NEW MANUAL
OF
HOMU9OPATHIC
VETERINARY MEDICINE;
)OR,
THE HOM0EOPATHIC TREATMENT
OF
THE HORSE, THE OX, THE SHEEP, THE DOG, AND
OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
BY F. A. GUNTHER.
TRANSLATED FRO3M THE THIRD GERMAN EDITION, WITH CONSIDERAHLB
ADDITIONS.
FROM THE LONDON EDITION,
B O ST O N:
PUBLISHED  BY OTIS CLAPP,
3 BEACON STREET,.ALBION BUILDING.
1871.






NOTICE BY THE TRANSLATOR.
THE want of a more extended guide than has yet appeared
in the English language on Homceopathic Veterinary Practice has induced the translation of the present work.
The Translator has deviated from the plan of the original,
so far as regards the classification of the various diseases,
and the treatment as applied to the different domestic animals; this arrangement will' be found to render the work
of more easy reference.
From  the long practice the Translator has had in an
English veterinary school, he is enabled to give many
diseases not embraced  by Gunther, which additions he
believes will be valued by the public.
LONDON, 1846.






HOMC(EOPATHIC
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
HOMIEOPATHY is a term derived from the Greek, by
which Hahnemann designated a medical doctrine,* found.
ed on the immutable laws of nature, which is now spreading every day more and more throughout the civilized
countries of Europe, Asia, America, and Africa, by reason
of the brilliant results which it has attained within the
last thirty years; and the principles of which are directly
opposed to those'of the old school. This old school, to
which its partisans apply the flattering title of rational,
but to which Hahnemann applies, with more justice, that
of allopathic, in order to denote in what it differs from his
own, applied to the treatment of disease, means contrary
to the symptoms of the latter, for instance, calorifics
against cold, refrigerants against febrile heat, or substances
capable in themselves of exciting a disease which bears
no relation to that which they are employed to combat.
This latter method is that which, properly speaking, merits
the name of allopathy; the other being designated by that
of antipathy. Setting out from an entirely opposite principle, homceopathy combats disease only by substances
which, when taken in large doses,, have the power of
exciting a similar one in mar in the state of health.
As far as regards the fundamental principle of homceopathy, it is well known that without having the least
*' Exposition, of the Homceopathic Medical Doctrine, or Organon of the
Art of Healing, 8vo. New Y-,rk: see also the French Edition.
2*



18              PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
suspicion of the new doctrine, persons have for a long
time back taken it as their guide in the selection of
several domestic means, whose efficacy is fully ascertained.
Thus, after burning the finger, we hold it to the fire, and
in this- way cure the mischief exceedingly well by the
same means which would produce it on another healthy
finger. In the same manner a drop of melted wax falling
on the hand, is attended by no unpleasant consequences,
when, notwithstanding the pain it occasions, it is allowed
to cool on the spot where it has fallen, instead of its being
removed the moment it has fallen. When the mower
feels himself too much heated, he drinks brandy, which
cools him; whilst the man who travels in winter swallows
cold beer, which is sure to warm him. A frozen limb is
plunged into the snow - a thing which would be sufficient
to freeze a healthy limb. Allopathy itself is indebted for
many of its best results to its employment of means
adapted to produce similar morbid symptoms in a person
in good health; for it excites the artificial disease by
vaccination in order to guard against small pox; it. prescribes sulphur against the itch, mercury against syphilis,
bark against certain fevers; and all these means produce
in man in the state of health phenomena similar to those
which, by their influence, it wishes to remove in persons
who are in a state of disease.
At first view it appears extraordinary that a substance
capable of exciting a certain disease in a man in good
health should also possess the power of curing this same
disease. But this phenomenon finds a satisfactory explanation in the fact repeatedly ascertained by experience, that
when to a disease already present there is joined a new
one having more or less affinity to it, the new disease
extinguishes and removes the old one, if it equal or exceed
it even by a slight degree in intensity, in the same manner
as the light of the sun prevents that of the stars or of a
candle from being seen; and in the same way, also, as
two balls propelled with an equal force, which happen to
meet, are immediately arrested in their course". From
such, observations it will at once become evident that the
homceopathist has to trouble himself. merely about one
matter, that is, to excite an artificial disease, resembling
as closely as possible the natural existing disease, a condition indispensably necessary for the reestablishment of



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             19
health. But as, according to a law with which every one
is acquainted, two forces destroy each other only by their
being similar with respect to their effects, it is necessary
to calculate whether the degree of the artificial disease
excited exceeds the natural disease; but its excess in
intensity must be very inconsiderable; otherwise, in place
of the natural disease which would be extinguished, we
should have an artificial disease which would continue;
nothing then should remain of the latter, in order that the
homeopathic cure should take place. I deem it necessary
to enter into some details here with respect to these two
conditions.
We have just now seen that the homceopathic physician
cures by occasioning, by means of medicines, a factitious
disease, resembling, as much as possible, the natural
disease. The, ideas sanctioned by the old school seem
to warrant us in thinking that there is here a double
contradiction. How? You profess to cure by exciting
a new disease, and you have even recourse to medicines
to produce this disease! Let us first endeavor to form a
clear and distinct idea of the medicine, and of the way in
which it acts on the living organism. The correctness
of the homceopathic mode of proceeding will thus become
as clear as day.
The idea which allopathy has transmitted to us of
medicines is altogether inaccurate. Let a man fall sick,
he sends for a physician. The latter writes a recipe, and
prescribes a mixture of two, three, or four substances, to
which he ascribes curative virtues. The patient swallows
the medicine with so much the more confidence, inasmuch
as, reasoning from an old saying, he fancies that a large
quantity of remedies is required to overcome a violent
disease. The prejudice which causes persons to attribute
absolute curative properties to the substances coming from
a shop, has been carried so far, that some followers of the
old school, even when they felt the slightest illness, nevertheless drugged themselves with medicines in the hope of
attaining something more than health. What a lamentable mistake! A medicine is some product of nature which
occasions changes incompatible with the ordinary state of
health in the state of the living body. Even poisons are
medicines in this sense, endowed, to be sure, with a very
powerful action, and a very small dose of which suffices to



20             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
produce; certain modifications in the system. This aptitude
for producing a change in the state of the body is then
the only peculiarity which distinguishes medicines from
aNiments.' However, as nature never acts per saltum, as she
always proceeds by imperceptible shades, there are also
found among aliments a certain number of substances,
which, independently of the nutritive principle, possess
within them a greater or less amount of medicinal virtue,
so that very frequently, when they are taken in large quantity, they give rise to unpleasant effects by their medicinal
influence on the body, and which, though blunted by the
effect of long habit, still becomes very perceptible under
many circumstances.  But just as aliments pass into
poisons by insensible degrees, in- the same manner do
poisons differ much from each other with respect to the
intbnsity of their action. There is no absolute poison in
nature; for all poisons, employed seasonably and judiciously, become medicines, just: as things the most innocent
in themselves may, by being abused, become dangerous
poisons.
Thus all medicines produce a change in the system,
and every thing which can give rise to such an effect is a
medicine. When a person, then, in good health takes a
medicine, he becomes more or less ill, according to the
energy of the medicinal substance; for every change in
the system can only be disease in a person who is in good
health, or health in a sick person; there are no means of
conceiving a third case. Medicines, then, may also be
called remedies or curative means, in so far as they modify
the state of a patient; and the mission of the true physician is to know how to select them well, and to employ
them judiciously.
If we seek how the modifying substance (medicine)
acts on the living organism, we are led to the following
propositions, which happily display all the importance of
the homveopathic method.
The organism, that is to say, the aggregate of all the
solid and liquid parts, which, arranged in a certain order,
constitute the organized body, is pervaded, during life, by
a power to which we apply the name of vital force, and
which causes every organ to discharge the functions to
which it has been destined by nature. If this discharge
of the functions goes on without disturbance or interrup



522             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
the result of the reaction of the organism; between these
two effects there is absolute opposition. In the same
manner -violent exercise at first occasions heat, which is
afterwards succeeded by cold. Coffee at first stimulates,
then disposes to sleep; opium stupefies in the first place,
then' induces sleeplessness, &c. The homceopathist then
acts agreeably to nature, when he opposes to each disease
that medicinal substance whose primary effect it is to excite
an analogous disease in man when in the state of health;
for he knows that the secondary effect of this substance
must produce the state opposite to the disease which he
wishes to cure, that is to say, health. Hence it comes to
pass that, in many cases, a dose of homceopathic medicine
is followed by a slight exasperation of the disease, or by
what is termed hometopathic aggravation, an event which
should always be considered as favorable, because it
proves that the remedy has been well selected. In fact
every medicinal substance, at the time of its primary
action, excites in the patient a morbid state analogous to
that from which the object is to relieve him; but as there
is a very great analogy between these two states, and as
the disease artificially excited- exceeds the natural disease
somewhat in severity, it must appear to the patient that
the latter is slightly aggravated. But because the primary
effect has been identical, or at least as analogous as possible, the reaction cannot fail to induce the opposite state,
that is to say, health.
Accordingly when the homceopathic physician wishes
to attack- aiy disease whatever, he requires a medicine
whose primary effect it is to excite a disease as analogous.as possible, in order that the reaction may give rise to the
opposite state, -that is, that it may; restore health.  It
therefore becomes indispensably necessary to be well
acquainted with the primary effects of medicinal substances. But this knowledge can be acquired only by
trying each substance by itself, and without any admixture, on a person in'good health in doses of some strength.
All the phenomena then observed in the individual experinlented on are the primary effects which we are justified
in attributing to it, after they have been verified by repeated and carefully conducted experiments.  Homceopathy
possesses, at this moment, about two hundred substances
studied in this manner; and it never attempts to apply to



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              23
the treatment of disease any substance which has not
been subjected to this experimentation. Thus the cures
it effects are necessary consequences, just as the farmer.
collects in wheat because he has sown wheat.
Circumstances are not the same with respect to the
cures effected by allopathy. As the old school follows a
course purely empirical, the cure, when it is obtained, is
always the result of chance. A patient has fever- an
intermittent-fever; bark is given to him, and he recovers
his health. What is fever ~ No one knows; and hypoth&ses are heaped upon hypotheses on this subject. Bark
cures certain fevers; this is an unquestionable fact. But
what are these fevers?   We are again answered by
hypotheses.  Why does the patient get well?  We do
not know. When he does not get well;, why does he not
recover his health?  We canrnot tell.  Is it not true, then,
that the cure has been the mere effect of chance?   -
But if homceopathy differs from the old school in its
point of departure, - since, faithful to the laws of nature,
it employs those substances only whose primary effects
are precisely the same as those of the disease, or at least
resemble them very much, - it differs still further from it
in another point of view, for it never prescribes more than
one single medicine at a time, and administers it always
in as small a dose as possible.
We know that allopathy makes use of mixtures more
or less complex, that it opposes a particular remedy to
each of the more prominent symptoms, and that it makes
a mass of the entire, and confides it to the stomach.  To
proceed in this way is to suppose —
1. That the stomach which receives, the mixture determines its destination; that, for instance, it sends one substance to the head, another to the feet, a third God knows
where.
2. That the combination of several substances, oftentime's opposed in their effects, and therefore likely to
neutralize one another, does not produce a new body
capable' of producing an unknown action on the organism.
Common sense tells us that neither of these suppositions
can be admitted: to reject them there is no need to have
the slightest notion either of the natureof man, or of the
* See HIahnemnann, Exposition of the Homceopathic Doctrine, 8vo. New
York; and the French Edition.



24             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
laws of chemistry. But the necessary consequence is
that allopathy knows not the effects of the mixtures of
medicines which it employs; and that it wishes to attain
an end by'means regarding whose. mode of acting it
knows absolutely nothing. Is not this risking the health
and life of men?
In order to prove that these reproaches directed against
the old school are not devoid of foundation, I shall borrow
from some of its own partisans the following passages,
which will justify them.
1. It is an absurdity to accumulate so many simple
drugs into one and the same prescription. Wretched
method! — it only. spoils and deteriorates the things
which it thus combines. (Paracelsus.)
2. To mix together several substances in one and the
same prescription, is a proof- that we take nothing for our
guide but hypotheses, that we abandon the issue to the
hazard of mere conjectures, and that in consequence the
poor patient is always deceived for his money. (Van
Helmont.)
3. If we compare the good which half a dozen legitiinate children of.2Esculapius have done on earth since
the origin of medicine, with the evils with which so many
doctors have overwhelmed the human race, it will be
considered, no doubt, to have been much better that the
world never knew any thing of medical men. (Boerhaave.)
4. Therapeutics is but a collection of hypotheses devised by medical men.'As medicine has no fixed principles, as there is nothing determinate in it, as it possesses
but a small number of facts on which we can reckon, each
physician has a right to follow his own opinion. Where
there is no science, but merely creeds, each creed has as
much value as the others.- Amid the profound darkness
in which physicians walk, there is not the least ray of light
which can serve to direct them. When two physicians
meet at the bedside of a patient who is not dangerously ill,
iti often happens then, as it did to Cicero's augurs, that
they have considerable difficulty in looking at each other
without laughing. (Girtanner.)
5. What we know of the effects of medicines is purely
empirical.  All that is said of alteratives, depuratives,
resolvents, incisives, is in a great measure but a figurative
translation of dead nature into living nature. Up to the



26             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
ideas regarding the real powers of medicines, and the
modifications they effect in the human body. That which
we are chiefly deficient in almost every instance, is the
power of distinguishing the primary from the consecutive
effects, the principal effects from those which are accessory
and accidental. It is precisely from this, it follows, that
we are unable, in any disease, to calculate' the effects of
such or such a substance, to prevent it from acting too
much or too little, to obviate the useless consecutive or
accessory phenomena which it may produce. Now, every
one sees that this inability stamps our practice with. the
seal of imperfection. (Jweeg.)
8. Want of success in the treatment of diseases is
always owing either to our imperfect knowledge of the
latter, or to our not understanding the remedies which
should be opposed to them. We not only exasperate the
disease, but we even sometimes render it fatal. (Rush.)
9. The abuse which the common herd of physicians
commit with medicines, of which they do not even
suspect the effects, in the treatment of diseases, whose
form they are seldom  acquainted with, and'of whose
nature they are always ignorant, is attended with truly
striking results. Medicine destroys more persons than it
saves. (Schmalz.)
10. As every external agent may be a medicine and a
poison, as the effect of each medicine is an oscillation of
life, which may also be styled a morbific process, medicines, when employed injudiciously and unseasonably, are'themselves capable of becoming causes of disease. In
many cases the remedy is worse than the evil, and the
physician more to be dreaded than the disease. This is
more especially true of practitioners devoted to empiricism,
or to false theories, who place their poor ideas above
nature, who think to govern eternal laws by idle formulae,
and cannot avoid being drawn into the grossest errors by
their ignorance of the organism, and of the general or
particular effects of medicines. Many diseases are cured
by nature alone; and in many of those which assume an
acute form, the physician must confine himself to averting
noxious influences, and to combating the abnormal activity
of such or such a system, or such and such an organ.
Should he proceed further, whether to satisfy the patient,
or to indulge his own theories, or even through cupidity



PREIIMINARY REMARKS.            27
he can only do mischief. It is in this way, in fact, that
artificial diseases are oftentimes produced, and that one
would be ivarranted in saying that in many cases the
consecutive chronic disease is the handiwork of the
physician. So that in the present state of medical practice patients should guard themselves from physicians as
from the most dangerous poisons. (KIiesel.)
11. With regard to the knowledge of- the action of
medicine on our body we are still in the situation of the
person who wished to play the harp, or to use the pencil,
without having the slightest knowledge of either music or
painting. That which each medicament produces, when
it is alone, we no doubt see, just as we hear any one single
sound when it strikes our ear; but we are entirely unable
to produce an harmonious effect with medicines, either
when we mix them together, or we administer them one
after the other. From the circumstance that nothing has
been done up to the present time in medicine, it must not
be inferred that nothing can be done; for we have some
reason to think that by changing our method we shall
arrive at something.  Let us compare the discoveries
made in physics during thousands of years, with those
with which it has been enriched in the course of half a
century. The germ of a science may remain for a long
time in a state of stupefaction, and awaken all on a
sudden. (Mises.) 
12. The attacks of the homoeopathists should induce
us to submit to the crucible of reason the doctrine of the
internal causes of diseases, and that of the action of
medicaments, both of which are still so very imperfect;
to banish hypotheses from our therapeutics, and to place
ourselves in a situation by the most simple processes
wherein we can form a more certain judgment concerning
the manner in which medicinal substances act. With
our lpresent mode of combining drugs, we shall see our
hair become white, but shall never acquire experience. If
homceopathy can bring us to give less medicines, to change
them less frequently, not to combine them without necessity, we shall attain a more perfect knowledge of their
effects, and shall be able to speak of our medical expe* Stapelia mixta, Leipzig, 1824, s. 100, 106, 107.



28              PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
rience with less boasting than we are now unfortunately
allowed to do. (Wedekind.)f
"I know right well," said an old physician, "that seven
tenths of the patients die, not of their disease, but of the
improper or excessive quantities of medicines given to
them."  A lady once said to the celebrated Petit: " So
skilful an anatomist as you are ought certainly to cure all
diseases."  Petit frankly replied: " You mistake, madam;
it is with physicians as with hackney coachmen, who
know all the streets without knowing any thing of whai
is going on within the houses."
The homceopathic physician proceeds in quite a differ
ent way from the allopathic.  The former prescribes for
his patients those substances only whose effects are well
known to him, and he never gives more than one at a
time, because he knows that from the combination of two
or more bodies, when they do not neutralize each other,
there results a new substance which must produce effects
different from those induced by its constituent principles.
There is again an essential difference between the two
schools with respect to the doses. Homceopathy cures,
as we have seen, by opposing to the natural disease an
artificial one as similar to it as possible, and sufficiently
intense to extinguish it by. its predominence.  If the
fictitious disease were weaker than the natural, it would
remove the latter.only in part; if it were stronger, it
would no doubt cause it to disappear altogether, but it
would leave in its place an artificial disease, extremely
similar as to symptoms, so that the patient would feel no
improvement in his state..  Such is the cause of the
minute doses which the homceopathic, physician- employs,
for'experience has taught him again and again, that they
are sufficient in their primary effects to create symptoms
analogous to those which he wishes to cure, only a little
nlore intense, in order that the result of the consecutive
effect may be the contrary, that is to say, health. Frequently is the question asked, How they had this efficacy?
We do not know, precisely as we know not how it happens that the magnet attracts iron. Yet much pains have
been taken to explain this remarkable phenomenon, on
* In Hufeland's Journal, 1826, No. vi. p. 3.
t Hahnemann's Organon: many of the homoeopathists of the present day
dissent from this doctrine. -F- 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             29
which I think it necessary to dwell a little, because the
minuteness of the doses is the point of homeopathy
which has been most severely attacked by our adversaries.
Every day experience proves to us that it is substances
acting in a manner rather virtual than medical, which
occasion morbid modifications in the' organism. Who
does not know, in fact, that fright, anger, grief, care, are
so many causes of diseases? Who is ignorant of the
fact that a storm gives diarrhcea to some persons; that
others cannot bear a cat to be near them, or a load, without falling into a swoon?  Who has not heard of the
subtlety of those maxims which give rise to certain
epidemics? Has there ever existed a man whose senses
were acute enough to perceive agents of this kind? Why
should not medicines, then, be indebted for their mode of
acting -on the organism to a power no less subtle?  If
they derived it only from their material mass, they could
exercise it merely through the digestive organs. This set
of organs, as we know, serves to separate the nutritious
matter contained in the food from that which is not subservient to nutrition, and to make it pass into the current
of the circulation; but it can no more cause a separation
between the medicinal principles and those which are not
so, than the mill, which separates the flour from the bran,
has the power of developing the stimulating virtues of
beer and brandy. It is not, therefore, the mass or material part of the medicine, but something inappreciable to
the senses, which influences the entire sensitive system,
and thus produces a change in the sensations of the individual.
Three circumstances contribute to the efficaciousness
of the minute doses of homeopathy.
1. The manipulations by means of which the properties
of the medicinal substances are developed, and which are
called dynamisations.
2. The care taken to employ the substances only in
their own special sphere.
3. Lastly, the attention to remove every thing which
might disturb their action.
Each of these three points deserves to be examined
separately.
Every one, knows, or at least has heard it said, that
homceopathic medicines are very much diluted, or rather
3 



30             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
dynamised. Two drops of a mixture are taken with equal
parts of vegetable juice and alcohol, and they are added
to ninety-eight drops of alcohol at eighty or ninety degrees,
or else twenty drops of the tincture obtained from a dry
plant are mixed with eighty drops of alcohol, and two
shakes are given to the mixture. This is what, is called
the first dilution, or dynamisation. One drop of this
liquid mixed with ninety-nine drops of alcohol, and
treated after the/same manner, yields the same dynamisation, and so on to the.thirtieth. These preparations are
not a mere arbitrary device: experience, the only judge in
such a case, has shown that they possess indisputable
efficacy, and that they are perfectly sufficient for the end
proposed.  We hear on all sides the charge of absurdity
brought against this mode of procedure, as persons cannot
conceive the possibility of any medicine acting, the presence of which cannot be discovered by any of our senses.
But it is the objection itself that should be styled absurd;
for what allopathic physician, be he ever so obstinate, will
deny that a tile falling at the feet of a man may terrify
him  sufficiently to make him sick?  And in this case
what is the body which modifies the organism? Chagrin,
miasms, a current of air, &c., produce similar effects; and
yet no one says that it is contrary to common sense to
admit that chagrin has caused a bilious fever, or cold a
rheumatism. No one doubts that influences which are
not material may act on mai, because experience has
convinced them that such is the case. Why then refuse
to believe that the properties inherent in medicines are
in the same case, when there are thousands of facts to
prove it?
That this property, inherent in medicinal substances,
may be disengaged and called forth by means of dynamisation, is a matter extremely probable; but still one would
not like to lay it down as an article of faith. Any one
may touch a disk of resin without feeling the slightest
effect on his part; but let him rub or strike this electrophorus with a cat's skin, or a fox's tail, there is then drawn
from it a number of electric sparks, which may be collected
and concentrated in a Leyden jar. Is it not, then, a certain mode of manipulation that has called forth an imponderable force which was previously latent in inert matter?
Physics furnish us with* several other similar examples.



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             31
We may touch disks of zinc, copper, and carton, without
feeling any thing particular; but if we arrange so that a
disk of carton, soaked in salt water, be interposed between
those of zinc and copper, we have a galvanic pile, the
wondrous power of which would be almost sufficient to
restore a dead person to life. Two pieces of iron when
brought together exert not the least visible action on each
other; but let one of'them be rubbed with a loadstone,
this simple. manipulation will suffice to convert it into a
magnet, and to render it capable of attracting iron, and if
suspended by its centre with a thread, of always turning
one of its poles to the north. The astonishing properties
of electricity, galvanism, and magnetism have nothing
material, and every one may convince himself with his
own eyes that they are called forth by mere manipulation.
Why, then, should not manipulations render manifest the
virtues off medicinal substances?  To this we may add,
that these bodies are so bound up in the material substance, that the digestive organs of main have not sufficient
power to set them free, whilst the employment of dynamisation sets them at liberty, and allows them to pass with
more facility into the organism, in virtue of that general
law, according to which every artificial mixture is more
easily decomposed than a natural combination.
A second circumstance which comes in support of the
efficaciousness of the homceopathic small doses is, that
one has recourse to them only in the very limits of their
own proper sphere. We know that the human body is
so much the more disposed to receive modifying impressions from without, in proportion as the disease has
already increased in it the aptitude to be affected by them.
Let a person suffer from rheumatism, the least current of
air will occasion him violent pain; an intense fever renders one incapable of bearing without difficulty even a
very moderate temperature in his apartment; cold water
produces excessive pains in a person who has bad teeth,
whilst it has no effect on the individual whose teeth are
healthy; any kind of noise becomes insupportable, when
one has a headache; the -least alarm will make a person
whose nerves are delicate fall into a swoon, or into convulsions; and the plethoric man is struck with apoplexy by a
degree of heat which is attended with no annoyance in'
the generality of men. All these phenomena prove to us



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
that the organs which have become the seat of any morbid
state whatever, have for this very reason a greater predisposition to feel the effects of modifying agents (medicines),
and that a very minute dose suffices to exert a very
marked influence on them. Now, this appropriation of
the doses to the particular sphere of action of each
medicament takes place chiefly. in homce'opathy, the
accomplished disciple of which never employs any agent
without being convinced beforehand that it is capable of
placing any individual. in good health in a stateof disease
similar to that under which the person labors whom he
wishes to cure. To doubt, then, of the efficacy of small
homceopathic doses, is acting as the person would do who
would refuse to believe that a drop of water, or a small
current of air, occasions acute pain in a man whose teeth
are not healthy.
Lastly, the efficaciousness of these small doses is further
insured by the care with which all those influences are
removed which might disturb their action. These disturbing influences cannot reside in the medicine itself, or in
other things which are independent of it: they must then
be connected with things whose action is the very contrary to itself, which are, in fact, hostile to it. With
respect to the first point, the homceopathic medicine contains nothing which is in the slightest degree capable of
disturbing or interrupting its action. It is, in fact, simple
and not mixed, as are most of those employed by the
allopathic physician. Moreover, the -doses are never
repeated so as to retard the cure, or to replace the natural
by an artificial disease. When the allopathic practitioner
prescribes bark in treating a certain species of intermittent
fevers, he does right in acting so, since bark produces
analogous symptoms in a healthy person; but when he
makes him take a spoonful of it every two or three hours,
he excites a medicinal disease similar to the natural
disease which he wishes to cure; and the least that can
result frotn this is, that the cure is needlessly retarded,
because for every step gained, two are lost. The homceopathist, on the contrary, waits till the medicine has exhausted its action, and then only he administers another,
according as the peculiar course of the disease requires.
By these means he not only does not run the risk of
destroying with one hand the good he has done with the



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             33
other, but further, he avoids the inconvenience of distressing or fatiguing the vital force by urging it to continual
reactions, and thus involving it in struggles, from which,
even when it is victorious, it never can come off without
detriment.
Doppler, of Prague, has attempted to make us understand how a medicinal substance may still possess great
powers, even when attenuation or dilution has beea carried
to the decillionth. According to him, a drop of Ihe decilb
lionth dilution contains an enormous quantity of material
surfaces of the attenuated medicine, because at each trituration the number of these surfaces increases prodigiously;
as, in his opinion, it is on the multiplicity of the points of
contact of the medicinal substance with the living body
that the curative power of this substance depends, it
follows that a single drop of the thirtieth dilution must
produce a much stronger reaction than several drops of a
less minute attenuation. The high dynamisations do not
differ then from the others unless in respect of the quantity of the material surfaces which they contain, and not,
as some persons will have it, with respect to the quality,
so that with the first we might cure just as well as with
the thirtieth, by having recourse to stronger and more
frequent doses. Now, this is a truth sufficiently established
by experience, and the inference from which is, that the
essence of homceopathy depends not on the number of
the doses, but only on the resemblance between the sure
effects of the medicament, that is to say, those which it
produces in man in a state of health, and the symptoms
of the disease to the cure of which it is applied.
The knowledge of this' truth is important in many
respects. First, it allows us to solve a problem which
has given rise to many idle discussions, viz., that of
knowing what is the dilution or dynamisation which
would be employed. Knowing that the high dilutions
contain nothing which does not already exist in the first,
and that by diluting a medicine we only attenuate it
more and more, that is to say, multiply its surfaces or
points of contact, we are convinced that we may spare
ourselves the needless trouble of having recourse to decillionths. Thre attenuation of substances to the millionth,
or at most to the billionth, should suffice, so as irot to be
obliged to employ them in a fornm entirely gross, in large
and frequently repeated doses.



.34             PRELIMIINARY REMARKS.
In the second place it explains to us why. the hommopathic aggravation so frequently observed by Hahnemann,
is nowadays very rare, so that most of the modern
homeeopathists are disposed to doubt it, or deny it altogether. As the usage is established of employing the
lower dilutions, with which the end is attained more
promptly, and with more certainty, and of prescribing
medicines in frequent doses, or even by drops, it is manifest that we should no longer see the exasperation of the
symptoms, or the homceopathic aggravation, which can
only take place when the disease is attacked with high
dilutions, that is to say, with medicinal agents presenting
a multitude of surfaces of contact, and consequently producing a very great number of symptoms peculiar to them.
But the action of a medicine may be interfered with
by external circumstances, by things independent of it;
and in this point of view homeopathy does every thing
in its power to insure the efficaciousness of its small doses.
It prescribes for the patient a regimen not strict, but
duly-regulated; it interdicts the use of food of difficult
digestion, and prohibits the employment of all those substances which, together with the nutritive matter, contain
principles more or less medicinal.  As the doses which it
employs do not exceed the limits of that which is absolutely necessary, it will be readily conceived that the
strictness it evinces in this respect is not the result of
pedantry, but a precaution founded on the laws of nature.
More than once it has been stated that it condemned its.patients to die of hunger; that it deprived them of almost
every thing which can render life agreeable. This is a
calumny. Many families habitually observe the homaeopathic regimen without being ill, notwithstanding which
they do not die either of hunger or thirst. It interdicts
coffee! True, but there are thousands of instances to
prove that one may very well dispense with coffee; and
besides, homceopathy suppresses it only during the treatment of diseases, in the absence of which it allows every
one to use it as he pleases. Besides, ought it not to be
witnessed with pleasure, that by banishing gradually the
use of coffee and of brandy, it. labors for the happiness,
health, and moral improvement of families?
A very essential difference between allopathy and homceopathy is, that the latter leaves the patients who hlave



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             35
confided themselves to it without making any attack either
on their health or their purse. We shall devote a few lines
to these two points, as they are of great importance.
With respect to the former, I own that I shudder involuntarily when I take up the pen to relate Jthe ordinary
consequences of allopathic treatment. But, unwilling to
expose myself to the slightest suspicion of partiality, I shall
allow some of the allopathic physicians themselves to
speak; they will express what I should have to say in a
nanner that will absolutely edify the reader.
1. The history of medicine proves that persons have
been correct in saying that millions of men have fallen
under the blows of the physicians. The means which are
employed at the present time, and which become more
numerous from day to day, are a sure guarantee that in
time the number of victims'will be incalculable. (Bergk.)
2. One scarcely believes his eyes when he reads that
Marcus increased the dose of calomel in the case of some
children up to four hundred grains, and besides that he
prescribed several ounces of mercurial ointment to be used
in the form of friction. Eschenmeyer orders, that during
the first symptoms of croup, besides blisters, calomel
should be prescribed, mixed with a third of golden sulphuret; he continues the same treatment during the second
stage; he never remainshbelow fifty grains of-calomel, and
sometimes rises to ninety grains and more; he has even
gone as far as one hundred and six grains in a child six
years of age, though he acknowledges that when fifty
grains, taken within the space of thirty-six hours, have not
produced an amendment, the patient is irretrievably lost.
Yet of seven deaths which occurred in his hands, he attributes only two to the mode of treatment. If the child
had been brought to it by fifty grains, we see no good reason why fifty grains more were given to it, except to hasten
the catastrophe. If we reflect on these enormous doses,
and on all the stimulants accompanying them, we can
readily understand why, out of twenty-three children attacked with croup, he saw seven of them die. It would
be interesting to know the subsequent state of health in
those who escaped. Persons complain very much of the
great debility of the present generation; sufficient reason
may be found in the prodigality with which physicians
employ the most violent remedies. (Kruger-Hansen.)



36             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
3. In the hospital of Galata, in a population of from
sixty to one hundred patients, from fifty to sixty venesections are performed, and from eight to fifteen hundred
leeches are applied. A Greek physician wrote to Mavrocordato, " Ibrahim Pacha has not destroyed here so many
persons as Broussais' system; and the method followed
at Constantinople' carries off many more individuals than
would be destroyed by the entire catalogue of diseases, if
left to themselves." (Kruger-Hansen.)
4. We see the melancholy results of the treatment
adopted by the blind disciples of Johnson and Broussais
in the East Indies. The former consider calomel as a
panacea in the treatment of the fevers which prevail in
these countries, as also against most other diseases, and
seem to take a pleasure in supersaturating the system with
it. Their mania in this respect is carried so far that they
disdain all other remedies, and seem to vie with each other
as to who shall prescribe the strongest doses of calomel.
I actually knew a physician of distinction at Java, who
went so far as to order one of his patients to take.calomel
on bread and butter. With respect to the followers of
Broussais in this place, their mania is to exhaust the blood
of those who confide themselves to their care; blood-letting
is the remedy which they oppose to the great majority of
diseases, and with the exception of some refrigerant and demuocent drinks, they reject almost all other means. (Weitz.)
5. What danger does not the'life of a patient run, who
swallows with confidence every thing his physician prescribes for him?  Since governments allow physicians to
play with poisons without any responsibility, the least
that should be done is, to make the patients themselves
take care of their existence. I would advise them never
to take that which the physician prescribes, without having
first seen himself swallow the prescribed dose, in order to
be certain that he has not exceeded the bounds of prudence. When they saw him hesitate, they might be sure
that their life was in a fair way of being compromised.
(Kruger-Hansen.)
6. When it is stated that a patient, who had taken in
the afternoon the two thirds of a mixture consisting of
forty grains of tartar emetic dissolved in an ounce and a
half of water, was dead at six o'clock in the evening, this
act of swallowing at once twenty-six grains and two thirds



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              37
of tartar emetic is considered as suicide; what name ought
we to give to.that of a physician who prescribes in one dose'
forty grains of this salt, a small quantity of which, When
applied in the form of frictions to the skin, is sufficient to
produce on it deep ulcerations? (Kr'uger-Hansen.)
These passages, borrowed from allopathic physicians,
will suffice, and I am satisfied to leave to the reader the
trouble of deducing his conclusions from them.
Homceopathy pursues quite a different course. It knows
nothing of blood-letting, and cures persons laboring under
inflammatory diseases without taking a single drop of
blood. from them; whilst in 1834, at Berlin, out of eight
hundred and seventeen patients who died within the space
of thirty-six hours, one hundred and twenty-six died of
inflammations. It knows nothing of -poisoning by mercury, iodine, tartar emetic, and other such substances; it
employs neither emetics, purgatives,. setons, nor cauteries;
it does not torture its patients with the lapis infernalis, nor
with fire, and has no need to blush at the sight of so many
unfortunates whom hydrargyrosis and other medicinal diseases are compelling to progress slowly towards the tomb.
It attacks not the healthy parts of the organism; it does
not'intentionally render them diseased, in order to attract
to them the disease which is affecting other organs: but it
applies to the disease itself, wherever it meets it, and has
nothing in common with those who, parodying a too celebrated phrase, the end sanctifies the means, destroy whole
generations.
H ealth and life are not the only things which homceopathy respects. It spares the purse also, and in this
respect the influence which it must exert is no less considerable. Every one knows that apothecaries' bills have
become proverbial, and entire. families might be cited who
in the space of a year have laid out enormous.sums at the
shop of the druggist. Recently, again, it was ascertained
on inquiry, that the clear:profit of all the druggists in the
kingdom of Prussia amounted to about twelve millions of
dollars, which sum, divided between all the inhabitants,
gave the contribution of each to amount to one dollar; so
that the government saw at once the necessity of adopting
measures to relieve the population of this tax. Every one
must remember that at the time of the cholera, the price
of those medicines which were considered as preservative
4



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              39
physicians become still wiser, to the fifth of this last-named
sum, and all this to the great advantage of patients." If
Hahnemann could, at the present day, take up his pen on
this subject, he would have to blot out from his calculation
several zeros, and probably all.
Allopathy and homceopathy differ entirely from each
other wVith respect to the manner in which they view the
portrait or image of the disease under consideration. The
allopathist thinks he has done more than sufficient, when
he has felt the pulse, looked at the tongue, and put a few
questions with an important air; for he considers all diseases as species, the course of which he knows (or, at least,
thinks he knows) beforehand, from his system of nosology,
and he submits them to a method which is the same for
all the cases of that which he calls a species.
"With respect to acute diseases,'" says Hahnemann,
"the allopathist does not treat them according to the peculiarities which they present, but solely according to the
pathological name which they have received in his school,
and according to the plan of proceeding traced in their
books for each of these names. Thus, however different
intermittent fevers may be from each other, instead of
employing for each the specific remedy applicable to it,
he checks them all by means of bark in large doses, repeated
for several weeks. But the patient is not thereby restored
to health; to be sure, he no longer experiences alternations
of cold and heat, but he has become ill in another way, and
more so than he was during his fever; for a quinic disease
has now been given to him", which will often last for several years.' The followers of that which is called thp
rational medicine find, in like manner, for the other spo.
radic, epidemic, and contagious diseases, names all established in their books, and for each name which they are
pleased to assign to the prevailing disease, a certain plan
of treatment, only modified from time to time by fashion,
a plan to which the fever, though probably absolutely unknown till then, and never having existed before, must
accommodate itself, whether it suit it or not. The patient
who has not strength to resist must perish." The homoeopathist, on the contrary, has no nosological system; he
knowVs nothing either of genera or species of diseases; he
has not then to contend against a phantom, that is to say
a disease which exists only in his head, and



40              PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
perhaps, the patient is'not at all affected. -He mknows
that every disease manifests itself, in some way or other,
by phenomena or external symptoms, and that we cannot
consider it as extinct, until all the symptoms have disappeared. But in order to enable himself -to know the
special nature of the disease which he wishes to cure, he
studies the symptoms of it even in their minutest details;
for to him a disease is but the aggregate of all the existing symptoms, the internal cause which produces it. being
no. more accessible to our means of investigation than
that of life. itself. Hence it happens that his examination
extends even to circumstances apparently the most insig^
nificant, and includes not merely that which takes place
at the present moment before his -eyes, but the symptoms
also which presented themselves at first, the patient's
mode of life, even the state of health of the:members
of his familyr, &c. When he has formed to himself an
idea of the disease by as exact a research as possible of
all tile symptoms, he selects among the means whose
effects are well known to him  that one which, in its
primary action, produces in man, in the state of health,
the greatest possible number of. the.symptoms observed in
his patient, so that in most cases he is able to predict the
result with certainty: the allopathist, on the contrary,
only makes trials; he tries wheth'er such an agent, which
in such or such a case was useful inf the treatment of a
certain disease, may not also prove so in the present case.
Lastly, if we compare the results which homoeopathy
has already attained, with those which allopathy, has
obtained, we see experience prove that, what the former
supposes in theory, practice confirms, so as not only to
satisfy the most urgent exigencies, but even to surpass
very often every expectation.  No living being is, of
course, secure from  death, and homceopathic treatment
sometimes fails. However, if we recollect that homceopathy frequently undertakes the treatment of patients, on
whom allopathy has'already exhausted to no purpose. all
its magazine; that certain persons disdain.its dietetic
precepts, which.appear to them. wretched. and pedantic;
that others, wanting perseverance, abandon it just at the
moment when it was going to relieve them, if. iot certaitlly. at least with some probability; that in many cases
the primary disease has been rendered really incurable by



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             41
the medicinal diseases produced by the long-continued
employment of allopathic remedies, we need not be surprised that it sometimes meets with want of success,
What is certain is, that in every instance where human
succor is at all available, it cures- with more certainty,
more promptitude, more readily, less disagreeably, and at
less expense, than any other method, and that it often
succeeds in restoring to health in a few days patients
whom allopathy had abandoned as incurable.
There exists at present between homceopathy and allopathy a struggle, the end of which will be that truth shall
come off triumphant, though the absolute opposition of
the principles professed by the two schools does not allow
us'to suppose that a settlement, properly so called, can
ever be effected between them. For this reason I shall
terminate this sketch by throwing a glance at the principal
objections which the adversaries of homceopathy advance
against it.
The first class of adversaries includes the-allopathic
physicians. With them it is a vital question, for homceopathy threatens their very existence; and after this we
should not be surprised that most of the attacks by which
it has been assailed have come from that quarter. To
this it might be said, Why do they not adopt it? Because, as Benninghausen has shown, vanity and indolence
dissuade them from doing so; for they would have to
study things which have no connection with. any thing
which they haveAlearned, and to put aside the principal
part of the old materia medica, pathology, and therapeutics; and to devote themselves to laborious studies, as
well for the purpose of imprinting on their memories the
numerous symptoms occasioned by medicines, as. to form
to themselves a true image of each individual case of
disease.
Homceopathy may be combated either in its practice,
or in the principles of its system. To attack the results
of its experience is impracticable, unless persons wish to
deny that which may be seen and known by every one,
and to reject the testimony of men whose probity and
veracity are above all' suspicion. With respect to the
refutation of its principles, it may be attempted in two
ways: either by judging in accordance with the principles
of the allopathic school, and therefore setting out with
A4



42             PRELIMINARY REM-ARKS&
premises and suppositions which are by no means applica,
ble to homceopathy, or by charging it with false reasoning
- a charge which, at least up to the present time, none
of its adversaries have been able to establish against it;
many physicians also belonging: to- the old school, and
among them men of high reputation, have'long since
gone over to the new one, taking care to make known
to the public the motives which induced them to change
sides.
A second class of adversaries embraces all those persons
who find themselves affected by it in any manner in their
trade.  Under this head may be numbered wine and
brandy merchants, coffee venders, grocers, victuallers, confectioners, perfumers, but chiefly druggists and apothecaries. All feel themselves more or less injured by it; so
that unless they happen to be indebted to it for the recovery of their health, or expect' to derive some advantage
from its success, they are its natural enemies; this circumstance explains why homceopathy experiences more difficulty in making its way among the masses than might
have been expected. Interest performs so important a
part at the present day in society, that every new invention is decried by those who are alarmed for their purse.
History tells us that at all times the most inveterate
enemies have been those whose self-interest enkindled
their passions.
Finally, a last. class of adversaries includes those who,
knowing nothing whatever of homceopathy, desire to
display' their wit at its expense, or launch out against
it only from want of employment, or from the habit of
speaking right and wrong at random. We know that
according to the receiyed ideas, every thing which presents
a sort of contradiction,'even though but apparent, between
the means and the end, is considered as comical and
ridiculous. It was sufficient, then, that the. principles of
the homceopathist, already extraordinary in themselves,
should be either a little forced or misapplied, for deriders
and satirists to range themselves against them; and every
one knows that the multitude is fonder of laughing than
of reflecting: on the other hand, there is no, lack of
persons whom nothing delights- more than to speak of'
things which they do not understand, and homoeopathy
having now become one of the, principal subjects of con



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             43
versation- in societies, the opportunity has not been lost of
exercising their talent and their natural bent.
These' different classes of antagonists have hurled
charges of every kind against homeopathy, from which
it has been long since cleared in the various journals, and
other writings of the day. Homceopathy, it was said, is
the work of duped deceivers. But how can there be any
question of deception, or of duping, when the homceopathist employs a medicine whose primary effects he has
tried on healthy subjects, and when this medicine, admillistered to a patient, produces just the very effect announced
beforehand?  The new doctrine, it was, said in another
quarter, is but mere charlatanism! But is not the end of
the charlatan to —draw money from those whom he deceives,
and to do every thing for the purpose of wrapping up in
inpenetrable mystery the means by which he effects the
illusion which permits him to extract money from' people's
purses? Now, homeopathy has never done any thing of
the kind. It has disclosed all its principles in a vast
multitude of writings;. it has voluntarily, and on every
occasion, suffered the secrets'which it discovered to pass
out of its hands, though from these secrets it might have
been an easy matter to derive profit. Homceopathy is
contrary to common sense, says another person. But are
we not encompassed on every hand by effects of which we
know not the causes; and yet no one has for this. reason
ever taken it into his hlead' to question them? The brilliant successes of homceopathy, says this person, are
achieved, not by medicines, but by the faith of the patient,
whose excited imagination hopes for'an extraordinary
result! But can this assertion apply to young children
*and to common animals, in which the new method effects
cures just as well as in adults? Homceopathic medicines
are poisons! Btut does not allopathy employ the same
poisons in doses many million times stronger?  Has it
ever happened to homoeopathy to bring its patients to the
brink of the grave, pr even to put them into it, in consequence of employing violent remedies, and arbitrarily
increasing the doses of medicines, as the allopathists so
frequently do, according to the admission of some of their:
own party? Again, persons do not see that there is a
flagrant contradiction in stating, on the one hand, that
homoeopathic doses can produce no effect, and on the



44             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
other, that they are frightful poisons. Every thing in
homceopathic treatment must be referred to regimen, and
the efforts of nature. But why had not kind Nature acted
sooner in so many thousands of cases?  And why did
she not accomplish the cure till after the taking of the
homceopathic medicine? Homceopathy starves its patients
to death!  Nothing can be more false. It allows every
person to satisfy his appetite; it recommends even the
most nutritious principles of diet, as meat, rich soups,
eggs, chocolate, not aromatized, in most of'those cases
where allopathy interdicts them. One may readily conceive, that during the course of an homceopathic treatment, the patient should abstain from every matter which
possesses any medicinal virtue; but the prohibition cannot
extend to things purely analeptical and strengthening.
Homceopathy never has recourse to those severe courses
of treatment by starvation, from which allopathy does not
recoil. Homceopathy does not cure all diseases!  Certainly- not; but does it not effect mild, rapid, and permanent cures,, where allopathy has-been unable to be of any
avail? It is an odious calumny to state that it is powerless in the treatment of inflammatory diseases; even surgical diseases it removes, for the most part, with astonishing quickness - a fact which is deemed incomprehensible
by its adversaries. It performs its cures with as much
promptitude, certainty, and readiness, as possible; whilst
allopathy either does not cure at all, or arrives at the cure
by roundabout ways, after having made the patient
encounter serious. dangers, or finally, it cures homceopathically without being aware of it. Homceopathy is the
tomb of science, because it regards only the external
characters (symptoms) of diseases, because it does not
trouble itself in.the slightest degree about their essence,
and because it has no necessity either for anatomy, physiology, or pathology. No doubt homceopathy merits this
reproach as a science; but where is it stated thiat the
llomceopathist must consider as superfluous the accessory
sciences of medicine, though he perceives in them a great
many things which cannot afford him the slightest aid in
attaining his -end? Homceopathy teaches not only to
appreciate the true value of the symptoms in general, but,
also to distinguish from each other the essential symptoms,
from those which are only accessory. Here its adversaries



PREIMIIINARY REMARKS.            45
say: "The symptoms are not the disease itself, and in
order to attain a radical cure, it becomes necessary to
discover and combat the cause of the latter."
Perfectly well argued, no doubt! But is there on the
entire surface of the earth a man who can tell us in what
the essence of disease consists; what is fever, for instance,
or what is inflammation? Among the allopathists who
raise such fine questions, is there one who can give a
satisfactory solution to them?  The sort of opinion that
should be entertained of their knowledge touching the
causes of disease, is seen but too often, when three or
four of them are heard disputing together when called in
to see a patient, and each of them pronouncing such fine
hypotheses, when they proceed to a post-mortem examination of the body.  Homceopathy does not pretend to
know the essence and cause, properly so called, of a
disease, a thing which is denied to all mortals. It strives
neither to impose on itself, nor to deceive the patient with
idle conjectures about matters which it is not given any
man to know; it contents itself with obtaining an idea
of that which is appreciable in a disease, its external
phenomena, its symptoms, with investigating the occasional causes, so far as they can be discovered, or as they
still continue to. act, with tracing the development of the
morbid state, and, which is the principal point in all cases,
with effecting a cure, and that in general under circumstances where allopathy, by its own acknowledgment, is
entirely impotent. It is extremely unjust to say, that it is
a purely symptomatic medicine. Symptomatic medicine
troubles itself only about a single symptom, that which is
most complained of by the patient, and strives to combat
it by antipathic means; that is to say, it palliates it, and
prevents it not from  returning after some time with
increased violence. Now, such a mode of proceeding
belongs properly to allopathy, and is totally foreign to the
principles of homceopathy.



46               PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
ON THE APPLICATION OF HOM(EOPATHY TO THE
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
HOM(EOPATHIC medicines are employed either in a liquid
or a dry form. A long time since I declared my opinion
in favor of liquid medicines, seeing that they act with
much more quickness, and consequently attain the proposed end With more facility.  The dilution I usually
employ' is the thirtieth, and throughout this'work, this
is the state of dilution to be understood, unless I shall
expressly indicate some other.
To administer *the medicine, one, or at most two
drops of liquid are poured on a thin wafer, which is then
placed on the tongue of the animal. The operation
always requires two persons, when large animals, more
especially horses, are the subjects of treatment.  The
operator places himself on the right side of the animal,
grasps the lower jaw with the left hand, then, with the
right hand, he draws the tongue to one side between the
molars of the left side, and the assistant places the wafer
on the base of this organ, as near to the pharynx as possible. For want of the wafer we may employ a small
portion of stale bread.  We may also mix one or two
drops of the medicine with two hundred drops of water,
and pour the whole into the mouth, at the same time
holding the head raised; the imbibition of the buccal
mucous membrane being sufficient, it is desirable that
the animal swallow nothing. If globules be employed,
nothing is easier than to deposit them on the tongue,
taking care, however, not to moisten the finger with our
own saliva to make them adhere, more especially when
we have been smoking a little time before. In the case
of cats, into whose mouth it is not always easy to introduce the medicine immediately,.it is to be mixed with a
* Experience has taught, that the lower potency is the most efficacious il
the treatment of animals laboring under acute diseases; but the potency
firequently requires varying to meet different symptoms. In many chronic
cases the higher' potency should be given, although in the present state of
Veterinary HIomcopathy no general rule can be laid down as to the potency.
- ED.



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              47
little milk, which they are to be made tb- drink.; this
method is also very suitable for the pig; if globules are
employed, we commence by bruising them  in a small
portion of clean paper, and they are then mixed with a
l'ttle flour, which is to be well mixed up in milk.' If the
p'g cannot swallow, or if it be so sick as to refuse drink,
its mouth is to be opened by means of a stick, and the
liquid poured into it. In case of trismUs, if we do not
xrish to break a tooth, the medicated water is poured into
t!he nose. Experience has proved that the result is then
the same. It might also be given in the form of lavement.  The animal must remain without eating, and
more especially without drinking, for an hour at, least
after it has taken the medicine, and, if possible, an hour
also before. it."
There is no necessity to subject animals to a particular
regimen, except perhaps the lapdog, from which, during
a homceopathic course of treatment,'all aromatic or spiced
food must be withheld, and only bread, oatmeal, biscuit,
or milk. and water must be given. Care must also be
taken to put aside all the means advised by ignorant
persons or charlatans, without excepting even lavements,
unless they consist of pure water with' a little milk or
soap. It is not right that beside an animal which we
may be treating  homceopathically another should be
placed, in the treatment of which allopathy has been
employing frictions and odoriferous substances.  More
than one course of homceopathic treatment has failed, or
at least been prolonged, in consequence of these precautions having been neglected. With respect to the horse,
there are several others also which should be attended to.
As soon as a horse appears ill, it becomes necessary -to
allow him rest, to give him a clean litter, which should be
frequently renewed, and to keep the stable well ventilated
and in a state of the greatest cleanliness. During winter,
the entrance of draughts of cold air should be prevented;
in the summer, care should be taken that the stable be
cool, that the air may circulate freely through it, but so
contrived, however, that no draught of air may pass on
the animal. It is very useful frequently to sprinkle the
* A small quantity of flour in a teaspoon, mixed with the medicine, is one
of the best methods of employing it. - ED



49              PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
ground with cold water, especially when acute diseases
are present, and when several horses are kept together. It
is best to place the animal in a separate stable or loose
box when it can be done. In febrile diseases grain of every
kind must be withheld, but good hay may be allowed,
with mashes of bran, fresh grass, and tares; and in winter,
red-beet, potatoes, carrots, &c. The best drink is pure
water: in some diseases it is useful to have it made warm,
or to add a little meal to it. To remain in a state of rest
during the entire course of the disease might often -prove
injurious to the sick animal; if possible, then, he should. be
made to take a little exercise every day, if it be summer,
in a shady place; in winter, in the open air when the sun
is up.'The length of the exercise should be proportioned
to his strength.
With respect to the doses of homaeopathic medicines,
the indications are to be followed which have been already
pointed out, or given under- the head of each disease.
Special care should be taken not to force them; thirty
years of experience have proved that they are quite sufficient, and of this every one may satisfy himself when an:
opportunity offers. Too strong doses might occasion injurious effects.
Neither should a person be in too great a hurry to -repeat the doses. This repetition sometimes becomes necessary; but except the cases in which I have taken care to
point out the matter, it never fails to do mischief. When
the person has selected the proper medicine; that one which
covers the greatest possible number of symptoms, and
when it'is repeated without waiting for the secondary
effect of the first dose, it follows that before the curative
effect can be brought about, new primary effects are produced; or the latter being nothing else than a fictitious
disease,'analogous in its symptoms to the natural disease
whicli was to be cured, not only is no amendment obtained,
but in most cases an aggravation of the primary disease is
occasioned. If the medicine has not been well selected, a
repetition of the dose can no longer be of' any utility; for
it is evident that if a first dose has not produced the desired effect, a second and a third dose will produce it still
less. It becomes necessary then, in making an exact re.
vision of the portrait of the disease, to adopt another
medicine which may be more appropriate.



50             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
water, and pour into it from twenty-five to thirty drops: of
the first tincture; we shake it well, and employ the mixturp
for lotions, fomentations, &c. Some other substances, such
as aconitum, bryonia, silicia, iodiunm, ignatia, &c., are also
useful occasionally for external application.
A question naturally presents itself here: must the error
committed in the selection of the medicine be necessarily
injurious? The answer shall be as categorical as satisfactory. Every homaeopathic medicine has a circle of peculiar
action, which has been assigned to it by nature. If an
organ comprised in this sphere of action is affected with
any disease, the small homeopathic dose effects on it a
modifying impression, in the same manner as a drop of
cold water.or a current of air acts on an unsound tooth,
and excites in it acute pains. But another homceopathic
remedy, whose sphere of-action does not embrace this
organ, has no more effect on it than a drop of cold water
or a current of air on a sound tooth. It may be objected
that homaeopathic medicines have been tried on persons
in good health, and that even when some particular one
among them exercised no appreciable influence on such or
such an organ, it might, nevertheless, occasion changes in
other organs, so that, after all, a badly selected remedy
should always do harm. The answer is quite simple: the
homceopathic dynamisations act easily and promptly on a
diseased organ, because the morbid state of this organ
renders it very accessible to modifying influences; but the
medicines which have been tried on healthy men have been
employed in somewhat stronger doses of the pure tinctures,
repeated daily and constantly increased, since here the
dynamisations would in general be without any effect; it
follows from this that in consequence of their' minuteness,
the homoeopathic doses are incapable of doing harm, and
that when we do not choose the proper remedy, the only
inconvenience resulting is a trifling delay in the cure.
One of the leading circumstances which contributes to
the success of the homzeopathic treatment is the manner.
in which the picture of the disease is drawn up; that is to
say, the manner in which the group of symptoms by which
it manifests itself is collected; for so far as the physician
does not perfectly understand the entire'of the symptoms,
he has but an imperfect image of the disease, and can
never be certain that the remedy he selects corresponds



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              51
perfectly to the latter, that is, covers all its symnptoms.
But if this is one of the most important points of homceopathic practice, it is also one of the most difficult.  A
single symptom, however marked it may be, never represents the aggregate of all those of a disease, or never allows
us to foretell the others. Very great attention is required
not to neglect the precise point which is most essential.
The present state of the diseased animal is then to be
compared with the greatest care with that of the state of
health, for the slightest difference indicates a disturbance
in the organism. In order to omit nothing, the symptoms
are written down as they are observed, and an entire line
is devoted to each, so that room is left for further additions
or corrections; a certain order is followed in this process,
that is, we must not be content merely with separating the
general symptoms from the symptoms proper to the particular cases; but we should class them all according to
the parts to which they are referable. The attention is
directed chiefly to the circulation, the state of the pulse,
the nature of the excrements, the temperature, general and
local, the seat of pain, the way in which the animal demeans itself during rest and motion.  The eye is then
observed, the contractions of the pupil, the prominence or
depression of the eyeball, the color of the conjunctiva, &c.,
which are all of great assistance in many diseases, more
especially in the horse.
After having collected all the symptoms, the leading
ones are to be separated, that is, those.whichk'properly
appertain to the present case, from those which are accessory, or from those which are met with in every disease of
any severity. It often happens that the persons who call
for the interference of homceopathy for a sick animal,
mention merely the want of appetite, or some other symptom purely general; no advantage can be derived from
infornmation so very vague. But by principal symptoms,
those must not always be understood which are the most
marked, for it very often happens that a symptom, almost
unnoticed, is the precise one which characterizes the particular case in question.
Here is an instance of the course to be followed. A
disease breaks out among the pigs on a common in the
vicinity of my residence, and carries off a great number
of these animals. The examination of one exhibits the



52             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
following symptoms: general debility and almost complete
loss of sensibility; the hair bristling and tail pendent;
the animal stumbles in walking, so that it is -observed soon
to remain lying down -the temperature of the body varies
rapidly - difficulty of swallowing - total' failure of appetite -the animal anxiously roots up its litter. Inflammatory' swelling on the neck, chest, and abdomen — reddish
streaks on different parts of the body, which assume a
bluish tint a little time before or immediately after death
luration of the disease from one to three days. ~ By these
characters we know that the disease in question is called.
St. Anthony's fire in pigs, and not angina, as had been at
first supposed after an incomplete detail of symptoms,
which circumstance rendered the homceopathic- means prescribed totally ineffectual.
Experiments have been instituted at the Veterinary
School of Berlin, on the application of homceopathy to the
treatment of the diseases of domestic animals, and. the
public papers have eagerly announced that they had not
proved favorable. Fortunately the press republished the
details, which account for the result. Thus, wishing to
try pulsatilla on a horse in good health, ten drops of the
tenth dynamisation were given to him, which produced no
change. The same animal received, three days after, ten
drops of the twentieth dynamisation; then, some time
after, ten, twenty, and at length forty of the thirtieth, all
without the slightest effect. When we recollect what has
been alre'ady stated regarding experiments on organisms in
-a state of health, we shall' not be surprised at the negative
result. The Berlin School proceeded in the same way in
its trials of the homceopathic treatment: a horse, presenting all the symptoms of pleurisy, received thirty drops of
the thirtieth dynamisation of. aconite, which so aggravated
the disease, that it was thought necessary the following
night'to bleed him to seven pounds. From what I have
said of the homceopathic doses, this result will be equally
well understood, which could not fail. to happen, in the
same manner as throwing oil on the fire for the purpose of
extinguishing it. The person who, being desirous of trying a homceopathic medicine on the animal in a state of
health, takes the thirtieth dynamisation instead of the
pure tincture, which' should have been administered in
increasing doses, and who, in a case of disease prescribes



PRELIMINARY - REMARKS.            53
thirty drops of this dynamisation, when a single one was
all he should have given, clearly proves that he had no
idea of the doctrines of the new school. It is, however, by
such means that all the efforts of the government to arrive
at the knowledge of the truth have been paralyzed.
AGE OF THE  HORSE.
GENERALLY speaking, the age of the horse is indeterminate and relative. It is indeterminate with respect to
wild horses, concerning which no sufficiently convincing
facts can any where be found, as also with respect to the
animals advanced in years, in which the most important
characters, that is, the changes which the teeth undergo,
leave us in uncertainty. It is relative in this sense especially, because the breed, the constitution, climate, mode
of feeding, the care bestowed on the animal, the habits of
life, and the more or less amount of labor, exert a powerful influence on him. The question, then, what may be
the age of a given horse, is not. susceptible of receiving a
general answer; one cannot be given till after several par,
ticular circumstances have been taken into account.  Thus
the instances of horses which at the age of thirty years are
still capable of performing useful services, although no
particular care mnay have been bestowed on them, are not
very uncommon; and one author, Rychner, states that he
hinmself saw, in 1811, a c6ach horse of a Swiss breed,
which was able to work still, though he had attained his
forty-fifth year. In general, it is admitted that blood
horses attain a greater age than others; but this opinion
cannot be established by facts, as it is not allowed us to
consider the characters assigned to the different ages as
capable of being applied to all cases. On the one hand,
though the space of six years is accorded to the first stage
of a horse's life, it is not uncommon to see the adult age
declare itself from the third year by the aptitude for procreation; and -this power may be kept up till the age of
sixteen years and more. On the other hand, if persons
have supposed that the limits of old age could be extended
to the twenty-sixth year, there is no lack of instances
5 *



54             PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
where horses are old at a much earlier period. Every
thing then depends here on circumstances, and even sex
affords no precise data with respect to the appreciation
of age.
The age of the horse is judged from his teeth, and from
certain external characters which indicate the greater or
less perfection of the animal, as also from the state of his
condition and strength. The surest method is to employ
both means for forming our conclusions.
But, in order duly to appreciate the signs of age as
afforded by the teeth, it is indispensable to have an exact
knowledge of their form, structure, cutting, of their increase and diminution.
The teeth of the horse are of two kinds: the one permanent, those which the animal possesses in his perfect
state, and which he retains till death; the others temporary, or milk teeth, which make room for the preceding
after a certain time.
With respect to the permanent teeth, the perfect horse
has forty; however, very often there are found only thirtysix, all molars, because the canine are wanting, or are
very small. These forty teeth are included under three
heads: incisors, canine, and molars.
The incisors, which occupy the anterior portion of the
jaws, and which are covered by the lips, are twelve in
number, six above and six below. T.hose in the central
portion are called front nippers, the two following the
middle, and the two most external corner teeth —names
which are equally applicable to the two jaws.
The canine, called also tusks, come after the incisors,
and are four in number; two in each jaw, one on each
side. It is only in males they are found perfectly developed; they are generally wanting in females.
To the canine succeed the violars, of which each jaw
contains twelve,.six on each side. They are distinguished
into first, second, &c.; the first being that next to the
canine, and the sixth terminating the series.
Each tooth is composed of three distinct parts, viz., the
crown, or that part projecting out of the gum; the neck,
or that which is covered by the gum; and the root, or that
which is enclosed in the alveolus.
There are also distinguished ih each tooth three substances: the enamel, which covers the surface of the crown;



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             55
the iJvory, situate beneath it; and the cement, which occupies the middle of the tooth.
In the- course of years the enamel is worn away by
degrees; the crown produces this effect by friction, and
the tooth projects more. and more out of the alveolus, so
that it becomes longer, because the gum at the same time
retracts. It is chiefly in the incisors that this change is
remarked - a change brought on by the progress of age.
The different sorts of teeth differ very much from one
another with respect to their configuration. The incisor
which is curved from.behind forwards, in the direction of
its length presents the form of a wedge, and its crowan that
of a chisel. The permanent incisor is from two inches
and a half to three inches in length, and when it is not
worn away it presents, on its surface, a cavity called the
mark, and which, as will be seen further on, furnishes very
important characters for determining the horse's age. The
deepest part of this depression is lost in the cavity of the
root. The depression and its lower part are covered with
enamel. The cavity is a little longer and deeper in the
incisors of the upper than in those of the lower jaw, so that
it remains a longer time visible, and is not worn so much
by friction. In fact, the depression becomes smoother and
smoother with years, according as the tooth itself is worn
away; so that in old horses there is riothing found in the
place of the depression but a plane surface, and of a somewhat deep color, called the table.
The canine teeth, or tusks, assume the form of a cone,
slightly.curved backwards; in youth they have a'sharp
point directed backwards, and two cutting edges curved
internally, between which  there is a furrow.' The point
and edges become more and more blunted by the progress
of age, and earlier in the lower than in the upper jaw.
The molars are rather square, of a cubic form; the
crown is the broadest part, and they become a little attenuated towards the root. Their crown forms a surface
somewhat unequal, consisting of depressions and eleva-.tions, which gradually become altered with age.
The number of the milk teeth is twenty-f6ur — twelve
incisors, and twelve molars. Each jaw contains six of the
first, and six of the second, three on each side. All these
teeth are gradually pushed out by those which succeed
them.; the permanent tooth, situate beneath the milk tooth,



56             PRELISMINARY REMARKS.
absorbs the root of the latter according as it grows, so
that, when it is on the point of coming through, the crown
of that whose place it is about to take falls, and it is frequently found in the manger. The order in which this
phenomenon takes place affords characters by means of
which the age of the horse may be determined during the
first years of his life.
The milk teeth are situated in the same places as those
to be occupied subsequently by the succeeding teeth, and
they bear the same, names as the latter.
As the development, renewal, and wearing of the teeth
are connected with certain stages, these changes are taken
advantage of for the purpose of determining the age of the
horse. However, it is not to be considered as an infallible
mode of arriving at the truth; for many circumstances
exercise considerable influence in this respect, and consequently render more or less fallacious the inductions drawn
from it. This takes place when the object is to assign the
age of an old horse, for the older the animal is, the more
risk is run in committing an error.
Thie duration of the horse's life has been divided, according to the changes of- the teeth, into three stages, which
extend, the first from birth to the beginning of the second
year, the second to the end of the fourth year, and the last
up to death.
* 1. During the first stage the milk teeth are developed
completely, and the first.permanent molars are also seen
to appear. Properly speaking, the foal must have, on
coming into the world, twelve molars, of which three are
on each side of each jaw; but this rule often admits of
exceptions, and in feeble subjects the molars sometimes
* do not come out till after birth.
At the age of eight or ten days, even a little sooner in
strong animals, the two front nippers pierce the gum, and
always first in the upper jaw; from the third to the fifth
week the central teeth are seen to appear, at first superiorly,
the'l inferiorly, and during this time the molars are mnore
and more developed.
Up to the sixth month the milk teeth continue to grow,
and become even; that is, they are ranged in the same
direction, and the two edges of each are placed on the
same level.
From the sixth to the eighth month the corner incisors



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.              57
appear, of which those of the upper jaw also precede by
some days those of the lower.
At the end of the first year the foal reckons twenty-four
milk teeth, viz., twelve incisors and twelve molars. During
this time the front incisors become level, and the centrals
soon after. These changes always happen some months
sooner in blood horses than in common horses. The care
taken of the mother during gestation and' lactation, are
influential in this respect; for the good nourishment which
they receive facilitates and expedites the process of dentition in the young animal, whilst the want of care, cold
stabling, &c., retard it, and render it more difficult in
the other.
The body of the foal also presents the following changes
at the end of the first year: the hair of. the mane and of
the tail are less curled than before; the tail, which reached
only as far as the hams, becomes longer, the- gait is more'
c.onfident, the fore legs are straighter, the frontal region
exhibits less prominence, and the animal exhibits more
atrength in its movements.
From the end of the first year to that of the second,
little changes are observed in the teeth. During this time
the milk teeth are more and more worn, so that at eightebn
months the mark is worn not only on the front teeth,
(which already occurred,) but also in the central teeth, and
the corners have lost their cutting edges. In general the
milk teeth at this period seem less broad, because their
crowns have been partly'worn by friction, and the teeth
themselves have been pushed out, which causes the neck
or attenuated part to be more perceptible. It is worthy
of notice, that the upper incisors are worn always from six
to nine months later than the lower, that consequently
they lose their mark later, and that they are not so much
pushed out, though still they are sooner developed'than
those of the lower jaw.
~ At the end of the second year the first permanent molars
are seen to appear, that is, the fourths, so that then the
young animal has twenty-eight teeth —twelve incisors,
twelve milk molars, and four permanent molars; these
latter are seated behind the milk molars of. each jaw.
2. During the second period of life, that is, from the end
of the second year to that of the fifth, not only do all the
milk teeth make room for the permanent teeth, but further,



58.PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
all the molars which are wanting pierce the gum, all( towards the end of this period the permanent incisors have
appeared. It is during this lapse of time that the teeth
furnish the most. certain characters for recognizing the age
of the horse, which becomes more and more developed with
respect to size, strength, and the energy of his movements.
At five years the. horse has all his permanent teeth —
twenty-four molars, twelve incisors, and four canines, (in
males;) the corner teeth have become uniform.
During the second period the animal is rather frequently
attacked with certain morbid affections depending on the
process of dentition; mastication is difficult; he frequently
has difficulty in swallowing, which prevents him from
eating; the eyes become inflamed, he has a discharge at
the nose, and he. may even'be attacked with nervo.ussymptoms, fits of vertigo, &c.
3. During the third period, that is, from the fifth to the
eighth year, all the permanent teeth are developed; the
body has attained perfection with respect to size and
strength; the horse is fitted for more long-continued labor
than before. The following years the teeth become more
and more worn, the size of the, body and the strength
diminish gradually, and the infirmities of age become
more and more marked.'However, this effect takes place
much sooner in some horses than in others; different circumstances exert an influence with respect to this matter,
and cause the marks of age (the wearing of the teeth) to
be somewhat earlier in one animal than in another.
The signs of old age are manifested earlier in high-bred
horses (of English or Arabian breed) than in others. The
attention paid to the animal, his feeding, the manner in
which he has been worked, exercise considerable influence.in this respect. As far as regards the teeth, there are several. circumstances which cause them to be worn much
sooner, and make the animal look older than he really is;
such as, a very abundant supply of food, (in grain,) the
perfect correspondence of the upper and lower teeth, which
makes them rub with more force, the one against the
other, during mastication, and the less solidity of their
texture, which. renders them more liable to be worn; in
this respect, it is to be observed, that in general the substance of the teeth is more firm in high-bred horses. When
circumstances of an opposite kind are met with, the teeth



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.      ~      69
retain the appearance of youth for a longer period. Hence
it follows, that the signs of age are much' less certain
during this period, and that the best connoisseur may be
deceived by a year for horses not much advanced in age,
and by two or three for those more advanced in years.
At the age of five the teeth have attained their full
development, though now a little worn on the front
nippers; but they always continue a longer time visible
in the incisors of the upper jaw than in those of the
lower. The canines are now developed; they have a
well pointed summit, and cutting lateral'edges; at six
years old the cavity of the front incisors is filled, and the'
cavity of the middle incisors is growing less.
Towards the termination of the sixth -year the marks.have suffered more, the cavities in the front and middle
incisors of the lower jaw become obliterated, the teeth
appear rounder and thicker than they were before.
At the expiration of the seventh year the marks of the
incisors are more or less worn' and effaced, the nippers
have become narrower, and the plane of the corner teeth
is flattened.
W' hen the horse is eight years old the cavity of the
corner incisors are worn and effaced; and the teeth are
longer and thicker, because they have come more out
from- the alveoli. The canines are neither pointed nor
as curved as before, but more rounded and blunted.
However, these characters can only be considered as applicable to the majority of cases, for the exceptions are
numerous.
At the age.of ten it may be known that the cavity of
the two front incisors of the upper jaw are obliterated - a
circumstance which had already occurred with respect to
those of the lower jaw. At the same time these teeth
(those of the upper jaw) are more thick than broad,
because they are more out of their alveoli.
The cavity of the middle teeth of the upper jaw disappears.at twelve, and at fourteen or fifteen it is effaced on
the corner teeth of this same jaw; these teeth also are
diminished' in breadth, and- become thicker.
During this period of from eight to ten, u'p to twelve or
fourteen years, the crowns of all the incisors are very
much worn, more so, however, in the lower than in the
upper jaw, and these teeth have escaped from their alveoli,
which makes them appear more thick than bioad.



