under similar circumstances, bridle your own mouth and hold your tongue. Do not let a rustling dress, a creaking door or floor, the opening or closing of a door, the putting on of coal, the removal of furniture, or any other little matter of the same sort, annoy your charge a second time. Insist on perfect stillness being observed, not only in the sick-chamber, but throughout the house. Do not leave the room for long at a time, and if the invalid should ring his bell to require your attendance, answer the summons directly. Take care that the room is kept well ventilated, in order to ensure the entrance of pure fresh air and the removal of all the impurities emanating from the invalid's body. This is especiallyrequisite in fevers, small 62 H6OM(EOPATnY. taken under special circumstances, but the following illustrative cases may not inaptly or superfluously confirm the foregoing statements. Thus, fevers and inflammations, and many other severe affections, are accompanied by want of appetite and loss of power in the stomach to digest food. Hence the diet must be restricted, in some cases, to water solely, for the purpose of slaking thirst; in others, to barley-water, oranges, gruel, toast-water, or such other simple materials, which, being of easy digestion, and containing little nutriment, cannot aggravate the disease by accelerating the circulation. Again, in various diseased states of the stomach itself, the nature, no less than the quantity of the food, and other collateral circumstances, must be strictly regulated. Some require arrow-root, sago, rice, gruel, and other foods of the same class, all solids being rigidly abstained from; whilst nutritive fluids, such as broths, soups, and jellies, are indispensable to others. Again, wasting of the body and general exhaustion would soon ensue from the excessive and constant draining of the system, consequent upon those severe injuries which require much repairing, or which are followed by profuse discharge, unless the patient be fed upon the most liberal scale. Again, after recovery from acute and violent diseases, ere the patient's strength is invigorated, and while his stomach is yet implicated in the general weakness, a very cautious and gradual transition must be made to a richer and more nutritive diet. In such cases, light vegetable foods, fish, broths, and mutton, SICK ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 63 are the kinds of aliment which should be taken. The return of the natural appetite will afterwards announce the ability of the stomach to deal with ordinary alimentary substances. VIII. FooD, AND ITS PREPARATION FOR THE SICK AND THE CONVALESCENT.-We now purpose considering the nature, properties, and uses of several popular and esteeined articles of food, suitable to both the sick and the convalescent. As a collateral branch of the subject, we must not omit to mention the best modes of rendering them palatable to the taker. In doing so it is very far from our intention to cast any reproach upon that intimate acquaintance with domestic duties, which every Englishwoman is pre, sumed to possess. 1. Arrow-root.-A white, inodorous, light powder, of pure starch, derived from the root of a plant native to the Indies. It contains considerable nutriment, and being easy of digestion is admirably suited to children and infants; in cases of relaxed bowels, and to those whose occupation is of a sedentary character. It may be prepared in the following ways:(1.) As a jelly.-Mix a dessert-spoonful with a sufficiency of water to make it into a soft paste; pour on half a pint of boiling water or of milk, stirring briskly; boil for a minute or two; sweeten with lump-sugar. (2.) As a pudding.-Rub a table-spoonful with a little cold water; add, stirring, a pint of boiling milk; also, one egg and three tea-spoonfuls of powdered white sugar already mixed up together: after mixing all together, bake or boil. 64 HOMCEOPATHY. (3.) As a custard.-To a dessert-spoonful, with a cupful of cold water, add four well-beaten eggs, and then half a pint of boiling milk; sweeten and flavour. (4.) As blanc-mange.-Make a paste with two or three table-spoonfuls and a little water; add thereto, continually stirring, one pint and a half of boiling milk, in which a quarter of an ounce of isinglass has been previously dissolved; flavour; boil two minutes, stirring; pour into mould, and let form. 2. Artificial ass's milk.-Dissolve two ounces of sugar of milk (purchasable of a homoeopathic chemist) in half a pint of boiling milk; add a pint of skimmed cow's milk; drink warm, and take exercise. 3. Broth, cold (Liebig's).-Cut half a pound of fresh lean meat into very small pieces; put into an earthenware vessel with a pint of cold water; add a pinch or two of common salt and four drops of strong, pure muriatic acid; let it stand two hours in a cool place (no heat must be applied); strain through a hair sieve without pressure, and again strain if not clear. There is left a clear, reddishcoloured fluid, of a pleasant, broth-like taste, which is the most nourishing, blood-restoring food that can be used. A tea-cupful may be taken two or three times a day in typhus, after the fever is subdued; in cholera, or in other diseases attended with exhaustive loss of the animal fluids, or when the stomach requires highly nutritive but not solid food. 4. Beef, essence of.-According to Druitt, "take a pound of lean beef, free from fat, skin, and bone; chop it up; put it into a large earthenware jar with cover; U I SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. cement the edges with flour paste; tie it up tightly with a cloth; plunge it into a saucepan, and let it boil for two hours; pour off the liquid essence from the coagulated muscle; let it stand till cold; skim off the fat." 5. Beef-tea.-Take of good rump-steak half a pound; cut it into thin slices; spread them out in a hollow dish; sprinkle a little salt over them; pour on a pint of boiling water; cover the dish with a plate; place it near the fire for an hour; put the sliced beef and water into a pan; cover it; boil for fifteen minutes; sieve, to separate the beef-tea from the meat. 6. Beef marrow-bones.--Cut the bones into short pieces; fill up the holes with a bit of bread or dough; boil them some hours; serve the bones, encircled by a napkin, with dry toast.. 7. Bread panada.-Make a tolerably thick pulp with grated stale bread, soaked in water; cover up and leave for an hour; add two table-spoonfuls of milk and a little white sugar; mash them up together; boil for ten minutes, constantly stirring. 8. Whey.-To each pint of milk add one teaspoonful of liquid pepsine (Wilson and Co.'s is the best), and place over the fire; as soon as the milk becomes warm, the curds will separate, and the clear whey may be poured off. 9. Butter-milk whey.-Pour a quart of boiling water upon a quart of fresh butter-milk; stir; let it stand till cool; then pour off the whey from the curds. 10. Barley-water.-Barley is a grain which is extensively grown in this country, and used in the 66 66 ]HOM'EOPATHtY. manufacture of ale, beer, and porter. The pearlbarley is made by removing the skin from the grain, and placing it in a mill, which reduces it to shot-like particles of a pearly whiteness. Made into a broth, or, after being well ground, into cakes and loaves, it forms an important staple article of ordinary diet amongst the working- classes. The barley-water is prepared by pouring boiling water over two ounces of pearl-barley (Robinson's prepared barley is the best) to wash it; then, after it has drained away, pour on another quart of boiling water; boil for ten minutes; strain, flavour with either currant-jelly or orange-juice. Barley-water is an excellent diluent in diseases of the bladder and urinary organs; and is useful in colds, affections of the chest, and inflammatory complaints. 11. Cocoa is decidedly superior to either tea or coffee as an article of diet. It is devoid of the principles existing in the latter two beverages, which act injuriously on the nervous system; it is equally refreshing and invigorating, and much more nutritious. Choco late.-Chocolate is prepared by submitting the shelled bean of the cocoa to pressure between hot rollers, thus reducing it into a smooth paste, with the addition of saccharine and farinaceous matters, which render it more nutritious and palatable. The soup is made thus:-Take half a pound of chocolate; scrape; boil in a quart of milk; add the yolks of four eggs; beat up the whites, and lay on the surface of the fluid by spoonfuls; sprinkle with sugar; brown with a salamander. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 67 The cream is made thus:-Take a quarter of a pound of chocolate; scrape very fine; add a pint of milk; let it simmer gently on the fire; having mixed four ounces of butter with a little milk, and beaten up eight yolks of eggs with a little sugar, add and mix up all well together; beat the whites of the eggs; add them; place in a porcelain dish; when cold, use with preserves. 12. Grit gruel.-Take three ounces of grits, which are coarsely broken, huskless oats; wash them well in cold water; pour the water off; put the grits into four pints of fresh water; boil slowly until the quantity of fluid is reduced one-half; strain the whole through a sieve. 13. Gravy soup.-Take a piece of beef from the rump; detach the beef from the bones; mince it into small pieces; put some butter into a pan, in which lay the meat and bones; put into an oven to brown, but not to burn; when thoroughly browned add a pint of cold water and some salt; let them stew a quarter of an hour; add sufficient water to make the quantity of soup desired; boil slowly for four or five hours; cool and skim; pass through a sieve. It may be used either alone, or with rice, macaroni, vermicelli, or sago. 14. Isinglassjelly.-Take one ounce of fine isinglass; add half a pint of boiling water; simmer until it is dissolved; strain through a fine sieve, and let it cool. Isinglass is dry, inodorous, tasteless, and semitransparent; the best varieties are those that are the thinnest, the driest, and the most transparent. It is nutritive, and mollifies irritation. The purest isinglass 68 HOM(EOPATHY. is prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon,, or other fish of the same kind, belonging to the rivers of Russia. It is well suited to deranged stomachs in children, and when ordinary foods are rejected during pregnancy. 15. Ilomnoopathic invalid cakes.-Take a tea-cupful of the finest flour, mix with it some good cream, to the consistency of a rather stiff paste, roll it as thin as a wafer, and make into cakes about six inches diameter, prick them well on both sides, and bake on the bottom of the oven, not on a tin. This is a good, wholesome, and nutritious biscuit. 16. Linseed tea.-From one ounce of the seeds of the common flax plant, allowed to stand for two or three hours in a pint of boiling water, may be procured, after straining through a calico or linen cloth, a drink which soothes the irritation existing in cough, and in many diseases of the kidneys and bladder. 17. ilacaroni pudding.-Soak some macaroni in a pint of milk; put both into a deep dish; sprinkle white ground sugar over the surface; add three eggs well beaten up; bake slowly in an oven. Macaroni exists in commerce as pipe-shaped pieces, composed of fine wheaten flour. 18. Rice.-The rice plant is cultivated over a considerable portion of the globe in warm latitudes, and is to the Chinese, Hindoos, Malays, and the inhabitants generally of the East Indies, what the potato is to the Irish. It is highly esteemed by Europeans, when made into puddings, etc., and is an excellent article of food for the invalid. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 69 The mucilage of rice is prepared thus:-Take an ounce of rice (Carolina is the best), wash it to remove impurities; steep for two or three hours in a quart of lukewarm water; boil slowly for an hour; strain. In diarrhoea, dysentery, and other diseases of the bowels, attended with much irritation, it soothes and shields the tender parts. The rice milk is made thus:-Mix a table-spoonful of ground rice with a pint and a half of new milk; add small pieces of candied lemon-peel; boil for half an hour; strain. 19. Mashed carrots and turnips.-Peel the turnips and scrape the carrots; boil them in separate utensils, in three different waters; squeeze the water out thoroughly through a coarse cloth; mash them up together, with the addition of some new milk; add salt; place before the fire to dry the surface. 20. Oatmeal.-The porridge is made thus:-Have a pot of water boiling on the fire; scatter the oatmeal in small quantities, at short intervals, upon it, stirring constantly; when a tolerably thick mixture is made, continue to boil for half an hour at least. Oatmeal porridge is a nourishing article of food. The gruel is prepared according to the following directions:-Take a large table-spoonful of oatmeal; put it into a basin half full of water; rub well together; then let the meal sink to the bottom; pour off the superincumbent milky fluid; repeat this with fresh water twice, unite the washing, and boil together until a soft thick mucilage is formed; strain through a sieve; sweeten according to taste. 70 HOM(EOPATHY. 21. Sago.-Sago is the medullary matter within the trunk or stem of several trees of the palm species, which cover immense tracts of land in the East Indies. When the flowers are about to bud, the trees are cut down, the pith extracted and reduced to powder. This is then moistened with water and rubbed into small grains, the most valued kind having a pearly lustre; hence the name pearl-sago. Sago contains a large portion of starch, and forms a somewhat nutritive light food for invalids. The mucilage is made by soaking the sago in cold water for an hour; pouring off the liquor; adding fresh water, and allowing it to simmer until it becomes transparent; and flavouring with orange-juice or currant-jelly. 22. Tapioca.-Tapioca is prepared from the root of a plant native to South America. The root contains a nutritive principle, and a poison so deadly as to destroy life in a few minutes. The poison exists in the juice, and is extracted by grating, washing, and squeezing the roots through a press; whilst the edible portion deposits in the form of a fine powder, which is afterwards dried and formed into grains to constitute the tapioca of commerce. The mucilage is prepared as directed for sago. 23. Toast-water is an exceedingly agreeable drink in allaying thirst in feverish diseases. It is made thus:-Slowly and thoroughly toast hard ship-biscuit or stale bread; pour on some water that has been boiled and cooled; let them stand together for an hour, and then decant the fluid from the bread. SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 71 24. Water.-This natural beverage is the best adapted to the patient's requirements. The " cooling" sensation which follows a draught of cold water, when the patient has a hot and dry skin, is exceedingly pleasant, acceptable, and salutary. All water ought to be filtered before drinking. 25. Tea, coffee, brandy, wine, ale, porter, beer, sodawater, lemonade, and other similar drinks, must, generally speaking, be abstained from, unless the medical attendant enjoin their use. IV. BANDAGES AND BANDAGING.-Bandages.They consist of strips of linen, flannel, unbleached calico, India-rubber, or indeed of any fabric that can be split up and joined together end to end, in lengths varying from one to several yards, and in breadth from one to six or seven inches, according to the part requiring them and the use to which they are put. Bandages are used to keep dressings on wounds; to restrain bleeding; to retain dislocated and fractured parts in apposition; to support distended veins and dropsical swellings; to disperse accumulations of fluid around joints or in the extremities; and to uphold the abdomen during or after pregnancy. The bandages most frequently used are the following:1. The Boller.-Take a piece of calico, of the required length and width, and commencing at one end, roll it evenly, as represented in the next engraving. In applying it, begin at the hand or the foot, drawing rather tightly at first, but relaxing it gradually the higher you reach; do not make 72 H OMCEOPATHY. it painfully tight, or tighter at one place than another; as you turn it round the limb, change it from one hand to the other; unfold only a little at once; each fold should be overlapped by the one above it, about one-third of its width; as the limb increases in thickness, the roller has to be doubled back upon itself at each turn, as shown in the engravings. (1.) Roller for the Hand. --Pass the roller, which should be about two inches broad, round the hand and the wrist like the figure of 8, the thumb being, of course, left out, and turn it two or three times round the wrist, as shown in the engraving. (2.) For the Lower Arm.-Carry the last bandage SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 73 higher up the limb, and twist it back upon itself at each turn. (3.) For the Foot.-Begin on the foot just behind the clefts of the toes, carry it over the instep, round the ankle, and back again to encircle the foot, the heel being excluded, as in the following cut. (4.) For the Ley.-Carry the last bandage higher up the leg, turning it upon itself as the limb becomes thicker, that it may press equally. (5.) For the Knee.-Pass the roller round the joint 74 HOM(EOPATHY. like the figure of 8, leaving the kneepan out, as depicted below. 2. Bandlae for the Armpit.-Poultices or dressings may be retained to the armpit by applying the middle of a handkerchief, with folded corners; then bring each half over the top of the shoulder; one end crossing the front and the other end the back of the chest, to be tied together under the other armpit. 3. Finger Bandage.--Roll a narrow strip of calico round the finger, tear up the free end into tails of SICK-ROOM, NURSES, ETC. 75 equal breadth, turn them in opposite directions, and tie in the manner depicted below. 4. Arm Sling.-Fold a common handkerchief cornerwise, spread out its middle broad portion to reach from elbow to wrist, carry one end across the front of the chest and over the opposite shoulder, and tie both CHAPTER IV. ON THE DOMESTIC 2MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE, AND OF ACCIDENTS. THE BEST MODES OF GOVERNING THE INSANE, THE HYPOCHONDRIACAL, AND THE HYSTERICAL-THE TREATMENT IMMEDIATELY DEMANDED IN SUDDEN SEIZURES OF ILLNESS-THE HOME MANAGEMENT OF NUMEROUS CASUALTIES, ETC. ETC. I. INSANITY.-This term is employed to denote derangement of the intellect, or, as it is otherwise called, unsoundness of mind. There are many varieties of insanity, which it would serve no useful purpose to enumerate here. The manifestations of mental aberration seldom appear before the fourteenth year; after this period, the liability increases up to the fortieth. It is a hereditary malady; one that can be transmitted from parent to offspring, from ancestor to descendant. In some cases there is a natural tendency to become affected. Insanity is brought on by derangement of the uterine organs; drunkenness; irritation in the bowels; diseases of, and injuries inflicted upon, the brain, etc. Deposed intellect is a pitiable spectacle, and no efforts should be spared to effect its restoration. When, therefore, the patient can be sent to an asylum, the relatives 78 HOM7EOPATHY. should make every endeavour to keep him there until a cure is wrought. He can there receive skilful and* experienced treatment adapted to the peculiarity of his case; his attention is attracted to new objects that have no connection with the subject of his illusions; old associations are broken up, and new thoughts begin to be awakened. But when the means of the lunatic's friends are so limited that they cannot afford to maintain him in an asylum, and are compelled to keep him at home, they will do well to act in conformity with the following suggestions:1. Never leave the lunatic by himself for ever so short a time, especially if he have shown any tendency to commit violence or suicide. 2. Gentle early walking, besides the adoption of every means which can preserve his general health, will exercise a beneficial influence on his mind. 3. A stranger should be his constant attendant; friends and relatives should see him as seldom as possible. 4. Never ridicule, or oppose, or contradict any of his assertions, or attempt to convince him of his mistakes; if you do, you will most probably irritate his temper, and confirm, perhaps aggravate, his derangement. 5. Avoid all reference to the subject of his illusions, but, on the contrary, try to interest him on some opposite topic. 6. Endeavour to amuse or to instruct him according to his taste, capacity, and inclination. 7. Employ him in some simple and customary manual occupation. 8. By every available resource, divert his attention from his delusive meditations. MANAGEM#ENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 79 II. HYPOCHONDRIA.-This is a disease characterised. by symptoms of deranged stomach, combined with depression of spirits, apprehension of coming evil, great dread of death, and mistaken notions of one's opinions and remarks. The treatment consists in the administration of such medicines as will cure or relieve the stomach complaint; but the greatest dependence must be placed on change of air, scene, society, and occupation, so as to withdraw the attention of the invalid from his own affairs to some more pleasing or engrossing object of contemplation. Light reading, conversation, amusement, and slight employment in the garden, are of service. The friends or attendant of the invalid should be obliging, kind, and not disposed to ridicule his disagreeable grumblings. He should sleep on a hair mattress; never lie in bed after waking in the morning; daily wash himself all over immediately after rising from bed, succeeded by friction with a rough towel, or the horse-hair brush, and have regular, moderate, and gentle out-of-door exercise. III. HYsTERIA.-This affection of the nervous system assumes many different forms, and is characterised by various symptoms, the best known being the assemblage of phenomena named the hysterical fit. This disease, in its pure form, is peculiar to the female, and is connected, in a way not easily explained, with the periodical changes of the female organization. Wayward, irritable women are most prone to hysteria; also, those who lack self-government, who are pam 80 RHOMiOPATHY. a pered with luxurious living, and whose education has appealed more to the feelings than to the intellect. Strong passions and mental emotions, such as anger, grief, anxiety of mind, etc., predispose to its occurrence. When the female is in delicate health, or afflicted with any debilitating complaint, the proclivity to be seized is augmented. It is apt to be induced, in susceptible constitutions, by the representation on the stage of violent mental emotions; and also by witnessing its paroxysms in another female. It is a fertile cause of much domestic unhappiness, alienates the affections of friendship, and not unfrequently terminates in melancholy, epilepsy, and deranged.mind. The treatment of the fit is the following:-Place a folded napkin or a piece of cork between the teeth, to prevent the tongue being bitten; see that the head, or any other part of the body, is not injured; remove the collar, neckerchief, ribbon, or other article of attire or of ornament which usually adorns the neck of females; loosen tight stays and all other impediments to the breathing, and never allow the patient to be pinched up in them again; dash or sprinkle a little cold water upon the face and the chest; speak to the patient in a loud and authoritative voice, etc. etc. The treatment after the fit concerns attention to the general health. If the hysteria can, as is frequently the case, be ascribed to some bodily disease, a medical man had better be consulted as to the most appropriate medical treatment. When the patient is inclined to be stout, a vegetable must be substituted MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 81 for the animal diet; but, if there be both weakness and excitement, generous food is demanded. Amongst the other auxiliary restorative means may be enumerated-daily walking exercise in the mornings in the open air; cold affusion, or the cold or the tepid shower-bath; change of air and of scene; cheerful society; the avoidance of all mental excitements, arising from jealousy, grief, anxiety, etc.; the substitution of hair mattresses for soft and luxurious beds; abstinence from the customs of folly made fashionable by those in place, power, and wealth; moral culture; engaging in religious exercises and observances; and in deeds of active benevolence, etc. IV. FAINTING.