MATERIA MEDICA
AMERICAN PROVINGS.
C. HERING, M. D.        W. WILLIAMSON, M. D.
J. JEANES, M. D.        C. NEIDHARD, M. D.
C. B. MATTHEWS, M. D.  S. DUBS, M. D.
C. BUTE, M. D.
CONTAINING THE PROVINGS OF
Aciaum benzoicum, Acidum fluoricum, Acidum oxalicum, Elaterium,
Eupatoriumperfoliatum, Kalmia'latijflia, ZLoetlta'nflata,
Lobelia: car.dinaiis, Podophyllum. eltatum,.
Sanguinania canadensis, and. Triosteum perfoliatum.
COLLECTED  AND ARBANGED
BY
B~t g~mexi~tan    asetitnl tf tismlatttt 
WITH A REPERTORY,
W. P. ESREY, M.D.
SECOND THOUSAND.
1853.
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY RADEMACHER & SHEEK,
No. 239 ARCII STREET.



Entered Beaording to Act of Congresp, in the year 1853, by
RADEMACHER  k SIEEKE
n the Clerk's Office of the District Court, for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania.



MINUTES.                          5
April 11th-Met agreeably to adjournment at 11 o'clock,
A. M., Dr Flagg in the Chair.
Dr. Hull presented a paper entitled sHomeopathy and Allceopathy
contrasted, and a few of the causes which prevent the advance of
true medical science, illustrated by cases in practice," by Geo. W.
Cook, M. D., of Hudson, N. Y. (Referred to the Publishing Committee.)
Dr. Williamson, of Philadelphia, presented a paper on the
"cPodophyllum  Peltatum," which being a new contribution to
pure pathogenesis, was ordered to be read by the Secretary, and
referred to the Central Bureau.
-Dr. Paine, of Newburg, offered the following resolution: That
in "s the Homceopathic Examiner," this body recognises the firm and
able advocate of Progress and Reform in medicine, and as therefore deserving the confidence and support of the fraternity of
Homceopathists. (Unanimously adopted.)
Dr. Dutnel moved that the Publishing Committee be requested
to address a circular letter to the friends of Homceopathy in the
United State's through the Committee of Correspondence, urging
each one to become a subscriber to the Examiner.
Dr. Hering was elected a delegate to the general congress of
Homceopathists to be held at Magdeburgh on the 10th of August
next.
The Institute then adjourned to meet on the second Wednesday
in May, 1845, in the city of New York.
Joan F.. GRAY, M. D.,
General Secretary.
Second Session of the,, American Institute of Homceopathy," held ini
the city of New York, on Wednesday the 14th May, 1845.
The Secretary, Dr. Gray, called the Institute to order at 10
o'clock, A. M.
On motion, the body proceeded to elect by ballot'a President
for the session. The Secretary appointed Drs. Joslin and Okie
tellers: of the election, who reported Dr. Jeanes, of Philadelphia,
duly elected.
On motion, it was Resolved, That the third session (1846) of
the Institute be held in the city of New York.
On motion, the Institute proceeded to ballot for General Secretary for the ensuing year. The teller reported the election of Edward Bayard, M. D., of New York.
1*



6                         MINUTES.
Dr. Snow, of New York, was then elected, ", viva voce," Provisional Secretary.
The late General Secretary then read the minutes of the acts of
the Convention last year, and also of the acts of the first session of
the Institute, which were approved.
On motion, a committee of five, consisting of Drs. Gray and
Joslin, of New York, Clark of Portland, Me., Williamson of Philadelphia, and Okie of Providence, were appointed a committee on
" Constitution and By-Laws."
The report of the Committee on Finance was read and accepted,
and on motion resolved, that the acts of the committee be confirmed.
The report of the Bureau for the augmentation and improvement
of the Materia Medica, was then read, and, on motion of Dr. Gray,
accepted, and the thanks of the Institute tendered to the committee
for the zeal and ability which characterized the report.
On motion, Drs. Hering, Jeanes, Neidhard, Williamson, and
Kitchen, were appointed the Central Bureau for the ensuing year.
On motion, it was Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to ascertain the best mode of publishing the doings of the
Institute, including the report of the Bureau, and Drs. Neidhard,
Gray and Flagg were appointed.
Several communications were read by Dr. Gray, late Secretary,
from Physicians, friends of the Institute, and of the science of Homoeopathy, viz: Drs. J. C. Boardman of Trenton, N. J., J. Merrill
of Portland, Me., J. H. Puite of Cincinnati, George Lingen of Philadelphia, Adolphus Lippe of Carlisle, Pa., and Robert Wesselhoeft
of Boston-ordered to be filed,
On motion of Dr. Dubs, a committee of three, consisting of Drs.
Wells, McVickar, and Quin, was appointed on the subject of
Posology.
Dr. S. R. Kirby was re-appointed Treasurer.
On motion, adjourned, to meet at 7 o'clock, P. M.
TWednesday Evening.
The meeting being called to order, it was
Resolved, That the vote making New York the next place of meeting of the Institute be reconsidered, and after considerable discussion it was
Resolved, That the next meeting of the Institute be held in Philadelphia on the second Wednesday of May, 1846.



MINUTES.                          7
Resolved, That Docts. Bayard, Gray, and Cook, be a committee
for the purpose of engrossing the Ist vol. of the Transactions of
the Institute, and superintending the publication of the same, and
that the Central Bureau be requested to co-operate with the committee in the publication.
The committee appointed to nominate a board of censors, reported in favor of re-appointing the members of the several boards of
the last session to constitute one board, and that any three censors
may constitute a board for the examination of candidates and a
recommendation of a majority of said board shall render a candidate eligible to membership in this Institute, which was adopted.
Adjourned to meet to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock.
Theursday Morning, May 15th, 1845.
The meeting was called to order by the President, and the minutes
of last meeting read and approved.
On motion, Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to procure a suitable seal for the Institute.
On motion, Resolved, That the Publishing Committee prepare a
report of the proceedings of the Institute, to be published in
several newspapers, and that each member be served with a copy
of the same.
On motion, Resolved, Not to admit as a member of this Institute, any person who has not pursued a regular course of medical
studies according to the requirements of the existing medical institutions of our country, and, in addition thereto, sustained an examination before the censors of this Institute on the theory and
practice of Homceopathy.
Adjourned to meet at 8 o'clock this evening.
Thursday Evenbing.
The President called the meetingto order; minutes of last meeting read and approved.
On motion of -Dr. Gray, Resolved, That the Bureau for the augmentation and improvement of the Materia Medica, be earnestly
solicited to deliberate and report upon a scientific arrangement of
the Materia Medica at the next session of the Institute.
On motion, Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to
frame and procure certificates of ordinary and honorary membership to be furnished to members at such a price as the committee
shall determine. Docts. Bayard, Quin, Gray, Hempel and Joslin were appointed.



8                       IMINUTES.
Resolved, That the statute appointing a committee of corres.
pondence be annulled.
Resolved, That Constantine Hering, M. D., of Philadelphia, be
appointed a delegate to represent the American Institute of Ho2mceopathy in the Congress of Homceopathists to be held in Germany on the 10th day of August next.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to Dr.
Jeanes, for the able manner in which he has discharged the duties
of chairman of the Institute.
On motion the Convention adjourned to meet again at Philadelphia on the second Wednesday of May, 1846, at 10 o'clock, A. M.
EDWARD BAYARD, M. D.,
Gen. Secretary.



INTRODUCTORY REPORT
OFr
THE CENTRAL BUREAU.
At the first meeting of the American Institute of Homceopathy,
held in the city of New. York, in April, 1844, a Committee
was appointed entitled the " Central Bureau," for the augmentation and improvement of the MIateria Medica.
Sensible of the importance of the trust committed, it immediately made arrangements to secure the co-operation of
Homeopathists generally.
A circular was addressed to all the Homceopathic Physicians
of this country, at that time known to it, soliciting information
on three topics, viz.:
"' 1st. The effects which you have observed from remedies not
mentioned in Jahr's Manual, whether in health or disease;
stating the precise localities of the symptoms, the times of the
day at which they occurred, with all the attending circumstances.
" 2d. New symptoms, either pathogenetic or curative which.
you may have observed from the remedies in Jahr's Manual,
which are clearly ascribable to those rembedies, with the particulars of each case.
"-3(d. The symptoms which you have seen confirmed most
frequently in your practice; also, any remarkable coincidences
in alloeopathic or popular practice, and especially cases of
poisoning, which may have come under your observation."
In the circular, three new remedies were also proposed for
trial, viz.: Oxalic acid, Podophyllum  peltatum and Kalmia
latifolia, and an offer made to furnish all of them to.all who
should apply. A number of applications were received, and
the medicines sent accordingly.
The Bureau has also received communications from the
following gentlemen, relating cases of cure or requesting
medicines for experimentation: Dr. G. W. Swazey, of Springfield, Massachusetts; J. Merrill, Portland, Maine; D. S. Kim



10            INTRODUCTORY REPORT.
ball, Sacket's Harbor, New York; Joel Divine, Poughkeepsie,
New York; T. Percival Royston, Lockport, New York; J. C.
Boardman, Trenton, New Jersey; Josiah F. Flagg, Boston.
The work of elaborating the Report was performed as follows:
Benzoic acid, tried and arranged by Dr. Jacob Jeanes, with
contributions of symptoms from Dr. Lingen.
Eupatorium perfoliatum, tried and arranged by Dr. Williamson, with contributions of symptoms from Dr. Neidhard.
Fluoric acid, tried and arranged by Dr. Hering, with contributions of symptoms from Drs. Campos, Lippe, Jeanes,
Neidhard, Williamson, Husmann, Pehrson, Freytag, Gosewisch,
Geist, and Mlessrs. Smith and Behlert.
Kalmia latifolia, tried and arranged by Dr. Hering, with contributions of symptoms from  Drs. Freytag, Bauer, Schmidt,
Williamson, Fairchild, E. Clark, and Mr. Behlert.
Lobelia cardinalis, tried by Dr. Dubs.
Lobelia inflata, tried and arranged by Dr. Jeanes, with contributions of symptoms from Drs. Williamson, Geist, Gosewisch,
and also with the aid of the treatise by Dr. Noack, of Leipsic.
Oxalic acid, tried and arranged by Dr. Neidhard, with contributions of symptoms from Drs. Hering, Floto, Smith, Dubs,
Kitchen and Williamson.
Podophyllum peltatum, tried and arranged by Dr. Williamson,
with contributions of symptoms from Drs. Jeanes, Ward,
Husmann, Hering and Fairchild.
Sanguinaria canadensis, tried by Dr. Bute, with contributions
of symptoms from Drs. Hering, Husmann, Jeanes, Neidhard
and Mr. Behlert.
Triosteum perfoliatum, tried by Dr. Williamson, with contributions of symptoms from Dr. Neidhard.
The Bureau is indebted to Dr. William P. Esrey, for the
valuable addition of the Repertorium.
There are several matters which may be thought to require
either apology or defence. A brief notice of a few of them is
esteemed necessary.
The first in importance, especially as it was embraced in the
duties of the Central Bureau, is that no new or improved
arrangement of the materia medica has been performed or
even attempted; and the only apology which can be offered
for this neglect is, that the means for accomplishing this task



12            INTRODUCTORY REPORT.
tageously employed than would be supposed. But if this be
the fact it is high time that it were known.
The Bureau might adduce the authority of Hahnemann for
the propriety and necessity of investigating the properties of
new remedies. Both observation and experience combine to
show that no one remedy will suffice to cure a thousandth part
of the diseases to which man is subject. That when a succession of remedies has been required to cure a complaint in one
instance, the discovery of a remedy more adapted has led to
the immediate cure of very similar disorders. And from this
it may be inferred that, with all possible accurate knowledge of
the properties of remedies, an extensive materia medica will
be requisite to meet and conquer the multitudinous diseases
with which mankind is afflicted. But to render such a materia
medica fully available, there must be condensation. The strong
symptoms, not merely the most violent, but those of most fiequent occurrence, must be known. The true must be separated
from the doubtful and the false. Cut out these from our list of
symptoms, and'these lists will be abridged. Put together in one
place a symptom which is variously expressed and now
appears as a variety of symptomr, and we have valuable condensation. But these are not light and easy works, readily to
be accomplished. The path we have travelled was the necessary one. It is a necessary one in regard to every new remedy;
we must accept the symptoms which follow its trial as its
effects, and so set them down. If this were not done there
could be no beginning, and without a beginning there could
have been no progress. But that we should always continue to acknowledge as positive effects of a remedy those
symptoms which occurred to an experimenter after a trial of
medicine, though these have been confirmed by no other experimenter, is the height of absurdity. Therefore the Bureau
again urges the profession to come forward to the work of
ascertaining the most positive of the symptoms of remedies.
CONSTANTINE HERING, M. D.
JACOB JEANES, M. D.
CHARLES NEIDHARD, M. D.
WALTER WILLIAMSON, M. D.
JAMES KITCHEN, M. D.



REPORT OF THE CENTRAL BUREAU.
ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
BY JACOB JEANES, M. D.
Benzoic sJcid. Flowers of Benzoin.  Germ. Benzoeblumen. Benzoesalz.
THE benzoic acid derives its name from the gum
benzoin or benjamin, which is the concrete juice of a
tree, the Styrax benzoin, a native of Sumatra, Java,
Laos and Siam.
Though this acid is found most abundantly in the
benzoin, yet it also exists in the dragon's blood, in the
anthoxanthum  odoratum  and holcus odoratus.  Its
presence in other plants is doiubtful; in storax, peruvian
balsam, cinnamon and cinnamon oil, it is the cinnamomnic acid which has been mistaken for it. It has also
been stated to exist in the urine of herbivorous quadrupeds, forming on the average, as stated by Vauquelin,
about one three-hundredths of the urine of this class of
animals. But according to Liebig, this is hippuric and
not benzoic acid. The oil of bitter almonds is converted into benzoic acid, simply by the addition -of
oxygen.
For pharmaceutical use, it is directed by the United
States, London, Edinburgh and Dublin Pharmocopceias,
that the benzoic acid should be procured from the gum
benzoin. It is obtained either by sublimation or by
dissolving the gum in alkaline waters, then decomposing
the benzoates thus formed, by the addition of an acid,
and afterwards purifying the benzoic acid thus precipitated, by washing it with cold water,-which dissolves
2



14             ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
but one four-hundreth of its weight of the acid, whilst
boiling water dissolves one-twentieth.  The process of
obtaining the benzoic acid by sublimation is directed
by the United States and London Pharmacopceias, and
the acid thus procured is, for various reasons, that which
is to be preferred for medicinal use.
Benzoic acid contains 69.25 per cent. of carbon,
4.86 of hydrogen, and 25.89 of oxygen; or, as stated
by Liebig, it is composed of 14 equivalents of carbon,
10 of hydrogen and 3 of oxygen.
This acid was described as long since as 1608, by
Blaise de Bigenere, under the name of Flowers of
Benzoin.
In medicine it has been employed in two preparations
known by the name of paregoric elixir, viz: the Tinctura Opii Camphorata and the Tinctura Opii Ammoniata
of the dispensatories.  In the latter preparation it must
form benzoate of ammonia instead of existing in the
form of a free acid.
Although these tinctures have been extensively and
for a long time employed by physicians, yet none of the
writers on the materia medica appear disposed to attribute any medicinal power to the benzoic acid; and
most who speak on the subject appear to concur with
Murray, who remarks that C" it has been regarded as a
stimulating expectorant, but is totally destitute of medicinal efficacy, and the sole consumption of it is in the
composition of the paregoric elixirs of the pharmacopceias,
in which, as it has long been an ingredient, it is still
retained. "
Eight years ago I instituted experiments with the
view to ascertain the effects of this acid on the human
body in a state of health; and several symptoms
then observed have since been repeatedly confirmed in
persons who had taken the tinctura opii camphorata.
Guided by the information thus acquired, to its employment as an agent for the removal of disease, I was
forcibly struck by the power which it exerted in altering
the secretory action of the kidneys, in many cases where



ACIDUM BENZOICUM.               15
the urine was of a deep red color, and yielded an uncommonly strong urinous odor.
About four years since, Dr. Alexander Ure recommended the benzoic acid as a remedy which he believed
to be likely to prevent the formation of tophous secretions in gouty subjects. He administered it in doses of
a scruple, an hour after a meal.  In the course of a
couple of hours the urine voided, amounting to five or
six ounces, yielded, on the addition of a twelfth part of
muriatic acid, a copious precipitate of beautiful rosepink acicular crystals, precisely the crystalline character of an acid peculiar to graminivrous animals, and to
which Liebig has assigned the name of hippuric acid.
In the urine, after the benzoic acid, the hippuric acid
was found to have taken the place of the uric acid,
none of the latter being discoverable.
As the salts formed by the combination of the hippuric acid with the alkaline bases are much more soluble
than the corresponding compounds of uric acid, Dr. Ure
supposes that the substitution of the former for the latter
may be the means of preventing tophaceous concretions,
&c. He remarks that, " the application of the above
principle has proved of material benefit in the treatment
of certain unhealthy conditions of the urine, occurring
in subjects of a calculous or gouty diathesis, since it
enables the practitioner to obviate entirely the various
depositions resulting from the excess of uric acid, the
fruitful source of that most distressing malady, stone in
the bladder; as also to control and prevent the formation
of the so-called tophaceous concretions or chalk stones,
which occasion so much inconvenience, deformity and
pain to individuals laboring under gout."*
Wilhelm Keller states that, " so early as the edition
of Berzelius''Lehrbuch der Chemie,' published in
1831, Professor Wohler had expressed the opinion that
benzoic acid, during digestion, was probably converted
into hippuric acid." This statement was recalled to
mind by the publications of Dr. Ure; and Mr. Keller
* Provincial Med. & Surg. Journal: July 17th,.1841, p. 317.