60.            PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
The following characters may be derived from the teeth
indicative of advanced age. At fifteen the diminution in
breadth of the lower. incisors is more marked, as well as
their increase in thickness.  At seventeen and eighteen
these changes are very perceptible in the incisors of'the
upper'jaw. Generally speaking, after the fourteenth year,
the incisors assume a more horizontal direction; before
that they approached nearer to the vertical.'When the horse is very old, from eighteen to twenty,
his teeth present the following peculiarities: the incisors
resemble angular palisades, because the gum has receded,
so that the roots are almost exposed; their table has
assumed" a triangular form.' These phenomena are observed on the lower jaw sooner than on the upper, and on
the nippers sooner than on the central and corner teeth.
The crowns of the incisors are also closer to one another
whilst their roots are separated, which gives a pointed
form to the mouth; moreover they often become oblique,
loosen, and fall out. But these characters have but a
general value, and I have already remarked that they
may lead into error, even an error of three years.
Other signs announce old age in the horse. The animal
is stiff and heavy in his movements, his legs seem unable
to carry him, he takes only short steps, his muscles decline,
however nutritious his food may be, which renders him
unable to bear for any length of time either moving or
work; the edges of the bones become prominent, more
especially the articulations of the hind legs; the upper
jaw becomes flattened, the lower one loses its breadth,
(becomes lower,) and the lower part of the face acquires
in consequence a pointed appearance.
The mucous membrane of the nose and throat is not
as red as formerly, the lower lip is pendent, the'eyes are
sunk in the orbit, they become'dull and turbid, the power
of vision diminishes; the head of the animal assumes the
appearance of old age, to which the white hairs growing
on the brows contribute considerably, which are remarked
at an earlier period in horses whose coat is of a dark
color than in others. White hairs are also seen on other
parts of the body; but they must be carefully distinguished from the white spots which are observable even
in young horses, either as a lusus naturte, or on parts of
the body which has-e been bruised, wounded, or skinned.



PRELIMINARY -REMARKS.           61
The hoof becomes dry and brittle; the skin is wrinkled in
consequence of the adipose tissue having disappeared,
and the anus projects externally. Arrived at this ages the
animal no longer eats, except with: difficulty, very slowly,
and almost always on one side. In horses which have
been well treated in their youth, especially those which
have not been too early worked, or which belong to a high
breed, these symptoms of old age become developed at a
later period, or do not attain the same degree as in those
which are in the opposite case.
6



62              -ON THE STABLE.
A SLIGHT GLANCE AT THE STABLE,
WITH THE BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF DIFFERENI
KINDS OF HORSES.
ON THE STABLE.
WHERE it is possible, and room is not so much an
object as the comfort and well doing of the horses, in
forming the interior of the stable, the stalls should be
double the size of those in general use; that is to say,
about fourteen feet in breadth, and twenty in length, so
as to form each into separate box stalls; the timber, of
which elm is the best, should be about five feet in height,
and at the bottom  fitted into iron grooves, as it will
prevent displacement, and preserve it from decay; iron
rails should be placed on the timber to the requisite
height and width, so as to prevent the animal from biting
his companions, either over the top or between the rails.
Paving bricks, properly cemented, form one of the best
floorings in use; there should be two gratings in each
box, from whence a small drain should be made to communicate with a larger drain, running lengthways of the
building, to carry off the water.
Sliding doors, running on rollers, should be placed at
the back of the horses, so that the horse can Abe quite
enclosed, and still at liberty, without being, disturbed;
there should be six feet between the doors of the box
stall and the wall, that any of the horses could be visited
without disturbing their companions. Several ventilators
ought to be placed through the roof, over the part that
serves as a passage through the'stable, with means of
enlarging or decreasing the space for the passage of air,
by means of a cap and pulley; and air pipes should also
be placed "about two feet from the ground, so as to admit
fresh air, and which would materially tend to the expulsion of the respired air; but the air pipes near the ground



ON THE STABLE.                63
should be so contrived as not to produce a draught or
current of air towards the horses, which might be avoided
by giving it an upward or downward tendency; the windows should also have the means of opening.  This
regulation of drainage and ventilation will always prove
one of the best preventives of disease, and by means of
which you may manage to keep the thermometer at
almost any degree, fifty-four being a good maximum, in
the winter: but an intelligent groom can best regulate
that, according to the horses placed under his care, as age,
breed, and the former habits exercise consideracble influence
in this respect.
The best feeding I have found, and that now very
generally adopted, being oats, bruised beans, chaff from
the best sweet hard hay, and clover; two trusses of the
former to one of the latter, and given, when feeding with
oats, in small quantities, and a little hay twice a day,
morning and evening. Horsts should be watered three
times a day, and the water ought not to be quite cold for
horses kept warm with clothing, &c., that is, in the winter; it is also a good plan to dissolve a few ounces of
chloride of lime in a pail of water, and throw down each
drain about once a fortnight.
Pads formed of tow, and soaked in water, should be
constantly kept in horses' feet when standing in the stable,
by means of two thin pieces of split cane placed across the
bottom of the foot, with the ends under the shoe; or the
patent pads may be used.
Horses' hoofs should have three times a week, or oftener,
a mixture of three parts of common seal oil to one of tar,
rubbed round their hoofs, which will prevent them from
getting brittle.
Stables should frequently be well washed, and when
the animals are at exercise, if none remain in, the windows
and doors should be left open till their return.
As the management of horses varies so considerably,
according to"the use required of them, and even of those
intended for the same kind of work, and also the varieties
of constitutions, tempers, &c., of different horses, no general rule could be laid down with respect to the management.  The treatment of both training and hunting
grooms, and the plans adopted, will of course (with those



64                    BREEDING.
at least that well study their business) be -altered accord.
ingly, and for this reason these remarks will be very
concise.
B3REEDING..It is by the proper selection of parents that we must
look forward to the value, appearance, and usefulness of
the stock.  With regard to thorough-bred horses, the
subject has received the assistance of so many able and
intelligent men, conversant with racing matters, that any
thing emanating from my pen would fall short of instruction on that subject. One of the principal points in
breeding, is to advance, or in a manner force, the strength
of the foal, so as to meet the work required in his preparation, (should he have any engagements,) at two years old,
although the artificial forcing, as it.were, shortens the
number of his days, and early training entails many of
those diseases to which horses, particularly race horses,
are so notoriously subject; there are few, speaking comparatively to the numbers bred, that reach five years old,
the adult period, with sound legs and feet; -but custon
has adopted early running of horses, more perhaps from
pecuniary consideration than any other, the expense of
keeping them being very heavy; it remains to point out
to the uninitiated in such matters the best method of
bringing them forward. For this purpose, the dam, before
foaling, should have a paddock to herself, with a good
shed, thatched, well aired and littered, and, if possible,
with a southern aspect. There should be doors to the
Shed! at one corner, with posts on rollers at the sides, to
prevent the foal at play, when going in and out, from
injuring itself; there should be also large lattice windows,
to admit plenty of air and light; this will, as it were,
bring the foal, from its infancy, used to the stable. The
diet of the mother should be of the most nutritious kind;
carrots, swedes, oats, best hay, and clover should be
liberally allowed; and as soon as the grass has sufficiently
grown, she should also, in addition to the oats, have a good
supply, as it will materially add to the early development
of the powers of the foal. As soon as the damn is taken
away, the foal should have a companion; an old pony



BREEDINGs.                  65
does very well, but there are generally other young stock
that may be placed with it; he should now be handled,
led about with the careson, and well dressed, as it all
tends to strengthen him. He should be well supplied
with beans, oats, and hay, and occasionally should be
given to him a few doses of calcarea carbonica, calcarea
phosphorata, and silicea, to bring forward the bony structure; at the same time let him have the full liberty of
going into the open air, as well as being led out for an
hour each day, with the careson, which will bring him
ready to the trainer's hands, without irritating and weakening the animal by breaking, sweating, and physicking,
&c., as the latter only debilitates the constitution, and
predisposes the animal to disease, rendering the stomach
and intestines irritable, and inducing costiveness; the air
passages also, sympathizing with the stomach, are thereby
predisposed to catarrh, bronchitis, &c. Should the animal
evince signs of the strangles, mercurius 6- should be given,
followed by hepar sulphuris. Bryonia, if indicated, and
suiph. After sweating, cinchona should be administered;
if coldness of the extremities, arsenicum; when shedding
the coat, cinchona, calcarea, and silicea- are useful.
To return to the choice of animals for general breeding,
that is, half-bred horses, the mare selected should not be
less than sixteen hands high, of good temper, clean head,
large eyes, small muzzle, wide between the angle of the
sub-maxillary jaws, deep oblique shoulders, with large flat
legs, short between the joints, and the flexor tendons
standing well out, and not, as is termed, tied in under the
knee; the girth should be moderately round and very deep;
the back or false ribs deep, and standing well out. I do
not attach so much importance to the very short back and
the close approximation of the ribs to the hip, as is
generally so much sought after; although confessedly,
for carrying immense weights, it is a point that should
not be lost sight of; but there can be no doubt of its
detracting considerably from  the speed of the animal.
The quarters should be lengthy, wide, and muscular, the
angle formed between the hips, round-bone, and stifle
should be large, the thighs muscular, the hocks flattish
and large, and the os calcis, or point of the hock, should
be prominent,'and the large metatarsal or cannon bone
should be rather short, constituting what is termed a well
6*



66         MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG HORSES.
let down quarter. This ikind of mare is to be met with
6ut of the huniting stables or coaching establishments:;
the animal's wind and clonstitution; should be well examined, and if sound, her age is not so much aii object, but
should not be- bought, if to repay the breeder well, after
fourteen years old. This kind of animal put to a thoroughbred horse of good appearance, will generally remunerate
the breeder;. the cost of keeping good and bad stock beifig
the same, the trouble being the selection of a mare. A
good four year old colt or filly, unbroke, well shaped, &c.,
being worth forty pounds according to the average price
of horses; whilst for a bad looking one of the same age,
it would be difficult to find a purchaser.
MiANAGEMENT OF YOtING HOBRSES.
In the management of young horses, one of the principal things to be observed is, not to let the change from
the natural to the artificial state be too sudden; to have
cool, well-drained, and ventilated stables; the practice of
bleeding and physicking should be abandoned; in lieu
thereof, let -the exerci'se be better proportioned, and the
quantity of food gradually increased, and I make no
doubt that the animals will encounter the variations of
temperature, to which.of necessity.thley must be' exposed,
with fewer diseases than is generally attendant on domestication. A young horse should.not have less than two
hours' exercise every day, with a steady, well-tempered
man to. tutor him, either in the break or saddle; if intended
for the purpose of hunting, he should be, for a week or
t Wo, practised over various kinds of fences, with a long
line fastened to his bit; he may thus be rode with hounds,
a man having a long line still fastened to his bit; he
should then set him over light fences: but when they are
difficult, he should dismount, and lead him over. This
accustoms young horses to become steady, perfect fencers,
and to make them either go at their fences full speed,
as larger ditches and brooks require the impetus of speed,
or steady, as.double banks, drops, and awkward timber
fences.
I have known young horses very excellent fencers before
they had been half a dozen times with hounds, only



.MANAGEMENT OF. YOUNG HORSES.        67
through their proper training; and I have seen a colt leap
a hurdle with gorse five feet in height after his oats, he
never having been in the breaker's hands; and most young
horses will, with proper management, become good fencers.
In perfecting young horses for hacks, it is necessary that
they should be ridden through the streets, in crowds, and
with soldiers, and made to face all kinds of vehicles; for
which purpose it is necessary that a good rider, with
hands and temper to boot, should be on their backs several
hours daily. Although they generally are at first shy,
they become weary with continual wallking about in the
streets, until they get accustomed to all kinds of noises,
which, if good tempered, they soon will; and when the
horse is weary with walking, the man should frequently
dismount, teach the horse to stand, and mount again.
For the purpose of harness, the means employed is,
to place the young horse by the side of a well-trained old
horse in the double break; those that are accustomed and
kept for the purpose are the best, and they should have
daily lessons; and if required for single harness, a stout,
straight-shafted, high gig is used after the animal has been
a sufficient time in double harness, and in which he may
take his daily lessons. The lighter the bit used, the better
generally will be the horse's mouth and temper; should he
pull. hard, he ought to stand with the mouthing bit on in
the stables, or the dumb jockey, and fastened on. each side
with the pillar reins for an hour or two each day.
The summering of hunters has been a subject of much
argument, some advocating the turning out in meadows,
whilst others consider the keeping of hunters in boxes the
best method, and feeding them on vetches, &c.
The best management is between the two, if sheds can
be procured in lowland pasture, where the horses can be
well fed with oats; the exercise they then receive, together
with the moisture from the grass,' is decidedly more beneficial to the health of the animal and to the improvement
of his feet than standing all the summer through on straw
or taln, or mould, as it becomes impregnated with urine,
generating ammoniacal gas, &c. The sheds should have
doors, so that the' animal can be shut in from tempestuous
weather, or when it is excessively hot, or much tormented
with flies; if the boxes face the north, it will -be cooler,
a.nd they- can leisurely resort to the sheds from the annoy



68        NIIANAGEMENT OF YOUNG HORSES.
ance of flies, for which reason they should not be placed
near woods. Thatch is the best roofing, as it does not
impart the heat of the sun like most others in use.
Nutritious food, such as oats, should never be withheld
from the hunter in summer, especially aged horses; for
the loss of stimulating food in the summer will be readily
seen by the wasted condition of the muscles of horses
during their conditioning or preparation for the next season's work; and which tone of muscle, old horses take a
long time in recovering, although they may look well aind
fat when first taken up.
August, by general consent, being the month that hunters are again brought into the stables to undergo the preparation for hunting, and during that month -and to the
middle of September, long walking exercise every morning
from five to eight o'clock should be adopted, and the
horses watered out. The next step is to alternate the trot
with the walk, so that they may walk two hours and trot
one; but where there is cub hunting, some of the horses.will be kept in from their morning's work to go, which
tends greatly to bring young horses into a proper form, as
well as to make them steady. About the beginning of
October, hunters should have fast work. Horses that are
of a craven disposition and gross habit.qf body, should
sweat at least once a week; that is, take their gallop of
four miles. at half speed, with hood and body clothes.
Light-hearted horses of a nervous disposition will not
require their work so severe; generally speaking, a two
mile gallop thrice a week, with a gentle canter and trot
each day between, is sufficient.
WYhereas the craven horse should go from three to four
miles thrice a week, with a gentle canter and trot each
day between. They should also walk half an hour before
and after their work; if the stable is convenient, it is the
best way to scrape the sweating horses in, and then let
them walk out half an hour.  This method should be
adopted till the commencement of hunting, and the horses
will be brought to a state of condition that they will
require little less than walking exercise, that is, if they go
regularly with the hounds; for a horse that does not go
oftener than once a-week, a gallop is requisite on the fifth
day after hunting, and on the sixth he should have a canter whilst out- at his exercise, which means will insure his.



MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG HORSES.            69
asting through a run, provided he is judiciously ridden,
and his natural abilities good. The morning after hunting, a horse should have an hour's walking exercise; that
is, if he is well and not lame; but on the other days the
time of exercise should not be less than two hours, from
eight o'clock in the morning till ten. The hours I have
named have the advantage of better daylight than from
six o'clock till eight, and generally it is a little warmer; it
has its disadvantages too. Some prefer the earlier hours;
but the time of shutting up the stable will not be materially altered, five o'clock in the winter being a good hour
to go to the stable; therefore, if the horses are dressed, and
the men have had their'breakfasts, they will then be ready
to get their two hours' exercise over by ten o'clock. The
horses will not require so long dressing as when they are
not dressed before exercise, although many grooms prefer
the earlier exercise; and where the help is insufficient, the
work of the stable could not be so well performed' without
it was adopted.
Many an argument has been held that hunters do not
require fast exercise; but I have never found horses so fit
to go as those that have had plenty of fast exercise; but
of course the work that horses do should always be performed under the immediate eye of a sensible and experienced person; that the best ground should be selected and
the pace regulated, as many foolish persons abuse the
horses placed under their charge, and do the animal more
harm by what is termed giving him a gallop than a day's
hunting.
In the preparation of hunters many medicaments are
likely to be required, such as calcarea, silicea, and sulphur,
when changing their coat. After sweating, cinchona, antimonium crudunm and arsenicuzt; if catarrh in damp weather, du.lcama'ra, also bryonia, sulphur, &c.; if with loose
cough, mercurius, iodiucm, and sepia; if feverish, aconite,
bryonia, &c. Twice a week, in lieu of one of his feeds
of oats, the horse should have a mash of bran, which will
guard' against constipation.



70              A GLANCE AT SHOEING.
A GL.ANGE AT SHOEING.
Volumes have been written on the subject of shoeing
horses, and many improvements of late have taken place.
I have lately introduced the use of a solution of caoutchouc
mixed with fine-cut cork, with the view of guarding against
concussions, as it is through concussion that many of the
lamenesses are caused, particularly ring bones, ossified
lateral cartilages, laminitis, and disease of the navicular
joint:, &c. It is well calculated for recent sprains, particularly of the flexor tendons, and suspensory ligaments
of the fore legs; it is to be used in lieu of leather soles, as
by its elasticity, and being quite impervious to wet, it is
well adapted for the purpose for which I have introduced
it; namely, to guard against concussion.* In nailing a
hard, unyielding material, as iron, to the insensible part of
the horse's foot, we deprive him, in a measure, of a natural
spring, as horn is elastic in a slight degree; and it is only
to be wondered that foot lamenesses are not more frequent, when we consider the pace the horse is driven over
the stones of the metropolis and macadamized roads, and
the geat weight thrown on each foot as it reaches the
ground.  This introduction of course would not suit the
hunting field, or the race course, from the liability of being
pulled off; neither is it required there, as the ground-in
itself is yielding.
I have found no shoes so good for hunters as the plain
concave shoe, properly fitted; and they can easily be seated
if the horse's sole should be too flat, so as to require it,
and they are scarcely ever cast.  The hunting shoes of the
hind feet should be, in turning, hammered with a sledge
in a mould placed on the anvil, so as to form the toe and
part of the sides quite round.  There has been much said
with regard to the expansibility of the horse's foot, at least
the under, or part that the shoe is nailed to. I do not deny
that there is expansion in that part of the foot; but it is
very limited, much more so than we are induced to believe
from the stress laid by many authors on the expansion of
that part of the horse's foot; but the expansion is considerable from pressure of the lateral and inferior cartilages, and
* Experience has shown that the caoutchouc wears the best without
being mixed with cork. - ED.



A GLANCE AT SHOEING.               71
those more elastic parts of the horse's foot that tend to
guard against concussion.
The shoes used for hacks, carriage horses, &c., are numerous, aird of late many new  invenitions have been
introduced.
I have found a similar fore shoe to those I have recommended for hunters very well adapted for hacks, with the
exception of being a trifle wider and longer at the heels,
with the nails placed more anteriorly; and if a horse is in
the habit of clicking or forging, this kind of fore shoe
would be still more called for, and the toe of the hind foot
should project a little over the shoe.
These shoes should always be steeled at the toe; otherwise they would wear too quickly, oni account of the
ground surface being narrower than that of the flat shoe.'
I think it is a better plan, where calkings are used on
the shoes of the hind feet of carriage horses, to have both
heels turned up, as it prevents slipping more effectually
rwvhen they are obliged to be suddenly pulled up, especially
on  the wood pavement; and another advantage derived
fromn it is, the more equal bearing of the heels, by placing
them on a parallel from the ground, as nature never intended to have one heel higher than the other; and for
light work, if calkings are used, they should not be made
too long.  When one half is turned up, and the other
thickened, it generally occurs that the one turned up is
higher than the inner heel of the shoe which is thickened;
consequently the foot is uneven, and thereby rendered
more liable to sprains.  There is a disadvantage attending
the turning up of both heels, that is, a liability to wound
the coronet of the foot, but it is of very unfrequent occurrence; and horses that stand with one foot on the other
whilst resting, should not have the inner heel turned up,
but thickened to an equal height as the outer heel. Horses
that are in the; habit of cutting must be shod accordingly.
One of the most efficacious plans in the prevention of
cutting is the three-quartered shoe. It should be steeled
at t1he toe, and made very lighlt and thin, without a calking on the outside heel. There are other kinds used on
some horses with advantage.  The employment of the
unilateral shoe is also very general for the same purpose.
* Rodway's patent shoes are very much approved of by parties that use
them extensively.



72             DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
That to which much importance should be attached, is
the proper fitting of the shoe, and not to cut open the heels
or rasp the crust thin; the heels should not be left too' high,
and the toes of most fore feet require a little shortening at
each shoeing, and the superfluous and broken parts of the
sole should alone be taken away; but on no account to
leave the sole too thin, as a bruise from a stone might
occasion the animal to fall.
SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
The diagnosis of the diseases of the horse, without
which there is no possibility of curing them, is a matter as
important as it is difficult in certain cases. In order to
establish it, it is necessary to subject the sick animal to an
examination, which not only embraces the disease and its
symptoms, but extends also to the rest of the phenomena
of the animal's peculiar life. The comparison between
these two orders of symptoms shows us how far the pres.
ent state of the horse is removed from the natural condition,
and allows us to establish our prognosis; for it is evident
that the more the functions are altered from their normal
course, the more the physiognomy of the animal differs
from what it should be, the more the exterior is changed;
the more the secretions and excretions have become irregular, the more serious and alarming is the character of the
disease.
The examination of a sick animal presents, in some
respects more, in some less, of difficulty than that of a
human being affected with disease. It is more difficult,
inasmuch as the practitioner must often dispense with the
knowledge of the history of the case. The animal nc;t
being able to speak to inform him of his previous habits,
of the injurious influences to which he was exposed, of his
present feelings, of the duration of his disease, &c., and
the persons who are in care of him generally affording
but very incomplete information, - we frequently obtain
but very vague and unsatisfactory ideas about the case;
besides that, we are not always told respecting the onset
of the disease, whether such onset be really unknown, or
those in charge of the animal have been too careless to
inquire into it, or there may be some motive for concealing
it. Another difficulty is owing to this, that the animals



DISEASES OF THE- HORSE.            73
cannot tell us their subjective symptoms, that is to say,
what they feel, the nature of their pains, &c.
But on the other hand, the examination is more easy in
some respects, because the' animal, obedient to its instinct,
expresses its sufferings by movements, attitudes, looks,
sounds, &c. The phenomena themselves are much more
distinctly marked, because there is not in this case, as in
man, the imagination to exercise any influence over tliem.
Also, every thing discovered in the sick animal may. be
considered as a consequence of the state of the organs.
The pulse and beatings of the heart, among others, afford
much more precise and certain signs than, in man. A.practical knowledge of the symptoms of the disease constitutes what is called, in veterinary medicine, the coup
d'wtil, and is very necessary to the homceopathist.
It is of the utmost importance, when a sick animal is
examined, carefully to collect all the symptoms, even
those the least marked, and to arrange them properly;
for this is almost the sole and only means of ascertaining
the form of the disease; the practitioner having no other
resource for this, except to take into account that which is
represented externally in the animal.
The order in which we proceed to the examination is.not a matter of indifference; from the manner in which it.is done, we judge of the skill of the practitioner. Thus
it would be giving a very unfavorable idea of one's self
to commence the examination by indicating the accessory
symptoms, and then to pass to that of the essential symptoms, or to jumble and confound both orders of symptoms
indiscriminately. To confine one's self to a certain order is,
besides, a means for rendering the examination itself much
easier.
The usage- is to commence with the symptoms which
are referable to the exterior of the animal, and which, as
such, first fall under. the cognizance of the senses, because
in many cases they are sufficient to enable us to recognize
the disease, and even to judge of its seat. To this head
may be referred, -
1st. The movements and attitudes of the body and its
several parts, chiefly of the head, eyes, limbs, and tail, as
the animal indicates the pains he feels by striving to repel
or avoid the pernicious influences from without, or to
relieve the sufferings which torture him.
7



74             DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
2d.. The look and physiognomy. To be sure, it cannot
be said that the horse has a physiognomy, in the sense in
which this term is applied to the human subject. Still
the character, the breed, and the state of health, and of
disease are expressed in him in a very striking manner.
His physiognomy becomes particularly characteristic in
tetanus, internal gangrene, vertigo, &c. It is for this
reason we should attach a special importance to the
examination of the eye.
After having considered all the symptoms connected
with the exterior of the body of the animal, we next
proceed to examine the pulse and the beatings of the
heart. These two phenomena have great value, as characteristic signs, in the diseases of our domestic animals -
of the horse more especially. The pulse is felt on embracing the submaxillary artery between the index and middle
finger, as it crosses the anterior portion of the tuberosity
of the lower jaw. With respect to the beatings of the
heart, they are felt by placing the palm of the hand on
the horse's left side, not far from the elbow. But to be
able to judge of a disease from the pulsations of the
arterial system, it is necessary to'know the character of
the pulse in the state of health, and to have attained a
certain degree of dexterity in examining it. The number
of the pulsations is about from thirty-two to forty per
minute in the adult horse when in health, and from fortysix to fifty-five in the young horse. If the animal is
irritable, his pulse is more frequent, and also harder, that
is, it strikes with more force against the finger, which is
generally considered a sign of vigor; it is slower and
softer in phlegmatic breeds.
The pulse varies very much in diseases. It is accelerat-'ed (above fifty, sometimes seventy or eighty, and even up
to one hundred or more) in febrile diseases. The pulse
at once frequent, hard, and strong, in general indicates an
inflammatory affection. When slow and weak, or easily
compressed, it denotes debility, advanced age, or an
anemic state of the body. When accelerated or feeble,
it indicates imminent danger, and worse still, if it have
an- unequal, intermitting character. In pneumonia, it is
frequently oppressed. In enteritis, hard, quick, and wiry
in its feel. If, whilst the mouth and feet are cold, the
pulse is no longer felt, life is very seriously threatened.



DISEASES OF THE HORSE.            75
Oftentimes the pulsations of the heart are no longer
perceptible during the repose of the animal, but slight
motions are sufficient to render them perceptible. Further,
there are two circumstances which must not be lost sight
of; the first is, that we can judge so much better of the
state of the pulse, the more tranquil the animal is; the
second is, that the pulse is influenced by every thing
which can excite'fear or uneasiness, so that we should
not examine it abruptly, and before we have familiarized
ourselves with the animal to a certain extent.
After the pulse, the respiration should be examined;
we should first attend to its frequency, and its relations to
the pulsations of the heart. In the state of health, the
horse respires from nine to ten times every minute. We
should see also what the temperature and odor of the
expired air may be. We -examine all the phenomena
with which the respiration may be accompanied, such as
different sounds, cough, &c. The anomalies of this function possess great importance, not only in the idiopathic
affections of the organs charged with its performance,
but also in the diseases of other organs, particularly the
brain, heart, &c., in the lesions which compromise the
entire vital activity, and in many fevers, especially in those
which assume an inflammatory character.
From the respiration, we pass on to digestion. The
apparatus destined for the performance of this function
furnishes important diagnostic signs, inasmuch as it enjoys
a great predominance in our domestic animals, and independently of the diseases peculiar to it, it participates in
those of several other systems and organs. We investigate the, signs which may be derived from hunger, thirst,
the manner in which the animal takes his food, masticates
and swallows it, the state of the abdomen, the quality of
the alvine dejections, &c.
The total loss of appetite is a phenomenon much more
serious in domestic animals than in man. It is, therefore,
always a favorable sign when they take food, provided,
however, that they are conscious of what they do.
A phenomenon worthy of remark is, that inflammatory
diseases are accompanied by an increase in the contraction
of the intestinal parietes, and a diminution in the secretions, which may be ascertained by the small size, hardness, dryness, the more or less deep color of the evacua



76             DISEASES OF THE IHORSE.
tions, whilst the contrary takes place in putrid diseases,
where the alvine dejections are united into larger masses,
and generally covered with mucus.
The examination of the urinary organs is necessary, as
well in reference to the diseases peculiar to the apparatus
itself, as because it contributes to make known the general state of inflammation, putridity, spasms, so that it
furnishes signs of the highest importance.
Lastly, we must direct attention to the state of the
mucous membranes, those chiefly of the mouth and nose;
their pale or red color, and the characters of their secretion,
afford signs sufficient to indicate certain diseases.
The examination should bear, not only on the aberrations which the vital phenomena have undergone, but also
on the causes of the diseases, if they do not already
appear from the symptoms themselves. As every disease
must be considered as the product of two factors, an
internal or subjective cause, and an external or objective
cause, the veterinary practitioner should give his investigations a twofold direction. With respect to the animal,
he takes into consideration his age, sex, breed, constitution, mode of life, the labor he has had to perform, the
state of health he enjoyed hitherto, the diseases with
which he had previously been attacked, and the state of
those animals of the same breed. With respect to the
second point of view, he looks to the state of the atmosphere, the kind of food given him, the character of the
stabling, the first morbid phenomena which manifested
themselves, the course of the disease up to the present
period, and the treatment employed.
Most of the diseases of the horse are accompanied with
pains, which manifest themselves externally, according to
the parts whence they derive their origin. If the painful
part is a foot, the animal assumes an attitude such as
may spare this part;'vhen standing, he throws the leg
forwards, so that it may have less to do than the other in
supporting the weight of the body. In laminitis, when
standing, the weight is thrown on the heels. When walking, he rests less on it; when one touches it, he sometimes
draws it back, or raises the foot; if the'pain have its seat
elsewhere, the animal frequently turns his head towards
this part, or strikes it with the foot. In case the pains are
very severe, he remains as if struck with stupor, and with



DISEASES OF THE HORSE.                   77
his head inclined to the ground, or else he scrapes with
his fore feet, or stamps with the hind feet, or he rolls
himself on the ground.
The eyes, even when they are not the seat of the disease, often express the state of the animal: dull, and full
of water, for instance, they indicate exhaustion and weakness, whilst when bright, full of force, and projecting out
of the orbits, they denote an inflammatory state, or sometimes a very acute pain.
Every time the hair is observed to be dull and staring,
it is a proof of disease, for it is shining and smooth when
the animal is in good health.  This symptom  denotes a
bad nutrition, insufficient food, more especially abdominal
affections, when emaciation is combined with it.
When the respiration is slow and calm, we conclude
that there is no fever, and that the pectoral organs are
healthy; when it is hurried, violent, and  accompanied
with heaving of the flanks, it frequently denotes the presence of fevers, more especially of inflammatory fever,. and
when there is cough, or stertorous breathing, we infer the
existence of some disease of the lungs or the windpipe.
If the horse remain constantly standing up, the fore
legs widely separated, we are warranted in presuming a
disease of the thoracic organs, pneumonia, peripneumonia,
inflammation of the diaphragm, water in the chest, &c.,
because in all these cases respiration is performed with
more ease whilst standing. When the animal always
remains lying down, it is a proof of great debility, or of
pain, or some disease of the feet.
Every time that certain parts of the body are either
burning hot or very cold, we may reckon on it that there
is some disease.  Heat of the head, and that of the
mouth, with shaking and a staring coat, are invariably
symptoms of fever; cold in the head, ears, and  feet
frequently indicates great debility and exhaustion of the
animral.'
* Consult, on diseases of the horse, the following works: Vatel, (P.)
Elenments de Pathologie vdtdrinaire ou Prdcis thdorique et pratique de la Medicine et de la CGhirurgie des Anim-aux domestiques. Paris, 1828; 3 vols. 8vo.
Hurtrel D'Arboval, Dictionnaire de Meddeeine, de Chirurgie et d'Hygiine vdtdrizaires, deuxieme edition, Paris, 1838-39, 6 vols. 8vo. Delafond, (O.)
Traitd de Pathologie et de Thdrapeutique gdndrales vetdrinaires. Paris, 183844; 3 vols. 8vo. Rainard, Traite de Pathologie et de Thdrapeutique grndtales
vdttrinaires. Lyon, 1841; 2 vols. 8vo.
7*



78               DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
I repeat, that wherever homceopathic medicines are in
question, the -liquid form  of those substances should be
understood, and the dose should never exceed one, two, or
three -drops.'
* See Jahr, Nouvelle Pharmacopde et Posologie homeopathiques. Paris,
1840 12mo.



ABSCESSES  ALOPECIA.             79
SECTION I.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN, WITH  THE CELLULAR
AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.
ABSCESSES.
ALL abscesses, even when they depend on an external
cause, having been preceded, or being still accompanied by
inflammation, their treatment must be commenced with
aconite- or bryonia. The hepar sulphuris almost always
serves -to induce suppuration when resolution cannot be
obtained; a'dose of it is to be taken every six hours.
The means employed in the case of abscesses which have
suppurated are, arsenic, internally and externally, when
the edges are hard and everted, when there is pain, inflammation, and the pus exhales a bad smell; silicea, when
the pus is thick, and of a bad color; mercurius vivus and
asaftatida, when the pus is of a dull color and fetid; camomile, sepia, and arsenic, when granulations are too profuse.
Among the medicaments to be employed to soften hard
abscesses, baryta carbonica, (almost a specific,) bryonia,
camomile, carbo animalis, carbo vegetalis, conium, iodium,
kali carbonicum, and sulphur, are those which should hold
the first rank.
ALOPECIA;
OR, FALLING OFF OF THE HAIR.
The following medicines have been recommended in
the treatment of alopecia: natrum muriaticum, lycopodium,
carbo animalis, calcarea carbonica, sulphur, (as consecutive
treatment;) iodium, (when there is emaciation at the same
time;) kali carbonicum, (when there is itching of the skin,
and slight sweating;) bryonia, (when the affection comes
on after a sudden impression of cold;) arsenicum, (if it



80                    ANASARCA.
has been preceded by ulceration;) agaricus muscarius,
(when the hairs fall above the eyes;) caustic, (if there be
at the same time any disease of the eyes;) sarsaparilla,
sepia, and silicea, (when signs of eruption are observed.)
In most cases alopecia may be occasioned by a general disease, (generally psora;) it is also useful to premise
each of these medicines by one or two doses of sulphur.
ANASARCA.
Anasarca, a disease of considerable frequency in horses,
consists in a collection of serosity in the subcutaneous
cellular tissue. It often accompanies ascites or dropsy;
but in many cases, also, it exists alone, in the legs, abdomen, chest, scrotum, &c.; sometimes it attacks simultaneously the principal parts of the body. That which
distinguishes it from other tumefactions, is, that the skin
is cold, and retains the impression of the finger.  China,
alternated with arsenicum, is in this case a capital medicineI lycopodium is also found very beneficial in extensive
anasarca; pulsatilla and  arsenicum, when the dropsy
comes on after strangles, and there is at the same time
diarrhcea; bryonia, when there is constipation and difficulty of breathing, as also when the swelling is hot and
tense, and after cold; colchicum, in general anasarca, with
constipation, dysuria, and dry coughs; dulcamara, when
the swelling has manifested itself after sudden exposure
to the cold, or when it is accompanied with symptoms of
strangles; belladonna, when it appears clammy to the
touch, and yields a sort of crepitation; rhus toxicodendron,
a very important remedy, especially when there is rigidity
of the limbs, chiefly after rest; secale cornutum, alternated
with arsenicum, and followed with sepia, when the legs
are affected with an anasarca which extends rapidly. The
prognosis is generally unfavorable, when anasarcous swellings make their appearance in the different parts of the
animal when laboring under ascites or hydrothorax; but
we have edematous swelling of the legs at times in
successful cases.



ANTICOR - EXANTHEMES.             81
ANTICOR.
This name is given to a round, inflammatory swelling,
about the size of the fist, which forms on the chest, opposite to the heart. This tumor frequently comes on after
exposure to the cold; it then yields to one or two drops
of aconitum, followed by arnica. This last remedy is also
the one which should be employed when the swelling is
occasioned by a contusion, or any other external cause.
China is also useful in the case of a more extensive and
general affection of the chest.
EXANTHEMES.
The history of exanthematous diseases is one of the
opprobria of allopathy, as well in human as in veterinary
medicine. With respect to their exciting cause, their
essence, and their treatment, errors have been accumulated
on errors, and thus innumerable evils have been spread
over the world. It was reserved for homeopathy to throw
on this subject, as well as on so many others, a bright
light, which must fill with admiration of Hahnemann's
sagacity every man whose eyes are not absolutely blind.
In the different diseases which affect man and animals,
under so many and such varied forms, every one acknowledges, there must be a peculiar fitness and predisposition
to contract them. Without this aptitude, neither men
nor animals would ever fall sick, and the unfavorable
circumstances would act on them from without, as the
influences of heat, cold, &c., would never cause the entire
organism to sympathize with them, nor would they occasion such or such a form of disease according to the
individuals. There must, then, be some internal peculiarity, wholly foreign to the external exciting cause, which
determines the form and direction of the disease, and
constitutes the germ whence the latter proceeds. This
germ of the majority of diseases, chronic diseases in particular, has received from Hahnernann the name of psora,
because numberless examples have proved to him that the
inunctions with which persons are in the habit of treating
the itch, are the sources of the great majority of the



82                  EXANTHEMES.
derangements of the health. Psora, which exists in a
greater or less degree in all men, though often reduced to.
the latent state, (that is, -without appreciable symptoms,)
is developed,  according to circumstances, under such or
such a form of disease, and resembles, in some measure, a,root which puts forth towards the skin branches and flowers, which go by the name of exanthemes.  From this
mode of viewing matters, it follows, first, that the eruption which appears on the skin, (pustules, vesicles, &c.,)
is not the disease itself, as the allopathic school thinks, but
merely one of its products or symptoms; secondly, that a
rational method of treatment must be directed against the
root which vegetates internally, and that in order to cure
the exantheme radically, without injuring the health, this
root must be completely extirpated. The truth of this
doctrine is put out of doubt by-the success with which
homceopathy, by means of remedies which it.designates
antipsoric, so frequently cures, in a number of cases, with
readiness and ease, so many chronic diseases in the treating of which allopathy is powerless because it knows not
their focus, properly so called. Now, there is no doubt that
psora exists in animals also- a thing which I might prove
by the most palpable instances.
With respect to the exanthematous diseases of the
horse, they mainly depend on psora existing in the animal;
they depend not, as has been stated, on the animal's rubbing himself against hard bodies; this is but an occasional
cause, which requires also a special predisposition.
Two principal causes of exanthemes are distinguished:
some are dry, and others moist.
The former present themselves, at first, under the appearance of small pimples, which subsequently scale off,
so that the place they occupied seems covered with a
farinaceous powder. To this state there is generally added
a distressing itching, which at times is so violent, that the
animal becomes nearly mad, and enjoys not a moment's
rest, either whilst he eats or during the night. This state
calls for the daily. employment of a dose of sulphur for
some time, which is the principal remedy in all exanthemes,
and which requires in certain cases only the concurrence
of other antipsoric medicines.
If the dry eruption assumes chiefly the form of a desquamation of the skin, some doses of sulphur are first



EXANTHEMES -FUNGUS.               83
administered, then sepia., When some parts of the body
are divested of hair, the natrum  muriaticum  or lycopodium are given, which are also preceded by some doses
of sulphur.
Bryonia has been often found useful in a distressing itching, which has supervened after a sudden exposure to
cold, Agaricus muscarius has also been found effectual
against numerous small subcutaneous tubercles, accompanied by slight inflammation of the eyes.
Humid exanthemes give rise to small vesicles, pustules,
&c., which are elevated above the skin, often in very great
quantity, very'crowded on each other, and pour out over
the integuments a fluid more or less watery, which is-dried
by the action of the air and converted into a crust. Frequently there are formed small  ulcers, which have a tendency to deepen, and make way into the muscular parts
situate beneath the skin, destroy the roots of the hair, and
cause the latter to fall off, and produce intolerable itching.
The itching becomes more tioublesome at night, and
obliges the animal constantly to rub himself. This dis.
ease appears at first in a single place on the body; chiefly
on the tail, beneath the mane, and on the flanks, whence
it extends -gradually, so as often to cover the entire body;
the animal then becomes more and more feeble, and unless
medical aid is procured, disease of some of the vital organs
terminates his existence, else some lingering chronic disease
renders him nearly useless. In such cases, also, we should
always commence with some doses of sulphur: still the
cure depends on the greater or less duration of the disease,
and of the general constitution of the animal. After
sulph.ur, arsenicum, and rhus toxicodendron are the principal remedies to be employed in treating the exanthemes,
those even of the worst kind.  Staphysagria has, in many
cases, cured, in a very short time, tubercles which occasioned much itching. Recourse may be had, also, to
causticurn, nitri acidum, creosotumn, lauro-cerasus, calcarea.
carbonica, kepar sulphuris, &c.
FUNGUS,
This name is given to indurations of the skin or cellular
tissue, which occur chiefly in parts which are exposed to



84             INDURATION OF THE SKIN.
strong and continued pressure of the harness. Arsenicurn
is a tried remedy in such cases.  Chamomilla has been
chiefly recommended in the treatment of those which are
developed in the withers.  These excrescences must be
sprinkled externally with dilute tincture of arnica, and
when they begin to put on an unhealthy character, with
arsenicurn, (two drops to a spoonful of water.) Sometimes
they open: they should then be treated like other abscesses.
Sepia is useful in the treatment of those fungous excrescences so common on the heel.
INDURATION OF TE SKIEN.
Hardening of the skin is almost always the consequence
of an internal disease; but it often takes place after the
destruiction  of fungous excrescences by caustics, or in,
horses which have been subject to pressure from the collar
in heavy draught; chamomilla, conium, and mercurius solubilis are suitable remedies in the case of simple induration,
and.acididm phosphoricum when the indurated parts contract in the form of folds. Induration of the skin of the
posterior part of the knee and hock after an eruptive disease, termed mallanders or sallanders, frequently yields
to cracks that discharge a semi-transparent fluid; arnica,
arsenicurm, and rhus toxicodendron.  Spiritus sulphuratus
is an excellent remedy against indurations accompanied
with itching.  Sefpia should be employed when the indurated skin is detached in scales or large patches.
MALLAN-DERS AND SALLANDERS.
Scurfy eruptions are so called, seated at the anterior
bend of the hock, or at the posterior of the knee, accompanied with oozing, crusts and cracks in the skin, and
which are productive of itching, pain, and sometimes even
of lameness.  This disease is sometimes owing to long
travelling on bad roads, want of cleanliness; but for the
most part it depends on internal causes. Scabiescinum
equorum and thuja are generally the most useful for it;
next come jacea creosote and sarsaparilla.  Sulphur completes the treatment. If any lalenes$ remain after the



(EDEMATOUS SWELLING OF THE LEGS..        8
disappearance of the exanthemata, we should have recourse to petroleum.
(EDEMATOUS SWELLING OF THE LEGS.
This is a disease which has its principal seat in the
inferior part of the legs, more especially the hind legs,
which' at times, however, ascends higher up, even to the
trunk, and which is also observed in the anterior extremities. It first presents itself in the form of a swelling,
which generally lessens by-exercise, but always reappears
after standing a long time in the stables and increases very
much after'some days' rest.  The swollen part, which
appears a little hot to the touch, occasions to the animal
a sense of itching, and an acute pain whenever the part
receives pressure, although in other cases there appears
little or no pain.  At length, after the swelling has attacked
all the posterior part of the pastern joint, a liquid dis-'
charges itself by small pores fromn the heels, which at first
is clear, like water, but soon becomes turbid and sanious,
so as to corrode the skin and destroy the roots of the hairs.
The inflammation and pain then make rapid progress, so
much so, that the animal can no longer bear the slightest
touch; he limps very much in walking, and when at rest
he holds the foot off the ground.'A few doses of thuja
are sometimes sufficiernt to cure the disease radically, often
in a few days, even when it is inveterate. However, when
it lasts for some considerable time, the lameness increases
very. much, and there are frequently developed on the
swelling brownish or bluish excrescences, called grapes,
which bleed on the least touch, and continually exhale a
fetid ichor; it has now become a case of greasy heel. Th:Ira
administered internally,.its strong tincture being at the
same time employed externally, is useful in this case also.
Amongst the other'remedies which prove most useful,
arsenicum, baryta carbonica, mercurius solubilis, silicea and
sulphur are the principal.  Secale cornutum, alternately
with arsenicum, has produced excellent effects in a very
bad case; the cure was ultimately effected by thuja. I
have not yet made'any trials with the podopyoninum equorum, to which great virtues have been attributed in latter
tines.
8



86             PHTHIRIASIS- TETTERS.:PHTHIRIASIS,' OR MORBUS PEDICULABRIS.
Horses which are much used, not kept clean, and badly
fed, are frequently much tormented by vermin, which increase very much on their body, and contribute not a little
to exhaust them still more when no pains are taken to
destroy them. This object is accomplished'by means of
an ointment prepared with one part of bruised parsley
and three parts of lard, which is spread over the hair of
the animal by means of a wisp of straw in the hand.
Internally, sabadilla and sulphur are given, and if the animal is weak, china.
SWEATING.
Sometimnes the least motion is sufficient to cause a
horse to sweat. In several cases I have stopped this
infirmity by means of nux vomica, mercurius vivus, and
sulphur, to each of which I allowed from five to six days
to exhaust its action. A friend of mine cured it completely by sepia. Natrum muriaticum has also been ascertained to be very useful in it. Regular and steady exercise,
with proper diet, should also be enforced.
SWELLING OF THE TEATS.
Should there be inflammatory tumefaction, a dose of
aconitum, followed by. mercurius vivus, or of bryonia, seldom fails to diminish the swelling.
TETTERS.
Tetters, which are generally met with in the horse in the
dry form, are the result of an ifiternal disease, (psora.)
They are recognized by the appearance on some part of
the body of numerous small pimples, collected together, and
which, after a certain lapse of time, become converted into
a scab devoid of hair. The disease is generally accompanied by itching, which obliges the animal constantly to
rub himself. Rhus toxicodendron has been found to pos



TUBERCLES.  TUMOk ON THE ELBOW.         87
sess specific virtues in the cure of this affection. Sulphur,
alumina, and rhus, when there is very violent itching; sepia,
phosphorus, and dulcamara in furfuraceous tetters. If
there be a secretion of pus, hepar sulphuris; and if the
healing be difficult, arsenicum and silicea.
TUBERCLES.
Independently of the means mentioned under the articles
EXANTHEMES, STRANGLES, POLL EVIL, ABSCESS, &C., ledurm,
and in obstinate cases, silicea, have more than once- displayed great power. We should also have recourse to
bryonia and dulcamara in the cure of tubercles which succeed cold; aconitum, in heat -spots; arnica and urtica urens
in the tubercles which come on after the bites of insects;
arsenicum in those which appear on different parts of the
body, with bad digestion; arnica, (a few doses,) and then
mercurius. ivus in cold, indolent, tubercles; baryta carbonica in those seated on the lower jaw; staphysagria in those
which occasion itching, and especially those which appear
on the edge of the eyelids. Arnica has always succeeded
in swellings occasioned by a contusion, or any other
external lesion.
TUMORS,  (COLD.)
Cold tumors, which are often of very considerable extent, possessing the hardness of cartilage, and painful
only when forcibly pressed, which sometimes appear on
the thighs of horses, never fail to yield, in about three
weeks or a month, to homaeopathic treatment. We should
first give two or three doses of arnica, at intervals of three
or four days. The ordinary effect of this remedy is to
render the tumor painful, and to soften it, at least partially.
Some doses of mercurius vivus then cause it to open, or
render it sufficiently soft to have it easily punctured. Two
doses of silicea close the'treatment.
TUMOR ON THE ELBOW.
A tumor which comes on the point of the elbow generally proceeds from the animal's shoes being in contact



88             TUMORS ON THE HEAD.
with the point of the elbow when lying; in consequence
of a fall, a blow, or under the influence of some internal
cause. The swelling is, at first, hot and painful; but, by
degrees, it is converted into a cold, indolent swelling,
which scarcely ever interferes with the horse, but is merely
detrimental to the beauty of his shape. In the treatment,
we should have regard more particularly to the duration
of the disease, and'to the way in which it was brought
on, whether by an internal cause or some external violence.
The affection, when recent, and more especially; when
occasioned by external violence, is easily cured with arnica,
with which may be combined the dilute tincture of this
medicine. If the disease be of long standing, chamomilla
must be employed; and if the swelling begins to grow:hard, conium and ledum. When of very long standing, or
of spontaneous origin, it is in general very difficult to
cure. The principal means then are sulphur, antimoniumz
crudum, petroleum:, and sepia. When the swelling is, painfiul and itchy, or when lameness exists, we may employ
besides, with advantage, iodium, rhus toxicodendron, and
puisatilla, alternately with conium.  Silicea is indicated
when it oozes. Chamnomilla also is lauded as an intercur-rent remedy. There are circumstances where bryonia has
been found useful, when the swelling becomes hot and
tense during the treatment; calcarea carbonica, when it
resembles a wen; baryta carbonica, when it resembles a
steatome.  In all cases sulphur must be employed as
consecutive treatment.  This kind of tumor is easily
dissected but without the least danger.
TUMORS ON THE HEAD.
Tumors on the head, which arise sometimes from an
external lesion, sometimes from cold, or an internal disease, are some of them hard, others spongy; sometimes
watery, sometimes hot, or tense; occasionally crepitating
under the finger. The principal means to be employed
are, in general, auirum, arsenicurnm, mercurius vivus, sulphur,
and acidurn sulphuricum. The tumors caused by an external lesion are combated by arnica, symphytum, and acidurz
sulphuricum; those of a tuberculous character, by angustura; those of a hot and tense quality, with bryonia;



ENCYSTED TUMORS -WARTS.             89
those of a cold -and crepitant quality, with belladonna;
those' which are small and numerous, with ledum.
ENCYSTED TUMORS.
Tumors, generally of an indolent nature, come on in
different parts of the body, and vary very much in size.
They are called encysted tumors, as being contained in
an envelope. Some doses of arsenicurn (one every three
or four days) soften them, more especially when they are
the result of a contusion; then they are brought to suppurate, by means of some doses of mercurius vivus and
silicea. In the case of these tumors without hair, calcarea
carbonica chiefly should be employed; and when this
remedy does not suffice, graphites is recommended in
repeated doses.
SANGUINEOUS'TUMORS.
Tumors, owing to an effusion of blood into the cellular
tissue, for instance, to laceration of a small superficial
vessel, to a blow, fall, &c., are matters of very trivial
importance, when the quantity of blood effused is not
considerable. However, as they sometimes cause suppuration, we must not neglect to employ in this treatment
fomentations with arnica water, at the same time that we
must administer some doses of arnica internally.
WARTS.
These excrescences, which are of different forms, smooth,
round,. and varying in size, and which sometimes follow
external irritations of the skin, contusions, &c., depend
much more frequently on an internal cause. Some are
hard and dry, others soft,. spongy, moist, and more or less
painful.' The principal means to be employed in the
treatment of the former are dulcamara and sulphur. If
there take place around them an ulcerated zone, with
everted edges, arsenicum is to be employed; causticurm is
useful in those which bleed, suppurate, and occasion pain.
Thuja internally, and also the strong tincture externally, is
8*



890:BURNS - CASTRATION.
employed in the cure of large scabby warts which are
lobulated, moist, suppurating, and presenting a disgusting
appearance. Sepia, also, has rendered good service in
similar cases. Calcarea carbonica is the remedy for small
but numerous warts, which appear chiefly on the lips.
SECTION II.
MECHANICAL INJURIES, SPRAINS, AND  EXOSTOSIS.
BURNS.
IT has been ascertained by experience, some time since,
that a strong tincture of urtica urens, employed externally,
cures burns with great promptness. Arnica also has been
employed successfully, as well internally as externally.
CASTRATION.
Some doses of arnica are useful to prevent and stop
the traumatic fever which succeeds this operation. It is
right also to wash the wound with water to which some
drops of tincture of arnica have been added. Not only is
the cure more expeditious, especially when the lotions are
frequently repeated, but the employment of the arnica
also destroys in the bud several occurrences which sometimes prove dangerous. If fistulke become developed, we
should follow the course traced out- under the article
FISTULA. Under the word TETANUS will be found the
indication of the treatment to be adopted if that affection
should supervene. I have always found arsenicurm, followed by sulphur, useful in treating the tumefaction of
the belly, which sometimes occurs after the operation.



CONTUSIONS - CURB.              91
CONTUSIONS.
Contusions are cured in a very short time by the external application of tincture of arnica diluted with water.
It is only in very bad cases that this medicine should be
employed internally. If a bone has been affected along
with the soft parts, or if the periosteum has been injured,
instead of arnica, ruta graveolens and symphytum should
be employed, internally and externally. In some cases
conium has been found useful.
Thus, when too tight'girthing produces a contusion,
the skin gradually becomes excoriated, and, if the matter
be neglected, it is not uncommon to see inflammation and
suppuration come on. Arnica never fails to cure lesions
of this kind promptly and easily. If tumefaction has
manifested itself, and if the swelling, when neglected,
become inflamed, and pus be already formed, mercurius
vivus, or hepar sulphuris, disposes it to open, and effects a
cure. If crusts or scabs form in the injured part, thuja is
indicated; its use should be followed by that of sulphur.
In the same manner, harness badly made, or ill applied,
occasions injuries to the breast, back, and shoulders.
There is first observed a bleeding excoriation, which,
when neglected, passes readily into inflammation and
suppuration, and is often difficult of cure. Arnica given
immediately, both internally and externally, boon cures all
lesions of this kind. Bryonia, alternated with the external employment of arnica, is very useful in the treatment
of colts which we desire to habituate and accustom to
draught, and when sweated from the pressure of the
harness. Pulsatilla and arsenicurm are employed when
the wound suppurates; chamomilla, when large crops of
pimples become developed on the part; arsenicurm, chamomilla, vmercurius, and sulphur, when fungous excrescences
appear.
CURB.
-A swelling is so called that hag its seat formed on the
sheath of the flexor tendon. It is sometimes occasioned
by a blow in leaping over timber, or walls; but the most
frequent cause is a strain. The horses most liable to it



92                   DOCKING.
are those with sickle-shaped hocks, although the best
shaped legs and hocks do not at all times escape. There
being generally an undue weight thrown on the parts in
breaking, it at first appears insignificant, but- generally
terminates in lameness. Arnica and rhus toxicodendron
never fail to prove useful, when employed in proper time,
and especially when the animal is allowed rest. If, on
the contrary, he be neglected, pain, swelling, and inflammation increase gradually, and there is formed a hard,
cold, indolent tumor. There are cases, however, in which
it does not become so considerable, or at least increases
but slowly; the horse then continues able to perform his
duties, and the lameness which existed at first —at length
disappears. But when the swelling increases very much,
continual lameness supervenes; the motions of the joint,
particularly those of flexion, become more and more
impeded. When the strain is recent, arnica, alternated
with rhus, and applied externally in the form of a lotion;
and, when first injured, mixed with boiling water, and
applied hot; at the same time give those medicines internally. With respect to the treatment of this disease, the
use of silicea, calcarea, baryta, and sulphur must not be
overlooked.
DOCKING.
The operation is sometimes followed by nervous irritation, which, when neglected, may bring on fatal consequences, such as tetanus. In such cases, then, it is right
to administer doses of arnica, in order to remove the
traumatic fever. In cases (which are not uncommon)
where the operation is succeeded by tetanus, the directions given under that head should be followed. The
appearance of gangrene, which has sometimes been observed to occur after the operation, is prevented by the
timely use of arnica. However, if there be inflammation
already, &c., arnica is no longer of any use, and we must
have recourse to some doses of arsenicum. Frequently,
more especially when the first incision has been made too
high, a fistulous ulcer supervenes, for the treatment of
which see the article FISTULA. Some lint, steeped in a
diluted tincture of arnica, should be bound tightly around
the dock, which generally will answer every intention.