-Fainting is produced by violent mental emotions, such as sudden joy, great grief, etc.; by loss of blood, in which case fainting is a natural effort to stem the flow of the life-fluid; by severe pains, some poisons, odours, etc. The treatment varies, of course, with the cause. None but a medical man is competent to interfere in the faintings induced by bleeding and by disease of the heart; but in the purely nervous form, where the swoon does not persist for more than a few minutes, and is unattended with danger, his attendance may be dispensed with. In such cases, then, place the patient on his back on the floor; admit plenty of fresh air by opening the windows and the door; loosen all tight clothes, especially from the neck; sprinkle cold water on the face and the hands; cautiously irritate the nostrils with the fumes of hartshorn, and speak loudly close to the ear. A little wine or brandy G 82 HOMEOPATHY. diluted with water may be poured into the mouth, if the power of swallowing is not in abeyance. V. FITS OF APOPLEXY AND OF EPILEPSY OR FALLING SICKNEss.-These dangerous diseases require the immediate attendance of a medical man. Until he arrives convey the patient, with his head raised, into a spacious, airy room, with opened windows and door to admit plenty of fresh air; place him in a nearly sitting posture, or simply elevate his head considerably above the level of his body; remove his neckerchief or stock, his collar, shirt neck-band, and braces; loosen the stays and other tight garments of the female; take off the shoes, and immerse the feet and legs in hot water; if necessary, insert a piece of cork or wood, or a folded napkin, between the teeth to prevent injury to the tongue, which not unfrequently happens in falling sickness; wipe away froth from the mouth and nostrils; let no intrusive spectators crowd the room, etc. VI. BURNS AND ScaLDS.-" In all severe accidents of this nature a medical man should be procured without delay, because he alone is qualified to apply means to avert the immediate danger consequent upon the shock to the nervous system produced by the injury, and also to control the subsequent fever and profuse discharge of matter which successively supervene. "The principle of treatment depends upon the thorough exclusion of air and of cold; these may be attained by various means:" 1. By white Castile soap, made into a lather with tepid water, and spread upon linen after the manner MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 83 of a plaster. Prick any blisters that may have arisen, but do not remove the skin; then put the application over the whole extent of the burn, renewing it in a few hours should the pain return. 2. By flour thickly spread over the injured place-a popular and capital application. 3. By soft and finely carded cotton spread on in thick layers-objectionable on account of giving lodgment to the matter. 4. By spirits of wine warmed by placing it in a tea-cup, and the latter in boiling water; imbue a piece of linen rag with the spirit, lay it on the injured surface, and cover both with oiled silk or a thin layer of gutta percha."* A liniment composed of equal quantities of linseedoil and lime-water, and a few drops of the second dilution of cantharides, has been found exceedingly efficacious. Soak a piece of lint in the liniment, lay it over the whole extent of the injured surface, having previously pricked the blisters, and cover both with some soft cotton wool. In addition to these local remedies, others are mentioned in the chapter on external applications. Burns may be caused either by the clothes or the dwelling being on fire; a few words on these accidents may, therefore, not be out of place. VII. CLOTHES ON FIRE.- Many sad accidents arise from this cause, which, if they do not end in death from fright and shock, torment the survivor by agonizing torture and ugly blemishes. And yet a little presence of mind would in every instance save life. Pay "* Moore's " Popular Guide to Homceopathy," page 122. 84 HOM(EOPATHY. attention, then, to the oft-repeated advice-smother the flames by sitting down when the skirt of the gown takes fire; lie on the floor, and roll yourself over repeatedly until the flames are extinguished; roll around the person in flames either a rug, a carpet, a table-cloth, a cloak, or a blanket, anything, in short, that can keep out air, which is essential to burning. Do not fan the flames into increased vigour by running about the room, and, least of all, into the open air, but drop down on the floor at once, and, as before stated, roll yourself over and over again and thus smother it out. VIII. HousE ON FIRE.-Life is often destroyed or placed in jeopardy by this accident. If you cannot make your escape by the street door owing to the stair being burned down, or by the roof of the house, you must attempt the descent from the lowest and safest front window. Do not let all your senses leave you and throw yourself out on the hard pavement, for you will run the risk of being smashed without receiving any countervailing recompense. Instead of doing that, throw the bed and mattress out, and then, if you have to follow them, they will break your fall; or you may, in their absence, throw yourself into an outstretched blanket or sheet, held firmly at the corners by four or six individuals. A wiser and safer plan, where it is available, is for you to knot firmly and very securely together the ends of several sheets or blankets; then fasten one end of this long rope to a bed-post, or to some other substantial fixture; and, having gathered together all the inmates of the house, you MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 85 will see them safely down before you attempt to lower yourself. In collecting the members of your household together on so trying an occasion, you may have to pass through dense smoke before reaching the rooms in which they are perhaps asleep. In doing this, crawl along the ground on hands and feet, having previously divested yourself of any loose cotton garment and wrapped yourself up in any tight woollen ones, the latter being less combustible; also put a damped towel, silk handkerchief, stocking, or flannel, more or less over your face and head, in order to protect you from the flames and to enable you to breathe by excluding smoke. In going from one room into another, never forget to close the doors after you, and enter as few of the apartments as you can help. This is more especially needful when you have assembled your family together in one of the front rooms, which will be comparatively free from smoke if the door be kept closed. IX. CuTs on WOUNDS.-" Treatment:-1. Stop the bleeding by applying ice or cold water; exposing the injured place to cold air; compressing the bleeding part with the finger; or by laying upon it a pad of lint soaked in arnica lotion, and retained, if necessary, in its position by a bandage. Should these measures fail to arrest the flow of blood, send for a medical man, as it is possible a blood-vessel may be wounded, and will require tying. (See " Profuse Bleeding," next page.) " 2. SRemove all dirt, gravel, splinters, clots of blood, and such other bodies, by means either of the finger 86 HOMCEOPATHY. and the thumb, by using a sponge and water, or by simply pouring cold water on the cut. "3. Bring the sides of the wozund together, and keep them so by strips of arnica plaster, leaving spaces between each slip to let the matter escape. Stitches are indispensable in wounds to which plasters are inadequate, and in injuries to certain parts of the body where it is of consequence to prevent disfigurement. "4. Guard against inflammation in the injured part, and keep down the fever that is prone to attend severe cuts, by.sending the patient to bed, keeping the hurt place in perfect rest, feeding on a low diet, and by removing all bandages and strips of plaster, and using poultices instead, if pain and swelling supervene. If there be much pain, restlessness, sleeplessness, hot skin, etc., give three globules of Aconitzm every four hours until relieved; if no such symptoms are present, give the same dose of Arnica until the cut is healed up. Calendula lotion must be used when the wound is slowly healing from the bottom, and is attended by much discharge of matter."* X. PRoFUsE BLEEDING. - When an artery is wounded, the blood is bright red in colour, and discharged in jerks, corresponding to the beating of the pulse. Unless some immediate steps be taken to stanch the flow of blood, the patient may die. You may effect this in two ways: first, by pressure; compress firmly and constantly with your finger or * Moore's "Popular Guide to Homoeopathy," page 120. 88 8HOMCEOPATHY. DEATH.-Under this head we shall have occasion to describe several common forms of accidents which endanger life. By suspended animation we mean that condition of the body in which the phenomena of life are more or less suspended, or arrested, by some interference with the process of breathing. The hindrance being overcome, respiration is resumed, and the other manifestations of life return. This state arises from drowning, hanging, lightning, and other causes, which deserve separate mention. 1. Drowning.-The human body is frequently submerged in water by accident, as during bathing, when a person is seized with cramp, or incautiously ventures into streams of unknown depth. A bather must be told that the bottom of a stream is really lower than it appears to be, so that he must make some allowance ere he heedlessly plunge in out of his depth. Water is also a common means of committing suicide or murder, and many lose their lives in consequence of shipwrecks. Human life, then, is frequently imperilled by being placed in deep water. Every individual ought to be able to swim, for this ability may be instrumental in saving his own or a fellow-creature's life; but when life is endangered under such circumstances, and the person cannot swim, the slightest presence of mind in carrying out the following suggestions will enable him to keep his head above water for a considerable time, until assistance arrives. Every one does not possess the power of retaining self-possession in seasons of danger and of emergency; but MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 89 the recollection of the preservative means that ought to be adopted will contribute to a calm and collected deportment in times of jeopardy, when, on the other hand, the ignorant person would be lost in alarm and excitement. Remember, therefore, that if you are in deep water and unable to swim, you will buoy yourself up by keeping your head still, and thrown slightly backwards; on no account whatever throw your arms out of the water, for if you do your body will sink; do not flounder about, but endeavour to control yourself by a determined effort of your will, and keep yourself as quiet and still as possible. By the observance of these simple rules, you will not exhaust your strength by useless and perilous struggling, and your mouth and nostrils will be held above the water's surface sufficiently high to enable you to breathe. But if the individual is not drowning, but drowned, act upon the following advice:-Send for a medical man instantly; do not lose time; do not be flurried; do not use the body roughly by rolling it about, or by hanging it up with the heels aloft; do not rub it with salt; do not inject tobacco into it, but quickly remove the body to the nearest house, the head and shoulders being raised. The room must be well ventilated, and free from smoke; exclude all curious, useless, impeding intruders; and let each person be attentive to his or to her allotted duties. You must have two objects in view-restore warmth and resume the breathing. To restore warmth, remove wet clothes; rub the body dry; place it in bed betwixt warm blankets, the head and shoulders being rather higher 90 HOMEOPATHTY. than the trunk; lay hot bricks, or bottles filled with hot water, in the armpits, between the thighs, against the feet, and on the pit of the stomach; use friction with the hand; or, if convenient, immerse the body in a bath of water no hotter than your hand can tolerate. Heat must be cautiously and gradually applied, otherwise it will do more harm than good. To resume the breathing, you must inflate the lungs with air in the following way:-Wipe away all the frothy mucus which bubbles from the nose and mouth, and which fills the throat; then let one person introduce the pipe of a common bellows into one nostril, the other one and the mouth being shut up; then let him gradually and gently blow the bellows, and fill the lungs with air. An assistant is, at the same time, standing on the other side of the body, pressinig with one hand the prominence on the throat called Adam's apple, in a direction downwards and backwards, in order to facilitate the current of air towards the windpipe, and to prevent its passage down the gullet into the stomach. With the left hand he gently presses down the chest after it has heaved with the bellow's air, the nostrils and mouth being of course opened. This operation, and all the other means of resuscitation, are to be persevered with for several hours, until either life returns and the breathing is performed naturally, or until no signs of reanimation appear. When sighing, gasping, beating of the heart, etc., announce returning life, continue your exertions with greater vigour and good-will to relume the waning vital spark. MANALGEMENT OF DISEASE AN]) ACCIDENTS. 91 Dr. Marshall Hall has recently made public a new and much more successful method of reanimation, applicable especially to cases of drowning or of apparent death arising from other causes, though'requiring the same treatment. We shall not employ precisely his language, the intention being to divest the subject of technical phraseology. His rules are as follows: (1.) Treat the patient instantly on the spot, in the open air, freely exposing the neck, face, and chest to the breeze, except in severe weather. (2.) Send with all speed for medical aid, and for articles of clothing, blankets, etc. (3.) Place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead. (4.) Turn the patient slightly on his side, and either apply snuff or other irritant to the nostrils, or dash cold water on the face, previously rubbed briskly until it is warm. If there be no success, lose no time; but(5.) Replace the patient on his face. (6.) Turn the body gently, but completely, on the side, and a little beyond, and then on the face, repeating these measures time about, deliberately, efficiently, and perseveringly, fifteen times only in a minute. (7.) When the body is lying with the face downward, make strong pressure along the spine, removing it immediately before turning the body on the side. (8.) Rub the- limbs upwards with firm. pressure and energy, using handkerchiefs, etc. (9.) Replace the patient's wet clothing by such other covering as can be instantly procured, each bystander supplying a coat or a waistcoat. 92 HO2MCEOPA.THY. (10.) From time to time, slap briskly the surface of the body with the hand. (11.) And dash cold water on the surface, dried and warmed by previous rubbing. 2. Himnger.-Sheer want produces a condition of weakness and exhaustion, which not seldom simulates death, or is its immediate harbinger. Newspapers report the too often discovery of a body, fleshless and stark dead from dire destitution. Involuntary abstinence from food, in consequence of poverty, shipwrecks, burying alive amongst the ruins of a fallen house, and such other cases, requires very careful and judicious management. The body should be gently and quickly conveyed to the nearest dwelling; placed, and allowed to remain in the hot-bath, in a reclining or a sitting posture, for fifteen or twenty minutes; taken out and briskly rubbed down and dried, using friction, with a tolerably rough towel; and be laid in bed between warm blankets, with a hot brick, or a bottle full of hot water, to the feet, and, if necessary, the salt-bag- or stomach-warmer put over the upper part of the belly. Administer one or two tea-spoonfuls of warm milk or of beef-tea, but be very wary in not giving large quantities. About eight table-spoonfuls of the same fluids may be given by injection. A little wine diluted with water may also be serviceable. Endeavour to procure sleep; and do not arouse him from his slumbers. The room must be kept dark, well ventilated, and noiseless. After the patient is refreshed by sleeping, he might venture to take a little solid meat, and for 94 94 H0MCE0PA.THY. perty. The symptoms, then, are, in order-weakness, giddiness, flushed countenance, insensibility, noisy, snoring breathing, livid face and neck, foaming at the mouth, etc. It is a heavy gas, and can be removed by displacement, by pouring it from one vessel into another. It would, for this reason, cover the earth's surface to a considerable depth, were it not rarefied and made lighter by the heat which attends its liberation from the sources already enumerated. Besides this, currents mix it with the atmosphere, where it remains suspended by virtue of the chemical law of gaseous diffusion. In wells and other confined places it sinks to the bottom in a concentrated form, because out of the reach of atmospherical. currents. The density of the gas may be turned to practical andl to salutary advantage, when it is desired to displace it from brewers' vats or wells. In the former case, pierce a hole in the, bottom of the vat, and the gas will run away; in the latter, it can be lifted out like water with a bucket. No person should heedlessly enter a well or other place suspected to contain this exceedingly destructive gas, without having previously introduced a lighted candle. If the candle continues burning, the air can be breathed without danger, but if extinguished, the air will surely put out the vital flame, owing to admixture with carbonic acid. Many sad accidents happen from descending into wells filled with this gas; the pioneer is soon overpowered, and so will the rescuer, unless he quickly throws down some lime mixed with water, or places over his mouth and MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 95 nose a damped handkerchief, or other cloth containing in its folds a quantity of slaked lime, which will effectually prevent the gas going into his lungs. The other gas, viz., sulphuretted hydrogen, exists in drains and sewers, and is highly injurious. A medical man should be sent for without delay; meanwhile, place the body in a warm bath, if it be cold; dash cold water over the face, neck, and chest; resort to artificial respiration as directed for drowning, etc. 4. Intoxication.-Intoxication is, as every one knows, the condition induced by over-indulgence in (poisonous) alcoholic drinks, and characterised by unnatural elevation of spirits, stuttering speech, imperfect control over voluntary movements, ending in delirium, insensibility, and stupor. The stomach may have to be evacuated of its contents by means of the stomach-pump, and therefore, in all cases of apparent death from this cause, a medical man must be procured immediately. In the meanwhile, place the drunkard in bed with his head elevated; undo his collar and neckerchief; loosen all his clothes; put damp cloths on the forehead and the face; apply heat to the feet and pit of the stomach, etc. 5. Hanging.-" Treatment.-Get a medical man as quickly as possible; in the meanwhile, lose no time in cutting the suicide down; remove the instrument of death from his neck; expose the throat and chest; dash water on both; place the head and shoulders rather high, and the neck stretched out; rub the legs 96 HOM(EOPATHY. and arms; put hot bricks to the feet, armpits, and between the thighs; lastly, resort to artificial breathing, as for drowning."* 6. Poisoning.--Poisons are divided into two great classes, viz., narcotics and irritants. An intermediate class, called the acro-narcotics, induce immediately a series of phenomena due to irritation; subsequently, a narcotic cundition appears, and the patient dies. Aconite, Nux vomica, etc., are examples in point. (1.) Narcotics.-The principal are Opium, Conium, Camphor, Alcohol, Belladonna, Tobacco, Prussic acid, Hyoscyamus, and Digitalis. They produce, speaking in general terms, headache, giddiness, loss of voluntary motion, delirium, profound insensibility, stupor, and death; their action being confined to the brain and the spinal cord. Treatment.-If the skin be cold and the patient very insensible, apply warmth, and use vigorous friction. Evacuate the stomach as quickly and as completely as possible. This is best done by the stomachpump. In its absence, tickle the back of the throat with the finger or with a feather, and endeavour to bring on vomiting by giving draughts of tepid water, provided the power of swallowing remains. After the stomach is voided of its contents, the effects on the system, induced by the absorption of the poison, require attention. Give brandy, diluted with hot water, strong coffee, or ammonia; sprinkle or dash cold water on the face; rouse and move about the * Moore's " Popular Guide to Homceopathy," p. 127. MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 97 patient; keep him walking up and down; slap the soles of his feet; pinch him, and on no account allow him to sleep for several hours. After all immediate danger is obviated, he may sleep, but for only a short period. Lemon-juice may then be administered, and any remaining derangement of the stomach or the nervous system attended to. In severe cases galvanism is beneficial. (2.) Irritants.-This class includes pure irritantssubstances which irritate, but do not destroy by chemical agency, the structures involved; and corrosive irritants, such as may irritate, and always corrode or eat away, the tissue with which they are in contact. The ordinary phenomena which follow their administration are -- violent vomiting and purging; burning heat in the mouth, throat, gullet, and stomach; headache; intense thirst; anxious face, etc. The period of their manifestation varies according to the solubility and peculiar action of the poisonous substances. Corrosive sublimate, arsenic, oxalic acid; salts of lead, of copper, of antimony, and of barytes; cantharides; sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and the mineral acids, generally; the caustic alkalies, as lime, potash, etc., fall under the primary division of irritants. The treatment of irritant poisoning is based upon general principles, but must be somewhat modified according to the nature of the poison; hence, we shall separately mention the most appropriate management of some poisonous articles included in the irritants. (1.) Arsenic.-Endeavour to bring on vomiting; give white of eggs beaten up; flour mixed with water '. "." 98 HOM(EOPA THY. and milk; lime-water or chalk-water; powdered charcoal, or a mixture of oil and lime-water. The most reputed antidote is the hydrated sesquioxide of iron. After each act of vomiting, administer another quantity of the antidote. (2.) Corrosive Sublimate.- Give white of eggs, beaten up with water, every few minutes, until the rejected matter evidently no longer contains any of the deleterious poison. The albumen of the eggs decomposes the mercury into less injurious compounds. The caseine in milk, and the gluten in flour, act in the same way; hence flour and milk may be given in the absence of eggs. (3.) The Miineral Acids.-These require carbonate of magnesia, chalk, whiting, lime, old mortar, carbonate of soda, mixed with water; soap suds; or the plaster of a room scraped off and diffused through water. (4.) Oxalic Acid.-Chalk or magnesia mixed up with milk; or carbonate of soda. (5.) Caustic Alkalies, viz., lime, potash, soda, and ammonia, are antidoted by draughts of milk, or of oil, and by weak vinegar. (6.) Copper Salts.-Verdigris frequently accumulates on cooking utensils, and becomes mixed with the food, and thus poisons. The best antidotes are milk, eggs, and sugar. (7.) Fish, such as mussels, are sometimes followed by symptoms of poisoning. Tickle the throat with a feather to excite vomiting, and give charcoal, or sugar and water, strong coffee, etc. (8.) 