16             ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
was induced to experiment upon himself. He took in
the evening, before bed-time, about thirty-two grains of
pure benzoic acid, in syrup. During the night he perspired strongly, which was probably an effect of the
acid, as he was in general with great difficulty made to
perspire profusely. He could perceive no other effect,
even when, next day, he took the same dose three
times; indeed, even the perspiration did not again occur.
The urine voided the next morning, when treated with
muriatic acid, yielded considerable hippuric acid, but
it also contained its normal proportions of urea and
uric acid.  Keller remarks that, "this observation is
opposed to the statement of Dr. Ure, and that he is
certainly too. hasty in recommending benzoic acid as a
remedy for the gouty and calculous concretions of uric
acid.'"
Dr. Walker,* of Huddersfield, England, remarks,
that, so far as "he can judge from the exhibition of
benzoic acid in several cases of dysuria senilis, he is
inclined to augur very favorably of its utility," and that
"it is often of service where the gravel in the urine is
inconsiderable, and where the irritation and the pain
would seem to have arisen from some other cause."
He employed it in conjunction with balsam copaiba.
Dr. Soden,t of Bath, England, relates a case of irritability of the bladder, with muco-purulent discharge
and enlargement of the prostate, in which he administered the benzoic acid, mixed with balsam copaiba,
white of egg and camphor mixture.  He says that he
"never witnessed any thing equal to the efficacy of this
medicine; the urine became clearer after the first dose,
and in two days it was perfectly free from mucous deposit; the irritability of the bladder was lessened, and
in four days the patient resumed his self-management."
A case in which the urine was loaded with phosphatic salts, treated by Mr. Farquhar, of London, and reported by Dr. Ure, will be found among the cases in
the appendix to this article.
* Provincial Med. & Surg. Journal, Feb. 26th, 1842.
tIbid, July 29th, 1842.



18             ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
upon the soft commissure of the jaws behind the last
molar teeth.
THROAT.-Heat in the oesophagus, as from acid
eructation.
STOMACH.-Singultus.
Sensation of heat throughout the abdomen.
20. Pain in the left side of the abdomen immediately
below the cohort ribs.
BOWELS.-Bowels freely open with extraordinary
pressure to stool.
* Fetid, watery, white stools, very copious and exhausting in infants, the urine being of a very deep red
color.
URINE.-Irritability of bladder, too frequent desire
to evacuate the bladder, the urine normal in appearance.
Urine at first only increased in quantity and not in
frequency. In a few days urination became exceedingly
frequent with strong pressing. Urine of an aromatic
odor, and saline taste; the odor long retained, most in
the forenoon. (Lingen.)
25. * Urine highly colored, sometimes of the color of
brandy, the urinous odor exceedingly strong.
Urine of the, above character, of a specific gravity
greater than that of healthy urine passed into the same
vessel, retaining its place below the healthy urine without
admixture, and though of a very deep red color, depositing no sediment.
* Hot, scalding urine of a deep red color and strong
odor, causing so. much suffering in its passage, that
this was performed but once a day.
SEXUAL. —A  thrilling almost painfil sensation on
the left side of the glans penis, extending into the urethra, so severe. as to occasion starting, ending in a sensation of tickling and itching.
itching in the sulcus behind the corona glandis.
30. Smarting of the freenum praeputii.
LARYNX.-Sneezing, with slight hoarseness, without accompanying catarrhal symptoms. (Lingen.)



ACIDUMl BENZOICUM.             19
Troublesome, and almost constant, dry hacking
cough.
CHEST.-Pain about the third rib on the right side,
midway between the sternum and the side.
Pain in the right side of the back about midway between the tenth vertebra dorsalis and the side.
35. Pain in the left side about the sixth rib, increased
by deep inspiration, and by bending the body to either
side.
Deep penetrating pain in the posterior part of the
left side, about the sixth rib.
BACK.-Dull pain in the back in the region of the
kidneys.
EXTREMITIES. —Knicking and cracking of the
joints, both of the superior and inferior extremities, in
motion.
Pain in the joints of the fingers of the right hand.
40. The pain leaves the right hand and appears in
the left arm, then extends downward into the elbow and
leaving this situation. next appears in the region of the
heart.
The pain having left these parts, appears in the right
thigh and ankle.
Pain in the right tendo achilles, and in the region of
the heart at the same time.
The pain is incessantly and suddenly changing its
location, but its most constant seat is in the region of the
heart.
After leaving the right, the pain appears in the left
tendo achilles.
45. Aching pain in the left hip, then in the thigh,
next in the knees, then in the toes.
Sharp pain in the left ankle, during the time it supports the weight of the body whilst walking.
Upon supporting a slight part of the weight of the
body on the left foot, severe pain in the tendo achilles
close to the os calcis.
Pain in the gastrocnemii.
Pain in the toes,



ACIDUM BENZOICUM.               21
kidneys, it is expected to exert remedial power in many
diseases in which the deviations of these organs from
the normal performance of their functions constitute an
important part of the morbid derangement. This view
is not only confirmed by the statements already made,
but also by experiences of my own; many of them,
long anterior to the earliest of these publications.
I have found the benzoic acid of great utility in a
number of cases where the urine was of a deep red colour, sometimes even as dark as brandy, and its urinous
odor peculiarly strong.
This highly colored- and strongly scented urine, occurs m6st frequently in >syphilitic cases, where the external symptoms have been either wholly or partially suppressed by improper treatment; also in some cases after
the infection, but before the establishment of chancre or
syphilitic gonorrhcea; and sometimes accompanies these
disorders.  It is often so strongly marked as to attract
the attention of the patient sufficiently to induce him to
remark it to the physcian. A few cases in illustration
may be useful.
Case.-A lad about seventeen years of age had contracted a chancre, and by the advice of acquaintances,
had taken balsam copaiba and other medicines.  The
chancre disappeared; but was succeeded by the following
disease: —Slightly elevated, raw surfaces, of a wart-like
appearance, and of a circular form, varying in diameter
from half an inch to an inch and a half, at places running into each other; nearly covered both sides and the
bottom of the sulcus ani, and caused much smarting
and soreness of the part.  Thuya and mercury were
given without much apparent effect. Benzoic acid, in
high dilution, and in a single dose, restored to its normnal character, the urine, which was previously very
highly colored and strongly scented; and effected some
improvement in the disease.  When the urine again
became highly-colored, the dose was repeated, and
with such good results, that it was afterwards given
every two or three days until the cure was completed.



22              ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
Case.-I was called to visit a gentleman aged 25
years, whom I found suffering under a tormenting, almost constant, dry, hacking cough. His room-mate had
informed me that he suspected him of laboring under
syphilitic disease, from the fact that his urine was of the
character above described. (My informant. was acquainted with the value of the symptom, having been
under my care for a syphilitic rheumatism, and experienced
much benefit from the use of the benzoic acid.)  Upon
inquiry, I found that he had, a short time before the
commencement of his cough, labored under a gonorrhcea, for the cure of which he had recourse to the ordinary methods of treatment.  The benzoic acid speedily
restored the urinary secretion to its ordinary quality, and
the cough soon ceased to be troublesome.
Case.-A man aged about 23 years, who had a chancre cured a year or two before by external applications,
and whose healthfrom that time had not been good, suffered at the time he called upon me, with syphilitic
rheumatism. The use of the benzoic acid was followed
by the disappearance of the rheumatism and a re-appearance of the chancre.  In the treatment of the latter affection I was so far from successful that he applied to
another physician, who, by means of external applications, &c. succeeded in removing it, without any very
troublesome return of the rheumatism.
Rather seeking to avoid venereal practice, my experience in this direction is not very extensive, especially in the treatment of the recent forms of the disease,
yet still it is sufficient, both from the above and other
cases, to justify me in recommending the benzoic acid
as a remedy worthy of attention in the treatment of
syphilis, and more especially in the secondary forms of
this disease.
It is not only where the syphilitic taint exists that
this remedy proves serviceable, but it is also of great
utility in many cases where there cannot be a suspicion
entertained of its presence. In several cases of angina
faucium and angina tonsillaris, where the urine possessed



ACIDUM  BENZOICUM.                23
the characteristics above mentioned, the benzoic acid
has proved itself very useful. In two cases, of a mother
and her daughter, a young woman, both for a long time
subject to violent angina, in neither of whom the allopathic treatment had ever succeeded in preventing suppuration, though early and energetically applied, and
where, in the case of the daughter, homceopathic treatment with belladonna and other apparently indicated
remedies had twice failed to prevent suppuration, although it diminished the suffering much more than any
previous treatment, benzoic acid in alternation with
belladonna and digitalis would speedily subdue the attacks, and finally seemed to effect such an alteration of
the system that the tendency to this form of disease appeared to be almost extinguished.
Dr. Williamson has communicate(l to me the case of
a man subject to annual returns of -nephritic colic, the
urine extremely highly colored and strongly scented,
where the benzoic acid afforded great relief in a paroxysm two years ago, since which he has not had his
usual returns of the complaint.
In cases of diarrhoea in infants, where the stools are
very copious, watery, very light colored and fcetid,
and where the urine is of an uncommonly deep red
color, and its urinous odor remarkably strong, I have
found the benzoic acid produce very great improvement.
In the cases where the ulcerations of the tongue described in the list of symptoms occurred, the urine was
of the character above described, but there was no reason to suppo.se syphilitic taint.
The following case is the one mentioned in the introduction as treated by Mr. Farquhar and reported by Dr.
Ure:;
"eH. H., aged thirty-seven, of spare make and sedentary
habits. consulted me on the 9th of May, 1842, relative to a disorder of the urinary secretion. He said that about ten months
previously he noticed, for the first time, a whitish deposit in his
water, which, ere long, concreted on the chamber-pot, forming
* Provincial Med. and Sur. Journal, Ieb. 11, 1843, p. 690.



24               ACIDUM BENZOICUM.
a hard grey crust, most difficult to remove; the urine had a
very offensive odor, and varied occasionally in appearance,
presenting sometimes a greenish, at other tinles a brownish
color; at the above date it was slightly opaque and of a pale
vellow hue, emitting a pungent ammoniacal smell, alkaline to
litmus, and effervescing briskly upon the addition of a few drops
of hydrochloric acid; almost as soon as discharged it threw down
a white flocculent sediment, consisting of phosphate and carbonate of lime it did not afford ainy uric acid; its specific gravity
was 1.023; it was voided without pain or difficulty, and in a
full stream: thei e was little or no increase of the mucous secretion, and no albumen. The patient's appetite was good, his
tongue clean, and he slept well; but he was pale, complaining
of general lassitude and languor, and of a sense of weakness
across the loins; his bowels. were generally confined. 1000
grains measure of the above urine, evaporated to dryness by a
water bath at a temperature not exceeding 1600 Fah., left only
thirty-six grains of dry extract, and exhaled, during the process
a great quantity of ammonia, as proved by a slip of moist litmus paper held over the dish becoming instantaneously blue.
He was directed to take an aperient dose of rhubarb and ten
grains of benzoic acid, twice in the day, and to live well, but
plainly.
May 12. Has taken the medicine without suffering the slightest inconvenience. He says that the urine, within a few hours
after the first dose, became clear, and ceased to deposit any
chalky sediment. It is now natural in all respects; acid to litmus; specific gravity 1.022. After six days longer he discontinued the use of the benzoic acid. Towards the end of the
month the urine became again alkaline, and I was induced to
try him with the usual ioutine of medicines recommended in
cases of this description, in order to see whether the urine could
be brought to a permanently moral state."
This was done, but without benefit. A renewal of
the use of the benzoic acid led to most satisfactory results.
In many cases of rheumatism and of painful joints
with arthritic concretions, I have had reason to believe
that the benzoic acid has proved of great advantage.
Very striking effects may be observed from this remedy
in arthritic irritation of the great toe joints, attended with
swelling and redness of the skin, the irritation being
mostly confined to these parts, and the urine of the character above mentioned. I was yesterday conversing
with a patient who was formerly very much troubled



ACIDUM BENZOICUM.              25
with this complaint, to whom I gave the benzoic acid
about six years ago, when the disease disappeared in
twenty-four hours, and never re-appeared until within
a few weeks of the present time, when it again showed
itself in a very slight degree.
In a case where inflammatory rheumatism and violent
asthma, both of long standing and frequent recurrence,
co-existed, and for which I gave the benzoic acid, the
patient remarked a great amelioration of his asthmatic
paroxysms. This is worthy of mention, inasmuch- as
one of the benzoated tinctures of opium was formerly
termed Elixir asthmaticum, and it may be that further
observations will prove the benzoic acid to be a remedy
for some peculiar forms of asthmatic disorder.
3



26              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
ACIDUM FLUO Is  RICUM.
BY C. HERING, M. D.
/Acidum  Hydrofluoricum.  Fluss-spatfsaeure, Germ.
Fluoric.Icid.
THis acid was first procured in its pure state in the
year 181-0, by Gay-Lussac and Thenard.  It is prepared by acting on- the mineral called fluor spar, carefully separated from silicious earth, and reduced to
fine powder, with twice its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid. Most chemists are now in favour of the
opinion of Ampere and Davy, namely, that fluor spar
is a compound of fluorine and calcium, and that pure
hydrofluoric acid evinces no sign of containing either
oxygen or water, but is a compound of fluorine and
hydrogen.
Hydrofluoric acid is at 320 a colourlessfluid, and remains in that state at 590, if preserved in well stopped
bottles; but when exposed to the air, it flies off' in
dense white fumes, which consist of the acid vapour
combined with the moisture of the atmosphere. Its
specific gravity is 1.0609, but its density may be increased to 1.25 by gradual additions of water.  Its
affinity for this liquid far exceeds that of the strongest
sulphuric acid, and the combination is accompanied
with a hissing noise, as when red-hot iron is quenched
by immersion in water.
It has all the characters of a powerful acid.  It has
a strong sour taste, reddens litmus paper, and neutralizes alkalies, either forming salts termed hydrofluates,
or most generally giving rise to metallic fluorides. All
these compounds are decomposed by strong sulphuric



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                27
acid, with the aid of heat, and the hydrofluoric acid,
while escaping, may be detected by its action on glass.
(Turner.)
It is a solvent for some elementary principles, which
resist the action even of nitro-hydrochloric acid. Thus
it dissolves silicon, zirconium, and columbiurn, with
evolution of hydrogen gas; and when mixed with nitric
acid, it proves a solvent for silicon, which has been
condensed by heat, and for titanium. Nitro-hydrofluoric
acid, however, is incapable of dissolving gald and platinum. Several oxidized bodies, which are not attacked
by sulphuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid, are readily
dissolved by hydrofluoric acid. As examples of tidi
fact, several of the weaker acids, such as silica or
silicic acid, titanic, columbic, molybdic, and tungstic
acids may be enumerated. (Berzelius.)
Its vapour is much more pungent than chlorine, or
any of the irritating gases. Of all substances, it is the
most destructive to animal matter. T'he following quotations from different authors will bear witness of its
powerful action on the cuticle:
Of all bodies fluoric acid, perhaps, produces the
strongest caustic effects; it acts most powerfully on the
animal tissue, on coming in contact with the skin; there
ensues a violent pain;  the parts around the spot
touched by it become white and painful, forming a
dense vesicle filled with matter.  Even a very small,
hardly visible quantity would produce the same effects,
although only after several hours. ( Thenard.)
This acid unites itself with the skin to such a degree,
that even by means of carbonate of soda it cannot be
washed off, although the pain is mitigated by the application of the latter; it is also relieved by opening the
vesicle as speedily-as possible; in the case of the diluted
or silicious fluoric acid, the presence of water or silicious acid prevents these effects.  (Berzelius.)
The smallest quantity applied to the hand. excites
violent itching, and pustules filled with matter are
formed.  (Liebig.)



28              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
A solution of one-forty-eighth part of a grain produced
on the skin neither pain nor redness, neither did a solution of one-sixteenth. One-eighth of a grain, however,
applied to the skin produced some pain, redness,' heat;
the epidermis came off in scales after a few days.
(Kreiner. )
Fluoric acid acts energetically on glass. The transparency of the glass is instantly destroyed, heat is
evolved and the acid boils, and in a short time entirely
disappears. A colourless gas, known by the name of
fluo-silicic acid gas is the product. This compound is
always. formed when hydrofluoric acid comes in contact
with a silicious substance.  For this reason it cannot
be preserved in glass; but must be prepared and kept
in metallic vessels. Those of lead, on account-of their
cheapness, are often used, but silver or platinum are
preferable. (Turner.)
The following symptoms are the result of the provings of a number of individuals, whose names are appended to each symptom  of their proving; where
possible, also, the period which elapsed between the
taking of the medicine and the time of the appearance
of the symptom, has been added.   The numbers
after the symptoms refer to the degree of the attenuation, taken by the prover. The symptoms without numbers were produced by the thirtieth potence; and those
marked with a * are curative.
MENTAL.-Disposition to anxious ideas, frequently
to such a degree that a perspiration breaks out.  (2d
day.  3d. Hering.)
He is less anxious than formerly.  (30th.  Hering.)
In the evening he is very discontented; he looks at
every thing in the worst light; in the morning, after a
restless night, his temnper is very cheerful and joyous.
(6th. Hering.)
Easily displeased for half a day.  (After 14 hours.
30th.  Campos.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               29
5. The least trifle is with him sufficient, to show a
bad temper in his features and motions in 16 hours;
disappears after 12 hours.  (Campos.)
Ill humour after 18 hours, lasts about 12 hours.
( Campos.)
Whilst considering what might happen, he gets into
a most ungovernable anger, but only in his thoughts.
Several times during the first days.  (3d.  Hering.)
Great disposition, when alone, to repulsive fantastic
imaginations, particularly with regard to persons with
whom he stands in near relations, or with whom he is
connected. (3d. Hering.)
* A lame and imbecile old lady dismissed her nurse,
without which she could not get along at all, quarrelled
with her nieces, could not bear the sight of them, and
tormented, without cause, the whole house. After two
doses, 30th, evening and morning, she had a running
from the eyes, and was immediately patient and cheerful,
and remained so. (Hering.)
10. During the fourth week very irritable towards
people, even to the greatest hatred, which he does not
hesitate to give vent to in words; but as soon as he
sees them every thing is forgotten, and he has an entirely different opinion of them.  This does not arise
either from hypocrisy or cowardice, but it is a suddenly altered view, mentally the same feeling which
occurred to him physically during the coryza, 298, 300.
(3d. Hering.)
Aversion to his business. (12th.  Gosewisch.)
Indifferent, showing no interest in any occupation.
( 3d. Hering. )
Perfect contentment, every thing is right.  (Campos.)
Feeling of an interior happy state, never experienced
before, next morning after the remedy. (Camnpos.)
Uncommonly gay disposition of the mind, the next
morning after taking it.  (Campos.)
15. All nature around'seems to smile, in the morning, 16 hours after taking the remedy.  (Campos.)
Comp. 108.
3*