FRACTURES.                  93
FRACTURES.
It sometimes happens from a fall, or a severe blow, that
a greater or less portion of the bones of the ilium become
fractured. There then appears in the same place a hot,
painful tumor; the horse limps, chiefly at the commencement; and when we view him from behind, we see the
affected haunch lower than the other. *This accident is
never dangerous in itself. Every time the case is presented
to me, I have removed it by employing externally the
strong tincture of symplhytum. I also give some drops of
this internally from time to time.
Fractures of the ribs are often cured of themselves;
they are treated with- synzphytum. When they are complicated with splinters projecting internally, they are liable to
produce suppuration of the lung.
Like other fractures, those of the bones of the nose are
cured in a little time by symphytum. Any splinters that
may exist must be carefully removed.
Fractures of the bones of the legs are not uncommon
in the horse. They are discovered by. the animal being
unable to rest on the affected limb, which, when carefully
examined, exhibits the presence of flexion in a part where
there is no joint, and causes a ccrepitation which is produced by friction of the ends of the bone.' An inflammatory swelling soon attacks the part, which becomes very
painful to the touch. Fractures of the limbs have been
considered as incurable, in consequence of the weight of
the body; but several facts have satisfied me that with
proper precautions we may succeed in curing them. The
first is, after having duly fitted the ends of the bones as
exactly as possible, to surround the fracture with broad
bandages of cloth, over which we are to apply two iron:splints, excavated in the form of a gutter, so that the one
placed on. the posterior surface may pass some inches
beyond the hoof,.and the affected limb may rest on it.
We must then pass large girths around the chest and
quarters, and under the belly an empty sack, or broad
piece of canvas, which is attached to the ceiling with
ropes and pulleys, to be altered at pleasure, so that during
the entire time of treatment the animal may be kept in a
state of semi-suspension. With respect to internal treat



FISTULA OF. THE'WITHERS.
ment, he is to take on the first day two doses of arnica,
then one every day; then after four or five days, every
two. days only, one dose of symphytum, and the bandage
is to be frequently wet with cold water, to which there
has been added from a third to a sixth of the pure tincture
of this medicine. At the end of eight days the bandage
must be removed, to see whether the -fragmen~ts of the
bone have been duly brought into apposition, after which
it is reapplied, and so left until there is a complete cure.
Up to this, we are to continue the use of the symphytum,
both internally and externally.
FISTULA OF THEE WITHERS.
Repeated friction, or prolonged compression on the
~withers, often occasions a. contusion of the muscular or
ligamentous parts, the effect of which is to give rise to a
painful swelling. If this affection be not speedily remedied, if we do not change the form or arrangement of the
saddle, the tumor soon suppurates: and, as the withers
feel all the motions which the neck performs, as well as
the back and leg,< the disease soon increases in depth,
attacking the ligaments, cartilages, and even the spinous
processes of the vertebrae. If the accident is still recent,
it is cured without the least difficulty, merely by taking
care to moisten the part frequently with arnica water,
-with which fomentations also should be employed, which
are likewise of great use when pressure has produced
induration of the skin, and has made it assume the
appearance of burned leather.
Pulsatilla is administered internally, and when the
tumor is not hot to the touch, or if it be of long standing,
coniuzn. When relief has not been afforded in time, and
especially when the cause continues to act, the disease
makes rapid progress; the pus, instead of escaping externally, becomes infiltrated more and more deeply, and gives
rise to great disturbance of the system. We are frequently obliged to use the scalpel freely to lay open the parts,
and to make a dependent opening for the evacuation of
the pent-up matter. If this pus is of bad quality, and
fetid, mercurius and asafcetida are employed; when the
edges of the ulcer are hard and everted, accompanied by



LUXATION OF THE PATELLA -POLL EVIL.    95
pain and inflammation, and the pus exhales a bad odor,
arsenicurnm is the remedy to be employed. Silicea is useful
whenever the pus is thick, and pulsatilla when there are
fistulous ulcers, or burrows. If there is caries of the spinal
processes of the vertebra, we must have recourse to the
means pointed out in the article CARIES.
LUXATION OF THE PATELLA.
This bone is sometimes displaced under the influence
of a blow, a false step, a slip, violent effort, a sudden leap,
&c. The horse then holds his leg stiff and extended; he
cannot rest on it, and when obliged to walk, he draws it
along. The reduction is effected by having sufficient help,
and placing a side line, with a hobble, on the pastern of
the affected limb; and drawing the hind leg forward, the
surgeon is then with both hands to bring the bone into its
place. At times, it takes place of itself, if the horse makes
the slightest movement.' However, the ligaments are, in
general, weakened to such a degree, that the slightest
cause suffices to reproduce the luxation. Hence the affected part must be treated for some days with strong tincture of arnica externally, and as long as the treatment
lasts the animal should be left in a state of absolute rest.
POLL EVIL.
This.term is applied to a large and very painful tumor,
which is seldom developed under the influence of internal
causes, mostly from the effect of external causes, immediately behind the ears, at the juncture of the head with the
neck. - It is always a serious disease, as not only do the
tumors very frequently degenerate into ulcers, which are
almost always of a bad character, but, also, because it
often happens that the affection involves the muscles, ligaments, bones, &c., and thus destroys the animal. We
should commence the treatment with several doses of aconitum, which will often suffice to remove the tumor, at least
when there is as yet butsimple inflammation. Next come
arnica, mercurius vivus, pulsatilla, and sulphur. When
these means do not suffice, we should have recourse to



96               RINGBONE — SPAVIN.
those recommended under the article ABSCESS. If, the
disease has existed for any length of time, and sinuses
have formed, so that it is impossible for the matter to gain
an exit, but continues to destroy the living parts, we maust
freely use the scalpel, so as to form a dependent opening
for the complete evacuation of the pus, without which
medical means will avail but little.
RINGBONE.
Is an ossific deposition seated on the coronet joint of the
foot, sometimes on one side, at others completely surrounding the joint, and which mostly causes serious lame,
ness. Sometimes two feet, or even all the four, are simultaneously affected. The ordinary causes are a false step,
a luxation, or a great straining of the articular ligaments.
Many persons, however, consider it as an hereditary
defect, connected with internal causes. One of the principal remedies to be employed is Thus toxicodendron, which
frequently relieves the accompanying lameness. If after
its use some swelling still remain, we should have recourse
to arnica, calcarea, iodiumn, lycopodium, mercurius solubilis,
and silicea. -Phosphorus has often proved efficacious.
SPAVIN.
Spavin consists in an inflammation of the ligamentous
connection of the head of the small metatarsal with the
inner cuneiform bone of the hock, but its position varies
considerably; it is followed by ossific deposition, and
which interferes more or less with- the movements of the
hock; the contiguous surfaces being rough and inflamed,
the articular cartilages being transformed into bone, &c.,
although all the horses affected with spavin are not lame, as
it is very similar to a splint, when not affecting the motion
of the horse. There appears to be in some breeds of horses
a predisposition to this affection, perhaps more from the
peculiar construction of their hocks, as is the case with
curbs. It may arise from strains, particularly in leaping,
or from too much exertion being required of horses when
young. It seldom appears before the third year, or after



SPLINT.-                   97
the eighth.. T.he: diagnosis is generally easy. In order to
decide -whether..a.horse is affected with spavin, we must
first examine whether there be an enlargement not perceptible on the other hock, on the inner and lower side of
the joint. The sprain is sometimes, more especially at the
commencement, so small, that we can succeed in distinguishing it only by comparing together the corresponding
points of the twao legs seen anteriorly and posteriorly; but
in time it increases in size, and sometimes attains the size
of a, hen's egg. When it is osseons' to the feel, it constitutes bone spavin, properly so called; if it consist of a
soft swelling produced by an effusion of serum into the
joint, it is galled false spavin, or commencing spavin. The
lameness frequently disappears width work; but: if the animal is allowed to rest for a time, and then trotted again,
the lameness becomes more perceptible. As'an exception
to all this, motion increases: the lameness iin some' horses
affected with spavin, whilst' others are not lame, though
they have very large spavins; and others, again, are very
lame, though scarcely any trace of the disease is perceivable
in them. Besides,- we know that the lameness referable
to spavin increases gradually in consequence of fatigue
and work, which may be accounted for by the pains which
the animal then feels. With regard to the remedies at the
commencement, we should employ thus internally and
externally; also silicea, arsenicum, sulp/hur, phosphorus,
baryta carbonied, spongia, iodium, &c., will be found
efficacious.
SPLINT.
This term is, applied to an exostosis of greater or- less
size, which usually supervenes after a contusion. They
are situated, generally, on the inner small metacarpal bones
of the fore legs, although it is frequently seen on the outside, and, at times, on the hind legs. After having existed
for some time, they seldom occasion lameness, except they
are so situated as to interfere with the action of the ligament, tendons, or the'knee joint, or when first forming. I
have several times derived benefit in recent exostoses by
means Bof arnica, internally and externally. If the tumor
is of long standing, there will be some difficulty in making
it disappear, and very often we do not succeed in so doing
9



98 SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK -— STRAIN OF THE LOINS.
Acidum phosphoricum, arnica, silicea, china, the latter ex
ternally, are also the remedies recommended for its treatment. Rhus toxicodendron, ruta graveolens, causticum, and
mercurius vivus are also of decided service.
SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK.
A sprain of the fetlock joint is known by heat, swelling,
and lameness more or less marked, more especially lameness on uneven ground.  If the accident is still recent,
arnica should be used, both internally and externally.
When the pain is acute, good effects may be obtained from
the use of rhus toxicodendron and- ruta, which are found to
be- very beneficial in luxation of the fetlock. When the
injury is of long standing, sulphur may be interposed once
among the remedies already mentioned.
STRAIN OF THE LOINS.
This affection depends often on a leap off a bank, down
a descent, or a slip, or turning round quickly in- the stall.
If severe, it is difficult to cure. If it be but slight, the horse
flexes, or lowers the quarters when walking, staggers when
trotting, is startled when pulled up suddenly, and has some
difficulty in moving backwards. If the affection be more
severe, the animal cannot move back, and can scarcely
advance a few steps forwards; he drags the hind legs, and
the quarters tremble'when he walks. When the affection
is still more severe, he is unable even to raise the hind legs,
is constantly lying down; when he wishes to stand up, he
merely succeeds in placing himself on the hind part of his
body, like a dog, and soon falls again, striking his head,
haunches, and legs. There is heat and swelling, painful
to the touch, which occupies the lumbar region; there is,
in general, sympathetic fever. If the affection has been
produced by external violence, rhus toxicodendron, taken
internally, and symphytum externally, is a useful remedy.
If,'on the contrary, it be of a rheumatic nature, it is treated
with aconitum: and bryonia, alternately; more especially
when there is a hot, tense, and painful tumor. When it
depends on an internal disease we must have recourse to



INJURY OF THE SCAPULO-HUMERAL JOINT.      99
sulphur. If it be attributable to weakness of the loins,
which renders the animal unable to gallop, ipecacuanha,
cocculus, and pulsatilla are to be employed; if the disease
manifest itself towards the adult age, arnica, nux vomica,
and chiefly phosphorus are indicated. This affection, when
of very long standing, was cured by the continual use of
the following remedies: arnica, three days; petroleum,
seven days; oleander, three days: rthus, seven days; sulphur, seven days; cocculus, three days; lachesis, seven
days; ipecabcuanha, two days; conium, seven days; pulsatilla, three days; and silicea., I have cured this disease
completely, in two different cases, with nux vomica and
sulphur.
INJURY OF THE SCAFPULO-IUMERAL JOINT.
This injury may take place from a horse running against
different things, or from a fall; it is known by the heat and
swelling around, and by the peculiar way in which the
horse limps; and when, on standing erect, the animal does
not rest on the affected limb; when he carries it before
him, or on one side; when, in walking, he depresses the
limb instead of raising it, so that he cannot get over a
slight obstacle without striking it; when he does not go
backwards willingly; and lastly, when the scapular region
is hot and swollen. With respect to treatment, we must
have regard to the occasional cause. If the affection has
come on after a blow, arwica must be administered, which
is also to be employed externally in fomentations. When
there is inflammation, one or two doses of aconitum must
be given previously; symnphytum also deserves to be recommended, as well internally as externally. If the affection
arise from an exposure to cold, we should have recourse
to ferrum muriaticuzm, or to rhus toxicodendron, preceded
by one or two doses of aconitum. Bryonia, also, deserves
to be recommended, as well as causticum and zincum, combined with sulphur, which are used chiefly when the disease
is of long standing, and has now put on a chronic character. In rheumatic affections, moderate exercise assists
the cure; but if thle cause is different, the animal must
be kept in a state of absolute rest, until he is perfectly
well.



100          STRAINING- OF THE SHOULDER.
STRAINING OF THE SHOULDER.This injury, although of an unfrequent occurrence, occasionally does happen; the sudden shock- a horse may
receive whilst galloping on the side of a hill, has occasioned it; and by a false step in leaping; or in any other
wvay which causes the muscles of the shoulder, when
strained very much, to lose their contractile power -in- a
great degree, and from the pain the- animal suffers he is
incapable of extending the shoulder, and, therefore, drags
his toe on the ground when attempting to walk.
In the beginning of. the treatment, it is necessary to put
on the foot of the injured shoulder a shoe raised about
four inches from the ground, which mechanical means
will greatly assist the medical treatment. The plan I
generally adopt is, to rivet together two shoes, with three
rivets, the length required —. one rivet in each side; and
one at the toe  the under shoe to' be smaller than the
upper, so as to..give the smith greater facility in tacking it
on: it would be in the way of the shoeing hammer were
it the same size as the shoe fitted to the foot. This shoe
is also very useful for sprains of the flexor, or extensor
tendons, &c., where you wish to raise or lower the toe or
heel, which is easily done by making the pillars of iron, or'rivets, longer or shorter, as required. The other treatment
to be employed is, in the first case, to place the animal in
a loose box, to foment the muscles of the shoulder with
hot water, then to wash it with arnicated water, warm,
and to give internally arnica; the diet to consist of mashes
and green food, or -carrots. This treatment is generally
sufficient. Rhus, bryonia, and sulphur will also be found
useful if feverish.
STRAINING OF TIE TENDONS.
A -strain of the flexor tendons, or of the sheath that
envelops them, is generally attended with excessive lameness and inflammation of the parts; we must assist the
animal in resting the injured leg, as much as possible, by
means of a high-heeled shoe, as before spoken of in the
article " shoulder strain; " give one or two doses of aconite,



STRAIN OF THE HAUNCH.             101
as there is generally constitutional irritation present; we.rust then have recourse to rhus toxicodendron, internally
and externally; let a tea spoonful of the mother tincture
be put to a pint of water, a piece of lint saturated therein, and applied round the leg; then let a linen bandage,
dipped in cold water, be lightly rolled around the lint,
to keep it in its place: absolute rest is indispensably
necessary.
Arnica and ruta are also of use if the part is bruised, or
if the periosteum is injured, which is frequently the case in
bruises of the anterior of the cannon bone from blows in
leaping timber or walls, in which way I have seen the extensor tendon completely divided,-and the horse become
again as useful as before, with but very. slight permanent
enlargement, which enlargement, after divisions of tendons,
had better not be interfered with. The general practice
of stimulants more frequently enlarges than reduces the
interstitial deposition. Aconitum, rhus toxicodendron, silicea, arsenicum, and sulphur, when indicated, are.useful in
this injury.
STRAIN OF THE HAUNCH.
This affection is frequently the result of considerable
straining of the ligaments of the coxo-femoral articulation,
arising from a slip, violent effort in drawing,. a contusion,
or a false step; but lameness often depends also on internal causes, as rheumatism, &c. The animal thus affected
halts a little, spares the affected limb as much as possible,
and can neither trot nor gallop. When the affection is
but slight, the animal scarcely limps, particularly when
stepping, and feels no Ipain except when his pace is accelerated; in the opposite case, even standing is accompanied
with an acute pain, the animal limps even when walking,
and drags his leg; and when trotting, ihis buttocks describe a sort of swinging movement. Nothing is more
difficult than tQ detect this affection; its presence-can only
be admitted when an attentive examination discovers no
other lesion in the other parts of the limb, and when the
horse does not readily allow his haunch to be examined.
It differs from spavin in the fact that the lameness, instead
of diminishing gradually by walking, increases; yet we
have sometimes seen it, more especially in rheumatic cases,
9Q



102   STINGS OF BEES- SWELLING OF THE KNEE.
become less marked under the influence of moving. The
treatment varies with the cause. If there has been a violent effort, straining, contusion, or any other external violence, arnica should be administered, and a strong tincture
of it should be employed externally; ledum also is almost
specific in this case, and drosera may be recommended,
especially when moving increases the lameness; bryonia
and colocynthis have succeeded under certain circumstances; if the external injury has involved the bones, we
are to have recourse to symphytum both externally and internally; when the lameness is attributable to rheumatism,
it should be treated with aconitum and arsenicum, or nux
vomica and mercurius. When it proceeds from making
too violent efforts, it yields to rhus toxicodendron.
STINGS OF BEES.
The sting of a bee or of a wasp is a circumstance of no
consequence. But.when a multitude of these insects have
fallen on a horse, the pain and inflammatory swelling may
go on so. as to occasion the animal's death. MAnica employed externally is an excellent remedy in injuries of this
sort; we. might derive advantage also from administering one or two doses of it internally. I have not yet had
an opportunity of trying apisine which has been recommended by. Lux. I have lately ascertained that the external employment of the strong tincture of urtica wrens
was a specific in such cases.
SWELLING OF THE KNEE.
We have more than once proved the efficacy of pulsatilla
in indolent swelling of the knee, and of china in that which
is accompanied with pains; if it be occasioned by a blow,
contusion, or any lesion of the extensor tendon, so that the
limb remains flexed, and the animal touches the ground
merely with the toe, the joint being at the same time hot,
swollen, and painful, we shall find great benefit in ledum
palustre, capsicum, and arnica, both internally and externally. Arnica is chiefly indicated when the disease is not
of long standing; in the contrary case we employ silicea,
lycopodizv;n. and sutpIur.



VARIX- WOUNDS.                103
VARIX.
Local dilatation of the saphena vein in the place where
it passes over the inner surface of the hock joint. It is a
soft, elastic tumor, often produced by violent efforts in
drawing. Rhus toxicodefdron is the best remedy; this is
to be followed by ledum after a certain lapse of time. PRlosphorus and acidum -phosphoricun& have also been found
effectual, although this disease, or bursal enlargements in
general, seldom admit of cure.
WOUNDS.
All the superficial lesions made with sharp or bruising
bodies require the application of arnica water externally,
which at times prevents either inflammation or suppuration intervening, and causes the wound to heal by resolution; arnica should also be given internally in the majority
of cases. We must have recourse to symphytum when the
bones have been affected, to conium when there has been
a contusion, to rhus toxicodendron when the lesion is
accompanied by luxation or by a strain, but nevertheless
not neglecting the use of arnicac externally. A profuse
hemorrhage soon yields to pledgets of lint, or such like
material soaked in millefolium, which are to be introduced
into the wound. The debility occasioned by great loss of
blood yields to a few doses of china, one of which is to be
given every two or three hours. The traumatic fever
always accompanying extensive wounds followed by intense inflammation, calls for the use of arnica; with which
arsenicurm should be alternated when the fever is high. If
the wound suppurate, and the pus be of good quality, the
intervention of art is wholly unnecessary; but when the
pus has an ichorous character and a bad odor, mercurius
vivus and asafwtida are employed. When the pus is thick
and of a bad color, silicea is required; when proud flesh
forms, chamomilla, sepia, and arsenicum are to be given.
Aciducm sulphuricum is useful when after a wound the skin
forms adhesion to the bones.



104   WOUNDS OF THE B3ARS -CONTUSED WOUNDS.
BARS, (W0OU3NDS OF THE.)
The pressure of the bit sometimes causes in the bars
contusions, or even wounds, which may become so deep
as to denude the bone, which soon becomes carious if
neglected. Arnica, both intermnlly and externally, is the
chief remedy to be employedi If the periosteum be attacked, we prescribe acidumn phosphoricuwm, ruta graveolens
and conium, or, better still, symphytum.
CONTUSED WOUNDS.
It frequently happens among cavalry horses that the
horse of the second rank injures, with the toe of his fore
foot, the heel of the hind,foot of the horse immediately before him, and thus occasions a considerable contusion, or
even a severe wound; if the injury be recent, it yields
readily to fomentations with water of arnica. When pus
is formed between the skin and hoof, the case is treated
just like other abscsesses chiefly with squilla and sulphur;
aconitum and squilla are indicated in case acute inflammation exists; acidumn phosphlor icum   and arsenicum, when the
pain is violent.
Very frequently the hurt is a contusion, with or without
a wound, which the horse inflicts on himself in the region
of the pastern or coronet'with the shoe of another foot, or
which he receives from another horse walking beside him.
It is of frequent occurrence when frost-nails are placed on
the shoes, the animal occasionally striking the fiost-nails
of the inner quarter of the shoe against the coronet of the
opposite foot, or higher up. Shoes armed with high and
pointed frost-nails, like those employed in winter to facilitate walking on ice, are very likely to cause this accident.
The soft parts, the lateral cartilages, the extensor tendon,
the joint itself may have:suffered, which is known by considerable swelling, with heat, pain, and lameness. When
successive lotions are employed with cold water and arni.
ca, both internally and externally, the symptoms are quickly
removed. But if the animal be neglected, abscesses, ulcers
and fistule may form, and complete deformity of the foot



WOUNDS ON THE KNEE.               105
may be produced, even loss of the hoof. It then becomes a
serious affection, of which lachesis is one of the best remedies, or else arsenicum, baryta carbonica, and silicea.
WOUNDS ON ITHE KNEE.
In cases of slight wounds of the knee it is sufficient to
wash the part several  times a- day with arnica water. If
the injury is still more severe, we are to apply a bandage
steeped in:dilute arnicaj and then to give arnica internally,
or, when the-knee is very much injured, symphytum. When
granulations rise over the surface.of the wound, we are to
give chamomilla, sepia; and arsenicum. If through neglect
the wound pass into a state of abscess, it is to be treated
as other abscesses. When the knee or any other joint is
penetrated, the first thing to be done is to carefully cleanse
it frorm dirt, then take a small budding iron at a dull red
heat and sear around the wound, taking care not to press
itRto the synovial membrane, then mix six:spoonfuls of
wheat flour, one of charcoal, two of tincture of arnica, and
water sufficient to form a, paste; spread it well over the
wound, over which place a piece of lint; then oiled silk, a
sufficient quantity to keep -it from the influence of the air,
or to render it air tight; then a linen bandage, from four
to six yards in length; dipped in hot water, and rolled
around the horse's head, to be kept tied so that he-can
neither lie down nor bite his knee when standing. After
four or six days this may:be taken off and dressed again
in the same manner, and again using the budding iron
should the synovia not be stopped; -if the synovia has
ceased to flow, particular care being taken not to move
the coagulum-; about this:time sloughing will have commenced; then let arsenicum, or lachesis, if better indicated,
be given; after which the remedies that are found most
efficacious will be hepar sulphuris, sepia, silicea, and
sulphur.



106    WVOUNDS OF THE NOSE - TONGUE - EYES.
WOUNDS OF THE NOSE.
As in all wounds, we employ arnica, and if there be
lesions of the bones or periosteum, symphytum, both internally and externally.
WOUNDS OF THE TONGUE.
Arnica in this case displays specific properties. When
the inflammation is already established, we must have recourse to aconitum and mercurius vivus.
WOUNDS OF THE EYES.
Lesions of the eyes by mechanical causes, such as
blows, strokes with the whip, punctures, &c., are generally
followed by inflammation of greater or less severity, which
must be treated.,with some doses of aconitumr, after which
arnica, employed both internally and externally, generally
accomplishes the cure in a very little time. If some want
of clearness remain, we employ coniurm, or, alternately,
cannabis and belladonna. In one: case arnica failed in the
treatment of a wound made with a needle, which penetrated deep into the eye, but conium effected a speedy
cure. A colt, three years old, having received a severe
blow on the eye, two doses of conium sufficed to remove
all trace of the disease in eleven days. In contusions of
the cornea, which assume the form of a mere streak on
this membrane, conium (the chief remedy) and euphrasia
have succeeded manj times; but if the contusion is more
severe, and blood be effused into the aqueous humor,
arnica is the most proper.



ALBUGO - AMAUROSIS.             107
SECTION III.
DISEASES OF THE EYES, BRAIN, AND NERVES.
ALBUGO.
TRAUMATIC inflammations of the eye often leave after
them partial. dimness of the cornea, with whitish spots of
greater or less extent, which are not at first completely
opaque, but which never fail to become more and more
s;o. In these cases, cannabis and coniumn produce in general gooi effects. If the spots have been occasioned by a
wound, as the stroke of a whip, &c., cannabis and belladonna. alternately, or coniumrn, are the means to be employed.
Sacrsaparilla, followed by sulphur, has succeeded in a case
where a red streak was observed on the cornea. Pulsa.
i illa, sulphur, euphrasia, causticurn, cannabis, and lycopodium,
eImployed in this order, are suitable in the case of spots of
the cornea of long standing. In one case, cannabis and
sulphur, used alternately, have succeeded with me. However, the cure is effected very slowly in spots of the cornea.
In the Zooiasis of Lux, Schmager states that he treated
eleven cases of recent albugo successfully with cannabis
and belladonna. He was less fortunate in chronic albugo;
these two then produced but little effect; the amendment
manifested itself but very slowly, and did not go beyond a
certain degree. Causticumrn is an excellent remedy applied
externally in the form of a lotion A in two table spoonfuls
of water, and applied twice a day with a camel hair brush
or tip of a feather: it should be also used internally at the
same time, a2 once a day for three successive days. After
awaiting the action of the medicine for four or five days,
give a few doses of sulphur, 3; this I' have found particu.
larly efficacious.
AMAUROSIS, OR GUTTA SERENA.
Gutta serena, a rather frequent consequence of ophthalmia, almost always attacks the two eyes at once. It



108                   APOPLEXY.
consists in paralysis of the optic nerves, and brings with
it actual blindness. There is much more difficulty in
recognizing it than cataract, because in general all parts
of the eye remain.clear and transparent; however, the
pupils -are very much dilated and circular, whilst in the
natural state thy. are of a moderate size and have an oblong form. Anoher mode, still more certain, consists in
keeping the upper eyelid depressed for some.minutes, then
in opening it suddenly, the animal being placed in the full
daylight:.if the pupil do not contract immediately from
the effect of the light, we can no longer -doubt the presence
of gutta'serena.  No remedy is known:for this disease
when:it has reached' its highest degree; but when: the
animal still sees a little, we may improve his state by the
following means: ammoniurm carbonicurmn,:(duration of its
action, eight days;) causticurn,' (fifteen days;) belladonna,
(eight days;) euphrasia,'(six doses, one every:two days,
which produces lachrymat ion ) cannabis, and"sulph'ur.  At
the onset of the disease, pulsatiila, nux vomica, cannabis,
coniuin, and sulphur are excellent means.
APOPLEXY.
Apoplexy is of'two kinds, the serous and' sanguineous;
the latter is,'however, of the most frequent occurrence in
the horse. One of the principal causes is high feeding with
insufficient exercise; it may also be caused by the animal
drawing a heavy load up an incline, although in this case
there'is, perhaps, more frequently rupture of a blood
vessel and hemorrhage from one or both nostrils; if the
animal's Stomach'is overloaded with food, it is more likely
to produce congestior of blood on the brain.
The horses:most liable to apoplexy are those who have
a'short and thick'neck, are of a dull, lazy habit, with a
disposition to become fat, and when on days that are somewhat sultry they begin to suffer vertigo. A horse in this
case carries the head low, the breathing is laborious, the
pupils are generally dilated, and the pulse nearly indistinct;
there is a frequent flow of'saliva; he raises the fore. legs a
little more than usual, stumbles.as he walks along, chiefly
o'n being:turned, falls sometimes, comes again to hinself -afte.r a:few moments.'Usually these symptoms are



LIPPITUDE - CATARACT.             109
renewed frequently, always becoming more severe, and at
length an -attack of apoplexy declares itself, in'whiclh the
animal falls as if struck with lightning, and after some fits
of convulsion dies.  As soon as the precursory symptoms
Are perceived, a few:doses of aconitum are given, which has
been found' a sure means of preventing a fatal termination,
e&specially:if the horse be fed moderately, employed properly, and  iot -worked too severely during hot weather.
~ArnUic'a,;belladonna, nux vomica, and:laurocerasus may also
be Used in the premonitory symptoms with good effect,
also mercurius and opium.
LIPPITUDE - BLEAREDNESS.
Ledutn  and aitrum are the principal remedies recom-:mended in the treatment of this affection. Benefit has
also been derived:from rnercurius viv1us, or, when it:did not
produce lthe desired:result,:and:particularly when the agglutination:f:the eyelids, from staphysagrtia.: Conium has'ailso been employed with advantage in the latter case,:principally when at the same time the eye seemed covered
with a white film. If inflammation exist, we should
give euphrasia, and- if there' be weeping from the eye, we
are:to have recourse to agaricus muscarius and psoricum.
H;epar sultphuris, camstcium, lyopodium, silicea are recommended: in the cure of chronic lippitude.  Sepia has been
useful when this disease has prevailed epizootically.
CATARACT.
Cataract is frequently developed after a severe attack
of periodical ophthalma, more especially in young horses.
The animal affected with it sees imperfectly, or, in the
latter stages, does not see at all. The commencement of
cataract is chiefly discovered by this, that the horse commences to see no longer -as well as formerly, which state
becomes worse from day to day. In a little time, on examiningl the eye there is discovered in the pupil a whitish,
yellowish, or;brownish body. The crystalline has now become visible,because it has lost its transparency. When
the course traced out under the article OPHTHALMIA shall
10



110   CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN - ENCEPHALITIS.
have been followed, it seldom happens that we shall have
an opportunity of treating perfect cataract. Besides the
means pointed out under that article, the following deserve
notice; pulsatilla, which is excellent against commencing
cataract; cannabis, a dose of which should be taken every
eight days; euphrasia, one dose. every day; causticum, and
sulphur. This last remedy should be administered twice
a week for a considerable time.  We'have succeeded
once by means of antimonium tartaricuzm: also aurum,
belladonna, coniumn, and phosphorus deserve particular
attention.
CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.
Is the result of a blow, or fall, or other mechanical injury, frequently after which some vertiginous sensations may
occur, followed by an attack of phrenitis. At others, the
animal may quite lose his senses from the first. The skull
may be fractured from the horse falling backwards; but it
is an uncommon occurrence, nature having well defended
those parts from injury, although it might rupture the
blood vessels of the brain and cause immediate death.
At times paralysis of the parts posterior to the injury occurs; the sensations remaining perfect anterior to the
injury. This is the case in severe fracture with pressure
of the fractured parts on the medulla oblongata. If fractured so as to cause complete loss of sensation, we must
make an incision and remove the fractured part of the
bone, if it is pressing on the brain or the medulla oblongata, after which we should foment for a considerable time
with'hot water, in which some tincture of arnica has been,
mixed. We must also give arnica internally, ~ every hour
for three or four hours, in a little flour; also aconite, belladonna, cicuta, petroleum, opium, mercurius, &c., will at
times be found useful under their several indications.
ENCEPHALITIS.
Acute encephalitis is more frequently met with ix entire
horses. It attacks more especially those which are ardent,
in high condition, very well fed, and but little worked, particularly when they happen to be chilled after being much



ENCEPHALITIS.                111
heated, or when they are much fatigued in hot weather.
The disease has been seen to come on after the longcontinued action of the solar rays on the cranium, or in
consequence of the animal being kept in a hot and ill-aired
stable. The disease frequently occurs on the appearance
of the last molar teeth, in the fifth year, or when the venereal appetite is not satisfied; it may also succeed concussion of the brain, or result from  hemorrhage, causing
apoplexy. For some days the animal is dejected, and
takes but, little notice; then, usually on the third day, his
eyes become red, very bright, and prominent; he throws
furious looks around him, and becomes a prey to extreme
agitation.. From this moment it is dangerous to approach
him without precaution. When the phrenitic state has
duly manifested itself, he raises himself on his hind legs,
strikes his fore feet against the manger and the rack,
breathes with violence, with his nostrils widely dilated,
becomes covered with a profuse sweat, breaks cords, halters, chains,; every thing, in fact, employed to tie him, runs
on every side, throws himself on the ground, rises again
without heeding any injuries that may befall him, and
throws himself in a fury on every thing he meets. He
champs incessantly, but refuses to eat, and even to drink.
At length this paroxysm is succeeded by a period of remission, during which the animal continues calm, his legs
separated, his head resting on the manger, and projecting
forwards from his chest. This moment must be seized for
the purpose of mastering him and of administering to him
the necessary aid; for after several such attacks, he is almost always lost, or if life is spared, he continues very often
incapable of moving.'Acute encephalitis terminates generally on the second day in an attack of apoplexy, if relief
be not quickly afforded. The chief means to be employed
are aconitum, which is promptly to be succeeded by belladonna, then at the end of an hour or two, by veratrum
album. If necessary, these remedies are to be repeated
once or twice at equal intervals. If the paroxysm is followed by a state of repose resembling death, we must have
recourse to opium, more especially when the tongue is
black and the alvine dejections are scanty; of a deep brown
color, or blackish.



OPHTHALMIA.                  115
weeping was accompanied with great sensibility to light, a
little redness of the conjunctiva, and a collection of pus in
the corner of the eye. Cant haris, causticurn, and euphrasia,
medicines so valuable in affections of the eyes of every
kind, should not be neglected here; but those already'mentioned suffice in most cases.  Psoricuzn  is useful,
particularly when there is -at the same time tumefaction
of the eyelids. Agaricus muscarius has succeeded with
wonderful readiness in a case' where other means had
produced no effect. The weeping is often an accessory
symptom of a general disease of the eye, particularly of
ophthalmia.
OPHTHIALMIA.
Two species of inflammations of the eye are distinguished, the acute and the periodical; The latter affection
is commonly called moon-blindness, because formerly it
was supposed that it owed its origin to the influence of
the moon on the ey'es.
1. Acute ophthalmia, like all acute diseases in general,
is particularly occasioned by the noxious influences to
which the animal may have been accidentally exposed, as
heat followed by cold, too strong an impression of light,
stable badly aired and full of acrid exhalations, &c. It
sometimes accompanies a general morbid state, or it may
be the consequence of bad quality of food. When the inflammation is not carried to an extreme degree, the eye
communicates to the hand, when applied over it, a sensation of heat, the conjunctiva is more or less red, and the
organ is sensible to the impression of light, which makes
the animal keep his -eyelids shut entirely, or in part. If
force be used to separate them, they are found to be swollen, red on their inner surface, and the globe of the eye is
observed to float in tears. When the inflammation is
more severe, the eye at first appears dry and hot, but by
degrees it becomes covered with a purulent mucus, with
which the lids also are glued together; at length, scalding tears, mixed with an acrid mucus, are discharged;
at the same time the transparent cornea is generally turbid
and whitish, and the eye projects more or less out of its
orbit.
Treatment. - First we give a dose of aconitum every two



116                 OPHTHALMIA.
~or three hours. When once the inflammation has diminished perceptibly, which happens in general after the sec
ond day, if there still remain any lachrymation, any
aversion to light, and a slight dimness of sight, we are to
give belladonna. Finally, if, after the latter medicine has
been employed for some days consecutively, at a single
dose each day, the cornea has not yet recovered its healthy
transparency, cannabis and euphrasia remove the last remains of the disease. Spigelia, is suitable whenever the.eyelids are -simultaneously inflamed, and coniumi in those
cases where the cornea seems as it were clouded. If
the inflammation has been occasioned by any mechanical
cause, blows, shocks, &c., we should commence with some
doses of aconitum; then we employ externally, as a collyrium, the tincture of arnica diluted with water. If, after
the employment of these means, there still remain a slight
turbidness in the place where the blow immediately fell,
conium is to be given, and if this remedy fails, cannabis
and belladonna, alternated daily.
CASES by Schmager, taken from the Zooiasis of Lux. -
A horse was affected with ophthalmia of both eyes, more
severe on -the left; the eye projecting very much out of
the orbit, eyelids very much swollen and closed, intolerance
of light, profuse lachrymation, cornea whitish, and turbid.
There was no mechanical lesion. I administered aconitum,
(eight drops, of the fifteenth dynamisation,) which I repeated every two hours for two days. The inflammatory
state ceased; there only remained the intolerance of light,
the lachrymation, and slight turbidness of the cornea.
Belladonna, diminished these symptoms very much; they
entirely disappeared after some days. The cornea had not
yet recovered all its transparency.  Cannabis (eight drops
of the fifteenth dynamisation) restored it in a few days to
its healthy state. I treated in this same way, and with
equal success, forty cases of ophthalmia.
In the ophthalmia occasioned by a mechanical cause,
and of which I treated ten cases, I first prescribed aconitum
as above, then arnica in the dose of eight drops of the fifteenth dynamisation. I also employed as a collyrium
thirty drops of tincture of arnica, in a pint of water.
Sometimes there remained in'the place where the blow
had been inflicted a slight turbidness, which I treated



OPHTHALMIA.                 117
with cannabis and belladonna, alternately, both in the dose
of eight drops of the fifteenth dynnamisation.
2. Periodical ophthalmia breaks out usually on the coming out of the middle incisors, the posterior molars, and
the tusks, consequently at the age of from three to five
years; and when once the predisposition exists, it returns
of itself, without any external cause, at periods more or
less near to each other. Ordinarily it attacks -but one eye;
but the tumefaction of the lids, the aversion to light, and
the lachrymation, are in general greater than in. acute ophthalmia. It is also a rather constant symptom of periodical ophthalmia, that when the lids are separated, a
greenish-yellow matter is seen to float at the bottom of the
anterior chamber, which moves every time the animal
shakes his head. The eye seems dull, and sinks by degrees, as if it became smaller; the cornea is of a milkwhite color, or leaden, or bluish, and behind the pupil,
which is much: dilated, there is perceived a whitish body,
when the disease has attained a high degree of develops
ment. This is the crystalline lens now become opaque.
It is the commencement of cataract, the ordinary termination of the disease, when it shows itself for the first time
after the sixth or seventh year, and especially when it has
been treated allopathically, with purgatives, derivatives,
sedatives, &c. The treatment of periodical ophthalmia is,
in general, more difficult than that of acute ophthalmia,
but it is not less certain, if called in at the first commencement of the disease, and before any alterations of structure
have taken place. Euphrasia is the chief remedy, which
often effects a complete cure in the space of from eight to
fifteen days.  Hahnemann cured a horse of periodical ophthalmia with natrum muriaticum; others have obtained
excellent results from antimonium crudum and pulsatilla.
HIitherto I have had no opportunity of trying these remedies, nor of seeing them used.. Cannabis and pulsatilla
have been found useful in the treatment of commencing
cataract. Euphrasia, both internally and externally, and
causticum are no less important in this case. It is advisable, even after the cure, to give a dose of sulphur for some
time every week. Hepar sulphuris has been found very
effectual, in young horses, when with the inflammatory
swelling there was mucous discharge.  Calcarea carbonica
and lycopodium are equally valuable remedies.



118     SWELLING OF- THE EYES -PARALYSIS.
8WELLING OF THE EYES
Prominence or projection of the eyes out of their orbits
is a common consequence or accompaniment of ophthalmia. I have found stramonium -useful in a case where
there was a sort of periodical swelling of the eyelids; I first
prescribed a dose of sulphur.  Ignatia and chamomilla,
are recommended in the treatment of swelling of the eyelids; the former in that of the upper lid, the second in that
of the lower. Sepia and sulphur have also been found
effectual in a great many cases. If there be lachrymation
at the same time, euphrasia may be employed with advantage.
PARALYSIS.
Paralysis, owing to the derangement or abolition of the
influence which the nerves exercise over the muscles, may
depend on mechanical injuries, on severe cold, or on internal causes.. The principal means required are, aconituim,
arsenicum,.arnica, belladonna, bryonia, cocculus, calcarea
carbonica, causticum, dulcamara, rhus toxicodendron, ruta,
and sulphur.
CASE from the Zooiasis of Lux. - A horse which had
been hitherto in good health fell suddenly to the ground
during the night. He was four years old. It was necessary to place him on a sledge in order to remove him from
the stable, which was very small, into the barn. Stretched
on the left side, he was unable to raise the head; the entire
right side was paralyzed; the ear of this side hung immovable; the right pupil was, also immovable, and
larger than the left; the pulse a little more frequent than
in the state of health; one half of the body cold, the other
moderately warm, with dryness of the skin; the animal
could neither eat nor drink. He was made to take a dose
of nux, which produced no improvement; then, after twelve
hours, rAus toxicodendron, which was also ineffectual;
finally, helleborus, (ten drops of the second dynamisation.)
After two hours, the animal began to raise his head, sweat
appeared on some parts of his body, and after five hours,
he had an evacuation from the bowels. I had him well
wisped and rubbed, which brought back the heat into the



PTERYGIUM.                 119
paralyzed side; he wished to take food, but his jaws could
not separate from each other. On the next day, no change,
except that the heat was diffused almost equally over the
entire body. Helleborus was repeated, which brought on
general perspiration, and the restoration of all the secretions. Every part recovered its mobility, and the animal
tried to rise, but the legs of the affected side did not yet
allow him. On the following day the improvement had
made little progress; the animal had only a little more
facility in eating and drinking. A. new dose of helleborus,
which produced no effect. Recourse was had to.petroleum,
which occasioned a profuse discharge of urine; the animal
rose for the first time; it was the seventh day from the
commencement of the attack; he did not walk as yet, for
he so staggered that he could not have avoided falling
Three days after, he was able to walk for whole hours.
At the end of four days, a dose of toxicodendron, because
some small tumors appeared here and there. Dating'from
this period, these disappeared, the legs gradually lost their
stiffness, and on the twelfth day the animal was again put
to work.
PTERYGIUM.
Pterygium.is hypertrophy- of the cellular tissue which
unites the conjunctiva to the globe of the eye. It generally
extends from the inner angle of the eye towards the transparent cornea. This disease is seen rather frequently,
especially among cavalry horses, which are frequently exposed to receive clouds of dust driven along by the wind,
or to make long'journeys under a burning sun. Still cases
do sometimes occur where it comes on without our being
able to assign any determinate cause, or in consequence
of some internal chronic disease. Conium is the principal
remedy.  Cannabis also may be employed with advantage,
as also euphrasia and causticurn. Some doses of sulphur
are also suitable byway of consecutive treatment. The
means generally employed for pterygium have frequently
the effect of destroying it; but usually they only alter the
part, so as to render the treatment more mischievous than
the disease itself.  A method still more absurd is that
which consists in excising a portion of the haw, which occasions very acute pain to the animal, and destroys for



120             SYNCOPE:  TETANUS.
ever an important part of the eye. We might possibly
prevent the occurrence of the disease by washing the eyes
with cold water after long journeys on dusty roads, taking
care, however, to have recourse to this expedient only when
the horses were somewhat cooled.
SYNCOPE.
After profuse nasal hemorrhages, after a wound which
has occasioned heavy loss- of blood, incomplete syncope
sometimes supervenes: the horse, being very feeble, totters
and trembles; he is covered with a cold sweat, and sinks
down sometimes; but when stretched on. the ground, he
still -moves his limbs, and soon revives. A dose of china
here produces the best effects. When the same phenomenon comes on after excessive labor, which has been carried
beyond the animal's strength, and he has received little or
no nourishment, pulsatilla is effectual. "However, there are
cases wherein complete syncope is observed in the horse,
which, after having tottered a little, falls to the ground,
deprived of consciousness, and as it were dead, remaining
stretched, without moving, without convulsions, with cold
ears and feet. Under such circumstances sepia has been
several times of great benefit. When on falling the horse
becomes convulsed, this is an attack of epilepsy. See the
article EPILEPSY.
TETANUSB
Tetanus is an extremely dangerous disease, observed
more particularly in horses than in other domestic animals.
It consists in a peculiar spasm of the muscles of the jaws,
and, often too, of the entire body. The jaws are so completely closed, that one might break them rather than separate them one from the other. At the onset of the disease,
which.always commences with slight symptoms of colic
and constipation, with moving of the tail, the animal feels
some difficulty in opening the mouth; by degrees the ears
become rigid, the eyes are widely opened and distorted,
the neck is rigid and immovable; spasm soon seizes the
entire body; the animal becomes rigid in every part; the
muscles are hard, the respiration is hurried and load, and



TETANUS.                  121
the. animal's body is covered with a cold sweat; his body,
in fact, seems as if he was a wooden horse. No power
can then. succeed in opening the mouth; the nose forms a
hard cone; the.horse, almost incapable of making the least
movement, remains standing, his legs very much sepa*rated, and at length dies be'tween the eighth and tenth day.
But the disease does not always commence with trismus
of the jaws; it often begins with spasm of the muscles of
the posterior region, which extends gradually to the anterior parts of the body, and which attains.its extreme
degree when the jaws are closed.. The first case happens
when, during moist and cloudy weather, the animal has
been wounded in a yery sensitive part, more especially in
the joints and in the foot. The second is. observed when
the horse, otherwise predisposed, has been subjected to
great cold aftei being very much heated. But there is no
doubt that many other causes also contribute to produce
this'disease, which, for the most part, attacks well-bred
horses, and which in general is not recognized, except
when it has already made considerable progress. The
efforts of allopathy have hitherto had- but little success.
Homceopathy has been more fortunate. Nzix vomica has
-proved very efficacious. It is administered in repeated
doses, at first several times a day, then every two or three
days. If any rigidity remain in the limbs, arsenicuim is
prescribed, after which it is right almost always to recur to
nux vomica. In some cases where the animal had not recovered appetite, be'fefit has been obtained from ipecaccanha; Belladonna, vmercurius vivus, and veratrum have
also been useful.
CASE by Genzke, extracted from the Zooiasis of Lux. -
After running, a horse became so stiff during the night
that he could scarcely move a single step. On examining'him I found him affected with tetanus; his neck was tense,
and the legs, more especially the hind legs, very much
separated; the back, on the middle of which a circumscribed, painful tumor was observed, formed a straight
line; the tail hung a little to the right. The muscular
parts, affected with tetanic contraction, were rigid and
very hard to the touch, more especially those of the back,
thighs, and flanks, less so, however, than those of the legs
and neck.'If the animal was obliged to move, he did so
with extraordinary rigidity, and if an attempt was made- to
11



122                  TETANUS.
trot him, perspiration soon manifested itself, with hurried
respiration. At the same time there was redness of the
nasal mucous membrane and of the conjunctiva; pulse a
little full, but not very frequent; respiration painful and
hurried with dilatation of the nostrils; skin tense and dry;
the animal rarely evacuated; the evacuations were smalland dry. A favorable circumstance was, that there was
not yet a trismus of the jaws, or at least that it was not
much marked, for the animal was still able to chew his hay
without difficulty when cut, and to swallow it readily; he
also retained a moderate appetite; he had run the day hefore in the midst of heavy rain, with a liorth-east wind.
As belladonna was often found a specific in similar
spasmodic diseases in the human subject, I administered to
the animal four drops of the twelfth dilution with sugar
of milk. On the following day, I observed no change in
the morbid phenomena, and I gave a new dose of the
sixth dilution. But no effect being even yet produced, I
ascertained that a general tetanic state, in which the ani.
mal retains his. consciousness and the use of all his senses,
must be very uncommon in the human subject, and bella.
donna has proved effectual only in the case where the
tetanus was accompanied with a total loss of consciousness. Niux vomica, presented, on the contrary, the closest
resemblance to the case in question, with respect to the
tetanic spasms, at least if we may judge. from different
experiments made on animals; and, further, it corresponded
still more with the other phenomena. I then gave five
drops of it of th& third dilution. On the afternoon of the
same day, I observed short contractions in the flanks, similar to those which might be produced by galvanic shocks -
a circumstance which appeared to me a good omen, by
inducing me to hope a favorable reaction of the vital.force.
Towards evening a mild and uniform perspiration took
place over the entire body; it lasted, however, but a short
time, and the animal became dry, whilst being rubbed.
On the following day, the general state seemed improved;
the respiration was not accompanied with such violent
efforts; the muscles of the flanks and back were no longer
so rigid, but the voluntary motion of the thighgwas not
yet effected without considerable difficulty; there had been
a copious discharge of urine, of a pulverulent appearance,
and frequent alvine evacuations. The same dose repeated.:



VERTIGO.                   1238
Two days. after, considerable diminution of all the symptoms; relaxation of all the muscles which had been affected
with spasm; the animal feels more facility in turning the
neck and moving the legs, which now diverge- less during
standing; breathing almost natural; pulse full and regular, not more than forty-five per minute:; appetite good.
From this time up to three days after, during which period
two doses more of nuIx vomica were administered, the improvement progressed with incredible rapidity, without the
least relapse, so that at the end of six days the animal was
perfectly cured.
VERTIGO.
By vertigo is: meant a chronic disease of the horse, chiefly
indicated by a disturbance of the sensitive faculties, occasionings derangement in the ordinary functions of life.
Much that is incorrect has been written regarding the seat,
properly so called, of the evil; at the present time most
veterinary surgeons are agreed in seeking the proximate
cause, not as formerly, in the brain, but in the abdominal
organs, and in considering the cerebral affection as purely
secondary. The vertigo often succeeds acute encephalitis,
the intensity of which has diminished to a certain degree;
but very frequently also it comes on without having been
preceded by inflammation of the brain. It recognizes the
same causes as the latter,.- insolation, confinement'in hot
and badly aired stables, cold,..extreme fatigue, blows and
injuries on the head, indigestion, unwholesome or too much
food in proportion to the exercise taken. The fear of
punishment, especially of the whip, occasionally gives rise
to it in. sensitive and irritable animals. Some horses have
a hereditary predisposition to it, and mares are considered
more subject to it than stallions. Further, it is scarcely
ever observed except in hot weather, and as it is generally
at the beginning of summer that it commences to appear,
it goes away always in autumn, at least with respect to
its chief symptoms. These are the following: the horse,
a little before lively and active, begins all of a sudden to
appear heavy and indolent; he is dejected, and prefers to
keep himself in the darkest corner of the stable, eyes.dull,
look fixed and: stupid, eyelids half shut, inattention to every
thing, forgetting even himself, and, as it were, asleep, the



124                   VERTIGO.
head hanging to the ground, and resting on the manger
or on the rack.'His gait is heavy, slow, and unsteady;
he raises the feet very high, and puts the entire sole to the
ground, raising and letting down the limbs in a manner
purely mechanical, and, as it were, unconsciously. He
exhibits much awkwardness in turning, and cannot be
pulled back except by depressing the head very much, and
pushing it laterally. Generally, also, he leans on one side
in walking. To maintain his equilibrium the better, he
places the fore legs beneath the belly, and moves his ears
in a peculiar manner, and backwards. According as'the
disease progresses, he becomes less and less sensible to external impressions. Mastication is performed slowly; he
takes from time to time a mouthful of food, masticates it,
swallows a portion of it, but keeps- the remainder in his
mouth. He prefers taking his food off the ground rather
than in any other way, and when drinking, he plunges his
head into the water, even above his nostrils. During and
after some rather violent movements, his state becomes
much aggravated, and the signs of complete insensibility
become more and more marked. The ahimal runs on quite
blind till some obstacle stops him, or turns round, or
remains tranquil, with his head depressed, and the legs
crowded beneath the body, without being able to change
this unusual attitude unless assisted to do so. There is
never any fever: the pulse is often from. ten to twelve pulsations slower than in the normal state. In the same way,
also, the respiration is constantly slow, deep, and frequently
of a sighing character. In almost all cases the tongue is
foul, and the mouth dry and clammy. With respect to
Ireatment, the remedies which have succeeded best with
ime are, chtamomilla, (some doses,)- then sulphur, and nu.?
vomica. In a particular case where, independently of the
symptoms peculiar to vertigo, the' conjunctiva, tongue, anc
mouth were more yellow, the. horse frequently flexed hi,
fore legs, seldom laid down, fmeces hard, and passed bul
little urine, I obtained benefit from the use of nux vomica
with sulphur as consecutive treatment. Others used pult
satilla in general; however, they also obtained good effect,
from veratrum album in many cases: nux vomica was em
ployed when the horse inclined to the left, and arnica whei
he leaned to the right. Several horses have been cured bmeans of belladonna, and one which was considered as los



ANGINA TRACHEALIS.             125
was saved by giving him belladonna, hyoscyamus, and nux
vomica.. The utility of digitalis and opium has been verified in slight cases of vertigo, in which cases benefit has
been derived from arnica.  On one occasion veratrum
alb:um was. prescribed. during four days twice a day, and
then strarmonium, employed in the same manner; on the
fifth day the animal was cured. It is always advisable to
have recourse to sulphur as consecutive treatment.
SECTION IV.
DISEASES OF THE HEART AND RESPIRATORY
aRGANS, &C.
ANGINA TRACACHEALIS.
ANGINA is a disease common, and at times dangerous in
horses. It often kills by suffocation; in may cases also it
degenerates into bronchitis or pneumonia, unless timely
assistance is rendered. It is recognized by difficulty of
respiration, which is loud, and occasionally heard at a distance; the animal frequently lets the head droop, stretching
the neck, and evincing considerable uneasiness and pain
when the larynx is pressed; - the mucous membranes of the
mouth and nose are intensely red; the nose is dry, and the
mouth full of frothy saliva; the animal is, in severe cases,
unable to swallow the food, even when soft, and the drink
partly escapes through the nose. At the same time he is
feverish, and the affection is almost always accompanied
by a short, dry cough, the tongue and breath are hot, and
the eyes project more or less. Often also there is observed
swelling of the tongue, and external tumefaction of the
throat. Of this disease, to which horses are more subject
in the autumnal months, the ordinary cause is the variation
of temperature. In general it yields to one or two doses
11*



126  BEATINGS OF THE HEART -ACGUTE BRONCHITIS.
Df aconitum, followed by lachesis, and when this medicine
does not dispel all the symptoms, spongia  marina tosta
should be employed. If these means do not suffice, we
should have recourse to hepar sulphuris, belladonna, phlos
phorus, mercurius, and sulphur. Mercurius is also indicated, especially if the glands of the neck are much swollen,
with difficulty in opening the: mouth, and a constant flow
of saliva.
BEATINGS OF THE HEART.
This affection yields to bryonia. Lycopodium also may
be employed, when it occurs during a state of rest, and
graphitis when it comes on during motion. Aurum deserves particular recommendation..- Aconitum  also is a
specific in many cases.
ACIUTE.,RON0HITIS.
Bronchitis frequently supervenes from the same causes
that induce catarrh; at times, it comes on after wet and
cold, or standing in draughts, and in many horses there
appears to be a predisposition of the bronchial tubes to
inflammatory action. In some epidemics the membrane
lining the bronchial tubes is primarily, in others secondarily, affected. The disease often follows severe cases of
strangles. The symptoms differ very much in intensity in
different subjects. There, is generally a dull, heavy, and
painful expression of countenance; partial loss of appetite;
a cough, at times dry, but in the progress of the disease,
especially when the animal is recovering, it becomes loose
and rattling. j The pulse is quick and soft. The character
of the mucus differs also very much during the progress of
the disease, both in color and consistence; if not checked,
it often assumes a chronic form, and is then difficult to
treat with success, and frequently induces thick wind and
roaring. The medicines to -be employed will, in a great
measure, be regulated by the different stages of the disease;
amongst the most useful, we shall find bryonia alba, aconite, belladonna, phosphorus, mercurius, cannabis, spongia,
&c. If the inflammation is high, we should commence
the treatment by giving aconite, particularly when the pulse



BROKEN WIND.                 127
is high,.and the skin hot and dry. Belladonna, when there
is rattling of mucus, distressing cough, and oppression of
the chest. Bryonia, with dryness of the mouth and diffi.
clt respiration; this remedy is more called for when it is
apt to degenerate into pleurisy. Pzhosphorus is particularly
indicated when there is reason to apprehend extension of
the disease to the substance of the lungs. Mercurtus,
when the symptoms resemble catarrh, with swelling of the
glands and an increase of saliva. Spon.gia, when the affection threatens to become chronic, when the breathing is
yery difficult,; tartarus emeticus may be given, and if the
secretion is abundant, sepia will be found useful; also arslenicunm is a valuable remedy when the disease assumes an
epidemic form. It is also useful to administer a few doses
of sulphur when the animal is to all appearance recovered.
If the affection has been allowed to become chronic, the
remedies most useful will be found to be spongia, sulphur,
caicarea carbonica, phosphorus, causticurm, silicea, arsenicum,
coniumr, stannum, &c.
RROKEN'WIND.
The cause of broken wind is supposed to be interlobular emphysema. It sometimes affects horses that have
had a severe cough existing for a long time, the cause of
which was bronchitis; it has also succeeded a case of the
former disease combined with pleurisy, and at times it
succeeds roaring. Broken wind is not so much -an essential disease as the consequence of some latent affection of
the lungs,.which depends either on organic lesions of the
respiratory apparatus, or more especially after bronchitis
or pleurisy badly treated, and emphysema, or dilatations of
the air cells of the lungs is produced. A broken-winded
horse, even during rest, has his breathing more accelerated
than the healthy horse, and it is accompanied with a visible jerking respiration and frequent weak cough; but this
state becomes much more perceptible when the animal has
been in motion even for a very few minutes. In trotting,
more especially, the brolien-winded horse exhibits an accelerated and laborious breathing, his flanks beat violently,
and the nostrils act Wvith great rapidity. However short
his movements may be continued, the respiration becomes



128                   CATARRH.
loud, sibilous, and' stertorous; the animal loses breath, he
is threatened with suffbcation, particularly if he ascend a
hill or draw a heavy burden, and it- is not till after a copsiderable time he again becomes tranquil. He does not
lie down willingly, and often stops, when drinking, to recover breath. In general his appetite is not-" deficient;
still, after having eaten much, especially of hay, he is generally worse. For the most part, he is meagre, and- his
hair is of a dull color and erect. The disease increases
under the influence of foggy weather and an abundance
of food consisting of hay and oats; fine weather and green
fodder diminish it. Persons have succeeded in rendering
it less perceptible by three doses of bryonia and one of'
squilla; after which 6ne dose of calcarea should be given'
Arsenicum, and better still, nitrum, are in such cases cap
ital remedies; the second is suitable more especially when
undoubted traces of pulmonary tubercles are observed. In
one case an attack of pneumonia came on, which yielded
readily to some doses of aconitum, followed by a dose of
bryonia. Aconitum and bryonia then deserve to be ranked
among the remedies that may be tried for broken wind.
I have employed pulsatilla in one case, and hyoscyamus in
another. Digitalis purpurea, belladonna, tartarus emeticus,
veratrum album, deserve a trial.
CATARRI.
This disease of'the horse, which at times is produced by
the suppression of perspiration caused by a draught of air,
or standing a long time in the cold after having been ridden or driven fast, it often depends also on internal causes,
and which is not wholly free from danger when it has attained a certain stage,'consisting in catarrhal fever, and
which differs from strangles, with which it is frequently
confounded, in its less duration, as' well'as in the absence of some symptoms which appertain exclusively to
the latter. In its simplest form, the affection renders' the
horse slow and indolent; he snorts frequently; there runs
from his nose a watery, colorless fluid, which gradually becomes thicker, and at length is discharged in flakes.
Aconitum, opium, and sulphur shorten the duration of the
disease, which, when left to itself, runs through a stage of



COUGH.                     129
from nine to eleven days. When it is more severe, the
horse is burning hot all over the body, and very restless,
his breathing is very much hurried, he eats little, has constant thirst, and the discharge from the nose does not take
place. We should here have recourse to aconitnum and belladonna, after which rhus toxicodendron has been found
very serviceable. If the breathing is difficult, and there is
a frequent cough, spongia, bryonia, and chamomilla are indicated. When the brain is affected, and symptoms of
stupor are observed, opium, dig'italis, and arnica are to be
administered.  The difficult deglutition, with fits of suffocation, call for aconitum and chamomilla; one dose of belladonna  then  generally removes the other symptoms.
This treatment generally brings on a very- profuse mucous
discharge, which may be kept up for some time by means
of spongia and bryonia.*
COUGH.
Cough is a common symptom in different diseases,
for instance, in  broken wind, strangles, pneumonia,
bronchitis, &c. In such cases it disappears Under the
influence of the treatment suited to the general morbid
state. But this does not always take place, and occasionally the cough continues after the principal disease has been cured, and degenerates into a chronic state
without any discoverable disease. - When the cough is not
complicated with any other affection of the lungs, the
chief means to be adopted are the following: dulcamara,
if it has supervened after a cold; squilla alternately with
bryonia, if it require much effort and cuts the respiration
short; ammonium muriaticum, bryonia, and cuprum, when
it is of long standing; belladonna and drosera, when it
assumes the chronic character; hyoscyamus, when it returns with frequent short sounds; nux vomica, when it is
dry, or when it returns every two days; pulsatilla, when it
is dry, frequent, with loss of appetite and dryness of the
alvine evacuations; chamomilla, if it is dry with diarrhcea;
cuprum, if it be of long standing and dry, and returns in
* Mercurius vivus, arsenicurn alburn, and pulsatilla, will be found the most
useful in the first stages of catarrh.