1lfushrooms. - Those of the poisonous kind MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS. 99 have their effects on the human body counteracted by inducing vomiting, and by giving weak vinegar. When it is desirable to excite vomiting on the failure of tickling the throat, etc., the administration of an emetic may be resorted to. The most convenient one is mustard, giving a tea-spoonful of the flour or powder, mixed with warm water, as often as may be necessary. As it is the duty of every member of society to obey established laws, and to further the ends of justice, it is necessary, when a criminal attempt at poisoning is suspected, to procure immediately the attendance of a medical man, and to resort meanwhile to the temporary expedients before suggested; also to preserve the matters evacuated from the stomach and bowels in some suitable vessel, which should be sealed or locked up, and delivered only to the medical attendant, or, still better, to the police authorities. The same precautions should be observed with all bottles, cups, and other articles, which may be suspected to contain any of the poisonous substance. see.: 0 0-- CHAPTER V. THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PREGNANT STATE, AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. ON PREGNANCY-CONDUCT DURING ITS CONTINUANCE, AS TO DRESS, EXERCISB, ETC.-THE TREATMENT OF THE INFANTWASHING, DRESSING, SUCKLING, FEEDING, SLEEP, ETC. UPoN these subjects much might be written, but we are necessarily restricted in this work to a brief consideration of the more important means which every one can put into practice to render pregnancy free from danger, and to guard against the mischievous and destructive manner of rearing children which is in vogue at the present day. 1. PREGNANCY is the condition of a female who is with child. It is one of the great purposes to which she is destined and adapted by both structure of body and bent of mind. Indeed, it is only as a mother that woman can display to the full the affection, tenderness, and self-sacrificing spirit which endear her so much to those about her. It is therefore a state designed to subserve an essential purpose, and is consequently, like every other process of Nature, unattended with any inconveniences or dangers that may not be provided against. The various temporary PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 101 deviations from health, which are inseparab]e from pregnancy, are quite as amenable to medical and to hygienic observances as any other trifling disorder occurring under other circumstances. It must be satisfactory to the young wife to know, that married and fruitful women enjoy better health and greater exemption from the attacks of disease than others who are not so circumstanced; and that the diseases which do attack them are much less fatal than those of the other sex-a fact which accounts for their greater longevity, and the preponderance of females amongst the population. She may, therefore, dismiss from her mind all apprehensions of danger and of suffering from maternal or conjugal duties. It behoves her, however, to be watchful of her health, for that is the only conditional stipulation that can secure the natural performance of those changes which are incidental to pregnancy. We have now briefly to notice the manner in which pregnancy ought to be conducted in order to ensure the prevention of any untoward result. In the majority of cases there is little suffering or annoyance, and the female is able to perform her domestic engagements until labour begins. Others suffer much from sympathetic disorders, and are compelled to resort to medicinal assistance for relief. Others, again, display peculiar and anomalous conditions of mind, and caprices of taste and of temper, which demand gentle and discriminate management by the medical adviser, husband, and friends. When the female suffers much from sickness, 102 HOM1EOPATHY. vomiting, constipation, toothache, or other disorders, she must either seek the advice of her medical attendant, or, if they be slight, consult some domestic homoeopathic work. It is beyond the intention of this volume to touch upon such matters; we must rather confine ourselves to the diet, exercise, dress, and general conduct of the pregnant person. These subjects ought to command special attention on the part of every woman with child. She ought not to recklessly disregard maternal instincts, which will teach her to consult her child's present and ultimate interests, rather than the satisfaction of her own cravings or the continuation of customs to which she has become inured. The rewards bestowed upon those who pay strict regard to hygienic laws are a natural labour, free from dangers and complications; unimpaired health, and hence ability to rear the child, who is generally strong and vigorous, not stunted, deformed, or sickly. The diet should be simple and easy of digestion; small portions should be taken at once, and rather oftener than usual; the food should be thoroughly masticated, and fluids be drunk sparingly, in order not to weaken the dissolving properties of the gastric juice. It is a mistake to suppose that women require more nourishment in pregnancy than at other times; and hence they must, as a general rule, adhere rather to the teachings of their appetite, if it be natural, than take a considerable quantity of rich food in the belief that it will contribute to the child's nourishment. Seasoned foods and stimulating drinks must be ab PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 103 stained from-whisky, rum, gin, porter, ale, strong tea, and coffee are decidedly injurious. Plainly cooked animal food, well-boiled vegetables, the commoner kinds of fish, and such aliments as rice, sago, and arrow-root, will, if taken in moderate quantity, rarely disagree with or be rejected by the stomach. Piecrusts, smoked hams, salted meats generally, and rich sauces must be eschewed. In short, only such articles must be taken as can be easily and painlessly transformed into those nutritive principles which will conduce to the growth and development of her young. On the other hand, the evils of stinting are as great as those of sating the appetite; and hence the children of the lower and the impoverished classes display great physical deterioration in consequence of the inability of their mothers to satisfy the requirements of the constitution. The dress should be loose, and in material and quantity commensurate with comfort and atmospherical vicissitudes. Tight-lacing and all other modes of restraint must be abandoned, else the worst results will inevitably ensue. Stays should never be worn for the simple reason that they are not required. The beautiful form of woman was never intended to be misshapen, crimped, and disfigured by needless and artificial contrivances, or to be sacrificed to the customs which ignorance and prejudice have rendered popular and fashionable. Pliancy of movement and gracefulness of deportment-Nature's gifts to every wellformed person-will not be inherited if the most important part of the body be tightly enveloped by an 104 - HOXCEOPATTIuY. inelastic and resistant apparatus. The penalty exacted by this gross and condemnable transgression of all the principles of anatomy, of physiology, of hygiene, and of common sense, is a premature grave, or, at best, protracted, severe, and life-long suffering and misery. To all women we say, strenuously discourage and warmly oppose the continuation of this pernicious and suicidal custom. The arguments adducible against tight-lacing acquire double force in reference to pregnant women. In this condition, it is necessary that the abdomen should be free to enlarge in proportion to the child's growth. Can this be secured if stays be worn? Those who value the precepts of fashion more than those of health, give birth to delicate and puny children, and are afflicted with various diseases from which others are exempt; nor can this be wondered at, seeing that tight-lacing is productive of so much serious mischief. Palpitation of the heart, indigestion, disease of the liver, and costiveness; difficulty of breathing, spitting of blood, and persistent coughs; enlarged veins in the legs, swelling of the lower limbs, disorders of the womb, and numerous other affections, immediately dangerous or remotely injurious, originate from tight-lacing; and, finally, if the child be born alive and moulded aright, and the mother escape her own created perils, it may be questionable whether the compressed breasts and nipples can afford the requisite aliment. It is not our business to speak of the grievous moral sin committed by that woman who, heedless of the dictates of necessity and of common sense, chooses PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 105 to continue a votary-perhaps to become a victim-of fashionable follies, in preference to conserving her health and life for the sake of those with whose interests her own happiness and delight are so largely and wholly identified. Exercise is a most important contributive aid in retaining good health during gestation, and in securing a natural delivery. Gentle walking exercise in the forenoon, not carried to fatigue, is the best; sailing and moderate passive exercise in an open carriage are also useful. Riding on horseback, or in springless carts, traversing rough roads, jumping, dancing, running, lifting weights, and all manner of violent motion, must be carefully avoided. Our further advice to the pregnant female is this:Do not frequent balls, theatres, public meetings, or spectacles; retire early to bed, and sleep eight hours on a hair- mattress, in a large well-ventilated room; avoid, if possible, all violent mental emotions, as grief, despondency, anger, etc.; use the cold or tepid bath daily; keep your mind tranquil and composed, and let not any of the stories of your forward and tattling visitors alarm you as to the issue of your own case, remembering that labour is not necessarily accompanied by great suffering or imminent danger. The husband, when told that his wife may sometimes be irritable in temper and wayward in disposition, will know how necessary it is to practise forbearance and kindness towards her whom he professes "to love and to cherish in sickness and in health." II. INrANcY.-We have now to point out a few of 106 HOM(EOPATHY. the leading particulars as to the domestic management and physical training of the infant, which exercise paramount power in preserving its health, in protecting its sensitive frame from outward influences, and in adapting its feeble organization to the circumstances amidst which it is shortly to lead an independent life. The apartment in which the child is born should be thoroughly ventilated, and, if necessary, moderately warmed. It should not be exposed, on the one hand, to draughts of air coming through loose windows, crevices, or other apertures; nor, on the other hand, to the excessive heat which radiates from a large and blazing fire. The former would endanger the child's life, by depriving it of the little animal heat with which it is endowed; and the latter would relax, enervate, and debilitate. The baby then is born, and cries, as they all do; which crying fills the lungs with air, and changes the course of the blood. It must be handed to the nurse, who will receive it in soft flannel, and begin to apply the first ablution, in order to remove the peculiar oily matter with which its body is smeared. Wash the face first with warm water, a soft sponge, and, if necessary, a little soap, taking special care not to allow any of the impure water to fall into the child's eyes. Unless this be done, severe inflammation in the eyes, attended with matter, may arise, and blindness may follow. Continue the cleansing over the whole surface, avoid all rough handling, and perform the rubbing and subsequent drying in the gentlest manner possible, that the tender skin may not be chafed and irritated. If, notwith PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 107 standing your precautions, such is the case, sprinkle some flour or starch over the sore surface. The body must then be encircled by a flannel bandage five or six inches broad, and so long that it may go twice round, for the threefold purpose of protecting the navel-string (which the medical attendant is presumed to have attended to); of preventing protrusion of the bowels at the navel when the child coughs, cries, or exerts itself; and of supplying warmth. The bandage must not be applied too tightly, otherwise respiration will be retarded, and numerous other ill consequences will ensue. If the child appears exhausted with the fatigue entailed by the dressing, it had better be swathed in a shawl and blanket, and allowed to sleep; but, if it is strong and hearty, the dressing may be finished before it is permitted to slumber. Whilst the mother is reposing, in order to calm the perturbation and to overcome the exhaustion of travail, and the child is lying "in slumbering beauty," our remarks regarding clothing will be proceeded with. Setting aside fashion as a point of subordinate consequence in the choice and adaptation of the apparel, it is essential to study rather the comfort and necessities of the child than mere outward ornament or elegance. All the clothes should be loose, to admit of their being easily and quickly put on and removed, to prevent any constriction of important parts, and to allow of the free play of muscles and the flow of blood. They should be warm, and in material compatible with the due maintenance and regulation of the child's heat. 108 HOMCEOPATHY. Hence, when the child is prematurely born in spring or in winter, and is naturally delicate, flannel clothing from head to foot will alone ensure the requisite heat consistent with a continuance of life. The use of pins must be abandoned; they often cause the child much unnecessary pain, and fret its temper. The mother's ingenuity will supply a substitute for them. Long clothes are advantageous in protecting the legs and feet from cold, and the,feet should be placed in worsted footikins during inclement weather. The neck, shoulders, arms, and upper part of the chest should be properly shielded from cold. The reprehensible practice of doing just the reverse has had no insignificant share in conducing to the high mortality of infantile diseases. The dress should, therefore, be so made as to effectually guard the child from cold. On the other hand, excess of warmth, from too much clothing, has its evils, and must be provided against by suiting the material, quantity, and shape of the attire to the child's wants, in accordance with the dictates of sound sense and of propriety. It is imperative that fresh clothes be thoroughly aired and well warmed. Caps heat the head, encourage affections of the brain, and develop diseases involving the skin of the scalp; hence, they should be worn only in very cold weather and out-of-doors. Both being now rested, the infant should be laid by the mother's side, that its heat may be maintained, and that it may obey the instinct which prompts it to seek food. The mother's milk is, during the first few PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 109 days, thin, watery, and possessed of purgative properties, so that it removes the dark and slimy matters which have accumulated in the child's bowels before birth. But it shortly acquires richness and strength coincident with the increased power of the child's stomach to digest it. Besides, the flow of milk is encouraged by the suction and sympathetic action of the child's mouth, and the mother runs no danger of enlarged and painful breasts, or of arrested secretion, or retention of milk. The mother must be cautioned against over-filling her child'sweak and tender stomach, and against giving any other food than her own milk, or the best substitute for it, during at least the first six months of its life. If this injunction be not observed, severe pains in the belly, resulting from indigestion, will follow, and permanent disease may ensue. It is customary to give the child the breast every time it cries, under the very mistaken notion that it never makes a noise except when hungry; the fact being, on the contrary, that its expressions of pain are, in the majority of cases, attributable to repletion of the stomach. The mother should give the breast at stated periods, in order to habituate the child to regular habits of feeding. Thus it requires milk every second or third hour during the first month, and afterwards every third or fourth hour. It may need food three or four times during the night, but subsequently it will be sufficient to give it suck only at night and in the morning. The results of. this methodical arrangement are no less beneficial to the mother than to the child; for nothing can be more 110 H1OMOEOPATHY. harassing and hurtful to both, than the prevailing and ignorant custom of letting the child sip now and then throughout the day, and when it is desirable to silence its cries by the potent power of milk. As a general rule, a mother ought to suckle her own child for at least six months, unless she be delicate; in which case the constant drain would exhaust her, and the milk produced by an enfeebled constitution would have its richness so reduced as to be insufficient to nourish the child; or its properties would be so altered that the child's stomach may not be able to digest or retain it without danger. But when these hindrances do not exist, no other food but milk must be given, because none other is needed. When the mother is informed that the slightest ailment or disturbance of health on her part exercises a considerable influence on the suitability of the milk which she furnishes to her child, she will see the necessity of being regular in all her habits, in studiously guarding against all infringements of hygienic laws, and in avoiding fatigue and all mental emotions, such as grief, fear, anger, etc. Authentic instances are on record where the preceding conditions of mind have so altered the ordinary properties of the milk, that the child, on taking it, has languished and died. A mother may therefore brew the poison that shall destroy her child suddenly or gradually, unless she warily conserve her own health and remain tranquil and composed in mind. The mother's milk is a model food, and is exactly adapted to its office; it contains every material PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 111 necessary to the growth and development of the child's body-various salts, to build up and to repair the bony, muscular, and nervous fabrics of its body; water, to slake thirst and to replenish the waste of liquid; oilj matter and sugar, to support respiration and to generate animal heat; and caseine, to repair the wear and tear of the tissues, after havingbecome animalized and transformed into blood. The mother's milk, then, or its nearest artificial analogue, will of all other foods conduce the most to health and contribute to the growth and development of the physical organization. When the mother cannot give suck to her own offspring, wet-nursing is sometimes resorted to; but this practice is objectionable on moral grounds. Handnursing must then be tried, and, provided suitable food be given, the child will thrive and go on satisfactorily.- But how often is the proper food given? Mothers ignorantly err in supplying their progeny with aliments that occasion indigestion, pains in the bowels, purging, and other complaints in themselves trifling, but of serious import as laying the foundation of irreparable disease. The adaptation between human milk and the digestive capabilities of the child's stomach is so nicely balanced, that when hand-feeding has to be practised, the mother must select a substitute which bears the nearest resemblance to her own milk. The milk of several domestic animals has been given, but the results of their use are not universally satisfactory. The profession and the public are indebted to Mr. Turner, homceopathic chemist of Manchester, for first introducing the only true analogue of human 112 HOMEOPATHY. milk, as respects chemical proportion and constitution. It has been put to the test of practice, and is found to answer precisely the same ends as its natural prototype. The writer speaks from experience, and strongly recommends its extended employment, for it may be, as it has been, the means of saving many a little being, whom a mother's love and tender care would fain shield from the stroke of death. It is made by mixing three-guarters of apint of cow's milk, new and good, with the same quantity of boiling water, in which one ounce of sugar of milk has been dissolved by boiling. The water containing the sugar of milk should be thoroughly boiled in order to increase its solvent properties and to expel the atmospheric air which it holds in solution: the latter might cause flatulency in the child. The fluid prepared in this way is best given in the feeding-bottle, nippled with a teat in the usual way, care being taken that both are thoroughly cleaned and free from sour smell before using them. The food may be made richer, according as the child may require, by adding a little fresh cream. If it need suckling in the night-time, 'the food may be slightly warmed in a pipkin over a spirit-lamp. Infants need much sleep; indeed, the first few months of their life are passed in sucking and in sleeping; the purpose effected by this arrangement being their steady growth. They should never be disturbed when slumbering. The natural couch is the mother's breast-there she can manageitwell, there it is in juxtaposition to the source of its food, and there the mother can impart her heat to augment the child's. Care, PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 113 however, must be taken that it can breathe freely; that the clothes do not close its mouth or obstruct its nostrils; and that they do not cover its head, which would necessitate the repeated breathing of air rendered impure by having passed through the lungs, and by being mixed with cutaneous exhalations from the bodies of both. The mother must, in addition, mind not to breathe upon it, for the child would then be compelled to inhale impure air laden with carbonic acid derived from the lungs, Rockingcradles are decidedly bad, and should never be used; the child will sleep soundly without being lulled and stupefied by a monotonous movement. Never begin them, and they will never be required. Place the infant on a hair-bed, in a large and open room where he can freely breathe the purest air, and cover him lightly and loosely with clothing suited to the season. The use of purging and sleeping medicines cannot be too strongly reprobated. As the child gets older, it will be necessary to alternate spoon-food with the mother's milk. This is the more necessary when the mother is delicate, and the nursing is evidently debilitating and exhausting her. In such instances the protracted suckling of the infant lays the foundation of dangerous diseases in the mother's body. No stated time can be named when spoon-nursing should be commenced, because so much depends upon the ability of the mother to afford the usual supply of milk. The growth and the health of the child must also be taken into account, for although, as a general rule, the teeth I 114 H]OM(EOPATHY. appear, and therefore the food requires to be changed, at about the ninth or tenth month, it is not unusual to meet with infants without teeth at a much later period. When, therefore, a mother is thinking of weaning her child, she must consider her own condition and the forwardness of the child's development. If she determine upon this important step, she must conduct it gradually and watchfully: gradually, because the child's stomach and bowels would be deranged, and its general health much impaired by a sudden transition; whilst the mother, too, would be liable to suffer from the sudden suppression of an accustomed drain: watchfully, because disease of the glands of the belly not seldom manifests itself about this period, by enlarged abdomen and voracious appetite, consequent upon improper management. A longer interval should take place between the regular periods of suckling; then, in a little while, no milk should be given during the night, but only in the morning and the evening; later still, spoon-meat should be administered at the vesperal and matutinal repasts. The diet ought to consist of milk mixed with a small proportion of arrow-root, or grated rusk. Sago, farina, bread, and semolina, made into a thin gruel by boiling with milk, are also excellent aliments for this period of infancy. In some cases, chicken or beef-tea may be advantageously allowed; but in all cases the nature and quantity of the food must be rigorously adapted to the child's natural wants. Mothers too often indulge their progeny with excessive quantities of food, and never restrain the child's 116 HIOMCEOPATHY. the brain and spinal cord, is wanting; hence, the exercise of the muscles, called into action by breathing, crying, and jactation, is sufficient for this period. Bearing in mind the condition of the child's body, the impropriety of active exercises is at once apparent. The child must not, therefore, be carried in a sitting, but in a straight or reclining position in the nurse's arms or in a perambulator. If this be not done, and if any violent, active exercise, improperly begun and conducted, be prematurely resorted to, the child will in all probability have a crooked back and bent limbs. It must not have its legs crushed by the nurse's arms, or its head thrown to one side and its trunk twisted, owing to her awkward way of holding it; or be violently dandled, or otherwise subjected to rough usage; or have its arms dislocated by lifting it up by the hands, instead of placing one hand on each side of the chest just below the armpits. In the summer season it may, after the first two months, spend one or two hours in the open air, and as it gets older the time may be lengthened. In winter or unfavourable weather at other seasons, much care must be exercised in not exposing it to changes of the weather. Warm clothing is then especially necessary. As the bones acquire greater solidity and strength, and the muscles become better adapted as instruments of motion, the child will, at the proper time, make bold efforts in voluntary movement. A little help on the part of the nurse-such as placing the hands below the armpits-will enable it at an early period to balance its body and move about PREGNANCY AND THE REARING OF INFANTS. 