30              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
Feeling of perfect happiness within and without,
after 8 hours. (Campos.)
Satisfaction, he desires no better state of things, all
is right; after 16 hours. (Campos.)
Feeling of highly enjoying everything; after 12 hours.
(Campos.)
The fourth and the following days a higher grade of
well being; he is more decided in his movements.
(30th. Hering.)
20. He is more cheerful and vigorous after the eighth
and following days. (Hering.)
Sensation as if dangers did menace him, but withoutbeing afraid; particularly during the pressure in the occiput, during the staggering, the pain in the bladder, etc.
(3d. Hering.)
During the headache, 75, symptoms of the throat, 189.
He remembers his experimentation only with horror and
aversion, particularly the disagreeable sensation in the
stomach, 204, after several weeks, in one who has
made numerous provings.  (Williamson.)
During the tottering sensation, 134, he has a decided
though not anxious expectation, as if there was to
happen something awful, buthe feels no anxiety. 3d.
(Hering.)
It appears to him in the morning as if his countenance had suddenly become old. (The 9th (lday. 3d.
Hering.)
25. Difficulty of recalling thoughts after interruption.
(30th. Hering.)
A  more difficult comprehension of philosophical
works; on the other hand all facts appear to be clearer
to him.  (30th.  Hering.)
He has great difficulty to fix his attention upon any
thing. (12th. Gosewisch.)
On making his notes he mistakes right and left, a
circumstance that does not easily happen to him. (2d
day. 6th. Hering.)
Forgetful; he does not recollect sometimes the most
common things.  (12th.  Gosewisch.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               31
30. Forgetfulness of dates and his common employments.  (The 2d week.  3d.  Hering.)
HEAD.-Whilst sitting, a frequent sensation of a
general shaking, with a dull pressure and compression
in the occiput, particularly towards the right; with the
continual internal sensation of numbness in the left forearm, and a severe pricking in it whilst stretching it.
(The 1st forenoon. 3d. Hering.)
In the forenoon, after 10 o'clock, a kind of shaking
in the head, particularly in the back part of it, and more
towards the right; at first whilst sitting, during each
quick, short movement, on rising, turning, during walking. (The first week. 3d. Hering.),Comp. 82.
Vertigo with sickness of stomach.  179.
Slight feeling of nausea and vertigo. 180.
Painful determination of blood to the forehead, like a
quick jerk, at the beginning of walking after standing,
not after sitting; in the evening three or four hours after
taking it. (3d. Herinkg.)
It appeared to him to proceed from the throat to the
head, he felt as if he was to be struck by apoplexy; a
kind of determination of blood to the head and loss of
consciousness, he could not recollect where he was.
Observed after smelling the acid. (Hering.) Comp. 192.
Determination of blood to the head.  79, 42.
From the nape of the neck to the occiput, a feeling
like a warm breath. 359.
35. In the morning dulness of the head until breakfast.  (From the 3d to the 11th (lay.  30th.  Pehrson.)
Dulness of'the head in the morning, with slight
drawing in the right side of the head the 5th and 7th
day. (30th. Pehrson.)
Dulness of the head immediately; sensation as if the
brain was pressed upwards. (After 4 weeks. 31st.
Geist.)
Dulness of the occiput only, immediately after repeated doses.  (30th.  Geist.)
Dulness towards the right in the occiput after one
hour. (3d. Hering.)



32             ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
40. Dulness and painful tension in the head towards
the right after several hours. (6th.  Hering.)
A stunning sensation in the head, mostly in front,
immediately after taking the 5th dilut.  (Williamson.)
A sensation somewhat resembling numbness or burning, first in the forehead, afterwards in the upper jaw,
and lower jaw of the same side, and appearing in the
lower part of the occiput and in the bladder, the first
evening and next morning. (After taking the 3d, and
also 6th and 30th dilution. Hexring.) Comp. 134, 135.
Confusion and pain through the head after 5 minutes.
(Jeanes.)
Heaviness of the head; with a (lull pain (douleur
sourde) deep in the middle of the forehead after two
hours.  (30th.  Campos.)
45. Five minutes after taking it, there commenced
an increase of the flow of saliva, which caused him to
spit constantly for about 10 minutes, when he began to
feel a pain in the head, a sensation as if the head was
too heavy and would drop down from one side to the
other, a pressing outward from within; the flow of saliva
after this pain had established itself began to diminish,
and in about one hour ceased entirely. (2d. E. Smith.)
A dull heavy pain in the upper part of the forehead;
passing sometimes to the upper part of both temples,
but more particularly to the left. This pain is increased
on stooping; in the evening, one hour and a half after
taking.it. (1st. E. Smith.)
The feeling of heaviness in the head continues in a
diminished degree until going to bed; he awakes with
it in the morning, and it only leaves him at 9 o'clock,
A. M. (2d. E. Smith.)
Heaviness above the eyes; with nausea; worse on
motion after 2 and 3 hours. (2d.  JNeidhard.)
Soon after taking the medicine, there commenced the
same salivation, with a dull heaviness and pain in the
whole head.  (1st.  E. Smith..)
50. Headache from the nape of the neck upwards,
a dull pressure; it appears to proceed from the



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               33
nape of the neck through the centre of the head towards
the forehead; it concentrates gradually more towards
the left as if a throbbing was to arise there.  2 hours
after the 5th dose. (Geist.) Compare 333, 334, 335.
Pressing pains in the forehead, as if it were in the
bone, at the same time also in the bones of the temples;
on lying down she feels it all over, but it soon passes
away. (Afternoon. B.)
Dull heavy pain in the forehead. (Esrey.)
Compressing pain in the right frontal protuberance.
(15 minutes after.  2d.  Williamson.)
54. Pressing pain in the forehead, on stooping, also
pressing on the right eye. (The 3d day.  HIusmann.)
Painful tension in the head towards the right. 40.
He awakes in the morning with a slight pain in the
forehead, which soon passes away. After taking it in
the evening. (1st. E. Smith.)
A pain of short duration in the right side of the forehead the next forenoon.  (Husmann.)
Headache in the upper part of forehead and vertex
towards the right. (After 5 minutes.  3d.  Hering.)
In the evening, after lying down, pain in the forehead
and eye towards the right. (The 2d day. Ilusmann.)
Pain in the right frontal protuberance in the evening.
(The 4th day.  2d.  Williamson.)
60. Headache in the left side of the forehead, in the
evening.  (2d.  JNeidhard.)
Headache in forehead and temples.  (6th. Freitag.)
Immediately in both temples a severe pressing from
within outward for half an hour, after that a pinching
pain in the left deltoid muscle. (Geist.)
Pressure in both temples, quarter of an hour after the
fifth dose. (Geist.)
In both temples pressure towards the exterior after
one hour.  (Geist.)
65. Pain in the left temple proceeding from within.
(Freitag.)
Headache, pressive in both temples after 4 hours.
(2d..N'eidhard.)



34              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
In the forehead, in the room and open air, a headathe, a kind of fulness in the left parietal bone on a
spot which he cannot designate very clearly.  (The 8th
and 9th day.  3d.  Hering.)
Heavy pain in the left half of the head in the course
of the coronal suture. (The next morning.  2d.  Williamson.)
In the evening, after an animated conversation, heat
in the face and headache, like a pressing and forcing
deep interiorly towards the left; appearing at times and.
subsiding again; it then passes to the left upper jaw, as
if the teeth ached, even on those places where the roots
of the teeth had been extracted a year ago. (The 2d day.
6th.. Hering.)
70. Suddenly a severely pressing pain on the left
side of the occiput; disappears as quickly, but soon returns again. (After one hour.  Geist.)
Dull pressure in the occiput towards the right.  31.
Pressure in both sides of the occiput beneath the protuberances.  (After one hour.  Geist.)
In the morning shortly after awakening, a cramp-like
pain in the very lowest part of the occiput towards the
left.  (Husmann.)
Severe pressure in the left temple. (After 2 hours.
Geist.)
Pressing pain in the left temple. 425.
Sharp darting pain, from near the posterior superior
angle of the right parietal bone to the mastoid process of
the right temporal bone; the pain was different from
any other; much worse than a prolonged electrical
shock or compression of the ulnar nerve. (After 3 days.
Campos.)
75. Sharp, shooting, undulating pain; it arises on
the left side about the middle and near the sutura interparietalis, and proceeds with the quickness of lightning
to the left temple near the exterior part of the orbital
cavity. This pain shoots for about two seconds, but
the undulation lasts a little longer, and it is only when
the undulation is nearly over that the mind takes cog



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.              35
nizance of the whole of it; the shooting, and painful undulation, and the quickness, are of such a nature, that
produce immediately in the mind a very disagreeable
idea of some impending danger. The undulation may
be better compared to that of the streak left on a wall,
in darkness, by the friction of a phosphoric match.
(Campos.)
Shooting pain in the left side of the forehead. (2d.
Esrey.)
Violent jerking in the interior behind and above the
right eye-brow, in the bone. (After one hour.  3d.
Hering.) Comp. 449.
On bending the head, as in the act of stooping, a dull,
quick, throbbing pain in the right temple, lasting only
for a short time.  (Evening 86 o'clock. 2d.  E.
Smith.)
A few minutes, after taking the remedy, determination of blood to the head, with heat in forehead, gradually increasing to a headache in os frontis.  (2d. JVeidhard.)
80. Pain over the right eyebrow, which disappears,
but a similar pain appears for a short time in the right
small toe. (The next forenoon. Husmann.)
A pain, at first like a contraction on top of the head
towards the right, and afterwards under the right
shoulder blade.  (The next forenoon.  Husmann.)
Compare 36, 112.
After breakfast the pains cease, except in the head,
on quickly moving it from one position to the other,
which continues the whole day. (The 2d day. 1st. E.
Smith.)
Singular indescribable weakness, like a numbness, as
if she had received an electric shock, particularly in
the head and in the hands, with nausea in stomach,
without desire to vomit. She never experienced a
similar sensation. A few days previously she had taken
acid. nitr., after that fluor. ac. (30th. Hering.) Comnp.
179, 180. 48.



ACIDUM  FLUORICUM.                37
bottom of the orbital cavity, after several hours. (30th.
Hering. )
The eye remains affected for several days, so that he
has to wink and rub it. (Hering.)
100. The vapour of it affects the eye very much.
Liebig.
Itching burning on a small spot near the right eye
externally.  (After several hours.  Hering.)
Burning in the eyes in 15 minutes. (2d..JVeidhard.)
Increased lachrymation. (2d. Esrey.)
Slight fever heat under the eyes soon after the 2d
dose. (lst. E. Smith.)
105. Pressure as it were behind the right eyeball. (The
2d hour. Geist.) Comp. 98, 54, 58, 133.
Sensation as if the eyelids were opened by force and
a fresh wind was blowing on them; after that, sensation
like sand in the eyeball, which had the same feeling as
if the eyes were inflamed.  (Campos.)
* Clearness of sight, with increased power of vision;
he can read now distinctly small print, that every night
previously seemed confused.  (Campos.)
Pleasant sensation; as if the eyelids were wider
opened, or the eyes more prominent, whereby the circle
of the vision becomes more enlarged; the sight clearer,
and he feels a kind of luxurious enjoyment, while looking at the same things he is used to see every day.
(Campos.) Comp. 15, 187.
On closing the eyes firmly he observes a large bright
ring, which quickly vanishes. (In the evening of the 5th
day.  3d.  Hering.)
110. In the evening after retiring a jerking light before the eyes, crossing itself like lightning. (The 3d
week. 3d. Hering.)
In the evening after retiring, on closing the eyes, red
sparklings cross each other in all possible directions;
this gradually ceases, and there remains a red, flaming,
trembling for a few minutes, which disappears after
opening the eyes.  (The 2d day.  1st.  Husmann.)
* A       dark spot, which, whilst reading, floats: before
3



38              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
his eyes, since he had a violent intermittent fever six
years ago, disappeared during the first hour, but returned again in 14 days.  (Geist.)
EARS.  Behind the right ear a pain which moves
upwards in'the head; at the same time in the right heel.
(6th. Freitag.)
Jerking behind the left ear. (2d..Neidhard.) Comp.
449.
A peculiar pressing and itching deep in the left ear;
disappears after stirring with the finger in the ear. (After
one hour.  Geist.)
115. Itching first in the right ear, afterwards in the
left ear.  (Geist.)
Pressing pain in the right ear.  (Husmann.)
Pain in the right ear the 4th (lay.  (6th.  Freitag.)
Stitches in the right ear. (30th. Freitag.)
Sensation in the right ear as if there would commence
a ringing in the ear. (In the forenoon the 2d day. 3d.
Hering. )
120. The sensitiveness of his hearing is very much
increased in the morning. (The 6th day. 3d. Hering.)
NOSE.  * A chronic inflammation of the nose with
pain; redness, some swelling and heat, (on the right interior side of the tip, and in the base of the right wing)
disappears within 3 days; there forms itself on the latter
place a small pustule, with even surface, on a painful
red circle.  (6th. Hering.)
The nose, which for many months was free from excoriation or pain, begins again to feel sore, and more
towards the left. (The 9th day. 3d. Hering.)
In the morning there appears a pimple of the size of
a hempseed, towards the right, between the root of the
nose and the eye. The 16th day. Several similar
pimples in the right side of the face after 5 weeks. (3d.
Hering.)
* A pimple with inflamed base very extensive on the
top of the nose, three-quarters of an inch from the tip.
(Cured in 2 days. 15th. Jeanes.)
FACE AND JAWS.  125. Heat in the face, and



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                39
desire to bathe the face with cold water, and repeated
ablutions, which he much enjoys; for two weeks, after
that less decidedly.  (3d.  Hering.)  Comp. 69, 74,
104.
Perspiration particularly in the face. ( The 3d and the
following day. 3d. Hering.)
Slight itching like fine prickings, on the right side of
the face. (After one hour.  Geist.
Itching on the right side of the face. (30th. Husmann.)
Compression in both zygomas, drawing downwards towards the larynx, where she is conscious of it during
deglutition, and also without. (In the evening, 5 o'clock.
B.) Comp. 457, 5.
130. Deep in the bones, superior and posterior to
the left eye, a soreness occasionally. (Evening the 9th
day.  3d. Hering.) Comp. 98.
Behind the left eye towards the temple, in the left nostril and forehead there is a pain, which seems to be in the
bone, as if very deeply in the interior something sharp
pointed was moved about. (One o'clock in the afternoon the 9th day. 3d. RIering.);- The same pain as above described in the case of
a fistula lachrymalis of the left eye, with white oblong
little scabs and periodical itching every couple of days
for several days, and with discharge; fl. ac. 30th caused
the pain immediately to return, but after that every thing
was cured.  (Hering.)
A pain very deep in the posterior part of the right
eye, and extending very far into the upper jav, the
same which he had at one o'clock in the left side.) (At
5 and 6 o'clock in the evening, the 9th day. 3d. Bering.)
Sensation of warmth and obtusion in the bone of the
right upper jaw. (After 10 minutes. 3d. liering.)
135. Painful sensibility of the right upper jaw. This
sensibility is, as it were, reflected in the lower jaw.
(After 15 minutes.  3d. Hering.)
In the right articulation of the jaw sensation as if a
spasm were to take place. (After several hours. Geist.)