130          HEMOPTYSIS - HYDROTH.ORAX.
a short cough, and causes the animal to lose his sprightli
ness and good condition; lycopodium, when the horse
yawns before coughing or after; sulphur, and spiritus sulphuratus, when the cough is hard, and more especially
when obstinate; aconitum and arsenicurm, when it comeo
on -after the animal has drunk.
HEBMOPI1TYSIS.
In this disease the horse discharges by the nose a certain
quantity of bright red,'rothy blood, the escape of which is
accompanied with violent cough, difficulty of:breathing,
and great beating in the flanks. Ih general it is very dangerous, for it is always referable as a cause to some serious
lesion of the substance of the lung, thereby rupturing some
of the ramifications of the pulmonary artery, to a fall,
wound, &c. If it come on after an external lesion, arnica
should be given in repeated doses, then a dose of china.
If it depend on a disease of the lungs, we should follow
the course pointed out in the — articles pneumonia and
vhthisis plmonalis.
H:DROTHORAX.
Dropsy of the chest is developed in the same way as ascites, generally after -pleuritis or pleuro-pneumonia which
has been -badly treated. The flnuid collected in:the thoracic
cavity is often in considerable quantity. The horse becomes dull and weak by degrees, with disinclination to
move, during which he holds the head in one position.
The respiration is difficult; at each-inspiration a groan is
heard. The fore legs are separated considerably from each
other, in:order that the shoulders may not confine the
chest. The mucous membranes of the -mouth and nose
are pale. The tongue is white;, the urine clear and limpid,
the alvine evacuations soft. The appetite becomes worse
and worse, the extremities are cold, the hair erect, and different parts of the body become cedematous. If the lungs
are at the same time affected, as is almost always the case,
the animal remains standing up, the breath diffuses a bad
odor, and in many cases a dark, fetid discharge comes from



INFLAMMATION - PNEUMONIA.          131
the nose. The legs are very;old as far as the knees, as also
the ears. The least motion occasions great pain.  C/iHna and arserticum, alternately, are the chief means to be
employed when the disease has not yet made too great
progress, and especially when it has not immersed too
large a portion of the lungs. L ycopodium also is useful,
partieularly when there is considerable edema.  If the.
disease has been preceded by inflammation of the lungs,
besides arsenzicum, nitrum  and pulsatilla will be found
serviceable.
INL.AMMH~ATION.
Aconxitu.i i's the -chief remedy for every species of inflammiation, in the same manner as bryonia is in all cases of
ex'trnal and hot inflammatory tumors,
IN!FLANMMATION OF -THE THROAT.
lmercUrius-ivivus is an excellent remedy in this disease,
where the animal refuses to eat in consequence of the
acte pain caused by mastication; at least, it has succeeded with me in all cases. There are some cases where sulphwr has been found useful as consecutive treatment, es-.peelally if it is become chronic; also hepar sldphuris,
spongia, Obryonia, &c., will at times be found useful
INFLAMMA-TION OF' THE PALATE.
This affection is often complicated with inflammation
of the pharynx, so that the horse can neither eat nor drink.
The best remedy for it is mercurius vivus, particularly
when there is combined with -it salivation more or'less
profuse. Belladonna and aurum  have also been found.useful.
PNEUMONIA.
Pneumonia, or inflammation of the parenchymatous substance of the lungs, is uncombined with inflammation of
any other of the viscera contained within the thorax, a



ABSENCE OF —THIRST.             133
digitalis, helleborus, veratrum  album, sulphur, &c., may
also be used under the several indications that- require
a change of remedies. Mlercurius, in the reduced fever
and frequent sweating; -arnica, against hemoptysis; arsenicum, opium, and veratrum,- against congestion, particularly
if the disease appear in the form of, an epidemic. And
where serous effusion has taken place, arsenicurm, digitalis
purpurea, and carbo vegetabilis will be useful.
If we apprehend suppurative abscesses, hepar sulphuris,
silicea, pulsatilla, sulphur, and calcarea should be employed.
If tubercles form  phthisis pulmonalis, causticum, aciduen
nitricum," arsenicum,.spongia, lachesis, carbo vegetabilis,
phosphorus, and, iodium may be employed. We should
also give injections of tepid water, and apply large flannel
bandages around both the fore and hind legs. A loose box
with good ventilation, when it can be procured, is; also
very desirable. As for diet the animal will altogether refuse it; as soon as the appetite returns, mashes of bran
and oatmeal, with steamed carrots, should be given, and a
constant supply of soft water, cold, should be left in a pail
in the box.
SECTION V.
DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AN-D INTESTINES, &C.
ABSENCE OF THIRST.
THIS affection takes place in different gastric diseases.
It is always a symptom to be taken into consideration, because, generally speaking, it -is an important symptom towards the proper selection of a remedy appropriate to the
disease. Pulsatilla is useful in all affections of the abdomen, accompanied by absence of thirst. Sometimes this
absence is only apparent, and is referable to an inability
to swallow water, the cause of which must then be sought
for. Aconitum and mercurius vivits will most frequently
be found suitable.
12



134    DEPRAVED APPETITE.- LOSS- OF APPETITE.
DE'PRAYVED APPETITE,
Depraved: or morbid appetite is sometimes caused by
veermicular afbectio s, or by some iirritation in the intestinal:canal, from which the:anximal endeavors to rid itself by
eating wood, leather, e.arth,. and- other,such substances,
with so much the more greediness as,its tate for, ordinary
food becomes more impaired.  Turning. up of the hair,
debility, and emaciation are. the usual.consequences of
this chronic disease, which eventually causes the death of
the animaal   The chief remedies -to be employed in its: cure,are,pulscatilla and:nx vomzica.  S&epia is suitable when
there- is an extraordinary appetite;-' and-natrun mnrwiaticum,:when ordinary afood is refused, JIf there be great debility,
chinca is employed; if fiom worms., china, spijelia, ferrum,
mercurius, sabaditla,, sulphur,: &c.
XLOSS oF APPETITE.,
When a horse who fed well hitherto no longer eats his
provender, but throws -it -about, -and moves away from the
rack, which always denotes loss of appetite, we must hasten
to investigate the cause, because it is frequently owing to
a morbid state, more ore oess seious. We may easily conceive that an animal laboring under an acute inflammatory.affeotion-wil not eat till:hee is cured; but the loss- of
appetite may be referable to other causes, which it is not
always easy to discover at once. Frequently there is inflammation of the tongue, gums, or throat, which prevents
the animal from eati.ng: however desirous he may be. In
such cases, two doses of mercurius vivus never fail of
proving effectual; and the horse returns to- his food as soon
as the pain which prevented him from eating is diminished.
Sometimes the diminution of appetite recognizes for its
cause a morbid state of the stomach, induced either by the
bad quality or excessive quantity of the food; arsenicum
is specific in the first of these two cases, and antimonium
crudurn in the second; if there is diarrhcea, pulsatilla should
be employed; and if the. animal has colic) chamomilla.
Lampas, difficult denittion, caries of the teeth, &c., are



ASCITES.                   135
among —the causes of loss of appetite.; for the treatment of
which, vide those articles. Loss of appetite depends often
on the animal's being too much fatigued. Under.such circumstances nux vomica and cinchona are. no doubt the
chief means which should- be employed, especially when
the loss of appetite has appeared after the.drinking of cold
water, or when the animal -refuses to eat, after having
worked long beyond the; ordinary time without his food.
Frequeptly, -too, the loss.of appetite is occasioned by the
food itself, which is either of bad quality or different from
that usually given; nor is the changing of the water given
him for drinking without influence on the occasion. Disgust often has much to do in producing loss of appetite:
a horse, accustomed to cleanliness, loses appetite when he
is removed to a dirty stable, when mouldy hay is given
him, or when he finds mouse.dirt, or other excrements in
the m, anger.. Lastly, loss- of appetite is -sometimes occasioned by the animal receiving too much provender at a
time;- by the excess of oats, which;he may have got, becoming soiled with the slaver from his mouth.
ASCIPES.Ascites consists in a collection. of -serum in the cavity
of the:abdomen; it differs thereby from anasarca, which
supervenes -also in other regions of:the body, and where
the subcutaneous cellular tissue is the seat, of the accumulated fluid.. -It is discovered chiefly by the distention oft
the abdomen, and -the fluctuation which is perceived, when,
after having applied one hand to the abdomenof the animal, the opposite side is percussed with the other hand;
it is: frequently a symptom of hepatitis. Dyspncea, great
thirst, -and scanty urine are the principal symptoms. The
distention-of the abdominal parietes occasionally becomes
very: great, and in most cases there is also added to it generaltanasarca, more especially beneath the belly, in the chest,
arid the scrotum; sometimes the tumefaction attacks the
entire body. The horse gradually loses strength, his aspect
becomes heavy and dull, the appetite diminishes, and at
length the state of exhaustion which follows terminates
in.death. This disease is not uncommon among horses.
The remedies employed in this affection, and in the order



136                    COLIC.
in which they are here enumerated, are, dulcamara, digitalis, helleborus niger, arsenicurn, and china; to each some
days should be allowed, in order to expend their action.
It is on the china principally that reliance should be placed.
In one case, where all means failed, benefit was derived
from lycopodium, whose action may be said to be-very
powerful in internal dropsies. Ascites complicated with
anasarca has been cured solely by alternate doses of china
and arsenicum - a mode of proceeding which experience
warrants me in recommending.
COLIC.
Colic, a disease common in the horse, is sometimes
dangerous, in consequence of its rapid course, but generally
yields very readily to homceopathic remedies. The causes
which produce it are very various; costiveness, and the influence of cold, gas produced from green forage, overloading of the stomach, and drinking cold water whilst heated,
food of bad quality, flatulent and unusual, excessive toil,
continued far beyond the time for feeding, being out during
a violent storm, worms, &c.. We even see horses to which
a small portion of a certain kind of food never fails to give
colic, though it may not injure others. Finally, we sometimes observe a species of chronic colic, connected with
some internal and deeply-seated disease, most frequently
of a psoric nature.
Among the general symptoms of colic, the following are
more especially characteristic. The animal refuses his
food, he beats or paws the ground with his fore feet, raises
the hind feet towards his belly, frequently looks eat his
flanks, his'tail frequently quivers, the feet are generally
close together, and the animal frequently throws himself
-on the ground, rolls about or places himself on his back,
presses his legs up to his body, remains for some time in
this situation, and suddenly raises himself again; the
symptoms of colic then return, sometimes in the midst of
moans and groans, and in some cases with perspirations
over the entire body. Under other circumstances, one of
the flanks or the belly is swollen, though occasionally the
horse, especially at the onset of the attack, passes his urine
and faces, which, notwithstanding the urgent desire he



COLIC.                     137
feels, he is not always able to do.  Usually there are
moments of relaxation, during which the animal remains
standing or lying, and even eats some of his food; but the
pains soon return with increased intensity. The longer it
lasts, the more the horse's countenance bespeaks the acuteness of his sufferings; the nostrils are dilated, the respiration hurried, he grinds the teeth, bites the manger, shakes
his halter, becomes furious, and dies in a cold sweat, often
in a few hours, rarely after a struggle of several days.
The treatment is always to commence with a dose of
aconitum, which is to be repeated once or twice, according
to circumstances; this relieves the first violence of the attack, and occasionally, more especially in colic from cold,
is sufficient to triumph over the disease. If this result has
not been obtained at the end of a: quarter of an hour after
the third dose of aconitunm, a dose of arsenicurnw should be
given, the chief remedy in those colics, those especially
termed flatulent, when they depend on disturbance of
digestion, on excess of food, or of bad quality, or on drinking too cold water. Very frequently the repetition of this
remedy is of great use, whilst in other cases we. shall find
it best to alternate it with aconitum.  If, after the colic
has ceased, constipation remain, nux vormica should be
given, and in obstinate cases opium; after which, should
it fail, which is no uncommon occurrence, we must have
recourse to plu.mbum, and alumina.  Colic is rather frequently accompanied with retention of urine, or it has even
been occasioned by it: cantharides are then indicated, and
in obstinate,cases hyoscyamus always succeeds.
After the means now pointed out, we must still recommend in the treatment of colic the following remedies:
chamomile in colicky attacks with great swelling of the
abdomen, more especially when the disease has supervened after foundering; coichicum in flatulent colic occasioned by green fodder or other food, also calcarea aceica;
chamomile, alternately with aconitum, in spasmodic colic
supervening after -the application of cold; nux vomica, in
colic from constipation, with a tympanitic state of the abdomen, sweating on the flanks; excrements in small lumps,
brownish or covered with mucus, but more especially when
in.the intervals between the pains the horse yawns frequently; pulsatilla, in the colic occasioned by overloading
the stomach, with fetid dejections and cold in the fore-legs;
12 *



COLIC- FROM'COLD- FLATULENT' COLIC.:139
land when there is reason to suspect inactivity of the in-testinal canal, particularly of the rectum; muriate of magfesia, when the animal, on groaning, makes great and
unavailing efforts; verhtrum, when a cold sweat breaks
out during the accessions; squill, when there is paralysis,of the hind legs; a:timoniuml crudm, when constipation:alternates- with dmrrhcea.  Sometimes bryonia, in a somewhat considerable dose, gives relief with certainty and
promptitude.
OQLIO FROM QOLD.
This disease resembles, to a certain extent, windy colic,
with respect to its symptoms; but it differs from it chiefly
in this, that the abdomen of the animal is but slightly en —
larged, or not at all so, and ado that the accessions, instead
of being.continued, manifest themselves by spasmodic
paroxys.Ms.  The animal frequently starts, then lies down,
remains for some time without moving, rolls himself, raises
himself suddenly, and places himself very frequently in the
attitude of discharging his urine or faeces, but-Without being able to succeed. All at once a calm is reestablished,
the pains cease for ten or fifteen minutes, they then return
with an increased severity, and the horse is lost if relief be
not brought very soon. Aconitum, in doses repeated every
ten minutes, is possessed of an indisputable specific power, and it is seldom we are obliged to have recourse to
arsenicum.  When no more of disease remains except the
strangury which accompanies it, cantharides are given, and
if they prove ineffectual, hyoscyamus.  Nux vomica, opium,
and plumbum are indicated when any constipation remains.
Colocynth.is and lycopodium are useful in such cases.
FLATULENT OR WINDY COLIC.
Colic in general,- and windy colic in particular, are
among the diseases more frequently met with in horses.
The symptoms are generally known; the horse ceases to
eat, he scrapes with his feet, frequently looks at his flanks,
carries his hind feet towards them, whisks the tail, throws
himself on the ground, brings up his legs close to his body,
strives to roll himself, but soon stands up, and recommences



140         FLATULENT OR WINDY COLIC.
the same series of movements; at first he dungs and passes
urine; but in a short time he can no longer do so, notwithstanding all his efforts; the belly swells; the eye is open
wide, the'fixed look denotes the intense pain, the respiration is very much hurried, the nostrils are very widely
dilated, and perspiration often inundates the entire body.
Sometimes there are intervals without pain, during which
the animal becomes calm, and strives even to eat:; but the
pain soon returns with increased severity; the feet and
surface of the body become more and more cold; at length
the animal dies in the midst of a cold sweat, and with all
the symptoms of frenzy, usually at the end of from twelve
to thirty-six hours; sometimes, however, in the short space
of a few hours; the struggle seldom lasts long if relief is
not obtained.
The occasional causes fi the disease are'somewhat
numerous: most frequently it depends on overloading the
stomach; or else it is the consequence of bad food, especially that which -is damp, or green food, as clover, &c.,
which the animal has eaten greedily. A dose of aconitum,'repeated if necessary, removes the inflammatory state,
which is predominant in such cases, and frequently there
is no necessity for any thing else, as the disease will disappear in half an hour, especially when it has been brought
on by cold. After aconitum, that whibh is most suitable is
arsenicurm, which almost always dissipates the entire symptoms with the utmost promptitude. Nux vomica and opium
are, in general, infallible means for removing the obstinate
constipation occasioned by windy colic, which disappears
the moment this constipation ceases. However, this does
not always happen; and in obstinate cases, plumbum has
constantly been found useful; bryonia and colocynthis have
also produced excellent effects; colchicum autumnale has
always succeeded in windy colic occasioned by green
fodder or other green food; pulsatilla -when the animal
sweated very much and passed but very small, thin stools;
coux vomica, when the evacuations were small and covered
with mucus. Chamomilla is also an important -remedy in
this disease, especially when it has come on after drawing
a heavy load in a violent wind, or after rapid running. If
the animal have a wild, fierce look, it is necessary then to
give him a dose of belladonna, and then to return to the
chamomilla. The capital remedy against all species of



VERMINOUS COLIC -DIARRH(EA.           141
colic is arsenicum, to which:we should always have recourse,
after having administered a dose of aconitum. Frequently
aftersthe windy colic has yielded, there remains an obstinate retention of urine,- which is relieved by a -dose of cantharides, or, if this does not succeed, by hyoscyamus.
COLIC, (VERMINOUS.)
Collections of worms in the intestines occasion sometimes symptoms which bear a-great analogy to the attacks
of colic, or perfectly resemble them; for the- horse strikes
with his tail, raises his hind feet towards the belly, throws
himself on the ground, rolls himself, rises up, and then eats
as usual. ~ But we cannot consider it as certain that such
attacks are owing to worms, unless we have had some
other means of ascertaining the existence of these. A dry
cough is a usual attendant, with an unthrifty looking coat,
and, in general, shaking after drinking.  The animal
affected with worms often moves his tail to the right and
left; he strives to rub his hind part, and particularly the
end of the tail, against different objects; he frequently licks
the walls, and rtlbs his upper lip; he has continual- rumbling in his bowels, and his dung, at first a little liquid, is
generally very fetid. After aconitum, we should employ, in
such cases, c]4ina, nux vomica, and marum verumr; also
recourse may be had to calcarea, carbo vegetabilis, filixmas, sabadilla, graphitis, &c.; f6r the cure of t.enia, aconite,
china, hyoscyamus, cicuta, spigelia. Belladonna, china, mercurius solubilis and absinthium  for the cure of lumbrici;
digitalis, ignatia amara and marum verum against ascarides, also aconite, ferrum, sulphur, and valeriana for the
removal.of cestrus. As there should be no worms in the
body of an animal in good health, and as their presence
always denotes a morbid predisposition favorable to their
production, it is necessary, after having removed the colic,
to combat this disposition: the principal means for this is
sulphur, anlimonium crudum, calcarea, &c.
DIARRHCEA.
The most prominent causes of diarrhcea are long contUnuance on unwholesome food, brackish or mineral waters,



142             DIARR(HEA - ENTERITIS.
undue purgation from; different m edicaments, verminous
affections,' and in some horses habituated to close, hot
stables, the change of temperature will induce it. Horses
that are light-hearted and of a nervous disposition are the
most susceptible to it; any thing that irritates or inflanes
the stomach and intestines is likely to induce superpurgation.
Treatment. - If ca-used by worms, we must administer
china, sulphur, and spigelia..  The medicaments that are
found most useful in the various kinds of diarrhea are
aconitum, napeilus, arsenicun album, bryonia, carbo v-egetabilis, pulsatilla, cotocynthis, mercurius,;n'rs vamica,'ipecacuanhia, sulphur, &e. If there are feverish s'ymptomris, and
in warm weather, we admihister aconitum; if the fcees
smell offensive,. with approaching putridity, arsenicumr and
carbo vegetabilis; if resulting from change of temperature,
particularly from  heat to cold, bryonia; in intermrittent
diarrh-ea; china; if apprdaching dysentery, with violent
pain, evacuations of slimy, sanguinolent mucus, colkocynthis,
ipecacuanha, and mercurius; nux: vomica in, nervous diarrhcea,'and sulphur may be used- in any stage of the
disease.
ENTERITIS.
Inflammation of the intestines bears, with respect to its
symptoms, a close resemblance to spasmodic colic, from
which, however, it may be'distinguished.  In colic there is
generally a remission of symptoms, and the pulse varies,
being at times natural, at others small and feeble, then full
and quick, whereas in enteritis it is hard and quick, and as
the disease advances, the pulse still rises to double the
number of beats, or even more, and there is no remission
pf pain, although it appears at times more severe, but the
horse gradually gets worse unless. speedy relief is obtained.
The animal refuses to eat, but there is great thirst, and the
respiration, which is accelerated, is accompanied with beating of the flanks. The eyes are red and starting, mouth
hot, the extremities sometimes hot and sometimes cold.
The animal has the back arched, frequently looks at the
abdomen, which is tense and painful; he scrapes with his.feet, rolls himself on the ground, starts up with a frightened air, stamps with the fore feet, strikes the abdomen



FISTtLA.                    143
with the hind feet, and is. very, sensitive to the slightest
touch.  At first he voids from time to. time a smallI quantity of feces; in a little time he passes, nothing. from the
bowels.  When the disease has lasted for some time, and
an apparent calm comes on, during which time. the animal's-legs and feet become deadly cold, the skin cold and
clammy, the mouth cold, and the eyes, which were before
depicted with anxiety, now become sunken, and the pulse
imperceptible, it is a. proof that the inflammation hasd;egenerated. into gangrene, and that death, is not. far off.
Acoitim- is' one of the.chief remedies; a dose of it is to be
administered every ten or fifteen mninutes, until a perfect
cure'is established, or at least' unti. a perceptible change
for the better'has.takenl place. In. general'-the animnal is
saved at the end of half an h'our. If the continued employment of aconitum has not removed all the. symptoms after
from two to three hours, arsenicuzm should be given, which
is more especially indicated when the disease has been produced by cold drinks taken when the animal has been sweat*ing, or by some irregularity" of regimen.  Colocynzthis, rhus
toxicodendron a and arnica have succeeded' in other cases.
Frequently, after the cure has been effected,- some: constipation remains, or a retention of urine; the former is. to be
treated by inxz vomica "andl opium, the second by cantharides, and,: in obstinate cases, by.hyoscyamus.  There are
other remedies in some particular cases that should not be
lost sight of, viz.: belladonna, bryoniac, ipecacuanha, nux
vomica, pu lsatilla,. veratrum album, &c..
FISTULA.
Fistulae are ulcers which, instead of instantly discharging
the pus externally, sink down more or less into the living
Iarts, and form sinuses therein, so as to attack the muscles, ligaments, and  even the bones. The. principal forms
of these are, dental fistula, which is seated at'the carious
root of a tooth, and ter'minates: almost.always at:the. inferior edge of the lower jaw, seldom in that of the: upper-;
the scalivary fistula, which commences in the place where
the canal passes over the edge of the jaw, and continually
gives discharge to- a considerable quaantity of clear and
limpid saliva; the venous fistzula, which is common enough



RERNIA.                  146
rng, or biting; his entire body is of a burning heat, the'
mouth dry and hot; if he be neglected; death takes place,
5ometimes at the end of forty-eight hours; he most frequently dies delirious. The ordinary causes are an excess'
Df food, more especially fresh clover, and exposure to cold.
Neither is gastritis uncommon after the use of poisonous
vegetables, the abuse of purgatives, &c. Aconitum, (one
dose,) then arsenicum, and afterwards carbo vegetabilis
are: the chief remedies. Antimoniuffm crudum, pulsatilla, and
lpecacuaniAa are also employed when the animal attempts
to yawn and: bite, stramonium when he feels uneasiness
after drinking or eating; ipecacuanha, and an hour after,
arsenicunm, when he appears nauseated after having eaten.
iERNIA.
The horse is sometimes affected with abdominal hernia,
occasioned by great efforts in drawing a heavy load, leaping
a wide ditch, &c.'Such' efforts occasion through a lesion
in the parietes of the abdomen the protrusion of a portion
of intestine, which produces a subcutan-eous tumor, soft
and indolent.  This tumor increases gradually when it
is not attended to, or when the animal is made to continue
at severe work. When at length the portion of the viscera'which have protruded through the small opening becdme
sufficiently compressed and squeezed by the latter, the
hernia assumes the name of strangulated; the horse suffers
very much; he evinces great distress, he no longer passes
any thing from his bowels, the swelling becomes inflamed,
and almost always; when timely assistance is not rendered,
gangrene supervenes, which quickly proves fatal. To cure
an* abdominal hernia without an external wound, we are to
fix very tightly in the swelling a plug made of tow, secured
and kept on by means of a tight girt; this is to be left on
for four or five days, the animal to be visited daily. Arnica
is to be administered very often internally; the animal
must 4be kept quiet, and all flatulent food to be carefully
avoided.  If the protruded portions of the intestine be
considerable, they must be reduced previous to the application of the bandage, and should inflammation have
already taken place, aconitum should be given several
-times. If a portion of the intestines, or epiploon, have
13



OVERLOADING STOMACH- PERITONITIS.      147
igestions are liquid and fetid; antimoniunz crudum, in
ase large feculent lumps are voided, with aversion to food;
hamomilla when there is diarrhoea, with swelling of the
elly; rheum, if the horse passes soft freces without pain;'ulcamara and nux vomica, if the indigestion has been the
onsequence of cold, and if the freces are hard and dry;
ryonia, when an irregularity of regimen or cold gives rise
a the constipation or diarrhaea, with aversion to food. It
s not uncommon, when shedding their coats, for delicate
orses to fall into a state of debility, which extends even
the digestive organs, and prevents their eating with an
rppetite; a couple of doses of china, then a dose of nux!omica, never fail to dissipate this symptom; this should!e followed by calcarea, silicea, and sulphur.
OVERLOADING OF THE STO]MACIH.
Overloading of the stomach, which may bring on gasritis, or other bad consequences, is not uncommon in horses
o which too much corn has been given, or which have
luring the absence of the attendants slipped their head:ollar, and helped themselves. Coiftea cruda is the best
emedy in all cases. If too much delay has been made, it
s to antimonium crudum we must have recourse.  When
here is constipation at the same time, nux vomica is indiated. Pulsatilla is the remedy to be administered when
liarrhcea supervenes, a case in which arsenicum also is of
reat use, although the generality of horses will not take
rufficient corn to injure themselves.
PERITONITIS.
Inflammation of the peritoneum is a disease of not very
requent occurrence; it is sometimes occasioned by cold, a
all, blows received on the abdomen, castration, &c.; but
nuch more frequently it makes its appearance without
)ur being able to assign any particular causes for it. Its
symptoms are similar to those of enteritis. It produces an
extreme degree of distress. At first the animal remains
quiet; but after a little time the pain obliges him to throw
limself on the ground, then to rise immediately; he con



148                  ABORTION.
stantly looks at his flanks, and strives to rub the abdomen
with the hind feet. The ears and nose are cold, the belly
is distended and the bowels costive, pulse quick and: hard,
redness: of the inner surface of the eyelids, and often alse
profuse sweats, are the principal symptoms of this disease.
which may bring on gangrene when the inflammation is
not arrested in time. This end is obtained by aconiturz.
our chief remedy in all inflammatory affections; according
to circumstances, one dose is administered every quarter
of an hour, every half hour, or every hour, until the pulse
has again returned to the natural state, and the animal
has become evidently more tranquil. Should not the fre.
quency and hardness of the pulse abate under:the employment of aconitum, we should alternate it with sulphur.%
We are seldom forced to have recourse to the other means
which are bryonia, fnux vomica, arsenicumr, &c., and when
there is a discharge of blood from the bladder, cantharide.
should be employed. If the animal is seized immediately
with great debility, and that its strength is: seen: to sinh
perceptibly, arsenicum is to be immediately given.
SECTION VI.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS AND
ORGANS OF- GENERATION.
AB ORTION.
MARES in foal are exposed to abort when they are workec
too hard, or when they are ridden without sufficient cau;
tion. Abortion is also occasionally the result of a fall
blow, &c. In the latter case arnica must be given at once
in order to prevent it, as also rhus toxicodendron, if ther(
have been luxation, sprain, &c. If the sigas of parturitior
be observed, ypulsatilla, sabina, and secale cornutum.  If
after the abortion the coming away of the afterbirth be



CALCULI - CYSTITIS,.             49
delayed -for more than three hours, we must administer
first sabina, then secale corznutumn.  Should these means
prove ineffectual, we must have recourse to manual interference, and proceed to detach the placenta according to
the rules of art.
C ALCULI, (VESICAL.)
The.presence of a calculus in the bladder can only be
discovered by examining this viscus per rectum, which
under such circumstances is often found to be enormously
distended,:so as frequently to burst. The symptoms are
in general- those which are met in cystitis.  Frequent
voiding of urine, occasioned- by the irritation of the calculus, sometimes with great difficulty, at other times completely.i.ppressed; the urine is in general thick and whitish,
and on standing a short time, deposits a sediment, at other
times it is tinged with blood; -the horse is at times attacked
with spasms, and groans with pain, frequently hitting his
sheath with his hind feet, &c. The inflammation requires
the employment of aconitum, after which I have twice
seen the calculi make their exit from the bladder.  Uva
itrsi is then the medicine which contributes most effectually
to preyent.contraction of the urethra, and to favor the expulsion of the calculus.  Sarsaparilla is the.chief relmedy
when the symptoms assume-a chronic form. I know not
whether urolithine, which has been recently recommended,
has ever been employed with advantage. Aconite -and
cantharides are also useful. When the stone is of a largesize, or becomes partly insinuiated into the urethra, recourse
must be had to the operation of lithotomy.
CYSTITIS.
This disease closely resembles nephritis in its symptoms.
The animal makes frequent and unavailing efforts to pass
urine. He walks also with the hind legs a little more
separated than usual, and clearly shows that motion causes
him pain. Sometimes the neck of the bladder is.alone the
seat of the disease; at other times the tunics. or coats of
the organ are -principally affected, but whether the per.
itoneal, muscular, or villous participates most in the in13



150            DIFFICULT PARTURITION.
flammation, is, in the living animal, difficult to decide, th
external symptoms so much.resembling each other; there
fore cystitis is considered here as general; it is frequentl'
brought on by calculus, or by the active diuretics given, o
the absorption of cantharides. The treatment should b.
commenced by two or three doses of aconitum, whic]
should be administered within the space of an hour. I:
the violence of the disease has been perceptibly diminishes
thereby, without the animal, however, being yet able to pas
his urine, a dose of cantharides almost always succeeds
excepting in a very few obstinate cases; when severa
hours elapse without passing urine, we are then obliged t,
have recourse to hyosciamus.  The following remedie
should also be taken into account. If from the absorption
of cantharides, with turbulent or bloody urine, camphor
If retention of urine, cannabis. When -the neck is th,
principal seat of affection, with the emission of only a fey
drops of urine, digit. If it is sedimentous, dulc.; also nu.,
vomica and sulphur.
DIFFICULT PARTURITION.
In general, when pregnant mares are not overworked
and are well cared, they bring forth without any grea
efforts, and seldom require the aid of.man. However, case
occasionally present themselves, in which the mother'
strength is not sufficient to bring forth the foal, and wher,
we are obliged to have recourse to medicines or to manua
interference, to prevent accidents of which the one or th,
other might become the victim. A long time elapses some
times before the animal lies down, and evinces great rest
lessness before the effectual pains come on; chamomillo
pulsatilla, and cannabis are then useful. If the pains art
accompanied with convulsive movements, secale cornutuiz
is administered, and when they cease altogether, pulsatill
and opium are given.  When the afterbirth is slow ii
coming away, sabina is given, and if that does not suffice
secale cornutum.  Platina and sepia (the latter at firs
alone, and when it proves insufficient, alternately with th,
other) must be employed when the mare still continues t4
strain after the placenta has come away. If the milk i
slow in appearing, it is necessary to have recourse t4



DIABETES  SWELLING OF THE GENITALS.   151
aconitum and chamomilla. Arnica is suitable when the
animal has suffered much,. and nux vomica when there
remains a sort of paralysis of the loins. Inflammation of
the womb yields to arnica and sabina, employed alternately, and the febrile shiverings which come on after
delivery are dissipated by aconitumn and pulsatilla. Arnica
is useful in case'of inflammation and tumefaction of the
umbilicus in the foal.
DIABETES.
This disease owes its origin to various causes, such as
change of food, of water, the frequent use of medicines
given as diuretics, &c. It may be temporary, arising from
nervous. excitement, or permanent, from existing a long
time, and caused by. an altered secretion from a long continuance of unwholesome food, or abuse of medicine.
Diabetes mellitus, or the sugary form of the disease, is
sometimes, though rarely, met with in the horse.
The medicines most useful in this disease are conium,
maculatuzm, naztrum, muriaticum, ledurnm palustre, phosphoric
acid, baryta muriatica, sulphur, and mercurius;'at the same
time especial care must be taken that the diet consists of
wholesome food, with as much river or other good water
as the animal will take ad libitum.
SWELLING OF THE GENITALS.
Inflammation and swelling'of the genitals, which frequently terminate in induration, are to be treated chiefly
with rhus toxicodendron and suilphur.  Belladonna also
has answered perfectly well in most cases. Camphor, was
found useful in circumstances where the disease. declared
itself suddenly, with difficulty of voiding urine. Much
good has been obtained from bryonia in the case of hot
inflammatory swelling; of conium in case of simultaneous
swelling of the scrotum; and of rhus toxicodendron, when
the tumefaction was accompanied with frequent desire to
pass urine.



152         GOONORRHCEA - HIMATURIA.
GONOBERHcEA.
This disease is seen generally in stallions and mares
after sexual intercourse, and it is sometimes'the conse.
quence of an infection. In the stallion it presents itself
under the appearance of:swelling of the glans penis, ulcers
in the penis, and swelling of the testicles and inguinal
glands -symptoms to which are added, after sometime, a
discharge from the nose and tumefaction of the glands, as
in glanders. In the mare there are found to be swelling
and itching in the vulva and vagina; thus the formation of.small vesicles, which' are followed by corroding ulcers. The
animals of both -sexes,.so affected, have a stiff walk, lose'
their sprightliness,.and gradually waste away: death takes
place with putrid fever, or, in rare cases, in apoplexy..Mercurimzs vivus generally cures the- disease. If it be of
long -standing, we should add arsenicurn, thuja, and nitri
acidum.  This disease -appears in its symptoms truly
venereal.
HEJLMATURIA.
The discharge of pure blood by the urinary passages,.that is.to.say, of urine more or less mixed with blood, is
not unusual in horses; and in general it presents much less
danger than in horned cattle. In general it takes place
only in the case of renal or vesical calculus, in cystitis or
nephritis when it has attained the highest degree of severity, or after a contusion or any other external lesion. The
symptoms then resemble more or. less those of attacks of
colic: the horse is dull, lies down, but soon rises again1
and from time to timehe passes.a small quantity of urine
tinged with blood. When there is inflammation, aconitumn
is employed, and the remedies'noticed in the articles CYsTITIS and NEPHRITIS. IHowever, if the disease depend on
a contusion or on a blow received in the lumbar region,
arnica is the remedy on which we may calculate most.
When none of these causes exist, ipecacuacnha is employed.



INCONTINENCE- OF URINE -- NEVHRITIS.   153
INCONTINENCE OF URINE.
Pulsatilla is the chief remedy for this disease, for the
cure of which we may also employ rhus toxicodendron and
china. If the urine is continually escaping, drop by drop,
we employ arnica, petroleum, pulsatilla, and spigelia. Ferarum rmuriaticum is indicated when there is at the same
time excoriation of the urinary organs.
NEPHRITIS.
Horses are somebtimes attacked with this disease, which
is generally dangerous in an acute form, and is accompanied, at least in general,' with very severe symptoms.
It often comes on after external violence, more especially
on the lumbar region; but under many circumstances it
depends on an internal morbid disposition, and occasionally on the eating'of noxious plants, -and unwholesome
diet; the constant use of diuretic medicine, also, if it does
not actually produce this disease, predisposes the kidneys
to take on inflammatory action from causes that would
not have produced it. The ordinary symptoms are a continued fever, pulse'quick and hard, depression of the back,
stiffhess and straddling in walking, the indication of acute
pains when we lean on or press the back and loins, unavailing efforts to void uiine, or, as long as the inflammation
lasts, or else small quantities of turbid, pungent urine,
which then becomes thick, and often bloody. Aconitum
commences the treatment, especially when there is much
fever; after which the principal remedy is nitrum; nux
vomica, cantharides, cocculus, and phosphorus serve as intercurrent remedies, else'there is stiffness of the limbs. In
the treatment of. chronic nephritis, again belladonna is
recommended, if the sight is affected and the look wild;
cannabis when there is much restlessness without apparent
inflammatory symptoms; cannabis, when the animal strikes,
or frequently looks at his flank; hepar sulphuris, when the
breathing is anxious during the desire to void the urine;
mercurius vivus, if this desire is accompanied with sweat;
pluvmbumn, in case of absolute constipation; and thuja,



154          NYMPHOMANIA-  PAIN OF KIDNEYS.
which suits all the symptoms, but is particularly indicated
when the legs swell.NYMPHOANIA.
This affection generally appears at the commencement
of spring: the animals affected become dull, weak, and out
of condition; at other times nervous and irritable, with a
frequent voiding of urine in small quantities, thick, yellow,
and gelatinous.  We employ, in its treatment, pulsatilla,
veratrum  album, sabina, cocculus, and cantharides:. cannabis, champhora, and platina are suitable.  It may be also
occasioned by mechanical injuries. Against sterility the.following  medicines have been recommended: borax ve-neta, calcarea carbonica, ammonium  carbonicum, cannabis
-sativa, mercurius, and phosphorus.
PAIN OF KIDNEYS FROM PRESSURE.
Like all lesions occasioned by prolonged pressure, the
affection of kidneys never fails to yield in a very short
time to external treatment with arnica water, more especially when during this treatment the horse is no longer
ridden.  But even in cases where the affection is of very
long  standing, a few  days are often  sufficient to bring
about a cure.  Pulsatilla is an excellent remedy against
contusions of the spine and withers; bryonia, when there
is a hot and tense swelling in the ribs. When the tumors
developed on the bone are not hot to the touch; when
they. have passed into' the chronic: state, conium  almost
always is of service.
* We read in the Journal des Haras, 1836, t. 17, a note of M. Mercier,
captain in the 10th regiment Qf Cuirassiers, stating that M. Leblanc, the
veterinary surgeon of this corps, obtained, through homeopathy, the radical
cure of eighteen glandered horses.. Aurum, pulsatilla, calcarea, bryonia,
belladonna, aconitum, acidum phosphioricurn, were the means employed, in the
third, sixth, ninth, fifteenth, and sometimes thirteenth dynamisations, in
the dose of from two to three drops on powdered sugar of milk, administered
in the morning, fasting, and placed on the horse's tongue by means of a bone
spatula. The doses were repeated every two days, until there was a marked
aggravation, after the expiration of which the new dose was administered, if
there was no improvement. It is only in the marked case of a perceptible
amendment, that a longer interval was allowed to elapse between the doses,
which were then administered only every eight or fifteen days.



RETENTION OF URINE - SATYRIASIS.      15
RETENTION OF URINE.
We must carefully distinguish the retention of urine, in
which the. secretion afforded by the kidneys cannot be
carried out, from the suppression of urine, which consists
in a great diminution, or even a total suspension, of this
secretion.  The suppression of urine frequently depends
on an inflammation of the kidneys, or on some lesion of
these organs occasioned by enormous doses of diuretics.
It is easily recognized by the accompanying fever, by the
posture of the animal, wherein he keeps his legs separated
from each other, and by the frequent efforts he makes to
void urine, though the examination of the bladder by the
rectum proves it to be empty. In the retention of urine,
on the contrary, this same examination shows that the
bladder is full, and that it is frequently distended to an
enormous degree. The animal puts himself in posture
very frequently,-but passes no urine, or expels only some
drops, and feels pains which compel him to utter frequent
moans. When the disease does not yield in the space of
forty-eight hours, the animal inevitably dies of rupture of
the bladder. A dose of aconitumn, followed by cantharides,
is generally of service. If the animal does not void his
urine then, hyoscyamus should be indicated.  Lycopodium
also is an important remedy. In the retention of urine we
commence with a dose of aconitum; then, after fifteen or
twenty minutes, cantharides should be given, and when
this remedy produces no effect, at the end of an hour, hyoscyam-us.  Cannabis and petroselinum have also been recommended in this disease. Arnica, capsicum, colchicum, nfux
vomica, and pulsatilla have on many occasions been found
very useful. However, the first three medicines have been
found sufficient in the great majority of cases. Urinary
calculus is at times the occasion of retention of urine; it
must then be treated accordingly. See CALCULUS.
SATYRIASIS.
The remedies to be employed in this disease are can
tharides and platina.



[56          SPASM -OF THE BLADDER.
INFLAMMATION OF THE SCROTUM.
This disease, which frequently comes on after castration, is easily prevented by some doses of arnica, given
during the first days after the operation. If, notwithstanding, the tumefaction appears, we should have recourse to
sulphur, and in case of failure, to clematis erecta. Great
efforts to draw loads are frequently followed by considerable tumefaction of the testicles of the entire horse. Here
we should employ conium. If the affection be brought on
by contusion, friction, &c., arnica is employed, which
should also be applied externally.
BPASM OF THE BLADDER.
This iafection consists in a spasmodic contraction of the
sphincter of the bladder, which renders the passing of the
urine impossible, It is often observed after cold, when
the horses pass the night out of the stable; or as a secondary symptom in colic; it has also been frequently observed after a day's hunting. The animal evinces great
uneasiness; he is tormented as much almost as in fits of
colic, scrapes, throws himself on the ground, stands up
again after some minutes, and often strains to pass urine,
but ineffectually. Occasionally the abdomen is swollen,
and in the dissection of horses, the spleen is frequently
found considerably enlarged, (hypertrophied;) sometimes
it has been found to weigh upwards of fifteen pounds.
There are also cases on record of rupture of the viscus;
the symptoms resemble those of gripes, and has been mistaken for the latter by observant practitioners; the death
of the animal generally takes place in eighteen or twenty
hours after the symptoms are observed.  On examining
the rectum, we find that the bladder is very much distended. Aconitum. and cantharides are then proper in
most cases; however, hyoscyamus deserves the preference
when the animal has passed the night out of the stable.
Cannabis is an excellent remedy in case of strangury.
Opium also produces very good results, especially when
there are intervals of rest. between the pains, the pulse
being small and scarcely perceptible, the animal sad, and,



SPERMATORRH(EA - STRANGIURY.        157
as it were, asleep.. It is stated that arnica has been found
useful in the case of heat in the hoof, and pulsatilla in
that of cold in the extremities.
SPERr ATORRHCEA.
This disease, which is occasionally met with in stallions,
and which consists in a discharge of liquids similar to semen, weakens the animal very much, when not promptly
relieved: he wastes away, loses his hair, and eventually is
seized:with hectic -fever.  China, sepia, and sulphur are the
priancipal means to be employed in such a case.
STRANGURY, (RETENTION OF URINE.)
In this disease the animal feels acute pains when he
wishes to pass urine. The urine, which he passes in small
quantity, is sometimes clear, sometimes red, occasionally
even bloody. The horse kicks, and seems-disposed to lie
down; but he seldom does so; he shakes the tail, experiences great restlessness in the hind quarters, and makes,
with groans, ineffectual efforts to empty the bladder. If it
is impossible for the animal to stale, we should employ the
means pointed out in the article SPASM OF THE BLADDER;
if he succeed, we should give him acidum phosphoricum,
pulsatilla, and nitrum, when the urine is as pale as water,
and passes off only with acute pain; staphysagria, when
it is reddish, and the flanks are tightly compressed; ipecacuanha, in the case of bloody urine; sulphur, in chronic hematiria; acidurn nitri, when the urine is cold. Sometimes, though rarely, it will be necessary to have recourse
to the operation of cutting into the peritoneum, so as to
admit the introduction of a catheter into the bladder, or
thrusting a trocar through the rectum into the bladder.
14



158            JAUNDICE - HEPATITIS.
SECTION VII.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND -SPLEEN.
JAUNDICE.
THIS affection, which is not very common in horses, is
recognized by the yellow color of the conjunctiva, inner
surface of the lips, and the interior of the mouth. It is in
the generality of cases symptomatic of acute or chronic
hepatitis, is generally accompanied with fever;, the serum
of the blood and urine is of a yellow tinge. It is usually
accompanied with great debility; the appetite fails, the
evacuations have a yellow tinge, but are more frequently
clay colored..The principal remedies to be employed ale,
aconite, china, nux vomica, mercurius vivus, sulphur, lycopodium, bryonia, belladonna, mercurius, &c. See HEPATITIS.
HEPATITIS.
Less usual among horses than in horned cattle, particularly in fatting, inflammation of the liver has a close resemblance to that of the spleen, which frequently causes
these two diseases to be confounded. In hepatitis the animal is suddenly struck with great depression; he does not
eat, drinks greedily, holds the head down, looks frequently
at the right flank, which seems tense, and evinces great
uneasiness when this part of the body is touched. -He
cannot remain lying down, and he limps with the off fore
leg, with which he also scragpes the ground frequently. He
becomes constipated, his urine is yellowish, his pulse is hard
and accelerated; respiration and deglutition are attended with difficulty. Oftentimes, more especially when the
disease has made considerable progress, the eye, mouth,
nostrils, and tongue are observed to be yellow; the hair is
dull in color, and erect; gangrene comes on rapidly; ascites and other dropsical swellings frequently accompany
this disease, particularly in the latter stages. With prioer



SPLENITIS.                159
treatment we succeed in curing acute hepatitis in from
nine to eleven days;: whilst chronic hepatitis often continues for entire months, and even longer. The treatment
commences by some doses of aconitum, which is to be followed by nux vomica, alternately with mercurius vivus
When there are signs of jaundice, this is the case for employing chamomile and mercurius solubilis. If there be
constipation, we are to give nux vomica and brionia.
SPLENITIS.
Inflammation of the spleen which generally runs on to
gangrene is very uncommon, and differs from most other
acute inflammations, chiefly in the tongue being brownish
or brown. The appetite fails entirely; the pulse is at first
hard, full, and tense, subsequently small, soft, and weak.
The look is, fixed, the head extended straight forward, and
when the region of the spleen is touched, the animal
evinces evident signs of pain; his head is frequently directed towards the part affected. A dose of a;conitum
every ten or fifteen minutes is sufficient to restore health,
when it is employed at the very moment the disease appears. If there be deep respiration, with disturbance and
restlessness of the whole body, we must employ belladonna
alternately with aconitum- nux vomica, also alternately
with aconitum, when the horse frequently looks towards his
flanks.'When the brownish color of the tongue becomes
deeper, arsenicum should be given as an intercurrent remedy. Ptltsatilla, plumbum, mezereumr, and spigelia have also
been found useful. Laurocerasus has succeeded almost
instantaneously in an obstinate,case where the pulse was
small, the look fixed, the head directed upwards, and when
the animal became insensible, excepting the affected part
was touched; however, as the preceding means had been
already employed, there remains some doubt whether they
may not have contributed their share in effecting this rapid
cure.



160     APHTHE -CARBUNCLE ON THE TONGUE.
SECTION  VIII.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH, &C.
APHTHJE, OR THRUSHL
THIS disease of the mouth, more common in young'horses, is not dangerous in itself, -although frequently preventing the patient from eating. It has been caused by
pressure and the use of a rusty bit, when small ulcers will
be detected on examining the mouth. There are also
observed on the parietes of the buccal' cavity, and very
often also on the tongue, inflamed patches, very red, and
covered, some with small vesicles, and others with white
crusts. These aphthae cause great pain, so that the animal allows the food to fall out of its mouth, even though
it be of the softest kind, from inability to masticate. The
gums are pale and devoid of color; in many cases ulcers
and crusts are seen even on the lips and nose. The principal means here are phosphoric acid, staphysagria, and
mercurius solubilis, the last more especially when a fetid
saliva flows from the mouth. The ulcers of the lips and
nose are cured by one or two doses of arsenicum and sul-.phur.
CARBUNCLE ON THE TONGUE.
This disease, which is very uncommon in the horse, but
is extremely contagious, takes place when in typhus the
miasm is thrown on, the tongue, so that this organ is covered with small vesicles full of a turbid fluid, or when
there supervenes a small pimple surrounded by a bluish
circle. The vesicles burst and fill the mouth with a fetid
ichor, which corrodes the tongue to a considerable depth;
the tumefaction of this latter organ goes on increasing;
corroding ulcers are soon produced, and the organ, becoming gangrenous, is detached in distinct portions; death
generally supervenes at the end of from twenty to thirty
hours. For the treatment see the article TYPHUS.



CARIES - GLOSSITIS.            161
CARIES.
Caries is always a very serious disease, the cure of which
is attended with great difficulties, especially when the aid
of homceopathy is not invoked in proper time. Besides
the swelling, which in most cases has preceded it, and
which often accompanies it even when an external wound
is produced,'it is observed that for a considerable time the
diseased part is very painful to the touch. The principal
means are asafatida and silicea. A.urum, (especially in
caries in the head,) lachesis, (in that of the legs,) acidun
nitri, sepia, iodium, and sulphur have also succeeded frequently.
FISTULA ON THE NOSE.
Fistulous ulcers in the nose, particularly in its lateral
parts, are not uncommon in horses. Generally this dangerous disease is occasioned by a wound which has affected even the bones. This is the reason why, when, after a
wound, in the nose, we do not prevent the development of
this dangerous consequence, one which is always to be
dreaded, by having instantaneous recourse to arnica and
symphytum, the bones become the seat of a swelling of
greater or less size, pierced by a small opening through
which a sanious fluid is discharged;one of the remedies
is p ulsatilla, several doses of which are to be given, to each
of which we are to allow six or eight days to expend its
action.
GLOSSITIS.
The chief remedies for this disease, which is of rare
occurrence in horses, are aconitum and mercurius vivus.
Acidunm nitri is recommended when the tongue is dry; acidum sulphuricum, in very'obstinate cases; belladonna, when
there is swelling with redness; arsenicum, if the swelling
appear painful; carbo animalis, conium, lycopodium, and
silicea in induration of the tongue.
14*



162             OTITIS - PAROTIDITIS.
OTITIS.
When the interior of the ear is attacked with inflammation, it gives rise to considerable swelling, which causes
great pain to the horse; he holds his head inclined to the
affected-side, and tosses it frequently. Aconitum and bryonia internally, and arnica externally, are the means to
which we should have recourse in such cases. Hepar su'phuris also has been recommended. When an abscess has
been formed, we have recourse to arsenicurm. Pulsatilla,
lycopodium, sepia, petroleum, and silicea are useful in deepseated abscesses of the meatus auditorius.
OZENA.
Mercurius vivus, aurum, and mezereon are very beneficial in the treatment of this affection. Acidumrn phosphoricuzm and arsenicurn are equally suitable in erosions of the
pituitary membrane; squilla, in pustular inflammation of
this membrane; secale cornutumn, when it has a bluish tint.
PAROTIDITIS.
By this term we designate inflammation of the large
salivary gland, situate under the ear, along the posterior
edge of the jaw.' The tumor, which is of considerable
extent, is hot, tense, and painful on pressure; the animal
eats and drinks with difficulty, and in some cases cannot
feed at all; he has high fever; he holds the head stretched
out in a right line, and inclines it a little to the healthy
side. Aconitum, mercurius, sulphur, and lycopodium  are
recommended. If the tumor from neglect pass into suppuration, a salivary fistula is often produced, which is difficult of cure; belladonna may then be employed.



INFLAMMATORY FEVER.            -163
SECTION  IX.
FEVERS.
FEVER ATTENDED WITH CHILLINESS.
THE cold fever announces itself by great depression, want
of appetite, trembling of the skin, and occasionally also of
the limbs, a staring coat, coldness of the ears, dryness of
the tongue, and the discharge of a small quantity of urine.
It presents, moreover, the ordinary symptoms of febrile
states in general, a hard and frequent pulse, a violent
beating of the flanks, obstruction of the respiration, &c.
The interval between two accessions has nothing regular
or determinate, as in the intermittent fever of the human
subject, and the duration of each also varies considerably.
Generally speaking, the accessions appear a little after the
animal has drunk, and usually they manifest themselves
by a remarkable sense of cold, which is succeeded by heat;
however, it is not uncommon to see one.or.other of these
symptoms wanting. The principal means to be employed
are arsenicum and bryonia. The former is more especially
suitable when the disease depends either on the. animal
having drunk cold water when he was heated, or on his
having eaten too much, &c. It is indicated also when the
accessions are renewed after the horse having drunk.
Acidum nitri should be prescribed when the febrile shivering returns at the time when the horse goes out of a warm
stable to pass into the open air. Ipecacuanha is recommended in cases where several horses are attacked simultaneously, and in a manner epizootically, with febrile
shivering after having eaten.
INFLAMMATORY FEVER.
We give this name to the more or less high fever which
accompanies almost all inflammations.  The principal
remedy for fever combined with internal inflammations is



164       FEVER ATTENDED- WITH PUTRIDITY.
aconitum, and when it fails, mercurius vivus. Arnica is the
most useful for traumatic fever associated with external
inflammations. To be sure, the former does not always
yield to aconitum alone; there is often required another
medicine also to harmonize with the inflammatory state
which exists in each'particular case; for instance, belladonna in encephalitis, spongia in angina, bryonia in the
peripneumony and pneumonia, arsenicurm in enteritis, cantharides in cystitis and nephritis, &c.
FEVER ATTENDED WIT11 PUTRIDITY.
This.disease, although of very infrequent occurrence in
horses, causes great prostration of the vital forces; it is
always the consequence of a full-developed psora. It is
chiefly observed in horses which have lost much of their
strength, which are debilitated by fatigue, by a deficiency,
or the bad quality of their food, &c., more especially in
time of war. The hair of an animal in this state begins
to stare, some febrile shiverings come on, the pulse is accelerated, small, soft, and very compressible; the pulsations
of the heart are felt with considerable strength on the left
side, and sometimes also on the right side of the chest.
The horse is dejected and sad, he holds his head down, and
gradually loses all appetite. The eye is dull, generally
half shut and bleared, mouth hot and full of saliva, ears
cold,..tongue covered with a yellowish mucus. The respiration short, hurried and embarrassed, breath hot and
fetid; freces soft and very fetid; the  animal frequently
scrapes with his fore feet, but never strikes with the hind feet;
he lies down frequently, and at length no longer stands up.
There gradually appear on different parts of the body, chiefly
on the thighs, tumors containing a yellowish ichor. In
certain cases the head is much swollen, the respiration difficult, as also deglutition, and a yellowish and fetid mucus
flows from the nose and mouth. Prostration becomes more
and more marked, and death. occurs almost always when
the legs swell. The disease is'contagious, and consequently
requires the most prompt separation and seclusion of the
animal affected. At the onset of the putrid fever, ipecacUzanha is administered, then at the end of one or two days
arsenicum. When the disease is fully developed, the prin



TRAUMATIC — TUBERCULOUS FEVER.        1645
dpal remedy to be employed is natrum muriaticum, which,
in the time of an epidemic, it would be serviceable for
healthy horses to take once or twice a week, as a preservative. If, -notwithstanding a commencement of improvement, there still remains much debility, we have recourse to
china, at the same time that we must employ thzuja for the
tumors which are suppurating. Sulphur, continued for a
long time, (one dose per day,) then produces the besf effects.
TRAUMATIC FEVER.
Traumatic fever arises sympathetically from local irritation; there'appears much difference in, horses as to
nervous irritability, the slightest wound affecting some,
and bringing on sympathetic fever, whilst others, on the
contrary, appear but slightly affected, although the injury
they received may have been very severe. Arnica is the principal remedy.
TUBERCULOUS. FEVER.
This' disease, which I have not yet observed in all its
development, manifests itself in the following manner: the
animal falls sick suddenly, and tubercIes of greater or less
size are seen to come out over his body, with defined edges,.
bearing considerable resemblance to nettle rash in the
human subject, and which appear principally on the anterior. part of the body. The horse trembles all over; he is
sad, loses his appetite, his eyes are filled with tears, his
mouth is hot, salivary secretion profuse. When the disease has existed for a certain. time, the tubercles, if they
do not disappear suddenly, become flattened and depressed,
and often seem to make way for cedematous swellings, to
which is added an enormous swelling of the legs. This
disease is frequently dangerous. We should always employ in its treatment, first several successive doses of
aconitum, which lessens very much the size of the tubercles,
and removes- almost entirely the inflammatory symptoms,
when the animals recover their appetite, and resume their
ordinary sprightliness. After aconitum, rhus toxicodendron
is generally administered, two doses of which, given in the
space of twenty-four hours, almost invariably put a termi



166           INFLUENZA- STRANGLES.
nation to the symptoms. When the affection is of long
standing and the tubercles have become flattened,:the best
of all remedies that can be administered is arsenicunz, more
especially when the legs are at the same time attacked
with an cedematous swelling. In a similar case, where
the swelling was brought on by cold, but where the symptoms were not well marked, I have employed dulcamarac
with success. See the article VERMINOUS AFFECTIONS.
INFLUENZA, OR CATARRHAL FEVER.
This disease is generally predominant at the spring or
fall of the year, but mostly prevails at the latter period; it
has been attributed to prevalence in a particular season of
north-easterly winds; some have thought it to have been
occasioned by a miasm pervading a particular locality,
brought on by the decomposition of vegetables. The
symptoms are generally those of common fever, succeeded
by catarrh in its worst form, with extreme oppression and
prostration of strength. When the disorder is ushered in
by febrile symptoms, we should commence the treatment
with aconite, and should the animal appear weak and languid, it should be followed by arsenicum.  The other
remedies to be recommended are m ercurius vivus, causticurn,
phosphorus, belladonna, bryonia, and pulsatilla.
STRANGLES.
Strangles is a disease which attacks young horses chiefly
in spring and autumn; it is frequently observed after an
exposure to heat or cold, under tht influence of bad weather,
or by the transition either from green pasture to dry food
and stabling. The precursory symptoms are, dulness, perceptible weakness, which causes the animal to perspire on
the slightest exertion, impaired appetite, redness of the
pituitary membrane, lachrymation, and frequent dry cough.
The disease commences usually with slight fever; an
albuminous fluid flows from the nostrils, of a-clear and
limpid quality, which becomes thick after some days, and
takes on the appearance of thick mucus, like cream; the
submaxillary glands become swollen, and- are hot and very



STRANGLES.                   167
painful to the touch; the swelling fills ver) frequently all
the hollow of the lower jaw, so as to interfere more or less
with the respiration and deglutition. There is generally
a copious flow of saliva from the mouth, the affection appearing at first, as regards the symptoms, very like catarrh.
In this case the strangles are said to be mild. In general
it gets well in eight or fifteen days, with or without the
aid of art; the appetite returns, as well as his sprightliness;
the nasal discharge ceases gradually, and the swelling is
resolved, or suppurates.  Some doses of dulcamara considerably diminish the duration of this mild form of strangles. But very frequently the strangles presents itself with
a more marked inflammatory. character. It is then called
acute. The pulse is hard and full; the respiration hurried,
difficult,.and accompanied with a great heaving of the
flanks; cough violent; tumefaction of the glands considerable and painful; the. eyes secrete tears in abundance,
and project almost always out of the orbits; the eyelids
are swollen; the mouth is hot and full of viscous slaver;
nose dry", and its mucous. membrane much inflamed;
appetite gone; on the contrary, there is severe thirst; dung
small and scanty, and the urine, during most of the time,
suppressed. Here we are to prescribe, above every thing
else, two doses of aconitum, then one dose of dulcamara
every day. If there be salivation at the same time, mercurius vivus should be employed, and if the nasal discharge
persist, one dose of arsenicum should be taken.  In cases
where the ordinary means produced no effect, opium in
considerable doses has been found very appropriate.  If
simultaneously with the swelling of the glands of the eye,
there be also tumefaction of other parts of the head, it is
good to administer a dose of belladonna, or when the
swelling is cedematous, a dose of arsenicumn.  If after eight
days the tumefaction has not diminished, some doses of
hepar sulphuris (one every two hours) are prescribed, which
soften it; after which it disappears of its own accord, or
at least the tumor may be readily opened. It is good to
keep the latter warm for some time by covering it with
sheepskin or flannel.  It would be best to allow the animal
to drink water with the chill off.. Very often also we have
to treat masked strangles, in which there is no discharge
by the nose, but merely the respiration is short, hurried,
and a little stertorous;' in such a case we should employ



168                  STRANGLES
some doses of belladonna, and then arsenicum. When the
strangles has lasted for a long time, has been neglected,
when the horse has been exposed to cold, or badly cured,
the glands form a spherical mass, which is hard and indolent; the nasal discharge assumes a bad color, it acquires
a fetid odor, it becomes viscous and flocculent, it forms
thick scabs at the edge of the nostrils; the pituitary membrane is pale, livid, and covered with small ulcers; the
disease then obtains the name of malignant strangles,
just as we say false strangles or strangles driven in,'whenw
there is tumefaction of the belly, swelling of the limbs, &c.
Malignant strangles are scarcely ever observed, except in
very weak horses, exhaustedt in consequence of bad food
or excessive fatigue, more especially those in which psora
has attained a high, degree of development. This is an
obstinate disease, near akin to glanders, which is not easily
distinguished from the latter, aned which terminates fre.
quently in glanders, properly so called, or in putrid fever.
Here the medicines above mentioned no longer suffice
Hepar sulphuris (one dose every six hours) almost always
produces the opening of the hard tumor which accompanies
the disease. Belladonna and spiritus sulphuris have more
than once brought about this result. If these means fail,
we must then employ the baryta carbonica, in repeated
doses. Pulsatilla and sulphur are always very serviceable
in counteracting nasal discharges of a bad character.  Sulphur, in frequently repeated doses, (two or three per week,)
andi, above all, arsenicrnm, are the chief medicines to be
employed, when the: mucous membrane of the nose is
inflamed and ulcerated.  The fever which: frequently
accompanies strangles resembles what has:been called cold
fever; but it differs from it principally in the lesser intensity of the cold, and the great intensity of the heat which
then supervenes. The dull appearance and erect state of
the hair, the coldness of the ears, the disturbance of vision,
aild the albuminous character: of the saliva, are the chief~
characters of this slight fever.  When it accompanies,
swelling of the glands, the substances indicated' for the
treatment of strangles properly so called suffice to remove
it; but it sometimes comes on without well-marked symptoms of strangles: we should then have recourse to some
doses of aconitum, and to one dose of dulcamara, or, if
there be salivation, to mercurius vivuis, which soon removes



170                   TYPHUS.
back and buttocks. The swelling of the head sometimes
increases very much, and so much so as to render the animal
deformed; mastication and deglutition are now impossible.
The limbs are paralyzed, when the swelling attacks them.
In some animals symptoms of encephalitis or vertigo are
observed; they protrude the body forwards incessantly, rest
their heads on the rack, stamp, or strike with their feet, or
are constantly plunged into a state of stupor; and others
evince signs of colic with constipation, they scrape with
their feet, roll themselves, are melancholy, and swell in various parts. Some experience much difficulty in breathing, and have a heavy and painful cough. The slightest
pressure on the abdominal region is very painful to them,
and increases the cough; they are unable to lie down; a
deep furrow or gutter is observable along.the false ribs'at
each inspiration: new eruptions and tumefactions come
on; corroding ulcers form on the tongue. Among the predominant signs of typhus in horses there is noticed a reddish discharge from the nose, which has given to the disease the name of acute glanders. The pulse is small, weak,
and very much hurried, (from seventy to eighty.)  The
blood is blackish, the veins are much swollen, and the pulsations of the heart are almost imperceptible. As death
approaches, there is almost always observed a bloody discharge from the anus and a reddish discharge around the
nostrils. The typhus follows a rapid or slow course.- In
the first case, where it terminates fatally, in twenty-four
hours at most, the -precursory signs are cold in the legs,
chiefly in the. fore legs, coldness in the ears, and a somewhat staggering walk in the hind quarters; it commences
with a violent trembling; the animal Shivers, feels great
distress, his breathing is rapid and difficult, he coughs,
throws himself on the ground, and alternately remains quiet
and sad, as if struck with stupor, or appears in his movements as a horse affected with vertigo, or evinces colicky
pains accompanied with constipation, rolls himself, and
swells in different points. The reddish discharge from the
nose is here a predominant symptom. Death takes place
amid convulsions, often with distention of the neck. In
the other case, where death, supervening amidst symptoms
of the acute state, seldom delays more than seven days,
the precursors, more or less perceptible, are, deficiency of
vital heat all over the body, chiefly in the extremities,



ATROPHY.                  171
dejection and sadness, slowness in eating, with grinding of
the teeth, and deep breathing. When the disease breaks
out, some animals do not eat at; all; others retain their appetite even to the last moment; they totter and tremble,
amidst general febrile shivering and a burning heat, and
the symptoms enumerated in the acute form are observed
to appear. Generally, in the sldw form, (never in the
acute,) there come on, ill different parts of the body, tumors or carbuncles, sometimes diffused and crepitating
when the hand is pressed on them, sometimes circumscribed. These tumors, at first very small, are frequently
developed with great rapidity; they are hard, cold, occasionally also lardaceous, spongy, and hot. Their seat and
number vary; however, there generally appears but one.
When this tumor disappears, death takes place suddenly.
Sometimes it opens of itself, and a reddish sanies escapes
from it. The livid edges of the ulcer are hard and everted; the inner substance of the tumor is spongy, fibrous,
and lardaceous. Homceopathy, when applied in time, frequently cures the disease with promptitude. The remedy
employed for this purpose is arsenicurnm. When the precursory symptoms of typhus are observed, one or two
doses are given, which in general suffice. If the disease is
already developed, we should repeat the medicine every
ten minutes, or every quarter of an hour, until a perfect.cure is established. Considerable benefit is obtained
also from anthrax in very many cases.
SECTION X.
GENERALITIES.
ATROPHY.
ATROPHY, or diminution in the size of the fleshy parts,
depends chiefly on want of activity in the nerves and vessels of a part of the body occasioned by some morbid



172      EMACIATION- BURSAL ENLARGEMENTS.
state of the' system. The regions- of the body where this
wasting is most frequently observed are the shoulders, the
flanks, and the legs. In the treatment of this, arnica, china, arsenicum, sulphur, rhus toxicodendron, and sepia have
been recommended.
EMACIATION.
*Sometimes emaciation is the consequence of some in,
ternal disease, particularly chronic affections of the lungs
or liver, and one of the constant symptoms of.different
~morbid states; sometimes it constitutes' a -physiological
rather. than a pathological state; for very frequently the
general emaciation, which may be often observed, is accompanied by no appreciable disturbance in the functions.
When it depends on internal causes, which interfere with
the function of nutrition, a general state of debility is at
the same time seen to take place. The,principal means
to be employed in such cases are arsenicum,, nux vomica,
china, whenr the debility is great; pulsatilla, (in that affection called hungry-evil;) and when the state now lasts for
some time, tinctura sulphuris, magnesia carbonica, petroleurm, iodium, lycopodiunm, and sulphur.  Compare the article
PHTHISIS PULMONALIS Or MARASMUS, which must not be
confounded with emaciation. Emaciation is also observed'
as a local symptom of diminution of the nervous action:
it is then called atrophy.
BJURSAL ENLARGEMENTS
Are generally indolent swellings, which come on in the
joints or tendinous sheaths of the legs. These tumors are
situated on the lateral parts of the hock. That at the
point of the hock is called capulet or capped hock; on the
sides, so that by pressure on one side it increases the size
of the other, it is then termed thoroughpin; the swelling
on the interior and anterior part of the hock is called bog
spavin, which frequently becomes enormously distended;
those situate on the sides of the legs just above the fetlock
are called windgalls; they secrete a fluid of a pale straw
color, nearly like the white of an egg; iwhen the distention
has existed for some time, they are quite incurable. Generally speaking, these affections seldom cause lameness':



SWELLING OF THE BONES -CRIB BITING.    173
out when the tumor becomes hard and much distended, it
may occasion lameness, and render the animal unfit for
service. In the very recent windgalls of the simple form,
arnica and rhus toxicodendron, internally and externally,
are the chief remedies. Lycopodiurm and arsenicum are
also much recommended, and when the affection is of long
standing, indigo, hepar sulphuris, and sepia. The following remedies are recommended in the -order in which I
enumerate them; in the treatment of windgalls: arnica,
belladonna, pulsatilla, thuja, and ledum.  At times it is
cured by means of rhus toxicodendron, which may be followed by ledum after some time.
SWELLING AND OSSIFICATION OF THE BONES.
The diseases of the bones, more especially their tumefaction, which are more common in the horse than in other
domestic animals, depend, for the most part, on some internal deep-seated affection, and are much more dangerous
than those of the skin and of the fleshy parts, inasmuch
as they generally involve caries, the cure of which is so
difficult. The principal remedies to be employed are,
mercurius vivus, acidumn phosphoricum, angustura, and silicea, but above all, sulphur, (in multiple doses,) then carbo
animalis, and in obstinate cases', ammonium- carbonicurm.
The osseous tumors which result from external lesions are
treated with arnica, or, still better, with symphytum, and in
certain cases, also with conium. If the disease be of long
standing, sulphur, as consecutive treatment, always yields
the greatest benefits. If a swelling forms above the affected part, four doses of hepar sulphuris are sufficient to bring
about an opening of the abscess in the space of twentyfour hours.
CRIB BITING.
The term is applied to the bad habit which some horses
have whilst eating, or after having eaten, of biting the
manger, or any other solid body, and so making a peculiar
sort of noise. The effect of this vicious habit is to wear
out the anterior edges of the teeth, and induces flatulency.
Besides this defect, there is another, in which the animal
15"