117 for itself. It is at this period that pure air and outof-door exercise have so much power in imparting health and strength, and in affording objects upon which the infant's mental development may feed and enlarge. But the body must not engross the mother's sole attention, for the mental and moral nature of her child demand the most careful culture. Woman is at once our parent, nurse, tutor, and guardian; and our physical, mental, and moral health and superiority, depend very materially upon the manner in which she performs her important duties. It is her work to direct and to control the unfolding capacities of her child. She should adapt herself to its wants; avoiding, on the one hand, a ready and indiscriminate acquiescence in its desires; and, on the other hand, a constant and unbending opposition to its cravings and inclinations. Her conduct should be characterised on all occasions, in her intercourse with the impressible nature of the infantile development, by kindness, sympathy, unvarying truth, decision of character and purpose, gentle and affectionate demeanour and a readiness on all occasions to convey knowledge, to satisfy real needs, to guard against evil influences, to train the mind to acts of self-reliance, to cultivate the dawning powers of intellect, and especially to enforce obedience to sound moral precepts. PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 119 Health, in its strictest meaning, is seldom enjoyed, and hence differences are traceable in the same individual at certain times, and also between one person and another. These differences may, however, not amount to actual disease, for the person may still be able to apply himself to pursuits demanding much bodily vigour and energy. Individual and general causes operate in influencing health. II. Individual differences of health arise from temperament, idiosyncrasy, constitution, hereditary predisposition; and age. 1. Tentperamnent.-This word expresses a peculiar organization of body which characterizes many individuals and influences their thoughts, actions, and bodily health. There are four primary temperaments, viz., the sanguine, the bilious, the nervous, and the phlegmatic; but in the generality of cases, these temperaments are combined together, one or other predominating more or less distinctly. (1.) The sanguine temperament is indicated by soft pliable skin, red or chestnut hair, blue eyes, florid complexion, medium stoutness of build and of general conformation. The mental powers are active and facile, but fickle; wit, humour, and general sprightliness of behaviour characterize the sanguine. (2.) The bilious temperament is indicated by dark swarthy complexion, hardness and firmness of expression, and strongly-marked features, black or darkcoloured eyes and hair, and the muscular system hard and firm. There is great energy of character, firmness 120 HOM(EOPATHY. of purpose, unflagging powers of perseverance, quick perception, sensibility of feeling, and strong passions, combined with sentiments of pride, ambition, generosity, and magnanimity. (3.) The phlegmatic or lymphatic temperament is characterized by round form, flabby muscles, fair hair, blue or grey eyes, pale waxy skin; the expression of the face and the " presence" indicate calm feelings, feeble physical endurance, mental inaction or quietude, and, in short, mediocrity of both physical and mental organization. (4.) The nervous temperament is recognized by spareness of body, delicate muscular development, thin lips, Iively expression of eyes and of countenance, fair hair, feminine facial contour; activity, but fickleness of mind and lively imagination. (5.) The melancholic and the athletic temperaments are noticed by some writers; the former is a modification of the bilious, and is distinguished by indomitable perseverance and firmness of purpose; taciturnity and reserve; constancy of feeling; calm and serious bent of mind, energetic action, tenacity of impressions, and an inclination to despondency and to misanthropy: the latter is allied to the sanguine, from which it differs chiefly in that the physical development and capacities predominate over the mental. Different diseases affect the subjects of each temperament; thus, the sanguine is prone to inflammatory affections generally, such as implicate the brain, lungs, bowels, etc.; to fevers characterized by intense PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 123 of the mind, consumption, continued fevers, diseases of the heart, and inflammation generally, are the most frequent deviations from health; in adult age, derangements of the digestive apparatus, gout, rheumatism, apoplexy, and paralysis, gain the ascendancy; whilst in old age, bronchitis, asthma, dropsy, affections of the bowels, kidneys, liver, and heart dilapidate the worn-out structure. III. The preceding, then, are the original circumstances, connected with individual organization, which militate against health, and operate without direct or personal interference. Man is, however, exposed to numerous other agents destructive of health, which are more within his jurisdiction and control than the tendencies to disease inherited from his parents. Our space will not permit us to do other than barely to enumerate the chief general causes which give rise to the acquired differences observable between the health of one man and that of another. Some of the causes refer to the atmosphere, as regards its heat, moisture, electricity, and impurities, whether consisting of the gases given off from putrefying vegetable and animal matter, or of mechanical admixtures, such as unconsumed particles of carbon, dust, etc.; others concern the quantity and nature of the food; for whilst poverty and its consequences prevent a liberal supply of aliment to compensate for the wear and tear of the system, so, on the other hand, does plenty sow the seeds of disease, and undermine the health by luxurious living; late hours of retiring to rest; performing many day duties at night; forced education; unsuitability of clothing 124 4HOMEOrATHY. to the climate, both as regards shape and material; confinement in close rooms, crowded with other persons, and badly ventilated; certain occupations which overstrain one part of the body, and never call others into use; sedentary habits, and indolence; over-exertion, and undue physical or mental activity; mental emotions, especially of the depressing kind; the use of ardent spirits: these are a few of the causes to which ill health, disease, and death may be traced. IV. Health may be preserved, improved, and restored by various circumstances which have both a salutary and a sanatory effect upon the physical and the mental nature. Amongst these it will be sufficient to remark upon personal cleanliness, exercise, sleep, clothing, diet, and ventilation. 1. Personal cleanliness is indispensable to health, because it secures and promotes the healthy function of the skin. The skin, amongst its other offices, has to free the body from carbon, which, if retained, would destroy life; it has to absorb various fluids and gases from the external world; it separates salts and serosity from the blood; by means of insensible perspiration, or the conversion of the *fluid sweat into vapour, heat is given off from the body in what is called a latent state, by which means the undue and injurious accumulation of caloric is prevented, and an equable temperature is maintained; it secretes an oily fluid which lubricates the general surface, obviates the effects of friction between opposed portions of the integument, and renders pliable such parts as are frequently stretched or bent. In order that PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 127 may be roughly imitated by dissolving about three ounces of common salt in a gallon of water. The effects produced by the application of cold water differ in degree according to the manner of its employment; but, in a general way, they are at first a sensation of cold, conjoined to what is called a "shock" to the nervous system, under the influence of which the respiratory organs are excited and a full inhalation of air takes place. Hence the reason of dashing and of sprinkling cold water on the face and chest of those in whom life is apparently extinct. The bloodvessels of the skin are then contracted, and consequently the blood is driven into the interior of the body. In some states of the system, when the constitution lacks vigour and energy, the blood remains accumulated in the internal organs and may produce much injury, especially if there exist any tendency to disease of the lungs, the heart, or the brain. Cold bathing must therefore be eschewed, or cautiously repeated, when it gives rise to sighing, yawning, beating headache, difficult breathing, sickness at the stomach, tremblings, languor, drowsiness, aversion to exertion, rough skin, etc. But if, on the other hand, reaction ensues and is established, the full and unqualified advantages of bathing will be enjoyed. This will be declared by the water feeling less chilly in consequenice of augmented warmth of the skin, through which the blood is flowing in increased quantities and with redoubled force. If now friction be vigorously used, as it ought to be, the pulse becomes full and strong, the respiration 128 HOMCEOPATHY. deep and free, a delightful sensation of heat is experienced over the general surface, the body feels lighter and more elastic, tone is imparted to it, and the bather feels himself braced up, invigorated, and refreshed. The mind also shares in this improvement; hope takes the place of despondency, confidence that of vacillation; feelings of self-respect are aroused; and, in short, personal cleanliness, such as the use of cold water secures, will tend to enlarge the mind, to improve the morals, and to add new charms and allurements to the home circle and to the domestic fireside. As a sanatory agent cold water may be employed with decided advantage and undoubted success in nervous debility, chlorosis, hysteria, local congestions, febrile conditions, and in many other deviations from health, upon which a medical man is alone competent to advise. (2.) THE WAtRM BATH may, practically speaking, be said to reach from 85~ to 1080 Fahrenheit--these points of temperature including what are commonly known as the tepid, the warm, and the hot baths. For ordinary purposes, the warm bath should be used at a temperature of from 90~ to 98~, according to the effect desired and the sensations produced. It is suitable for cleansing purposes, with the aid of soap, and may be occasionally resorted to by the habitually healthy, who use daily sponging with cold water, in order to remove impurities from the skin; to soften and increase the sensibility of the surface; to lower febrile excitement; and to correct the nervous derangement consequent on the PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 129 fatigue of travelling, or of any other kind of muscular exertion long continued; to refresh and invigorate the body; to moderate the circulation and calm the cerebral functions after protracted mental exercise; and to relax spasm and allay irritability in the convulsions of children, whether symptomatic of a head affection or incident to teething. Medical men sometimes advocate its employment in fevers, diseases of the skin, gout and rheumatism, colic, dyspepsia, etc. Many persons are deterred from using the warm bath in consequence of the fear of " catching cold." If they will attend to the following advice, their fears will never be realized. Let the bath be taken in the morning, or at any rate not later than noon; do not enter it when the body is heated with exercise; the water should be at the temperature of from 92~ to 96~ Fahrenheit; remain from twenty to thirty minutes; then, having cleansed the skin with the aid of soap and the flesh-brush, turn on the cold water and let the warm slowly escape from the bath; continue thus until it becomes so cold that a feeling of chilliness is experienced; then emerge, and a grateful and refreshing sensation of warmth will be felt; dry briskly with a rough towel; apply friction with a dry one; dress slowly, that perspiration may not be excited; and then take a quiet walk. The hot bath, ranging in temperature from 98~ to 1080~, is mentioned solely that we may throw out a caution regarding its indiscriminate employment. In consequence of its power in increasing the force and K 130 HOMCEOPATHY. frequency of the heart's action, cases of sudden death are recorded, arising in those predisposed to apoplexy and to diseased heart. It should never be used except under medical supervision. Personal cleanliness is not confined simply to the skin, but extends also to the condition of its appendages, viz., the hair and the nails; as well as to the teeth and the clothing. The hair should be thoroughly combed and brushed every day, in order to remove scurf, and to stimulate the glands to secrete the oily matter which keeps the hair glossy and healthy. The best detergent wash with which the author is acquainted, is made by dissolving a drachm of camphor in one ounce of spirits of wine, adding a drachm of borax, and a pint of cold water. Shake well up; rub upon the scalp with flannel once a-week, and afterwards dry with the same material. To keep the teeth sound, free from pain, and fit for masticatibn, and the breath sweet, clean them regularly every night and morning with a soft brush and cold water. Soap may be occasionally used, and if they are discoloured, a little finely-powdered wood charcoal will restore their naturally beautiful whiteness. Trim the finger and toe nails, and keep both scrupulously clean, as well for cleanliness, as to remove the possibility of sore, tender, chilblained, bunioned, and bad-smelling feet. The body-linen and bed-clothing should be changed as often as occasion demands and circumstances PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 133 usages of a fashionable education, which is characterized by formal and restrained exercise of body, and too great application of mind, leading to curvature of the spine, consumption, and, in short, to general physical and mental prostration. It is unnecessary to specify the numerous intractable and painful affections which owe their origin to restricted or to defective muscular movements. On the other hand, excessive exercise has also its evils. It hurries the breathing, accelerates the circulation, produces nervous and muscular exhaustion, which not only injure health, but may destroy life. Rowing in races, and other varieties of violent exertion, have been known to lay the foundation of permanent and incurable disease of the lungs and the heart, in persons previously healthy. The risk of immediate danger is much increased when persons of sedentary habits undergo severe and unaccustomed exertion. Moreover, it behoves those who complain of palpitation of the heart, general debility, of congestion in the head, or shortness of breath, to abstain from all exertion, save gentle walking exercise on level ground. But as our remarks apply chiefly to exercise as a means of retaining health, we must now point out the simple rules by which it should be regulated. Exercise, then, should never be taken to excess, or carried to the point of producing that peculiar feeling of muscular and nervous exhaustion which is called fatigue. Absolute rest is then requisite to enable the muscular system to renew its power and vigour. 136 HOM(EOPATHY. Individuals of wiry frame and parchment-like constitution; those also who have lively dispositions, active powers of mind, and abstemious habits, require only from four to five hours. 4. Clothing is required to protect the body from exposure to outward influences, of which the chief are, injuries and atmospherical vicissitudes. Clothes should be loose; high and tight bands round the neck are apt to occasion apoplexy, especially in hot weather and during violent and protracted exertion; inelastic stays, fitted with steel and whalebone supports, are decidedly injurious, frequently produce deformity, and render the body liable to fatal diseases; tight waistbands and belts give rise to obstinate costiveness and piles; tight shoes inflict pain, prevent exercise, cause corns, bunions, and mis-shapen feet, retard the circulation of the blood, and thereby predispose to congestion in the head. Clothes should be moderate in quantity. Too little would, especially in the young and the old, whose animal heat is imperfectly generated, lead to the worst consequences. Children will not be "hardened" but destroyed by investing them with vestures inadequate to protect them from inclement weather. Clothes should be warm. For this purpose woollen fabrics are the best, because being bad conductors of caloric, they prevent the escape of heat from the body, and the entrance of heat to it from outward sources; hence the animal temperature is maintained at an equable standard. Flannel is now PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 137 much worn next to the skin. Its advantages are, that it keeps up an equal heat, irritates and stimulates the skin, and absorbs perspiration. When it causes much sweating, it should be changed for cotton, or a thin cotton shirt may be interposed between it and the skin. Chamois leather unites the advantages of both cotton and flannel, and may advantageously supplant them. Clothes should not be excessive. Flannel, skins, and other materials are used, under the mistaken notion that they protect the wearer against catching cold. Overclothing, either of the body or the bed, is decidedly bad, and will inevitably augment the risks that they are erroneously designed to avoid. Waterproof clothing is prejudicial, which prevents the evaporation of the perspiration, and imbues the under-clothing with condensed sweat, thus causing cold, rheumatisms, and other diseases. Clothes should be clean; this is especially desirable when flannel or any other porous texture is worn over the skin, for they soak up the various excretions from the surface. But the same attention should be paid to all other articles of apparel. Personal cleanliness is not confined to the purification of the skin. Clothes should be well aired. Body and bed clothing require warming previous to use, else the health will suffer. The bed linen should be exposed during the forenoon to currents of air passing through the room from door to window. The personal clothing should not be heaped together, but laid fully out during the night, in order to have them well aired 138 HOMcEOPATHY. and purified before morning. Stockings, drawers, and shirts must be turned inside out. Clothes must be changed when wet, whether from exposure to rain or from profuse perspiration. Wet stockings and boots should be immediately removed, unless the wearer continues to exert himself. Damp clothes must not be put on, nor must any one sleep in damp beds. Inattention to these precautions is a prolific cause of consumption and other fatal diseases. Clothes must be suitable rather than fashionable. The bonnets which are stuck on the backs of the fair sex's heads expose the face; hence neuralgia and other evils are occasioned. We know of no defensible reason to justify the wearing of immense hooped petticoats. Tight-lacing we have already strongly animadverted upon. Thin shoes, as worn by ladies, cannot protect their delicate feet from wet and cold. Clothing must be seasonable - that is to say, adapted to the season of the year-warm in winter, cool in summer. But great care must be exercised, especially by delicate and sedentary individuals, in changing the material of their attire. It must never be done too soon, for it is only when a succession of fine days occurs in early summer, that the weather is sufficiently fixed and warm to admit of the substitution of cooler apparel, without encountering great risks of disease. It is rarely necessary to wear flannel through the summer, but in leaving it off the change must be gradual. A cotton shirt should be worn between the skin and it, and after a few days PRESERTATION OF HEALTH. 139 the flannel may be altogether dispensed with, provided the weather be favourable. It is altogether a mistake to wear the same clothing throughout all seasons. 