40             ACIDUM FLUORICU-M.
In both joints of the jaws, (worse in the left,) a painful
spasmodic contraction. Had the same sensation occasionally before. (The 11th day.  3d.  Hering.)
Slight numbness of the right joint of the lower jaw,
acontinualsensation of warmth. (After 1 and 2 horns.
3d. Hering.)
Drawing pain in the right lower jaw bone, towards
the middle.  (1 hour after the 5th dose.  Geist.)
140. Slight gnawing pain in both sides of the lower
jaw, in the bone near the angle. (Soon after 79. 2d.
NJNeidhard.)
In connection with a drawing in the entire left eye,
a peculiar sensation in the right lower jaw, not in the
bone, but very close to it.  In the evening, 24 hours
after taking the remedy. (30th. Freitag.) Comp. 4D4.
Burning pain on the outside of the right lower jaws
on a small spot near the first or second molar tooth.
(After 1 and 2 hours. 3d. Hering.)
TEETH.- Teeth feel warm; those of the upper jaw
especially on the left side.  The incisor and canine are
much warmer than any of the others. A few minutes
afterwards there was considerable warmth in the pharynx.
These sensations ceased in the course of an hour. The
prover remarked, particularly, that the heat or warmth
was felt in the teeth, and not gums or alveolar process.
(lst. E. Smith.)
Digging pain in one of the lower incisors, towards the
right. (The 3d day. Husmann.)
145. Toothache; drawing in theleft lower jaw. (After 4 hours. 2d. JV'eidhard.)
Toothache for a short time in the left lowerjaw. (30th.
Freitag.)
The right upper incisors are very sensitive on drinking cold water, and also on inhaling cold air, particularly the one which is decayed. (The same symptom some
weeks before the proving. 30th. Hering.) Comp. 159.
The cold air in a room causes pain in the carious
tooth of the right upper incisor. (Evening, after several
hours. 6th. Hering.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               41
Soon after taking the remedy transient pain in -the
right eye tooth. (Evening. Husmann.)
150. The pain in the tooth on the right side disappears for a moment, and is transmitted to the left thigh,
on the outside above the knee.  (The 3d day.  Husmnann.)
The right eyetooth, which was formerly rough, but
becamne afterwards smooth again, is now rough, and
commences to ache, particularly at the root of it. In
the upperjaw, along the root of the teeth pressure is very
painful, particularly in the evening; it is mitigated temporarily, by cold water.  (The 3d and following days.
Husmann.)
A fistllla of several years standing near the right
eyetooth, with great sensitiveness in touching the upper
jaw; gradually disappears during the provings. (HerThe 5th day in the morning the lower incisor teeth
have a sensation of roughness, as if they were broken,
andi the tongue feels painful on touching them.  (For
several days.  3d.  Hering.)
Acrid putrid taste from the root of the right lateral
incisor, on which there is fixed an artificial tooth. (The
next morning after.  2d.  Williamson.)
155. * After the second week a decidedly improved
condition of his teeth; the carious teeth seem to secrete
less, and the gums do not bleed so easily. (3d. Hering.) Comp. 182.
(After five weeks a painful excoriation near the first
lower molar tooth, on the right side.  3d.  Hering.),
OUTH'1, TASTE, NAUSEA.-A  sensation'"of
warmth on the lips. (Immediately.  3d. Hering.)
Very often a burning, like a sore on, the inside of the
lower lip towards the right, very near the edge. (After
1 and 2  hours.  3d.  Hering.)
A solution of 8 caused in the mouth a violent pain,
as from hot water; the teeth became so painful that
for two days he could not masticate with them
Kreiner.
4*



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                43
175. -Sickness-of stomach, continuing from three to
four hours, after taking the acid. (1st. Esrey.)
Sickness of the stomach with some desire to vomit.
(1st. E. Smith.)
Some sickness of the stomach. (After 4 hours. 2d.
JVeidhard.)
Constant great sickness of the stomach, with general
heat. (After 2 hours. 2d. J\Veidhard.) Comp. 48, 83.
Continual sickness of stomach, with vertigo and headache.  (After 4 hours.  2d.  Xeidhard.)
180. Slight feeling of nausea and vertigo. (After 10
minutes. 3d. Hering.)
He vomits several times with difficulty a clear, viscid
fluid, with coagulated white pieces, having no connection with the burning in the mouth, nor the symptoms
accompanying it.  The whole day he felt nausea, eructations and lassitude. After 30 drops of one-sixteenth
solution, (about 2 grains.) Kreiner.
* The mouth is not so full of mucus in the morning
as usual; it is less around the teeth; in rincing it there
is less blood and viscid mucus than usual. (After several
days. 30th. Hering.)
Five minutes after taking, an increase of the flow of
saliva. so that he had to spit constantly for about 10
minutes; after which he began to feel a pain in the head,
when the flow of saliva diminished and ceased in one
hour. 45, 49.
Much viscid saliva in awakening at night, before the
diarrhcea. 231'
Increase of saliva with sneezing. 297.
PALATE AND FAUCES. Prickling of the tongue,
and increase of saliva for some hours, and afterwards
combined with smarting, feeling of the palate as if something very acrid had been gargled. A feeling of tenderness and irritability in the larynx; coughing to clear
the throat causes feeling of soreness, which shows an
unusual degree of sensibility.  (3d.  Jeanes.)  Comp.
162.
* A very painfill little ulcer in the lower part of the
mouth, towards the right, in the corner of the upper and



44              ACIDUM FLOURICUM-.
lower jaw; very troublesome during mastication and
otherwise.  (Herins.)
185. Sensation of heat in the fauces. ( The next morning.  HIusmann.)
Dryness of the left half of the palate and roof of the
mouth.  (In the evening the 4th day.  2d.  Williamson.)
A  singular sensation of expansion in the posterior
nares, during his walk in the open air. (30th. Hering )
Compare eyes, 108.
A pain to which he was frequently subject at the
opening of the left eustachian tube, appears after one
to two hours, and does not recur again afterwards.  (3d.
Hering.)
In the lower part of the entrance of the fauces, towards the left side a raw feeling; although it is little
painful, he still apprehends it may prove serious. (The
11th and 12th day, in the morning and forenoon.  3d.
Hering.)
190. Violent burning inl the fauces, and a sensation
of constriction; rumbling in the bowels, pressure in the
stomach, and burning eructations; choking for two
hours; the second day constipated.  From 10 drops of
the one-sixteenth solution, (about 8 gr.)  Kreiner.
Immediately a slight itching sensation in the larynx,
which causes him to swallow and to hawk, lasting for
hours.  2 drops.  (31st.  Geist.)
Sore throat, with difficult deglutition; his throat, as
far as below the larynx, felt so sore that the bread, although masticated very thoroughly, could not be swallowed without the greatest pain.  After the smelling of
the acid, 5 o'clock, P. M., until the next morning after
breakfast.  The same morning hawking up of much
phlegm, mixed with some blood; during the day abatement of the symptoms. (Hering.)
Constriction in the throat with difficult deglutition,
at first in the forenoon, three hours after taking it; the
next day it begins towards evening.  (30th.  Freitag.)
APPETITE. —Vith his usual good appetite, he



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               45
nevertheless is soon satisfied. (The 3d and 4th day
and following days.  30th. Hering.)
(The same symptom after.  3d.  Hering.)
195. Thirst at night. (Campos.)
Appetite increased. (Campos.)
Hunger increased. (Campos.)
Excessive hunger.  (Campos.)
Voracious appetite.  (Campos.)  Comp. 222, 250.
200. The appetite is diminished, le wants something
" piquant." (12th. Gosewischl.)
Aversion to coffee the 15th day. (3d. Hering.)
STOMACH.-Constriction in the throat; pressure
and sensation of fulness in the region of the stomach;
frequent stale disgusting eructations, with inclination
to vomit. Of one drachm of the one-forty-eighth solution, (about one and one-fourth gr.,) within half an
hour, all symptoms disappeared. Kreiner.
Pressure in the stomach and burning. 190.
Decidedly uncomfortable sensation in the stomach,
A. M. (After the 2d dose. 2d.  Williamson.)
Sensitiveness of the region of the stomach to pressure.
(12th. Gosewisch.)
205. Sensation, between meals, as pressure from a
weight in the stomach, simulating indigestion. (After
3 days. Campos.)
Heat in the stomach before his meal, which disappears after it; then heaviness in the stomach, and after some hours again heat. Worse during exercise.
(12. Gosewisch.)  Comp. 190.
ABDOMEN.-Sensation in the left side of abdomen,
as if a pain were to arise and wind discharge, without
either taking place. (In half an hour after the fifth
dose.  Geist.)  Comp. 228, 231.
Pain in the left side of the abdomen, in the region of
the spleen. (After 1 hour. Geist.)
Suddenly an acute pain in the left side of abdomen,
above the hip, hindering respiration. (After 2 hours.
Geist.)
210. Pinching in the region of the spleen, forenoon
11 o'clock. (The 4th and following day. Pehrson.)



46             ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
In the evening a pressing pain in the abdomen on
the left side, and also in the left arm. (Freitag.)
* A pain which he has had for six- days in the region of the spleen, reaching to the hips, disappears immediately after one drop 30th; and did not return.
(Geist.)
Jerkings in left side of abdomen.  (After 2 hours.
Geist.)
Pinching in region of navel, excitement to diarrhcea,
and a copious watery evacuation. (2 o'clock, A. NI.
7th day. Pehrson.)
215. During diarrhcea, pain more particularly in region of navel. (Several hours after. 6th. Hering.)
Immediately after partaking of some pieces of watermelon, a meal of fish, etc., some pain in the abdomen,
which is not generally the case. (After 1 hour. 3d.
flering.)
Rumbling in bowels, with erratic pain. A. M. (1st.
E. Smith.)
Shooting pain in bowels, like as if from wind, sometimes very acute. (Evening. 1st. E. Smith.)
In the night a sensation of warmth in the abdomen,
with a pressure towards the bladder. (1st day. 3d.
Hering.)
220. Throbbing like a pulsation on feeling the breast
and abdomen. (B.)
Sensation of faintness, like an emptiness in the region
of the navel, with a desire to draw a deep breath. It
is relieved by bandaging; in the forenoon, before he
had eaten anything; it gets better after eating.  In the
evening it is more like a slight burning.  When occupied he does not observe it.  (12th.  Gosewisch.)
Inclination to draw up the muscles of the abdomen,
with great appetite.  (12th.  Gosewisch.)
FiECES.-Free evacuation of the bowels, twice a
day.  (2d.  Williamson.)
Inclination to diarrhcea; two passages the first day.
(2d.  JVXeidhard.)
225. Two hard passages the 2d day.  (2d.  JVeidhard.)



48             ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
the 13th and 14th day; not the 15th; and the 16th,
twice, the 17th again once.  (Pehrson.)
The evacuation becomes protracted, insufficient,
and lumpy. (6th, 12th, 30th.  Hering.)
Passage protracted and very small; the day after,
226, on omitting the remedy. (Geist.)
Constipated for two days. After 10 drops one-sixteenth. Kreiner.
240. He feels as if the wind was retained in the
anus. (6th. Hering.)
Much rumbling fiom flatulency.  (The  9th day.
Pehrson.)
Passes much inodorous wind. (12th. Gosewisch.)
He passes more inodorous flatus, with much noise.
(6th, 30th. After several days.  Hering.)
MIuch rumbling in abdomen, 190, 217, 228.
Frequent passage offlatus and eructations; it leaves
him immediately more comfortable, and with a feeling
as ifthat was the last, but is not so; because in a few
minutes every thing is renewed in the same order, succession and feeling as before; and so on for two or
three days, with- the only difference of being at longer intervals than it was atfirst.  (Campos.)
245. In the inorning offensive flatus. (The 2d day.
Pehrson.)
Small very strongly offensive winds precede the
evacuation. (2d day. 3d. Hering.)
The same the 8th day.
Small, excessively offensive discharges of wind in
the forenoon, several hours before his meal, and in
the afternoon two hours after eating. (The 2d day.
3d. Hering.)
A large pappy yellowish-brown passage, of a very
strong, disagreable smell of faeces, together with
tenesmus to which the prover is liable, although less
protrusion of the anus than formerly.  (The 2d day.
Hering.)
The 3d day no passage; the 4th, 10 o'clock,A. M.,



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.              49
indefinite; desire, small odourless winds and pappy
evacuation. (3d. Hering.)
250. The.8th day, before dinner, after small, excessively fetid  discharges of flatus, a sudden  urging,
then a thin pappy passage without any odour, and at
the same time a very copious discharge of urine. He
had eaten peaches before, which, however, never acted
that way; and after the passage a better appetite than'usual. (3d. Hering.)
He observed the same tertian type the 2d, 4th, (6th,)
and 8th day. (Hering.)
The fifth, week the evacuation is more regular than
usual. (3d.  Hering.)
ANUS. —Constriction of: the anus, in attempting to
propel wind. (6th. Hering.)  Comp. 231, 240.
* The protrusion of the anus during evacuation,
habitual to him was very quickly, and to a considerable
degree, diminished for several:w.eeks. (3d. Hering.)
255. * A, more comfortable feeling in the anus
than is usual with him; in one subject to piles. (2d
day. 3d. Hering.)
After drinking wine, determination of blood to the
anus.  (3d.  Hering.)
Within and around the- anus violent itching the 15th
and 16th day;. continues around the anus until the
5th week. (3d.  Hering.)
Itching above the anus, suddenly and most violent,
often returning. (The 12th and following days. 3d.
Hering. )
Violent itching, which distresses him particularly, in
the evening, on a small spot in the centre of the perineum. (From the 2d week, increasing until the 6th
and 7th.  3d.  Hering.)
GROINS, BLADDER AND URINE. —260. -Conb
tinual: dull pain in the inguinal region on both sides,
andl deeply situated. (Campos.)
Burning for a short time in the right inguinal region.
(In the afternoon.  Husmann.):
5



:50             ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
Drawing through the left testicle to the abdominal
ring. 281.
Dull pains in the region of the bladder. (The 1st
week. 3d. Hering.)
Pressure on the bladder, with a sensation of warmth
in the abdomen. 219.
Violent pain like an electric shock from the region of
the bladder, down into the right thigh. 411.
Before and after urination, a pain in the lower part of
the bladder; there is also pain on pressure. (The 1st
and 2d day. 6th. Hering.)
After urination a pain as it were above the neck of
the bladder.  (Afternoon. 6th. Hering.)
265. The frequently returning pain in the bladder is
entirely gone.  (The 2d day after taking 30th,
Hering.)
In the morning an intolerable burning in the urethra,
during urination, and after it for 5 minutes. The 9th
day. In one who never had a gonorrhcea. (Pehrson.)
Less urination the next morning. (3d. Hering.)
Decidedly less voiding of urine, the 2d and 3d day,
but the urine is not of a darker colour.  (3d. Hering.)
Has to get twice up at night to void his urine, which
is quite unusual with him; the night is cooler than the
previous ones.  (The 5th day.  3d   Hering.)
270. More urination and afterwards more thirst. (The
5th day. 3d. Hering.)
Urination more frequent, and of a clear colour after
several days. (6th. Hering.)
Frequent desire to make water after several days.
(30th. Hering.)
Free discharge of light coloured urine; very frequent,
of sufficiently large, but not increased quantity, leaving
him more comfortable; he drinks little as usual. (Campos.)
Pungent and strong odour of the urine, which Was
freely discharged, in the evening. (The 4th day. 2d.
Williamson.)
275. The 15th and 16th day, a very acrid and strong
odour of the urine. (3d. Hering.)



52              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
Elderly persons had often attacks of venereal desire
and erections, and the exercise of this function seemed
not to be injurious to them.  (Bering.)
-The monthly period  occurred  8 days too soon,
and was more copious; but, instead. of: 6 to 7 days,
lasted only five; the discharge is thick and coagulated.
The succeeding catamenia take place again at the regular period, according to the former calculation. (B.)
NOSE, CORYZA.-295.  The odour of the acid is
very acrid and penetrating.  Thenard.
Sneezing in the afternoon. (After 4hours. 2d. Jreidhard.)
In the morning violent sneezing seven times, with a
discharge of a small quantity'of thin mucus from the
nose, and collection of saliva in the mouth, with that
sensation in the nose which arises sometimes from the
influence of severely cold weather. (The 2d day. 6th.
Hering.)
Early in the morning on rincing the mouth with cold
water, the nose appears suddenly full of mucus, like as
if he had fluent coryza, but as quickly passes over again.
(30th. Hering.)
Coryza the 8th day, is the 9th day on the right side,
and fluent with sneezing; remains semilateral and fluent
during the 10th and 11th day. (Pehrson.)
e In a case of chronic obstruction of the nose, with a
dull heavy pain in the forehead, where silex, 30th, had
been of some service, fluor. ac. 30th, immediately caused
a running from the nose, without any other improvement.  (The same in a case of ulceration.)  (Husman.)
300. Sudden attacks of coryza, suddenly appearing
and disappearing again; it seems as if excitement removed the coryza. (3d. Hering.)
CHEST.-Increased irritability'of the larynx; whilst
coughing slightly, there arises a sensation of soreness.
(Jeanes.)
Pain in the larynx as if it were in the cartilage, inducing him to swallow. (After 90 minutes. 3d. Hering.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                 53
Soreness in the chest. (After three hours. 2d..'eid.
hard.)
A sore pain in the left side of the chest, as if beneath
the skin, which he feels only on moving; a similar pain
in the left shoulder. (10 o'clock in the evening, after
four hours. 1st. E. Smith.)
305. On rising in the morning, pain again in the left
side of the chest, similar to the one he felt the evening
before. (1st. E. Smith.)
Oppression with pain in the chest. (After 4 hours. 2d.
JVeidhard.)
Pressing pain in the last rib, towards the right near
the spine. (After 1 hour. Geist.)
Pressure in the centre of the sternum in the afternoon;
in the evening at 10 o'clock aftef retiring, a pressing
pain in the middle of the chest, which lasts until he falls
asleep.  (The 1st day.  Geist.)
Small stiches in the side. (After 4 hours. 2d. JV'eidhard.)
-310. Sticking under the ribs to the left of the ensiform cartilage, in the evening. (After 15 minutes. 2d.
W.illiamson.)
Burning sticking pain in the left side of the chest,
lasting only for a moment. After smelling the acid.
(Husmann.)
A pain, as if a stitch would appear deep in the left
side of the chest, posteriorly to the heart. (After two
hours. Geist.)
Pain from;the left side of the chest to the groins, increased by deep respiration, particularly in the groin and
back;  like a stitch.  From 9 to 10 o'clock in the
forenoon. (Gosewisch.)
RESPIRATION. Oppression in the chest on reclining, at the same time a trembling in the lower extremities. (B.)
315. Oppression in the upper part of the chest; not
relieved by deep inspiration. (The 7th and following
days. 3d. Hering.)
Difficulty of breathing; there seems to be an impedi.
5*f



54             AC1DUM- FLUORICUM.
ment in the region of the pit of the throat, and uppe
part of the chest; at the same' time itching pimples on
the back and pain in the chest, below the point of the
shoulder blade. (The 9th day. 3d. Hering.)
He often breathes deeply, as if the breast within and
below was full, in the forenoon during sitting and writing. (The 11th day. 3d. Hering.)
The difficulty in his respiration in the depth of the
chest, often returns in the afternoon and evening. (The
2d and 3d week. 3d. Hering.) Comp. 235.
Wheezing during respiration, observed more by others
than himself, in the afternoon and evening; in the afternoon on the bed, on which occasion he has to turn
backwards, if he wants to take a full breath. (The 6th
week. 3d. Hering.)
320. -* In two cases of incurable hydrothorax, fl. ac.
gave much relief. (3d. Jeanes.)
HEART.-Uneasiness about the heart. (Immediately. 2d. JVeidhard.)
Aching in region of heart. (After 15 minutes. 2d..Neidhard.) 
Jerking in the heart. (After 1 hour. 2d. JVeidhard.)
Painful jerking in the heart. (After 2 hours. 2d.
JV'eidhard.)
325. Continual soreness in the heart. (After I hour.
2d. JN'eidhard.)
EXTERIOR CHEST.-Itching on the left breast and
right side of the nose. After smelling. 30th. (Husmann.)
The severe, itching on the breast, with small soft
pimples, habitual to him in summer, is much increased
on the 4th day. (3d. Hering.)
Slight pain close to the right nipple. (After 1 hour.
30th. Gosewisch.)
In the evening, itching on the right nipple and around
it; the nipple is the next morning much larger, more
red, and the areola darker. A thin brownish crust is
formed on the areola. (The 12th and 13th day. 3d.
Hering.)