FATIGUE.                  175
sulphur, antimony, &c., when it was at length determined
to put him under homceopathic treatment. Appetite still
good; eyes dull; viscous discharge in the inner angles of
the eyes; small, hard tumors beneath the lower jaw; yellowish discharge from  the nose; body entirely covered
with tubercles and ulcers of a pale yellow or reddish color,
whence escaped a fetid ichor, which matted the hairs.
Six drops of the fifth dynamisation of arsenicum were prescribed, and the animal was washed several times every
day with cold water. At the end of six days the glands
of the lower jaw were less hard, and instead of the putrid
ichor, the ulcers discharged healthy pus. Five days after,
eight drops of the eighteenth dynamisation.of toxicodendron, because the improvement -did not progress. This
medicine produced no effect during five days allowed to
declare its action. The arsenicum was then resumed, in
the-same dose as at first; theneeforward the condition of
the animal went on improving every day. At the end of
a month, almost all the ulcers were removed; the glands
of the jaw were quite healthy, and all that remained on
the skin were a few pimples, which yielded to several doses
of hepar sulphuris.
FATIGUE.
After great fatigue, severe running, &c., there frequently
come on in horses symptoms which are any thing but
insignificant, and frequently endanger the horse's life.
One of the most usual consequences of excessive weariness is loss of appetite..The animal, when oats are presented to him, does not notice them, and at most eats only
a little hay. Nux vomica tends to restore the appetite.
We should have recourse to the same means when a
horse, accustomed to slight work, does not lie down to rest
after some additional labor has been exacted from him, but
remains with his head down, and sleeps in the erect posture without attempting to eat. If the animal have been
driven beyond the ordinary time of his work, so that the
symptoms seem  attributable to voracious appetite, we
should in such case have recourse to aconitum and veratrum album, and when at each movement there is heard a
plaintive moan, rhus toxicodendron should be administered.
Cannabis is also a valuable remedy in cases of. great



176            FORGING - GLANDERS.
fatigue.  Opium is useful, when, after- being very much
fatigued, the horse remains dull, with his head hanging, pulse slow and weak, the fatigue having occasioned
some disturbance in his digestion. If, on the contrary, the
pulse is quick-and hard, and the animal is in a state of
great excitement, aconitum should be given. Arnica is
useful in case of palsy of the legs from excessive fatigue; rhus toxicodendron, in swelling of the legs; arsenicum, when the legs are stiff.  After fatigue from severe
work, such as hunting, the animals when distressed should
not be allowed too much food; on the contrary, but little,
and that easy of digestion, such as bran and mash, with
steamed carrots or turnips, and about two quarts of oats,
soaked, mixed together, and some sweet hay, well shaken
up and sprinkled with water; the drink should consist of
boiled oatmeal and warm water, the digestive organs being
from over-exertion in a debilitated state.
The majority of hunters, when excessively tired, lose their
appetite; thick gruel should then be administered to them
in small quantities.
FORGING.
Horses who are a little heavy in the head, neck, or
shoulders, or who have the buttocks too high with respect
to the withers, or who, with a weak back, have the lumbar
region too long, often strike, when trotting, with the toe of
the hind feet the shoes of the fore feet, which exposes
them to the danger of losing a shoe, and also of injuring
themselves: they are then said to forge. This is sometimes the fault of the rider, who, whilst quickening the
horse's pace, lets free the head; the fore legs then rise
somewhat too slowly, and are met by the hind legs before
they are properly extended. We should employ the concave shoes in the fore feet, and let the toes of the hind feet
project over the shoes, the toes of which should be thin.
The injuries which such a horse may inflict on himself
require only the external application of arnica water.
GLANDERS.
Contagious in the highest degree, and hitherto declared
incurable. Glanders is one of the diseases of the horse



HEMORRHAGE.                  177
which is most dreaded.  It is characterized by a discharge from the nose, and in general from a single nostril,
of a purulent, grumous mucus, which adheres to the edges
of the part, and forms there thick crusts of a yellowish
green color. This discharge, occasionally green or bloody,
emits, like the breath, an extremely fetid odor. It is accompanied by induration of the submaxillary glands.  The
eye of the same side sometimes discharges a viscid mucus,
which collects in considerable quantity in the inner angle.
The pituitary membrane is either pale or of a deep and
bluish red color, with red points or strie, and traversed
with ulcerations which secrete a bloody ichor, and bleed,
however slightly touched. These ulcers, which may be
considered as the most certain sign of glanders, owe their
origin to small pustules full of serum, which burrow, cor.
rode the surrounding parts, and sometimes form several
distinct ulcerations, sometimes one single. ulcer, extended
and deep. Though this disgusting disease may spare the
animal's life for several months, it always terminates in
death, destroying the bones of the nose, producing tubercles and ulcers in the lungs, swelling of the legs, and hectic
fever. The chief remedy is hippozenium, one or two doses
every week. Arsenicum  (one dose each day) is a good
remedy if the disease be not too far advanced.  Sulphur,
arsenicum, and lycopodium are useful in the treatment of
cutaneous tubercles, which often precede the appearance
of glanders, of which, however, we must not consider them
as a certain, precursory sign. If, as frequently happens,
there exist farcy pimples, arsenicumrn and asaftetida, alternately with arsenicum, yield great service, more especially
when the pus is of bad quality.
HEMORRHAGE.
Hemorrhages are discharges of blood which take place
from some part or other of the body, after the rupture or
injury of a vessel. Those produced by external lesions are
checked by compresses soaked in arhica or millefolium
water. When a vessel of considerable size has been torn,
we must secure it by ligature. In the partial division of
an artery by accidental circumstances, the best way is to
completely divide it; both ends will then contract, and in a



178                   RABIES.
little time the hemorrhage will cease. To prevent the
supervention of traumatic fever, arnica is to be given, and
china should also be given to combat the debility resulting
from profuse loss of blood.
RABIES.
Rabies occasioned by the bite of a mad dog is one of
the most formidable diseases which can affect the horse or
other animals. Too often all our efforts are unavailing in
preventing its frightful effects, and it is not one of the least
services derived from homceopathy that it has in some
cases cured both man and animals. The horse which has
been bitten by a mad dog, whose tooth often scarcely
grazes the skin, after some time appears sad, with the
head down and the eyes closed, and evinces not the least
appetite for food. The ears, mouth, and legs are cold, the
hair bristled, and a slight shiver runs from time to time
over the skin. Violent convulsions come on, a mucous
discharge takes place from the mouth, the animal rolls
himself along the ground, and stands up immediately, the
pupil is very much dilated, the eye fixed, the look furious.
At length, after much restlessness, the horse remains
stretched along the ground, incessantly beating his legs
and head, even to his death, which takes place on the
sixth or seventh day, in the midst of frightful convulsions.
The homceopathic treatment of this formidable'disease
is simple, and at times effectual.  The wound is to be
washed carefully, as soon as ever it can be done, and it is
then to be covered with compresses soaked in water, to
which. there have been added some drops of extract of
belladonna. From three to four drops of belladonna are
then to be administered internally, and this dose to be repeated every eight days, for at least six weeks, constantly
continuing the external treatment, until all trace of the
wound has disappeared, which often happens from the
second to the third day. To Hering we are indebted for
a remedy which acts with still greater promptitude and
with no less certainty. This is hydrophobine, one dose of
which is to be given every two days, to be continued fox
eight or fifteen days. When a mad dog has rushed into
the midst of a number of horses or colts, several of which



RHEUMATISM — SUPPURATION.        179
he has bitten, without its being known precisely which, a
thing which is often impossible to discover, the entire
number must be subjected to the treatment now mentioned.
RHEUMATISM.
Rheumatic pains in the limbs are indicated chiefly by
attacks of sudden lameness, which affect one part or other,
and which sometimes supervene during a state of repose,
and yield to motion; at times they break out of a sudden
during motion, and disappear in.the state of rest. Acidurm
titri, nux vomica, and sulphur are the means to be employed. Frequently the rheumatism commences by febrile
shivering, which is succeeded by general and prolonged
heat; he moves with difficulty, and keeps his feet crowded
beneath his abdomen: the hoofs are then usually hot and
painful. Some doses of aconitum, followed by one or other
of the medicines recommended in the article FOUNDER,
must be prescribed in such cases. It happens sometimes
that notwithstanding the employment of the appropriate
remedies, the disease does not abate: then rather strong
doses of bryonia are to be administered, (six to eight drops
of the fourth dynamisation,) followed by thus and sulphur.
SUPPURATION.
Pus is indisputably the best topical application: elaborated by the vital force irn the wound, it serves chiefly to
disintegrate the particles which have been contused or
otherwise injured,, to effect the elimination of foreign
bodies, such as splinters, &c., and to dispose the edges of
the wound to unite by means of fleshy granulations. It is
a great mistake then to wish to remove it; it diminishes
of itself according as the granulations have acquired sufficient consistence to form the tissue of a cicatrix. No
doubt to fulfil its destination, it has need to be of good
quality. The case where its characters are not such as
they should be, is the only -one wherein art should interfere, as well to facilitate the cure of the wound itself as to
secure and preserve the adjoining parts. The means to
which wve are then to have recourse are, arnica, internally



180      WILD LOOK - BRUISE OF THE SOLE.
and externally, in wounds, &c., of every kind; mercurius
vivus and (scafwtida, in ulcers which secrete a liquid and
fetid pus; arsenicum, in such as have hard and everted
edges, with pain, inflammation, and pus of bad odor;
chamomilla, sepia, and arsenicum, when granulations grow
up too luxuriant; silicea, when the pus is thick and of
bad color; acidum phosphoricurm, when, after a wound, the
skin contracts adhesion to the bone.
WILD LOOK.
Wildness of look is a symptom occurring in different
diseases, and one which merits serious attention every
time it is carried to an extreme degree. Belladonna,
opium, stramonium, and arsenicum are then indicated, under
the head of intercurrent remedies, which are to associate
with those required by the general state of the animal
affected.
SECTION XI.
DISEASES OF THE FEET.
BRUISE OF THE SOLE.
WHEN a horse has lost one of his shoes, and he continues to walk on a hard and dry road, the sole becomes
bruised and painful, which makes him limp more or less.
This injury readily yields to a few doses of -arnica internally, but a poultice must be prepared, of boiling water and
bran, first mixing some tincture of arnica in the water,
and let it be put in a leather boot, in which the affected
foot should be placed; and when the sole is very painful,
so that the animal is afraid to put his foot to the ground,
benefit may be derived from arsenicum, and acidum phosphoricum.  Rhus toxicodendron is indicated if lameness
supervenes. Lux has employed belladonna when the foot



CONTRACTION OF THE HOOF.            181
was wounded in the shoeing: it is unnecessary to say that
the latter must, in this case, be changed.
CONTRACTION OF THE HOOF.
A deformity of the hoof, which consists in a narrowing
of the heels, and causes compression of the sensible parts,
more particularly of the heels and sensible frogs: it generally produces lameness, and is frequently attendant on
disease of the navicular joint.. The causes are numerous;
the principal ones are, a want of sufficient moisture and
pressure, too long standing in the stable, rapid travelling
on the hard roads, when the feet become heated from the
pressure occasioned by the weight of the animal being
thrown oh the laminae, the sensible frogs, the inferior and
lateral cartilages, &c. This frequently, in summer, is the
cause of laminitis; and three cases of.this latter disease
took place whilst the animals were worked, when under the
influence of cathartic medicine,- which had been administered by the attendants in mistake for other balls, proving
the sympathy existing between the feet and the stomach,
or intestines, when a predisposing cause was also operating, namely, the feverish state of the feet. The hoof should
be kept moist by means of a cloth, cut out to the proper
shape, and tied round the pastern with a piece of tape; it
should frequently be saturated with cold water, in which
some tincture.of rthus toxicodendron has been mixed; the
quarters should be rasped thin, and cut down, so as to give
the frog a bearing on the ground when the: shoe.is off.
The seat of the shoe should be levelled outwards, giving the
quarters a tendency to expand. The feet should always
be stuffed with a pad of tow, dipped in water, which tow
will lastsfor months, if taken out when the horse is required
for use.. It forms a clean and good method of stopping
for general use, there being always a degree of pressure;
and if the feet are hot, it should be taken out, wetted, and
replaced two or three times a day. It will easily be kept
in by splitting a thin piece of cane, and putting it across
the sole of the foot, under each side of the shoe. A mixture of seal oil and tar renders the hoof tough, and prevents
the brittleness that lack of moisture is at times apt to
occasion.
16



182                   FOUNDER.
FOUNDER.
Founder, which consists in an inflammation of the tendons, muscles, articular ligaments, and even of the extremities of the bones, and of the laminee of the foot, ordinarily
attacks the fore feet: rarely, and only in the severest cases,
the hind feet are affected. It is observed particularly in
horses that have been fed on indigestible and heating food,
particularly when they do not take sufficient exercise.
Another cause is excessive fatigue, and sudden exposures
to cold. It frequently supervenes on hard riding, or driving; and more especially if the horse has had a purgative
administered, from which cause- I recollect three wellmarked cases; it is, at times, not the primary, but the
secondary affection, by metastasis, of inflammation of
some vital organ- particularly the lungs and intestines.
There are also accounts where it has supervened from the
stress on the laminae of the feet of horses, having stood on
board a ship during long voyages. Founder is generally
accompanied with fever; the animal is melancholy, he
refuses to eat, is stiff in his movements, frequently he cannot raise his limbs without evincing acute pain, he trails
his feet along with considerable difficulty, so that one cannot readily make him go forwards, whilst it is still more
difficult to back him. In the stable, horses so affected
approximate the four feet to each other, and there is no
little difficulty in making them relinquish this attitude.
The treatment varies with the cause.
1. Founder by sudden exposure to cold. — Aconitum,
when there is paralysis, with inflammatory symptoms;
arsenicurn, when febrile shiverings come on after the animal has taken cold drink; bryonia, a capital remedy in all
affections occasioned by cold, and one that is specific in
paralysis of the legs, provided it be employed in time;
veratrum, in cold after violent exercise; staphysagria, when,
independently of the other symptoms, there is a trembling
of the body, and the feet rise alternately; conium, in paralysis of the knees; rhus toxicodendron, when there aresevere pains in the feet; arsenicum, when the sole is painful; aconitumn, (alternately with nux vomnica,) petroleum,
and.tlhuja, when the affection is of long standing.
2. Founder by excess of fatigue. -Aconitum, if the



FOUNDER.                  183
horse stops quite short, makes deep inspirations, has his
breath hot, and pulse accelerated; opium, when he holds
the head low, and the legs widely separated, and the pulse
is weak; coff-ea crude, in the same case, if opium has failed;
thus toxicodendron, an excellent remedy when the feet are
painful; arnica, in rigidity of the legs, with inflammation
of the sensible part of the feet; nux vomica, when the
abdomen is squeezed up, and the animal refuses to eat;
china, when the feet are cold. If a little delay has been
made, and inflammation of the foot has already takenplace, and in consequence a.violent fever, some doses of
aconitum are to be administered without delay, which
should be followed by rhus toxicodendron, and the hoofs
are to be enveloped in cloths sbaked in arnica water.
3. Founder from  excess of food. - Aconitum  is the
remedy for this. If signs of inflammation are observed,
a dose of aconitum is immediately prescribed, and after
some hours, arsenicum is to be employed. Arnica may be
administered in case of rigidity of the limbs and inflammation' of the feet; bryonia, in doses frequently repeated
in hydarthrus; nux vomica, when there is  paralysis, abdomen tucked up, and an aversion to, food. The symptoms
sometimes warrant us in having recourse to the means
indicated in the preceding paragraphs.
In chronic founder, some doses of sulphur must be prescribed; the remedies indicated by the exciting cause will
then act better and more expeditiously.. When the disease
has been wholly neglected, and alteration of structure has
already supervened in the feet, we can scarcely any longer
reckon on a favorable. issue;. however, even then we have
often seen, arsenicum, arnica, and petroleum produce a perceptible improvement.
Further, as it is not uncommon for different inflammations to break forth after founder, consult the articles INFLAMMATION, INFLAMMATORY FEVER, &C.
CASE by Genzke, taken from the Zooiasis of Lux. —-  A
horse who had fed well in the morning, and afterwards appeared very lively among the other horses, began, towards
eleven o'clock, to become very stiff, after having had a violent shivering. When brought back to the stable, he refused to eat, and evinced a feeling of great pain in the feet.
I found him with his head depressed, alternately raising
-the two fore feet, which he laid down softly to.the ground;



184                 SAND-CRACK.
the hind legs were brought under the abdomen, to diminish the weight of the body on the fore feet-a circumstance which proved that the pains were seated chiefly in
the latter. Slight pressure on the coronet was painful,
and the animal could not bear one of the feet to be raised
for a short time, because the pain then became increased
in the other. The hoofs were hot, especially at the toe;
pulse hard and full, though a little accelerated; eyes projecting a little; conjunctiva very red, as well as the mucous membrane of the nose; respiration hurried, with the
nostrils widely dilated, and laborious movements of the
abdominal muscles; breath hot; the animal had but one
alvine evacuation, and what he then passed consisted of
hard, dark-colored lumps;. the urine voided at the same
time was of a deep brown tint. The appetite was considerably diminished; the animal did not touch the corn;
he merely took a few bits of hay; he readily drank some
warm bran and water, which I had placed before him; if
he was forced to move, he did so with a groan, and carefully avoiding to rest on his toes. As the most important
symptoms were to be found among the primary effects of
acconitum, I administered four drops of the first dilution
mixed with flour; I forbade the use of oats, and prescribed
warm bran water. Since evening, there was some improvement; the respiration was less hurried, and his look
was improved; he took his hay with a little more appetite;
but the pains in the feet did not seem to have diminished.
I made him take a second dose. The next day the breathing was almost natural; more redness in the conjunctiva;.the animal had had several evacuations from the bowels,
and- ate, during the night, all the hay in the manger; the
pains were much diminished, and his movements freer. I
ordered a little food to be given him, which he took greedily. On going away, I left two more doses of aconite.
The third day I ascertained that the animal was quite recovered; he had a dry cough, but this yielded in a few
days to a dose of nux vomica.
SAND-CRACK.
This term is applied to fissures in the hoof in the direction of its fibres, when it is dry and fragile. Horses that



THRUSH - WOUNDS OF THE FOOT.          185
are most subject to sand-crack are those with thin hoofs,
and where they are kept a long time standing in a dry, hot
stable, where moisture is seldom applied to the hoof; others there are that the secretion of horn is insufficient, the
inner quarter of the fore and the' toe of the hind feet are
the parts most liable to sand-crack; it is necessary to use
the firing iron at the top and bottom of the crack to prevent the extension, then place a strap around the hoof,
having made some adhesive plaster to be laid on lint and
strapped over the crack to prevent the insinuation of dirt.
Oftentimes the crack is but superficial, and does not extend
to the sensible parts; in other cases it penetrates more
deeply, and causes considerable lameness. The means
most recommended are, arnica, phosphorus, sepia, silicea,
squilla, and sulphur.
THRUSH, OR. TRUSH.
This disease is frequently met with in horses where
proper attention and cleanliness are not observed, or
those lying on dirty, moist litters, and also horses that have
contracted feet. It consists in the oozing of an ichorous,
extremely fetid discharge through the cleft of the frog,
sometimes accompanied with deformity of the latter, and
inducing lameness, by being bruised on stones, &c. Spiritus sulphuratus is useful in this affection; but we must
not neglect to keep the horse in a dry place, and to attend
to the cleanliness of the foot. Acidum phosphoricum has
been used with success. Lachesis and creosote are also
useful remedies.
WOUNDS O:F THE FOOT.
As soon as a nail, a shell, thorn, splinter, &c., has penetrated the sole of a horse's foot, and the foreign body
remains therein, the immediate consequence is, that the
injured part becomes inflamed, and by degrees passes into
suppuration - a circumstance which will cause the animal
to limp very much. There is often some difficulty in discovering the matter, because the hoof sometimes contracts
and closes over the foreign body, so as completely to conceal
16 *



PIMPLES - MANGE.              187
wound which would also require that the latter be enlarged, after which arnica is to be poured into it. If there.
be acute inflammation, we must have recourse to aconitum
and squilla, and if the pain be severe, to aciduin phosphoricurn and arsenicum; squilla, hepar suiphuris, and sulphur
are suitable when an abscess has already formed.
SECTION  XII
PIMPLES.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION I. PAGE 79.
THIS name has been given to an exantheme or eruption,
which chiefly attacks young horses, principally in spring,
when they are worked too hard and when too high fed.
However, it depends occasionally on plethora occasioned
by change of diet or too high feeding. The eruption consists of red pimples, which appear in great numbers over
the entire body, and from which a liquid is discharged,
which agglutinates the hair and forms crusts. Amongst
the means to be employed in such cases, the principal are
aconitum, arsenicum, dulcamara5 phosphorus, sulphur, and
rhus toxicodendron, the latter more especially when there
is-much itching.
MANGE.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION I. PAGE 79.
The horse's itch, similar to that in the human subject,
*onsists in an eruption which comes out on the back, loins,
neck, buttocks, shoulders, thighs, &c. It always depends
on an internal affection, (psora,) and extends with great
facility by contagion. The eruption on the skin does not
constitute the disease itself; it is only a product or result



188           DESCRIPTION OF, THE EYE.
of it. A purely local treatment is unsuitable, and should
therefore be rejected. When psora, which has its root
within the system, extends to the external integuments, it
produces there a vast number of small, very itchy pimples,
which oblige the animal to rub himself incessantly, and a
fluid oozes from them, which soon becomes dry on exposure to the air, and forms a scab. The latter resolves it.
self into furfuraceous scales, so that the part affected
becomes covered with a dirty powder, and the hair thus
matted is raised and becomes erect. Besides, there are frequently produced small ulcers, which increase in depth, destroy the roots of the hair, and cause intolerable itching.
This is what is called moist itch, which always yields to
sulphur, tinctura sulphuris, scabiesinum equorum, and also
rheus toxicodendron; if there be only itchy pimples and
scabs, they are soon cured with staphysagria, succeeded in a
little time by sulphur. But independently of this moist itch,
there is another, called the dry itch, consisting in small pinples, which desquamate, so that the part of the skin affected
seems as it were covered with a farinaceous powder. The
itching is frequently so severe as to deprive the horse of
appetite, and not to allow him a moment's rest at night.
Here sulphur and sepia are almost specific. Anthracinumn
is recommended in treating itch combined with glanders.
The following means have also been recommended: arsenicum, in the case of ulcers with hard crusted edges;
carbo vegetabilis, in obstinate itch, especially when accompanied with cough; ciematis, when the eruption forms several distinct groups; dulcamara, when the diseased part is
covered with a furfuraceous desquamation, and the hairs
fall off on the shoulders and forehead; staphysagria combined with sepia and sulphur, when the eruption is on the
tail; tinctura acris, when the crusts have the form of pointed pimples; thuja, in itch complicated with water in both
legs; zincum, in that of the buttocks.
DESCRIPTION OF TH1E EYE.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION III. PAGE 107.
The different diseases of the eye may be referred to
three heads: 1. Inflammation of the parts constituting



DESCRIPTION OF THE EYE.            189
these. organs; 2. Opacity of those which, in the natural
state, should be transparent; 3. Diminution or abolition
of the power inherent in the optic nerve, or in the retina.
In order to render what I have to say of these diseases intelligible, it may be well to give a succinct description of
the structure and functions of the eye, though an accurate
knowledge.of this organ, disposed as it is with so much
skill, can only be attained by dissection, for which. not
even the best description can be substituted, even thouglit might be accompanied with figures.' The parts of which
the eye is composed are distinguished into external and
internal. The external parts' are, 1. The cilia, which are
simple in the. horse, the lower lid having but very few.; 2.
The lids, which cover the eye, protect it, and form its two
angles, both internal and external; their edge, whence the'
cilia proceed, bears the name of the tarsal cartilage; we
observe on it, as well as on the inner surface of the lids,
in which small secretory glands are formed, intended to
prevent them from rubbing too'roughly on the eye, and to
facilitate their movements; 3. The lachrymal gland,-situate
at the upper. part of the lid, in the' external angle of the
eye; it secretes' the' tears, which several small ducts, called'
l'achrymal ducts, convey over the inner surface of the upper eyelid; 4. At the inner angle of the eye is the caruncula lachryrnalis, a small body like to a gland in form, on'he'
sides' of which are placed two small openings, the puncta
lachrymalia, the orifices of a membranous duct, which
penetrates by a small foramen into the lachrymal bone,
and extends as far as the lower part of the nasal duct,
where it may be readily perceived in the horse; in the human subject, the puncta lachrymalia terminate in a small
membranous sac, whence the lachrymal duct sets out; but
things do'not take place similarly in the horse; 5. At the
inner angle'of the eye there exists a cartilaginous body,
the haws, which the muscles of the. eye are capable of
drawing over the entire surface of the latter; the horse'
uses it as' a third lid, in order to free the eye from dust or'
other bodies; 6. The inner surface of the lids is' lined by a'
membrane called. the conjunctiva, which also covers' the'
white of the eye. This membrane is traversed by'numerous blood vessels, which are'instantly'visible by inflamma.
tion: Tha conjunctiva also' becomes more or less red in
internal inflammatory diseases, for' which reason' this'



DESCRIPTION OF THE EYE.            191
of moving anteriorly and posteriorly, according as a near
or remote object is to be seen. When this mobility does
not exist, the result is one or other of the-following diseases. In the former, distant objects only are seen, and
in the second only near objects. The third humor of the
eye is called the vitreous humor, because it resembles the
most limpid water. It is contained, not, like the others, in
a general capsule, but in numerous cells of perfect transparency. It occupies all the posterior part of the globe of
the eye, the convex form of which is produced by it. The
choroid, of which I have already spoken, seems to be black
in the human subject, by reason of the pigment which
covers it, and it is. this which causes the human pupil to
appear black; in.the horse it is variously colored; sometimes black, sometimes blue, or green, and thence it comes
that the pupil of this animal has a deep blue tint. Lastly,
at the very bottom of the eye, the optic nerve proceeding.
from the brain penetrates the eye, is then immediately resolved into medullary tissue, and forms a white membrane
extended over the choroid, which it accompanies as far as
the edge of the crystalline. This membrane is the retina or
surface on which are painted all the objects which strike
the sight.
From this slight sketch of the structure and functions
of the eye, it is easily seen that. many circumstances may
occur which render vision incomplete, or even destroy it
altogether. The most usual are the following: 1. The
cornea,, which in the normal state is perfectly transparent,
may become more or less turbid from inflammation, &c.,
and the animal' may in consequence become more or less
blind, though the other parts of the eye may be perfectly
sound. 2. This membrane may be too convex or too flat;
the eye will see badly at a distance in the former case, and
at a short distance in the latter. 3. The iris may, after inflammation, &c., lose more or less the power of contracting.
In -such a case, the pupil always retains the same dimensions, and the animal has no longer the power of accommodating such dimensions to the different degrees, of
intensity in the light, and to the different degrees of dis.
tance of the objects; whence it follows, that whilst a
strong light dazzles a horse, he cannot clearly see a weak
light. 4. The pupil may be so close, by the total contraction of the iris, that it does not allow a single ray of light to



192             PHTHISIS PULMONALIS.
pass. 5. The crystalline may become more or less opaque,and vision may be in consequence confused, or-even
abolished. 6.- She power inherent in the retina and the optic nerve may diminish or be destroyed, in which cases we
have the diseases designated by the names of amblyopia
and gutta serena.
These different diseases.are not as numerous in any of
our domestic animals as in the horse, by reason of the
various' injurious influences to which this animal is continually exposed from his youth.  Special articles have
been devoted to each of these.
PHTHISIS -PULMONALIS.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION IV. PAGE 125.
This formidable disease takes its orign chiefly when
pulmonary tubercles are developed after inflammation of
the lungs in horses of a middle age and strong constitution; it is not of frequent occurrence, inflammation of the
lungs being in'horses an acute disease which quickly passes
on to its' termination;: but there are certain forms and
breeds that appear to be disposed to phthisis, such as dulllooking, flat-sided, narrow-chested horses, that never thrive
well on any kinds of food; also, horses bred in lowlands
and marshes, or those that are forced to breathe contaminated air; there is but little chance of success in treatment,
even if taken at the early period, for generally alterations
have been going on in the lungs before we are aware of
the disease in question.' Sometimes the animal so affected
coughs very much, and voids pus by the nostrils; but more
frequently the disease develops itself slowly. It is recognized chiefly by the' horse, though retaining his spirits and
eating'well, losing rather than gaining in flesh; he has his
respiration short, and labors under a constant cough,which
is sometimes dry, sometimes humid; in the latter case
with a discharge by the nostrils of a great quantity of foullooking mucus. If he be much fatigued, badly covered,
and exposed to frequent colds, the difficulty of breathing,
cough, and nasal discharge increase rapidly; the mucus
soon gives place to pus of a very bad odor; the animal becomes weak; he is more especially incapable of the least
-effort during foggy weather; the hair of'the mane falls off;



194                     WORMS.
They are seen more especially in badly fed horses, or ix
foals which have been weaned too soon. Several specie,
of them are seen.
1. The larva of the Cestra, called bots, which reside ir
the insensible coating of the stomach, and are often seer
to hang externally from the anus; the animal affected witt
them scrapes the ground with the fore feet, propels the
body forward on the manger, rests his head, &c., thougI
at times it is difficult -to judge whether they do exist or noi
within the animal, if we have not an ocular demonstra.
tion of the fact, by the voiding of one or more with the
feeces.  China, nux vomica, and marurm verum are amongst
the remedies best adapted for the colics which frequently
occur in such cases; also sulphur, china, and spigelio
should be used.
2. The lumbrici, which reside in the small intestines
the retraction of the flanks is almost the only sign an.
nouncing their presence.  China, mercurius solubilis, and
absinthium are indicated by the symptoms they occasion.
3. Ascarides, whose chief residence is the large intes.
tines, and which oblige the horse frequently to rub his
quarters. Digitalis and ignatia amara are the remedies in
such cases; if they make the horse furious, stramoniuri
should be given.
4. The strongylus, which, when first evacuated, appears
partly black and partly transparent; graphites, petroleum,
murias magnesiae, stannum, sulphur, &c.
There is one circumstance which renders it certain thai
a horse is infested with worms, and that is when they are
found in the freces. It is often considered, however, as a
certain sign, when the horse frequently depresses the lower
lip. The principal remedy against all the inconveniences
caused by the presence of worms is china, (several doses,)
after which sulphur is to be given, which must be continued for a long time, repeating it every six or eight days.
Argilla is much lauded, when there exist diarrhoea and
constipation alternately; murias magnesice, when the con.
stipation returns periodically; sepia, when the alvine
dejections are preceded and followed by retraction of the
flanks; petroleum, when the animal limps from time to
time.



LAMPAS - LUXATION   RAT'S TAIL.         195
LAMPAS.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION VIII. PAGE 160.
Lampas consists in a swelling and tumefaction of the
rs of the palate, observed in young horses. It is somernes, an effect of difficult dentition, or appears at times
hen catarrhal symptoms are present. Swollen bars often
~oject beyond the surface of the upper incisor teeth, and
ocome so painful as to prevent the animal from eating.
Fercurius vivus is the chief remedy in treating this affecon; next comes the natrum muriaticumn; also belladonna,,par sulphuris, phosphoric acid, and sulphur.
LUXATION.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION X. PAGE 171.
The principal means in the treatment of luxations
Ind sprains, are arnica, internally and externally, and
hus toxicodendron, first reducing the joint and properly
ecuring it.
RAT'S TAIL.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION X. PAGE 171.
The disease called rat's tail is said to exist when the
)ase of the tail is denuded of hair by. reason of friction,
he animal frequently rubbing.his tail against the sides of:is stall to lessen the irritation.  Spiritus sulphuratus and
~hus toxicodendron are the principal remedies to be em)loyed. If it be moist, graphites is to be prescribed once
)r twice a week, aifter which mercurius vivus should be
riven.  When no trace of 6xantheme is perceivable, recourse may be had to calcarea carbonica and to sulphur.
%Iore than once have I cured this disease with staphylagria.



PART II.
DISEASES OF OXEN.
PRELIMINAARY REMARKS.
AMONG our domestic animals, horned cattle were u:
doubtedly those, the diseases of which there was a necessifor studying earlier than those of other animals. Not on
did the first shepherd people, the Israelites, for instane
observe the diseases which attacked certain individual
or even ravaged entire herds, but moreover the sacrifice
which they offered to the gods gave them an opportunil
of discovering certain anomalies, which, when carried to
certain height, might compromise the health of the animn
and render its flesh injurious to man. Thus,. though,:
that time, the knowledge of the internal structure of oxE
was cultivated solely from. purely religious views, it caJ
not still be denied that it must lead also to soine.notioi
of pathology.
The two most civilized nations of the old world, ti
Greeks and Romans, endeavored to ascertain and cu.
the diseases of their domestic animals. W- e have pror
of this in the details given to us by Homer, Herodotu
Xenophon, Ovid, Virgil, but chiefly by Columella an
Vegetius. Though the horse was the favorite animal c
those nations, they were also obliged to study the disease
of horned cattle, those more especially which, having a
epizootic character, occasioned great ravages among the
herds. But the ideas attained in this particular carn
(196)



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.                   197
Imost to nothing, and matters remained in the same state
ntil the eighteenth century; it at length fixed the attenon of some distinguished medical men. Thus P. Camper
whowas born in 1722, and died in 1789) delivered public,ctures on the organization and diseases of horned cattle,
rhich he afterwards had printed. Similar researches were
ublished by Haller, Ramazzini, Lancisi, and Schrceck.
But the sporadic diseases of these-animals still remained
be studied, so that what may be properly called the
rigin of bovine medicine ascends no higher than the pubcation of the work of Willburg,* which appeared in 1776.'hen came a long series of monographs, among which
lay be distinguished in particular those of Viborg in
785,t on  epizootics, melcorisation, and vaccine.   The
aper on melcorisation is probably the oldest treatise we
ossess on this disease.
Nearly about the same period, Tolnay published, in the
lungarian language,: a work on the diseases of all our
omestic animals, and on the mode of treating them. To
his same period are to be referred the works of Chabert,'landrin, and Huzard.~
The manual of Pilger, 11 has not yet lost the advantages of
he very favorable reception which it met with at its very.rst appearance.'The first part of the second volume
reats of the epizootic and sporadic diseases, both internal
nd external, of horned cattle.
I shall mention, merely en passant, -the work written ~t
y Lauberder, a Bavarian, in the spirit of the Brunonian
ystem, and I shall allude, as appertaining more specially
o the subject of this article, to those of Tscheulin,** Wal*- cc Popular Instruction on the Manner of discovering and treating the
)iseases of Horned Cattle," (in German.) Naoremberg, 1776.
t Published in German at Copenhagen, (1785, 5 vols.)
+ This work was translated into German under the title of " Practical
Tanual of the Knowledge and Treatment of the Epizootic and Principal;poradic Diseases of the Ox, Horse, &c." Leipsic, 1809.
~,c Instructions et Observations sur les Maladies des Animaux Doaestiques," par Chabert, Flandrin et Huzard. Paris, 1809-1824, 6 vols.
vo.
"[I  Systematic Manual of Veterinary Medicine, Theoretical and Practial," (in German.) Giessen, 1801-1803, 2.vols.
~, "Theoretical and Practical Manual of Veterinary Medicine, or an.xact Description of the Diseases of all Domestic Animals, and of the
leans of curing them," (in German.) Erfurd, 1803-1807, 4 vols. 8vo.
** "s Manual for learning to understand and treat Diseases of our Prinipal Domestic Animals," (in German.) Carlsruhe, 1812, 2 vols.
17*



198                  PRELIMINARY. REMARKS.
dinger,* and Ribbe.t   The treatise of Veith: is a trul
classical work, which has not yet been surpassed. Detail
of more or less value are also to be found  in  those c
Busch, ~ Hofacker,ll Dietrich, ~ Ziller,"* Rychner, ftt an
more especially in the,Dictionary of Hurtrel d'Aboval.tt
Horned cattle are usually designated, with sheep an
goats, under the general name of ruminantica.  They war
the dental apparatus necessary to comminute all at one
the herbage and grains which serve as nourishment. Th
consequence is, that these animals, as being naturally ver
greedy, masticate their food coarsely, and swallow it almot
entire. But their stomach, besides being very capaciou:
presents also a peculiar arrangement.  It is divided int
four distinct cavities; the first does not serve for digestion
it is but a mere reservoir for the food swallowed almost i
the state it was plresented by nature; it is called the paunci
After it has tarried there for some time, and that, in th
case of dry food, the animal has taken some drink, h
brings it up again into his mouth, in order to masticate i
* " Treatise on the Ordinary Diseases of Homed Cattle," (in German.
Vienna and Trieste, 1817.
-t " Succinct Instruction for the Mode of ascertaing the Internal and Ex
ternal Diseases of Oxen," (in German.) Berlin, 1817.
$ "- Manual of Veterinary Medicine," (in German.) Third Edition, Vi
enna, 1831, 2 vols.
~ " System of Veterinary Medicine, theoretical and practical," (in Ger
man.) Marbourg, 1822, 4 vols.
"[,~ Manual on the Ordinary Diseases of the Horse, Horned Cattle, &c.,:
(in German.) Tubingen, 1823.
~[ " Manual of Special Pathology and Therapeutics, for Veterinary Sur
geons and Farmers," (in German.) Berlin, 1828.
t**s  Means of appreciating the Healthy and Morbid State of Hornei
Cattle," (in German.) 1833.
|tt I "Boniatrique, or Systematic Manual of the Internal and Externa
Diseases of Oxen," (in German.). 2d edition, Berne, 1841.
$$1:  Dictionnaire de M6decine, de Chirurgie et d'Hygi'ne Vrt6rinaires.'
2d edition. Paris. 1839. 6 vols. 8vo. Consult also, on diseases of the ox
the following works: VIcQ-D'AZYR, (F.,) i" Expose des moyens curatifs el
preservatifs qui peuvent etre employes contre les Maladies pestilentielle!
des B6tes i Comes."  Paris. 1770, 8vo. -ROBINET, (J.,), Manual di
Bouvier, ou Trait6 de la M6.dicine pratique des B3tes h Comes."  Nouvelb
(.dition, augmentee, par Husard fils. Paris. 1837, 2 vols. 12mo. - RODET,
(J. B. C.,), "cM6decine du Bceuf, ou Trait6 des Maladies les plus meurtrieres des Bltes Bovines."  Paris, 1829. 1 vol. 8vo. - GELLE, (P. B.,'' Pathologie Bovine, ou Trait6 complet des Maladies du Bceuf." Toulouse
1841, 4 vols. 8vo. - LAPORE, " Trait6 des Maladies particulieres aux grands
Ruminants."  Toulouse, 1843, 8vo. —DELAPOND, (O.,), Trait6 sur ls
Maladie de poitrine du gros betail, comme. sous le nom de peripneumonie
contagieuse," Paris, 1844, 8vo.



PRELIMINARY REMARKS.               199
ompletely. This act goes by the name of rumination;
re are not to consider it as a kind of vomiting, for rumiant animals cannot easily vomit, and it is only in certain
angerous diseases, that, amidst very painful efforts, the
ontenits of the third and fourth stomach are discharged.
t is quite a special function, the end of which is finally
o comminute the substances which till then had only
Lndergone a softening, a sort of maceration, in the paunch,
ust as in the crop of granivorous birds. The necessity
or ruminating manifests itself by a sensation similar to
unger.  After the mouthful, having ascended along the
esophagus, has been crushed by the lateral motions of the
ower jaw, (the number of which may be estimated at;bout fifty for each mouthful,) it redescends into a second
tomach, called the bonnet, whence, following a particular,anal, it passes into the third, (the manyplu's,) then into the
ourth, (the abomasum.)  The last is the only one wherein
Digestion, properly so called, takes place, which would be
mpossible, if it had not been preceded by rumination.
The result of this is, in a dietetic point.of view, that horned:attle require to be treated differently from the horse, who
ias a simple and small stomach, but a very irritable one,
)r, from the pig, which, possessing the power of vomiting,
s secured from the inconveniences which an excess of'ood may produce in ruminant animals. It will always be
)rudent not to allow the latter to wait too long a time for
ood, and not to give them too much at a time, especially
f it be young grass or green clover, of which they are so
[reedy, that they gorge themselves with it to excess, with)ut taking the necessary time to ruminate and digest.
It is not difficult for the close observer to distinguish a
iorned beast when sick from  one that is healthy. The
Lnimal refuses to eat; he does not ruminate, nor does he
ick himself; he remains sad, holds down the head; he is
is it were wearied and disinclined to move; he keeps lying
lown more frequently than usual. The milk disappears
n cows, or undergoes a more or less perceptible diminuion; sometimes, too, it undergoes changes in its compo-;ition. The alvine dejections are, in general, more scanty,
iard, solid, and of a black color; or else there is diarrhcea,
Ind the matters evacuated are watery, mucous, or bloody.
In the breeding of horned cattle there are four points to
Je considered: the milk, fattening, the increase and'im)rovement of the breed.



200            PRELIMINARY REMARKS..'he production of the milk and fattening are connected
with the mode of feeding. It is by means of the latter,
and also by the kind of stabling, that we can succeed in
improving the natural state of oxen. We have then to
examine how far these two circumstances may influence
the development of diseases.
The direction of the vertebral column, and of the head,
indicates that oxen should take their food from the ground.
It is wrong, then, to place it for them in racks where they
have a difficulty in getting it, besides that the dust, which
is detached froin it, is introduced into their nostrils, and
becomes mixed with the mucus which is collected there.
The mucus which cannot make its escape outwards,
except by the head being pendent, then makes a passage
for itself by the posterior nareus into the throat, and the
dust it carries with it is mixed up with the food.
Constant confinement to the stable is opposed to the
nature of oxen, and becomes the source of numberless diseases. Endeavors are made to promote the lacteal secretion in cows, and the fattening of oxen by means of heat;
for this purpose stables are converted into real stoves, either
by not making them sufficiently large, or by crowding
them to excess, or by preventing the access of air from
without; and all this without recollecting that the skin
thus over-excited must necessarily fall into a state of atony
in a short time. Besides, the moist heat and the emana-:
tions of the dung cannot fail to exercise a destructive influence on the lungs and entire system. To these causes
if we add the absolute want of exercise and the excess of
food, we shall not be surprised at the number of the diseases resulting from these different practices, and at the
extraordinary forms which they oftentimes assume.
Persons propose to themselves by feeding them in the
stable to augment the mass of dung, and the beasts are
left in their excrement, sometimes up to the very knees.
Seldom is there any care taken to cleanse their skin, and
still less attention is directed to the feet.  What wonder,
then, if they exhibit so many eruptions on their bodies, so
much vermin, and so many diseases of the feet!
WTe must also reckon among the causes of disease the
sudden changes of residence, of food, and of air. Neither
is there any limit observed with respect to the labor exacted from oxen, sometimes from cows too, nor with regard



ABSCESS.                  201
/to the treatment they are made to submit to, nor with
tespect to the food so grudgingly dealt out to them. This
accounts for the great number of beasts which are lame and
emaciated, which have no spirits, and which must sooner
or later fall victims to so many destructive influences.
In reference to the homieopathic treatment of horned
cattle, experience has proved abundantly that they reqtile
stronger doses than the horse. One or two drops, of from
the twelfth to the fifteenth dynamisation, would suffice foi
a horse; the double of that, and sometimes even three
times as much, would be requisite for an ox. The best
form of administering the medicine is the watery solution;
that is, the mixture of from two to four drops of the medicine with two hundred- drops of pure water, which is to be
poured into the animal's mouth, after his head has been
raised. We may also employ wafers steeped in the fifth
dynamisation.
SECTION  I.
GE' NERA LIT I ES.
ABSCESS.
ABSCESSES are much more common in horned cattle
than in horses, because the animals very frequently strike
each other with their horns, after which a flat and hot tu.,
mor generally comes on, which gradually becomes round,
and acquires a considerable size. If, immediately after the
occurrence, arnica be administered, both internally and
externally; the swelling is removed in a few days, without
passing into the state of induration, or forming an abscess.
On the one, hand, it is not uncommon to meet with abscesses which do not at all depend on external violenee,
which, for instance, are occasioned by cold. The first
remedy to be employed, in all cases, is aconitum, because
every abscess is always preceded or accompanied by



ANOREXIA - BOULIMIA.            203
ANOREXIA.
However slight the diseases of horned cattle may be,
hey are almost all accompanied by a diminution or total
oss of appetite. No person will be induced to attach any
mportance to this symptom, which usually disappears
writh the disease which it accompanies. But frequently
also the same phenomenon is observed on a sudden, with)ut any trace of disease being observable. We should:ommence by inquiring whether it might not depend on
the quality of the fodder, or on an affection of the mouth,
or inflammation of the palate, or glossitis, ulcerations,
%phthae, &c. Sometimes it is owing to an overloading of
the stomach. But if none of these exist, we should have
recourse to special medicines. The chief is antimonium
rrudum, especially if the animal has eaten too much previously. Next come nux vomica and arsenicum,.the former
of which is suitable when there is constipation, the second
when there is diarrhcea, with or without colic, and chamn9milla when there are diarrhcea and gripes. PulsOtilla has
Elso been very often found useful, when the loss of appeLite was accompanied with absence of thirst, or with diarrhcea, with cold in the feet.
BOULIMIA.
Excessive increase of appetite always indicates a morbid disposition of the organism. The animal becomes
more and more emaciated, though he eats a great quantity,
and. he often evinces greediness for unusual-things. A. few
closes of pulsatilla, to each of which four or five days are
allowed to exhaust its action, is the principal remedy;
aflter which come nubx vomiica and sepia.'Sometimes the
disease is kept up by worms; china cannot, in such a case,
be too strongly recommended.



204                CARIES - CYSTS.
CARIES.
This is a very serious disease, and one difficult to cure.
Besides the swelling of the bones, which almost always
precedes it, and which* often takes place even when a
wound is already opened externally, it is observed, a long
time before, that the part is very painful to the touch.
Asafcatida and silicea are the principal remedies to be employed. Recourse has also been had to auruzm, with success, especially in caries affecting the head; lachesis in that
on the legs, acidum nitri, sepia, iodium, and sulphur.
CRUSTA LACTEA.
This name is applied, in calves, to a peculiar exantheme,
which consists in small, white pustules developed on the
head, chiefly around the mouth, nose, eyes, and ears.
These pustules, which are fewer on the neck and on other
parts of the body, exude a viscous fluid, which, on drying,
produces a mealy sort of scab, of a bluish white color.
This eruption differs from the itch in this, that it occasions
little or no itching, and the scabs are much thicker. It is:
very contagious. Though not attended with any danger
in itself, it sometimes causes the animal to be emaciated,
the continual renewing of the scabs occasioning general
exhaustion and diarrhcea. Dulcanmara is the chief remedy
for this; sometimes it is necessary to alternate it with veratrum.  Sulphur must be given as consecutive treatment.
CYSTS.
Calcarea carbonic has generally succeeded in the treatment of indolent tumors divested of hair, which come out,
with greater or less size, on different parts of the body;
when it failed, some doses of graphites never failed to
effect a cure. With respect to tumors produced by contusions, they are to be treated with arnica internally and externally, and if they resist, zmercurius vivus effectually
opens them.



CONTUSIONS - EPILEPSY.           205
CONTUSIONS.
It is not uncommon in yoked oxen for the pressure of
the yoke to occasion lesions in the upper part of the neck,
near the withers. If the skin be cut, if there be a wound,
this should be fomented with arnica water, and some days'
rest should be allowed. When there is no wound, but
merely a swelling, arnica is employed externally, and also
internally. When, notwithstanding this remedy, the tumor is not resolved, or when from neglect it has already
passed into a state of suppuration, mercurius vivus should
be prescribed, which soon opens it, and then silicea. If
scabs are produced in the injured part, thuja and sulphur
are given. Arsenicumn is a specific in the case of ulcers
with hard and everted edges. Bryonia has always succeeded in my hands in the treatment of young oxen, which
had been just put to work.
Arnica, internally and externally, is the grand remedy in
all lesions produced by contusion. Coniumn should be employed when the contusion, or blow, or other injury has
occasioned indurations.
EPILEPSY.
Epilepsy, which is very uncommon in oxen, has, at first
sight, some resemblance to vertigo, from which, however,
it differs essentially. In vertigo, with which oxen used in
drawing are often attacked, in consequence of hard labor
in the heat of the sun, or from too tight a yoke, squeezing
of the throat, &c., the animal totters on a sudden, falls, and
remains stretched on the ground for some time without
consciousness. The same thing happens in epilepsy, but
the animal, after having fallen, either suddenly or after some
convulsive struggles, does not remain calm on the ground;
he becomes convulsed, turns his eyes, strikes with the feet,
and compresses the jaws one against the other; a frothy
saliva escapes from his mouth, oftentimes mixed with the
food which reascends from the paunch. Sometimes the
animal lows, and complains very much; in other cases it
remains quiet. The fit lasts, in general, longer than those
of vertigo, sometimes from three quarters of an hour to an
18



206'            INFLAMMATORY FEVER.
hour, and returns after a lapse of time of greater or less
length. When it is over, the animal rises up at once, looks
around him, commences to eat, and appears in perfect
health. The fits of epilepsy are not devoid of danger, for
he may injure himself in falling; and the animal has beer
observed to die on the spot. Moreover, the disease is
hereditary.
Some doses of aconitum, are the first means to be employed; after which we should administer stramonium, and
if the fit return, belladonna. We may also have recourse
to hyoscyamus, (especially if the fits are accompanied with
violent movements of the thighs,) also to cocculus and calcarea carbonic. It will be useful to try some doses of
camphor every week to prevent the return of the fits. If
the diseasedepend on worms, as has been sometimes found,
china is one of the most. useful remedies for it.
FEVER, (INFLAMMATORY.)
When an internal or external inflammation has attained
a certain extent, it is generally accompanied with fever of
greater or less severity. In this case the pulse is frequent
and hard, the mouth dry and hot, the alvine dejections
hard, dry; and scanty, the urine small in quantity, the ears
hot, as well as the horns and feet. The animal has but
little appetite, or eats only green- fodder and feels great thirst.
In general he is worse at night than in the morning. The
principal remedy for the treatment of this fever is aconitum,
which should be repeated at intervals so much shorter according as the disease is more severe, for instance, from
every eight to fifteen minutes in very acute cases, and
which must be continued until a perceptible calm be restored. In external inflammatory diseases, especially those
which arise from a traumatic lesion, aconitum is applicable
not only to prevent the fever, but also to cure it when it is
already developed, and has as yet made no progress.
However, notwithstanding the great efficacy of aconitum,
it does not suffice in many cases to effect a complete cure,
so that according to the individual nature of the inflammation, it becomes necessary to assist its action by that of
different other means: belladonna in encephalitis; spongia
marina in angina; bryonia in pneumonia and peripneu



NERVOUS FEVER -PUERPERAL F.EVER.        207
monia; arsenicurn and rhus toxicodendiron in enteritis;
cantharides in cystitis and nephritis, &c.
FEVER, (NERVOUS.)
The following is the description of this disease, which
sometimes prevails epizootically, and causes great ravages
by contagion. The animals lose appetite; they become sad
and lose their strength; the tongue, mouth, and nose are
dry; the limbs are seized with convulsions; there are occasionallyviolent spasms; the animals totter, fall as if struck
with epilepsy, seldom leave their litter, and generallyrefuse
to drink. At the onset, the alvine dejections are dry; but
after some time, they become soft, and the food at length
comes away undigested, the tongue continuing foul, and
the mouth discharging a profuse ill-odored saliva. The
febrile movements generally occur in the evening. Bryonia, twice a day, is the remedy best suited to the entire
course of the disease. Acidum muriaticum should be given
when there is great debility and dryness of the mouth;
arnica, when the animal remains stretched without motion
and without consciousness; stramonium and hyoscyamus, if
partial convulsions are observed to take place; belladonna,
under the same circumstances, when there is at the same
time great restlessness, or when the look is wild; arsenicum, if the dejections are those of diarrhcea and watery;
veratrum in case of diarrhrea, as also in case of constipation, with cold of the extremities; china, argilla, and sulphur, when the food passes away undigested; helleborus,
when there is salivation. Whatever be the remedy required by such or such a set of symptoms, bryonia must
always be administered as long as the fever lasts. A dose
of veratrum is indicated when the disease, after having
been overcome, leaves a state of debility after it.
PUERPERAIL FEVER.
After difficult parturition, or from the effect of a bad
regimen, cold, &c., it sometimes happens, particularly in
fat cows, that one or more days after the birth, this extremely dangerous disease is observed to show itself, which



208                   FRACTURES.
is generally accompanied by an inflammation of the per.
itoneum, intestines, or womb; and which, when not
promptly relieved, terminates in death in from three to five
days. The animal is melancholy, it begins to tremble, no
longer eats, does not ruminate, feels great thirst, does not
remain at rest on its hind feet, stumbles and wishes every
moment to lie down, though the affection of the belly and
the swelling of the genital parts oblige it immediately to
stand up.'There soon supervenes paralysis of the hi.. cl
quarters, and the animal is no longer able to stand up. it
then lows, and complains incessantly; the teats diminish,
the secretion of milk is arrested, the ears, horns,' and feet
become cold, the eye becomes fixed, the look becomes wild.
There is frequently tumefaction of the belly, heat and
swelling of the mamnmm. In general the afterbirth has
remained in the womb, from which an infectious ichor
escapes. All these symptoms succeed each other very rapidly. The first thing to be done is to administer, within
three or four hours, from three to four doses of aconitum,
which generally effect a perceptible calm. Then we may
have recourse to pulsatilla and to mix vomnica. Belladonna
is also an excellent remedy, particularly in cases of very
painful swelling of the belly, and of retention of the placenta.  Chamomilla restores the secretion of milk. Paralysis of the hind quarters, if it does not yield to nux vomica, which is in general the most useful, disappears under
the influence of rhus toxicodendron.
FRACTURES.
It is not an uncommon occurrence for oxen to break a
horn: the result is violent hemorrhage, which is to be
stopped by fomentations with arnica water. Sometimes
we succeed in restoring the horn by immediately fixing it
to its place, tying the animal by itself to a ring, so that it
may not rub against any thing, and administering internally to it first arnica, then in a little time after sympilytum,
alternately with squilla. But generally speaking we cannot succeed, especially when the horn has become cold.
We then envelop. the stump in linen cloths soaked in'arnica water, which are to be renewed frequently, and we
should make the animal take internally every two days a



FRAGILITY OF THE BONES- FUNGUS.        209
dose of arnica, or one of symphytlum, if the bone also has
been fractured. We are told that a double dose of squill
has also been found very useful in such cases. The cure
is effected with great facility. Oxen frequently fracture
the ossa ilium, an accident which rarely occasions fatal
consequences, and in which symphytumn should be employed, both internally and externally. If'there be much
heat, inflammation, and swelling, some doses of aconitun?
and arnica may be administered with advantage.
FRAGILITY OlF THE BONES.
This disease3 which is met with chiefly in oxen which
frequent marshy meadows, is followed by fractures, particularly in the legs, when the animal leaps, or even when he
rises suddenly. It has been sometimes observed to constitute a real epizootic disease. No other symptom accom-,
panies it in some cases; but frequently there is general debility, and painful sensibility in the legs. The animal likes
to remain'lying down; he cannot rise without pain and
moaning; a period arrives when he can no longer do so,
or falls back as soon as he attempts it, frequently breaking
then either a rib or a leg. The cows at first continue to
give milk? but the secretion soon diminishes; there is general. emaciation, the hair becomes bristly, and death takes
place in consequence of wasting away. The bones are
very soft and fragile; one may cut them with a knife.
The medulla is dry, or reduced to an oily substance. I
had an opportunity of seeing this extraordinary malady,
which I always succeeded in curing with mercurius vivus.
Two or three doses will often suffice when it is recent; if
not, it.will be necessary to persevere for several weeks in
the use of this medicine, notwithstanding the improvement
which may result from the first doses.
FUNGUS.
Thuja serves for the treatment of the fungus excrescences
produced by the friction of the cord at the base of the
horns. If they arise from the pressure of the yoke, arsenicum should be employed, and when they are developed on
183



210            GADFLIES - LUXATIONS.
the withers, they are to be treated with chamomilla, particularly when there exist at the same time indurated glands.
If, as sometimes happens, the tumor be opened, it is to be
treated as a common abscess. Externally, arnica and arsenicum chiefly are to be employed.. Phosphorus is the
proper remedy in treating fungus excrescences of a fiery
red color, and sepia in the case of excrescences near the
hoof.
GADFLIES.
The gadfly not only persecutes, with its bites during
summer, healthy oxen, (never those that are unhealthy,)
but also deposits its eggs in their skin, which give rise to
large tumors, in which the larva become developed; they
live there on the purulent fluid which the soft parts secrete,
and make their escape thence in the following spring, in
order to become metamorphosed. The greater the number of tumors, the more is the strength of the animal diminished by the pain and suppuration. For this reason, we
should endeavor'to free it as soon as possible of these larve, by frequently washing the tumors with -camphorated
brandy, or forcibly compressing them, which causes the
insect to make its exit, or crushes it. When they have attained the size of a filbert, an incision must be made into
the part, which is then to be covered with a pitch plaster.
A few doses of suzlphur are to be given internally. We
are told that those oxen which have taken sulphur for a
long period of time are not infested by gadflies.
LUXATIONS.
Arnica externally, and rhus toxicodendron internally, are
the principal remedies tc be employed in the treatment of
luxations in general. It sometimes happens that in consequence of a false step, a slip, or in their endeavor forcibly
to extricate their foot from thick clay, oxen employed in
drawing contract a luxation of the fetlock, which causes
them to limp very much, by rendering the swollen part
hot and painful. Adjusting the affected portion of the
limb should be resorted to, after which the part should be
fomented with arnica, which should also be given inter



LAMENESS.                   211
nally; however, rhus toxicodendron should be preferred as
an internal remedy, and more especially ruta, which is spe.
cific in such cases.
LAMENESS.
Lameness is not uncommon'in oxen. It may depend
on distention or shortening of the ligaments and tendons
surrounding the joint, or on a disease of the latter, occasioned either by an external lesion, or by rheumaat.ism, or,
in fine, by special circumstances. The treatment varies
according to the seat of the disease. The lameness owing
to great pain in the sole should be treated with arsenicunz,
and that which is caused by the introduction of a pointed
body into the cleft yields to arnica. There is a peculiar
species of lameness which is remarkable for its obstinacy,
the nature of its causes, and its special character.'I observed it in 1837, and I shall speak of it again under the
head of SOFTENING OF THE BONES.. The disease began
in general with a perceptible sensibility of the sole; the
animal rested with great caution on his feet, which
when standing, he raised one after the other. Arsenicurm,
which in general is a good remedy for this state, was ineffectual in many cases. After some time the disease appeared to be seated more particularly in the long bones of
the limbs'; for it became more and more difficult for the
animal to walk, and more particularly to raise himself,. so
that he remained stretched on the ground, though all his
functions continued in other respects in their normal state.
A fact worthy of remark is, that having once broken out
in the stalls, the disease generally attacked all the inmates,
and in several localities it ptssed from one house to the
other. As no allopathic treatment proved effectual against
it, it inspired us with more ardor to seek out means to
meet it homaeopathically, in which I succeeded by the
help of mercurius vivus, when at length I discovered that
the cause was softening of the bones. It commenced
sometimes in the fore limbs, sometimes in the hind limbs;
but mercurius viuas got the better of it readily and promptly, when it had not lasted for any length of time; in the
latter case, too, it did riot fail in efficacy; but it was then
necessary to employ it in frequently repeated' doses, and
once I was obliged to administer it for an entire month



212                   MADNESS.
without interruption.  Cocculus and rlzus toxicodendc on
were also found useful occasionally, and even after the dis.
covery of the meqrcuritus vivus, their employment was still
found completely successful, when the lameness commenced in the hind limbs, and when the disease seemed
seated in the sacrum rather than in the legs. When the
lameness commenced in the fore legs, more advantage was
also obtained from the employment of belladonna with
that of mercurius. If the animal commenced by dragging
the legs, especially the hind legs, arsenicum produced good
effects; nux vomica was also successful, when to these
symptoms there was added loss of appetite. But when
there was well marked lameness, none of these means
were of any avail, and all our resources lay in mercurius
vivus.
MADNESS.
Madness is not more peculiar to oxen than to the horse;
it always results from the bite of a mad dog. It very
rarely happens that the consequences of this bite become
developed at the instant; in general several days elapse
first, and even some weeks. The animal at first evinces
considerable disturbance, it no longer has any appetite,
and ruminates no longer; there does not seem to be much
thirst, though from time to time it dips its muzzle in the
drinking vessel; the abdomen is a little swollen at the
commencement, and the animal makes frequent and great,
but unavailing efforts to empty the bowels and bladder;
in the intervals it shakes itself frequently, more especially
the head and neck; it lows incessantly; its voice, at first
scarcely changed, assumes on the second or third day a peculiar hoarseness. The look of the animal becomes fixed,
the eyes occasionally become redder than usual. Saliva
constantly flows from the mouth, which sometimes also is
covered with foam. On the second or third day, it is observed in some cows, that instead of rumination, the food
reascends involuntarily to the mouth. Some animals become furious when they see a dog, or hear him bark; they
strike their horns against the wall, attack all living beings,
scrape with the foot, and strive to break the cords with
which they are secured. A disposition to bite has been
sometimes observed. The venereal appetite is almost al



MARASMUS.                  213
ways very much stimulated, and there is rapid emaciation.
The milk diminishes more and more in milk cows. From
the third or fourth day, periodical convulsive movements
are observed to come on first in the neck, then on the
chest, and,afterwards on the hind quarters. About this
period there is debility of the posterior parts, which are
soon palsied, and death takes place on the fifth or sixth
day.
Care should be taken to tie the animal securely. A
dose of belladonna is to be administered to it, the bite is to
be well washed, and fombented with water to which some
drops of extract of belladonna have been added. The
doses of belladonna are to be repeated, first every day, then
at longer intervals. When a mad dog has found his way
into a herd, it is a good precaution to make all the beasts
take a dose of belladonna daily, for eight or even twelve
days.
MARASMUS.
Marasmus occasionally met with in calves, and which
bears some resemblance to tabes mesenterica, depends
generally on an internal cause; but it is also frequently observed to follow different chronic diseases, and is always
accompanied with great debility. The principal medicines for it are arsenicum and china, taken alternately, one
dose every four or five days. Advantage is also obtained
from nux vomica, if there be constipation; from pulsatilla
in case of diarrhoea; from china in case of worms and voracious appetite. Some doses of sulphur are always useful to complete the treatment, more especially when the
disease has existed for a considerable time. If the marasmus be connected with a general morbid state, we must
seek out the remedy most fitted to this state, with the cessation of which that of the marasmus also will coincide.
This latter occurrence is sometimes met in adult animals;
the animal eats, no doubt, and occasionally very much, and
rumination goes on in the normal way; however, it continually wastes away; there is diarrhoea, and the evacuations exhale a very bad odor; the skin is stuck to the ribs,
and the hairs gradually lose their bright appearance. Pul.
satilla and arsenicum have succeeded in some cases.