5. Ventilation is the operation of supplying apartments or enclosed places with fresh air in order to maintain the atmosphere in a constant state of purity such as is essential to animal life. The necessity for the constant admission of fresh, and the simultaneous displacement of contaminated, air arises from several circumstances. Breathing and perspiration load the air with carbonic acid, animal matter, and impure vapour; hence, if the same air be repeatedly taken into the lungs, it eventually becomes strongly impregnated with deleterious bodily emanations, and death may ultimately ensue, attended with all the symptoms of rank poisoning. Hence the uneasiness and discomfort experienced in chapels, theatres, at public meetings, and other places where hundreds and thousands of human beings are pouring the foulest abominations into the atmosphere which all are breathing. Hence the fatal, unmanageable, and insidious illnesses, which result from crowding together in ships, prisons, work-rooms, manufactories, schools, etc. Hence the pallid, sickly faces, the languid look, the hesitating gait, the stunted, wasted form, and the paralyzed energy of the lower classes-at once the victims of poor food, scanty clothing, bad ventilation, and their offspring-drunkenness. Further, the air may be rendered still more impure by the burning of candles, gas, and coal; by 140 HIOMCEOPATHY. having plants in pots, or flowers in water, which, as they give out at night the same gas that issues from the lungs, are highly injurious; hence, they should on no account whatever be kept in a bed-room; and, lastly, by keeping dogs, parrots, cats, or other domesticated animals, whose breathing aids in the pollution of the air. The air is, in these several ways, rendered incompatible with animal existence, for on its purity mainly depends the healthy maintenance of the vital functions. Ventilation, then, is the remedy for this common, glaring, and destructive evil; and the means are either natural or artificial. We have no space to enlarge upon the latter class; the former are fireplaces, chimneys, windows, and doors. Every apartment, and.especially bed-rooms, should be built with chimneys, and the fire-place must not be closed up with a board, as is too frequently done through ignorance. Then, when the fire is lighted, the fresh air passes in currents through the lower part of the door and the windows to the chimney; whilst the impure air, being rarefied and lighted by the heat of the lungs or of combustion, rises to the ceiling and makes its exit through the upper part of the window and the door. The first principle then of ventilation consists in securing two openings of some kind or other: one, as the aperture of entrance of fresh air; the other, as the aperture of exit of impure air. No expensive or complicated piece of mechanism is required to bring in fresh and to expel foul air. This can be done by opening the windows and doors, until the apartment PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 141 is thoroughly purified. The bed-room and bedclothing demand thorough ventilation. Open the door and the upper and lower sashes of the window, separate the bed-clothes, spread them out, leave them hanging over chairs in the middle of the room, shake up the bed, and do not make it for five or six hours. To show the ignorance existing amongst the poor classes, respecting the necessity of fresh air, the writer may mention that he recently attended a poor family, consisting of father, mother, and six children, the latter of whom were of the respective ages of three, five, seven, nine, eleven, and fifteen years. They all slept in one apartment measuring seven feet high, and twenty-four feet square, and yet the only window was firmly secured with a nail! The children had small-pox, but although so disadvantageously placed, as regards comfort and purity of air, all recovered without a bad symptom. Another poor person, living in a smaller apartment, and slowly dying of consumption, had every crevice in the window fastened up with paper and paste! 6. -Diet.-Much might be written on this important and interesting topic, but we must necessarily confine ourselves to one or two points of a practical nature and bearing. No general rule can be laid down regarding the nature of the food which is best suited to the majority of individuals. Differences of constitution, of age, sex, habit, mode of life, and occupation occasion disparities of taste and variations of appetite, which lay under tribute all the sources whence alimentary materials can be derived. 142 HOMcEOPATHY. The nature of the food must be in accordance with the natural instincts of hunger and thirst, which will prompt to the satisfaction of the bodily demands by admitting into the body only such materials as will conduce to its benefit. Much will, however, depend upon the digestibility of the substance partaken of, for, of course, different articles of food are variously affected by the digestive process, and consequently, when that function deviates from its healthy state, only such foods must be taken as can be readily acted on and disposed of. Plain food is, in all cases, the best. Epicureanism must be eschewed, if health is to be retained. An excessive quantity of food is injurious. No one should continue to eat until the appetite is completely sated and the stomach crammed full, because the juice which dissolves the food will not be able to act upon it, and indigestion, sleepiness, and other evils will ensue. Violent exercise of body or of mind should be refrained from immediately before and after meals; whilst, on the other hand, the habit of sleeping after a full meal is also injurious. Exercise in two hours after a meal will be advantageous. One kind of food only will not be sufficient for man to subsist upon. The structure of his teeth proves this, and careful experiments have demonstrated that a varied diet is the most conducive to health and longevity. Food should be taken at regular periods, and care should be observed in not shortening or pro PRESERVATION OF HEALTH. 143 longing the ordinary interval between meals to which the stomach has become habituated. A long interval, of eight or nine hours, such as men of business, lawyers, and others with much head-work, are in the habit of observing, weakens the stomach, produces dyspepsia, predisposes to apoplexy, and, in short, undermines the general health as much, nay more, than the opposite custom of eating every three or four hours. A little food frequently taken is more permissible than a large quantity at long periods. Food ought to be well masticated. Thorough manducation imbues the food with saliva, exposes the surface to the free action of the gastric juice, overcomes its cohesion, and renders it more readily convertible into chyme. Liquids must be drunk sparingly at meals. No other beverage but water should be taken. Wine, ale, porter, and other drinks of the same nature, are not healthy, because they are not essential to man's existence. 7. General Habits.-The use of tobacco, opimn, and spirituous drinks is unquestionably detrimental to health. Tobacco-smoking, chewing, and snuffing produce various effects, according to the mode of application of the drug. Smoking carries the vapour into the lungs, and produces giddiness, nausea, lassitude, sinking at the heart; nervous irritability; diseases of the liver and stomach; various affections of the throat and air passages; discolouration and decay of the teeth, and cancer of the lip in those who smoke the short clay-pipe. Chewing stimulates the salivary PART MI. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. IT is proposed to say a few words respecting each of the more important constituent parts of the human frame. A~n endeavour will be made to divest these subjects of all unnecessary technicalities, whilst such information only will be conveyed as will interest and instruct the general reader. It is convenient and strictly accurate to regard the human body as a machine, intricately constructed;- ex-. quisitely finished, and nicely adapted in all its parts to perform the -various and dependent offices which minister to its growth, development, preservation, and reparation-in one word, to its vitality. The parts of which this piece of mechanism consists are:-A bony frame-work, which is the foundation of the structure, the passive instrument of motion, and the protective means of shielding important organs from outward injury; a muscular apparatus, capable of contraction and of relaxation, and, consequently, of altering the relative position of the body, as regards surrounding objects or its own individual members; a nervous system, composed of brain, spinal cord, and L 146 HOM(EOPATBY. innumerable nerves-the conjoint centres of sensation, volition, thought, and voluntary movements; and the links which connect the various organs to each other, and these to the brain, in order to produce uniformity of action and congruity of purpose; a digestive apparatus for the reception and the elaboration of alimentary substances, which become metamorphosed into a fluid capable of repairing the tear and wear, decay and death, of all the tissues; a vascular system, with a central pump to propel, and tubes to carry, a nutritive fluid, endowed with a life-principle, into the utmost corners of our mortal tabernacle; a set of circulatory organs, which conduct the animalized food into the ever-flowing current of preexis.ting blood; and, lastly, various kinds of instruments --lungs, skin, kidneys, etc.-whose co-operative function it is, in various degrees and in different ways, to depurate the blood from those effete materials which are inimical to its vital properties. It is the province of anatomy and of physiology to take cognizance of these subjects-the former being the science which teaches the structure, situation, shape, and relative position of the component parts of bodies by the art of dissection; whilst the latter treats of the various functions which these parts perform. In other words, anatomy inspects the machinery of the body; physiology investigates the laws which regulate, and the results which follow, its varied and complicated movements. The constituents of the human body differ in three particulars:-- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 147 Firstly, in the mechanical arrangement of their particles; hence they are divisible into solids and fluids. 1. The solids include bones, muscles, ligaments, membranes, nerves, vessels, and the tissues generally. 2. The fluids embrace blood, chyle, lymph, chyme; secretions from various glands, as milk, tears, saliva, etc.; secretions from membranes, such as perspiration, mucus, etc.: others of subordinate importance might, but need not, be enumerated. The proportions of fluids to solids in the body is estimated as nine to one. Secondly, in relative position, according to an artificial division which separates the body into head, trunk, and extremities. Of these we shall again speak. Thirdly, in the purposes they subserve. This philosophical and comprehensive classification will best serve the purposes of description. The assemblage of organs comprising the human body may, accordingly, be arranged into three groups, viz.:-I. ORGANS OF MOTION; II. ORGANS OF DIGESTION, CIRCULATION, ETC.; III. ORGANS OF SENSE. I. ORGANS OF MOTION. The numerous and varied movements of which the human body is susceptible, are effected by three different sets of organs:-Firstly, bones, which are the passive instruments; secondly, muscles, which move them on the application of a requisite stimulus; and thirdly, nervous matter, which generates and conducts 148 HOM(EOPATHY. the active motive force;-all co-operating, in distinct yet associated ways, in the performance of one common end. Each kind of organ demands individual notice. I. THE BONES.-Bone is a hard, dense, firm substance, made up of numerous cells and canals filled with a fatty matter called the marrow, which prevents the too great dryness and brittleness of the osseous structure, and communicating with each other and with the external surface of the bone, by the continuation of a fine sensitive membrane called the periosteum, which is highly vascular, and serves to convey the blood for the purpose of nourishing the bony fabric of the body. In very early life the bones are at first composed of cartilage, but at a later period a deposition of earthy matter, derived from the food, takes place, and they become converted and consolidated into bone. This process, which is technically termed ossification, is not completed until about the twentyfifth year of age; whilst in old persons, the flexible cartilages of the chest are changed into unyielding bone, and consequently interfere with the facile expansion of that cavity during the acts of respiration, causing the difficulty of breathing which is so frequent a concomitant of advanced life. At this period, too, the whole osseous system becomes thinner, lighter, and more fragile; hence the frequency of fractures. Bone is composed, chemically speaking, of about one-third of animal matter, and of about two-thirds of earthy materials, consisting chiefly of phosphate and carbonate of lime, phosphate of magnesia, etc. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 140 Bones impart character, strength, and solidity to the body, support its various organs, and afford numerous points of attachment to the ligaments which connect and the muscles which invest them. They are differently shapen: long and cylindrical, to support weight, to resist violence, and to afford leverage: arched and expanded, to protect important parts beneath and to facilitate expansion; and are variously marked on their surface: with hollows to receive organs, and to articulate one with another: with grooves to transmit vessels: with holes to give passage to nerves, veins, and arteries: and with projections to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments are firmly and immovably fixed. The human skeleton may be divided into the head, the trunk, and the extremities. 1. Bones of the Head.-The head of the human being is placed upon a movable neck, and occupies the highest position of his body-a characteristic which alone suffices to distinguish him from all the other members of the animal kingdom. The head is constituted by the skull and the face. (1.) The skull is the bony, vaulted box, containing within its cavity the greater and the lesser brain, the commencement of the spinal cord, numerous arteries, veins, and nerves, and three membranes, which invest the entire contents more or less completely. The bones of the skull are constructed of an outer and an inner table of dense, compact bone, and of an intervening softer structure termed the diploe, which is channelled by numerous tubes for venous ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 151 permanent. The deciduous, milk or temporary teeth, are twenty in number-eight molars, four canine, and eight incisors. They are small and weak in comparison to their successors, and are just suited to the nature of the food which childhood requires. They ought to appear at about the sixth month; by the second or third year the full complement is generally attained. The permanent teeth begin to replace the others at the sixth or seventh year, and continue appearing up to the age of puberty, when the wisdom-teeth complete the dental apparatus. They are the last to come, and generally the first to go, on account of their imperfect development and the over-crowded state of the jaws. The permanent teeth consist of thirty-two-sixteen in each jaw-four incisors, two canine, four bicuspids, and six molars. The incisors have long fangs and wedge-like edges to cut the food; the canine and bicuspids have long single fangs, and sharp-pointed crowns to pierce and tear it; the molars are furnished with from one to four fangs, and have roughened tuberculated crowns to comminute alimentary materials. The structure and general arrangement of the teeth correspond, in all animals, with the nature of the food upon which they subsist; and hence we may infer, from the characters of the dental machinery in the human being, that he was designed to appropriate nourishment from both the animal and the vegetable kingdom. 152 1HOM(EOPATHY. 2. Bones of the Trunk.-The trunk may be recognized as that portion of the body which, subtracting the limbs, constitutes its great bulk. It may be viewed collectively and separately. (1.) Considered collectively, the trunk is composed of the vertebrco, the ribs, and the sternum. a. The vertebrm form the vertebral column, or spine, and are divided into true and false-the former including seven cervical or neck, twelve dorsal or back, and five lumbar or loin vertebrae; whilst the latter comprise five sacral and four coccygeal vertebrae, which contribute to the posterior boundary of the pelvic cavity. These pieces of bone are bound together by strong ligaments, which, whilst they permit of the requisite degree of motion, prevent any displacement. They are imposed one upon the other, and between their bodies a soft, tough, elastic cushion, called the intervertebral substance, is interposed, which allows of flexion, and prevents the concussive effects of jolting movements. The long maintenance of the erect posture compresses and thins this material; and hence the body measures about an inch shorter at night than in the morning. In old age, too, it becomes shrivelled and inelastic, causing the stooping form and diminished height of " second childhood." b. The ribs are the long curved bones which form the bony walls of the chest, protect the lungs lying within from outward violence, and assist in respiration. They are twelve in number on each side, being connected behind to the spine and in front to the 156 HOMEOPATHY. and nerve-twigs ramify. Aggregations of these fibres form muscles. Muscular fibre is endowed with the property of alternate contraction and relaxation, dependent partly upon an inherent capacity in the tissue itself, but chiefly on the application of the nervous stimulus. When a muscle contracts, the fibres composing it become shorter and wider, so that what it loses in length, it gains in thickness. III. THE NERYOUS SYSTEM.-The nervous system is divided into two portions-the cerebro-spinal, and the sympathetic. 1. The cerebro-spinal system includes the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, the spinal cord, and their nerves. (1.) The cerebrum, or greater brain, is the large soft mass of nervous tissue, which is enclosed within, and protected from external violence by, the bony skull-box; on the outside of this enclosure, the hairy scalp, and, on the inside, three membranes, are further protective adjuvants. The outermost of these investments within the skull is the dura mater; a firm, dense, fibrous membrane, which clothes and supports the brain; keeps the various lobes in their proper positions, by means of intervening partitions; envelopes and protects the nerves as they issue from the numerous holes in the skull; and forms channels called sinuses, of which there are sixteen, for currents of impure blood. The next covering is called the arachnoid-a thin, semi-transparent web. The third investment is the pia mater, the thin and immediate covering of the brain's substance, being copiously ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 157 furnished with a net-work of vessels, filled with pure blood, which yields its nutritive portions to regenerate the decay consequent on mental exercise. The brain itself is superficially divided into two symmetrical halves termed hemnispheres; but at the bottom of the cleft they are connected together by a link of strong, dense, nervous matter. The whole of its external surface is marked by numerous elevations, which are separated from each other by corresponding grooves. In intimate structure, the brain is composed of an external, grey, cineritious, or cortical layer, in which all the mental processes are presumed to occur; and of an internal, white, medullary portion, which serves the purposes of conduction. (2.) The cerebellum, or little brain, is seven or eight times less than the cerebrum, and is situated under its posterior portion. The cerebellum is divided into right and left lobes, and is marked on its surface by convolutions. (3.) The medulla oblongata is continuous above with the brain, and below with the spinal marrow; thus forming the unitive bond between both. (4.) The spinal cord, or marrow, lies in the bony canal formed by the super-imposition of the bones of the spine; is connected above with the brain; whilst numerous nerves of motion and of sensation issue from it throughout its entire length. (5.) The nerves of the cerebro-spinal system are divided into cerebral, from the brain; and spinal, from the cord. 158 HOMCEOPATHY. a. The cerebral nerves consist of eight pairs. They are-the first, or olfactory, which are distributed to the nose, and indue it with the special sense of smell; the second, or optic, upon which the rays of light are received and the impression conducted to the brain; the third, or motor-the fourth, or pathetici-and the sixth, or abducentes, which are all distributed to the muscles of the eyeballs, and bestow upon them the power of motion; the fifth, or trigemini, compound in function, because they contain nervous fibres of sensation and of motion, are distributed to the tongue, palate, teeth, etc.; the seventh consist of the portio mollis and the portio dura-they have different functions; the former endows with the special sense of hearing, the latter with power of motion to all the facial muscles; and, lastly, the eighth, which comprise the glosso-pharyngeal, spinal accessory, and pneumogastric nerves. b. The spinal nerves arise from the cord, and are thirty-one pairs in number, viz., eight cervical, twelve dorsal, five lumbar, and six sacral. They each arise by two roots from different parts of the cord, those issuing from the front being for motion, those from behind for sensation. The entire cerebro-spinal system, inclusive of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, the spinal cord, and the numerous nerves which constitute the cerebral and spinal series, minister to the functions of animal life, in contradistinction to the sympathetic system, which presides over those of organic life. Each portion has a different function. The brain is generally ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 159 regarded as the instrument and seat of the mind; but this is merely a presumption. The nature of the immaterial principle within us cannot be divined in our present existence; nor can we ever ascertain in what part of our bodies it is located. These matters are beyond our ken. The brain, however, is that part of the body which receives all the impressions made on the nerves by outward agencies, and the source of volition to those organs which are under the government of the will. The spinal cord is the instrument of motor and sensory power. 2. The sympathetic system is represented by numerous masses of grey nervous matter, called ganglions, which, with their connecting branches, extend from the skull to the lower part of the vertebral column. All the internal organs receive branches of nerves from this system, whilst the cerebro-spinal branches communicate with it in different places. This division presides over the functions of organic life; those, namely, concerned in nutrition, secretion, and the various co-ordinate movements connected therewith, which occur independently of the will or of consciousness. II. VITAL ORGANS. Under this group may be included the organs and the functions of digestion, circulation, respiration, and secretion. I. DIGEsTION.-Digestion, in its widest acceptation, is the process by which animals receive into, and 160 HOMCEOPATHY. prepare within, their bodies, certain materials derived from the animal and the vegetable kingdom, which are essential to their existence. The constituent actions of digestion are, in successive order, prehension, mastication, insalivation, deglutition, chymification, chylifaction, and defecation. 1. Prehension. - Prehension, or the grasping of food, is effected in man by the hand, which has the ability of opposing the thumb to the other fingers' ends. No other animal is so gifted. In civilized society, various instruments are used, adapted to the hand, for the purpose of carrying the food to the mouth, where they are seized by the lips and the teeth, which have, in all cases, a subordinate prehensible action. Fluids are introduced into the mouth also by mechanical contrivances, but instead of being grasped, they fall into it by their own gravity. In other instances they are sucked in by a peculiar action of the tongue, cheeks, and lips. 2. Mastication.-Mastication, or the operation of chewing solid food, breaking it into small fragments, and thoroughly mixing it with the saliva, is effected chiefly by the mechanical agency of the teeth. The morsel of food is placed between the upper and the lower range of teeth, by the combined action of the tongue, lips, and cheeks, being cut by the incisors, torn by the cuspids, and ground by the molars. The teeth must be regarded as passive instruments in the operation-the upper jaw being fixed, and the lower one forming a lever with upward motion; whilst muscles, of very considerable strength and power, are the true ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 161 active agents. The movements between the two jaws are upward and downward, forward and backward, and from side to side, so that the food is submitted to the individual action of the three kinds of teeth. 3. Insalivation.-Insalivation signifies the admixture of saliva with the food, during the manducation of the latter. Saliva is composed of water, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, phosphate of lime, etc., and of a peculiar animal matter termed ptyaline. It is secreted by three pairs of glands, viz., the sublingual, placed under the tongue; the submaxillary, at the inner surface of the lower jaw; and the parotid, in front of and below the ear. In addition to these, other smaller glands in the vicinity of the mouth secrete a tenacious mucus, which facilitates the passage of food down the gullet by coating it with a slippery covering. The saliva keeps the mouth moist, converts the food into a pulpy mass easily swallowed, dissolves solid substances, and renders them capable of exciting the sense of taste; facilitates the movements of the tongue during articulation and mastication; entangles atmospheric air, whose nitrogen Liebig considers indispensable to digestion; and, lastly, it exerts a peculiar chemical influence upon some kinds of food preparatory to their introduction into the stomach. 