56              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
Deep seated pain in the back, below the point of the
shoulder-blade, more towards the left; it occurs more
in a sitting posture, particularly whilst riding. (The
4th and 9th day. 3d. Hering.)
Pain in the back, sometimes high up near the shoulder-blades, sometimes deeply seated, as it were in the
region of the kidneys. (1st week. 3d. WHering.)
Violent itching, and small pimples on both shoulder's
and on the back, more towards the left. (11th and following days. 3d. Hering.)
-   His habitual bruised pain in os sacrum and lumbar
region, (relieved by stretching and bending backwards,
but particularly by pressure, as well after fatiguing
bodily labour,) is much aggravated by fl. ac. 6th, but is
removed entirely after fl. ac. 30th; a similar pain, however, returns in the region of the right shoulder, which
is also quickly cured after a dose of fl. ac. 3d, it returns
during the 4th and 5th day, in the back below, be.
tween and above the shoulder, and only disappears in
the 2d week. (Hering.)
345. Aching pain in the os sacrum, very soon. (2d.
Jeidhard.)
Jerkings in sacrum, during the 1st hour, and less frequently the 2d1 hour. (2d. JVXeidhard.)
Pricking, burning, itching near the os coccygis, towards the right.  (4th day.  3d. Hering.)
UPPER  EXTREMITIES. —Creeping and severe
itching on the right shoulder.  (Evening, after 5 or 6
hours.  3d. Hering.)
In the evening, changing from the top of one shoulder
to the other; severe itching, with now and then a single stitch in the skin. (1st day. 3d. Hering.)
350. In the afternoon violent itching on the left
shoulder, in the evening on the back, where small pimples arise; worse late at night until he falls asleep,
(The 4th and 5th day. 3d. Hering.)
Burning pricking pain in the left shoulder-blade.
(After 1 or 2 hours. 3d. Hlering.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               57.
Sudden jerking pain in the left shoulder, in the bone.
(Freitag.)
Pain in the left shoulder, beneath the skin; and in
the left side of the chest. ~ Comp. 304.
Pain of a deeply penetrating character, first in the
right, afterwards in the left arm, most about the junction
of the cancellated with the solid portion of the os
humeri; even after the disappearance of the pain, there
is soreness upon pressure of the parts previously affected. A similar pain in the muscles over the head of
the left radius.  (In 40 minutes.  3d. Jeanes.)
Rheumatic pain in the bones of the left arm, from elbow to shoulder, with lameness. (After 1 hour. 2d.
JV'eidhard. )
355. In the afternoon pain in the right upper arm in
the bone towards the elbow. From the right arm the
pain passed over to the left arm, with the same pain in
bone.. (2d day. 2d. JV'eidhard.)
In the forenoon at 9 o'clock pressing pain in the
right arm, and a constriction in the left side of the neck.
(Freitag.)
In the morning a pressing pain in the left arm, just
above the elbow. (6th. Freitag.)
Pain in the left arm'abovethe elbow, appearing after
the pains on the right side. (After 1 or 2 hours. 3d.
Hering.)
Trembling in the biceps of the right arm. (After
15 minutes. 2d. Williamson.)
360. Trembling in the triceps of the right arm. (5th
day. 2d. Williamson.)
Aching in the right elbow joint.  (2d day. 2d.
Williamson.)
Aching in the left elbow, in the evening. (4th day.
2d. Williamson.)
During the pain in the left side a pain in the right
elbow-joint. (Geist.)
In the middle of the left forearm  a slight pinching
pain; lasting only a short time. (In the evening. 1st.
E. Smith.)



58              ACIDUM FLUORICUM.
365. Aching pains in the bones of the left forearm,
towards the middle. (2d. NJeidhard.)
A pain in the right shoulder-joint, which he had felt
a week before last, but not the last; returned for a few
moments, and extended towards the fingers, as if air
was passing down, a sensation which he had never experienced before. (After i hour. Geist.)
A burning, pricking and jerking pain in the. whole
left arm, often returning, as if there was passing through
the nerves a very painful, but slow electric shock. Most
severe he feels it on the inside of the left little finger,
together with now and then a sharp stitch in the point
of the finger, passing fiom within outwardly. (In the
afternoon, 2 o'clock, 2d day. 30th. Bering.)
An almost painful electric jerk, along the left radius
to the thnumb, which moves involuntarily.  (Several
times at 12 o'clock, 2d day.  3d. Hering.)
In the evening at 10 o'clock, the right arm, on which
he rests, becomes benumbed and feels lame, with a
pricking sensation. (3d. Hering.)
Slight lameness in the right arm, so thathe has some
difficulty in writing. (After-15 minutes. 2d. JVeidhard.)
370. Pressure and lameness, with pain in the forearm. 453.
Heaviness in the right arm, in the morning on awaking, with some numbness, although he only laid on the
left side. (2d day.  30th.  IIusmann.)
On awaking, the right upper arm and shoulder feel
bruised and benumbed, after lying on left side. (After
several days. 30th. Hering.)
The left forearm and hand as if asleep, at 5 o'clock,
A. M., whilst lying on the right side.  (7th day. 2d.
Williamson.)
The left hand is asleep in the morning, and-remains
so the whole forenoon. (2d day. 3d. Hering.)
375. A sensation of numbness in the left hand, ex.tending to the forearm; the sensation is different from
the numbness produced by long pressure, and also more



ACIDUM FLUORICUIM.             59
lasting, and does not subside after using exertion. (2d
day. 3d. Hering.)
Sensation of numbness, jerking and lameness in the
left arm, appears in the morning and forenoon, and subsides again between 12 and 1 o'clock. (3d.. Hering.)
The numbness and paralytic sensation in the left
forearm, returns every forenoon, but every day at a
later period, and less decided. (4th, also the 10th and
11th day. 3d. Hering.) Comp. 318.
Numb pain in the forearms to the hand.  (6th.
Freitag.)
Lameness of the right hand. (30th. Freitag.)
380. Powerless sensation in the hands. (B.)
Weakness and numbness in the head and hands. 83.
In the fingers of the right hand some numbness and
rigidity. (In the forenoon.  30th. Husmann.)
Drawing in the right wrist in the forearm from 8 to
11 o'clock. (6th day. Pehrson.)
Pain about the right wrist and finger-joints. (After
1 hour. 3d. Jeanes.)
- After a cold from exposure, pain in the right metacarpus. (In the eavening. 6th.  Hering.)
385. Both. hands are constantly very red. (3d and
following days. 3d. Hering.)
The hands are full and warm, uncommonly red, partidularly in the palms, and like marbled. (4th day. 3d.
Hering.)
Heat in the palm of the right hand. (The succeeding forenoon.  30th. Husmann.)
* A perspiration in the palms of the hands, (evenl
during cold dry weather, and with the back of the
hand dry and cool; his palms were constantly so moist
that every one who shook hands with him observed it,)
which remained after lobelia; disappeared the 4th day
of the fl. ac. proving. (Geist.)
On the right index finger violent itching and small
vesicles. (Evening, the 5th day. 3d. Hering.)
390, Pain in the first joint of the -right little finger,



60              ACIDUMV FLUORICUM.
as if it were being pulled out of joint.  (After 15 minutes. 2d. Williamson.)
Burning around the first bone of the right middle finger, together with an itching, stinging in the skin. (After 1 hour. 3d. fHering.)
Pain in the left index finger, as it were in the bone,
now and then during the day, the whole finger is painful interiorly, particularly in the evening.  (5th day.
3d. Hering.)
Aching in the left index finger.  (6th day.  2d.
Williamson.)
Acute prickings, like with a needle, in the fingers.
(6th. Freitag.)
395. Pricking in the ends of the index fingers, most
in the left; also in the right thumb.  (4th day. 2d&
Williamson. )
Jerking in the left thumb occasionally, extending: to
the middle of the forearm.  (During the forenoon. 3d.
Hering.)
Now and then a pain resembling a contusion in the
ends of several fingers, as it were in the bones. (In the
evening the 4th and following weeks. 3d. Hering.)
A violent burning stitch in the fleshy part of the left
thumb; often returning and passing out at the end.
(11 o'clock, A. M., 2d day.  3d.  Hering.)
Painless sensation beneath the nail of the left -thumb,
as [ifsomething was working gradually its way out.
(2d day, A. M.  3d. Hering.)
400. Slowly jerking, repeated burning in the end of
the left little finger.  (10 o'clock, A. M. 2d day. 3d.
Hering.)
During the forenoon, until 2 o'clock, sensation of a
pain:along the back of the left little finger, he repeatedly looks, if it is not actually there. (7th week. 3d.
Hering.)
During the 6th week there.yet arise larger and smaller
vesicles, in groups, with very sensitive itching on
the ulnar side of the right thumb, and: the radial side of



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               61
the index finger, leaving behind them dry scurfy spots.
(3d. Hering.)
Soreness of warts on the left hand. (2d. Esrey.)
For several weeks the growth of the nails seems to
be much more rapid. (3d. Hering.)
LOWER EXTREMITIES.-405. Acute stitches
on the right hip bone, spreading themselves over the
glutei muscles. (After 1 hour. Geist.)
Pain in the right hip.  (After 45 minutes.  3d.
Jeanes.)
Pain in the inner condyle of the left femur. (80
minutes.  3d. Jeanes.)
Lameness in the left hip. (2d day. 2d. Williamson. )
Soreness and pain, on motion, in the left hip, particularly felt on getting in or out of bed; worse in the morning.  (3d day.  2d.  Williamson.)
410. Pain in the right ischiatic nerve. (Afternoon.
30th. Husmann.)
A violent, slightly burning, quick, nervous pain proceeds from the region of the bladder, down to the right
thigh, whilst lying in bed. (1st day. 6th. Hering.)
Burning, shooting pain; as if it were in the nerve,
from the right hip downwards, particularly on the inside of the knee; farther down less distinctly. (2d day.
Hering.)
Pressing pain in the fleshy part of left thigh on the
outside.  (Geist.)
Burning, itching pain in the back part of the thigh.
(After smelling.  30th.  Husmacnn.)
415. Soreness in the muscles of the thighs. (2d day.
2d. Williamson.)
Bruise-like pain of the thigh, particularly in the posterior and inner portion. (2d and 3d day. 3d. Hering.)
Pain on the inside of the right knee, in the evening.
(After 15 minutes.  2d.  Williamson.)
Penetrating pain on the outside of the left knee.
(4th day.  2d.  Williamson.)
6



62              ACIDUM 1TLUORICUM.
Dead feeling in the right knee-joint.  (1st day.
E. Smith.)
420. Pain in the right knee-joint; also pain in bones
of right forearm. (After 4 hours. 2d. J.Neidhard.)
Deep-seated pain below the right knee.  (In the
evening, after 15 minutes. 2d. Williamson.)
Severe pain in the left knee, on the outside, disappears after friction.  (Evening, 8 o'clock. Geist.)'
Drawing pain in the calf of the right leg, beginning
at the hollow of the knee, and extending to the tendon
achilles. (The next forenoon. 30th. tHusmann.)
Drawing pain in the left leg and foot. (Freitag.)
425. Tearing pain in the right knee from below upwards; after that a quick, very transient pressing pain
in the left temple. (30th. Husmann.)
Right foot quite lame, and a dull aching pain in the
os femoris, tibia and fibula. (2d. JVNeidhard.)
In the evening slight numbness of the right thigh,
only whilst crossing the legs. (In 3 hours.  3d. Hering.)
The left leg falls easily asleep. (The 9th and 10th
day.  3d.  Hering.)',
In the evening during a walk, drawing pain in the
right ankle-joint, spreads gradually over the whole leg,
producing a lameness in the knee and ankle, so that he
is hardly able to proceed; it disappears during rest, but
returns on renewing his walk, when it also affects the
right ankle-joint. (6th day. The same pain and weakness during.walking, also on the 7th day, but in a less
degree. Pehrson.)
430. In the afternoon, for a quarter of an hour, a
sensation of lameness, like a sprain, in the right anklejoint; it passes all around the joint, and is very painful
at each step, after walking and resting for a while it
gradually disappears.  (After having taken a small dose
of tinct. colchicum.) (3Qth. Hering.)
Sprain-like pain in the left ankle-joint during walking. (16th day. 3d. Hering.)
Pressing pain in the left foot. (Freitag.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                63
Pain in the right external ankle. (Evening after 15
minhtes.  Williamson.)
Pain and burning in the right instep. (3 hours. 3d.
Jeanes.)
435. A  pain in the left instep.  (Evening, in 2
hours. 3d. Hering.)
Itching in the left instep.  (From smelling.  30th.
Husmann.)
Heat in the sole of the right foot. (After 15 minutes. 2d. Williamson.)
Crawling sensation in the sole of the right foot. (4th.
day.  2d.  Williamson.)
Burning feeling in the sole of the right foot. (In 2
hours. Jeanes.)
440. In the morning, burning stitches under the
soles of both feet.  (The 15th day.  Pehrson.)
Violent burning pain in all the toes, so that he could
hardly walk. (After 3 and 4 hours. 2d. J\Ceidhard.)
Severe pains in all the left toes except the large, after
the 8th dose. (6th. Freitag.)
Pain in the toes of the right foot in the first joints.
(After three hours. 3d. Jeanes.)' Very acute pricking pain in the ends of the toes of the
right foot.  (The next forenoon.  30th. Husmann.)
445. (On the second toe of the left foot a painful excoriation, which apparently bleeds.) (After 3 hours.:2d. XJeidhard.)
Pain in the corns of the right foot. (2d. Esrey.)
Soreness of all his corns, like a bile. (After 3 hours.
2d..JNeidhard.)
GENERAL  SYMPTOMS. —Sensation, as if the
shoulder and hip-joints were going to be pulled out of
joint. Campos.)
Jerking pains in different parts of the body, behind
the left ear, on the left middle finger and in os sacrum.
(During the 1st hour.  2d. I:7eidhard.)
450. Violent jerking, burning pains, confined to a
small space.  (3d. Hering.)
Slight erratic pain in the left half of the body, in the



64              ACIDUM FLUORICUiM.
arm, chest, thigh, etc., with a sensation of slight itching.
(After half an hour. Geist.)
Pains of a short duration, in the left leg, arm, and
hand. (After the 8th dose. 6th. Freitag.)
Pressure and sensation of lameness, particularly in
the hand, arm to the elbow, and in the foot.  (6th.
Freitag.)
In the evening pressing pain in different parts of short
duration; on the chin, neck, in the right forearm, in
the left knee, right foot, also in the right shoulder; and
left arm at times below, at others above the elbow.
(Freitag.)
455. Different aching pains in the bones of the forearms and legs about the centre, going and coming.
(2d. Xeidhard.)
While sitting, pleasurable movements of the whole
body, unawares.  (Campos.)
Hands, fingers, toes, feet, jaws, lips, eyebrows and
lids, muscles of the face, etc., all are in motion. (In 10
hours. Campos.)
Increased ability to exercise his muscles without
fatigue, regardless of the most excessive heat* in summer, or cold in winter; he.is able to perform with the
greatest facility, his usual daily walk of several miles,
which every day previously he thought very fatiguing
and annoying. (Campos.)
Walking is difficult, because the legs feel tired; he
is hardly able to drag them  along; they are so heavy
that he finds it necessary to hold on to the arm of some
one else for support. (Campos.)
460. In the evening, very suddenly, an unusual very
great tiredness. (Geist.)
Excessively languid. - (In the forenoon after second
dose. 2d. Williamson.)
Is less tired than usual after a walk in the evening.
(The 8th and 11th day.: 3d. Hering.)
SLEEP. — He is unusually wakeful in the evening.
(8th day. 3d. Hering.)
* The prover resides in Norfolk, Va., situated 36~ 50! of
latitude.



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.                65
Sleeplessness, scarcely  any  inclination  to  sleep,
(Campos.)
465. Jo desire to sleep.  (Campos.)
Day or night without his usual sleep, he feels' as if he
had already slept.  (Campos.)
Sleeplessness from the time he has gone to bed until
near morning, when a very short and light sleep will be
sufficient to refresh him, as if he had slept all night.
(Campos.)
Drowsiness, constant sleepiness, for the firstfive days
after the acid.  (Campos.)
In the morning, soon after taking the acid, unconquerable sleepiness; after a short and refreshing sleep,
it nevertheless returns every two hours until evening.
(Pehrson.)
470. Every forenoon about 10 to 12 o'clock he becomes sleepy and tired. (During the 1st week. 3d.
Hering. )
Periodical attacks of sleepiness in the afternoon of the
second day.  (Pehrson.)
In the evening, earlier, sleepy.  (During the first two
weeks. 3d. Hering.)
Sudden sleepiness in the evening. (The 5th, 7th,
8th, 10th, and 12th day.  3d. Hering.)
Profound steep until late in the morning.  (During
1st week, for several days. 3d. Hering.)
475. Soon after falling asleep, anxious, frightful
dreams, with waking up at midnight; the rest of the
night, many dreams of distant acquaintances, in a person who almost never dreams.- (1st day. Pehrson.)
Dreams of distant acquaintances and things. (-The
whole of the 2d night. Pehrson.)
Many dreams for 15 nights, quite unusual. (Pehrson.)
All his dreams were very lucid, as if they really happened, and although they were sometimes disagreeable,
they were never vexatious.  (Pehrson,)
He dreams of the sudden death of his friends, and
6*



66             ACIDUM FLUORICEM.severely reproaches himself for neglecting them. (1st
day. 6th. Hering.)
480. Dreams that he was dead, and orders the rapid
removal of the corpse out of the house. (B.)
A very vivid dream; sees his nearest relatives die.
(2d day.  30th. Husmann.)
Restless nights, dreams easy to remember, of the occurrences of the day, in a person who has not dreamed
for years. (12th. Gosewisch.)
The whole night very vivid dreams, with minuteness
of detail. He forgets them soon after awaking. (After
several days. 20th. Hering.)
Restless nights, with many dreams, which he cannot
recollect. (2d. JVeidhard.)
485. Dreams, particularly towards morning, and
generally of a frightful character. (Freitag.). Many dreams, but only after midnight. (7th day.
Pehrson.)
Dreams towards morning. (For the first time on the
9th and 10th day. 3d. Hering.)
Snoring in his sleep and exclamations in the dream.
(6th. Hering.)
Thirst in the night. (Campos.)
490. Notwithstanding going to bed very late, he
awakes frequently, and has many dreams; yet he wakes
very early in the morning and feels better than usual.
(During the 1st week. 3d and 6th. Hering.)
HEAT.-Sensation as if a burning vapour was emitted from the pores of the whole body. (Campos.)
The first evening, and still more during the next
morning, a sensation of greater warmth in the body;
cold bathing is more than ordinarily agreeable. (The
ist and the following day, but less. 3d. Hering.)
* He can bear the summer heat much better, and:feels
less lassitude than usual. (For several weeks. 3d.
Hering.
Generalheat after little exercise. (The 1st evening.
3d. Hering.)