214                METEORISATION.
METE ORISATIO N.
This affection, which without belonging exclusively to
oxen, is, however, of very frequent occurrence in them,
consists in an enormous development of gases, which distend the stomach and intestines,.swell the belly to a prodigious size, and often cause death in a few hours, when
a proper' remedy is not promptly applied. In general it
presents itself on a sudden, without any precursory symptoms, but always a little after the animal has eaten, and
for the most part on returning to the field; it may come
on, however,. in the stable also. The animal ceases to eat
and ruminate; the abdomen becomes enormously swollen,
especially on the left side, and when struck, it sounds like
a drum. Great distress soon manifests itself; the breathing is short and difficult, the nostrils are widely dilated;
there is a threatening of suffocation. At a later period,
the back bone appears depressed; thefore feet seem approximated; the tail is curved upwards; the eyes are fixed
and prominent. The veins of the neck and chest are
gorged with blood, the mouth is hot and full of saliva; the
anus, which is closed, projects externally; the body is
bathed in a cold sweat; the animal moans, trembles, totters, with difficulty keeps itself on its legs, at length sinks
and dies, either from suffocation, or from rupture of the
stomach.
The most ordinary cause-is the v.oracity with which the
animal eats certain kinds of food, such as new clover,
boiled roots, the grains, ranunculuses, hemlock, &c., and
all kinds of fodder which have become heated in consequence of being heaped whilst they were darmp.
Colchicum autumnale rarely fails in its effects,. and ordinarily it establishes an instantaneous cure. Sometimes,
however, it must be repeated two, three, and even four
times. Occasionally the symptoms subside without the
animal voiding any wind. In chronic meteorisation
which is renewed frequently, colchicum taken alternately
with arsenicum is very useful. Benefit it is said has been
derived fi'om china. If rumination is not reestablished at
the time the disease is cured, aconitum must be given, and
after some hours, acrsenicum. When meteorisation has been
caused, not by green fodder, but by some disturbance of



ALTERATIONS OF MILK.            215
digestion, we must have recourse to nux vomica; the same
substance is suitable when the disease is attributable to
the animals having eaten colchicum in the meadows.
Lastly, when the danger has become so pressing that we
are brought to the necessity of puncturing in order to avoid
death, it is, however, still necessary to administer the colchicum after having cleansed the mouth carefully; after
some time a few doses of arnica must be given.
ALTERATIONS OF MILK.
Changes in the milk, or in the lacteal secretion, are not
uncommon in milch cows. Homceopathy puts a check to
them, in general, both promptly and readily. The principal are, -
1. Blue milk. At the moment after it has been taken
from the animal, the milk has its natural color; but when
it has rested for some time, and the cream has separated
from it, stars or blue spots are observed on its surface, or
it even becomes entirely blue. The butter obtained from
it has a bluish tint, and blue vesicles, or vesicles of a gray
color, float on the buttermilk. No symptoms of disease
are remarked in the cow. The remedy is pulsatilla, and if
the symptoms depend, as sometimes happens, on an affection of the lower belly, especially on indigestion, recourse
should be had to nux vomica.
2. Red milk. Sometimes one or more of the teats yield
blood along with the milk. This phenomenon depends on
several causes; as on the roughness of the manner in
which the process is conducted, causing contusion and inflamnrmation of the organ, or on the useof certain irritating
substances; for instance, young shoots of the pine tree.
Aconitum is a good remedy whenever there is an inflammatory condition, owing to an internal or external cause;
and if it do not suffice, phospleorus generally restores matters to their normal state. Belladonna also has succeeded
frequently. If there has been an external injury, arnica,
internally and externally, is always sufficient. When none
of these causes exist, and there is no inflammation, ipecacmanha should be employed, which has been very frequently attended with great success, more especially in
chronic cases. It- is worth remarking, that in many places



216                    CEDEMA.
a decoction of the young shoots of the fir tree are employed with great success.
3. Viscid milk. Sulphur, chamomilla, and ntlzx vomica are
indicated. Natrum muriaticumr also is often useful.
4. Acid milk. We should administer sulphur, phosphorus,
and antimonium tartaricum.
5. Bitter milk. The remedies are, sulphur and phosphorus.
6. Watery milk, which yields but little cream. This
state, oftentimes owing to bad food, especially to the potato leaf, yields to sulphur, pulsatilld, and nux vomica, with
a change of wholesome diet.
7. Diminution of milk. Different causes may bring it
about, that, after calving, the lacteal secretion does not become established, or that it goes-on but imperfectly, and
even when established, that it may stop by degrees or abruptly. Aconitum and chamomilla are the principal remedies in this case, especially when there is inflammation.
Belladonna is useful in inflammation and tumefaction of
the udders; bryonia or dulcamrara, when the occurrence depends on cold. If the symptom returns after some days,
phosphorus should be given. When the teat yields but a
few jets of milk, chamomilla and belladonna should be given
alternately.
8. Spontaneous discharge of milk.  This is cured by belladonna, (if there be swelling of the teat.;) chamomilla, (if
it is indurated;) arnica, (if it received any injury followed
by inflammation;) and calcarea carbonica, (if there exist
any internal mischief.)
CEDEIf.A.
CEdema, or a collection of serum in the subcutaneous
cellular'tissue, frequently accompanies hydrothorax and
ascites; but it is also met as an independent disease in
different regions of the body. That which distinguishes
it from other swellings is, that it is cold to the touch, and
retains the impression of the finger. Chzina and arsenicum,
taken alternately, are the chief remedies, especially when
it has come on after dropsy of the chest or abdomen.
-Bryonia is the suitable remedy when it results from cold,
and when there is, at the same time, constipation and
difficulty of breathing; pulsatilia in the case of diarrhcea.



PARALYSIS - ROTTENNESS.             217
PARALYSIS.
The chief remedies to be used are, aconitum, arsenicum,
arnica, belladonna, bryonia, crocus calcarea, carbonica, causticurn, dulca-mara, rhus toxicodendron, ruta, sulphur, ferrum,
cinchona, &c. If paralysis result from  rheumatism, we
should employ arnica, ferrum, rhus, ruta, lycopodium, and
sulphur.  If from debility, cinchona, ferrum, baryta, carbonica, sulphur, and calcarea'. If from apoplexy, acrnica, belladonna, bryonia, nux vomnica, &c. If from  injury, arnica,
aconitunm, dulcamara, &c.
RHEUMATISM.
Rheumatism, which is generally a consequence of cold,
is almost always accompanied with fever. It is indicated
more especially by a stiff and painful gait, occasionally
with cracking of the joints. The animal prefers much to
lie down; he rises with pain and reluctance; the pain frequently causes tremors; the skin adheres to the subjacent
parts; it cannot be folded, and the appetite is more or less.impaired. If the disease is carried to an extreme degree,
the animal never quits its litter, the four extremities become paralyzed, and it can only sustain itself on its knees.
In milch cows the secretion of milk is diminished or arrested.  The most effectual remedy is aconitum, followed
by arsenicusr.  Bryonia is good when the feet are paralyzed. Arsenicurn is indicated when the animal is observed
to walk with the greatest precaution; when he trembles
after drinking cold water; and the  disease has been
brought on by cold drinks, or an excess of food. Rhus
toxicodendron should be prescribed when the disease results
from too much fatigue.  Chamomilla restores the milk secretion, after the other ailmentshave been removed.
ROTTENNESS.
This disease, caused by the presence of fluke worms
(the Fasciola Ihepatica) in the liver or bile ducts, is characterized, chiefly by great depression and sadnesss.  The
19



2.18                RUMINATION.
animal carries the head down; appetite diminishes; the eyes
become watery, they are red, then at a later period yellowish, and full of purulent matter; the pulsations are weak;
the breathing becomes difficult; the nose, mouth, gums,
and tongue assume a bad color and a fetid odor; the excrements are white, watery, and fetid. By degrees the
beast wastes away, the teeth are loose, fever supervenes,
the extremities are cold, the abdomen becomes compressed,
there is manifest fluctuation, and the animal dies in a complete state of emaciation. The disease makes its appear~rnce principally after damp seasons, in low districts, and
occasions great ravages; and so much greater, if it be mistaken at its commencement, and if no efforts have been
made to combat it until no hope of recovery remains.
The symptoms most likely to cause one to suspect the
presence of fluke worms, are the morbid look of the beast,
its inertness, the yellowish tint of the parts divested of
hair, hardness of the skin, hair dull and erect, irregularity
of appetite, of digestion, and of the alvine evacuations.
The flukes sometimes exist in immense quantity in the
liver, which becomes tumefied, and chiefly in the biliary
ducts. Among the means to be employed, graphites and
lycopodium occupy the first place. Helleborus niger is also
recommended, when the difficulty of the respiration announces commencing hydrothorax; and mercurius vivus
when the excrements are white and fetid. I have sometimes employed the first dynamisation of sulphur with the
greatest success.
RUMINATION.
Rumination is more or less. disturbed in most serious
diseases, and does not return to its normal state till after
a cure has been effected. However, it occasionally happens that it is not restored, or that it is the only function in
which any derangement is observed. In such cases arsenicum is very useful. If two or three doses produce no effect, the medicine should be repeated, to be alternated with
aconitum. Pulsatilia is recommended as possessing considerable powers, when the disturbance of rumination assumes a chronic form, or occurs only from time to time.



SPONGE - STINGS OF INSECTS.          219
SPONGE.
This name is applied to a round, spongy tumor, which
is developed on the knee, generally after an external injury.
In general this swelling is first hot and painful; but after
a time it becomes cold and indolent. When recent it is
sometimes cured with arnica externally and internally; if
it do not yield, or if before this treatment it was already
completely developed, it is to be treated with chamomilla;
if there be already induration, conium and ledum are the
remedies to be employed. When the disease becomes inveterate, it requires sulphur, antimonium crudum, petroleum,
and sepia; that which occasions itching and pain, iodijum,
rhus toxicodendron, and pulsatilla, alternately with coniurm.
When it commences to ooze, silicea. Arnica, silicea, and
chamomilla have effected a cure in a case where the tumor
had been- injudiciously opened. During the treatment, as
also to prevent the disease, the animal must be supplied
with plenty of soft litter.
SPRAIN.
A sprain, when the result of a false step, brings on lameniess more or less perceptible, and when it is severe, a hot
tumefaction in the neighborhood of the joint. The accident, when of recent date, promptly yields to arnica, employed both internally, and externally. Otherwise, or if
there be much pain from the commencement, as also much
swelling and lameness, rhus toxicodendron, and especially
ruta, should be administered, which latter remedy in such
cases possesses specific virtues.
STINGS OF INSECTS.
The stings of bees, wasps, and hornets give rise to considerable swellings, with inflammation and pain: in such
cases fomentations with arnica water are always employed
with success. If a cow has been attacked by an e ntire
swarm, arnica should be given internally also. Camphor.
ated brandy would also produce good effects.



220     SWELLING OF THE BONES - TUBERCLES.
SWELLING OlF THE BONES.
Swelling of the bones, exostoses or soft tumors, owe
their origin sometimes to external causes, sometimes to in.
ternal. Such tumors are observed less frequently in oxen
than in horses. If they arise from a mechanical injury,
arnica, or, better still, symlphytum, (externally and internally,)
is sufficient to cure them. If they depend on internal
causes, they are to be treated with mercurius vitvus, acidum phosphoricum, angustura, silicea, and sulphur; and in
obstinate cases, with carbo animalis. and ammonium carbonicum.
TIC.
This chronic affection, free from fever, is mostly confined
to cows, which, though they may ealt more than usual, become very much emaciated, and yield only watery milk.
They gnaw wood, leather, rags, earth, &c., and swallow
these different things so much the more greedily in propor.
tion as their appetite for ordinary food diminishes. Grad.
ually the hair stares, the eye becomes dull, the gait slow
and the animal dies of consumption. The disease evi.
dently depends on disturbance of digestion. It is accom.
panied by a marked degree of softening of the bones
Small vesicles containing a yellowish liquid are also saic
to have been observed from time to time beneath the
tongue. The remedy for this disease is pulsatilla; then
comes nux vomica. Natrum muriaticurm succeeds when the
animal, rejecting its ordinary food, evinces a depraved ap.
petite. The increased appetite, which frequently depends
on the presence of worms, yields to china and silicea, or tc
china when there is great debility and depression.
TUBERCLES.
Tubercles, occasioned by a mechanical cause, generally
yield to arnica, which is to be administered both internally
and externally. If abscesses form, they are to be treated
as has been stated under this head. Tubercles from colc
are combated with bryonia and dulcamara; and those



TUMORS - WOUNDS.               221
which arise from the stings of insects, with arnica and
belladonna. Those referable to an internal disease are
difficult of cure. Besides the means indicated under difFerent other heads, we may also try ledum, especially in
obstinate cases; silicea, arsenicurnm, baryta carbonica, staphysagria, and sulphur, when there is itching; chaamomilla
and bryonia, against tubercles on the breast.
TUMORS.
Tumors vary much with respect to their constitution and
the region of the body where they make their appearance.
Those arising from an external cause are, for the most
part, hot, at least at the commencement; these are to be
treated with arnica, (internally and externally,) which is to
be followed by arsenicurn, or, when there is pain, by coniurnm. Those which depend' on internal causes require bryonia, chiefly in cases of, cold, or china and arsenicurnm alternately, or sulphur, or mercurius vivus.
Aurum and belladonna are the principal remedies for tumors on the head: baryta carbonica for those on the lower
jaw. With respect to tumors on the chest, aconiturn and
bryonia are suitable, if they are owing to cold; arnica, if
they are the consequence of compression. When they
are covered with scabs, thuja should be given, and after
some days, sulphur.
WOUNDS.
Wounds of small extent are cured in a very little time
by the use of arnica externally. In such as are deeper, arnica must be administered internally also. Symphytum is
useful whenever there has been any lesion of the bones or
periosteum. Coniurm should be employed in the case of
wounds resulting from compression or contusion; and in
the case of those which are accompanied with luxation,
rhus toxicodendron alternately with arnica. When a wound
has occasioned great loss of blood, china is useful to combat the debility caused by the hemorrhage. The traumatic fever, which is generally associated with wounds of
a certain extent, yields to arnica and aconitumn, employed
19 *



222                   ANASARCA,
alternately. Extensive wounds are never cured without suppuration; this is generally set up five or six days after the
injury; and as long as it wears a healthy characters art
should not interfere; but if the pus be turbid and have a
bad smell, asafwaitida and mercurius vivus should be employed; if it be thick and have a bad color, silicea; if
proud flesh make its appearance, chamomilla, sepia,' and
arsenicurn.
SECTION II.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
ANASARCA.
THE effusion of serum into the subcutaneous cellular
tissue often accompanies hydrothorax or ascites; but occasionally, too, it is observed alone in different parts of the'body. What distinguishes the swelling then from all
others is, that it does not feel hot to the touch, and retains
the pressure of the finger.  China and arsenicum, employed
alternately, are a capital remedy, especially when the anasarca is owing to ascites or hydrothorax.  Lycopoditum
also displays great virtues in treating dropsical swellings in
different parts of the body. Bryonia is suitable whenever
the disease depends on cold, and there is at the same time
constipation, with embarrassment of the respiration. Pulsatilla is indicated also in case of diarrhcea. Dulcamara
should be employed when the swelling has appeared after
sudden cold; belladonna when the swelling crepitates under the finger. (Edema of the legs requires secale cornuturnm alternately with arsenicurnm, and then sepia. Indigo,
china, thuja, sulphur, and when there is tension in the joints
bryonia, are also recommended.



CHOPS - EXANTHEMES.              223
CHOPS, OR CRlACKS.
Indurations and cracks in the skin arise sometimes from
an internal disease; sometimes, in yoked oxen, from continued walking in marshy grounds; occasionally from the
inconsiderate application of caustics to spongy excrescences.
Arnica and arsenicun,   applied externally, generally remove the disease, without there being any necessity to
have recourse to internal remedies, especially when the
matter is not of long standing.  Spiritus szulphuratus is a
specific for oozing cracks; sepia, in cases. where the skin,
dry and indurated, is detached in large patches, beneath
which new  cracks are constantly forming.  Mercurius
vivus was found effectual also in an obstinate case, where
entire flakes of the soft parts became detached. Chamomilla, conium, mercurius solubilis, and acidun phlosphoricurm,
are of great service in treating simple indurations of the
skin.  Acidumn phosphoricum is particularly useful when
the indurated points contract in the form of ridges and
wrinkles.
Cracks on the knee are, like all external lesions, to be
treated with arnica water; arnica is also to be given internally, when they are extensive. When the patella is
more or less engaged, symphytum is the remedy to be employed. Abscesses in the knee, the consequences of neglected injury in this limb, are to be treated like abscesses
of other parts.
EXANTEIMWES.
An exantheme is'a disease.more or less obstinate, which
appears under a great variety of forms, (spots, tubercles,
vesicles, scales, scabs,) and sometimes constitutes a purely
local affection, sometimes is connected with an inveterate
morbid state. The most certain means of curing and preventing all exanthematous diseases is to have recourse to
the remedies called isopathic, which take the name of
antipsoricum when they are prepared with the morbific
principle yielded by the animal itself. But other remedies,
again called antipsoric, and among which sulphur figures,
are of considerable efficacy in this respect.
In all chronic diseases attention should be directed to



224                GOITRES - ITCH.
the psora, which occasions them. It will be right, then,
to begin and end the treatment with some doses of sulphur,
if there be no special contra-indications. At the end of
about fifteen days, the antipsoricum should be given;
then, at the end of the same lapse of time, the medicine
which agrees best with the actual state of the patient;
after which we should return to the antipsoricum, and so
on. The last antipsoricum is suffered to act longer than
the others, and the treatment is to be terminated with sepia
and some doses of sulphur, or with sulphur alone, according
to circumstances.
As this course of proceeding does not always succeed,
we are forced to have recourse to other means. Staphysagria and dulcamara are those most frequently employed
after a couple of doses of sulphur; staphysagria is more
especially indicated in dartrous eruptions accompanied.
with itching, more especially during the night; dulcamara,
in vesicular eruptions filled with a yellowish liquid, those
principally which succeed a sudden cold, as also in dry and
furfuraceous dartres. Mezereum is useful in itchy tubercles, with redness of the skin; arsenicum in eruptions
accompanied with periodical diarrhcea, or with loss of
appetite, or disturbed digestion; thuja in those which come
out on the lower part of the limbs.
GOITRES.
This name is applied to a swelling, sometimes acute,
sometimes chronic, which generally appears on the left side
of the larynx, obliging the animal to carry the head forwards, and causing it to bellow in a frightful manner. It
is only in acute cases there is pain; the cough, however,
which accompanies this disease is painful, and the voice
hoarse. The chief remedy is drosera after some doses of
aconitum; in chronic cases, this is to be administered alternately with hepar sulphuris. Benefit has been also obtained
from two doses of belladonna1 administered at short intervals.
ITCIH, OR MANGE.
In the dry.itch, the animals have a great disposition to
scratch themselves, to rub one against the other, which



PHTHIRIASIS.                225
eventually wears away the hair. They repeat this until
the skin becomes excoriated and is made to bleed. The
parts exposed to the friction soon become stripped of hair;
the skin is wrinkled, dirty in appearance, powdery, or else
there are observed on it small superficial ulcerations surrounded with furfuraceous scabs. Beneath these scabs
there are found small pustules, which, after being opened,
resemble corroding ulcerations. The fluid secreted is limpid, and soon becomes thick, so as to form scabs, which
are piled one upon the other. This form of itch attacks
meagre, ill-fed, and aged animals. It is seated chiefly in
the head, neck, on the shoulders, haunches, and tail.
The moist itch is characterized by ulcers of greater
extent, which penetrating deeply into the skin, secrete a
reddish ichor, and become covered with scabs thicker than
those of the preceding variety. It is observed on the neck
and at the base of the tail, but sometimes it extends over
the entire body. The hairs fall, the skin becomes chopped,
and the animal, if left to itself, falls into a state of rmarasmus, or becomes dropsical.
Some doses of sulphur (one a day) is the first remedy to
be employed. Then staplhysagria should be administered,
more especially when there are dartrous eruptions, with
itching during the night. Dulcanmara is good in the vesicular eruption, with yellowish serosity, which comes on
after sudden cold, and which is accompanied by a discharge from the nose, as well as in dry and furfuraceous
dark-colored eruptions.  Mezereum is indicated in itchy
tubercles, with redness of the skin; arsenicurnm., in case the
appetite is impaired, with periodical diarrhcea.
PHTHIRIASIS.
Like other domestic animals, oxen have occasionally
such a quantity of lice, that they not only become disgusting from them, but they also suffer and pine away.
This happens chiefly with calves and young beasts. The
lice lodge more especially behind the horns and ears, at the
back of the neck, on the withers, and on the sides of the
dewlap. They are destroyed in a few days with a decoction of staphysagria, or with a pomade prepared with three
parts of axunge and one part of parsley seed pounded.



226       WARTS   DISEASES OF THE EARS.
WARTS.
Warts appear on the breast, belly, back, neck, tail
sometimes smooth, round, soft, and broad; sometimes
pediculated, chapped, spongy, hard, and dry, or moist.
painful, or without feeling. For the cure of warts which
are dry, smooth, and not pediculated, dulcamara should be
employed, and in some cases sulphur; for those which are
ulcerated, arsenicurn; for those which bleed readily and
cause pain, causticurn. Excrescences which are moist, incrusted, chapped, presenting a disgusting appearance, and
frequently of an enormous size, require thuja, externally
and internally, and the employment of this remedy must
be continued for a long time. Small warts on the lips
yield to calcarea carbonica.
SECTION III.
DISEASES OF THE BRAIN, EYES, MOUTH, &C.
DISEASES OF THE EARS.
INFLAMMATION of the ears is in general the result of
foreign bodies, portions of straw, the larvae of insects, &c.,
which penetrate into those organs. The animal inclines
the head towards the affected side, frequently shakes it,
rubs the ear against the wall, or applies the hind foot to it.
On making examination, we almost always find the concha
swollen, and full of mucus or purulent fluid. If there be a
foreign body in it, it -should be removed, and arnica water
be injected with a small syringe. If insects are the cause,
a little oil is to be poured into the ear. If the inflammation, from being neglected, has passed into suppuration, the
means mentioned under the head SUPPURATION must be
resorted to. When a real abscess is formed, arsenicumn is



APHTHE -ANTHRAX OF THE TONGUE.          227
the remedy to be employed. However, pulsatilla is very
Lseful in deep-seated abscesses. When the swelling has
been caused by insects, the ear should be well washed,
and arnica water injected into it. Petroleum is by some
considered the best remedy in such cases. Some doses of
sulplhur must be taken internally.
APHTHAEE.
This disease is common enough in calves. The animal
affected refuses to suck, and wastes away. After a careful
examination, small vesicles are discovered on the tongue
and gums, surmounting a softened tissue:- the mouth is
full of saliva of bad odor, and also frothy. The means to
be employed are, acidum munriaticum, acidum phosphoricurm,
and borax. One or two doses of sulphur should be given
to the mother. Touching the aphthm with borax or any
other substance can be of no use, as it results from a
stomachic affection.
ANTHRAX OF1 THE TONGUE.
When oxen are subjected to a species of life which
engenders typhus, or which favors its development, it sometimes'happens that the pestilential principle attacks the
tongue in preference, in which case anthrax of this organ
comes on —a disease extremely contagious, and mostly
fatal. Carbuncle of the'tongue is ordinarily announced
by a profuse saliva from the mouth, great distress and
tumefaction of the tongue.  On examining the mouth, we
discover on this latter organ small vesicles full of turbid
liquid, or small tubercles surrounded with a bluish circle.
The vesicles burst, and fill the mouth with fetid liquid: on
the tubercles, on the contrary, there are raised pustules,
which, at first of a whitish yellow, become afterwards
brownish or blackish, and often attain the size of a nut.
These pustules contain an ichor which corrodes the neighboring parts; and on the vesicle itself, after it has collapsed,
there forms a brown scab, beneath which an ichor collects,
which produces corroding ulcers, so that the entire tongue
soon becomes the prey of gangrene, and comes away in



228                  DIZZINESS.
nieces.  The gangrene soon attacks the pharynx and
stomach' also, and death takes place amidst incredible pain,
with shivering and tumefaction of the belly.
The cure is not possible unless the case be taken up in
proper time, and a suitable treatment be adopted. When
the pustules have already opened of themselves, and: the
animal has swallowed their contents, he is lost beyond
recovery.' The first thing to be done then, is to scrape
them with a curved knife, an iron spoon, or a wisp of
straw, after which the part is to be well cleaned, by means
of a cloth steeped in oil. During this operation, the animal's head must be held low, in order that he may not
swallow any of the ichor, and care must be taken that the
operator may not be touched with this fluid, as it produces,
both in the human subject and in animals, malignant and
gangrenous ulcerations. Therefore the operation should
not be undertaken until after the hands have been carefully covered with gloves, or have been well oiled. Once
the pustules have been removed, the tongue should be
touched every day with a cloth steeped in water, to which
some drops of arsenicurn have been added. This plan will
suffice in most cases. If symptoms of the disease still
remain, for instance, a fetid state of the breath, &c., such
means should be adopted as shall be mentioned under the
head of STOMACACE.
DIZZINESS.
Animals affected with this disease, fortunately rare
among oxen, are never cheerful, and they generally have
a rather miserable appearance. Sometimes the fit comes
on in the stable; the animal turns the head and neck more
or less to one side, then staggers and falls. When the
animal is made to' go out, it immediately turns round
about, the head always looking towards the centre of the
circle, then staggers, falls, arises after a few moments, and
again commences to turn round, or enjoys some hours of
rest. If the disease. be still at its commencement, the
animal at first turns slowly, then quicker and quicker, until
at length it falls. The attacks become more and more
frequent, and at length return every:time the animal is
made to go out. The cause is the same as that in the case
of sheep, viz., the presence of a hydatid in the brain. In



ENCEPHALITIS.                229
flammation of the brain and traumatic lesions also seem to,
contribute to its development. Belladonna is particularly
useful at the onset of the disease; two or three doses are
to be taken daily, until the symptoms have disappeared,
after which the doses are to be given at longer intervals,
and the treatment terminated with sulphur.
VENCEPHALITIS.
Inflammation of the brain, much more uncommon in
oxen than in horses, generally comes on rapidly under the
influence of a hot, sun, of a sudden change of temperature,
or of a blow on the head. Sometimes it- appears all at
once, and sometimes it is announced by certain precursory
symptoms, such as vertigo, unsteady gait, appearance of
drunkenness, and great depression. The head hangs, the
eyes are bright and prominent, the head, ears, and horns
are hot, the hair is bristled, appetite gone. The animal
becomes furious-, it strikes its head against the walls, tears
the halters that tie him, and becomes convulsed in different parts of the body. When let loose, he runs about on
every side, then after two or three days, seems to experience. some relaxation, and dies suddenly.  Occasionally
encephalitis terminates in cerebral dropsy, for which. reason
it should be watched from the commencement, and even
after it is cured, we should not lose sight of the patient for
some time. Aconitum is the first and chief remedy, before
the disease is yet fully developed. It is given in frequent
doses separated by short intervals. When there is heat
in the mouth, eyes, horns, and the animal rests its head
against the wall or manger -or when, melancholy and
almost devoid of consciousness, it allows it to hang - the
best medicine' is belladonna, also to be given in repeated
doses, especially when the look is frantic, with swelling of
the vessels of the head and pulsation if those of the neck.
Sulphur should be given as consecutive treatment. Ityoscyamus is indicated, more -especially when belladonna does
not suffice - a thing which seldom happens. If there is
suddenly a calin, stupor, or somnolence, or if the disease
has been occasionedby isolation, opium is to be prescribed
without delay.  Veratrumn is indicated when the animal
throws itself about and places itself against the wall.
20



230           GLOSSITIS - OPHTHALMIA.
GLOSSITIS, (INFLAM:MATION OlF THE TONGUE.)
Inflammation of the tongue, rather a common affection,
which arises almost always from a traumatic lesion, prevents the animal from eating, and causes the organ to hang
more or less out of the mouth, requires more especially the
employment of aconitum, and of mercurius vivus. Acidurn
nitri also is said to be very effectual, especially in dry inflammation. Carbo vegetabilis is specific in treating induration succeeding to inflammation: conium, lycopodium,
and silicea are also recommended in this case.
CASEs by Schmayer, extracted from  the Zooiasis of
Lux. — I have had an opportunity three times of observing. this disease, which is not common, and generally comes
after a traumatic lesion.: Once, in a bull, it was so severe,
that the tongue, enormously swollen, could no longer find
room in the mouth, out of which it hung constantly.
There was high inflammatory fever, with sore throat. I
at once prescribed aconitum, sixty drops of the tincture in
a pint of water, to be taken eight times. On the second
day, there was a- perceptible amendment; the tongue had
returned into the mouth. On the third day, the animal
was able to drink bran and water. On the fourth he was
cured.
OPHTHALMIA.
The most common causes of ophthalmia are external
violence; the penetration of a foreign body into the eye;
cold, owing to a sudden change of temperature; and an
internal morbid disposition.
Ophthalmia, by an external cause, is very frequent.
The eye, at first brilliant and dry, soon becomes dull and
watery; the animal closes it against the light; the eyelids are hot, tumefied, and painful to the touch; after some
time, they are glued together by means of mucus. The
cure is easily effected, when the case is taken in time:
otherwise ophthalmia may bring on fatal consequences.
The treatment is commenced with a few doses of aconitumn,
which is to be employed at first from hour to hour; then
at longer intervals. Afterwards, arnica should be resorted
to. If it be too late, coniumn must be given, which is also



SWELLING OF THE HEAD.             231
indicated when aconiturm and arnica have removed the inflammatory symptoms, but there is an exudation between
the laminae of the cornea.  Cannabis, belladonna, or euphrasia, in two ounces of distilled water, form an excellent
topical application; but they should also be used internally. If the ophthalmia has been occasioned by a foreign
body introduced into the eye, it calls for a different mode
of treatment.  We commence by extracting the foreign
body with a bit of moistened linen; conium then removes
the symptoms, and if there have been any injury, arnica
should be prescribed, both externally and internally. Ophthalmia caused by cold soon yields to aconitumn, bryonia,
dulcamnara, and euphrasia.  When the disease proceede
from an internal cause, it is hereditary, or depends on the
deposition on the eye of a morbific principle difficult to be
determined. In this case, the eye is turbid, and the lids
are contracted.  An apparent improvement is sometimes
observed to come on, as in the periodical ophthalmia of
horses; the eye becomes almost clear; but after some time,
it again becomes turbid, and often entirely white. Things
remain for a long time in this state, the inflammation
continuing from eight to twelve days, then ceasing, and
returning after a month or six weeks.  During -the first
year, the disease generally attacks but one eye; but afterwardc it affects the other also. When it has lasted two
years, there is little hope of curing it. The chief means to
be employed are sulphur, euphrasia, pulsatilla, cannabis,
conium, and causticum. Belladonna might also be tried.
It is stated that calcarea carbonica has been useful: in the
case of turbid vision with a bluish tint of the cornea - the
lids not being affected.
SWELLING 0F THE HEAD.
It is not uncommon for the head to be swollen in oxen,
either in consequence of cold, or from the effect of an internal morbid predisposition. Avrurn  and belladonna are
the chief remedies to be employed. Baryta carbonica
should be used when the turnmefaction is hard and lardacebus; arnica, (internally and externally,) when it has been
caused by pressure of the yoke.



232     LOOSE TEETH - TRISMUS OF THE TAWS.
TEETH, (SHAKING OR LOOSE.)
This affection, which is very common in oxen, impedes
them  very much in eating.  Carbo vegetabilis is very
effectual in this case. If there be salivation at the same
time, as happens almost always, and great sensibility of
the gumsj nercurius vivus should be given. It is stated
that mercurius solubilis has produced useful results in the
first of these two cases, and staphysagria in the second.
TONGUE, (LESIONS OF.)
It sometimes happens that a cow cannot eat, or eats
only very slowly, carrying its tongue to the right and left,
though no trace of disease can be discovered in it. If the
mouth be then well examined, it is sometimes found that
the tongue.has been wounded by a foreign body mixed
wvith- the fodder; that a small piece of wood, for instance,
has been introduced into it, so that it has been'attacked
with inflammation, and has become painful. The first
thing to be done is to extract the foreign body, after which
the wound should be washed several times a day with arnica water, and nothing but soft, tender fodder should be
given to the animal until it has been entirely cured. If the
tongue should become indurated, carbo animalis should be
administered; and if to this salivation be added, mercurius
vivus is specific. Sometimes the animal bites the tongue
so as to wound it considerably. Here also arnica must be
employed, both externally and internally.
TRISMUS OF THE JAWS.
This dangerous disease is uncommon among horned
cattle, and, perhaps, never appears except after castration
injudiciously performed. The treatment is the same as in
the case of horses.



VERTIGO - ANXGINA.             233
VERTIGO.
This affection is observed more especially in oxen eln
loyed in draught. It is frequently the result of great
itigue during hot weather; the animal staggers on a suden, and falls to the ground, where he remains for a time
tretched and motionless. The last character distinguishes
ertigo from epilepsy. Aconitum affords instantaneous reief. If the vertigo be very severe, stramonium and cocculus
Ire to be employed. Arnica is indicated when the animal
neclines to the right, or seems drunk, and holds the head
rery low.  China and cocculus are indicated when the;mallest exertion distresses the animal very much.
SECTION IV.
DISEASES OF THE TRACHEA, RESPIRATORY
ORGANS, &C.
ANGINA.
ANGINA owes its origin to different causes which irritate
very much the mucous membranes of the organs of deglutition and of respiration; for instance, exposure to cold
after being heated, when the animal takes cold drink, or
remains exposed to the action of a cold and moist atmosphere. It is this which renders the disease very common;
chiefly in spring, when the season is cold and moist. It
may also depend on external lesions, on the use of acrid
food, &c. The symptoms differ according as it attacks
the organs of deglutition, or those of respiration. In the
former case, deglutition is very difficult and painful; the
animal still takes sufficient quantity of food, but he does
not masticate it; he soon returns it; and when he drinks,
a great portion of the fluid returns by the nose. There
escapes from the mouth at first ordinary saliva, then, at.the
20 



CATARRH   COUGH.             235
CATARRIH.
A crowd of very different diseases owe their origin to
a cold; whether the animal, after having been heated, relains exposed to the impression of a cold air, or it be alLowed to drink cold water too soon. When the entire sysLem has suffered more or less, the affection is accompanied
with fever of greater or less severity; some doses of acoQitum, the first remedy to be employed in such cases, never
Fail to produce excellent effects. If the cold affect but a
part of the body, we scarcely ever Observe any fever, and
5ryonia is to be administered. In many cases considerable benefit has been obtained from dulcamnara, nux vomica,
and rhus toxicodendron. Arsenicum is good when the digestion is disturbed, or the complaint has been occasioned
by a cold drink.
CATARRH, (PULMONARY.)
The hoarse and hollow cough which some oxen have,
Inore especially after fatigue, or when the weather is rough
and they are made to drink cold water, is frequently the
consequence of a neglected pneumonia, or one that has
been badly treated; but it is also met in other diseases, as,
for instance, in hydrothorax. The principal means to be
employed in such cases, as well as in the case of cough in
general, are, dulcamara and bryonia, in the cough which has
succeeded to a cold; nux vomica, in the dry and loud
cough; aconiturn and arisenicum, in that which comes on
every time the animal drinks cold water; d'rosera, in that
which has already become chronic; pulsatilla and hyoscyamus, in that which is dry and returns in kinks; chamomilla,
in dry cough with diarrhiea; ammonium muriaticum, cuprum,
and beryonia, in inveterate cough; and, in general, sulphur,
in many cases of distressing and more especially obstinate
coughs.
COUG1H.
When the cough lasts for a longer time than that occasioned by dust introduced into the throat, it is the result
of cold, and readily cured by confinement to the stable,



236                 HYDROTHORAX.
and the remedies presently to be mentioned. That which
is at first dull and hollow, excited by the least effort, and
more particularly violent after the animal has drunk, generally indicates a more or less serious affection of the lung.
If a severe cough attack the animal, great attention must
be paid to it, because in such cases we frequently have to
treat commencing hydrothorax.
The means to be adopted when no other symptoms of
disease are observed, are, dulcamara, in cough by cold;
bryonia, (in repeated doses,) in inveterate cough; belladonna and drosera, in chronic cough; hyoscyamus, when the
attacks are very frequent; squilla, in cough which comes
on after fatigue, and which interferes with the respiration;
chamomzilla, in dry cough, with diarrhmea; pulsatilla, in frequent attacks of dry cough, with loss of appetite; spiritus
sulphuratus, in very obstinate cough. When the cough is
the symptom of another disease, it yields to the treatment
required by the latter.
HYDROTHIORAX.
This disease, which practitioners of the old school
designated by different names more or less well selected,
consists essentially in an abnormal accumulation of water
in the chest. It makes its appearance sometimes sporadically, sometimes as an enzootic, but never an epizootic disease, for it is not propagated either by contact or by air, that
is to say, neither by contagion nor by infection. It is frequently observed in low, damp, marshy countries, where
the cattle are turned to graze, or chiefly along rivers, consequently in pastures that are best for cows; but it is
observed also under other circumstances, chiefly during
spring, and cold and damp autumns. It is uncommon in
elevated and dry districts, and it is scarcely ever observed
in farms where the cows receive. during the whole year
nothing but cold drinks.
In general its course is slow and secret, so that it is not
discovered until there are no longer any considerable resources against it by ordinary treatment. It manifests
itself by symptoms which vary according to its degree of
development. Lux, to whom we are indebted for a very
good history of the disease, divides it into four stages,
after the following manner: —



HYDROTHORAX.                 237
First stage. Respiration embarrassed, short, a sort of
cough which increases by moving. In the state of rest, an
ox in good health respires without much moving of the
ribs or flanks, and the number of respirations in a healthy,
large cow, at rest, is from sixteen to eighteen per minute.
Peculiar distress in lying down, and great constraint when
the animal has lain down. If the animal lies better on
one side than on the other, it is a proof that the dropsy
exists on one side only; it occupies both sides when the
animal cannot rest on either side. Cows, in a state of
good health, readily stretch themselves on the side, after
having lowered the anterior of the body; those affected
with hydrothorax rarely lie down; only, when they are
very much fatigued, they place the hind quarters on the
ground, and seldom place themselves on the side, almost
always on the inferior surface of the chest and belly;
oftentimes they only bend the knees, and immediately
stand up.
In oxen the movements of the heart are but lightly felt;
they are not perceptible in the animal when healthy, nor
when it is attacked with inflammation. Hence they
are imperceptible, but cease to be so on the slightest motion. The pulse is irregular; it is less quick than in
healthy cows.
The parts surrounding the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the
gums, the tongue, &c., are pale and puffed; the eyes are
sunk in. the orbit, dull, and moist; the inside of the nose
is covered with a viscous fluid, or the mouth is bathed in
a'thick saliva; the white of the eye is not inflamed; the
incisors. are loose.
Oxell, in good health, ruminate immediately after'having
eaten, and they almost invariably do so lying down; such
as are affected with hydrothorax ruminate in the erect posture,' or stand up when they have lain down on commencing this act, in which, however, they indulge more rarely.
The head is not pendent; the secretion of milk diminishes in cows that give milk; the animalbecomes sad and
slow in its gait.
These disturbances are remarked for some weeks.
Second stage. Short, harsh cough; the breathing becomes more rapid and shorter, with heavings of the flanks,
When the lung has become indurated, cough is joined to
the asthma.  If the pulsations of the heart are still



'238.        HYDROTHORAX.
perceptible in the right side, and if at the same time the
substance of a large, hard body be felt on the left side, the
left lung is indurated. The pulse- is soft and undulating.
neither frequent nor full. No milk; much mucus in the
mouth.
Third stage. The cough becomes stronger, the breathing
very much embarrassed and stertorous, the breath fetid.
The animal has no appetite; it wastes away from day to
day; its air is very melancholy.
Fourth stage. No more appetite nor rumination; the
pulse becomes smaller and harder; there is a discharge
from the nose of a reddish or brown and fetid ichor; the
animal resembles a skeleton. Death by suffocation.
The lungs, when they are diseased, (as happens in most
cases,) attain an enormous size, sometimes double of that
which is natural to them; some have been found which
weighed from forty to sixty pounds. They are converted
into a solid mass; their surface is frequently adherent to
the pleura costalis,, of a reddish or brown color, covered
with a yellow and dirty froth, about a finger in thickness,
and often with a false membrane of a grayish color, thick
and cellular, in the interstices of which there is contained
a fetid ichor. When cut, they are found hard, like a fleshy
mass, traversed with cartilages and collections of pus; this
section is reddish and white, like that of a sausage. The
portion which has remained sound is sometimes so small
that we can hardly conceive how life could have been prolonged for so long a time. Serum is found also in the pericardium. The other viscera are generally healthy.
At the onset of the disease there is found only some yellowish serum in the chest, and the lungs are healthy, which,
however, does not prevent the animal from dying sometimes from suffocation, with such rapidity does the
fluid increase. Also when the serum is abundant, the
lungs are observed to be healthy either wholly or in part;
whilst in those cases where those organs are indurated
there is but little fluid. The latter becomes coagulated,
and forms a jelly when exposed to the air.
Whenever, after spring, or a damp and cold autumn, a
horned animal coughs when it lies down frequently, and
its milk becomes diminished, there is reason to apprehend
hydrothorax. In the ordinary catarrhal cough, the secretion of milk does not diminish; the animal eats and



240                  PNEUMONIA.
Nitrum given at the commencement of the disease, whicl
no doubt, is then difficult of recognition, produces goo
effects, being employed alternately with sulphur. If th
phthisis has already become more developed, much goo
may be obtained from stannum and phosphorus. Mercuri,
vivus has also been proposed alternately with hepar svU
phuris.  Colchicum is useful for the relief of the state o
meteorization which often accompanies phthisis.
PNEUMONIA.
When an animal very much heated is suddenly expose
to cold, and more especially when it drinks cold water, c
remains exposed to the inclemency of the weather, whic
may have become suddenly cold and damp, we often se
an inflammation of the lungs come on, a disease almo,
always in the highest degree acute, which not only b(
comes a frequent cause of death, when badly treated, bi
degenerates frequently into phthisis, hydrothorax, and oth(
affections very difficult to cure. When this disease ar
pears, the animal hangs the head, the abdominal muscle
are called into action, the ribs are elevated, the respiratio
is very much hurried, breath very hot, appetite none, third
considerable, and there is a frequent and dry cough, whic
is one of the principal symptoms. The alvino discharge
and the urine are very scanty. - The animal does not vet
ture to lie down; and when it moves, it is also by bendinl
In general, the fore legs are separated from each other, an
the nostrils largely dilated. Some doses of aconitum, a
short intervals, (every hour, or every two hours,) generall
remove the violent fever, after which some doses of bryoni
(one morning and night) establish a perfect. cure on th
second or third day. It is scarcely necessary to say the
the beast must be carefully watched for some time, an
that it must be protected from damp cold. I have su(
ceeded in curing some neglected cases of pneumonia b
means of china and nitrum, after tubercles had probabl
been formed in the lungs-. If the appetite is not soon r(
stored, nux vomica and arsenicum should be given.
The following medicines will also be found very useful
tartarus emeticus, sanguinarius canadensis, phosphorus, cab
nabis, cinchona, rhus toxicodendron, &c.



COLIC - CONSTIPATION.            241
SECTION  V.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER, STOMACH, AND
INTESTINES.
COLIC.
THIS disease is not, in general as dangerous as meteorism; however, it often proves fatal, when proper remedies
are not employed. It comes on generally after the use of
indigestible food, and then manifests itself by constipation
and thirst. After some time, a degree of sadness appears
in. the animal; he remains almost always lying down; the
horns, ears, and feet are alternately hot and cold, but more
frequently cold. The paunch is much swollen. The more
the constipation is prolonged, the more acute the pain becomes. The animal's back is arched, he groans, constantly
views his flanks, scrapes with his fore feet, kicks with the
hind feet, and at length expires amid grinding of the teeth.
The.curative means are acon itum, (one or two doses,) and
then arsenicurn, (three or four doses.)  If these remedies
diminish their sufferings a little, but the constipation still:continues, nux vormica is given, when the fcecal evacuations
are in small, hard lumps; opium, when they are blackish,
as'if burned, and when it becomes necessary to extract them
from the rectum with the hand; plumbumn in the most obstinate cases, where the rectum is empty. We may also
try carbo vegetabilis a.nd colocynthis. Consult the articles
DIARRIIEA and METEORIZATION, for these two symptoms
are sometimes associated in colic.
CONSTIPATION.
Constipation usually comes on after- some other disease;
but sometimes it exists by itself, and is then most frequently attributable to cold or some irregularity in the
food. The more or less inflammatory state which generally
21



DYSENTERY.                  243
rregularity in diet yields to arsenic. If in the latter case
5here be also loss of appetite, and if arsenic does not effect
S cure, pulsatillac should be given, or when there is an abaolute repugnance to food, antimzonium crudum, especially
rhen the diarrhzea alternates periodically with constipa-;ion. If there be frequent dejections without pain, we
rave recourse to rheum. Asarum is useful, if the evacuaions are fluid, and sometimes mixed with bloody mucus.
In the treatment of chronic diarrhcea, beside china, sulphur, chamomilla, and veratrum, which has been found
iseful more than once, we should employ acidum phos-?horicum, bryonia, calcarea acetica, dulcanmara, magnesia
arbonica, petroleum, and phosphorus. Diarrhcea is usually
Accompanied with a general morbid state, with respect to
vhich we are to choose, among these several means, that
which suits best.  Sulphur and arsenicum are the principal,emedies for diarrhoea in calves.
DYSENTERY.
Dysentery, or inflammation of the large intestine, is
sometimes slight, sometimes, on the contrary, very severe,
and in the latter case, when not attacked in time, it often
makes great havoc among the finest herds. Its appearance is occasionally preceded by colic or diarrhcea; but it
often comes on suddenly with griping, which causes the
animals to moan, and depresses their strength with amazing rapidity. Frequently there is tenesmus; the animal
at first passes liquid excrements, then mere mucus mixed
with blood, and the rectum appears external, of a deep red
color, hot and swollen. In general the disease prevails
only in spring and autumn; it manifests itself chiefly
under the influence of sudden changes of temperature; it
is chiefly observed in oxen brought from a distance, who
have walked great journeys, during which they have had
but insufficient food, or food of a bad quality, or such as
they have been unaccustomed to.
When slight, dysentery resembles severe diarrhcea, and
requires the remedies which have been indicated under
the head of the latter disease.  When more violent, it
resembles typhus very much, with which it is frequently
compounded: the only difference consists in its not being



244                  ENTERITIS.
contagious, and in its depending on meteorological causes,
and others in a great measure unknown.
After some doses'of aconitum, arsenieum is to be given,
especially when the evacuations are liquid, or of a greenish
color. However, mercurius vivus is the chief remedy for
this disease, more especially when it occurs under an epidemic form - a thing which is not unusual in spring and
at the commencement of summer, when very warm days
alternate with cold nights. This remedy is specially indicated when the gums are pale and spongy, the teeth loose,
the. saliva from the mouth viscid and fetid, when there are
frequent efforts to empy the bowels with a discharge of
fetid wind, and scanty dejections mixed with mucus, which
presently assume a greenish gray, or a brown tint, or which,
accompanied with mucus and blood, pass away in a liquid
form after great efforts; the belly is swollen and painful to
the touch, as also the lumbar region; the rectum projects
outside the anus; it becomes much inflated and extremely
sensitive.
In calves, diarrhcea, accompanied with emaciation and
loss of appetite, very often puts on the dysenteric character; the animal every moment passes liquid matter of a
greenish or yellowish color. In such a case, pulsatilla is a
specific. Benefit has also been obtained from chamomilla,
and when the evacuations were white, from mercurius
vivus.
ENTERITIS.
Enteritis, which is often accompanied by gastritis, is a
disease almost always dangerous, and frequently fatal,
which generally breaks out suddenly without precursory
symptoms. The animal exhibits all at ornce great depression and marked distress, with total loss of appetite; there
is burning thirst; respiration deep; it groans, trembles;
scrapes with the fore feet, strikes with the hind feet; often
looks at tile belly; the back becomes curved; it lies down
every moment, rises immediately after, grinds the teeth,
and is almost always constipated, and passes nothing but
round and hard lumps. The eyes are red and bright, the
ears cold, as well as the horns and feet;,the belly is in
general a little' swollen, and feels pain on the slightest
touch. The pulse is frequent, often scarcely perceptible,



GASTRITIS.                  245
though the heart may beat with force. The body is covered with a cold sweat. At length, a calm seeming to
come on, the animal commences to stamp, and to move
the tail, which signs indicate that the inflammation has
passed into gangrene; death soon takes place. The disease lasts from five to ten hours. Cold, excess of food, more
especially dry fodder, unwholesome food, blows on the belly,
&c., are the most usual causes of the disease. Acdnitun
is to be given in doses repeated every fifteen or twenty
minutes, until the most prominent symptoms of the inflammation have disappeared. If this end is not attained
after some hours, or if, notwithstanding a perceptible improvement, pain still remains, arsenicum is to be given..
The medicine, alternately with aconiturn, has sometimes, it
is said, produced good effects. It is particularly indicated
when the disease has been occasioned by cold drinks, or
by improper food and disturbance of digestion. When
aconitum and arsenicum  fail, we must have recourse to
carbo vegetabilis and rhus toxicodendron.
GASTRITIS.
This disease, which generally accompanies enteritis,
almost invariably comes on suddenly; it scarcely ever
attacks any part but the third'or fourth stomach; being in
general dangerous, it rather frequently terminates in death.
The animal is dejected, restless, scrapes the ground with
the fore feet, strikes the belly with the hind feet, lies down,
then rises up, grinds the teeth, frequently views its flank
and belly, groans, lows, and becomes constipated; the eye
is red, the look sad; the ears cold, as also the feet and
horns; the belly is a little swollen and extremely sensible
to the least touch. Spasms and'colics sometimes proceed
so far as to render the ianimal furious. When its state
does not improve after some days, death is inevitable. The
causes are the same as those of enteritis. The treatment
should be commenced by some doses of aconitum, at short
intervals, after which the true specific is arsenicurn, two
doses of which are almost always sufficient.  Carbo vege.
tabilis also at times renders gTeat services.
21*



246                  HEPATITIS.
HEPATITIS.
Hepatitis is more common in oxen than in horses. It
is scarcely observed except in winter, and in animals fed in
the stable. With respect to symptoms, it bears some re-:semblance to inflammation of the chest, for which reason
it is often mistaken for it. The affected animal wishes to
remain lying down, but always on the left side, with the
head turned to the right. When pressure is.made on the
hepatic region, where the heat is greater than elsewhere,
it evinces pain; it eats'or drinks little or nothing, and cannot walk or stand up without pain, constantly stumbling.
If the disease be acute, there is high fever, with increased
heat of the. body and acceleration of the pulse; the horns
and ears are alternately hot and cold; the milk is yellowish and bitter; portions of the skin are stripped of hair;
the eyes, mouth, gums, tongue, (which is covered with a
thick mucus,) the nose and teats are yellow; the urine
is of a deep yellow color; sometimes there is a dry and
painful cough. In chronic hepatitis, the fever is incon-.siderable, or altogether absent, but the yellow tint is more
marked and more general; the milk, equally yellow and
bitter, soon forms into a caseous mass, from'which a yellow serum separates; the right side of the body seems a
little' tense and swollen; the intestine does not empty it-self, or the scanty dejections which take place resenmble
hard clay. In the acute state, the disease lasts at most
from  eight to fifteen days, whilst in the chronic form
it often continues for whole moriths. All the functions.
are very feebly performed.  The principal remedies are
aconitrtm at first, then nux vomica alternately with mercuzrius vivus. Mlurias magnesiae also deserves to be specially
recommended. If the symptom of jaundice predominate,
chamomilla and mercurius vivus should be employed, and
when,hard feces predominate, nux vomica and bryonia.
Lycopodium is useful in chronic hepatitis, in the same manner as when there are colics which disappear as long as
the animal remains lying down on the left side.



HERNIA - INDIGESTION.           247
HERNIYIA.
Among the varieties of hernia, those most frequently met
in cows are ventral hernia, and almost invariably are the
result of external violence. The success of the treatment
depends then on the size of the tumor, on the time it has
lasted, and the rapidity with which it has increased. Those
which have continued for a long time are easily cured,
especially in young animals, and so much more as they are
larger; for those which are small are easily strangulated
an occurrence which in general causes death by gangrene.
A hernia which increases with rapidity, and which causes
the animal acute pain, is difficult of cure. It is thefn
better to kill the beast than to run the risk of losing it.
When speaking of the diseases of horses, I pointed out the
course to be followed in the treatment.; Umbilical hernia takes place sometimes in calves. They
are to be fomented twice a day with sulphuric acid, diluted
with water, which causes them to diminish gradually, and
ultimately to disappear.
INDIGESTIOlN.
Attacks of indigestion are very often occasioned by
errors in diet, whether the animal does not receive the food,suitable to its wants in sufficient quantity, or a regular
order is not observed in the distribution of its meals. If
we allow it to fast too long in the stable, it attacks greedily
the fodder presented to it, and overloads the stomach with
it. Another cause, and one 0io less frequent, is connected
with the abrupt transition from green food to dry, or from
dry to green in spring and autumn. It is no less mischievous to send beasts to graze at the time when the:fields are covered with dew. In general, it is not right,
more especially when the weather is bad in spring, to
oblige the cows to leave the stable too soon, and to send
them to fatten on grass. The bad quality of the fodder is
also to be numbered among the causes of indigestion, as
also that of the water intended for drinking.  Lastly,
animals are not always allowed the necessary time for
their regular repast, which accustoms them to voracity.



248                INDIGESTION.
The application of cold also performs an important part
here.
The most ordinary symptoms of indigestion are, diminution of appetite, or absolute dislike to food, cessation of
rumination, alvine evacuations hard, and at longer intervals than usual, diarrhcea, &c. The treatment varies with
the causes and the predominant symptoms. Indigestion,
produced by cold, always yields very readily to nux vomica
and dulcamara, when the appetite is not diminished, but
the dejections are hard and mixed with undigested food.
Antimonium crudurm has been resorted to when there is
absolute loss of appetite. Pulsatilla is suitable when the
animal does not ruminate, when the evacuations are soft
and fetid, accompanied with moaning and a short, dry
cough. Asarum must be administered if, whilst the animal
has no appetite and does not ruminate, the evacuations
are pasty and mixed with reddish mucus, or merely with
undigested food. Chaamomilla is the remedy indicated in
diarrhoea with swelling of the belly, and rheum in watery
diarrhoea, with or without griping. Repeated doses of
ipecacuanha, which should be followed by nux vomica, are
equally effective. Arsenicurn also is an excellent remedy:
a few doses are generally sufficient to check the diarrhcea,
and the appetite soon returns. This medicine is equally
specific when rumination has ceased: however, it must
then be preceded by aconitum, or alternated with it.
Overloading of the stomach frequently takes place in
calves when weaned too soon, more particularly when improper food is given to them, such as bran and water. The
best food for them is rye bran, or wheat boiled in water, care
being taken that no more be given to them than what they
can consume at once, in order that the liquid may not
become sour by resting. The principal means to be employed in surfeit are arsenicum, if it have been caused by too
large a quantity of food, or food that has been adulterated,
antimonium crudum when the animal evinces a dislike to
food, and pulsatilla when there is diarrhoea. Coffvea cruda
has also produced good effects, and it is stated that good
has been derived from making the animal take, every quar,
ter of an hour, a large spoonful of the infusion of coffee.



JATTNDICE - PERITONITIS.          249
JAUNDICE.
This disease is characterized by a yellow tint of the
conjunctiva, lips, and mucous membranes of the mouth and
nose. The urine is of a yellowish green color, the alvine
evacuations are pale and fetid, the tongue is covered with
a viscid mucus, and the skin is hotter than usual; it also
becomes yellow by degrees, especially in white cows. The
animal is weak, it eats little, ruminates irregularly, and
has great difficulty of breathing. The jaundice always
depends on a disease of the liver, for which reason we frequently see it supervene after hepatitis not completely
cured. The chief remedies to be employed are, mercurius'
vivus, nux vomica, and chamonzilla. A'rsenicurn is employed,
if rumination be suppressed; and lycopodium, if there be
cough. Mercurius solubilis is, it is said, specific when the
stools are whitish, as sometimes happens in acute jaundice.
Sulphur has more than once sufficed in my hands to
remove the disease.
PERITONITIS.
Peritonitis has many points of resemblance with respect
to symptoms of enteritis and inflammatory colic, a circumstance which frequently causes these three,.diseases to" be
confounded one with the other. It is characterized not only
by the presence of inflammatory fever, but further by the
great sensibility evinced by the animal, when the parietes
of the abdomen are touched; it draws itself back when
any one approaches it, or tries to escape the' hand by flexing the part which is painful; it scarcely lies down, or
should it atterhpt it, it immediately rolls on its back.
However, there is much less disturbance than in inflammatory colic, because the animal always keeps itself
standing up, and because also peritonitis seems to occasion
less distress. It often looks at its abdomen; the part
where the. inflammation is seated is sometimes perceptible
externally. Frequently there is swelling of the entire belly,
and tension about the region of the flanks. The extremities soon becomne,cold; the animal keeps them as near as
possible to the centre of gravity, and bends his back downwards. When the disease increases, the ears become cold,



250                    RECTUM.
whilst the abdomen is hot and sensible; the pulse is quick,
short, and wiry; the animal, being very weak, staggers,
and still endeavors to remain in the standing posture, until
at length it falls, covered with a general cold sweat. The
course of peritonitis is generally rapid.: its'duration does
not exceed from four to eight days, in which time it often
proves fatal. It seldom terminates in resolution. Most
frequently it ends in acute ascites, or in adhesions of the
peritoneum, sometimes also in gangrene. The latter termination is announced by the sudden cessation of pain, a
small, weak, intermittent pulse, and a rapid prostration.
The causes which may produce inflammation of the peritoneum are lesions, contusions, and wounds of the parietes
of the abdomen, surgical operations, for instance, castration, the extension of inflammation from neighboring parts,
but principally a sudden cold, and food of a heating
nature, chiefly in the case of cows after calving. A dose
of acdnitu~ every quarter of an hour is the main remedy;
in about six or eight hours, some doses of arsenicum should
be administered.  Occasionally also it becomes necessary
to have recourse to bryonia, (when the disease has been
brought on by cold,) or to nux vomica, (when there is obstinate constipation.)  Rhus toxicodendron is proper if the
loins and extremities are weak, as it were paralyzed, and
cantharides if there be a difficulty in passing water.
RECTUM, (FALL 01 THE.)
The fall of the rectum sometimes happens in constipation and diarrhoea; but it may also come on of itself.
After having reduced the intestine, previously oiling it, we
should prescribe internally belladonna and mercuriu's vivus,
if symptoms of inflammation be observed. When the
accident has been caused by the effects occasioned by
constipation, this is a case for recurring to murias magnesia, just as argilla is suitable when diarrhcea is the
cause of the accident. Arsenicum also is a very effectual
means in the latter case.



SPLENITIS — DISEASE OF THE STOMACH, ETC.  251
SPLENITIS.
Splenitis, which is scarcely observed in oxen, except in
summer, differs entirely from carbuncle or typhus, but
occasions death with no less rapidity.  As in horses, the
prominent symptom is the brownish color of the tongue.
There is no appetite; the pulse, which is at first hard, full,
and tense, subsequently becomes soft, small, and scarcely
perceptible; the look is fixed, the head stretched forward;
the animal frequently looks to its right side, which is painful to the touch.  At the onset, aconitum should be prescribed in repeated doses, which often suffices to arrest the
disease. If this result be not attained, and the brown
color of the tongue increases, we are to have recourse to
ar'senicurz. If nervous symptoms are observed, the animal
making deep inspirations, during which it shakes- the entire
body, bryonia is to be employed alternately with aconiturm.
NiSt vonmica, which is also to be alternated with aconitum,
is' indicated when the splenic region is very painful to the
touch, and the animal frequently looks towards it. Lauro-.
cerasus has proved useful in a very obstinate case, where
the pulse was small, the eye fixed, the head directed upwards, and the animal insensible; with the exception of
some convulsive movements when the affected part was
touched.
DISEASE OF THE STOMlACH, ETC.
11OMI GRAZING IN WOODS.
This is, properly speaking, an abdominal inflammation,
attended- with fever, which animals contract when, after
having been a long time subjected during the winter to
the use of dry fodder, they go, in the beginning of spring,
to graze in the wood. The grass early in the season not
being good in the woods, they attack greedily the young
shoots of the trees, some of which, the oak for instance,
and the ash, containing acrid and styptic principles, irritate
very much the stomach and alimentary canal. The frozen
roots, the herb covered with hoar frost, the marshy meadows
also. produce the same effict. At first the animal is dejected and sad; it stumbles frequently with the hind feet,
which it keeps very close to each other; the breath is hot,



252                    WORMS.
as well as the surface of the body; the mouth and nose are
dry; there is neither appetite, nor evacuations, nor urine;
rumination is rare and slow, thirst almost continual. The
matters, which escape in small quantity during the progress of the disease, are bloody, dry, and black; the urine
is also deep colored, and often tinged with blood. At a
later period the animal wastes away rapidly; its loins become tremulous and feeble; it totters as if paralyzed in
the hind quarters; diarrhoea sets in; the alvine evacuations are fetid and blackish, and mixed with blood. At
length the animal can no longer rise; it becomes cold'all
over the body, and dies of gangrene.  Ipecacuanha and
veratrum, alternately every quarter of an hour, are the
means by which it'is said that this -disease has been twice
cured, which in general proceeds with great rapidity. I
have not yet had an opportunity of treating it; but if it
presented itself, instead of these two medicines, I would
at once employ aconitum and arsenicuzm.
WORMS.
Intestinal worms, which are chiefly colnmon in young
subjects, are always the result of an internal morbid state;
for those parasites are never developed in the system when
healthy, or at least appear there only in small quantity,
and never do harm. But when, the system becoming unhealthy, they multiply in very great numbers, they become
the source of a crowd of ailments, suh as severe colics,
fetid breath, loss of appetite, or extreme voraciousness, a
propensity to eat the most extraordinary things, suppression of rumination, diminution of milk, &c. However,
with respect to many of these symptoms, it may be asked
whether they are owing to the presence of worms, or
whether they do not rather depend on a general morbid
state. The-most common worms are the ascarides, oxyura,
and the. tmnia. The chief remedy is china, in multiplied
doses, and then sulphur; if there be a dislike for food,
antimoniumn crudum should be given.



CASTRATION.                 255
of this medicine internally to prevent traumatic fever, and
to give one or two doses of china, on account of the loss
of blood. The homceopathic remedy to be employed is
uva ursi, which prevents inflammation, consequently contraction of the urethra, and assists in favoring the expulsion of the foreign body, if it have not already passed into
the uriethra, in which case all medical means is in general.
useless. Lycopodium has also been tried with success.
CASTRATION.
Castration, to which the males of the bovine species are
subjected from economical views, produces in. those animals a great change, which becomes very perceptible; for
he horns are elongated, they become curved as in the cow
he collar and nucha are lengthened and contracted, the
neck becomes smaller, the belly pendent, the legs longer,
he haunches less prominent; the voice is different, and
he animal has less strength, and less spirit. The best age
to have this operation performed is from two to four years;
qf done sooner, it arrests the growth of the animal; at a
ater period, we are forced to have recourse to it sometimes
y different diseases,-or by the fierceness of the bull. I
have no intention here of entering into the details of the
operation; I shall merely observe that an error is sometimes committed with respect to it, either by intrusting its
performance to ignorant persons, or deciding on its being
performed at an unfavorable time; with respect to the
health of the animal, or the temperature of the atmosphere,
which should be neither too hot nor too cold. If the animal
is full grown, he must not have bee a subjected to fatigue a
short time previously; and care must be taken that, during
the eight days before the operation, the food given to him
be easy of digestion. It is a very bad habit to sprinkle
the animal, which has just been -castrated, with water, or
to bring him-'to the horse pond, for the result may be peritonitis, which is too often attributable to the cold of the
stable, to the excessive quantity or bad quality of the food.
We may prevent a number of disagreeable accidents by
making the animal, who has just' been operated on, take
a few doses of arnica, and by washing the wounds with
arInca water.