4. Deglutition.--Deglutition, or the swallowing of the food, may be considered under three stages. In the first stage, the tongue, cheeks, and lips collect M 162 HOMCEOPATHY. the food into a mass, or bolus, which is left upon the upper surface of the tongue near its root; in the second, a series of complicated changes occur in the relative positions of the important structures at the back of the mouth, the effect being to prevent the return of the food through the nostrils, to shut down the lid of the windpipe, and to prepare for the third stage, in which it is carried backwards into the pharynx, or funnel-shaped commencement of the cesophagus or gullet; lastly, the muscles of the latter tube grasp it, and carry it down into the stomach, independently of the will. 5. Chtymification.-Chymification is the process of conversion of food into chyme, the true digestive action taking place in the stomach. The stomach is a large membranous bag lying across the upper, and chiefly the left, side of the abdomen, constructed of three coats-an external, or peritoneal; an internal, or villous, which is soft, velvety, and furnished with blood-vessels; and an intermediate, or muscular. It has a superior opening, or cardia, placed at the left side, where the gullet ends; and an inferior, or pylorus, towards the right, where the intestine begins. Its functions are, the reception of the food, and the secretion of gastric juice. This fluid is composed of water, various salts of potash, lime, soda, etc., lactic acid, and a peculiar animal principle called pepsine, which is the immediate digestive agent. In physical characters, the gastric juice is limpid, transparent, inodorous, saltish, and slightly acid to the taste. It possesses great solvent properties, and quickly dissolves the ANA.TOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 163 food that has already undergone the preparatory processes already mentioned; it has also an antiseptic action, and thus checks putrefaction by virtue of its free acid. Solid substances previously reduced to a pulp are at once acted upon; but soups and other liquid foods have their fluid portions first absorbed by the stomach, so that the solvent powers of the juice may not be impaired by dilution. The quantity of gastric juice secreted is exactly proportioned to that amount of food which is just sufficient to supply the requirements of the body; therefore, if more than the proper complement be taken it remains in the stomach undigested, becomes subject to the operation of chemical laws excited into action by the temperature and moisture of that organ, and the train of phenomena characteristic of dyspepsia supervene. The food, then, is intimately mixed with the juice by a peculiar churning action of the stomach, which begins at its left large end, spreads through its body, and ends near the pyloric orifice, in order to effect the disintegration and solution of the particles composing the alimentary substance. The result is cltymne-a pulpy, uniform, greyish mass. This is permitted to pass through a valve in the pylorus, into the intestines; but unless the chyme is thoroughly perfected the valve closes on the indigested matter, and retains it in the stomach to undergo further reduction. In this way an ordinary meal is reduced, dissolved, and chymified, in from three to four hours as a general rule; but exceptions occur from various circumstances, such as the amount, nature, state of division, solidity, 164 HO M(EOPATHY. or liquidity of the food; the capacity and power of the stomach; the time of taking a meal; the quantity of saliva; and the general condition of the system. 6. Chylifaction.-Chylifaction, or the process of conversion of the chyme into chyle, occurs in the duodenunm, or first portion of the intestine, and is effected by the admixture of pancreatic juice and bile. By the agency of bile, the chyme is separated into a nutritious portion (chyle), and a non-nutritious portion (excrement), which is discharged from the body as useless. The former is absorbed by an immense number of small projections called villi, which stud the inner surface of the intestine, whence it is conveyed through lacteal vessels and mesenteric glands to the thoracic duct. The latter is propelled through the bowels by a peculiar movement, called the peristaltic action. It is delayed in the large intestine and exposed to the action of an acid secretion for the purpose of undergoing a supplementary digestion, in order to yield up any nutritive portions that may have escaped absorption by the villi. Lower down it becomes more solid and inspissated from loss of its fluids, and, as decomposition speedily ensues, it assumes the true fecal character. 7. Defecation.-Defecation is the act of ejecting the non-nutritious portions of the food and the intestinal excretions through the lower orifice of the bowels, in obedience to a call consequent on their accumulation in the rectum. Alimentary substances, which the foregoing pro ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 165 cesses are concerned in digesting, are divided into two classps-nitrogenized and non-nitrogenized. (1.) Nitrogenized materials consist of albumen, fibrin, and caseine derived from vegetables; and of blood and flesh from animals. They become converted into blood and re-form the worn-out tissues. (2.) Non-nitrogenized materials consist of fat, starch, gum, sugar, etc. They are incapable of being transformed into blood, and are burnt up within the body, to support respiration, and to generate and maintain animal heat. II. CIncULATION.-The circulatory organs include those for the chyle and lymph, and those for the blood. 1. The chyle and the lymph vessels. The nutritive portion of the food having been selected by the numerous projections, or villi, on the inner surface of the mucous membrane of the intestine, is conveyed along small vessels, or lacteals, which, after uniting into larger trunks, pass through the so-called mzesenteric glands, between the folds of the peritoneum, designated the mesentery, and ultimately pour their contents, by three or four large canals, into the lower portion of the thoracic duct. This is the point of junction of the lacteal or chyle vessels, and of the lymphatic or lymph vessels. The latter set are distributed over the whole body, and on their way to the common reservoir pass through so-called glands in the groin, armpits, etc. Their office is to absorb and carry into the general circulation those organized materials deposited in superabundant amount to repair 166 HOMCEOPATHY. the decay of the tissues, or those that are replaced by fresher depositions from the blood. Some portions are inimical to life, or are purely excrementitious; they are, therefore, eliminated from the body by various processes. Others, however, that can be applied to ulterior purposes, are mixed with the chyle in the receptacle of the thoracic duct. Ascending this canal through the cavity of the abdomen and the chest, and lying upon the spinal column, they become capable of spontaneous coagulation, and assume a reddish hue, thus gradually approaching in character to the blood. They are ultimately delivered into the general circulation of blood at the point of junction of the left subclavian with the left jugular vein, whose two currents commingle them thoroughly with the gory tide. This stream, containing imperfectly formed and impure blood, is further admixed by the action of the right auricle, passes into the right ventricle, which propels into both lungs, where the action of the atmospheric air completes the transformation of the chyle and lymph into a bright red nutritive fluid essential to life. 2. The circulatory organs of the blood comprise:(1.) Arteries, arising from the left side of the heart, for the conveyance of pure blood; they are dense in structure, encircled by a coat of muscular tissue, pulsate during life, and retain the cylindrical form when empty after death. (2.) Veins are the membranous, non-pulsating conduits, furnished with valves, which return the impure blood to the right division of the heart. (3.) Capillaries are the small, hair-like tubes, communicating, on the one hand, with arteries, and, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 167 on the other, with veins, in which all the vital processes of the animal economy occur. (4.) The heart. The heart is the conical, hollow, muscular organ situate in the thorax, and the primary cause of the blood's movement. A vertical partition divides it into two halves, which are again sub-divided by a transverse boundary; hence the heart consists of four compartments, of which the upper ones are called the auricles, and the lower the ventricles. Each auricle communicates with its corresponding ventricle through an opening in the transverse division. Arteries arise from, and veins end in, the heart; and by its alternate contraction and dilatation, the blood is propelled through the former and returned by the latter. At each contraction its tip is tilted against the space between the sixth and seventh ribs, and about two inches nearer the medial line of the body than the nipple; where its pulsations, averaging seventy per minute, may be distinctly felt by the hand; or the simultaneous beating of the radial artery, termed the pulse, may be counted at the wrist. The heart has two functions, which are carried on simultaneously. (1.) The left side of the heart, consisting of auricle and corresponding ventricle, is engaged in the great systemic or general circulation, in which the auricle receives the purified and nourishing blood from the lungs, and the ventricle propels it into the aorta, whence it is distributed by off-shooting arteries into all parts of the body, to be returned by the veins to the right auricle, much changed in physical characters / 168 HOMCEOPATHY. and chemical composition. When the heart contracts, pure blood is leaving it; when it dilates, impure blood is received from the veins. (2.) The right side, auricle and ventricle, carries on the little or pulmonary circulation in which the impure blood poured by the veins into the right auricle flows into the right ventricle, whose contraction propels it into arteries leading to both lungs, where it is submitted to the renovating influence of the air. Having recovered its health-giving properties, it returns to the left auricle at the next dilatation of the heart, and, having passed into the corresponding ventricle, is again propelled by its contraction over the whole body. This apparatus, then, is for the general diffusion of blood. Blood, whilst circulating, is a uniform, viscid fluid, consisting of liquor sanguinis and blood corpuscles. a. Liquor sanguinis consists of serum holding fibrin in solution. It is poured out from the vessels to glue the sides of wounds together; forms a bag which circumscribes abscesses; and is the material of regenerating and reforming all the tisues. b. The blood corpuscles are mixed with some colourless ones, but the majority are red, and impart to the blood its florid hue. The colour is said to depend upon the presence of iron, which acts the part of a carrier of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. When the blood is withdrawn from the body and allowed to cool, vapour of a peculiar odour exhales ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 169 from its surface, and it coagulates, or separates into a solid portion called the clot, leaving a fluid called serum. a. The clot consists of coagulated fibrin, entangled corpuscles, some serum, and salts. b. The serum is a pale, yellowish fluid, composed chiefly of soluble albumen; by the application of heat it coagulates and leaves another fluid, serosity, which contains various salts soluble in the blood. Blood is endowed with an independent life-principle, and its quantity is estimated at thirty-four and a-half pounds in the male, and twenty-six pounds in the female. Blood is of two kinds-arterial and venous. a. Arterial blood flows in arteries; is of a florid red colour; contains more fibrin and oxygen than venous blood; stimulates the brain and the other tissues; contains elaborated chyle, derived from the metamorphosis of aliments; is the true nutritive fluid, containing within itself every material requisite for the preservation of the body; and supplies the materials for the secretion of certain fluids-as milk, saliva, gastric juice-which serve ulterior, special, and indispensable purposes. b. Venous blood, on the other hand, runs in veins; is of a dark purplish colour; exercises a sedative effect on all the tissues; contains a considerable quantity of carbonaceous matter, derived from the wornout tissues, and from non-nitrogenized alimentary principles; and, lastly, is not nutritious, because, firstly, a portion of it contains non-elaborated chyle; and, secondly, its great mass is contaminated with certain.deleterious principles resulting from the pro-... '...: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 171 in shape; yellowish-grey in colour; spongy and elastic in texture; fill the cavity of the thorax in conjunction with the heart, and have their surfaces covered by the pleura, which is thence reflected on to the inner side of the chest. They expand and contract in correspondence with the movements of the chest, whose dimensions are diminished or increased by muscular agencies. When the chest enlarges, the elastic lungs resile from the removed restraint and pressure of the thoracic cavity, and in proportion to the increased space thus procured, so is the quantity of air that fills it up. On the other hand, when the dimensions of the cavity are reduced by muscular agency, the pressure upon the lungs is renewed, and they are emptied of a certain amount of air proportionate to their diminished space and capacity. This alternate action of inhaling (inspiration) and of exhaling (expiration) air constitutes respiration, which occurs, on an average, in the young and well-made adult, from eighteen to twenty times per minute. But the entire quantity of air receivable by the lungs is not renewed at every act of breathing, for only about thirteen cubic feet are taken in and expelled at every ordinary respiration; whilst nearly one hundred remain as residual air, and are occasionally displaced and renewed by unconscious or by voluntary actions of deep inspiration and expiration; and also by the forcible expulsions attendant on coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying, etc. 2. The Action.-Respiration is subservient to three purposes. 172 12HOM(EOPATHEY. (1.) To Purify the Blood.-The venous blood conveyed to the lungs from the right ventricle by the pulmonary arteries contains abundance of carbonaceous matter, derived from food or the waste of tissues; it passes through the mesh-work of vessels around the air-cells, meets with atmospheric air, whose oxygen penetrates through the intervening mucous membrane, combines with the carbon to form carbonic acid, which is ejected in the gaseous state during expiration. The impure venous blood is thus terated, oxygenated, or arterialized by subtraction of carbon and absorption of oxygen; the change in chemical composition being accompanied by alteration of colour, from dark to bright red. (2.) To Generate Animnal -Heat.--Combustion, being the union of a combustible body with a supporter of combustion, occurs during the combination of the carbon of venous blood with the oxygen of the atmosphere; this chemical process is accordingly attended with the development of caloric, which is absorbed in a latent condition by the arterial blood, and is set free as sensible heat during the circulation of that fluid in the remote capillary system. (3.) To Exhale Water. -Respiration is the means of absorbing and of exhaling watery vapour. That it is absorbed, follows from the inhalation of air which contains vapour as one of its constituents; that it is exhaled may be proved by expiring into a glass, when the vapour will condense on the sides of the vessel into drops of water, which on analysis yield animal matter. This constant exhalation of water, resulting ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 173 from the union of hydrogen in the blood with oxygen in the air, is not always apparent, because the transparency of a warm atmosphere is not impaired by the aqueous particles which are dissolved in it; but in a colder air they remain suspended in the form of vescicular vapour, giving rise to the appearance of fog or steam. 3. The Agent.-The atmosphere, or air, is the elastic fluid or gas which surrounds the earth; it accompanies this planet in its rotation round the sun, and is under the influence of the centrifugal tendency consequent on its revolution; it is computed to reach a height of forty-five miles, terminating, as is supposed, at the point where the diffusive tendency of the gas is counterbalanced by the force of attraction exerted by the earth. Atmospheric air is composed of twenty-one parts of oxygen, seventy-nine of nitrogen, a trace of carbonic acid, and of ammonia, in tropical climates, where it combines, under the synthetic influence of electricity, with nitric acid to form nitrate of ammonia, which falls with rain to nourish the soil and vegetables. It is also mixed with various extraneous materials. It has the following relations to man: (1.) The oxygen entering into its constitution is the great supporter of respiration, by means of which many changes are wrought essential to life. (2.) It also furnishes the oxygen to combine with the carbon of venous blood-a chemical action which purifies the blood and evolves caloric. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 175 stature is computed to sustain an atmospheric pressure of more than 32,000 lbs. No inconvenience results from this enormous burden, for three reasons: firstly, because air being an elastic fluid, its whole pressure is equal to its weight, and that weight presses equally on every part of the surface; secondly, because air within the body exerts its elastic force, and serves, in a measure, to counterbalance and lighten, as it were, the outward pressure; and, thirdly, the fluids within the body have an expansive tendency which opposes the atmospheric pressure. (11.) It diffuses the sun's rays, and by this means adapts light to excite the sensation of vision. (12.) Its presence is necessary in numerous processes which affect the economy of minerals, vegetables, and animals. IV. SECRETION.-Secretion signifies the process of separating from the blood certain materials, such as bile, saliva, etc., which differ from it, or any of its constituents, in character and composition. A distinction is drawn between secretions, which subserve some ulterior purpose in the economy, and excretions, which consist of substances withdrawn from the circulation, and ejected from the body in order to maintain the purity and nutritive properties of the blood. The limited scope of this work will not permit of a description of the structure of the organs by whose agency these processes are carried on, or of any other than a brief account of the more important secretions. 1. The Liver.-The liver secretes bile, which is composed of a considerable quantity of fatty and ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 177 large quantity of water, and sometimes a small amount of nitrogen. Under the excrementitious or injurious matters may be included the urine; the water and carbonic acid from the lungs; the sweat; the menstrual discharge; the secretions of the mucous membranes; the hair, cuticle, and nails; a small portion of bile, milk, and semen. The latter two serve no ulterior purpose in the system producing them; and yet they contain no injurious matters, as the other excretions do. Amongst the true secretions may be mentioned those essential to digestion, as saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, etc.; tears from the lachrymal gland; the water which the kidneys withdraw to wash away the saline excretions of the urine; mucous and various other fluids which lubricate and protect the parts secreting them. III.-ORGANS OF THE SENSES. The senses are five in number, namely, touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. By the senses is meant those faculties which enable us to take cognizance of certain bodily conditions, such as the feeling of hunger or of anxiety; and of the general or the special properties of external objects, such as their colour, weight, odour, etc. The instruments employed in these offices are the skin, tongue, mouth, etc.; the nose, ear, and eye. Each of these organs is furnished with special nerves, along which the impression produced on them by external objects is con ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 183 matter in sonorous bodies; these vibrations are directed along the auditory canal, until they impinge against the tympanic membrane, or drum of the ear, which, being elastic, acquires a tremulous motion; this motion is transmitted by the small bones in the internal ear to the fluid in the labyrinth; and, lastly, the expansion of the auditory nerve receives the impression thus applied, and conducts it to the brain, where a perception of sound ensues. IV. THE EYE.-The globe of the eye, and its appendages, the eyelids, the lachrymal apparatus, bloodvessels, nerves, muscles, and other structures, are lodged in the orbit, and constitute the organs of vision. 1. The eyeball, or globe of the eye, is composed of membranes and humours. (1.) The membranes of the eye are placed one within the other; they are the conjunctiva, the sclerotica, the cornea, the choroid, the retina, the iris, and other tissues which need not be named. a. The conjunctiva lines the borders and the inner surface of the eyelids, and is thence reflected on to the globe, whose anterior third it covers. b. The sclerotica is the exterior proper envelope of the globe, immediately underneath the conjunctiva. It is a stout, fibrous, resisting membrane, well fitted to protect the important structures below, and to serve as the medium of attachment to the muscles which move the eye. It is convex externally, concave internally; pierced behind by a hole, through which the optic nerve passes, and bevelled at its edges in 184 HOM(EOPATHY. front to receive the cornea as a watch does its glass. c. The cornea is the horny, transparent, convex, and bulging substance forming the anterior fifth of the eyeball, through which the rays of light pass. d. The choroid, lying between the sclerotica and the retina, is composed of small arteries and veins, united by areolar tissue. e. The retina is the soft, pulpy, net-like membrane, placed between the choroid and the vitreous humour, consisting chiefly of an expansion of the optic nerve, which receives and transmits the impression produced by the impingement of light. f. The iris is the circular, muscular, differently coloured curtain surrounding the pupil of the eye, which diminishes or enlarges that aperture, according to the quantity or the intensity of light admitted to the retina beyond. It is hung in a vertical direction between the cornea and the crystalline lens, dividing this space into two unequal compartments, the anterior and the posterior chambers, which communicate through the pupil. g. Each of the humours is enclosed or invested by a membrane peculiar to itself. (2.) The humours are, the aqueous, the lens, and the vitreous. a. The aqueous humour is composed, not simply of water, as its name implies, but of albumen mixed with water; it occupies the anterior chamber, which lies between the cornea and the iris, and also the posterior and smaller chamber, between the iris and the lens. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 185 b. The crystalline humour, or lens, is the white, transparent, firm, double-convex body, lamellated and dense in the middle, softer at the circumference, and enclosed in a membranous capsule, which is situated at the point of junction of the anterior third, with the two posterior thirds of the eyeball, behind the iris, and embedded in a depression on the front aspect of the vitreous humour. By means of its highly refractive power, it causes the rays of light to converge to a point on the retina, where a perfect image of the external object is formed. The lens is the seat of cataract; its transparency is then impaired, and the rays of light are, in consequence, not transmitted to the retina. c. The vitreous, or glass-like humour, occupies the posterior third of the interior of the eyeball, behind the lens, and is surrounded by a fine, delicate membrane. 2. Of the ocular appendages, those only merit a brief notice in this place which have a protective office. They are the eyelids and the lachrymal gland. (1.) The eyelids are composed of skin, hair, muscle, and mucous membrane; they protect the eyeball from outward violence, and the retina from the evil effects of exposure to an intense and brilliant light. The eye has been poetically christened "the window of the mind;" the eyelids are its shutters. (2.) The lachrymal gland secretes tears -the limpid, inodorous, saltish liquid, which washes the front of the eye and the inside of the eyelids; removes dust, or minute particles of other foreign substances; 186 HOM(EOPATHY. moistens the cornea, and prevents its becoming dry and opaque; hinders the adherence of the eyelids to the eyes; facilitates the movements of the lids on the ball; and, lastly, obviates the effects of friction. Such, then, is a succinct account of the visual apparatus; its function, vision; its stimulus, light. First. Vision is the faculty of seeing, or the perception of external objects, as regards their colour, position, form, size, etc., derived from an impression made by them, or, more correctly, by the light reflected from, or transmitted by them, on the organs of this special sense. A knowledge of their correct forms, true characters, and real distances, cannot, however, be derived from this source; but, in man, the sense of touch materially aids in its acquisition. Second. Two theories as to the nature of light have been broached; the corpuscular of Newton, and the undulatory of Young, the latter of which is the one more generally accepted. According to it, a very subtle and imponderable fluid, or ether, pervades the whole universe, and is thrown into undulations or waves by luminous bodies; this motion is propagated from one particle to another, by which means light is conveyed through the atmosphere, after much the same manner as sound, only at a far greater velocity. The sources of light are the sun, the fixed planets, combustion, electricity, phosphorescents, some processes of crystallization, mechanical friction, etc. Light is essentially necessary to animal and vegetable existence; because, by its influence carbonic acid, a deadly poison, becomes decomposed into carbon and ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 187 oxygen, the former of which contributes to the increment of plants; the latter, to the processes of vitality in animals. V. THE NosE.- The nose is the prominent, pyramidal-shaped part of the face, composed of skin, cartilages, bones, etc., and consisting of two symmetrical cavities, or nostrils, which open in front on the face, and behind in the mouth. Numerous cells, cavities, ducts, and holes open into, or lead from it. The internal surface of the nose is covered by a fine velvety tissue, called the pituitary membrane, whose superficies is equal to several square feet; but it occupies only a small space, owing to its abundant involutions. The nerves of smell-in numerical order the first, and by special name, the olfactory-after issuing from the brain, and piercing the sieve-like plate of the ethmoid bone in the roof of the nose, spread out in numerous filamentous branches upon this membrane. Their upper portion is the most sensitive to the impressions of odours; and hence the air, laden with odoriferous particles, is quickly and forcibly snuffed up. They secrete the nasal mucus, which protects the sensitive nerve; diminish the too strong impressions of pungent effluvia; and are, in other ways, essential to perfect olfaction, for, if they do not always possess the same physical characters, the sense of smell is either impaired or lost. The nose is furnished with hairs, to impede the passage of foreign substances, held in suspension by the air, into the windpipe and the lungs. The functions of the nose are-to intonate the 188 HOM(EOPATHY. voice in speaking; to permit of inspiration and expiration, independently of the mouth; to add grace and beauty to the facial contour and expression; to act as the drain for the tears that have swept the eyes; and to constitute part of the apparatus engaged in the sense of smell. Smell, then, may be regarded as the faculty of perceiving certain qualities of bodies, by means of impressions made on the olfactory nerves, which are the essential instruments. This power is stimulated to action by odours, which are extremely tenuous particles of matter evolved from almost every body, and floating in the atmosphere. They act most powerfully when in the gaseous state; or when volatile vapour is given off from a substance naturally fluid. Some solids, as musk, yield a tenacious and persistent fragrance, without suffering any appreciable diminution of bulk or loss of weight; in which case it is presumable that the effluvia is owing less to the substance itself, than to a rare vapour resulting from its action on the constituents of the atmosphere. Be this as it may, the air is the common vehicle of all odours, and by its means they are drawn into the nose and impress the olfactory nerves with their characteristic qualities. 192 DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. Canthus. The part at the inner angle of the eye, next to the nose. Carcinoma. Cancer. Cardialgia. A violent sensation of heat in the stomach, and rising into the gullet. Carditis. Inflammation of the heart. Caries. Death of bone-structure. Cartilage. Gristle. Catamenia. The monthly courses of the female. Cataract. Opacity of the lens or of its capsule, which interferes with the transmission of the rays of light, and thereby causes partial or total blindness. Catarrh. A cold or disease characterised by the symptoms of fever, and by a copious mucous secretion from the nose, throat, and air-passages. Catarrhal ophthalmia. An inflammation of the first covering of the eyeball, produced by or associated with cold. Cavity. A hollow in the body for the reception of some part. Cellular. Consisting of cells. Cellular tissue. (See Areolar tissue.) Cephalalgia. Headache. Cephalic. Belonging to the head. Cerebellum. The little brain. Cerebral. Pertaining to the brain. Cervical. Belonging to the neck. Characteristics. The features or marks which serve to distinguish one thing from another. Charlatan. A talking, vain, empty boaster, who arrogates to himself the possession of more skill than he commands. Chlorosis. A disease of the female, recognised by full or greenish complexion, debility, palpitation, etc. Chorea. St. Vitus's dance. Chronic. Disease of slowv progress and long duration. Chyle. The milk-like fluid absorbed by the lacteal vessels. Chyme. The food after the stomach has acted on it. Cicatrix. The white, hard elevation of skin which is left after the healing of a wound. Circulation. The act of moving in a course, so that the moving body returns to the part which it left; as the circulation of the blood. Circumscribed. To be enclosed within a certain boundary or limit. Clonic spasm. The alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles in regular order and quick succession; as in falling sickness. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 193 Coagulum, pl. Coagula. A clot of blood. Ceecum. A portion of the small intestines. Colic. Gripes, or violent pain in the bowels. Collapse. Sinking of the vital powers. Colliquative. Profuse and morbid discharge of the animal fluids. Coma. Sleepiness. Comatose. Disposed to sleep in consequence of some disease. Combustion. The union of a combustible body with a supporter of combustion. Compress. A piece of linen folded in several layers, used to cover dressings, or to stanch bleeding, with the aid of bandages. Concussion. The shock produced by two bodies coming into violent collision. Congenital. That which belongs to a person from his birth. Congestion. A preternatural accumulation of blood in any part. Conjunctiva. The most superficial covering of the eye. Constipation. Defective excretion from the intestines, whilst the excrement is hardened and fills the bowel. Contagion. The communication of a disease by contact, through the instrumentality of matter emanating from a diseased person and received by a healthy one. Convalescence. The process of gradual and imperceptible recovery of health and strength after illness. Cornea. The transparent, bulging, watch-glass like front of the eye. Corporeal. Material, as opposed to spiritual; as the corporeal frame. Corrosive. Substances which gradually wear away the particles of matter, whether organic or inorganic, to which they are applied. Cortical. Belonging to the outer covering; as the cortical part of the brain. Coryza. Cold in the head. Coxalgia. Pain in the hip-joint. Cranium. The skull. Crepitation. The crackling sound produced by moving the ends of broken bones; by pressing the areolar tissue filled with air, and by the passage of air through fluids. Crisis. That important phenomenon of a disease characterized generally by some evacuation, by which the safety or the danger of the patient may be judged of. Cutaneous. Belonging to the skin; as a cutaneous disease. Cystitis. Inflammation of the bladder. 0 194 DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. Debility. General weakness of the body. Deciduous. Literally, falling; a term applied to the temporary teeth of childhood. Defecation. The act of passing stools. Deglutition. The act of swallowing. Delirium. Disordered state of the intellect, in which ideas are at variance with truth and reality. Dentition. The process of cutting teeth in infancy. Depletion. The act of lessening the quantity of blood in the vessels by the operation of bloodletting. Depurating. Freeing from impurities. Dermis. The true, as distinguished from the scarf, skin. Desquamation. Separation of the cuticle in small scales. Development. The changes which an organized body undergoes from its beginning to its maturity. Diagnosis. The art of distinguishing one disease from another. Diaphragm. The muscle which divides the chest from the belly. Diarrhoea. Looseness of the bowels. Diathesis. Habit of body. Digestion. The operation of receiving and preparing food to fit it to nourish the body. Dilution. The act of rendering more liquid; or the degree of subdivision of particles of a medicinal body. Disinfectants. Substances which purify from infectious matters. Dissection. The operation of separating the constituent parts of an organized body, in order to examine their structure and uses. Dorsal region. In the region of the back. Duodenum. The twelve-inch or first portion of the bowel. Dura mater. The outermost investment of the brain. Dynamic. Pertaining to power or force. Dysentery. Bloody flux. Dyspepsia. Indigestion. Dyspncea. Difficulty of breathing. Dysury. Difficulty in voiding the urine. Effluvium, pl. Effluvia. The exhalation from bodies. Elaboration. The perfected condition, after successive operations of improvement. Elastic. The property of matter by which, on the removal of pressure, a body regains the original condition which that pressure disturbed. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 195 Emaciation. The condition of being reduced in flesh. Emanation. That which issues from any body; effluvium, etc. Emetic. A medicine which excites vomiting. Encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain and of its membranes. Endemic. A disease limited to a certain country or district, and therefore originating from local causes. Enema. A glyster. Ephemeral. Existing for a day. Epidemic. Diseases, as influenza, etc., which attack many people at the same time, in the same place, and, after having raged for a certain period, disappear. Epigastrium. The region of the upper and front part of the belly. Epilepsy. Falling sickness. Epistaxis. Bleeding from the nose. Eructations. Belchings of wind from the stomach. Erysipelas. St. Anthony's fire. Evacuation. Discharges by the bowels, bladder, or by other natural outlets. Exacerbation. The periodical increase of such fevers as remit in severity but do not altogether cease. Exanthema. An eruptive disease attended with fever. Excretion. A separation, by means of glands, of some matter from the blood, which is directly voided from the body as either useless or injurious. Exhalation. That which is emitted in the form of vapour, either visible or invisible. Exhaustion. Deprivation of strength. Exhilaration. A condition of cheerful spirits. Expectoration. The act of discharging phlegm, or other secretion, from the lungs. Expulsion. The act of driving, or the state of being driven out or expelled. Fcces. Excrement. Farina. The gluten, starch, and mucilage, constituting the flour or meal which is left after the grinding and sifting of wheat and other seeds. Fauces. The throat. Febrile. Belonging to fever. Femur. The thigh-bone. Fetor. Stench. Fibrin. One of the proximate principles which exist in both animals and vegetables. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 197 Hydropathy. A mode of treating diseases by the copious internal and external use of pure cold water. Hygiene. That department of medicine which treats of the preservation of health and of the means to be employed. Hypogastrium. The middle portion of the lower region of the belly. Hypochondria. The sides of the belly under the false ribs, and on each side of the epigastrium. Hypochondriasis, adj. Hypochondriacal. A. disease characterized by derangement of the digestive apparatus, and by sensibility and perversion of the nervous functions. Hysteria. A disease recognised by convulsive struggling, sense of suffocation, rumbling in the belly, etc. Homceopathy. That method of treating diseases by the administration of a medicine which is capable of producing in healthy individuals symptoms similar to those of the disease which it is given to cure. Hordeolum. Stye. Ichor. A thin, watery running from ulcers and wounds. Icterus. Jaundice. Idiopathic. Indicative of an original disease. Idiosyncrasy. Individual peculiarity. Ilium. The haunch-bone. Incarcerate. To confine. Incubus. The nightmare. Indication. A symptom of disease by which the selection of a suitable remedy is governed. Infection. The communication of disease by effluvia in the air. Infiltration. The entering of a fluid through the interstices of a body. Infinitesimal. An indefinitely small quantity of matter. Ingesta. The food taken into the stomach. Insanity. Derangement of intellect. Inspiration. The act of drawing air into the lungs. Inspissated. Rendered thicker by subtraction of liquid. Integument. The natural covering of any part of the body. Iris. The moveable curtain within the eye which widens or narrows the pupil to admit or to exclude the rays oi light. Irritability. That property of muscular fibre by which it is capable of alternately contracting and relaxing on the application of a stimulus without conscious action. 198 DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. Ischium. The bone on which we sit. Ischuria. Suppression of urine. Lachrymation. The act of shedding tears. Lactation. The act of giving suck. Laryngeal. Belonging to the larynx. Laryngitis. Inflammation of the larynx. Larynx. The upper part of the windpipe. Latent. Hidden or concealed. Lesion. An injury. Lesion, organic. Structural injury. Leuco-phlegmatic. A dropsical condition of the body attended with pale, bloated skin. LeucorrhAca. The whites. Ligament. A strong tendinous substance which connects one bone to another. Lobe. A division of the lungs, liver, brain, etc. Lochea. The discharge from the womb after labour. Lotion. An external application or wash. Lumbago. A rheumatic affection of-the muscles of the loins. Lumbar. Belonging to the loins. Lumbricus. The round or earth-worm. Lunatic. An insane person, whose derangement is supposed to be influenced by the change of the moon. Luxation. Dislocating a joint from its proper place. Lymphatics. The vessels which carry lymph. Mamma. The breast. Mania. Madness. Marasmus. A wasting of the body without any apparent cause; often, however, depending on disease of the mesenteric glands. Materia medica. That branch of medicine which investigates the nature and action of substances possessed of curative properties. Medicine. A substance that is given to cure or to relieve disease. Meibomian glands. Small glands on the edges of the eye-lids. Melancholy. Deranged mind. Membrane. A thin, white network of fibres, which serves as a covering or investment. Menorrhagia. Immoderate menstrual discharge. Menstrual flux. The monthly discharge. Menstruation. The function of the monthly discharge of females. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 199 Metastasis. The translation of disease from one part to another. Miasm. The fine, noxious particles of putrefying bodies which float in the air. Micturition. The act of passing water. Morbus coxarius. Hip-joint disease. Mother tinctures. The concentrated solution of a medicinal substance. Mucilage. One of the proximate principles of vegetables, or a solution of gum in water. Mucous membrane. The lining of cavities which open externally Mucus. The secretion of the mucous membrane. Narcotic. A substance which produces sleep and stupor. Nasal. Pertaining to the nose. Nasal cartilage. The cartilage of the nose. Nates. The buttocks. Nausea. Sickness at the stomach, attended with disposition to vomit. Nephritis. Inflammation of the kidney. Neuralgia. Pain in a nerve. Neuralgiafacialis. Faceache in a nerve. Nodosities. Knot-like swellings. Notalgia. Pain in the loins. Obesity. Preternatural deposition of fat. Occipital. Belonging to the back part of the head. Occiput. The back part of the head. Odontalgia. Toothache. (Edema. Dropsical swelling. Olfaction. The act of smelling. Omentum. Folds of peritonmum lying in front of the bowels. Ophthalmia. Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Orchitis. Inflammation of the testicle. Ossification. The process of conversion into bone. Os uteri. The mouth of the womb. Otalgia. Earache. Otitis. Inflammation of the ear. Otorrhsca. Discharge from the ear. Ozana. Ulcer in the nose. Palpitation. A preternatural beating of the heart. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 201 Prcacordial. Relating to front region of the chest. Prehension. The act of grasping. Predisposition. Prior adaptation to any impression or change. Pregnancy. Child-bearing. Prognosis. The foretelling the progress and termination of a disease. Prolapsus ani. Protrusion of the rectum. Prolific. Productive. Prophylactic. Preventive. Proving. As applied in homoeopathy, taking a medicine when in health for the purpose of proving or ascertaining what symptoms it produces. Proximate principles. Distinct compounds, such as albumen, fibrin, etc., which exist in the blood ready made. Prurigo. Itching of the skin. Puerperal. Belonging to child-birth. Pulmonary. Belonging to the lungs. Puriform. Like pus. Purulent. Consisting of pus. Pus. Matter. Pustule. An elevation of the epidermis containing matter. Pylorus. The lower orifice of the stomach towards the right side. Pyrosis. Waterbrash. Quinsy. Inflammatory sore throat. Rabies. Madness; applied generally to hydrophobia in animals. Rachitis. Rickets. Ranula. A small tumour under the tongue. Reaction. A vital phenomenon arising from the application of some influence. Rectum. The lowest portion of the large intestine. Remittent. Applied to fevers, characterized by remissions, and by subsequent exacerbations. Repercussed. Driving back. Respiration. The process of breathing. Retina. The expansion of the optic nerve, on which the rays of light impinge. Bhonchus. A wheezing or rattling sound. DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL TERMS. 203 Spasm. A sudden, violent, and temporary contraction of muscular fibre. Specific. A medicine which exerts its action in a uniform manner, on one organ, and in one disease more than in others. Splenitis. Inflammation of the spleen. Sporadic. A term applied to those diseases which occur in single and isolated instances. Sputum. The matter ejected from the lungs. Sternum. The breast-bone. Stethoscope. The cylindrical instrument for conducting sounds from the surface of any cavity to the ear of the listener. Strabismus. Squinting. Strangury. Painful dropping of urine. Stricture. Diminution of the calibre of a tube. Stye. An inflamed tumour on the edge of the eyelid. Submaxillary. Under the jaw. Submaxillary glands. The salivary glands under the lower jaw. Suppuration. The process of producing matter. Suspended animation. Apparent death. Symmetrical. Proportioned as to dimensions. Synovia. The fluid which lubricates joints. Synovial membrane. The membrane which covers the joint ends of bones, and which secretes synovia. Symptom. A certain apparent change in the structure or the function of the body, concurrent with, and indicative of, disease. Symptomatic. That which arises from some already existing disorder. Symptomatology. The doctrine of symptoms. Syncope. Fainting. Synocha. A simple continued inflammatory fever. Tabes mesenterica. Wasting of the body in consequence of scrofulous disease of the mesenteric glands. Tartar. The concretion on the teeth. Tendon. The white, shining cord which attaches a muscle to bone. Tenesmus. Straining. Tetanus. A disease characterized by rigidity and spasm of the voluntary muscles. Thorax. The cavity of the chest. LIST OF HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTITIONERS. 207 Islington-DR. DAVISON, 112, Upper Street. Pentonville-DE. VIETTINGHOFF, 10, Chadwell Street, Myddelton Square. Stoke Newington-DE. KENNY, 8, High Street. NORTH-EASTERN DISTRICT. Clapton-DE. METCALFE, 1, Portland Place. EASTERN DISTRICT. Commercial Road-DR. MCCONNELL REED, 10, Colet Place. NORTH-WESTERN DISTRICT. 45, Camden Road-MR. BucK.I 101, Camden Road-DR. NEATBY. 15, Euston Square-MR. ENGALL. Hampstead-DR. NEATBY, 29, Thurlow Road. Hampstead-MR. D. HANDS, 5, New Finchley Road. Regent's Park-DR. WIELOBYCKI, 4, Eaton Villas, Acacia Road. St. John's Wood--D. WILKINSON, 4, Finchley Road. St. John's Wood-DR. PATTISoN, 10, Cavendish Road. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Brixton-MR. CUTMORE, 30, Upper Brixton Place. Brixton-DE. CRONIN, Claremont House. Brixton-DR. HASTINGS, Liverpool Lodge. Camberwell-MR. REYNOLDS, Lower Denmark Hill. Camberwell-ME. LONGMORE, 61, New Church Road. Clapham Common-DE. EUGENE CRONIN, Old Manor House. Upper Norwood-DR. ANDERSON, 4, Sandloft Villas, Palace Road. Upper Norwood-DE. CROUCnHE, Wilton House, Palace Road. 53, Stamford Street-MR. VARDY. Southwark-ME. RAY, 35, West Square. LIST OF HOMOEOPATHIC PRACTITIONERS. 209 WESTERN DISTRICT. 15, Old Bond Street-DR. HARMER. Grosvenor Square-DR. WILSON, 22, Brook Street. 22, Cavendish Square-DR. CHEPMELL. Berkeley Square-MR. SCHEIBLER, 42, Davies Street. Portland Place-DR. G. N. ErPP, 20, Devonshire Street. Hanover Square-DR. VAUGHAN HUGHES, 5, George Street. Hanover Square-DR. KIDD, 17, George Street. Portman Square-DR. HERING, 3, Gloucester Street. Bond Street-DR. HAMILTON, 22, Grafton Street. Hyde Park-DR. WYLD, 12, Great Cumberland Street. 50, Grosvenor Street-MR. ROBINSON. Hammersmith-MR. HANDS, 23, The Grove. Cavendish Square-DR. DRURY, 7, Harley Street. Cavendish Square-DR. E. PHILLIPS, 40, Harley Street. May Fair-DR. W. BELL, 18, Hertford Street. May Fair-MR. H. CAMERON, 43, Hertford Street. Cavendish Square-MR. AYERST, 20, Holles Street. Bayswater-Dr. BLUNDELL, 20, Inverness Road. Kensington-DR. WATSON, 2, Holland Terrace. Hyde Park Gardens-DR. C. D. F. PHILLIPS, 107, Lancaster Gate. 21, Langham Place-DR. A. DE NOr WALKER. Hanover Square-MR. PEARCE, 41, Maddox Street. 53, Montague Square-DR. DUDGEON. Grosvenor Square-DR. QUIN, 111, Mount Street. Notting Hill-DR. LAURIE, 6, Boyne Terrace. 15, Old Bond Street-DR. HARMER. 16A, Old Cavendish Street-DR. ROTH. Cavendish Square-DR. MAOEECHNIE, 16, Princes Street. May Fair-DR. G. F. CAMERON, 11, Portugal Street. 