ACIDUM FLUORICUMR                67
495. General feeling of heat, heaviness and lameness
of tle whole body.  (After 1 hour.  2d.  JVeidhard.)
PERSPIRATION.-Perspiration and sensation of
heat on the upper part of the body towards the right,
particularly along the right of the nape of neck towards
the shoulder, like in warm streams. (Evening from 7
to 8 o'clock. 2d day. 30th. Husmann.)
Profuse, sour, offensive perspiration. (Afternoon. 2d.
Williamson.)
For several evenings an unusually profuse and glutinous perspiration, with itching. (3d. Hering.) Compare 1.
SKIN.-Burning pains on small spots of the skin, on
the back part of the right hand, angle of the index
finger, and here and there on the left hand. (30th.
Hering.)
500. Burning more externally, in different places, but
always on one spot; on the right thigh; left upper arm,
left thigh, etc. Also on the fingers. (Evening, 9 o'clock,
after the 4th dose. Geist.)
A slight glow on the lower part of the right buttock,
towards the anterior. (Evening.  30th.  Hering.)
Itching on the left shin, on the left glutei muscles and
forehead.  (Geist.)
A group of small red pimples, on the left hip, in the
back part of the joint, and below on a spot half as large
as the palm of the hand; which have opened during the
night after scratching.  (4th and following days.  3d.
Hering.)
Itching all over in different places, but for the most
part in the posterior parts. (For 5 weeks. 3d. Hering.)
505. The itching is most severe and lasts longest on
back. (3d. Hering.)
The itching is always worse in the evening.  (3d.
Hering.)
Itching the whole day, in different spots, particularly
on the back. (4th day.  3d.  Hering.)
Violent pricking, itching on detached spots, mostly
on the left side, particularly on the side of the chest towards the back, and on the thigh in the evening, about



68              ACIDUM FLUORICUM
10 to 11 o'clock.  (Third and following days. 3d.
Hering.)
Itching on the left side of the nape of the neck, on
top and below the shoulder, and on the back, every
evening and morning. (The 4th and following days. 3d.
Hering.)
510. Violent itching, and small pimples here and
there. (6th.- Hering.)
* The itching of the skin habitual to him in the month
of March, disappears.  (6th.  Hering.)
Violent itching on the cicatrice of an old abscess, on
the inside of the left thigh.  (Third day. 3d. Hering.)
Itching of all cicatrices in the evening; they are all
on the left side;.on the thigh, upper arm, and the most
recent on the left hand, cut by glass; this last itches
most severely. (Third day. 3d. Hering.)
The 4th morning all his cicatrices, dating from thirtytwo to two years, are red around the edges, and occupied here and there with itching vesicles. Those of
more ancient date, have larger vesicles; those of late
date are filled with very small pimples, but only on the
tissue of the cicatrice, and not on the surrounding skin.
3d. Hering. )
515. Elevated red blotches (above the eyebrows,
most abundant on the left side, but of longer continuation on the right) still continue, whilst the other symptoms disappear.  (Evening of 4th day.  Williamson.)
Pimples on the abdomen, but principally on the thighs
and legs, the points of which formed a crust the next
day, after taking fl. ac., and which scaled off the 17th
day after taking the first dose, and the 8th day after the
4th dose. (Freitag.)
Several small light carmine red, round, elevated,
blood vesicles, resembling little flesh-warts; they are very
soft and compressible, and by a strong and steady pressure the blood disappears, but immediately returns again.
The largest is the size of a hempseed, the smaller ones like
millet seeds; some are still smaller, but they are very
perceptible as light red enlargements of the capillaries,



ACIDUM FLUORICUM.               69
raising up the cuticle. The largest is an inch below the
right nipple; and the same distance towards the right.
of it, a smaller one, one inch below the same nipple;
two on the right side of the median line of the abdomen
above the navel; a still smaller one on the right side of
the chest; five very small ones of light tolour, on the
inside of the right upper and lower arm.
He noticed them for the first time about the 13th day.
Three weeks later some of the smaller ones had disappeared. The larger had become darker, somewhat
resembling nmevi materni; those above the navel are
also larger. After three months they are paler. They
made their appearance and remained without any itching. (3d. Hering.)
* Numerous varicose veins of gO years standing on
the left leg of an old man, are diminished one half, after
repeated doses of fluoric acid. (12th. Neoidhard.)



70                ACIDUM OXALICUM.
ACIDUM  OXALICUM.
BY C. NEIDHARD, M. D.
OXALIC Acid; Kleesaeure;  Germ. —discovered by
Scheele, in the year 1783, by the decomposition of sugar
with strong nitric acid, which he first considered as
saccharine acid, but afterwards found it identical with
oxalic acid.
Preparation. The excess of acid in the binoxalate of
potassa is neutralized by the carbonate of potassa, and
the neutral oxalate is decomposed by the acetate of
lead. In consequence of a double decomposition, a
precipitate of oxalate of lead is obtained. This is to be
well washed and dried, and decomposed by means of
one-third of its weight of strong sulphuric acid, previously diluted with ten times of its weight of water. An
insoluble sulphate of lead is formed, and the oxalic
acid being liberated, may be made to crystallize by
evaporation. The mother waters, by fresh evaporation,
furnish fresh portions of crystals, until quite exhausted.
By this process a very pure acid may be obtained.*
* Drs. Wood and Bache American Dispensatory. Appendix.
Its purity may readily be tested by dissolving it in a sufficient quantity of water, adding carbonate of lime cautiously,
until effervescence ceases, filtering, drying the precipitated oxalate of lime, and observing that, for every hundred grains of
oxalic acid, if pure, there should be a product of about two
hundred and five grains of oxalate. As, however, in operating
on a small quantity, a slight difference of weight, which might
be produced by the presence of tartrate of lime along with the
oxalate in the precipitate, might not be observed, the purity of
the acid may be still more satisfactorily ascertained by digesting the supposed oxalate of lime in a solution of tartaric acid,
and again drying it. Should any tartrate have been present,
it will have been taken up by the acid solution, which
will be indicated by the loss of weight in the precipitate.-s-merican Journal of Pharmacy.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                 71
Many substances yield oxalic acid, by the action of
nitric acid; e. g., it is obtained by the decomposition
of honey, manna and other sweet juices of herbs, most
of the essential and fixed oils, and even the animal
gelatin.  Fifteen parts of the oil of sassafras furnish
one-part of pure crystallized oxalic acid.
According to L. Gmelin and Liebig it is also formed
during the preparation of potash; and according to
Vauquelin and Gay-Lussac, if gelatinous or pectic acid is
heated in a crucible with caustic potash or soda, and
the mass is dissolved in dilute nitric acid. In the same
manner oxalic acid may be obtained from cotton, silk,
hair, tendons, wool, also from the coagulum of blood
and white of eggs, wood shavings, sugar, starch, gum,
sugar of milk, paper, and other organic substances;
vegetable substances by decomposition with potash.
M. Berthollet remarks, that the quantity of oxalic acid
furnished by vegetable matters, is proportionate to their
nutritive quality, and particularly of that from cotton,
he could not obtain any sensible quantity. Whether
this is correct, remains to be seen.  One of the most
remarkable formations of it remains, that of tartaric
acid; even the crude tartar furnishes, heated with potash, a great quantity of oxalic acid. Citric, malic acid,
the acid of amber, cherries, currants, raspberries, furnish
it. Those organic matters, as sugar and starch, which
contain oxygen and hydrogen in the same proportion as
water, yield it in the greatest quantity.  It is generated
occasionally in consequence of diseased action in the
kidneys, and deposited in the bladder as an oxalate of
lime, forming a peculiar concretion, called from its appearance the mulberry calculus. It is also found in the
liquor allantoidis of the cow.
In nature, oxalic acid is never found in the pulp of
fruits, but often in combination with potash in] the cellular tissue, (Zellstoffe) of the leaves, e. g. of Oxalis
acetosellacorniculata, cornua, L. (woodsorrell); stricta
Jacq.; floribunda, L.; tetraphylla; E., of Mexico, the



72               ACIDUM OXALICUiM.
leaves of which are a remedy for the scurvy.* Again,
Rumex acetosa, L., (common sorrell,)Rumex vesicar.,
Geranium acetosum, etc., contain oxalic acid; a similar
taste have the leaves of the begonia. of the tree acetosa,
Rumph. and several exotic plants. Particularly rich of
owxalate of lime is the Asiatic lichen Parmelia esculenta;
also the cellular tissue of the marrow and the bark of
Cereus peruvianus.    This oxydized acid (oxydirte
saeure) always seems to be most predominant in
that part of the plant which is most exposed to the air,
and which seems appropriate for the attraction of the
oxygen from it. Oxalate of lime lies as a powder in
the perennial roots an'd barks of many annual plants,
e. g. the rhubarb, red gentian, liquorice, clove, and
other roots.  According  to Braconnot, the Lichenes
crustacei, like variolaria, (to'be'found on old beech trees)
are almost half composed of oxalate of lime, whilst in
the more frequent tuberculous lichens it does not occur
at all.t Oxalic acid, in combination with the protoxide
of iron, constitutes the mineral denominated by Rivero
Humboldtine, by Necker and Beudant'Humboldtite.
In afree state it is said to be secreted from the tubelike,
but not from the glandular hairs on the delicate husks
and chalices of the Cicer aristenum, (chickpea.) Pereira,
however, is doubtful of the accuracy of the statement.
A principal means of detecting oxalic acid and the
oxalates, is afforded by their deportment with concentrated sulphuric acid; crystallized oxalic acid, as well
as its salts, dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid at an
elevated temperature, and this solution, upon continued
application of heat, evolves, with all the phenomena
usually attendant upon boiling a gas, which burns with
a blue flame, and produces in lime water a precipitate
* Gay-Lussac in Schweigger-Seidel's Jahrb. 1830, 1 heft; in
Geiger's Magazin fuer Pharmacie, etc:, 1831, xxxv. page 28;
and in Annalen der Pharmacie, 1832, i, 1, page 20; also Buchner and Herberger's Repertorium, 1831, xxxvii., 2, p. 189.
t Annal. de Chimie, Mars 1825, and Trommsdorff eues Journ.
der Pharm. 1825, xi., 1.



&CIDUM.OXALICUM.              73
of lime; this gas consists of'a mixture of equal volumes
of carbonic oxide gas and carbonic acid gas. No charring of the oxalic acid nor evolution of sulphurous acid,
occurs in this decomposition.  Other organic acids,
such as citric acid, formic acid, etc. etc., evolve likewise carbonic oxide gas upon being heated with
sulphuric acid; but citric acid gets charred in the.
operation, and the process moreover is attended with
evolution of sulphurous acid; whilst the carbonic oxide
gas evolved from formic acid-which undergoes no
charring in the operation —is pure from any admixture
of carbonic acid gas.  This method (heating with concentrated sulphuric acid) affords us, therefore, a simple
and certain means of detecting oxalic acid and dis.
tinguishing it from all other organic acids.*
Oxalic acid is a white crystallized salt, in the shape
of slender, flattened, four or six-sided prisms, with two
sided summits. When exposed to a very dry atmosphere, it undergoes a slight efflorescence. Its crystals
are more or less transparent and tolerably bright, without odour; of an exceedingly acrid but not disagreeably
sour taste. Of all organic acids, [oxalic acid has the
greatest amount of acidity; one part imparts to 200,000
parts of water an acid taste. Its specific weight is, according to Guyton-Morveau 1.593, according to
Richter 1.507.  It dissolves in about nine times its
weight of cold, and its own weight of boiling water.
The solution takes place with a slight crepitation. It
dissolves also, but not to the same extent, in alcohol.
One hundred parts of boiling alcohol dissolve fifty-six
parts of oxalic acid; in a medium':temperature, only
forty parts.  It forms with alcohol the oxalic ether.
The acid dissolved in alcohol reddens litmus more
readily than the other acids, and Fernambucco paper is
rendered pale-yellow more rapidly; turmeric paper,
however,. remains unchanged.
Composition.-Oxalic acid consists of two equiva* Liebig's Lectures on Organic Chemistry in London Lancet.
7



74               ACIDUM OXALITUM.
lents of carbon, 12.24, and three oxygen, 24 = 36.24.
Two equivalents of this water may be driven off by a
regulated heat, by which the acid is made to effloresce,
but the third cannot be expelled without destroying the
acid itself. Accordingly, as in the case of nitric acid,,we have no knowledge of anhydrous oxalic acid in an
uncombined state.
-Fromn  the constitution  of oxalic acid, as above
given, it is plain that this acid corresponds in composition to carbonic acid and oxide taken together, and is,
therefore, intermediate in the quantity of oxygen, which
it contains, between this acid and oxide. Notwithstanding it contains less oxygen than carbonic acid, it
is incomparably stronger as an acid, which circumstance
may be accounted for by supposing some peculiarity in
the mode in which its constituents are combined.*
Brugnatelli speaks highly favourable of oxalic acid
as a test for uric acid in stones of the. bladder. According'to Doebereiner, it forms a quickly acting test for the
oxides of cobalt and nickel, as these are powerfully attracted by it.
Chemical cjfinities.-Oxalic acid has the greatest
affinity for lime, and lime reciprocally for oxalic acid.
This is the case also in double elective affinities, so
that sulphate, nitrate, muriate and acetate of lime are
decomposed by the oxalate of lime; and as soon as it is
combined with these salts, oxalate of lime is precipitated. On this account oxalic acid or binoxalate of
potash is a very useful reagent on lime in any water.
The degree of their affinity is in the following order:
barytes, strontian, magnesia, potash, and soda, glycine,
alumina, forming simple oxalic salts.
In all tlhese salts the acid is decomposed by a heat
exceeding the boiling point of water, so that only carbonate of potash, soda, etc., is left. In the case of the
oxalate of ammonium, the latter becomes partly volatilized as ammonium, partly in the state of carbonate
of ammonia.
* Wood and Bache, American Dispensatory. Appendix.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                 75'
In the degree of its affinity to the alkalies, oxalic acid
comes immediately after sulphuiric acid; for lime and
magnesia it has, however, a greater affinity than the
latter.  This forms the distinction between oxalic and
tartaric acid, as the latter comes after sulphuric acid in
its affinity for lime. With regard to barytes and alumine,
sulphuric acid takes the precedence of oxalic acid.
Oxalic acid has also less affinity for the alkalies than
nitric and hydrochloric acid, but more than they, for
lime, barytes and magnesia; of fluoric and boracic
acid it generally takes the precedence. Phosphoric
acid, on the other hand, has a greater affinity for the
alkalies, but a lesser for the earths than oxalic acid, as
is also the case with tartaric acid.
Oxalic acid has the same tendency to unite itself with
the vegetable alkali in the same proportion as the tartaric acid with the tartrate of potash.
It will not be deemed inappropriate to give in this
place an account of oxalium, the quadroxalate of potash, syllon. bioxalas kalicus, kali oxalicum acidulum,
sal acetosellae, commonly called salt of sorrel.
It is obtained by crystallizing one part of oxalic acid,,
with carbonate of potash, and adding to the solution
three parts more of acid.  It crystallizes in colourless
transparent prisms of the doubly oblique prismatic system; and which consist of 4 equiv. oxalic acid 144.129.
Potash 48 and 7 equiv. water 36-255. If three parts
of the salt be converted into carbonate by heat, and
added to a solution of one part, the neutral oxalate of
potash is formed.  (Liebig.)
The commercial quadroxalate is not pure, for Pereira
found that it yields, by ignition in a covered crucible,
carbonate of potash, contaminated with carbonaceous
matter-; whereas the pure quadroxalate yields the carbonate only.  It is employed for removing ink stains and
iron moulds from linen, and for decolourizing straw,
used for bonnet making.  This saltwas formerly used.
in medicine, as a refrigerant.  In'France, tablettes ou
pastilles la soif, are prepared with it.  It possesses