256       CYSTITIS - DIABETES   HEMATURIA.
CYSTITIS.
Inflammation of the bladder is. uncommon in oxer
more so at least than in the horse, and it is occ'asione,
sometimes by cold, sometimes by injuries in the lumba
region. The animal almost constantly keeps the bac]
arched; when he rests on his loins, he evinces pain, anm
strives by moaning to escape pressure. His walk is stif
and the animal, continually standing up, leans sometime
on one side of the body, sometimes on the other. He feel
frequent desire to void urine, but to no effect, for he cal
only pass a few drops of a deep red color. His alvin,
evacuations are scanty and hard; they are voided not with
out acute pain. There is no appetite, nor rumination, bu
the thirst is intense; the whole exterior of the animal an
nounces great distress, and the eyes are very prominent
In most cases, the cure is obtained by means of cantharides
which should be preceded by a few doses of aconitum a
short'intervals. Aconitum is sometimes sufficient of itself
When repeated doses of cantharides fail, we must thei
have recourse to hyoscyamus. If the disease has beer
occasioned by a blow on the lumbar region, it yields t(
arnica.
DIABETES.
In this disease of the urinary organs, the animal passe,
an incredible quantity of saccharine urine, at first limpic
as water, then having a greenish cast; he feels great thirst
but the urine he passes is out of proportion with the watei
he drinks; gradually he becomes weak, and-the discharge
of urine is not accomplished without difficulty. At length
hectic fever comes on, and the anifnal is lost inevitably, if
art does not interfere in time. The usual causes are cold
or moist food covered with frost, or frozen. The remedie,
are lycopodiunm, mercurius vivus, and creosote.
HEMATURIA.
Discharging blood from the bladder, which is not en.
tirely free from danger, and is sometimes met with coin



METRITIS.                  257
Lned with a bloody appearance of the milk, is more
pmmon in oxen than in the other domestic animals, and
stacks males in preference. The animal becomes sad,
rfuses to eat, ruminates little or not at all, and evinces
eat thirst. The pulsations of the heart are accelerated,
e ears are cold, as also the horns and feet, the lumbar
gion is very sensitive on pressure.  Shivering sets in, the
outh and tongue are hot and dry, the pulse is weak and
earcely perceptible. There is often a slight moaning
shen the animal has a discharge from the bowels. The
Lrine at first is not very red, but its color becomes deeper
he longer the disease lasts. Neither does it appear that
here are pains felt at the commencement; but at a later
period very violent ones become developed, and the urine
)asses away drop by drop amidst frequent groaning.
Fometimes there are but few of these symptoms, and the
ure is not long delayed; but frequently-also the disease
asses into the chronic state, the kidneys become-inflamed,
Ls well as the bladder, and death soon occurs.
Noxious substances swallowed by the animal seem to:e the cause of this disease; it also attacks several beasts;imultaneously in one and the same herd. It is generally
)bserved in spring, after eating the young shoots of the
)ak or fir trees, or cantharides mixed with their fodder. It
nay be produced also by marshy meadows, by cold, and
sometimes by a vesical calculus.
The principal remedy for this affection is ipecacuanlla,
)f which a single dose will often suffice to remove it, when
t is administered in time. When signs of inflammation
already exist, we must commence with aconitumz, which in
nany cases effects a cure by itself. The efficacy of canharides has been proved many times by giving one or two
loses each day. If the staling of blood be connected with
external violence, for instance, with a blow on the loins,
irnica is the remedy. When it depends on vesical calcnus, uva ursi should be employed.
METRITIS.
Difficult parturition, violent efforts, or cold, may give rise
to this disease, which often proves tatal. It is recognized
by tumefaction and heat of the genital parts, from which
22 *



258           NEPHRITIS --- PARTURITION.
there flows a bloody discharge; the animal adjusts itseli
every moment to pass water, but cannot; the ears are coh
as well as the feet; no appetite. Aconitum (a few doses
and then arnica (one dose every two hours) are the chief
remedies. If, after the cessation of the fever, there is stil
straining and swelling in the vagina, sabina should also bi
employed in frequent doses.
NEPHRITIS.
Inflammation. of. the kidneys has many symptoms ii
common with cystitis. It is not observed as frequentlh
in oxen as in horses. The exciting causes are heat, cold
blows on the lumbar region, renal calculi, and at timel
also the eating of poisonous plants, or the use of veri
strong allopathic remedies. The animal brings close to
gether the four legs, bends the back downwards, moan,
when pressure is made on the kidneys, and strives t{
escape it. The affected part is hotter than the rest of th(
Dody, or even burning. The alvine evacuations are scanty
and their discharge gives pain; the rectum is extremel3
hot. There is a great desire to pass water, but some drop,
of urine only escape, which is at first limpid, then thick
and of a deep red color; the gait is stiff, appetite none, at
also rumination, and the thirst is considera'ble. In genera
this disease is cured by means of aconitum, after whicl
one or. two doses of cantharides should be given. In ob.
stinate cases, when nephritis does not yield to several
doses of the latter remedy, of which, however, more than
one must not be taken during the day, we have recourse
to hyoscyarmus. Nitrum is also very useful. When there
is obstinate constipation, nux vomnica should be given. Ar.
nica is indicated whenever the disease is attributable to an
external injury.
PARTURITION.
Cows, when well cared, calve very easily, requiring but
little assistance. After some days' discharge of a mucous
fluid, which is sometimes a little red, from the vagina,
which dilates gradually, the animal begins to feel restless
and uneasy; she groans, and pains are soon felt, which



DISEASE -OF -THE TEATS.'     259,ause the exit either of a great quantity of liquid, or a
)ouch full of serum. When this pouch bursts, the pains,
vhich increase in severity, bring out the calf, the mother
)eing almost always. lying down. If there appeared any
lifficulty to the passage, it would be necessary to draw;he fcetus forward, but only whilst the pains last. The,ord breaks of itself at some distance from the umbilicus.
However, the afterbirth does not always'come away imnediately; it sometimes remains either entirely or in part.n the womb - a circumstance which might bring on fatal
3onsequences. The means to be employed in such a case
lave been already mentioned under the head ABORTION.
Experience has ascertained the efficacy of several other:emedies for the anomalies which may occur during the
act of parturition; chamomilla,'pulsatilla, and cannabis,
when the cow does'not lie down, when she is restless, and
the pains, properly so called, are not sufficiently marked;
secaie cornutum, in. case of'convulsions and excessive
straining; pulsatilla, when the pains are too slight to adance the labor; opium, in case of complete atony. Aconitun and chamomilla are useful when the milk is slow in
making its appearance; arnica, when the labor has caused
the animal to suffer much; and nux vomica, when the
lumbar region afterwards appears much weakened.
TEATS, (DISEASE OF.)
The teats of the cow are subject to different diseases,
some of which are very painful, which when neglected
often occasion' the obliteration of the lactiferous vessels.
The principal are,1. Inflammatory tumefacction. A little time before and
after calving, particularly in the first. birth, often too at
other periods, there is observed on the mammae a painful
inflammatory swelling; the organ is hard, tense, hot, and
red; the entire, or only a part, is affected with swelling.
The animal has rather high fever, a sharp thirst, the mouth
is dry, and there is but little appetite; the secretion of
milk is more or less diminished. This disease; which may
become -fatal, is produced by different causes. The most
common are contusion, stings of insects, cold, the. too
prolonged retention of milk, &c. Some say it has been



RETENTION OF URINE.             261
they are very hard and obstinate, to aconitum and mer.
curius vivus.  The nodosities which succeed an inflammation are to be treated with camphora, chamomilla, and
conium, of each two doses at the interval of two days.
If resolution does not take place, hepar sulphuris (one dose
morning and evening) causes them. to break, generally at
the end of thirty-six hours.
3. Warts. Warts, which are often produced in consequence of internal disease on the bellies of cows in great
numbers, spread occasionally even to the udders; besides
their repulsive appearance, they prevent the animal from
being milked. The remedy against those which are flat,
dry, and not pediculated, is dulcamara; thuja is the remedy
for those which are cu.t and mangled, oozing, and suppurating; causticurn has been more. than once useful in the
treatment of bleeding warts, and those which suppurate
and are painful. Sometimes the wart gives place to an
ulcer with everted edges, in which case we must have
recourse to arsenicurm.
4. Wounds. There are often produced in the teats
circular cracks or chaps, which occasion to the animal
great pain, and which, though often caused by the brutality
of the cowherds, are attributable in many cases to a morbid internal state. Those of the latter species require the
employment of sulphaur internally, to be continued for a
considerable time. In all other circumstances, fomentations with arnica water are sufficient.
Some cows do not remain quiet whilst being milked:
if no trace of disease can be discovered on the teats, camphor is a certain remedy to remove this ailment.
RETENTION OF URINE.
This affection, though not common, is sometimes, however, observed in oxen. Sometimes the urine is discharged
only in part,'and after great efforts; sometimes the animal
cannot pass a single drop, though he often sets himself in
the position for so doing, and he presents all the symptoms
of cystitis. The disease must be carefully distinguished
from the suppression of urine, in which the function of the
kidneys is suppressed.  (See NEPHRITIS.)  Cantharidtes
have always succeeded with me in treating retention of
urine. IHyoscyamus is useful in obstinate cases.



2,62            FALL OF THE MATRIX.
FALL OF THE MATRIX.
In cows, after difficult parturition, in which manual in.
terference has been used without due care, or by reason of
the efforts which the animal makes after delivery, it is not
uncommon for the womb to become inverted, and for it to
appear' externally, either partially or entirely in, the form of
a very -large body, of a deep red color, the surface of which
is covered with a great number.of red bodies of a satin
appearance, which are the mouths of the uterine vessels..In such cases it is necessary to hasten, if we would avoid
inflammation, gangrene, and death.. Before every thing
else we must reduce the womb carefully. To accomplish'this, we must place the. animal so that it may have the
*hind legs much more elevated than the fore legs; we must
wrap around the hand a' soft napkin steeped in milk, and
then gradually reduce.the organ, like the finger of a glove -
an operation'more difficult than is generally supposed. -If
the accident be not of recent date, if the womb be dry,
cold, or even soiled, we commence by washing it well with
tepid milk. The operation being concluded, we administer arnica internally, and throw, up injections of arnica
water, which are very advisable, more especially when the
accident has been occasioned by difficult-'parturition, or
when the extractions of the afterbirth have injured the
womb. When there is fever, and an inflammatory state,
we administer'forthwith a couple of doses of aconitunzm.,If the accident have been produced by great efforts in parturition, we must have recourse to.:sepia and to platina;
and, if it make its appearance a little after calving, especially when the mother is lying down, benefit will be
derived- from china, (two does each day.) Pulsatilla and
sepia are specifics when the fall of the womb has been
occasioned by efforts made to expel the placenta; if the
anus has become depressed, cocculus would, appear more
particularly useful.



INFLAMMATION OF THE LAMINA.          265
internally, at the same time that arnica~ is employed exter
nally. Lastly,'if through neglect things have gone so far
that the ulceration is really making ravages, no time should
be lost to make use of those means which would then be
indicated, viz.: arsenicumn, acidunm phosphoricum, and squilla
are the remedies to be employed. Consult the articles
ABscEss and SUPPURATION.
INFLAML MATION OF THE LAMINA.
Laminitis, a disease similar to the foot rot of sheep, and
which often accompanies stomacace, very frequently presents itself in an epizootic form. At the onset, the animal
loses appetite, becomes melancholy; its breathing becomes
hurried; rumination is slow, or more rare than usual; the
month is hot and dry; the alvine discharges are hard; the
urine has a -deep color; the milk is worth nothing, and
generally disappears. After the first days which follow the
invasion of this disease, accompanied with inflammatory
fever, there is observable a strikingly marked sensibility of
the hoofs on one of the extremities, or on all; the animal
prefers to remain lying down, and when forced to walk, he
does so with great caution, raising and letting down the
feet with a. convulsive movement, and limping more or
less. Heat and swelling are seen to exist between the
hoofs and on the fetlock, and from this moment resting on
the foot becomes impossible. A little time after the swollen parts are covered with pustules, from which is discharged a yellowish-white fluid. Lastly, in some cases
there is produced a small ulcer on some part of the coronet. When the disease is mild, in which case there is
usually observed merely some redness, swelling and oozing
in the interdigital space, the cure is prompt and easy; but
the fever which accompanies the disease is occasionally
more intense, the affection of the foot is more severe; and,
if circumstances are unfavorable, especially if there have
been any neglect, the disease may last a long time, and become dangerous. Then the fever readily assumes a putrid
character, with great prostration of strength; the ulcer of
the foot secretes an acrid and fetid ichor; in its place a
new one is slowly developed; sometimes even the ligaments and bones of the foot are attacked, or the inflamma.
23



STRAIN OF THE HAUNCH -STRAIN OF THE LOINS. 267
STRAIN OF TJIE HAUNCH.
Strain of the haunch. consists chiefly in being unable to
ove the hind quarters and the hind limbs. It is characrized by the following symptoms: the animal eats regurly, but he limps in the hind quarters, and drags the hind
nbs after him; and when at rest he separates them as
uch as possible from each other. If the disease has gone. a very great height, he can neither remain standing up,
)r walk, and he falls down. Hie is unable to stand up
rain. Sometimes there is observed a hot and painful
velling in the lumbar region. Sometimes the disease is
Leumatic, and the consequence of sudden cold. Somemes it depends on external causes, such as blows on the
ins, efforts at drawing, slipping, &c. In the latter case
~nica should be employed, (internally and' externally,) and,us toxicodendron or symphytum, if there be lesion of the
)nes or periosteum. If there exist any inflammatory
Telling, aconitum should be administered alternately with'yonia.  Cocculus also is an excellent remedy. Nux vonza is used in strain of the haunch in calves.
STRAIN OF THE LOINS.
rhe causes are the same as in the two preceding cases;
ily external violence, strains, slipping, have in this cast
ill more influence. The symptoms resemble somewhat
lose which characterize strains of the haunch. When
ie disease is very severe, the animal cannot raise the hind
iarter, which circumstance always obliges him to remain
ing. down, though in good health in other respects, and
wving a very excellent appetite.. Sometimes a swelling
)pear.. on the lumbar region, which occasions acute pains
hen touched. The chief remedies to be employed are,us toxicodendron, cocculus, bryonia, and ledunm; if the tuor exist, aconitum is employed alternately with bryonia.
~hen the strain depends on a blow or injury, arnica and
9mphytum are to be employed, and if it be a calf, nux
9mica and pulsatilla.



268    SWELLING OF THE THIGH, KNEES, FOOT.
SWELLING  OF THE THIGH.
Arnicca, internally and externally, is a tried remedy i.
this affection, when it has been produced by a contusion
Contiur is equally good. If the swelling is hot and tense
bryonia should be employed; if it be clammy, we shoul
have recourse to china and arsenicum, followed by siulphwu
after some time.
SWELLING OF THE KNEES.
Swelling of the knees is not uncommon in oxen in con
sequence -of the position in which they place themselve:
when endeavoring to stand up. The knee, when it ha.
received a contusion, becomes hot, painful, inflamed, swol
len, which interferes with the animal very much, both ii
walking, and lying down, and rising up.. Arnica watei
frequently employed from the commencement, never fail
to remove the disease in a very little time. If this be oJ
long standing, china should be administered when thd
swelling is painful, and pulsatilla when it is not so. Sili
cea, lycopodium, and sulphutr have been also employed wit]
success in obstinate cases. See SPONGE.
SWELLING OF THE FOOT.
Arnica is used in swielling of the foot, when it res.ult:
from an external lesion, and synphytum in that which af
fects the bones. Both the one and the other must be em
ployed internally and externally. If the affection has beet
caused by cold, dulcamara should be employed. Wher
the swelling is hot and tense, bryonia should be given
That kind of swelling which disappears in consequence of
moving, and returns during rest, requires rhus toxicoden
dron and arsenicumn. We should have recourse to thuja
if it be near the fetlock joint; to squilla, if it be accom
panied with heat in the hoof; to arsenic, if the sole b(
painful. (Edema of the feet requires china and arsenicun
according to my experience; others advise indigo, thuja
and sulphur; and, when. the four extremities are (edema.
tous at the same time, opiuni' and sulphur.



DISEASES OF THE TAIL -- TYPHUS.         269
TAIL, (DISEASES OF THE.)
It sometimes, though rarely, happens that the hairs fall
off at, the end of the tail, after which a fluid oozes from the
part; it then becomes covered with small ulcers, which
ultimately attack the vertebra, and cause entire pieces of
the tail to fall off. Sometimes there are no ulcers, and the
vertebrae are only softened; still, however, the tail falls off,
either wholly or in part. This disease often occasions
death. Having never an opportunity of seeing it, I can
only,point out the probable remedies to which recourse
should be had, and which are, acidium muriaticum, acidurn
nitri, mercurius vivus, asafcetida, silicea, Iachesis, sepia,
conium, and' sulphur, but principally arsenicum.
SECTION VIII.
TYPHUS.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION I. PAGE 201.
WRITERS have published a multitude of hypotheses,
some of which are exceedingly strange, on the causes of
this terrible disease. There are some who attribute it to
moist heat too long continued, or to rapid alternations of
cold and heat. Though it must be admitted that it often
makes its appearance after great heat, especially when this
follows long rain, it is no less true that it is often observed
in winter.  Others will have it that it arises from want of
water; from deterioration of the fodder; from the stings
of insects; from want of cleanliness of the stable; from
excess of work; from the use of certain plants, &c. The
only thing agreed on is, that it owes its origin to a peculiar miasm, engendered by a combination of circumstances
as yet unknown, and that it is transmissible from individual to individual.
The animal laboring under typhus ceases all at once to
eat and to ruminate; it is as it were struck with stupor
23 



272                    TYPHUS.
or tumors, abscesses, or eruptions; in the case of cows, the
milk returns. When these signs of improvement are observed to take place, we must wait for some time before
repeating the dose, being always regulated by t.he degree
of severity with which the disease commenced; if the
aggression be violent, and the'first dose produces no perceptible effect, after a quarter of an hour, or at most half
an hour, the arsenicum must be repeated, and then continued at the same intervals; if, on the contrary, the disease is but moderate, it is better to allow the first dose to.act for an hour; and if an improvement take place, a
second is not given, until the amendment ceases to progress.. Often a single dose suffices to remove the disease,
whilst in other cases,rfrom two to -four, even, from twenty
to thirty, are required, before we obtain a cdmplete cure.
It is unnecessary to say, that during the whole course of
treatment, we should not lose sight of the patient for a
moment.
Should an amendment or cure be obtained, all is not
yet over; two cases may still occur.
1. A relapse of the disease. This may take place after
the lapse of from four to sixteen hours. It is important,
then, to watch the animal during twenty-four hours, and
still to make it take a few doses, at intervals of about four
hours. If the relapse had already taken place, we should
proceed as on the former occasion; but the danger would
be still greater.
2. Other circumstances supervene, which, however, are
never dangerous. In different regions of the body, cold,
soft, or hard tumors of an indolent kind form. Sometimes
there remain hard indurations, or swelling of the glands
an.d teats, with suppression or diminution of the milky
secretion. Though the teat present nothing abnormal, the
milk is less abundant, or altered in its qualities. - The skin'
is covered with small scabs, succeeding pustules which
contained a fluid; the eruption occupied the entire or only
a portion of the body; it is accompanied with itching or
not; the hair remains staring, and does not recover its
brightness.  The evacuations continue to be hard and
scanty. There is emphysema under the skin; crepitation
is felt on passing the hand over it. The skin is completely
hard, and does not yield to the action bf its proper muscles;
the appetite and rumination are not reestablished.



BURNS —(EDEMA OF THE LEGS.           273
All these sequele yield in a little time to the prolonged
use of arsenicum, a dose of which is to be taken every six
hours, until no trace any longer remains; which usually is
the work of three or four days. The absence of appetite
and sluggishness of the intestinal canal quickly yield to a
few doses of nux vornica, The appetite almost a.ways
returns four or six hours after the first, and if the constipation continue, the medicine is to be repeated every six
hours.  Spiritus sulphurlatus is employed for the eruption,
and arsenicum for all the other ailments.
In order to preserve the animals-from the disease, they
are made to take first every forty-eight hours, then every
twenty-four, and lastly every twelve hours, one drop of
arsenicum in the morning one hour before' eating, and in
the evening two hours after doing so.
BURNS.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION I. PAGE 201.
The best remedy for burns, both in man and animals, is
the external application of the pure tincture of urtica urens,
of which, if required, some drops may also be swallowed.
To prepare this tincture, the nettle is gathered just when it
is about to flower; the flowers and leaves are removed, they
are cut small, they are put into a flask, alcohol is poured on,
and the bottle is well corked; at the end of some weeks it
is strained through a linen cloth; then, after decanting, it
is filtered through bibulous paper.
(EDEMA OF THE LEGS.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION I. PAGE 201.
CEdematous swelling of the legs, so common in horses,
is also sometimes seen, though very rarely, in horned cattle,
chiefly in oxen employed fordrawing. At the fetlock joint,
or higher up, there appears a hot and painful swelling,
which renders the movements stiff, or -causes lameness;
after some days a watery fluid is discharged from the part,
which soaks into the hair, and unites it into fasciculi.
The lameness goes on increasing, chaps are formed, and
the pus is so acrid that it destroys entire flakes of skin,



274            ITCHING   STOMACACE.
and on some of the soft parts warts are occasionally observed to come out on the swelling, which bleed on the
slightest; touch, -and constantly give out a fetid odor. Thuja
is a specific in the cure of this disease,; one or two doses
are often sufficient to effect a cure. The" warts are to be
treated twice a day with the pure tincture of thuja.
ITCHING.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION II. PAGE 222.
Itching in general. is only a symptom of different diseases of oxen. Still it is frequently met alone, and it then
indicates almost always a latent exantheme, or one that
has been driven in. The principal remedies are sulphur
and staphysagria, (in repeated doses.)  When it comes on
after cold, it is to be treated with aconitzm and bryonia.
STOMACACE, (ULCERATION OF THE MOUTH.)
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION'III. PAGE 226.
This disease generally accompanies limace, and mostly
attacks the entire herd. At the commencement there is
redness as well as heat of the mouth, diminution of appetite, and of the milk, which is watery. After some days
numberless small red points, which gradually increase in
size, and -are converted into white vesicles, the size of.
which varies from that of a poppy seed to that of a pea.
These vesicles burst and leave a crust after them. The
animal, which is prevented by the pain from eating, drinks
and dribbles very much. - If the disease is to terminate
favorably, the tongue cleans by degrees. In the contrary
case, livid, confluent vesicles are formed, leaving behind
them corroding ulcers, which cause the mucous membrane
of the mouth to fall off in flakes.' There is almost always
inflammation of the throat, and a fetid state of the breath;
the animal is attacked with cough, wastes away, and dies.
In other cases the disease degenerates into limace:'soime
time after the cleaning of the tongue, which seemed to' announce that all was over, the' fever reappears, and the
symptoms of lirnace are observed to come on. The two
forms of disease are contagious. The principal remedies



PLEURISY.                   275
are bustomnacacinum'and mercurius solcbilis.  Acidurn phlosphoricunl, alternately with mercurius solubilis, (one dose of
each daily,) is indicated when there is ulceration of the
mouth, with viscid, thready, fetid saliva; staphtysaggria,
when the gums are painful to the touch; helleborus niger,
when the gums are fun gous, and the animal very much
depressed.
PLEURISY.
SUPPLEMENTARY TO SECTION IV. PAGE 233.
The symptoms of inflammation of the pleura are cold,
followed by an increase of heat in the ears and nose,
elongation of the neck, and depression of the head. The
animal seldom lies down.  Respiration embarrassed, with
more marked movement of the belly and dilatation of the
nostrils; slight cough; fear of the least touch on any part
of the chest; alvine discharges dry, blackish, shining, and
deeply furrowed; urine red. Sometimes the fever is so
slight, that the disease is scarcely perceived. No appe.tite,
and the secretion of milk is very much diminished.  Pleurisy differs from pneumonia in this respect, that in the latter
the respiration is still performed by means of the ribs, and
not by the movements of the abdomen; the cough is a'little more free, and pressure of the finger on the intercostal spaces causes most acute pain. The chief remedy to
be employed is aconitum, of which one dose is to be taken
every two, three, or, four hours, according to the severity
of the fever, until it has entirely ceased. The same doses
of bryonia are to be given, at intervals of from eight to
twelve hours at least, which removes the remainder of the
disease.  Chamomnilla contributes to restore the secretion
of milk in milch cows,



PART III.
DISEASES OF SHEEP.
SECTION  I.
GENERALITIES.
THE sheep and goat approach so closely to oxen, with
iespect -to the digestive organs and teeth, that all these
animals may be included under the collective term ruminants. However, the sheep differs essentially from the ox
in many respects. A great portion of its vital'power being
employed in the production of a thick fleece, the remainder
of the body must necessarily feel this. The animal is
likewise more timid and more delicate. To this we may
add that the greediness of man often exacts from the sheep
two fleecings per annum —a circumstance which must
contribute to weaken the species. Besides the regimen corresponds very little with the demand made on the sheep:
the habit in some parts of the country of rearing the greatest possible number of them prevents them from receiving
sufficient and wholesome nourishment; for if even during
summer they are suffered almost to die of hunger on the
parched and barren fields, or in places which afford them
lothing but soar and unwholesome plants, so frequent a
source of diarrhcea and rot, their lot is still more melancholy in winter. Should we, then, be surprised, that this
animal, of a feeble and delicate constitution, should be
(270)



GENERALITIES.                 277
ubject to so many diseases, and that its offspring, instead
f improving, should go on degenerating?
The principal peculiarities to be taken in order to pro3ct and sustain the health of the flocks may be represented.nder the three following heads: —
1. To have good pastures. High meadows are best for
heep, especially. when the season is damp, or in general.uring rainy years: it is necessary, on the contrary, to
void nloist, marshy meadows, unless heat of long duraion renders them completely dry. The best herbage conists of aromatic plants, sweetish, or a little sharp and
itter, as those also found in glades in the woods.
Saline plants are very nutritive, but produce bad wool;
Lquatid vegetables are always injurious.
2. Not to commence the winter diet too soon. Neither
1hould sheep -graze as soon as the grass begins to turn
tellow in autumn. The hay given to them in winter;hould be of good quality, not mouldy nor damp. The
)od of the pea, lentil, or vetch may answer very well; all
)thers serve rather to overload than to nourish, and it is
yven said that the oat chaff causes the wool to fall when
he cold is severe.  Generally speaking, roots are not
nuitable diet for sheep, from their being too watery, and
nducing flatulency. Without salt a flock never thrives,.otwithstanding the quality of the fodder. Whenever the
eason is fine, the flock should walk out even in winter for
Ln hour or two.
3.'To have good folds is an indispensable condition for
)reserving the health of the flock. The fold should be
Iry, sufficiently spacious, (height not less than ten feet,
lor more than sixteen,) and well aired.. The floor should
)e hard, if not paved, at least beaten down like that of;hreshing floors. The openings, superiorly near the roof,
Lnd inferiorly near the ground, should be sufficient in num)er to afford a free access of the air from without, both
n summer and winter, provided the wind is not strong
nd cold.
It is a great mistake to suppose that a nourishment
Tery' copious and.very succulent will improve a flock, proMure more wool, and render sheep more fruitful. Far from
)eing useful, it is very injurious, gives rise to different dis-,ases, and lessens fruitfulness. If we desire to improve;he flock, we must select none but the strongest lambs,
24



278                   ANOREXIA.
and the healthiest of the two sexes, especially such as hax
the finest and thickest wool. A sheep in health carries h:
head erect; its eye is open and bright.; the vessels on
are red; the muzzle is moist; the nostrils not soiled wit
mucus; the tongue and mouth.are clean and red,; th
breath is not fetid; all. the motions are executed with ease
the wool lies close to the skin; the latter is soft and plian
without any bald patches, excoriations, or ulcers. Th
best mode of improvement consists in employing rams o
a fine -breed. Foreign rams are chosen in preference; br
those of the country will also answer, provided they al
perfectly healthy, have the forehead broad, the eyes larg
and bright, a long and full neck, a broad back, a body Ion
and rounded, legs stout, and separated from each other
the tail long' and woolly; the wool close, long, fine, an
every where white, and the age from two years and a hal
to three years.
Witll respect to the treatment of diseases, I have ofte
had an opportunity of remarking that the sheep is, probe
bly, of all domestic animals, that which is least' sensible o
high dynainisations: we might expect as much from a:
animal which never thinks except of eating.
It is also important not to forget that, in summer espe
cially, sheep are much less than other animals under th
eyes of the proprietor, and that it generally happens tha
he is not apprised of their.diseases until it is too late ti
relieve them.
ANOREXIA.
Diminution of appetite, when it is not the consequenci
of a general morbid state, frequently depends on' the di
gestive powers having lost their energy, and then a fev
doses of arsenicumrare sufficient to remove it both easill
and promptly. It is often attributable to the stomacl
having been overloaded with aliment; in this case anti
monium crudum is the chief remedy; next pulsatilla an(
niux vomica, the latter more especially when there is consti
pation at the same time.



DISEASE OF BLOOD.               279
DISEASE OF BLOOD.
Disease of blood, or sang' de rate, in general destroys
heep with such rapidity, that few symptoms announce it
)efore death, for a very few minutes are sometimes suffifient for the animal to be arrested on a sudden, commence;rembling, and fall down lifeless. When it can be oberve.d for a day, or at least for a few hours, the following
ymptoms present themselves: the sheep becomes weak
Lnd sad, it tarries bbhind the flock, holds the head down,
ies on the ground, and is unable to rise again. If it renain standing up, it trembles all over; and if, after it has
ain. down, it be raised, it seems as if paralyzed in the hind
[uafrters, walks with extreme slowness, takes. a few steps
n a staggering manner, but soon stops, and falls on its
ide. The eyes are full of water, afterwards of viscid muus; a yellowish or yellowish white mucus is also dis-:harged from the nose. If the mouth and nose of- the anmal be closed, it passes bloody urine, or even pure blood.
The breathing is difficult, and in some cases tubercles are
)bserved here and there through the wool. Besides thosevhich are the prominent phenomena, the following also
Lre observed: the animal ceases to ruminate, the breathing
iecomes loud and impeded, the eye is fixed, bright, and
)rojecting out of the orbit, the. muzzle is dry, and of deep'ed color; there appears on the cranium a swelling which
Iradually attacks the entire head; frothy blood is dis-:harged from the mouth, nose, and often from the anus;:onvulsions supervene, and the animal frequently dies in a
rery little time, just when such an occurrence was least ex)ected. Sometimes the entire skin becomes burning hot,
nd over different parts of the body, more especially on the
tbdomen, head, neck, and back, there appear erysipelatous
tnd gangrenous inflammations, with or without pustules.
[n many animals, a little after the commencement of the
lisease, there are observed red points, or small granular elwvations in the parts where the wool is scanty.  Occasionlly the appetite continues for some time; -but when the
~rysipelatous spots announce an increase in the severity of;he disease, it disappears, to give place to general debility
ind fever. The spots, more especially on the chest andc
)elly, then rapidly increase in extent: from being red, as they



EPILEPSY.                  281
nd at the same time that the entire body wastes'away,
he abdomen swells, more especially on the right side.'he appetite diminishes more and more, but there is great
hirst. At length diarrhaea'and putrid fever supervene;
lie breath. becomes fetid; the animal continues to lie down,;enerally without moving; he retains the position in which
le is placed, being from debility unable to change it, and
leath at length takes place. On opening the bQdy, the
4ellular tissue is found to be anasarcous, the blood is very:val;ery, and there are often effusions of serum in the tho-'acic and abdominal cavities. The lungs and all the other
4iscera are pale and bloodless. It is in the liver that the
greatest number of morbid changes may be observed.
This organ acquires a size and weight much greater than
Ln the healthy state; its substance is very easily torn, its:olor earthy or leaden, its surface covered with tubercles,
and with vesicles full of water. The gall bladder is much
Distended and gorged with bile, The reservoir, the liver,
and liliary ducts, which are often dilated, contain a number of flukes, (Fasciola hepatica,) which vary in size and
color, and which continue to give signs of life even after
the death of the animal. Formerly it was believed that;
these worms had been swallowed with the water or fodder;
at present it is known that their production, like that of
other entozoa, is connected with a morbid state of the system. This disease, which bears considerable resemblance
to the rot, and which seems even to be hereditary, is most
usually occasioned by grazing in damp meadows. The
means which have been'found most effectual for this disease are graphites and lycopodium. Helleborus niger is
suitable when there are symptoms of hydrothorax, indicated by difficulty of breathing; mercurius solubilis, china,
raux vomica, and sulphur, when the excrements are whitish,
and there are signs of jaundice and dropsy, which are not
uncommon.
EPILEPSY.
Epilepsy is characterized as vertigo, by the staggering
walk of the animal, which falls to theground; however,
there is this difference, that in the attacks of epilepsy, the
animal does not remain stretched quietly on the ground,
but it suffers convulsions and exhibits spasmodic move.
24 



FORAGE.                   283
-short intervals. Consult the articles ENCEPHALITIS, ENTERITIS, PNEUMONIA. It is unnecessary to mention that
the animal must be kept in a state of absolute rest, in a'
shaded and cool place, and that nothing should be allowed
it tut a little green fodder. The means of avoiding inflammatory fever are, not to pen up the sheep in close
folds, to expose them as little as possible. to the sun, more
especially about noon, and when it is very warm, not to
lead them far, nor to make them walk too quickly.
FORAGE.
Food and drink are, as we know, objects- of the utmost:importance to animal life. The'shepherd must be continually on the watch that the sheep may have a sufficient
quantity for their wants.
The feeding of lanigerous animals, considered generally,
is of two kinds; that which they obtain in the pasture,
and that given them in the fold.
Every one knows that there are good and bad pastures;
and the shepherd should be at'liberty to choose them, such
as the health of the animals requires, and this is the point
by which he is to prove that he understands his business
well, that he knows how to direct his flock so as to keep
it healthy amidst even unfavorable circumstances.
The plants which grow on a low and damp soil,'those
which cover marshes, bogs, &c., not only.afford less alimentary substance, but contain also some acrid and acid
juices, whilst others contain injurious principles, which
injure more or less the health of the animal. When the
shepherd is obliged to have recourse to such pastures, he
should at least not allow the sheep to take the food for the
entire day in these places, and he should first drive them
to fallow grounds or fields that have been mowed, and to
places co rered with healthy and innoxious herbage.
If the shepherd is at liberty to lead his flock into a forest, especially into a copse, the foliage of the shrubs presents an excellent remedy against the effects of unwholesome meadows. When h6e cannot do so, he should at
least attend that the -sheep, before going to pasture, receive
dry fodder, even if it were only common straw, and good
water in sufficient quantity.



FOUNDERING.                  285
The shepherd should.also act with great caution when
he drives his flock into fields of clover, or ground where
mustard grows. He never should allow his sheep to fedd.
there long; at most he should allow them but half an
hour, and should carefully select the barest place. After
two hours the flock may return. By acting in this way,
he avoids the risk of having flatulence produced. In this
case, also, it is useful to give dry fodder to the sheep before leading them to pasture.
Most of the accidents which arise out of errors in feed,ing, yield to arsenicum album, (a few doses only.)  If there
be merely a surfeit, antimonium crudum and pulsatilia are
to be employed. When constipation exists at the, same
time, nux vomica should be given.
FOUNDERING.
When a sheep is affected with foundering, and is taken
to graze with the flock, it walks slowly, with the head depressed; it has no sprightliness; its appetite is impaired,
but it is more disposed to drink; and'When it comes to the
pasture it lies down. Its demeanor in the fold is precisely
the same. After some time the slowness of its walk is
changed into a rigidity, or rather tension of the limbs- a
state which goes on constantly increasing to such a degree
that the animal can no longer lie down but with difficulty,
and requires to make. great efforts in order to rise. The
appetite continues to diminish, whilst the desire for drink
increases. When the disease is more advanced, the eyelids are observed to be swollen, the -eyes more or less in.flamed, and the fore or hind feet, occasionally even the
whole four, are extremely hot. Ill a still higher degree
there is no longer any appetite, the feet are burning, and
the animal feels so much pain in standing up and walking,
that it reconciles itself to do so only for the purpose of obtaining water, which its intense thirst demands; it drags
itself along on its knees rather than really walks. It
groans and moans; there is severe fever, breathing short,
and violent beatings of the flanks. If the disease be discovered in time, it is readily and promptly cured by aconiturn (frequent doses) followed by bryonia, (some doses,)
when it is more advanced. These two substances are



286             FRACTURES -GADFLY.
those which should be employed at first; but we may
have recourse also t.o arsenicum and rhus toxicodendron,.
when the feet are very painful; to veratrum album, when
the disease arises from cold after fatigue; to staphysagria,
if the body tremble and the feet rise one after the other.
FRACTURES.
Fractures of the bones of the legs are much more uncommon in sheep than in other domestic animals: it is
mostly. in lambs we meet with instances of them. After
having reduced the fracture, a strip of linen cloth is to be:
bound round the limb, over which two splints of light
wood, or of thick pasteboard, are to be placed, which are
to extend from four to six inches superiorly and inferiorly
beyond the fracture, and which are to be fixed on with a
bandage. The bandage is to be moistened frequently with
arnica water, and symphytum is to be given internally.
After the lapse of from ten to fifteen days the fracture is
consolidated.
GADFLY.
The symptoms occasioned by the larvm of gadflies resemble much those which attend dizziness. In the months
of August and September, the insect known by the name
of (Estrus ovinus deposits its eggs, often in great numbers, in the nostrils of the healthiest and best fed beasts
of the flock, whilst they are sleeping on the meadow; the
larva, arising from thence, ascend into the frontal sinuses;
and until their metamorphosis, they live on the rmucus
secreted in these cavities. The irritation occasioned by
them gives rise to an intense inflammation. of the mucous
membrane, which produces pains and symptoms similar to
those of dizziness. The animal frequently raises the head
and sneezes, which makes some of the larvae to come out
with a great quantity of viscid mucus. If the number
of the worms continuing in the frontal sinuses is considerable, (it sometimes amounts to one hundred and even
more,) the inflammation may go on even to gangrene, and
so occasion death. The -means hitherto employed in the
cure of this disease, which in general is slight, but occa



288            LUXATIONS   MADNESS.
LUXATIONS.
Luxations, as in other animals, require that, after reduc
tion has been accomplished, the part should be moistenee
very frequently with strong tincture of arnica, and that thi
should be continued until the tumefaction has completel'
disappeared.
MADNESS.
Madness'is generally, in sheep, the consequence of th;
bite of a rabid dog; and in general it does not break ou
till from three to six weeks after the accident. The anima
ceases to drink and to eat, it becomes restless, and evince
an excessive d'esire for copulation, without distinction o:
sex or age.'The second day after the appearance of thes,
symptoms, the eyes are turbid and inflamed; their walk i
tottering and unsteady, the animal takes great leaps, anm
there is some difficulty in restraining it.  There is n4
desire to bite any thing that comes in the -way, and no in
stance is yet known of any person having been bitten b'
a mad sheep. This state lasts for some days, after whic]
the animal become weaker and weaker; at length it is n,
longer able to rise, and dies. The treatment consists oJ
the wool being first cut; the bite must be carefully washed
ahd.must be covered with linen cloths steeped in water, tb
which some drops of extract of belladonna have beei
added. Belladonna must also be administered internally
at first every day, then every two or three days, then ever,
eight days; and this is to be continued for the space oi
from four to five' weeks. The external treatment must bN
continued until there no longer remains any trace of th,
wound, which occurs, in general, after a few days. Afte
the use of belladonina, benefit has been derived from some
doses of stramonium, under the title of consecutive treat
ment. When a mad dog has made his way among a flock
we never can be certain of recognizing all the animals whi.cl
he may have bitten; prudence, therefore, requires that bel
ladonna be given to the entire flock. flydrophobium ha,
been employed with success in so many cases, that onm
might be led almost to consider it the real specific fo:'madness. One dose of it is to be given every two day:
during the space of from eight to fifteen days.



SCAB.                    289
This disease, which attacks the same animal but once
during life, and which invades in preference the young
ones of the flock, is one of the diseases which occasion
most ravages among sheep. There is this peculiarity in
it, that we may distinguish in its progress certain stages
(infection, eruption, maturation, and drying,) the regularity of which often depends, however, on accessory circuinstances which invest the disease with a character either
of mildness or malignity.
1. In the mild form of the disease, the affected animal
is observed for two or three days to be sorrowful and
dejected; after which there appear, on diflerent parts of
the body, more particularly on the inner surface of the fore
feet and around the mouth, small red spots, whose centre
is occupied by a pimple terminating in a white point.
This is the stage of eruption which commences with febrile
shiverings, trembling, increase of the body's heat, more
especially at the ears and nose, redness of the eyes, and
that of mucous membrane of the mouth; the animal is
melancholy, holds the head down and the feet closely collected together, and evinces lameness, chiefly in the hind
feet. There is neither appetite nor rumination, but great
thirst. The greater the number of pimples, the more severe
are these different symptoms. The entire body is hot; the
breathing short; a mucus clear as water flows from the
nose, and the parts where the pimples form begin to swell,
more particularly on the head, so that sometimes the ani-.
mal cannot open either its eyes or mouth. The fever still
continuing, the pimples rise gradually, and seem full of
a fluid, which, at first clear and transparent, soon becomes
yellow, thick, and purulent. This state lasts nearly up to
the twelfth or thirteenth day, reckoning from the invasion.
The pimples are the size of a lentil or a pea, and are surrounded by a red areola. On the thirteenth day, the stage
of drying commences. The fever diminishes, and the
pimples become by degrees dry; the pus, especially in
those which appeared first, becomes yellow, then of a deep
color; the pimples flatten, and make way for scabs, which
at length become detached, leaving a dry cicatrix behind.
The stage of drying, during which the appetite gradually
25



290                    SCAB.
returns, lasts in general from five to seven days, but sometimes longer.
2. In the malignant form of the scab, which always
becomes a destructive epidemic, the progress is never so
regular, nor attended by such well-marked stages.  In
general the animals are very sick from the first eruptive
fever, the head is much swollen, the eyes are bleary and
closed, the breathing is very difficult, and a vircid, fetid fluid
is discharged from the nose; the animal generally keeps
the mouth open, from whence a frothy saliva issues; it
frequently grinds the teeth, and voids liquid excrements,
which, like the sweat, exhale a very disagreeable odor.
The pustules concealed beneath the fleece resemble hard,
livid tuberdles of a brownish or blackish color, and surrounded by a white or bluish edge; they do not rise, but
seem flat, depressed, and secrete an acrid and corroding
vapor, which forms ulcers of so malignant a character, that
they frequently destroy the eyes and entire pieces of the
lips and ears. The animal is frequently covered over with
disgusting scabs, and his emanations are unendurable;
in general death carries him off between the tenth and
twentieth day. The disease appears to be more dangerous for the sheep than for lambs and rams. Sometimes the
irregular scab does not attain this degree of malignity; but
a great number of the animals which it attacks remain for
a loig time sickly, and come round but very slowly, or
even never recover their health.
The mild form of the scab generally requires no other
precaution than to separate the diseased beasts from those
which are not so, and attentively to visit the flock every
two or three days. The diseased sheep may be led to
the fields when the weather is fine and warm; in the contrary case, they must be kept in a warm and dry stable,
and nothing but good food be given to them. With
respect to the malignant form of the disease, rhus toxicodendron and arsenicurn alternately are the remedies which
have succeeded best. They render the disease milder, so
as almost to divest it of its destructive nature; and produce this effect, that the beasts not yet tainted, to which
they have been administered as preservatives, contract
only the mild form of the affection.
Of all the preservatives which have been proposed, in.
oculation is the best; it has two advantages: first, the



ROT.                     291
disease so occasioned is much more mitigated, and very
rarely proves fatal; in the next place, an entire flock may
get -well from it in the space of fifteen days. whilst the
natural form of the disorder requires care and attention for
at least six months. It has been ascertained that the latter
kills more than one half of those attacked, whilst among
the sheep that have been inoculated, the greatest proportion that die of it is one per cent.
ROT.
The rot in sheep is a disease analogous to cachexy,
which generally appears in autumn after wet summers,
and then continues almost uniformly to prevail during
winter and spring. The progress of the disease is very
slow, and there is considerable difficulty in recognizing it
at first. However, with practice we may distinguish, even
at a-distance, a sheep which is affected with it by its slow
walk, shaking head, and depressed ears. The animal often
remains behind the flock; it allows itself to be seized without any resistance. Its loins yield to pressure. The eye
is dull and watery; the eyelids are swollen; the lips, gums,
and palate have a pale tint; the skin, which is of a yellowish-white color, appears puffed, and retains the impression
of the finger; the wool changes color, loses its brightness,
and is easily torn off, even in large flocks; frequently, too,
entire flakes of skin come off with it. The alvine dejections are soft, urine scanty and of a very deep color.
There gradually forms on the upper region of the neck, and
on the lower jaw, a soft, indolent tumor, which often appears larger on returning from grazing, frequently disappears during the night, but always returns in the day, and
gra'dually increases in size. By degrees the animal loses
appetite, but there is increase of thirst; rumination ceases
altogether; lachrymation becomes more and more abundant,
and the nose is full of viscid mucus. Then the abdomen
swells by constant progress of ascites; the animal becomes
extremely weak, it wastes away very much, and remains
constantly lying down; the pulse is quick and soft, and
death takes place without convulsions in the midst of
diarrhoea and progressive cold of the extremities. To
these symptoms those of cachexy are frequently added;



292                   SHAKING.
that is to say, there are found, in the bile ducts and livter
fluke-worms, the presence of which is announced by the
yellow color of the skin, tongue, and gums, or those of
tape-worm in the intestines, or of worms (filiaries) in the
trachaea - circumstances capable of inducing a fatal termination. On opening their dead bodies, a great quantity
of serum is found collected in the chest, abdomen, and
cellular tissue. The blood has lost its red color, and is
deficient in fibrin; the lungs and flesh flaccid and pale;
the intestines are almost always distended with gases and
yellowish; the fat is fluid, the bile thin and watery.
The most ordinary causes are exposure to a continuation of damp cold, the influence of marsh effluvia, food
of bad quality, and pneumonia, especially when badly
treated.
It is unnecessary to say that we should commence by
removing all the occasional circumstances. With respect
to the curative means, arsenicum, alternately with china,
then bryonia, velratrumn album, and aconitum, are found the
most efficient. Acidum muriaticum may also prove useful,
principally as a preservative;'in the latter point of view,
two or three doses should be taken every week. AlsQo,
carbo vegetabilis and oleum terebinthince deserve a trial.
When there are worms in the lungs, and the disease has
not made too much progress, dulcamara should be given,
at first every day, then every two days, and the treatment
should be terminated with some doses of sulphur.  (See
VERMINOUS AFFECTIONS.)
SHAKING.
Shaking attacks sheep chiefly of the improved breed;
yet it was already known before the introduction of the
merino breed into Germany. It consists in paralysis of
the hind quarters and hind feet, which gradually brings on
dryness of the entire spinal cord. Its precursory symptoms are peculiar restlessness of the animal, which runs
about on every side, holding the head up, and frequently
grinding the teeth. There is gradually observed rigidity
to come on in the posterior extremities, which renders the
gait unsteady, and indicates great debility in the hind
quarters; this weakness increases to such a degree, that in



APHTH2E - BLACK MOUTH.            295
prominent, belladonna possesses specific properties.  It
riust be given immediately after aconiturm, when at the
onset of the disease it is the deglutition more than the
respiration that seems to be affected.
APHTHIE.
Aphthee appear in lambs, either in consequence of a
change in the mother's milk, or from some internal disease.
The disease is discovered by the lamb no longer sucking,
and its wasting away; on examining the interior of the
mouth, vesicles are observed to be there, often in great
numbers; these burst, leaving an ulcerated bottom, from
which a fluid escapes. The mouth is full of a saliva of
bad odor. The means which succeed best are acidum  mUriaticum, acidurn sulphuricum, and borax. Two or three
doses of sulphur should likewise be given to the mother
ABSCESS BETWEEN THE CLEFT.
This affection, which sometimes accompanies foot rot,
chiefly owes its origin to the introduction of a foreign' body
into the biflex canal, situate above the anterior extremity
of the interval which separates the hoof. Thence result
an inflammation and swelling, owing to the accumulation
of the secretion in the canal, through the anterior extremity
of which it cannot escape. The animal limps very much.
The cure is very simple. First, the foreign body must be
removed; the swelling must be, compressed in order to
empty it of its contents; the part must be well washed
with fresh and cool water, and it must be encompassed
wvith a linen cloth frequently steeped in arnica water.
BLACK MOUTH.
These come on, more especially in lambs, rarely in lanigerous beasts of a certain age, a scabby eruption, which
attacks chiefly the parts around the moufh, the eyes, and
ears, and occasionally extends over the entire face. Some
doses of sulphur, or of tincture of sulphur, are always sufficient to cure it in a very little time.



296   CARBUNCLE OF THE TONGUE-ERYSIPELAS.
CARBUNCLE OF THE TONGUE.
When a sheep is affected with this disease, there are observed to appear on the tongue, and in different parts of
the cavity of the mouth, vesicular elevations of various
sizes, which pass rapidly into the state of gangrene, after
which the tongue becomes detached, and falls in flakes.
The animal becomes very restless, its breathing very much
accelerated; it allows the tongue to hang out of its mouth.
This organ is dry, and the expired air is very hot; the
eyes seem inflamed, and project out of their orbits. The
appetite has entirely disappeared. As soon as this disease
is observed, the pustules must be scraped with an iron
spoon, an assistant holding the head low down, in order
that the animal may not swallow any thing: then the
wounds are to be cleaned with a bone spatula steeped in
oil, and the mouth should be washed three or four times a
day with water, to which arsenicunm has been added, (five
or six drops to a cup of the fluid.) If the vesicles have
not already opened of themselves, the animal is lost. Care
should be taken not to receive any of the discharge on the
hands, and when proceeding to the operation, it will be
well to rub them with oil, or, at least, to cover them with
gloves.
COUG1H.
Moist weather, abrupt and sudden change of temperature,,old, more especially in spring, when the sheep pass from
a warm stable to the open air, or even the cold water they
drink, frequently occasion fits of coughing, which generally
yield in a few days to dulcamara. Cough also comes on
as a symptom of other diseases, on the cure of which it is
found to disappear.
ERYSIPELAS.
This disease; which sometimes affects the sheep of a
good breed, consists in a swelling of the head, which contains much watery serum. It is accompanied by fever,
with heat, great thirst, dejection, and loss of appetite.
Aconitum and belladonna are specifies for it.



FOOT ROT.
2. MIal~n.ant foot rot. The animal begins to limp, somet imes at first in one of -the fore legs or hind legs; some-':.mes in the two fore legs and two hind legs, until the
~.vhole four are affected.  The diseased foot is hot and a'ittle swollen; the clefts are separated-a little more from
each other than in the healthy state. The skin of the
interdigital space is red, and exudes a fluid of a bad odor;
this fluid gradually assumes the appearance of ichor, which
not only inflames and excoriates the surrounding integuments, but becomes effused also behind the horny wall,
which is separated in part or entirely from the living parts;
sometimes even'the integuments, tendons, and the very
bones are involved. The animal, then incapable of walking,
moves along on its knees, or remains lying down, and
wastes away gradually, though retaining generally a good
appetite. This form is very contagious, so that when the'
sheep just attacked- is not removed away from the flock,
all the others soon become affected.  To propagate the
disease, it is quite sufficient that a flock should pass over
a place which has a little before been walked over by a diseased sheep.
Opinions are divided regarding the cause of foot rot.
It probably had its origin in the warm regions of the globe,
and thence extended, by contagion, like small pox; at
least it is proved that it was introduced into our flocks by
sheep of Spanish origin. Damp, rainy weather favors its
development.
Foot rot usually commences by a vesicle, or small ulcer
in the interdigital space. As soon as it is perceived, the
diseased part must be scraped to the quick with a sharp
knife; then the foot is to be washed with salt water, and
the wound must be touched with a feather steeped in dilute
nitric acid. Nitric acid must also be given internally, followed by thuja and sulphur. If the ulcer has already
extended beneath the horn, the latter must be removed as
well as all the parts that have been affected, and must be
washed with saJt w/ater. It is necessary also to touch the
surface of the wound with nitric acid, and to moisten it
with a few drops of ammonia; after which the foot should
be bandaged up, and the animal must be separated from
the others. In general it is about eight' days before the
animal can walk. Sometimes, when all the parts affected
have not been removed, the sheep once more begins to



ITCH.                    299
limp, and the disease seems to return; in this case the
same mode of treatment must be adopted. The sheep
that have been cured mnust be separated from the flock for
some further time.
ITOH.
This name is given to an eruptive, extremely contagious
disease, which, in general, is only observed from the end
of autumn to the spring, and presents itself under two
different forms.
1. Dry itch. This consists of small red spots which
appear on the skin, and from which small white vesicles
arise, containing an acrid fluid; these vesicles are followed
by small ulcers, on which scabs soon form, which after
some time soon fall off. The disease always occasions
violent itching, which constantly obliges the animal to
scratch itself with its foot, to rub itself against all other
bodies that come in its way, and even to bite itself with
its teeth every where its head can reach. By these symptoms we may recognize a scabious sheep, even at a distance.
When examined closely, it is observed that in the places
where it scratches itself, the skin is bald, discolored, and
covered over both with whitish scales, and hard and granular elevations.  When left. to itself, this itch covers the
chief part of the body, and the wool is gradually detached
from the regions attacked by it.
2. Moist itch.  This is the same disease carried to a
higher degree, and one which torments the sheep much
more, as the animal does not for a moment cease to rub,
scratch, and bite itself. There are observed on the body
places which are bald, or covered with a scanty portion of
wool, which are the seat of soft, circumscribed tumors, and
which present hard, red, or livid points, whence a fluid
escapes which on becoming dry forms a scab. The scabs
are frequently the breadth of the hand, and of considerable
thickness: they cover a surface which is constantly oozing,
or even deep-seated and fistulous ulcers.  The animal
wastes away, though having a good appetite; and eventually perishes of marasmus, rot, &c.
In most cases the itch is the result of contagion, and a
single sheep infected with it is sufficient to infect an entire
flock. However, there must be certain circumstances, by



300                    ITCH.
the combination or cooperation of which the first development of the disease takes place, which, once formed, is
capable of extending rapidly and readily by contagion.
Among these circumstances, the first rank appertains to
that which Hahnemann calls psora, that is, a sort of germ
which permits the disease to be produced under certain
influences, and which, moreover, may owe its origin to a
combination of unfavorable circumstances, such as an unhealthy fold, insufficient food, a rainy, damp, or cold season, &c.
The cure is very simple, and effected in six or eight days;
without lotions or unguents, by means of a preparation
known by the name of balsamus terebinlthine sulphuratus.
Three doses (each consisting of two drops of the strong
tincture) are sufficient to remove the disease, even when it
has attained considerable extension. I may mention, but
only as an exception, that I have sometimes been obliged
to administer a dose of it every day during eight to twelve
days. The dynamisations prepared according to the precepts of art not having hitherto succeeded, I now adhere
to the strong tincture, which is prepared as follows: there
is taken one part (by weight) of sulphur, which is to be
boiled in four parts of linseed oil, to perfect solution, which
yields an elastic mass of a' brownish black color, exhaling
a disagreeable sulphurous odor; one part of this mass is
then dissolved in three parts of oil of turpentine, and the
medicine is obtained.
The terebinthincate balsam  of sulphur serves not only to
cure the itch, but event to prevent it.; for this purpose, each
individual of the flock receives at the commencement of
the autumn a couple of doses of it, which is. to be repeated
after the lapse of a month or six weeks.
If the experiments I have made on this point be confirmed, the matter would be deserving of serious examination; for much of the expenses occasioned by the purchase
of medicines might be spared, as well as the loss of wool
and of a good number of sheep. Only care should be
taken that the animals really received the substance just
mentioned, and its application should be watched, or it
should be intrusted only to persons in whom we might
rely. After the exhibition of the balsam, the animal should
remain at least for two hours without eating, and particularly without drinking.



SWELLING OF TEATS - WOUNDS OF THE CLEFT. 301
I should mention that scabiesinum ovium, mezereum, and
sulphur have been recommended by others for curing the
itch.'SWELLING OF THE TEATS.
The sheep which suckle may be seized with inflammatory swelling of the teat by the action of different causes.
Bryonia, belladonna, and chanmontilla are useful for this
affection. If the inflammation pass into gangrene, which
is an uncommon occurrence, arsenicumn should be employed;
if the skin becomes purple and livid, and is easily detached,
we should have rebourse to secale cornutum; when the
swelling terminates in induration, chamonLilla and camphora
are to be administered; sometimes resolution is not to be
obtained — then mercurius vivus and hepa.r sulphuris cause
the tumor to form an abscess.  Sometimes the disease
terminates by suppuration; we are then to employ the
means indicated under the article SUPPURATION in the diseases of the horse, more especially pulsatilla.
ULCERATED MOUTH (STOMACACE).
In this disease the inside of the mouth is hot, full of
mucus and saliva, with swelling of the gums and tongue.
By degrees there appear in the cavity of the mouth, on the
palate and gums, small white vesicles, which burst and
leave behind them superficial ulcerations. A viscid saliva
then flows incessantly from the mouth. The pain prevents
the animal from eating, but it drinks much and very greedily; commonly the disease attacks the entire flock, and is
often accompanied with mild foot rot. In many cases it
disappears of itself. The chief means to be employed for
it are, mercurius solubilis, acidurn sulphuricum, and helle-.
borus niger, the latter more especially when the gums are
very soft, and the animal appears very sad.
WOUNDS OF THE CLEFT OF THE FOOT.
Should a nail, a fragment of glass, a thorn, or any other
sharp body enter the foot of a sheep, the result always is
26



302                    COLIC.
inflammation, suppuration, and lameness.  We should
commence by extracting the foreign body, after which the
wound should be washed with arnica water, and arnica
should also be given internally. If the lesion be at all considerable, the foot is to be encompassed with a linen cloth
in order to keep it clean, and the ablutions with arnica
water are to be repeated several times a day. When there
is much inflammation, and it does not yield to arnica, it
may be removed with aconiteum and squilla. This last
remedy is specific whenever the wound of a foot causes the
animal intense pain.
When a sheep walks for a length of time on hard roads,
particularly in dry weather, its feet ard often attacked with
an inflammatory affection characterized chiefly by heat and
pain of the foot, lameness, difficulty of.walking, and raising
of the affected foot, whilst the animal is at rest. Arnica,
internally and externally, generally removes all the symptoms, those at least not connected with inflammation. In
certain cases a dose of conium after arnica produces very
good effects. If it be less the cleft than the sole that is
painful, arsenicum possesses useful properties. When the
case has been neglected, it often' passes into suppuration,
which may occasion loss of the horny part of the foot.
Under such circumstances squilla, connium, and acidum
phosphoricum have been found very effectual. Benefit has
been derived also from antimonium crudurm, nux vomnica,
mercurius vivus, and pulsatilla, the last more especially
when there are deep-seated fistulous ulcers.
SEC T ION   III.
INTERNAL DISEASES.
COLIC.
THIS disease may be owing to different causes, to cold,
constipation, to an excess of food, and probably to worms
also. The animal so affected suddenly evinces great rest



DISEASE OF THE STOMACH -DIABETES.        305.ent. Arsenicuzm album and dulcamara are frequently of
reat benefit.
DISEASE OF THE STOMACH FROM EATING CERTAIN
PLANTS.
This disease, caused by the buds of certain trees, for
nstance, the oak and elder tree, which animals eat withl,reediness when the opportunity offers, consists essentially
n an inflammatory state of the digestive organs and kidWeys. The animal is constipated, discharges. blood from
ihe bladder; its alvine evacuations are covered with it.'here is intense fever, with beatings of the flanks and
great thirst. The skin seems as if. stuck -on the back,
w-hich is arched upwards, and cracks like parchment when
bress,ed with the fingers over the lateral parts of the body.
The limbs become cold and stiff, sometimes to such a
legree that the animal remains standing up, as if deprived
>f life, or so that if it fall it cannot get up again. When
elief is not afforded in time, the inflammation degenerates
Into gangrene, and death is inevitable. Some doses of
zconitul, followed by repeated doses of arsenicum, are the:emedies.
DIABETES.
Though this disease is not, generally speaking, so common in animals as in the human species, it is, however,
sometimes observed in lanigerous animals, especially in
lambs, and, under some circumstances, it attacks even entire
flocks. The affected animal passes urine every moment as
clear as water, walks with hind legs separated, and is very
sensitive in the lumbar region; it feels at the same time
great thirst, but little appetite, and the power of.rumination
is suspended. There supervenes, by degrees, weakness,
emaciation, acute pains in passing urine, and sometimes
voiding of blood. Death takes place after the disease has
lasted for weeks and even entire months.  One. of the
principal occasional causes appears to be exposure of the
flocks to long-continued bad weather, unwholesome stables,
and chiefly the use of certain plants, particularly the young
shoots of the fir and oak trees. Before any treatment, we
must investigate the cause, and remove it when it can be
26 *



308          DYSENTERY — ENCEPHALITIS.
DYSENTERY.
Dysentery, which is frequently confounded with dial
rhcea, consists in an inflammation of the abdominal o:
gans. It frequently breaks out when a very warm surn
mer has been followed abruptly by a damp and cold at
tumn, or when the fodder has been spoiled by too muc
moisture; it may then become a destructive epidemic. I
is recognized chiefly by constant and painful desires ti
evacuate the bowels, with tenesmus, which efforts are at
tended with no other result than the escape of a blood'
mucus. Some doses of aconitum and arsenicurn remov~
the intestinal inflammation, after which, if there still re
main diarrhcea, we must employ the means directed unde
that article.  Chamomilla and rhfeum especially have prove(
very effectual.
ENCEP!IHALITIS.
This disease is caused sometimes by internal causes, ant
sometimes by external, such as the sun-stroke, blows on the
head, too plentiful food, &c. The animal ceases to eat
hangs its ears and head, which is hot to the touch, walks
along staggering, and unconscious whither it goes; itr
eyes bright and red, and projecting from the head. The
air it expires is hot, the breathing short, rapid, and accom.
panied by violent beating of the flanks. It remains lying
down very much, the head stretched on the ground, and
when the disease has a fatal termination, it dies in convulsions, and with the symptoms of apoplexy. One dose of
aconitum from every five to ten minutes, then belladonna,
which must also be repeated several times at the end of
two or three hours, are the curative means to be employed.
Hyoscyamus also proves useful, but still more veratrum
album, which is chiefly suitable when the animal rises abruptly from time to time, and strays about in every direction, as if blind. The disease called turnstick, it is stated,
has been frequently observed in sheep which had not been
properly treated for encephalitis.