304, Regent Street-DR. A. O. JONES. Southall-MR. SIMMONS, The Green. Portman Square-MR. HENRIQUES, 67, Upper Berkeley Street. P 210 LIST OF HOMOEOPATHIC PRACTITIONEERS. 26, Welbeck Street-DR. PATTISON. Westbourne Grove-DR. DAVIsoN, 9, Garway Road. Cavendish Square-DR. WILKINSON, 76, Wimpole Street. Cavendish Square--M. COBBE, 81, Wimpole Street. 1, Leinster Square-DR. MARKWICK. Bishop's Road--M. WATTS, 7, Westbourne Place. Hyde Park-DR. MADDEN, 16, Westbourne Street. Portman Square-DE. LEADAM, 1, York Place. Portman Square-DR. PARTRIDGE, 2, York Place. WEST CENTRAL DISTRICT. Bedford Square-Mr. R. EPPs, 22, Charlotte Street. 8, Great Ormond Street-DE. DIXON. Great Ormond Street-MR. STEPRENS, Homceopathic Hospital. 89, Great Russell Street-DR. J. EPPs. Gordon Square-DR. YELDHAM, 10, Taviton Street. PROVINCIAL LIST. ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE (LANCASHIRE). MR. CHARLES THOMPSON. BANBURY (OxoN). Mn. SAMUEL EADoN. BARNSLEY (YoRxs., W.R.). DR. A~NDEEW ROWAN. 212 LIST OF HOMCEOPATH'IO FRICTITIONERS. BOWNESS (WESTMORELAND). MR. SPENCER HALL. BRADFORD (Yomcs., W.R.). DR. BRADY. DR. EVANS. BRIGHTON. DR. ACWORTH. DR. HANSON. DR~. HILBERS. DR. HUGHRES. DR. HUTCHINSON. DR. MASSY. DR. ROTH. DR. WOODGATES. BRISTOL. DR. BLACK, Clifton. DR. SHEPHERD, Clifton. MR. WOLSTON, Clifton. MR. MILLARD, Bristol. MR. PRITCHARD, Bristol. BROMLEY. DR. A. 0. JONES. BUXTON (DERBYSHIREa). DR. DALEELL. CAMBRIDGE. DR. BuBB. CANTERBURY. DR. TucHKEY. LIST OF HI C [EMCEOPAT-HIO PRACTITIONER'S. 213 ARDIFF (GLAMORGAN). LTENHAM (GLOUCESTER). DRI. LUTRE DR. GUINN DR. GWILL DR. KER. DR. NORTO Mr. TxiomA DR. CRAIG. DR. HENR~ DR. MARS~E DR. DUNN. DR. STEWA DR. W. F. DR. BLYTI DR. SORIY: DR. WALT R. CHE Ess. ig. N. ~S. CHESTER, CRAMLINGTON (NORTHUMBERLAND). CROYDON. DEVIZES (WILTS). ON. DONCASTER (YORKS.). DUNDEE (SCOTLAND)..RT. DUN~STABLE (BEDS.). LAURIE. DUBLIN (IRELAND). EN. RR. 214 LIST oF, 1OM~EOJATHIC JRA.CTITIONERS. EDINBURGH. Dn. ALLSHORN. DR. BAiKIE. PROFESSOR HENDERSON. DR. JAMES LAWRIE. DR. Lyscaimmx. EXETER (DEvow). MER. KYNGDON. GALWAY (IRELAND). DRE. MACSWINNEY. GLASGOW (SCOTLAND). DR. J. COCKBURN. DR. S. COCKBURN. DR..TR-o-M~soN. GUERNSEY. DR. CASANOVA. DR. EDcIELOW. HARROGATE (YORKSHIRE). DR. J. H. RAmSBOTHIAM. HASTINGS (SUSSEX), includes ST. LEONARD'S. DRE. BATCHELOUR. DR. HA-LE., St. Leonard's. ME. SHiAW, St. Leonard's. HUDDERSFIELD (YoRRxs., W.R.). DR. CAMERON, DR. SCOTT. LIST OF HOMCOIOFATHIC PRACTITION~ERS. 215 HULL (YORKS., E.R.). MR. FRASER. 'DR. PYBURN. DR. WILSON. HUNSLET (LEEDS, YORKS.). MR. BOOTH. IPSWICH (SUFFOLK). DR. ROCiE. ILKLEY WELLS (YORKS.). DR. HARRISON. JERSEY. DR. GiNESTAT. KENDALL (WESTMORELAND). MR. FREEMAN. KNOWLE. MR. WALLIS. LEAMINGTON (WARWICK) DR. COLLINS. MR. HITORMAN. DR. SUTHERLAND. LEEDS (YORKS.). DR. CLARE. MR. COCKERt. DR. J. H. RAMSBOTHA.M. DR. S. H. RAMSBOTRAM. 31E. WADSWORTH. 218 L~IST OFi HOM(EOPA.TH1C PRA.CT1TIOIERS. NOTTINGHAM. DR. BRADSHAW. PENMAENMAUR (N. WALES). DR. NORTON. PENZANCE. MR. NANRuITELL. PLYMOUTH (DEVON). MEI. BATTYX. ME. BLAKE. PORTSMOUTH. ME. DENRABI. RAMSGATE. DR. ANDERaSON (during the summer months). HEADING (BEnERS). DR. RUDDOCOR. REDCAR (YomRs-). DR. J. HORNER. REDHILL (SURREY). DR. KELSALL. RICHMOND (SURREY). DR. HARMER. ROCHDALE (LANCASTER). DR. HAYLE. ROSS. DR. STRONG. LIST OF THOM(EOPATHIC PRACTITIONERS. 219 RUGBY (WARWICK). DR. SHARP. RYDE (ISLE or WIGHT). DE. LowDER. ST. CATHERINE'S HILL (NEAR GUILDFORD). DR. MALAN. SALFORD (LANCASTER). See MANCHESTER. SCARBOROUGH. DR. CRAIG. SHEFFIELD. MR. PEARSON. DR. RYAN. SHREWSBURY (SHROPSHIRE). DR. CARTWRIGHT. SOUTHAMPTON (HANTS). DR. COOPER. SOUTHPORT (LANCASHIRE). DR. HARVEY. DR. STOKES. SOUTH SHIELDS. DE. O'BRIEN. SPALDING. MR. J. MANSELL (for the present only). STOCKPORT (CHESTER). DR. ROGERSON. STOKE-UPON-TRENT (STArFORD). DR. MooRE. 220 LIST OF HOM(EOPATHIC PRACITITONERS. SUNDERLAND (DURHAM). MI. POTTS. SWINDON. DR. MARSTON (once a month). TAUNTON (SOMERSET). DR. BLAKE. TORQUAY (DEVON). MR. GILLOW. DR. MACKINTOSH. TUNBRIDGE WELLS (KENT). DR. SMART. DR. WALKER. WESTON-SUPER-MARE (SOMERSET). DR. COCHRAN. WINDSOR (BEERs). DR. HARPER. WINCHESTER (HANTS). ME. WILDE. WOLVERHAMPTON (STAFFORDSHIRE). MR. BLAKE. WOODBRIDGE (SUFFOLK). Mn. MOORE. WORCESTER. MR. MILLIN. WORTHING (SUSSEX). DR. HANSON. YORK. MR. POPE. 222 INDEX. Cerebro-spinal system, 157 Cerebrum, 156 Character of Hahnemann, 2 Charcoal, 57 Chest, cavity of, 153 exercise of, 134 Chloride of zinc, 57 Chlorine, 56 Chlorine gas, 56 Chocolate, 66 Choroid, the, 183 Chyle, 164 Chyle vessels, 165 Chylification, 164 Chyme, 163 Chymification, 162 Circulation, 165 organs of, 165 Cleanliness conducive to health, 124 of infants, 108 personal, 124 Clothes on fire, 83 Clothing of adults, 136 infants, 108 children, 116 Cocoa, 66 Coffee, 71 Cold ablution, 126 bath, 125 broth, 64 Common names of remedies, 16 Conjunctiva, the, 183 Constitution, 121 Consumptive constitution, 121 Contagion, 52 Contagious diseases, 52 Contusions, 87. Convalescent, cookery for the, 63 Cookery for sick, 63 Copper salts, poisoning by, 98 Cornea, the, 183 Corrosive sublimate, poisoning by, 98 Cotton, 40 Crystalline lens, 184 Cure, law of, 2 Curd soap, 40 Custard, 64 Cuticle, 178 Cutis vera, 178 Cuts, treatment of, 85 Death, apparent, 87 Defecation, 161 Deglutition, 161 Derangement of mind, 77 Dermis, 178 Dictionary, 189 Diet in acute diseases, 62 Diet of adults, 141 general rules for, 142 of homoeopathy, 14 of pregnant women, 102 Diet of the sick, 61 Digestion, 159 actions of, 158 Diseases of different temperaments, 120 hereditary, 122 requiring medical man, 34 Disinfectants, 54 Dissipation, 144 Division of a drop into fractional parts, 35 Domestic practice, 32 rules for, 33 Dose of homoeopathy, the, 5 Doses of medicines, 35 Dress of pregnant female, 102 Drinks for the sick, 65, 71 Drinking spirits, 143 Drop, how to, the tinctures, 35 divide, 35 Drowning, prevention of, 88 Drowned, treatment of, 89 Dry heat, 45 Drunkenness, 95 Duties of nurse and attendants, 58 Ear, the, 182 Emetic of mustard, 99 Epidermis, the, 178 Epileptic fits, 82 Excessive clothing, 137 Excrementitious matters, 177 Excretion, 175 Exercise, 131 deficient, 132 excessive, 132 active and passive, 131 rules for taking, 133 of clisst, 134 of infants, 115 of pregnant women, 104 External applications, 39 Extremities, bones of the, 154 Experiments on medicines, 2 Eye, the, 183 Eyelids, the, 185 Face, bones of, 150 Fainting fit, 81 Fig poultice, 43 Finger bandage, 74 Fire, clothes on, 83 house on, 84 Fish, poisoning by, 98 Fit of apoplexy, 82 epilepsy, 82 fainting, 81 hysterical, 79 Flannel as clothing, 136 hot, 45 ' Fluids of the body, 147 Followers of homoeopathy, 7 Fomentations and their uses, 14 Food for sick, 63 224 INDEX. Medicines, separate, 6 internal, 35 forms of, 35 doses of, 35 attenuation of, 36 administration of, 37 preservation of, 36 genuineness of, 38 Medical man, diseases requiring, 34 prefers homceopathy, 10 Melancholic temperament, 120 Mineral acids, poisoning by, 98 Motion, organs of, 147 Mother's milk, 109 substitute for, 111 Muscles, 154 Mustard emetic, 99 Mushroom poisoning, 98 Nails, the, 179 cleanliness of, 130 Names, of medicines, synonymous, 16 Narcotics, 96 Narcotic poisoning, 96 Nervous system, 156 temperament, 120 Nitrogenized foods, 165 Non-nitrogenized foods, 165 Nose, the, 187 Nurses, duties of, 59 qualifications of, 59 Oatmeal, 69 S poultice, 42 Odours, 188 Opium-eating, 143 Organs of motion, 147 digestion, 157 sense, 177 Oxalid acid, poisoning by, 98 Panada, 65 Part of a drop, how to get, 35 Patients prefer homoeopathy, 10 Personal cleanliness, 124 Perspiration, 124 Phlegmatic temperament, 120 Pharynx, 162 Physiology, 146 Pilules, 35 Plunge bath, 125 Poisoning, 96 Porter, 71 Poultices, and their uses, 42 bran, 42 bread, 42 bread and suet, 42 carrot, 43 fig, 43 oatmeal, 43 linseed meal, 43 Practice, domestic, 32 Prehension, 160 Preferableness of hommeopathy, 10 Pregnancy, management of, 100 Preparation of food for sick, 53 Preservation of health, 124 medicines, t7 Prevention of drowning, 88 infectious diseases, 53 Profuse bleeding, 86 Qualification of sick-nurses, 59 Ready method of Marshall Hall, 91 Remedies of homceopathy, 16 Respiration, 170 uses of, 171 Rete mucosum, 178 Retina, the, 184 Rhus and its uses, 41 Ribs, the, 152 Rice, 68 Roller, the, 71 for hand, 72 arm, 72 foot, 73 leg, 73 knee, 73 Room, sick, 47 Sago, 70 Saliva, 161 Salt bags, 45 Sanguine temperament, 119 Scalds, 82 Scarf-skin, 178 Sclerotica, 183 Sea bathing, 126 Sebaceous glands, 179 Secretion, 175 Secretions, true, 177 Senses, the, 177 Shower bath, 125 Sick, attendants on the, 57 diet of the, 61 Sick-nurses, 59 duties of, 59 Sick-room, 47 furniture of, 48 temperature of, 50 ventilation of, 51 Skeleton, bones of the, 154 Sin, the, 178 Skull, bones of the, 149 Sleep, 134 of infants, 112 Sling for arm, 75 Smell, 188 Soda-water, 71 Solids of the body, 147 -Sound, 182 Spinal cord, 157 nerves, 158 Spongio-piline, 44 Spoon food, 112 Sprains, 87 Sternum, 153 INDEX. 225 Stomach, 162 Strains, 87 Success of homceopathy, 8 Sudoriferous glands, 179 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 95 Suspended animation, 87 Sweat glands, 179 Sympathetic system, 159 Synonyms of remedies, 16 Tapioca, 70 Taste, 182 Teeth, the, 157 cleanliness of, 130 Temperaments, 119 Temperature of sick-room, 50 Tests for homoeopathy, 13 Thorax, cavity of, 153 Tight-lacing, evils of, 104 Tinctures, 35 Tobacco, use of, 143 Tongue, the, 181 Trachea, 170 Trituration, 35 Trunk, bones of the, 152 Turnips, 69 *Urine, the, 176 Veins, the, 165 Ventilation, 139 of the sick-room, 51 Ventilators, 140 Vertebrae, 152 Vital organs, 159 Vitreous humour, 184 Vision, 186 Voluntary muscles, 155 Warm bath, 128 Warm clothing, 137 Washing, daily, 125 infants, 106 Wash for hair, 130 Water, 71 Weaning, 114 Whey, to make, 65 Why homoeopathy preferred by medical man, 10 Why, by patient, 12 Wine, 71 Windpipe, 170 Wounds, 85 THE END. 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"4We have now before us the result of Dr. Hempel's incessant labours, in the shape of a portly volume of.upwards of 1200 pages, for which he deserves the best thanks of the Homoeopathic body at large. This volume will be a great acquisition to all the practitioners of our art, as it will facilitate very much their search for the appropriate remedy. We have already made extensive use of it. Thanking Dr. Hempel most heartily for his ' Repertory,' we commend it confidentially to our English colleagues. It will be found useful by all; and it will, in many cases, guide the practitioner to the ready discovery of an appropriate remedy when all the other works hitherto published in our language would leave him in the lurch."British Journal of Homopathy. HEMPEL (DR. C. J.) ECLECTICISM IN MEDICINE; or, a Critical Review of the Leading Medical Doctrines. An inaugural thesis presented at the New York University, in March, 18415, by Dr. C. J. HEMPEL. Sewed, Is. 6d. HEMPEL (Di. C. J.) 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"In our opinion the best of all domestic guides."British Journal of Homceopathy. HILL AND HUNT'S HOM(EOPATHIC PRACTICE OF Surgery, together with Operative Surgery. Illustrated by 240 Engravings. Bound in sheep, 17s. HILL (DR. B. L.) EPITOME OF THE HOMUEOPATHIC Healing Art. Cloth, 2s. HIRSCHEL'S RULES AND EXAMPLES FOR THE Study of Pharmacodynamics. Translated by THOMAS HAYLE. Cloth, 5s. HITCHMAN (DR. WM.) CONSUMPTION, ITS NAture, Prevention, and Homceopathic Treatment, with illustrations of Homceopathic practice. Cloth, 3s. " This Treatise is the most complete work on the subject of Consumption that has ever been issued by the Homceopathic press. It shows most conclusively that Consumption may be cured by Homoeopathic remedies if the treatment is not delayed too long. The nature and course of this serious disorder are very lucidly explained, and the Homoeopathic treatment is illustrated by a number of interesting cases. No physician, after studying this volume, can be at a loss how to treat Consumption successfully, if the LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. "Here is a manoccupying a most distinguished position as an allopathicphysician, who, after investigating principles, brings them to the test of practice, and then, being convinced of their truth, at once heartily adopts them."*Manchester Weekly Advertiser. HORNER (DE. JONAH) ON HEALTH; what preserves, what destroys, and what restores it. Limp cloth,, Is. 6d. HOUSEHOLD HOM(EOPATHIST; or, MOTHER'S. Guide to Practice. Cloth, is. 6d. HUFELAND'S EUCHIRIDION MEDICUM, or THE, Practice of Medicine. The result of fifty years' experience of the Physician in ordinary to the late King of Prussia, and Professor in the University of Berlin. Second American Edition. Translated from the Sixth German Edition by Dr. BRUCHHAUJSEN. Cloth, 12s. 6d. HUGHES (RD., M.R.C.S.) ON THE PRESENT STATE of the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System (1861). Sewed, Is. HULL'S JAHR; A NEW MANUAL OF HOM(EOPAthic Practice. Edited with Annotations by F. G. SNELLING, M.D., from the last Paris Edition. Fourth Edition. 2 vols., 35s. HUMPHREY'S (PorF. Dn. F.) CHOLERA AND ITS Homceopathic Treatment. Cloth, 2s. HUMPHREY'S (DR.) DYSENTERY, AND ITS HOM(EOpathic Treatment. Containing also a Repertory and * numerous Cases. Cloth, 2s. 6d. IRISH COLLEGES versus MEDICAL PROGRESS. Sewed, 3d. 16 HENRY TURNER AND CO.S JAHR (DE. G. H. G.) DISEASES OF THE SKIN; or, Alphabetical Repertory of the Skin symptoms and external alterations of Substance; together with the morbid Phenomena observed in the Glandular, Osseous, Mucous, and Circulatory symptoms, arranged with Pathological remarks on the diseases of the skin. Edited by C. J. HEMPEL, M.D. Bound, 5s. JAHR (DE. G. H. G.) THE HOM(EOPATHIC TREATment of Diseases of Females and Infants at the Breast. Translated from the French by C. J. HEMPEL, M.D. Bound, 10s. 6d. JAHR ON MENTAL DISEASES. Translated by Dr. GALLowAY. Cloth, 10s., reduced to 3s. JAHR'S NEW MANUAL OF THE HOM(EOPATHIC Materia Medica, with Possart's Additions. Arranged with reference to well-authenticated observations at the sick-bed, and accompanied by an alphabetical Repertory, to facilitate and secure the selection of a suitable remedy in any given case. Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged by the Author. SYMPTOMATOLOGY and REPERTORY. Translated and edited by C. J. HEMPEL, M.D. Bound, 17s. 6d. This work is a condensation of the Symptomen Codex, which will supply the wants of a great class of readers better than the largest work. The Repertory, as one of the best and most faithful of its kind, is exceedingly useful to the cultivated layman and junior practitioners, and far from useless even to the most experienced. To medical students it will prove a capital handbook, being a complete SYMPTOMATOLOGY and REPERTORY in one volume. JAHR'S NEW MANUAL OR SYMPTOMEN CODEX. Translated, with important and extensive additions from various sources, by Dr. C. J. HEMPEL,. assisted by Dr. 20 HENRY TURNER AND CO./S MOORE (Mit. JAS., V.S.) OUTLINES OF VETERINARY Homoeopathy. Comprising Horse, Cow, Dog, Sheep, and Hog Diseases, and their Homceopathic Treatment. Third Edition, revised and enlarged by the Author, with Additions. Cloth, 5s. "Eminently plain, practical, and useful."-Liverpool Mercury. " A concise and popular treatise, almost wholly divested of technical terms; such a book as no one with ordinary capacity can misunderstand."-Irish Farmer's Gazette. " In this work the various diseases of the horse, cow, sheep, pig, and dog, are succinctly yet clearly set forth; the homceopathic remedies for each of which are plainly prescribed."-Farmer's Herald. " By purchasing and keeping this work by him, together with a small collection of the medicines, any farmer may be his own cattle doctor to a very great extent, and often by the timely application of a simple antidote to disease, save the lives of much valuable stock."-Thorley's Agricultural Gleaner. " The publication of a third edition of the ' Outlines ' is a proof of its merits, and we would here draw to it the attention of all who have to do with horses, as we are convinced that by the aid of Mr. Moore's guide they will be more successful in the diseases of these valuable animals than if they confided them to the care of the ordinary horse doctor, whose treatment is generally as unsuccessful as it is barbarous and inhuman."-British Journal of Hommeopathy. " Mr. Moore's 'Outlines' are prepared with great judgment and care, and, in the hands of a farmer of ordinary intelligence, the work will be a treasure."Monthly Hommoopathic Review. "We have no hesitation in recommending this work to our readers, as a most useful and trustworthy guide to veterinary homceopathy."-Homeopathic Observer. 22 HENRY TURNER AND CO. S MURE (Dn. B.) MATERIA MEDICA; OR, PROVINGS of the principal Animal and Vegetable poisons of the Brazilian Empire; and their application to the treatment of disease. Translated and arranged according to Hahnemann's method. By DA. C. J. HEMPEL. Cloth, 5s. NEIDHARD (DR. C) CROTALUS HORRIDUS IN Yellow Fever, also in Malignant, Bilious, and Remittent Fevers. With an account of Humboldt's Prophylactic inoculation of the venom of a serpent at Havana, Cuba. Cloth, 4s. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HOM(EOPATHY. A Quarterly Magazine of Medicine and the Auxiliary Sciences, with which is incorporated " TBE UNITED STATES JOURNAL OF HOMCEOPATHY." Price 3s. 6d. Posted free to Subscribers on the arrival of the first mail after its publication in New York for 14s. per an., payable in advance. NORTON (DR. J. E.) HOM(EOPATHIC FAMILY MEDIcine. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth, 2s. 6d. NOTES ON DOMESTIC HOMIEOPATHY. Sewed, 6d. PATHOGENETIC CYCLOPIEDIA. PART I, CONTAINing symptoms of the Head, Mind, and Disposition, by Dr. Dudgeon. Cloth, 18s., or to subscribers to the New Repertory, 10s. 6d. PEARCE (DR. A. C.) DIARRH(EA AND CHOLERA. Their Homoeopathic treatment and prevention briefly described. Sewed, 6s. PEARCE (DR. A. C.) THE MEDICAL PRACTITIONER'S Bill of 1858. A brief analysis of its oppressive and unconstitutional clauses. Sewed, 3d. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 23 PETERS (DR. J. C.) A TREATISE ON HEADACHES: Including Acute, Chronic, Nervous, Gastric, Dyspeptic or Sick Headaches; also, Congestive, Rheumatic, and Periodical Headaches. Based on Th. J. Riickert's 'Clinical Experience in Homoeopathy.' Cloth, 4s. PETERS (Dn. J. C.) A TREATISE ON APOPLEXY. With an Appendix on Softening of the Brain and Paralysis. Based on Th. J. Riickert's 'Clinical Experience in Homocopathy.' Cloth, 4s. PETERS (DR. J. C.) A TREATISE ON DISEASES OF the Eyes. Based on Th. J. Riickert's 'Clinical Experience in Homecopathy.' Cloth, 4s. PETERS (Da. J. C.) A TREATISE ON INTERNAL Diseases of the Eyes; including Diseases of the Iris, Crystalline Lens, Choroid Retina, and Optic Nerve. Based on Th. J. Riickert's 'Clinical Experience in Homceopathy.' Cloth, 4s. PETERS (DR. J. C.) A TREATISE ON INFLAMmatory and Organic Diseases of the Brain. Based on Th. J. Riickert's 'Clinical Experience in Homceopathy.' Cloth, 4s. PETERS (DR. J. C.) A TREATISE ON NERVOUS DErangements and Mental Disorders. Based on Th. J. Ruckert's 'Clinical Experience in Homoeopathy.' Cl., 4s. PETERS (DR. J. C.) THE SCIENCE AND ART, OR the Principles and Practice of Medicine. Issued in "numbers, of 96 pages each. Price of each Number, 3s. Parts I to VI now ready, with Title and Introduction. HENRY TURNER AND CO. S PHARMACOP(EIA AND POSOLOGY (HOM(EOpathic). Compiled from the Works of Buchner and Gruner, also the French Works of Jahr, with Original Contributions. By Dr. C. J. HEMPEL. Cloth, 8s. POPE (DR. A. C.) ETHICAL IMPEDIMENTS TO THE Progress of Homeopathy throughout the Profession. Sewed, 6d. POPE (DR. A. C.) THE HOMIEOPATHIC SYSTEM OF Medicine; its Theory and Results examined and compared with those of other Methods of Treatment. Sewed, 6d. POPULAR HOM(EOPATHIC TRACTS. Sewed, 6d. PRICE (JOHN, EsQ., M.A.) HOM(EOPATHY. Addressed to Sir B. Brodie, Bart., P.R.S. Reprint from the ' Monthly Hommopathic Review,' vol. v. Sewed, Is. per dozen. PRINCIPAL USES OF THE SIXTEEN MOST IMPORtant Homceopathic Medicines. Third Thousand. Limp cloth, 2s. PULTE (DR. J. H.) WOMAN'S MEDICAL GUIDE; Containing Essays on the Physical, Moral, and Educational development of Females, and the Hornmopathic treatment of their Diseases in all periods of Life; together with Directions for the Remedial Use of Water and Gymnastics. Cloth, 7s. RANSFORD (Da. C.) PREVENTION AND TREATment of Scarlatina in its various forms, according to Homceopathic Principles. Sewed, 2d. RANSFORD (DI. C.) REASONS FOR EMBRACING Homceopathy, and reasons for continuing to practise it. Fourth Edition. In wrapper, 6d. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 25 RAPOU (DR. AUG.) TREATISE ON TYPHOID FEVER and its Homoeopathic treatment. Translated from the French by Arthur Alleyn Granville. Cloth, 3s. RAU (DR. G. L.) ORGANON OF THE SPECIFIC Healing Art of Homoeopathy. Translated by C. J. HEMPEL, M.D. Cloth, 6s. 6d. RAYNER (DR. T.) HOM(EOPATHY. A REVIEW OF Dr. Roberts' Attack on the Homoeopathic Practitioners in Manchester. Sewed, 6d. REASONS FOR ADOPTING HOM(EOPATHIC TREATment in the diseases of Animals. Sewed, 2d. REIL (DR.) MONOGRAPH UPON ACONITE-ITS Uses, together with accurate statements derived from various sources. A Prize Essay translated from the German by DR. H. B. MILLARD. Cloth, 3s. 6d. REMARKS ON SIR BENJAMIN BRODIE'S LETTERI on Homoopathy in 'Fraser's Magazine' for September, 1861. Reprinted from the 'British Journal of Homceopathy' for October, 1861. Sewed, 6d. REPERTORY (THE NEW); OR SYSTEMATIC ARrangement and Analysis of the Homoeopathic Materia Medica. This work is expected to be completed in about six or eight parts, five of which are already published. Post free to subscribers for 4s. per part; to nonsubscribers the price per part is 5s. ROKITANSKY'S PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY. Translated from the German, with Additions on Diagnosis, from Schonlein, Skoda, and others. By De. J. C. PETERS. Cloth, 4s. 28 HENRY TURNER AND CO./S SHARP (DR. WM., F.R.S.) TRACTS ON HOM(EOpathy (continued). 6. The Advantages of Homoeopathy. Third Edition. 2d. 7. The Principle of Homceopathy. Third Edition. 2d. 8. The Controversy of Homoeopathy. Second Edition. Single numbers out of print. 9. The Remedies of Homceopathy. Second Edition. 2d. 10. The Provings of Homceopathy. Third Edition. 2d. 11. The Single Medicine of Homceopathy. Third Edition. 2d. 12. The Common Sense of Homoeopathy. Third Edition. 2d. (In all 48 Editions, comprising 173,000 Copies exclusive of the American sale, which has been of equal magnitude. The Series was begun in 1852 and completed in 1854.) Sg The complete series in stiff cover, 2s. SHERILL'S MANUAL OF HOMWEOPATHIC PREscription, with an Improved Repertory; also an Introduction, in which the doctrine and nature of the Homoeopathic System is explained. ls. 6d. SHERILL (DR. H.) A TREATISE ON HOM(EOPAthic Practice of Medicine. Comprised in a Repertory for prescribing, adapted to domestic use. Third Edition, improved and enlarged. Cloth, 5s. SHERWIN (DI. W.) PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACO dynamics. A Lecture. Sewed, 6d. SMALL (DI. A. E.) MANUAL OF HOM(EOPATHIC Practice. Seventh enlarged Edition. Cloth, 10s. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 29 SMALL (Di. A. E.) THE POCKET MANUAL OF Hommopathic Practice. 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Cloth, 6s. TARBELL (D.n J. A.) SOURCES OF HEALTH, AND the Prevention of Disease. Cloth, 2s. 6d. I 30 HENRY TURNER AND CO.'S TEN REASONS WHY I PREFER HOMOOPATHY to the common system of Medical treatment. By the FATHER OF A FAMILY. Third Edition. (Thirty Thousand.) In wrapper, 2d. TESSIER (DR. J. '.) CLINICAL RESEARCHES Concerning the Homeopathic treatment of Asiatic Cholera. Translated by DR. C. J. HEMPEL. Cloth, 4s. TESTE (DR. A.) THE HOM(EOPATHIC MATERIA Medica, arranged Systematically and Practically. Translated by DR. C. J. HEMPEL. Cloth, 12s. 6d. TESTE (DR. A.) A HOM(EOPATHIC TREATISE ON the Diseases of Children. Translated by EMMA H. C6TE. Third Edition. Revised by T. H. PULTE, M.D. 8s. THOMAS (DR. I-I.) ADDITIONS TO THE ROM(EOpathic Materia Medica; with explanations and remarks respecting the Provings of Homceopathic Medicines. Limp cloth, 2s. 6d. THOMAS (DR. H.) DISEASES OF CHILDREN, AND their Homoeopathic treatment. 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