76              ACIDUM  OXALICUM.
poisonous properties similar to, but less energetic than
oxalic acid.*
Experiments on AJnimals.
The most extensive experiments with oxalic acid were
performed by Drs. Christison and Coindet, read in a
memoir on the subject, before the Medico-Chirurgical
Society of Edinburgh, Feb. 5, 1823. They chose them
from a list of nearly forty cases, and they are described
very nearly in the, same words as those employed in the
original reports, taken while the animal was under the
action of the poison. Unfortunately they are only of a
conditional value as elucidating the pure physiological
effect of oxalic acid, as in some instances the acid was
introduced into the stomach, by an aperture made into
the cesophagus, and retained by a ligature. In others,
half an inch of the pneumogastric and sympathetic
fnerves was removed. It was also injected into the
pleura; the peritoneum, and the intestines were tied in
Fsveral places.  They themselves acknowledge that
some of the effects ought to be ascribed to those someWhat forcible proceedings. For the homceopathic observer, they are, however, particularly interesting, as tending to'show, that this poison acts neither by its corrostve effect on the stomach, and secondarily on the
nerves and brain, nor by its absorption into the blood
alone, but, as will be elucidated by our experiments on
the healthy, in its own way, uninfluenced by any theories
for the purpose of establishing certain premises.
In the following pages we have endeavoured to embody into our article the most essential points of their
labours, giving in the majority of instances a detailed
account of the experiments, as they are to be found in
the original treatise.
Drr. Christison and Coindet engaged in them for the
ostensible purpose of ascertaining the correctness of the
views of Royston, Dr. Thompson and others, who main-: Pereira' Materia Medica, Vol. I, page 309.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                77
tained that the acid and the membranes of the stomach
mutually decompose one another; that a part of it enters
the circulation, because the blood in various places reddens'litmus; that these phenomena, however, are insufficient to account for death, and that its proximate cause
is the injury done to the heart and brain, which are
sympathetically affected by the injury done the- sto-,
mach.
After their numerous experiments, they arrived at the
following'conclusions:
1. Oxalic acid, when introduced into the stomach in
large doses, and highly concentrated, irritates it. or corrodes it, by dissolving the gelatin of its coats, and death
takes place by. a sympathetic injury of the nervous
system.
2. When diluted, it acts neither by irritating the stomach, nor by sympathy, but through the medium of absorption upon distant organs; and ceteris paribus, it acts
much more readily when diluted, than when concentrated.
3. Though it is absorbed, it cannot be detected in
any of the fluids, because probably it undergoes decomposition in passing through the lungs, and its elements
combine with blood.
4. It is a direct sedative. (?) The organs it acts upon
are the spine and the brain primarily, and the lungs and
heart secondarily; and the immediate cause of death is
sometimes paralysis of the heart, sometimesslow asphyxia,
and sometimes a combination of both.
Experiment 1st.
For the purpose of ascertaining the action of oxalic
acid as a corrosive poison, half an ounce of it in twice
its weight of water, about 1300 F., was injected into the
stomach of a dog, by an aperture in the cesophages,
and retained by a ligature.  In two minutes he was
seized with violent efforts to vomit, which continued
tilli-the: 12th minute.  The breathing was increased in
fulhaess and frequency.  In sixteen minutes and a half
itfbecame short, and occasionally suspended for a few
7n*



78              ACIDUM OXALICUM.
seconds. At the same time he hung fhe head, looked
very dull, but continued quite sensible. At last he fell
suddenly on his side, the body was spasmodically extended for a few seconds, then completely relaxed, and
after a few convulsive gasps, he died twenty-one minutes
from the beginning of the experiment.  During these
convulsive gasps no pulse could be felt in the chest, and
on opening the body immediately after the last of them,
the heart was found not contractile, its right cavities
much distended with dark blood, while that in the left
was small in quantity and very florid.
The stomach was cut open and washed four minutes
after death. Externally it was somewhat vascular. It
contained a few ounces of a thick dark-brown oily-like
matter. The internal surface was lined with mucus not
inspissated. The epidermis of the villous coat was remioved from the whole of the cardiac region, and from
the posterior surface, and in patches only from the anterior; where it still remained, it was brittle, less adherent and of a brownish yellow colour. The posterior
surface showed considerable vascularity, and streaks of
black granular extravasation, confined to the corion of
the villous coat. The internal membrane of the cesophagus below the ligature was corrugated, greyish coloured, but strong. All the other organs were healthy.
This experiment was often repeated by them in similar circumstances, and uniformly with analogous results,
varying only in intensity. The violence of the efforts to
vomit, has been directly proportioned to the quantity of
the poison; when very violent, they cease sooner, when
less frequent or violent, they. sometimes lasted above
two hours.
In investigating the action of corrosive poisons, it is a
point of essential importance to ascertain, how much of
their apparent effect is owing to chemical process, and
how much is to be attributed to vital reaction. For this
end, it is necessary in the first place to examine the
bodies of animals immediately after death; and secondly,



ACIDUM OXALICUM.               79
to discover what effect the poison has on dead animal
matter.
Effect on dead Animal Matter.
A portion of the healthy stomach of a dog was held
two minutes in a saturated solution, at 1300 F., (such
as they injected into the stomach.) The epidermis had
been separated in a single flake, thickened and brittle,
of a grayish colour, and upon the whole similar to what
they have seen in the living stomach. The corion was
translucent, its surface very pulpy, and the serous membrane was gray and crisped.  When the immersion was
prolonged five minutes, the whole corion became gelatinous.
They have likewise tried the effect of a saturated solution, at 500 F. In twenty hours, the villous coat was
of a pale greenish-white colour and less adherent, but it
was strong and its porous structure quite entire. In two
days and a half it was brittle, and easily scraped off, and
the other tunics were softened, swollen and translucent.
In twelve days, the whole membranes could be spread
out with the fingers, and in thirty days, they were dissolved to a semi. diffluent mass, soluble (with, the exception of a small quantity of flocculent matter) in tepid
water, yielding flocculi at the' temperature of 130~ F.,
and precipitating with tannin after. ebullition. The same
experiment was repeated in the human stomach; which
appears to have a somewhat greater power of resisting
the action of the acid.
This action is a peculiar one, at least the mineral
acids act in a very different manner. Nitric acid, diluted with twelve parts of water, soon renders the whole
tunics brittle, dense, and of a lemon-yellow colour, without dissolving them; sulphuric acid similarly diluted
gives them a pale cineritious tint, corrugates them at first,
and then softens them slightly; and no farther change is
produced by either in fourteen days.
In order to discover on which of the animal principles
the dissolving power of oxalic acid depends, experi



AkCIDUM. OXALICUM.-            81
forts to vomit in two minutes, and died in t-wenty-one
minutes. This dog, on the contrary, never had the
slightest tendency to vomit. He soon became very restless, however, and in forty minutes, he was affected
with irregularity in the fulness and quickness of breathing, slight tremor in the thoracic muscles, felt only by
the hand, and peculiar dulness of sensation. In two
hours and a half he began to stagger a little, but remained quite sensible: and three hours afterwards, was
found in the agonies of death. This experiment was repeated several times and always gave analogous results.
It appears, therefore, that the division of the nerves
connecting the stomach with the brain impedes very
much the action of the concentrated acid. Death was
caused in this case by absorption.
Experiments 3d and 4th.
Having thus ascertained its action, when highly concentrated, our next object was to discover whether,
like the irritant poisons in general, its deleterious properties are impaired or destroyed by dilution.
-With this view we gave to a dog, betwixt eight and
ten pounds in weight, thirty-three grains of the concrete
acid dissolved in six ounces, or eighty-seven parts of
tepid water. In two minutes he made violent efforts to
vomit; in eight and a half, he was seized with certain
remarkable symptoms, (to be noticed afterwards,) very
different from those detailed in the former experiments,
and which we have universally found oxalic acid to
produce, when much diluted. In half an hour from the
beginning of the experiment he expired.
To place the distinction in a clearer point of view,
the same quantity dissolved in two parts of tepid water,
was therefore given to a dog of the same weight, and
about the same age. In seven minutes he strove to
vomit, and continued to do so at distant intervals, for
an hour and a quarter. At that time the peculiar symptolms of this kind of poisoning began, and he died at the
end of the sixth hour.  It hence appears that a small



82             ACIDUM.OXALICUM..
quantity of the acid kills an animal ten or twelve times
sooner than when highly concentrated.
Experiment 5th and 6th.
Into the stomach of two strong rabbits, of the same
size and age, we injected a drachm of the acid, -dissolved in eleven parts of lukewarm water. In one, the
conjoined parvagumfand sympathetic nerve were divided
on each side of the neck; in the other they were left
untouched. The latter in 8 minutes began to breathe
hurriedly, and to pull his head backwards on the spine.
At the end of 10 minutes it was seized with paroxysms
of most violent opisthotonos, and death took place 13
minutes after the commencement of the injection. In
the former, whose nerves were previously divided, the
breathing became hurried, and the head was thrown
back 10 minutes after the injection began. In no long
time it was attacked with violent opisthotonos, and in
14 minutes death was complete.
The three next experiments show its comparative effects
when introduced by the stomach, by thepleura, and by the
cellular tissue.
Experiment 7th.
Thirty-three grains dissolved in six drachms of water
were injected into the stomach of a dog, weighing 18
to 20 pounds.
12m. Efforts to vomit, at distant intervals, and not
very violent.
32m. Efforts rare; he hangs the head; the respira.
tion is smooth, deep, regular, and not quickened.
47m. The efforts, to vomit have ceased; the breathing continues the same; he walks sluggishly, and looks
dull, but is perfectly sensible.
1h. 25m. He is affected with a peculiar kind of somnolency. He. sits with his head drooping much, apparently unconscious of anything that goes on aroundl him;
yet he yelps when laid hold. of, and is, in every respect,



AMIDvM.-OXALICUM.            83
perfectly sensible. He breathes very smoothly and
deeply. The pulsations of the heart are rather frequent
an(l feeble. He staggers when forced to walk.
2h. 40m. Does not stagger so much. No other
change.
4h. He is more feeble, but does not stagger, and is
perfectly sensible.
24h. Some dulness, but he is quite sensible; and,
except weakness, has nrio decided affection.
48h. Is both sensible and active, runs briskly about,
and chews morsels of bread.
3 days. He was found lying on his side, nearly insensible, and breathing short and slow. When shaken,
and put upon his legs, he tries to walk, but staggers
and leans on the wall.  The hind legs are very
feeble.
3 days. 8m. Found dead. The body was examined 40
hours afterwards. The stomach was perfectly natural.
There was no vascularity externally; and the internal
membrane was quite entire, strong and white. The
wound in the neck had sloughed and suppurated.
Experiment 8th.
The same quantity, similarly dissolved, was injected
into the left pleura of a dog of about the same size. He
struggled violently, and when let loose, ran to the other
end of the room, apparently sensible, though dull.
10m. The breathing suddenly became hurried and
very deep, both in inspiration and expiration. He
hung his head, and though sensible, would not stir
when struck. In a short while his tail was reversed,
the respiration became very difficult, and almost suspended, and sank gradually down upon the belly; the
breathing then became easier for a few seconds.
Il m. Another paroxysm of suspended respiration,
during which the tail was still more distinctly reversed,
and the whole body spasmodically extended. Then,
at
12m. the spasm relaxed, the whole body became



ACIRUM OXALICUM.              85
lh. 15m. The breathing became suddenly hurried.
Soon afterwards there was some stiffness of the chest
and neck. When raised, he stands stiffly in the same
posture for a few seconds, and then sinks gently downl
upon the belly. He whines at intervals.
lh. 55m. He is much duller, but in other respects
seemed to be improving till now, when the breathing.,again.became suddenly hurried. The heart beats with
great rapidity, and with such violence as to be heard at
a short distance, all the limbs are rigid, and the neck
slightly so. Though very dull, he continues quite sensible, for he shuts his eyelids if the.hand is waved before him, and he follows a basin of water. carried up.and down.
2h. 12m. The breathing is still exceedingly hurried,
but at times suspended for a few seconds; the heart
still beats with extraordinary force; his dulness increases;
he continues to walk about a little, but very stiffly; the
tail has been gradually becoming stiff and straight.,
2h. 20m. The suspension of breathing is more decided, now evidently depending upon spasms of the
thoracic muscles, and is accompanied with'reversion of
the tail. These paroxysms cause him great agony, and
they became gradually longer and more violent. Even
in the intervals, the breathing is difficult and expiration
convulsive.
2h. 45m. The pulsations of the heart are much more
feeble, but still verv frequent. The paroxysms of suspended respiration abate in violence, but the intervals
are shorter.
2h. 55m. The paroxysms have ceased. The whole
body is relaxed and in a state of complete coma;
breathing short, frequent, and somewhat convulsive.
3h. 30m. No change, except that the breathing is
slower and shorter.
4h. Breathing very short and only 14 in a minute;
the pqlsations of the heart cannot be felt.
14h. Found dead, cold and rigid.
T'he body was examined about 36 hours afterwards.
8



86              ACIDUM OXALICUM.
AThe muscles of the belly as high as- the umbilicus, and
the superfibcial muscles on the inside of each thigh, were
pale; greenish and acid; but no fluid could be detected
aoutind them.  The lungs were every where scarlet on
their anterior surface, bluish-black posteriorly, scarlet
internally; yet their air cells natural.  The blood of
the vena cava and aorta was dark, and very imperfectly
coagulated; there was nothing unusual on the inside of
the vessels.  (In another case of the same kind the
blood in the heart and the exhalations of all the serous
surfaces, and the frothy fluid of the bronchi did not redden litmus.) The villous coat of the stomach was lined
with bile, and stained brownish yellow.  The rectum
was redder than usual, not vascular, and the rest of the
intestines perfectly healthy.
The next experimnent shows the action of the poison
when introduced at once into the veins.
Experiment 10th.
Eight grains and a half of acid were dissolved in 15
drachms of water at 100~, and 3 drachms slowly injected
every five minutes, into the right femoral vein of a dog
weighing about 20 pounds,-the inferioi division of the
vessel having been previously tied.
After the two first injections, the animal trembled,
and the breathing became somewhat fuller; after the
third, the breathing was slightly convulsive, but soon
became again natural; thirty; seconds after the fifth, he
made a few sudden deep inspirations for half a minute,
then some unavailing efforts to inspire, and died without a struggle.  The heart (lid not pulsate after the last
inspiration. (DAring a repetition of this experiment,
the pulsations of the heart were observed to become
suddenly very feeble, after each injection.) The body
was then opened immediately.  The right cavities of
the heart were distended -and not contractile.  The
blood in those cavities was dark, and had begun to
coagulate; that in the left side was florid, fluiid, and



ACIDUM OXALICUM.
soon coagulated -in the usual way.; The blood. in both
these cavities did not redden litmus; and the serumj
which had separated - next day from that in the right
side, gave no precipitate with hydrochlorate of lime,
[Neither did that of the vena cava in'another dog killed
in the same manner.]  The muscles preserved their
contractility.
The two next experiments show the action of the poison introduced into the intestines, and:the effect of applying it: to a part, of which all connection with the body
has been destroyed, except by blood-vessels.
Experiment 11th.
In a puppy of about eight or ten pounds weight, an
ounce of water, containing 45 grains of acid, and at the
temperature of 1000, was injected into a loop of smallintestine two feet long; a single ligature was applied
strongly at one end, and a double one at that by which
the syringe was introduced.
19m. An attack of vomiting, preceded for some
minutes by deep breathing, which afterwards became
easier.
40m. Breathing small and frequent,-occasionally
fuller, and somewhat convulsive; dulness.
lh. 18m. Breathing occasionally interrupted by- a
slight sudden expiration, like a short cough.  Hind
legs stiff. He hangs the head, and remains in the same
posture.
lh. 45m. The breathing is quicker.  The catches in
expiration now occur together in paroxysms, and'cause
agony.  Hind legs very rigid.  Two slight extensions
of the head and tail; posture very peculiar.
lh.  55m.  There  are now   distinct spasmodic
paroxysms. First, the breathing becomes convulsive,
anid deeper and deeper; at last, the chest is so firmly
fixed, that with great effort he expands -and contracts
it-only to a very small extent. Then the spasms relaAx,
width gurgling cries and slight barking, and he soon



88              ACIDUM. OXALICUM.
breathes freely, but hurriedly. The:legs are quite in.
sensible.
-2h. At the height of the paroxysm the breathing is
wholly suspended.
2h. 35m. The paroxysms have become milder, he
cannot stand when raised.
3h. Paroxysms less distinct, but longer,. and accompanied with slight reversion of head and tail. Breathirng in the intervals short; the eyes alone are sensible..83h.. He is now in a state of almost pure coma, without spasmodic paroxysms.
6h. Breathing slower and uniform, and expiration
accompanied with a bark. Slight opisthotonos produced by touching his back smartly; but he has no
other-sign of sensation.
9h. Barking very feeble, no other change.
16h. Found dead and rigid.
The body was examined eight hours afterwards. The
blood was equally dark in both systems. The intestines were perfectly natural, internally as well as externally. The ligatures were firm; most of the injected
fluid gone.  The fluid of the thoracic duct does not
redden. litmus.
Experiment 12th.
The last experiment was repeated on a puppy of the
same size. But before the acid was injected, a double
ligature was tied at each end of the portion of intestine, the gut divided betwixt them, and all its connections, by means of the mesentery, were then dissected
away with great care, except four arteries and veins;
the knife being carried round close to each vessel.
10mn. Some stiffness of the hind legs. Begins to
hang the head and look dull.:26m. An attack of vomiting, preceded, as in the last
case, by deep respiration.
3vm~. The head and tail were twice extended slightly; breathing at times convulsive in expiration. Much
duller.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                89
1b. 7m. He is affected with a peculiar kind'of dl-.
ness of sensation,.or somnolency; will not rise, yet
when raised, can both walk and stand. Expiration;still
convulsive.
lh. 30m. He is affected with paroxysms of sus-,
pended respiration, precisely as the other was in lh.
2h. e5m,. The paroxysms are now very distinctly
marked, and are accompanied with more general tetanus
than in the last animal. The insensibility has already
become almost complete.
2h. 40m. The paroxysms of spasm have gradually
and almost entirely subsided, and he now lies in a state'
of pure coma.
5h. 16m. He was found dead, warm and stiff. The
body was opened seventeen hours afterwards. The
ligatures were firm, and most of the injected fluid was
gone. The mucous coat of the insulated.portion of
the intestine was somnewhat softened, but not discoloured.: There was no vascularity in any part of the
intestines. The blood was black in both systems of
vessels. The lungs were of a scarlet colour on manyparts of their anterior surface.
Experiment 13th.
This experiment shows the action of the poison,
when introduced into the sac of the peritoneum.
Twenty-two grains dissolved in four ounces of water
were injected into the peritoneal sac of a strong cat,
through an incision of the upper and lateral part of the
ab.domen; and. the aperture was immediately secured
with great care by stitches.  Little pain seemed to
follow the injection. The animal in a short while,
however, began to be very restless and uneasy,, and
tried to vomit.
10m. It looked very dull, and twice jerked its head
backwards.
Ulm. The heartbeats feebly.  It stretched out the
8*