ENTERITIS — HiMATURIA.              309
ENTERITIS.
Enteritis and gastritis, also styled inflammatory colic,
ften follow the eating of poisonous plants, damaged foder, more especially when mouldy, intense.cold, as that realting from cold water drunk when the animal is very
luch heated, and all the causes which are capable of proucing colic in domestic animals. The symptoms are
lose which never fail to make their appearance during fits
f colic: violent and continued pain of the belly, intense
eat of the whole body, inextinguishable thirst, constant
ulsation of the flanks, and constipation. The animal,equently attempts to lie down, but rises up immediately
Tith groaning, and gives itself up to irregular and viomnt movements of every kind. When effectual relief is
ot procured in time, it is seized with convulsive trembling,;s ears become cold, as also its nose and feet, and death
ikes place amid violent pulsation of the flanks, and contant moving of the tail. Aconitum is the principal remdy, and often it suffices by itself, when the disease has
een caused by cold; however, it must be given in freuently repeated doses, and at intervals which are to be
ontinually shorter.  When from five to eight have not ef-:cted a complete cure, arsenicum becomes indispensable,
nd it seldom happens that two or three doses are, not suf-.cient. Under certain circumstances, pulsatilla also has
een found useful.
H]EMBATURIA.
Discharge of blood from the bladder often occurs after the
[eep have eaten certain acrid and irritating substances;
)r instance, shoots of the fir' tree, of the oak or alder
~ee, of the ranunculi, &c.- It manifests itself by the disharge of red urine, and sometimes also by that of pure
lood. There'.is, moreover, heat, intense thirst, frequent
esire to. pass urine, sensibility in the lumbar region, rigid-;y of the movements, sometimes also colic. The princial. remedy, especially at the onset of the disease, is ipe%cuanha, some doses of which should be administered
tpidly. If there exist symptoms of nephritis, which freuently occasions death, we must instantly have recourse



310.      HEPATITIS - JAUNDICE - NEPHRITIS.
to some doses of aconitum, after which cantharides mus
be taken.
HIEPATITIS.
Inflammation of the liver, which some persons conside
as identical with watery cachexy, generally presents itself
unlder the form of a slow fever; the sheep wastes awa2
amid the symptoms of a general morbid state; the eyes
tongue, and skin assume a yellowish tint; the wool is ol
a dirty appearance. After some time, all the symptom:
of cachexy break forth. The chief remedies are aconitum
at the commencement, and digitalis purpurea, as soon a:
the inflammatory symptoms declare themselves. If jaun
dice begin to appear, cham.omilla, mercurius vivus, and nub
vomica are useful.
JAUNDICE.
Jaundice, announced by the yellow tint of the conjunc
tiva, mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, and gums
depends on an affection of the liver, chiefly on an accu
mutation of hydatids in this organ and the biliary ducts
it is also, in general, the infallible precursor of cachexia
just as this state is sometimes the consequence of hepati:
tis. We should chiefly employ for its cure mercurius vivus
nux vomica, and chamomilla. However, to the yellow color
of the skin there are usually joined other symptoms, whice
cause it to sink down to the rank of a secondary affection!
and which must serve as a guide in the choice of the
means to be employed to restore health.
NEPHRITIS.
Inflammation of the kidneys maybe the result of exter.
nal violence, or may depend on the animal having eaten
stimulating plants, such as the ranunculi, buds of the fil
tree, oak, or elder, &c. It manifests itself by the ordinary
symptoms of fever, heat of the mouth, dryness and red.
ness of the eyes, &c. Its characteristic signs are painm
and an extreme sensibility in the region of the kidneys,
The back is arched, the walk stiff and painful, with the



VERTIGO - WORMS.                313
VlERTIGO.
In this affection, which attacks scarcely any but young
and well-fed animals, the sheep holds its head down, remains behind the flock, stumbles in walking, keeps the legs
widely apart, and falls to the ground; after a space of
time, generally very short, it rises, joins the flock again,
and no longer presents any sign of the fit it has had. The
disease returns at periods more or less near to each other,
without in any case the general health appearing to be
perceptibly affected. Aconiturm exerts an almost instantaneous efficacy during the attacks. When the disease
has become very severe, and the attacks become more or
less similar to those of epilepsy, stramonium and cocculus
are the remedies to be relied on. Vertigo is associated
also with some other diseases; it then requires no particular treatment, and yields to that of the principal disease.
WORMS.
The intestinal worms, met in almost all chronic diseases,
chiefly in young animals, give rise to a number of morbid
phenomena, among which the following are those which
serve to develop the presence of these parasites: a diminution of rumination, disturbance of digestion, frequency;of tympanitic symptoms, wasting away,- (especially in the
lumbar region and along the spine,) frequent snorting, obstruction of the nostrils with purulent mucus of greater or
less thickness. Worms are found in the liver and biliary
canals, in the intestines, and in the bronchi. The intes-.
tines of sucking lambs also are found to contain the tapeworm, which gives rise to frequent colics. Filix mas is the
principal remedy in this latter case. Consult the articles
CACHEXY, ROT, and DIZZINESS.
27



GENERALITIES.               315.s indicated in the bitch by her seeking for males; this
nakes her quit the house, even though contrary to her
labit; the genital parts swell, and secrete a reddish liquid.
Gestation lasts nine weeks. During this period it is necessary to feed the animal better, and to treat it more kindly;han at any other time. Bitches of a good breed have in
Deneral several pups at a time; they should not all be left
wVith them, because they could not thrive, and the mother
would suffer. Three at the utmost are sufficient if she be
)f a small size, and five if otherwise. Moreover, less is
left with her, if it be the first birth: the strongest should
De selected for keeping.
After a few weeks there should be placed near the young
puppies a flat vessel containing warm milk, which they
are to drink as they please; but the milk should be renewed often, that it may not become sour. After a time
it should be given cold, and when the animals have acquired a little strength, there should be added some crumbs
of bread for the purpose of weaning them as soon as possible. As soon as they get their teeth, bones, meat, &c.,
are to be presented to them.
The mode of feeding a dog should be regulated according to the purpose for which it is brought up; for the lapdog requires to be brought up differently from the mastiff,
and the latter differently from the sporting dog, or the
shepherd's dog. Though the canine species are carnivorous, and in the wild state live only on flesh, such food is
not altogether fit for them in the domestic state, when it
would occasion a variety of diseases. In general it may
be laid down as a rule that the dog requires less animal
food the less he is exercised in the open air. Besides,
every one knows that he may be accustomed to any sort
of food. Thus.in the north he lives exclusively on fish,
and in the South Sea Islands he scarcely eats any thing
but vegetables. The best diet for him in our country is a
mixture of vegetable and animal substances in the proportion of four'to one. Tainted meat is less injurious than
fat, and more especially spices.
The quantity of food varies according to the size of the
dog, the labor he performs, and the season. The mastiff
requires less than the sporting dog, and both should receive
less during summer than in winter. It is useful to regulate the hours for meals, especially when the dog is made



DROPSY — EPILEPSY.              319
toxicodendron: however, we may commence with the latter, especially when the convulsions have attacked several
parts simultaneously. Belladonna and cocculus have also
been found useful in some cases. 1Nux vomica is useful in
case of constipation, which exists almost always, accompanied with loss of appetite and vomiting. The other
remedies most useful are hepar sulphuris, causticuim, dulcamara, spongia, phosphorus, iodium, arsenicum, sulphur,
&c., under their particular indications.
DROPSY.
Ascites and hydrothorax are not unusual phenomena in
the dog, whilst this animal rarely presents instances of
anasarca.  Dropsy of the chest is recognized chiefly by
extreme embarrassment of the breathing, accompanied
frequently with cough; and ascites by the fluctuation felt
on striking on one side of the abdomen with the hand, the
other hand resting on the opposite side.  China and arsenicum are the remedies to be tried in treating these two
diseases. Also digitalis, according to symptoms.
EPILEPSY.
The dog affected with epilepsy appears in perfect health
in the intervals between the fits; he eats well, retains his
appetite and flesh. The fit generally comes on suddenly;
the animal staggers, then falls on the ground, remains
lying down for some time, groans, breathes with a rattle
in the throat, loses consciousness, neither hears nor sees, is
seized with convulsions in the limbs, and strikes his head.
Once the fit is over, he gradually recovers consciousness,
looks around him, and shakes himself. The intervals are
more or less short. Small pet dogs are more subject to
this affection, both because their nervous system is very
irritable, and because they are very much restricted. Epilepsy, however, is occasionally seen in large dogs, especially
when they have undergone much fatigue. When the
affection is of long standing, it is with difficulty cured,
which, however, sometimes occurs by giving little food to
the animal, avoiding to heat it, and giving it a sufficient



320  INFLAMMATORY: PUTRID AND NERVOUS FEVER.
quantity of exercise.  The cure is more easy when the
epilepsy is recent. Aconitunm immediately after the fit,
then belladonna, and stramonium if the disease return;
such are the remedies on which most reliance can be
placed. If the epilepsy have been occasioned by stimulating food, which is considered frequently to give rise toit, china is to be employed. Some doses of campphor may
prevent the return of the fits.
FEVER, (INFLAMMATORY.)
Inflammatory fever always accompanies an internal or
external inflammation, whether of a thoracic or abdominal
viscus, or a wound, or external injury. In the latter case,
it is designated by the name of traumatic fever. The
principal symptoms are hardness and frequency of the
pulse, hurried respiration: the animal constantly drinks;
his eyes are red, swollen, and full of water; all the body is
hotter than usual; he frequently stares, and exhibits considerable restlessness. He feels some difficulty in lying
down, and frequently changes the position. Aconitum is
then always indicated: it should be repeated the more frequently the more intense the fever has been from the commencement. However, it is not always sufficient, and we
are sometimes obliged to have recourse to She means
required by special inflammation when it exists. Aconitum
and arnica are the remedies for traumatic fever.
FEVER. (PUTRID AND NERVOUS.)
This disease is characterized by prostration of strength;the beats of the heart are scarcely perceptible; there is
great thirst, loss; of appetite, much disturbance, heat of
head, turbidness of the eyes, barking, howling, and groaning, convulsions, fetid odor of the perspiration and excrements. The issue is often fatal. *The principal causes are
heat, great efforts, the abuse of damaged meat, the eating
of the flesh of animals which have died of a malignant
disease. A. cool bed should be prepared for the animal,
good water should be given it to drink, and a dose of na.
trumn muriaticum  should be administered, which is to be



322       LAMENESS - LUXATIONS - RABIES.
LAMENESS.
As soon as a dog limps with one paw, the foot must b
carefully examined, in order to see whether the anirnr
may have been wounded. If no wound be discovered, th
limb should be rubbed from below upwards, more especiall
at the joints, in order to find out the part.affected. i
the lameness depend on an external cause, arnica wate
should be used, and if the wound be deeps even though i
extend to the bone, synzphytum should be administered afte
the foreign bodies have been removed, should any be dis
covered. Lameness is often the consequence of imperfec
luxation, that is, of., straining of the ligaments, in whicl
case the painful part is always a little better than the
remainder of the body. In this case also benefit is derive(
from arnica externally, and in many cases also from tha
of ruta internally.  Sometimes, when the lameness hai
lasted a considerable time, the limb begins to waste away
we may then try arnica, china, arsenicum, sutlphur, rhuw
toxicodendron, and sepia.
LUXATIONS.
Luxations require immediate relief in dogs. The part
must be kept constantly moistened with arnica water, and
arnica should also be given internally. If the joint of the
foot be affected, ruta is the best remedy.
RABIES.
The phenomena and symptoms of madness vary very
much in dogs, according to the breed, age, temperament,
&c. Two principal forms of this disease are distinguished.
rabies, properly so called, and dumb madness.
Rabies, properly so called, is first announced by a perceptible change in the dog's gait of walking, which seems
either more lively and more irritable, or sad, and as.it were
dull. To this there is added, on almost all occasions, a
peculiar state of restlessness, which allows the animal not
to remain in any one place, and increases to such a degree



RABIES.                  323
as to make it quit the house to stray away to a distance.
During almost the entire continuance of the disease, the
dog recognizes his master, and obeys him, more especially
at the commencement. However, his docility diminishes
as the disease progresses, though at other times it has continued till death. In the generality of cases, the appetite
disappears from the commencement; some dogs still continue to take a little soup, but none of them take any solid
food; however, they devour all sorts of non-nutril ious
things, as wood, leather, wool, straw, and even their own
faeces. They drink in all stages of the disease, evince no
sign of hydrophobia, and reject the water when they can
no longer swallow it.
A constant symptom is a particular change of voice,
which becomes more shrill or more grave,.but always a
little hoarse and disagreeable. The barking of a mad dog
does not consist in distinct emissions of the voice succeeding each other with rapidity, but in an emission of the
voice followed by a short howl; it is, as it were, a sort of
medium between a bark and a howl. The desire to bite,
which exists in most mad dogs, is not constant: it shows
itself occasionally, and in different degrees, which depend
on the temperament of the animal. Without commencing
with barking, the animal attacks the objects it meets, cats)
other dogs, and human beings; he spares neither inanimate objects, nor even his own master, and he frequently
snaps at the air as though he would catch flies, his eyes
appearing to follow an imaginary object. With respect to
appearance, he is at first little or nothing changed; soon,
however, the- eyes become red; they shut and open alternately. At a more advanced period again they are turbid,
dull, and as it, were covered with dust. Sometimes the skiln
folds on the forehead, or else the head swells; there is
always rapid emaciation. Madness must be very far advanced in order that the dog should keep his tail pendent,
as he does in all serious diseases. He eventually becomes
weak, and, as it were, paralyzed in the hind quarter;
whilst at the commencement, when he is still strong, he
carries the tail as usual, and differs in nothing with respect
to gait from a perfectly healthy dog. The other form of
madness occasions, with respect to symptoms, loss of
appetite, drink, voice, and a passion for biting, phenomena
similar to those of madness, properly so called, but with



RHEUMATISM - VARIOLA.:325
and to an impossibility to satisfy the venereal appetite.
The other is developed only by inoculation with the saliva
after a bite. In the latter case it seldom breaks out before
the ninth day, and it may come on much later.
None of the means proposed as capable of preventing the
development of madness is efficacious. It is the height of
folly to excise the cartilaginous ligament situated under
the tongue; we only mutilate the animal, and render him
almost incapable of drinking. The dog should be made
to take every day a dose of belladonna, and if he have
been bitten, the wound should be sprinkled frequently with
water containing some drops of belladonna.  HydrophobNum, as recommended by Hering, may be used internally.
When the animal is rabid, the best thing to be done is to
kill him, to prevent serious consequences.
RHEUMATIS M.
This affection, which chiefly attacks sporting dogs and
house dogs, is manifested by the way in which the animal
limps with one paw, which he trails along, or holds raised
up as he walks along, uttering complaints and howlings,
when he lays it down on the ground. On carefully examining the limb, no injury is discovered on it; but the
joints are, generally speaking, a little swollen and hot;
and sometimes also there is a residue of swelling after the
fit is over. Exposure to cold is the most common cause
of this disease. The animal must be kept warm, kept
secured from the inclemency of the weather,-and all animal
food must be withdrawn. Bryonia and dulcamara are the
most effectual internal remedies; if the disease is inveterate, they should be'alternated with nux vomica, rthus,
sulphur, cailcarea, carbonica, &c.
VARIOLA.
This disease, which is common chiefly among young
dogs, is cutaneous. The affected animal evinces great
uneasiness, the breathing is perceptibly interfered with;
then generally on the third or fourth day small spots are
observed on the belly similar to flec'tbiltes, vwhich, project9.q6



326         VOMITING - WARTS - WOUNDS.
ing above the skin, gradually increase in height, become
pale at the centre, and retain a red areola. By degrees
they fill with a yellowish pus, then flatten and form. a pustule, which dries after a lapse of time of greater or less
length. The nose, at first dry and hot, becomes cool and
moist, and the appetite returns. When the disease follows
this simple cause, art should not interfere; but if the spo.ts
have a deeper tint, if they do not rise above the skin, if
they run together, the disease is no longer a mild one, and
very often it proves fatal. The animal has its nose hot,
breathes with difficulty, and puts out the tongue; it seeks
for heat, does not eat, but drinks much, and in general it
is affected with retention of urine and with constipation.
If the dog is not valuable, the best thing is to kill it before
it infects the others; for it is almost always lost. Should
the dog be old, toxicodendron and arsenicum are to be given
alternately; after which dulcamara and causticum may be
tried.
VzOMITING.
Nothing is more common than spontaneous vomiting in
dogs: it occurs whenever the animal eats too much, and
it does not interfere with the health, so that we need not
be uneasy about it. Should it, however, last for too long
a time, cocculus should be administered: the simultaneous
existence of diarrhnea would require veratrum, and if the
cure was not soon effected, cuprum.
WARTS.
These are not common in dogs. The best mode of
destroying them is by ligature. If they be jagged and
-rough, oozing, and bleeding, they should be moistened
with the strong tincture of thuja; nitri acidum and arsenicum are also useful.
WOUNDS.
Slight wounds cure of themselves, more especially when
the dog's tongue can reach to lick it.  When they are
considerable, they should be treated externally with arnica



ANGINA - APHTHME.             327
water, and if necessary two or three doses of arnica should'be given internally.
SECTION II.
EXTERNAL DISEASES AND THOSE AFFECTING
THE MOUTH AND THROAT.
ANGINA.
THIs is a very dangerous disease in the dog, as indeed
it is in all animals, and is generally owing to'the dog's
being exposed to cold after having been heated. It commences with a sense of'cold in the ears and muzzle, which
soon after become burning hot, acceleration in the beats
of the heart, and difficulty of swallowing, which may proceed to such an extent that the drinks make their escape
out by the nose. The anterior part of the neck, more
especially on the laryngeal region, is swollen, and there is
also swelling of the glands situate beneath thejaw and
on the neck. When the tumor is considerable, and the
breathing much embarrassed, the animal often dies from
suffocation. Five or six doses of aconitum are to be given
at the interval of half ant hour; then we are to wait for
three or four hours. Sometimes the disease is completely
removed; but frequently also, though the inflammatory
symptoms and the fever decline, the difficulty of deglutition
and breathing continues. In this case one or two doses
of belladonna or of spongia marina are to be taken, and if
these means do not effect a complete cure, we should have
recourse to hepar sulphuris.
APHTHIE.
Ulcers occasionally occur in the throat of the dog, which
resemble aphthue preven-.the animal firom swallowing, and



328        CORYZA - DISEASES OF THE EARS
cause it more or less pain. Two doses of aconitum, and
after six or eight hours, one or two doses of mercurius
vivus, are in general sufficient to cure this disease perfectly. If there be, at the same time, external tumefaction
of the neck, some doses of belladonna cause it to disappear.
CORYZA.
Coryza is often observed in lapdogs after exposure'to
cold. Usually it is accompanied with cough and a discharge of mucus from the nose. The animal becomes
inert, and loses appetite. Nux vomica is the remedy.
EARS, (DISEASES OF THE.)
Two diseases of the ears are rather frequent in dogs -
deafness and otitis.
Deafness is often occasioned'by hardened cerumen.
The hairs must then be cut, the wax be softened with
warm soap and water, and then be removed with a small
scoop. If the dog is old, the deafness depends on different
causes hard to be discovered, which circumstances almost
always render it incurable.  Belladonna, however, may
be tried internally.
Otitis- is attributable sometimes to insects which have
made their way into the ear, sometimes to rheumatism.
The dog complains and howls, scratches the- ear with the
hind paw, becomes restless and unquiet, and calls for the
aid of his master. The ear should be examined by the
sun's light, and if insects should be discovered therein, an
attempt should be made to extract them, or to kill them
by means of oil. If none be perceived, the disease depends
on some other cause; the animal must be kept more warm,
than usual, and dulcamara, nux vomica, or belladonna
should be administered. Benefit has been'derived, sometimes, from injecting warm water containing two drops
of opium.
Dogs for the chase are sometimes affected in the ears
with corroding ulcers, which ultimately destroy the cartilage. These ulcers are occasioned sometimes by an external, sometimes by an internal lesion, frequently also
by excess &f food and rest, sometimes by the weaknese



(OESOPHAGUS - SORE FEET.         329
ccompanying old age.  Carbo vegetabilis has been recomlended. I have employed with success a few doses of
rsenicum, followed by sulphur. Recent experiments would
eem to establish the efficacy of aranea diadema in such
ases.
CESOPHAGUS, (FOREIGN BODIES IN THE.)
The. following symptoms show that a bone, a cartilage,
ze., have stopped Sin the Esophagus of a dog: immediLtely after having eaten, the animal commences to cough,
)ecomes restless, moans, appears to seek relief, and caniot swallow; the eyes become red and prominent; a great
juantity of mucus escapes from the mouth-and nose. A
ittle. oil should be introduced into the throat, and the
nouth and nose should be stopped until the animal coughs,,r else the mouth is to be opened as much as possible, and
warm water is to be poured into it, until the dog vomits.
If these means do not suffice, an effort should be made to
push the foreign body into the stomach, by means of a
piece of whalebone or of a willow stick, armed with a
sponge steeped in oil, or to extract it with the forceps; if
these means fail, we must make an incision into the zesophagus. When the cesophagus has been injured, a spoonful
Df water, containing from two to three drops of arnica
water, should be taken twice a day, and for some days
nothing but milk or soup be given for nourishment.
_FEET, (INJURIES O:F THE.)
When dogs have got a nail, thorn, piece of glass, &c.,
into the foot, which makes them lame, the foreign body
must be removed at once, the wound being laid open, if
it be necessary, and there must be employed externally
arnica water, which effects a cure in a short time.
SORE FEET.
Dogs, those more especially employed for the chase,
which are much fatigued, which walk and run on a hard,
stony soil, or on congealed snow, or on roads, are liable to
28*



330       FURUNCLES OR BOILS - LIPPITUDE.
have the paws swollen, painful, excoriated, and bleeding
When the affection is not severe, it becomes cured of it
self by the care with which the animal constantly licks ita process which brings about the resolution of the inflam
mation and swelling. In the contrary case, the afftecte
foot is to be washed with arnica water; and if necessary
one or two doses of arnica should be given internally.
FURUNCLES OR BOILS.
The dog is, at times, subject to boils which appear on
all parts of the body under the form of round, hard, red,
and very painful tumors, the centre of which is raised,
and which commonly suppurate. They are opened by an
incision, when the centre is softened; the pus is pressed
out, and the return of the disease is prevented by administering nux vomica and hepar sulphuris for some days
internally.
LIPPITUDE.
This affection is common in the dog. It is met as a
symptom of an internal disease, or from too juicy a food,
more especially animal food, or in consequence of want
of exercise and continually stopping in the house. In the
first of these three cases, it is necessary to investigate the
disease, and to meet it by proper means. In the third, the
animal must be exercised every day, and his eyes must be
washed with cold water. In the second, abstinence and a
less succulent diet are the means to be employed. Internally, pulsatilla should be recommended, as also ledum and
nux vomica, the last particularly when the eye is at the
same time very sensitive to light. Sulphlur produces good
effects also under most circumstances. In general lippitude is the consequence of another disease of the eye,
chiefly ophthalmia; it must then be attacked with cannabis, conium, euphrasia, and causticurm.



SPONGE - MANGE.- OPHTHALMIA.          33]
SPONGE.
This is a subcutaneous, rounded or oblong tumor, of
moderate hardness, not painful, sometimes movable and
sometimes adherent to the neighboring parts. It becomes
developed in all regions of the body, occasionally attains
considerable size, and is attributable in general to external
violence, to contusions, bites, blows, &c. At the commencement, arnica should be employed, both internally and
externally; afterwards causticum is to be used. I have employed dulcamara with success in a case where it came on
after exposure to cold.
lMANGIE.
There are distinguished in the dog the common or dry
mange and the moist. The first, which is seated chiefly in
the back, is accompanied with violent itching; the skin is
red, covered with scales, excoriations, and secretes a reddish fluid, which corrodes the roots of the hair.  The sece
ond comes on after swelling and redness of the slain, with
secretion of thick, puriform matter, and tlie formation of
ulcers and thick scabs. Mezereum is chiefly recommended,
as also staphysagria, sulphur, and lycopodcum.  In some
cases, sulphur has produced good results.  I have employed scabiesinum without success; helleborus niger, hepar sulphuris, and nitri acidurn are also useful.
OPHTtEiALMIA.
The eye is red, swollen, and full of water; the animal
does not open it at all, or only half opens it. If the lids be
separated violently, the organ is found more or less red and
turbid. Ophthalmia is acute or chronic. The former is
attended with more severe symptoms, and often occasions
loss of vision, especially when it is left to itself, or badly
treated., In the second it is in general less the eye than
the lids, and chiefly their edges, which suffer. The causes
are external or internal.  Among the external causes may
be classed heat,'dust, blows, injuries, bites; among the
others too succulent a food, plethora, obesity, want of



332             OZENA- PTERYGION.
exercise,-&c. Ophthalmia attacks young or aged dogs in
preference. If the animal have been too well fed and too.
little exercised, it is to be put on strict diet, or, at least, no
meat is to be allowed; it should be made to walk out, and
it is. to be placed in a cool place. In the case of chronic
ophthalmia we should administer internally first a few
doses of aconitum, and then euphrasia. If the.last-named
remedy suffice not, conium should be employed, and should
this fail, cannabis.  Chronic ophthalmia requires above all
sulphur, independently of a good regimen. When the disease results from external violence, arnica should be employed, both internally and externally.
OZENA.
Ulcerations of the nose are not as common in dogs as
in other domestic animals; but they should- not be neglected, because they might injure the sense of smell, or
even destroy it. Mercurius vivus and arsenicurn are the
best remedies to be employed. Arnica should be used externally and internally, when the ulcer has been caused by
an external lesion.
PTERYGION.
Dogs, both young and old, are frequently attacked with
this disease. In young dogs the mother often cures it by
licking the eye of her little one; but in animals advanced
in age it proves obstinate, notwithstanding the most tried
remedies. The remedies employed are cannabis, conium,
causticum, euphlrasia, and sulphur. Pterygion in general
succeeds ophthalmia, and thus requires the treatment
which suits. the latter. When it depends on another disease, which is not uncommon, belladonna.and sulphur are
employed.



: 34   PROFUSE DISCHARGE OF URINE - METEORISMUS.
PROFUSE DISCHARGE ONF URINE.
This disease, the cause of which is various, and whichl
is sometimes owing to the too frequent repetition of the
venereal act, is characterized by the involuntary discharge
of urine, which is constantly passing off in drops, without
the animal putting itself in the ordinary posture for discharging it. Belladonna, ferrum, pulsatilla, and creosotum
are the means of cure.
DIARRH(EA.
If the feces voided by the dog be  much softer and more
frequent than usual, and often mixed with blood -in
many cases their discharge is attended with pain, which
occasions groans and: cries - if, as often occurs, the diarrhea arise from the animal having taken too much food,
from  having taken much fat, sour milk, fruit, &c., we
should have recourse to arsenicum, whilst chamomilla
should be employed if it arise from cold. A slight diarrhcea, which is often salutary, requires nothing else but to
procure a warm bed for the animal.
GASTRITIS, (INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.)
A frequent consequence of colds, indigestion, and of
the ingestion of unwholesome substances, more especially
poisons. Gastritis is characterized by the symptoms of
inflammatory fever, and also by. very acute pains, which
are increased by external pressure; the abdomen is tympanitic and hardt; the: animal vomits, and is constipated.
Aconitum and arsenicum are employed alternately, the latter when there is diarrhcea;: nux vomica in the case of
constipation; pulsatilla, when the animal has eaten fatty
bodies to excess.
METEORISMUS.
This affection attacks greedy dogs, and such as have not
very strong digestive powers. If, at the same time, the
food is not of good quality, the animal becomes sometimes



PNEUMONIA- SPASMS   URINE.           335
ke a drum. In order to cure the animal, it will often
uffice to. oblige -it to take a long walk. If this fail, we
ave recourse to colchicum autumnale, followed by one or
vo doses of arsenicurnm.  When constipation remains
ehind, nux vomica should be given. If arsenicum do not
-store the appetite completely, antimonium crudunm should
e administered.
PNEUMOlNIA.
This affection is sometimes the effect of cold, to which
he animal has been exposed after having been heated,
[She symptoms are those of inflammatory fever, viz., cold,
ieat, pulse hard and frequent, breathing hurried, beating,f the flanks, great thirst, heat of skin, as also in the ears
Lnd head, redness and watery state of the eyes, &c.; the
Lnimal coughs, looks at his chest frequently and with disress, feels some difficulty in lying down, and often changes
ts position. Two or three doses of aconitum, followed by
)hosphorus, generally effect the cure. The other remedies;hat will be found most useful are, arsenicum, bryonia, digi-'aiis, tartarus emeticus, tinctura sulphturis, &c.
SPASMS.
Dogs are frequently attacked with convulsions in the
limbs, generally after some disease; anacardium, platina,;
Ind spigelia are then to be employed. Frequently also
bhey are seized on a sudden with cramps, either whilst
walking or rumning; they then utter loud complaints, howl,
and raise their paws. The cramp soon yields to frictions
with the hand, or with a portion of cloth. The return of
the attack is to be prevented by cocculus and ipecacuanha.
URINE, (RETENTION OF.)
Though it may be the nature of the dog to void his
urine more frequently than any other animal, it sometimes
happens that he is unable to do so, at least without pain;
bhis occurs principally in the case of nephritis, or affter a
blow received on the lumbar region. Two or three doses



336         TrrERUS - VERTIGO - WORMS.
of acondtum, which are to be followed by cantharides, cur
him in a very short time. If the lumbar region has bee:
injured, we must have recourse to arnica.
UTERUS, (FALLING OF THE.)
This accident is seldom observed in bitches after partu
rition. The organ should be cleansed with warm watei
and after the fingers have been oiled, it is to be replace(
gradually. As the accident is almost always owing tb.difficult parturition, and the uterus itself may have beer
wounded, it becomes necessary to have recourse to injec
tions of arnica water, and to administer some doses ol
arnica, preceded by aconitunz, if there exist inflammatioi
and fever.
VERTIGO.
Dogs, when too well fed and plethoric, are sometimel
affected with dizziness; they stagger as they walk along
or even fall to the ground, usually remain lying down, ant
eat nothing; the mouth is hot, eyes fixed, projecting, an(
bright. They are cured by a few doses of aconituzm, whicl
should be followed by belladonna; at the same time atten.
tion should be paid to their diet and exercise.
WORMS.
No domestic animal is as much tormented as the do;
by worms, the ascarides, lumbrici, and taenia. The means
to be employed are the same as in the case of the othei
animals: the medicines that are most useful in vermiculous affections are, china, mercurius, sulphur, calcarea, cinchona, ferrum, filix ignatia, sabadilla, silicea, spigelia.



PART V.
DISEASES  OF SWINE.
SECTION  I.
GENERALITIES.
THE robust constitution of the pig causes it to be less
liable to fall sick than oxen and sheep; it would be less
liable to disease, if persons manifested more judgment in
the choice of the animals to be reared, and if more care
were shown in the matter. With reference to the latter
point, it is very true that the voracity of the pig urges it to
eat every thing it meets; but to keep it in a state of health,
it is, notwithstanding, necessary to restrict its regimen to
certain rules. The animal which it is proposed to fatten
should remain under the roof, and receive good food there,
whilst the others may be sent out for the greater part of
the year, care being taken to avoid fields that are damp
and marshy, and that the pigs be preserved from the dew.
Neither should pigs be allowed to go out in wet seasons,
nor when it is very hot. It is also of importance that they
should not be driven too hard during warm days, a season
when cool and shady places ought to be sought for. It is
useful also to give them food before sending them out, and
on their return. These animals require to bathe and drink
frequently, particularly when the season is hot; it is well
known that turbid and marshy water does not injure them;
but water containing soap in solution disposes sows to
abortion.
29                       (337)



338              ANOREXIA - ANGINA,
There are two other points which deserve to be taken
into consideration if we wish swine to thrive: this is daily
exercise in the open air whenever the weather permits, and
cleanliness of the sty. Constant confinement throws them
into what may be called a morbid state, which renders
their flesh less wholesome for man; and the manner in
which the animal evinces its joy when set at liberty, proves
sufficiently how disagreeable confinement is to it. With
respect to dwelling, a very general prejudice prevails, viz.,
that dung and filth do not injure swine; this opinion, however, is absurd. The roof should be from six to eight feet
high, and the floor should be slanting, so that the urine
may readily flow off; the dung must be cbnstantly removed, the litter renewed, and the floor washed.
With respect to the treatment of the diseases of the pig,
difficulties present themselves, because there are but very
few of these diseases which produce symptoms sufficiently
marked to enable a person readily to appreciate them, unless he possess great experience.
ANOREXIA.
When this symptom does not depend on any other dis,
ease, it is generally attributable to the animals having eaten
too much. Antimoniurn crudum and arsenicum  are the
means to be employed. Nux vonica is the proper medicine, when there is at the same time constipation, or when
the fecal matters are hard and difficult of expulsion.
ANGINA.
This disease, as dangerous as it is common, generally
comes on suddenly. Its principal causes are a sudden
change of season, the want of water for drinking in times
of great heat, water too cold for drinking, especially that
which comes from melted snow, the being sent too early
into the fields, in spring and autumn, before the dew is
dissipated, &c. It is in general the fattest pigs that are
first attacked.  The animal suddenly appears to be dejected and restless, it totters, hangs down the head, frequently shakes it, kicks with the hind feet, and trembles
over its entire body.  The breathing is loud, wheezing,



EMACIATION.                 339
pd difficult; the animal takes in the air by the mouth,
Ed holds the tongue hanging out of the mouth. There is
-reat heat, especially in the mouth. The eyes are red, the
pngue a little swollen, deglutition is performed with diffiulty, and sometimes vomiting is observed to take place.
Whilst these symptoms are becoming developed, there is
observed to come on the larynx a -hard, tense, and hot
swelling, which makes rapid progress, and extends along
he neck as far as the chest, even to the abdomen. This,welling, which is at first red, or of a reddish-brown color,
issumes a leaden or even a bluish tint on the approach of
leath, as in St. Anthony's fire, to which the symptoms of
mngina bear some analogy, which frequently causes the;wo diseases to be confounded. The interior of the mouth
and nose also appears to be very red; the animal protrudes
the head directly forwards; the voice becomes more and
more hoarse, the cough more and more distressing, deglutition more and more difficult, the tongue is brown, and
death occurs, either by suffocation or by gangrene. The
disease, which generally attacks a great number of pigs at
a time, terminates, for the most part, in death, in the space
of from twenty-four to thirty-six hours; and it is seldom
prolonged till beyond the second day. The treatment is
very simple. A dose of aconitum every quarter of an hour,
and after an hour and a half or two hours, belladonna, generally cures the disease, whilst it is still in its first stage.
If the cure is hot complete after two or three hours, a dose
of spongia marina should be given every hour. When
there still remain, about three hours after, some symptoms,
hepar sulphuris is to be prescribed; but aconitum is always
sufficient of itself, if it be taken in time. Antimoniu.m
tartaricum has been also recommended, and also capsicumn,
and arsenicum album.
EMACI.ATION.
The wasting away of swine is, in most cases, the consequence of the bad state of digestion, which, in general,
is announced by greater or less diminution of the appetite.
One or two doses of arsenicum will almost suffice to restore
perfect health. If there still remain a repugnance to food,
antimonium crudrum should be administered. When ema



340      EPILEPSY - FEVER -FOUNDERING.
ciation is accompanied by difficulty of breathing and b,
cough, it should be considered as an accessory symptorn
of the cachexv which follows a badly-treated pneumonia
and for which we possess a specific in nitrum.
EPILEPSY.
Epilepsy, which is only observed in young swine, seem,
owing to the use of certain mischievous substances, as fol
instance, pepper, which many persons regard as a poison
for those animals. The pig thus affected suddenly falls onl
the ground, becomes convulsed, and throws itself to the
right and left; it grinds its teeth,- turns its eyes, raises and
lets fall its head; drivels from the mouth, breathes sometimes quick, sometimes slowly, and frequently bites its
tongue. Belladonna and china have frequently produced
good results.
FEVER.
It sometimes happens, as a consequence of cold, and
probably also from other causes, that from the first to the
third day after having farrowed, the sow is seized with
high fever, with considerable heat and great thirst; the
bristles stare, the eyes are dull and bleary, the breathing
becomes short and difficult, the mouth ahd tongue are
burning hot; there is no appetite whatever; sometimes
spasms are observed, during which the animal rolls the
eyes, foams at the mouth, and grinds the teeth. Aconitum,
and after it pulsatilla and belladonna, are the remedies to
which recourse should be had.
FOUNDERING.
The ordinary causes of this disease are the influence of
cold or violent exercise; but sometimes it is owing to excess of food. It is recognized by muscular rigidity so
great that the animal can scarcely drag itself along. - The
back too is rigid, and the mouth opens with difficulty.
The animal has little appetite, and does not leave its sty
willingly. A few doses of aconitum, and then bryonia, are



FRACTURES - LUXATIONS -MADNESS.        341
he principal remedies. Benefit has been derived also from,elladonna, chamomilla, dulcamcara, and opium. Nux vomia has produced very excellent effects in certain cases.
FRACTURES
After reduction, two or three doses of arnica are to be
given, then symnphgtum in repeated doses, and the bandage
s to be frequently sprinkled with arnica water. Fifteen
lays at most suffice for the cure.
LUXATIONS.
Luxations of the joints of the feet are rather frequent in
swine, which, after the feet have become fastened in some
chink, make violent effort to disengage them. When the
accident is recent, it is to be treated with aconitum, internally and externally. If it is serious, and the pain be
severe from the commencement, we should administer
rhus toxicodendron and ruta, which is useful against most
species of luxations, those especially of the lower part of
the foot.
MADNESS.
In swine, madness breaks out generally in from three to
five weeks after a bite by a- mad dog. It generally commences by loss of appetite, weight, distress, convulsions,
redness of the eyes, and a peculiaYr tone of grunting, which
is hoarse. Then there comes on a species of frenzy, during
which the animal runs about mad in every direction, makes
great leaps, and bites every thing it meets. At the end of
from five to seven days, the breathing becomes embar.
rassed; there.is paralysis of the hind quarters, and death
takes place in the midst of convulsions. It is stated'that
hydrophobia has never been observed.. With respect to
treatment, which should be a little more difficult than in
other domestic animals, consult the article MADNESS, among
the diseases of sheep.
29'



344   SORENESS OF FEET - ST. ANTHONY'S FIRE.
often affected in the ears in consequence of contusions,
forming sanguineous tumors, which are to be opened-;
after which the wound should be rubbed over with arnica
water by means of a feather.
SORENESS OF FEET.
An inflammatory affection of the feet, of the fore feet
particularly, which occurs when pigs walk for a long time
on a hard, flinty road. It is not uncommon, and often
acquires such a degree of violence, that the animal seems
completely rigid, and cannot move its limbs. The remedies for this affection are rtius toxicodendron internally, and
arnica externally. If the pain be felt chiefly at the sole,
arsenicumr is found efficacious in all cases without exception. Sometimes the inflammation remains confined to
the fleshy parts of the foot; the horn is then hot, and very
sensitive to the touch, the coronet swollen, and walking
painful; if the cause continue to act, the horn becomes
detached, and the animal, no longer able to rise, often
dies. Whilst the disease is recent, arnica will suffice, if
given internally and externally, to put an end to it. If it
progress, we must have recourse to arsenicurn and acidumn
sulphuricum.  Conium is also good.
FIRE, (ST. ANTHONY'S.)
This disease, similar to rot or typhus, is very common
in pigs, which, according to extensive observation, are
chiefly attacked in localities where horned cattle are less
generally affected. It is extremely fatal. It often goes
on with such rapidity, that the animal falls dead without
having exhibited any symptom of the disease, and is
found dead in its sty, where the evening before it was left
in perfect health, and eating with its usual appetite. More
usually it is preceded by symptoms which generally last
from twelve to twenty-four hours, seldom two or three days.
The pig suddenly craves to eat;' it becomes restless, and
rakes up on every side; there appear on the neck, chest,
and belly, red streaks, which gradually become blue,
though in many cases only after death.  Generally, there



'346          SOIE -  ORBUS PEDICULARIS.
SOIE, DISEASE  OF THE BRISTLES.
This disease, which is contagious, is, in general, announced by great restlessness; the animal does nothing
but grunt and rub itself all over; its bristles fall in several
places, where the skin allows a sanguineous fluid to ooze
out. On examining more attentively, the skin is found to
be bloated, and to present ecchymoses, as also to exhibit
reddish, blue, and brown spots. The bristles which adhere
atre very readily torn off; their roots are swollen, of a deep
red color, and bleeding. The animal is sad and listless;
it loses appetite, limps in the hind quarters, drags the hind
legs after it, and at length is no longer able to stand up.
It has violent fever with great thirst; pustules appear on
the tongue; diarrhcea eventually terminates in death if
timely relief be not afforded. The disease, frequently accompanied with St. Anthony's fire, is occasioned chiefly
by want of exercise, tainted state of the air, and want of
cleanliness. The first object is to change the diet, to take
the animal into the open air every day, and to bathe it.
Internally, we should administer aconitum, arsenicumn, cocculus, rhus toxicodendron, sulphur, and from  time to time,
china, if it be very weak.
MORBUS PEDICULARIS.
Of all the diseases of the pig there is not one which,
though it may extend to the entire body, is so difficult of
recognition during life. It consists of a greater or less
development of insects, of about the size of a millet seed,
which arise in greater or less number in the flesh and cellular tissue of all the parts of the body.  When they are
numerous, the animal loses appetite and pines away; its
lower jaw and cheeks swell, it grunts feebly and appears
weak, as if paralyzed in the hind quarters.  The breath is
fetid, and the bristles readily come off: the disease called
soie is observed to come on.  The flesh is soft, the fat
white and devoid of consistency; it can neither be salted
nor smoked. In former times this was much dreaded;
but at present it is well known, that though of a less
agreeable flavor, it cannot injure the health of those who



ASCITES - CATARRH - COLIC.         349
SECTION  III.
INTERNAL  DISEASE.
ASCITES.
IN this disease, which is not of frequent occurrence, the
animal is sad and depressed, there is difficulty of respiring,
it eats little, and its belly swells. When the abdomen is
examined with the hand, fluctuation is felt.  China and arsenicum, alternately administered, are the chief remedies to
be employed.
CATARRH, (PULMONARY.)
Pulmonary catarrh is characterized chiefly by fits of
coughing, which are sometimes accompanied with a
mucous discharge from the nose and mouth, with redness
of the naris. The remedy is nitrzum, (two or three doses.)
If the disease be neglected, if also the pig continue exposed
to cold and damp weather, the cough increases, the breathing becomes difficult, the animal wastes away, and at
length dies exhausted.
COLIC.
Colic, which presents itself under two forms, windy
colic and spasmodic colic, has for its principal characters
great restlessness, loss of appetite, moaning, constipation,
occasionally also diarrhaea and vomiting. It is owing
sometimes to the fact of the animal having eaten bad food
very greedily, sometimes to its having been exposed to
cold, or to the presence of worms in the intestines. In
windy colic, where the stomach and intestines are very
much distended with gases, the abdomen is distended, and
yields a dull sound when struck.  Colchicum autumnale
is the remedy. With respect to the colic occasioned by
cold, aconitunm is the specific for it. At the end of two
lhours, arsenicum is to be given. If constipation remain
30



352              ITCH- PNEUMONIA.
mal, which wastes away very much.  Sometimes also
there is remarked some tendency to vomiting. The principal remedies are, china, nux vomica, mercurius vivus, and
sulphur. Lycopodium may also be tried.
ITCH, (GALE.)
In proportion to other animals, the itch rarely occurs in
pigs; it is recognized by the animal frequently rubbing and
scratching itself. On minute examination, there are observed on the skin small vesicles, which give out a viscid
fluid, and are then covered with a.thin or thick scab. The
bristles usually fall off, and are worn away by the constant
frictions of the animal. If, as is generally the case, the
disease assumes the dry form, sepia and sulphur are to be
employed; otherwise, staphysagria, dulcamara, and sulphur
are to be employed.
The eruption, which is more particularly observed in
sucking pigs when the mother is too well fed, is not dangerous of itself; but it lessens the value of the animal, by
causing it to waste away very much. It appears around
the mouth and on the eyes, which appear sometimes
inflamed; also on the ears, and presents itself under the
form of a thick brown scab, which oozes out a fluid. It
appears to be accompanied with itching. When it has
attained an extreme degree, it prevents the animal from
seeing. The remedies for this are dulcamara and veratrum
album, followed by one or two doses of sulphur, which
should be administered also two or three times to the
mother.
PNEUMONIA.
Occurs from different causes, such as drinking cold
water after having been heated,.the sudden changes of the
atmosphere in summer, &c.: it renders pigs liable to be
affected with inflammation of the lungs: there are then
observed violent beatings of the flanks and short breathing'
they are heard to complain and carry the head down; their
grunting is weak and hoarse; appetite none, thirst great;
the animal-seldom lies down; it frequently rests its breast
on the ground, which it scrapes up occasionally; a certain



PROLAPSUS OF THE RECTUM - TYMPANITIS.   353
degree of stiffness is observed in its fore limbs.  After
solne time it ceases to grunt, remains for entire days
stretched on the ground without moving, and at length
dies from the eighth to the fourteenth day. One dose of
aconitunm every half hour, and bryonia at the end of from
three to four hours, are useful in this case. Sometimes
when the disease is not recognized at once, when it is
treated badly, or when it is neglected, it degenerates into
gangrene, which is recognized principally by the fetid state
of the breath and a discharge from the nose; the animal
remains almost constantly lying down; it groans, and its
breathing is short. The chief remedies, when the disease
has not made too much progress, are nitrum, and if that
fail, china, in multiple doses, then stannum, phosphorus,
calcarea carbonica, &c.
PROLAPSUS OF THE RECTUM.
Prolapsus of the rectum is observed chiefly in sucking
pigs, which receive nourishment either too plentifully or
too heating.  The lower end of the intestine is everted on
itself, and projects outwards.  The projecting portion
should be cleansed with warm water, and returned back
to its place with the fingers when well oiled. Internally
arsenicurn should be given, and when the rectum itself
exhibits signs of inflammation, belladonna and mercurius
vivus. When the prolapsus takes place in consequence
of violent efforts during constipation, murias magtnesice
should be administered, and if there be at the same time
diarrhoea, argilla must be employed. In a case where the
rectum had been seriously inj ured accidentally, I employed
arnica externally, with arnica water internally, and in the
form of injection, and the animal was saved.
TYMPANITIS.
This disease, which is often associated with gastritis or
enteritis, is chiefly owing to food producing gaseous distention, eaten in too great quantities. The gases distend
the stomach and intestines, so as to render the belly tympanitic, so that it sounds like a drum when struck. The
30*



354                  VOMITING.
animal becomes very restless, eats nothing, and dies, if
haste be not made to afford relief. The remedy is colchicum autuinnale, two or three doses of which are sufficient
to remove all the symptoms in the space of an hour.
VOMITING.
The vomiting to which some pigs are very liable deprives
them of appetite; it causes them to waste away, and even
proves fatal to them when it lasts for a length of time.
Veratrum album, and, in difficult cases, cuprum, are the
principal remedies to be employed. Pulsatilla, arsenicum,
and antimonium are the proper remedies.



PART VI.
DISEASES  OF'GOATS.
SE CTION  I.
GENERALITIES.
MOUNTAINEERS are the only class of persons who keep
great flocks of goats, because they can send them to graze
on hillocks and in woods, where they can commit no havoc - a thing unavoidable in plains, where these animals
would lay waste the fields and destroy the trees. However, the goat is so very useful an animal, its milk being
very abundant and much richer than that of the cow, that
small flocks of them are to be found almost every where.
In order to render this work as complete as possible, I
deemed it necessary to give here a short sketch of the diseases to which they are liable; diseases, by the way, which
resemble very much those of the sheep.
A great many diseases may be avoided by carefully selecting the beasts, and taking proper care of them. A
good goat should have the body long, the croup broad, the
legs short, the belly pendent, and the mammae full; it
should have the eye clear, the face sprightly and lively, the
appetite good, and eat without selection all the food of a
wholesome quality- which may be presented to it. It
should not be less than one, nor more than six, years of
age. The rutting lasts in the goat from the month of October to the commencement of December, and recom(355)



356                GENERALITIES.
mences about fifteen days after parturition. It is necessary to take advantage of this circumstance, because one
may procure the advantage of two breeds a year; for
though a goat may be milked for an entire year after it
has had a kid, yet it gives milk in greater quantity, and of
better quality, when it has been twice impregnated; but it
is necessary to watch the precise season attentively, as the
second heat lasts only twenty-four hours. It is recognized
by the restlessness of the animal, which bleats frequently,
with a peculiar voice, and wags its tail; the entrance of
the vagina is swollen, and some drops of blood escape
from it from time to time. Besides, goats do not always
conceive at the first coition; and after they have received
the male, it is necessary to examine whether they might
not still present signs of rutting. They carry their young
from twenty to twenty-one weeks, and give birth to one,
two, or sometimes even to three young ones; however,
they can suckle not more than two, and if they give birth
to three, it is necessary to give one to be suckled by another mother. The best goats to be preserved are those
of spring, because it is easier -to bring them up in summer
than in winter. Those which are intended to be kept
must suck for six weeks; during this time they learn to
eat grass on the pasture, or fodder. from the stall. They
thrive better, however, on the green grass than on hay.
When they are intended for killing, it should be about the
end of. three weeks. In order to wean them, they are kept
tied up as well as the mother. When weaned, fodder is
given them four times a day, but never more than they can
consume at a time; otherwise they become voracious, they
seek out the best herbage, trample the rest under their feet,
and would rather fast than eat it.
With respect to the bringing up of goats, they are led
to the fields, or fed in the stall. The best pastures are
mountainous meadows, full of aromatic grass, and interspersed with shrubs. If goats are kept constantly in the
stable, care must be taken not to give them always the
same fodder, as they would soon tire of it. In summer all
herbage suits them: salad leaves or cabbage leaves, pods
of peas or kidney beans, carrot tops, young shoots of hawthorn, of the willow, of the beech, &c., and especially vine
leaves. In winter dry leaves should be given to them, potatoes, carrots, red beet, cabbages, straw of the oat, rye,



358      WVOUNDS  DISEASES OF THE FEET.
for things incapable of nourishing. Emaciation is often
the effect of a general morbid state, which must be investigated and combated by appropriate means. If the disease is of long standing, it will be well to commence the
treatment with some doses of sulphur, which it is well to
administer from time to time, under the name of an intercurrent remedy.
WOUNDS.
The first condition to cure.a wound is to keep it as clean
as possible. All foreign bodies, therefore, should be carefully removed, and the part should be washed several times
a day with cold water. Arnica water is sufficient to effect
a speedy cure: this substance need not be administered
internally, except in rather extensive wounds. If suppuration has set in, we are to proceed as we stated in speaking
of the diseases of horses.
SECTION  II.
EXTERNAL DISEASES.
FEET, (DISEASES OF THE.)
POINTED bodies, thorns, or other substances of the kind,
frequently enter into the feet of -goats, which accident
makes them limp. Such foreign bodies should be extracted at the moment, then the part affected should be
sprinkled over with arnica water. When it is taken in
time, the treatment is always successful. But if the disease be neglected, aconitunz and squilla when there is only
mere inflammation, and arsenicurn when the pains are.
acute. If ulceration has come on, the treatment should be
the same as in the case of oxen.
Foot rot is not uncommon in goats, particularly in those
which are kept in damp and unclean stables. Theeffects
and treatment are the same as in sheep.



PALLING OFF OF THE HAIR - OPHTHALMIA.   359
FALLING 01FF OF THE HAIR.
The falling off of the hair, after which there are very
considerable portions of the skin laid bare, may be connected with different causes. It may be the consequence
of itch, in which case the treatment required by the latter
disease is to be resorted to. If it depend on a general
internal disease, which shows itself by constant irritation
of the skin, obliging the animal to scratch itself continually, which is the more common occurrence, sulphur is the
remedy to be employed: it generally requires to be employed for ar considerable time. Psoricum may also be
tried under such circumstances. Very often the falling off
of the hair is owing to bad or insufficient diet, or to debility of the digestive function; sulphur and arsenicum are to
be then employed, care being taken to remove. the causes,
among which stables too hot and very unwholesome hold
the first place. If alopecia has supervened after sudden
exposure to cold, or after foundering, produced by this
cause, it yields to bryonia and to acidum nitri.
OPFHTHElALMIA.
Ophthalmia is the disease of the eye most frequently met
in goats. The eye is closed, swollen, and red internally;
the animal weeps much, the lids are glued together with
mucus.  The causes are very varied; the inflammation
may depend on a blow, a thorn, great heat, on the exhalations of an unwholesome stable, on damaged food, or food
to which the animal is unaccustomed, or too nutritious.
The treatment varies according to the cause, which it is
necessary to investigate. Thus foreign bodies are to be
removed in this case, as also after all external violence,
arnica is to be employed, both externally and internally;
and if that do not suffice, conium. WVThen the inflammation
is acute, and accompanied with much lachrymation, some
doses of aconitum should first be employed, then euphrasia.
If the disease last for a certain time, we must have recourse, to sulphur, and to causticum. Arsenicuum is peculiarly applicable when it depends on damaged food.



360                COLIC —COUGH.
SECTION   III.
INTERNAL  DISEASES.
COLIC.
COLIC from  constipation is very common in goats,
especially when they eat flour or bran imperfectly diluted.
The principal signs by which it is, recognized are these:
the animal refuses its food; it lies down frequently and
abruptly on the ground, but soon rises, looks at its belly
anxiously, and commences sweating on the neck, flanks,
and between the hind legs, whilst the ears, muzzle, and
feet are cold. The pulse is quick, small, wiry, and scarcely
perceptible; the breathing is constrained and loud. The
disease readily assumes an inflammatory character, and in
such case a few days suffice to kill the animal. A dose of
aconitum, followed by two doses of nux vomica, effects a
cure in a short space of time; if the animal is jnot then
restored to its healthy state, one dose of arsenicum will
suffice to restore it.
Aconitum is the specific for colic occasioned by cold,
which is of frequent occurrence.
Green clover, especially when very young or moist, and
eaten in too large quantity, causes a peculiar form of colic
to be noticed under the article METEORIZATION.
COUGH.
The effects of exposure to cold, cold and damp air, a
sudden change of season, often occasion in goats a cough.
which is not dangerous, and almost always ceases, unaided
by medicine, after eight or fifteen days, the animal retain.
ing its sprightliness, appetite, and plumpness. When it is
long continued, when it is accompanied with a greater oi
less mucous discharge from the nose, when there comes or
a beating of the flanks, particularly during motion, wher
the animal wastes away, and loses its strength, there i,



PNEUMONIA - ITCH.               363
accompanied or not by cessation of the milk secretion, and
there may or may not be pains. If there be swelling and
redness, bryonia is the medicine to be employed, and when
the mammary glands are swollen, chamomilla. Should
the disease be occasioned by. external injury, arnica is to
be employed, both externally and internally; then, if it be
deemed necessary, one or two doses of conimni. AconitLum
and mercurius vivus are excellent in obstinate cases.
PNEUMONIA.
Inflammation of the lungs is almost always the consequence of a cold occasioned by chilling or damp weather,
or by staying in low and damp pastures, which, generally
speaking, are not fit for goats. It is chiefly indicated by
short. and hurried breathing, with beating of the flanks,
short and painful cough, acceleration of the' pulse, (70 to
90, instead of from 60 to 70,) tremors which alternate with
shiverings, intense thirst, total loss of appetite, and suppression of the alvine dejections, which are, at least, scanty
and dry. The ears, muzzle, and legs are either cold or
hotter than usual; the animal never lies down. During
three or four hours there should be given every quarter of
an hour a dose of aconitum, and on the following days one'or two doses of bryonia should be given.
ITCH.
This disease manifests itself by pustules and small ulcerations on the skin, which ooze, forming scabs, and compel
the animal, by the itching they occasion, to scratch and
rub itself constantly, the results of which are excoriations
and falling off of the hair. There are two species of this
disease: the dry and the moist. In the former the secretion is not very great, and there are produced only thin,
fuirfuraceous scabs; in the other, on the contrary, thick
scabs and suppurating ulcers are formed.  These two
forms of the disease arise either from infection or from
some internal disease. The treatment is the same as that
for sheep.



364   INFLAMMATION OF THE BELLY - VERTIGO.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BELLY.
Under this term are included all the inflammatory states
of the organs situate in the abdominal cavity. -In goats
these states are almost always brought on by colds.. They
are characterized by the total loss of appetite, hurried respiration, strong pulsation of the flanks, quick and hard
pulse, alternations of heat and cold-in the ears and horns.
Several doses of aconitum in rapid succession, and then
one or two doses of arsenicum, are in general sufficient to
remove this dangerous disease, which, when not attacked
till too late, soon passes into gangrene, and so causes
death.
Inflammations of the chest differ from  those of the
abdomen in this, that the animal so affected does not lie
down at all - a thing which may also occur, at least, very
often in the latter.
VMETEOlRIZATION.
The causes and signs are the same as in horned cattle
and sheep. This affection is usually observed a little after
returning from the meadow; the animal swells suddenly,
constantly shakes its head, utters cries, and falls dead in a
very little time.  Colchicum is the remedy, and also nux
vomica when after the disease there remains obstinate constipation. If the appetite and rumination do not return
promptly, one or two doses of arsenicum should be given.
VERTIGO.
Vertigo, in goats, is the result of a flow of blood to the
head9 or of long exposure to the re ).rs of the sun. The ears
and horns are hotter than usual, Li.e eyes are bright, prominent, and full of tears; it roan_'- v-`->c1ut at hlazard, without
knowing whither it is gc:'_ig.  b soon as these symptoms
are observed, a dose of aconiturm should be given, which
should be repeated two days consecatively, two or three
times each day; if not removed, recourse must be had to
belladonna, sulphur, &c.



366                              INDEX.
Eyes, diseases of the,... 107, 226, 299. Hemorrhage,........... 177, 321
If swelling of the,......... 118  Hernia,................ 145, 247
Eyelids, closing of the,........ 114  Hepatitis,.........  158, 246, 310
Homeeopathy, definition of,....  17
Farcy......................... 174  Homeopathic aggravation,..... 22
Fatigue,...................   175  Homceopathy andAllopathy, difFeet, diseases of the,...... 180, 358    ference between,............  23
it injuries in the,.......... 329  Homceopathy for domestic ani"  sore................ 329, 344     mals,.................. 46
Fever,...................... 340  Hoof, contraction of the,....... 181
nervous,............112, 207  Hoofs, wearing of,.............. 264
"   with chilliness,......1.. 163  Horse, how to treat the........  47'"  inflammatory,163,206,282, 320     "   age of'the...............  53
"   with putridity,......164, 320    "  signs of. old age,........  58
"   traumatic,......... 165          "   management of young,..  66'"   tuberculous,.........  165     "  symptoms of disease,....  72', catarrhal,..............   166     c  physiognomy and pulse of
" typhus,................ 169                the,..................  74', puerperal............... 207      "   respiration and digestion,. 75
Fire, St. Anthony's,......     344  Hydrophobia,......... 324
Fistula,................. 143, 144  Hydrothorax,.........130, 236
"   of the withers,........  94
i' on the nose,...... 161  Indigestion,.............. 146, 247
Foot, foul in the,.......       263  Inflammation of the belly..... 364
c rot...................   297            "      of the interdigital,
cc swelling of the,.......... 268                  space,.......... 264
Forage,...................... 283           "      of the lamina,.... 265
Forging,......,.............. 176           c        "   throat,.    131
Founder,.......182, 285, 321, 340            c       c   palate,.    131
c;   by cold, fatigue, &c.,.. 182            "        "  scrotum,. 156
"    chronic,............. 183  Influenza,.166
Fractures,....93, 208, 286, 321, 341  Internal diseases,.....302, 349, 360
Fragility of the bones,......... 209  Intestines,- diseases of the,..133, 241
Frenzy,....;  351  Itch, or Mange,.......224, 299, 363
Fungus,.................. 83, 209    "c (gale,)........ 352
i  haematodes,...........  114 Itching,....... 274
Furuncles,..................  330
Jaundice,............249, 310, 351
Gadfly,..................           Jaws, trismus of the,.......... 232
Gadflies,.......... 210
Gastritis,.......144, 245, 334, 351  Kidneys, pain of, from pressure,.. 154
Generation, diseases of the organs of,............148   Lameness, from prick of a nail;.. 186
Genitals, swelling of the,....... 151........... 211, 287, 322
Glanders,.............  176 Lampas,.195
Glossitis,.......... 161, 230   Legs, swelling of the,......      85
Goats, diseases of,............ 355    "  cedema of the,.......... 273,4  bringing up of,....       356   Lippitude, Blearedness,.....109, 330
Goitres,..................... 224   Liver, diseases of the,.......241, 158
Gonorrhmea,.....         152   Luxation,... 195, 210, 288, 322, 341
" of the patella,.......  95
Hnematuria,...... 152, 256, 309, 362
Hair, falling off of,..........79, 359   Madness,........ 212, 288, 322, 341
Head, swelling of the,.......... 231   Mallanders and Sallanders,.....  84
Heart, diseases of the,.........  125   Mammue, diseases of the,....... 362
beatings of the,......... 126   Mange,................... 187, 331
Hemoptysis,.................. 130   Marasmus,............ 213



INDEX.                                 367
Matrix, fall of the,............ 262 r Rot foot................... 297
Measles,..................... 342   Rottenness,.................. 217
Mechanical injuries,..........      90   Ruminating animals,.......... 198
Medicine, mode of administering,  46   Rumination,................  218
Meteorisation,............  214, 364
Meteorismus,................. 334   Sand crack,.................. 184
Metritis,.................        257   Satyriasis,....................155
Milk, production of,............ 200   Scab,                         289
is  alterations of,.........   215   Scapulo-humeral joint,.99
blue, red,............... 215   Scrotum, inflammation of the,.. 156
"  visci:l, acid, bitter,....... 216   Shaking,....................  292' watery, diminution of,....  216   Sheep, diseases of,.............. 276
" spontaneous discharge of,. 216         "      "     " blood,........ 279
Morbus pedicularis,............ 346' diet, folds, &c., for,.              277
Mouth, disease ofthe 19,    160, 226,     "   forage for,.. 283
Mouthdiseasesofthe,294, 327  343   Shoeing, a glance at..........  70
"   black,................ 295   Skin, diseases of the,........79, 222
A  induration' of the,........  84
Nephritis,.........153, 258, 310   Soie, disease of the bristles,.... 346
Nerves, diseases of the,........ 107   Spasms,..................... 335
Nose, fistula on the,........... 161   Spavin,.......................  96
Nymphomania,............. 154   Spermatorrhcea,.............  157
Spleen, diseases of the,........   158
(Edema,...              216   Splenitis,.................. 159, 251
Ophthalmia,.115, 230, 331, 347, 359   Splint,.................              97
(Esophagus, foreign bodies in the, 329   Sponge.................. 219, 331
Ossification of the bones,....... 173   Sprain,...................... 219
Otitis,...................... 162           "   of the fetlock,..........   98
Oxen,..................... 196   Sprains and diseases of the ex" food and air for,.........200         tremities,.................. 263
Ozena,..................  162, 332   Stable, glance at the,,.........  62
Stables, confinement in,........ 200
Paralysis................ 118, 217   Stings of bees,................ 102
Parotiditis,.................. 162   Stomacase...................; 274
Parturitioncult,.......... Stomach, diseases of the,   133, 0242
difficult,.......... 150                                          251, 305
Peritonitis,.............. 147, 249          "    overloading, the,...... 147.
Phthiriasis,............86, 225, 348   Strain of the loins...........98, 267
Phthisis,.................... 239   Straining of the shoulder,.. 100, 266
"    pulmonalis,..........  192           "       "    tendons,......'100
Pimples,............... 187          "      "    haunch,...101, 267
Pleurisy,..............           275.  Strangury,................... 157
Pn'eumonia,131,235,240,311,352, 363   Strangles......... 166
Poll Evil...................  95   Suppuration,................. 179
Preliminary remarks,..........  17   Sweating,...............                86
Profuse discharge of urine,..... 334  ~ Swelling of the knees,...... 102, 268
Prolapsus of the rectum,...... 363            "      "   thigh,......... 268
Pterygion,................. 119, 332.."        "   eyes........... 118
","   genitals,........ 151
Rabies,................. 178, 322             "      "   bones,......173, 220
Rat's tail,.................. 195             "      "   foot,..........   268
Rectum, fall of the,............ 250   Swine, diseases of,............   337
Repetition of doses,...........    48,"   generalities concerning,.. 337
Respiratory organs,........125, 233   Syncope..................... 120
Rheumatism,........179, 217, 325
Ringbone,.............             96   Tail, diseases of the,........... 269
Rot,....................291, 342   Teats, swelling of the,........86, 301