90             ACIDUM.OXALICUM.
paws, and yawned; the tail became stiff; and the eyes
nearly insensible.
-1.2m. He now had general stiffness of the whole
trunk and extremities, and made fruitless efforts to inspire.
13m. These were suddenly succeeded by relaxation
of the whole body, and then by a few convulsive gasps
and twitches of the lumbar muscles.
14Am., The heart continued to tremble.
Trhe body was examined 24 hours after death. The
sac of the peritoneum contained scarcely a drachm of
fluid,  which reddened litmus. [In the case of another
dog, twelve pounds in weight, that survived above nine
hours, when 17 grains were injected into the peritoneum, we found nearly as much fluid as was introduced;
but-by analysis it was found to contain no acid, and to
bei, in- fact, pure limpid sefum; the peritoneum was also
very vascular.]  The peritoneum had a faint greyishbrown-colour. The blood of the meseraic veins does
not: affect litmus.   The stomach and intestines are
natural internally. There are some irregular scarlet
patches on the surface of the lungs.
From the foregoing experiments MM. Christison and
Coindet infer, that oxalic acid acts by means of absorption. By the agency of the lungs the poison is decomposed, and its elements form with the principles of the
blood, peculiar compounds to which the symptoms of
poisoning are toa be referred. And whatsoever, they add,
ma~y be the import of these speculations, they firnish
ground enough fir toxicologists to enter on a field of
inquiry wholly new, yet probably rich in interesting resultts:, viz.: what share have the lungs in the decomposition of poisons,. that have been absorbed and mingled
with the blood?
Pommer* has: publifshed an account of, the following
experiments:
Five grains of oxalic acid dissolved in water, were
* Salzburger Medic. Chirurg. Zeitung. 1828, vol. ii.:p. 203.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.               91
injected:into the jugular vein of a spaniel. Eight
seconds afterwards he breathed deeply, urinated,:
stretched his legs, and died.  The heart's motion continued yet for 12 minutes, feeble and trembling; the
blood did not act on litmus, and showed no vestige of
oxalic acid; the lungs were healthy.
In a space of four minutes, at four separate times,
15 grains of oxalic acid were injected' into the jugular
vein of a dog. During the first injection the animal
moaned; at the fourth - it had spasms, stretched its
legs, breathed twice profoundly, and'was dead in half a
minute. The motion of the heart was quickly extinguished; the blood was healthy, and showed no sign of
acidity, nor of oxalic acid.
One grain of oxalic acid in 20 drops of water was injected into the jugular vein of a rabbit; it immediately
stretched its feet, moved the forelegs convulsively, drew
a deep: breath, and died in half a minute. The heart was
devoid of contractility.
Only when large quantities of oxalic acid wergeinjected,.did the blood redden litmus in the nearest vessels.
Fifteen grains of oxalic acid were injected into the
abdominal cavity of a Pommeranian dog. During'the.
process of: injection he became slightly convulsed, and
-stretched  out his forelegs. After four minutes he
choked and then vomited, and in 10 minutes his gait
became unsteady; he laid down; in 14 minutes he bent
back the head, and became prostrate without showing
any signs of sensibility or power- of motion; the pulsa,tion of the heart could not be observed; his breathing
was short and deep, the mouthopen, the pupils dilated;
after 18 minutes he expired. The contractility of the
intestines was gone; the blood of the lower vena cava,
as well as that of the aorta was natural, not acid; the
lungs sound. The right heart was yet contractile for 9
minutes. The epiploon was externally brownish, the
surface of the intestines greyish, reddening litmus; most
of the mesenteric veins contained brownish blood, which
proved acid on testing.



92              ACIDTUM OXALICUM.
Rave and Klosterman, instituted' among others the:
following experiments.
The cesophagus of a dutch mastiff, weighing ten
pounds was opened, and a solution of. 25 grains of oxalic
acid in an ounce of distilled water, heated to 350 R., injected into the stomach by means of an elastic tube, and
afterwards a ligature applied. In three minutes the
animal began to howl, laid on his abdomen, and creeped
over the room.  In nineteen minutes he retched and.
made strong efforts to vomit, which only ceased a quarter of an hour before his death.  The breathing became
quick and troubled, the beatings of the heart very rapid.
n- half an hour the hind feet sank down paralysed, retaining, however, their sensibility; the head then fell
down to the ground, moving from one side to the other.
In- three-quarters of an hour the dog became prostrate,
and -in two minutes more he died without convulsions,
after having urinated considerably.  He was immediately opened. The wound was'of a dirty black colour,
as if touched by lunar caustic. The interior of the chest
unchanged; the heart was not contractile; the cesophagus inviolate, and on the exterior surface of the stomach
and intestines no change; the contents of the first consisted. partly of a brownish black fluid, in which swam
flakes of the same colour, and which tasted sourish bit.
ter,.,was inodorous, and did not change the colour of
turmeric, partly of a brownish grey foam.
A 35q R. warm' solution of twelve grains oxalic acida
and six drachms of distilled water were injected through
the.anus into the intestines of a bitch, weighing over
seven pounds, and the anus tied by a ligature. After
the lapse of ten minutes a strong inclination for evacuation
ensued, which, within twenty minutes increased to such
a degree, that the animal effected a forcible passage
through the ligature, and discharged some blackish fluid
in-small quantities.  In half an hour a general tremor of
* Harless Jahrbuecher der deutschen, Medic. u. Chir. 2d.
Suppit. Vol. 1827, p. 177.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.              93
the whole body took place, coming on by paroxysms.
After that she vomited; the ejected matter consisted of
half digested food. At the eighth hour the ligature was
severed.  During the night she discharged per anum a
blackish very offensive fieces, mixed with streaks of
blood. In it was discovered a worm one foot long, (tenia
canina, Pallas.) The food, which was placed before her
she did not touch, but drank freely and eagerly of cold
water.- Twenty-two hours from the commencement of
the experiment she became very weak; put on herlegs,
she fell down again immediately. Some hours afterwards
she fell into an asphytic sleep, in which she expired.
To a dog weighing eleven pounds, a small opening
was made on the linea alba, near the navel, into which
was injected a solution, 35" R., of sixteen: grains of
oxalic acid, mixed with four drachms of distilled water.
The opening was closed by a ligature. Immediately
after the injection the dog became very restless, jumped
about and whined. In thirty-five minutes. after passing
his water and faeces, he vomited; the ejected matter was
slimy-, of a greenish colour, coveredwith a whitish foam.
Soon after there appeared a tremor of the whole body,
and the breathing became: more rapid, and difficult. In
six hours from the commencement of the experiment, he
fell prostrate, stretched out his legs, and -his eyes became fixed.  Calls and pinching ceased to make any
impression. He'lay there for three-quarters of an hour,
breathing slowly. The pulsation of the heart was also
less. Shortly after he became convulsed and died.
Three grains of oxalic acid, mixed with three drachms
of distilled water were injected into the same region
near the navel of a rabbit, aged three months. During
the;first three minutes the animal moved about as usual,but soon after, it stretched itself down, and moved forward on the abdomen, making use only of the fore legs,
fori- the- hind legs seemed to be completely paralysed.
Together with these symptoms, the breathing and beating of the heart became quicker. In nine minutes there



94               ACIDUM  OXALICUM.
appeared convulsions of all kinds, whilst the abdomen
was inflated and very hard to the touch, the eyes be-'came fixed, breathing slower.  In this manner it remained for three minutes longer, after which it died in
convulsions.
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.
1. In./nimals.-When an animal is examined' im-,mediately after death, no appearance of note is found in
the brain, peritoneal sac or intestine.  Unless death
has.been very rapid, the lungs are almost always studded on their surface with bright scarlet spots, and sometimes we have seen even the whole parenchyma of a
uniform and beautiful scarlet colour. At -the same time
there -never was any effusion, either in the air cells, or
into: their cellular tissue. In cases of poisoning that
prove fatal before the stage of insensibility comes on,
the: heart, two or three minutes after death, is found
neither contracting nor contractile; its pulmonary cavi-;
ties are distended, and the blood is dark in those cavities and florid in the aorta. This fact is conformable
with what we have observed in the same animals, first,
at:the time of death, viz: the contractions of the heart
are almost imperceptible, even before the breathing
ceases, and never continue after it.  In the slowest
cases; in which coma prevails for some time before death,
the heart, though very feeble in its contractions towards
the close, beats a little after the breathing has ceased,
and then the blood is found equally dark in both vascular systems.:-There is likewise an intermediate variety of poisoning wherein the stage of insensibility is short, and- the
heart scarcely survives the stoppage of respiration; and
in such cases, the blood in the aortal cavities is darker
than natural, but still considerably more florid than that
of the veins and pulmonary cavities.  (Christison and
Coindet.)



ACIDUM- - OXALICUM.            95
Rave and Klosterman, after washing off the internal
coat of the stomach, saw many (lark brown spots, extendling from the cardiac orifice, where they were most
numerous, along the great curvature to within half an
inch of the pyloric orifice.  The spots formed longitudinal streaks, which always occupied the back part of the
folds of the internal tunica.  The interstices between
these folds were either unchanged, or only coloured
light yellow. The corroded cuticle was easily detached. The spots'themselves, carefully scraped off, showed
many small blood vessels. One and a half inch round
the pyloric orifice, the internal cuticle was coloured
yellow; the nearer the pylorus, the more the colouring
decreased.  In the duodenum and other intestines no
changes were visible.
The bladder was distended with urine, and the kidneys, on making an incision, discharged large quantities
of urine.  In other cases the internal coat of the small
intestines was reddened.  In other respects the appearances were the same as those observedl by Drs. Christison and: Coindet.
2. In Man. -The examinations of dead bodies are
both very deficient, and exceedingly discordant.  The
authors, generally, were neither sufficiently precise in their
phraseology, nor minute in their descriptions.  A red(lish froth sometimes issues from the mouth and nose.
In one case there was a good deal of general emphysema, ten hours after death.
The brain has been rarely examined. In one case
the cerebral organs were turgid; in another case there
was sonre effusion under the arachnoid, appearances
probably independent of disease.
In the three best described cases, the appearance of
throat anti stomach, etc., was the following.
1st. The mucous coat of the throat and gullet looked
as if it had been scalded, and that of the gullet could be
easily scraped off. The stomach contained a pint of
thick fluid. This is usually dark, like coffee grounds,
as it contains a good deal of blood.  The inner coat of



96              ACIDUM OX-ALICUM.
the stomach was pulpy, in many parts black, in others
red.. The inner membrane of the intestines was simiilarly, but less violently affected.  The outer coat of
boQt  stomach and intestines was inflamed. The lining
membrane of the windpipe was also very red. (Hebb.)
2d. The inside of the gullet was pale, as'if boiled,
strongly corrugated, and; brittle, and covering a ramification of vessels filled with consolidated blood. The
stomach presented externally numerous vessels in the
same state, and its villous coat was pale, soft, and(
brittle, but here and there injected with vessels.  The
duodenum, and part of the jejunum, were red; the other
intestines natural; the liver, spleen and kidneys congested.  The stomach contained a brownish jelly, in
which gelatine was detected, as well as oxalic acid.
The blood was fluid every where, except in the vessels
of the gullet andt stomach,
3d. The whole villous coat of the stomach was either
softened or removed, as well as the inner membrane of
the gullet,- so that the muscular coat was exposed; and
this coat presented a dark gangrenous-like appearance,
being much thickened and highly injected.
These are the most common signs of its action, but
eases have occurred where no such signs of violent
irritation have been observed.  In the case of a girl,
who died about thirty minutes after swallowing an ounce
of the acid, no morbid appearance whatsoever was to
be seen, in any part of the alimentary canal. In the
case of another girl, where death took place in twenty
minutes, there was no appearance but contraction'of the
rugae of the gullet and stomach, one spot of extravasation on the latter, and doubtful softening of the villous
coat.*
Dr. John Mollan, in the case of poisoning related by
him in the Dublin Hospital Reports says,'C one circumstance deserves notice from its infrequency, namely, the
discovery of air in the right cavities of the heart. I am
not aware that any thing similar has been observed in
* Christison on Poisons.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.               97
cases of sudden death, produced by any-deleterious substance, and I am at a loss to account for its production.'"
In one case commnunicated in October, 1844, by Dr.
H. Letheby, in the London Lancet, the tissue of the
stomach was so softened and disorganized, that it could
scarcely be handled without tearing. At the cardiac
end it was reduced to a soft, pulpy, gelatinoussubstance,
and had numerous perforations in consequence. The
contents which had been saved in a glass amounted to
about six ounces in quantity; they had a very dark
colour resembling porter. On being tested they were
found to contain about three drachms of oxalic acid.
dAntidotes, —(when taken in large doses.) As the
vomiting in such cases is speedy and continual; emetics are unnecessary and will often fail of their effect;
besides during the time lost before their operation, the
acid would in general have acted long enough to prove
fatal.  Vomiting may be promoted by tickling the
theroat. Mr. Thompson found, that large quantities
of chalk, -given after the dangerous symptoms had
begun, speedily removed them, and restored the animals to health.*  The results of his ekperiments have
been applied to poisoning in man, and in one of the
cases of recovery the antidote was used with advantage.
Its effect is evidently owing to the insolubility of the oxalate of lime.  Magnesia has also been advantageously
given. The reporter observes that the first dose was
followed by instantaneous relief from the burning pain
in the stomach. According to Dr.' Christison it is the
best of all chemical antidotes, and preferable to carbonate of lime, Which occasions considerable inconvenience on account of the sudden extrication of a large
quantity of carbonic acid gas. Yet chalk will be oftener
employed, since it is more frequently at hand, and
there is no room for delay in the selection of remedies.
In the two cases of recovery recorded, small doses
of opium were administered after the use of chalk and
*Med. Rep. Vol. iii., Thomson's Experiments.
9



98              ACI'DUM OXA.LOCUM.
Iragnesia, and the vomiting soon became less violent.
One of them took brandy with advantage,. and the other
experienced much relief from friction and hot fomentatations.  Drs. Christison and'Coindet also recommend
ammonia and ether, as worthy of trial. The stomach
pump may be used, but on account of the rapidity with
which this poison acts, it is not advisable to lose time
by its application, until after the antidote has been administered.
LEGAL MEDICINE.
The cases hitherto published have been the result of
accident, and happened chiefly in London from the
carelessness of apothecaries.   Several cases have,
however, also occurred in Germany.
Oxalic acid has been hitherto given through accident
only. There is reason to fear, that, when its properties
are more generally known, it may also be given by
design.- Much inducement is already held out to the
poisoner by the readiness with which it may be admin-.
istered; and it will be no small additional temptation,
that, in certain circumstances, there will be as much
difficulty in detecting it.
The medical evidence will be derived, as in the case
of other poisons,-first, from the symptoms; second,
from the morbid appearances; and, third, from the
chemical analysis of the contents of the stomach and intestines, of the coats of the stomach, of the vomited
matters, and of suspected articles of food.
1. The symptoms can rarely lead' to more than a
suspicion of general poisoning. Yet, burning pain of
the stomach after taking a medicine, speedy, violent
and incessant vomiting, followed by'loss of the pulse,
convulsions, insensibility, and death within an hour,
are symptoms of no natural disease, and are caused
~onjunctly by no poison, except oxalic acid.
2. A general or partial abrasion of the mucous epi



ACDUM.OXALICU-M.                99
dermis, gelatinization. and transtucency of the coion,
or;even of the other coat, and chairri:ng of theibhlood:iuin
their vessels, might: be decisive of the cause of cleah.:
But as in these cases the acid will alwaysbe: fdund, -it:
should be sought for.
All the other morbid -appearances are:unsatisfactory.
3..1nalysis of-the suspected matters.-T-he: stomach
is to be washed with pure water, and if disorganized,
preserved for analysis. The washings, the contents of
the stomach, the vomited matter, and the disorganized
tissues and suspected articles of food are to be boiled
separately, a little pure water being added if necessary.
If chalk or magnesia has been used: as an antidote,
what remains on the filter, (except that from the tissues,)
is to be preserved for analysis.  The filtered fluid is to
be tried first with litmus paper,:and then by the three
following tests-the hydrochlorate of lime, the sulphate
of copper, and the nitrate of silver.,
1st. - Decolourize the fluid, if necesSary, with chlorine.
The hydrochlorate of lime, dropped into;a solution containing oxalic acid, or an oxalate, especially the latter,
throws down an insoluble oxalate of lime... But it also
precipitates with the carbonates,. sulphates, phosphates,
tartrates, citrates, and with all their acids, but the carbonic.  The following mode of procedure will serve to
distinguish it, from these substances.  The, nitric acid:will- not take up the sulphate of limrne, but:a few drops
of it dissolve the. oxalate. The hydrochloric acid; will
not dissolve the oxalate, unless. added in very large
quantity, while two or three drops will take, up the carbornte, phosphate, tartrate or citrate.
2d., Decolourizeia second portion of:the fluid with
chlorine.  The sulphate of copper precipitates- oxalic
ac:i b!luish-white,. a.nd the oxalates pale': blue.: This
test is. sifficiently. delicate and useful, since,.the sulphate,of copper: does not  affect fluids. that.; contain:sulph uric~
hydrochloric, nitric, tartaric, -itric acids, or their:ordi.
naary salts.  It precipitates the icabonates, and -throws



100              ACIDUM OXALICUM.
down phosphoric acid, whether free or combined. The
oxalate,- however, is easily distinguished; for it is insoluble in hydrochloric acid, while a few drops of that
acid at once take up the phosphate or carbonate.
3d. The nitrate of silver produces a heavy white precipitate with oxalic acid, and still better with the
oxalates; and this precipitate, when dried and heated
over a candle, becomes brown on the edge, then of a
sudden fulminates faintly, and is all dispersed in white
fumes. When impure, it deflagrates like gun powder,
and when in too small quantity to be collected, the
filtering paper burns, as if steeped in nitrate of potash.
This is a very characteristic and delicate test.
From a quarter of a grain of oxalic acid, dissolved in
4000 parts of water, we have procured enough of the
powder to show its fulmination twice. The precipitation alone cannot be trusted to, for it may equally take
place:with hydrochloric, phosphoric, citric or tartaric
acid, and likewise with the alkalies.  But when the
test of fulmination is tried, there is no chance of its being confounded with any of these, except perhaps with
the tartaric and citric acid.  The compounds of these
acids with silver, we find, possessproperties that will
render the nitrate of silver one of the.simplest and most
correct tests for distinguishing:thim  from each other,
and from oxalic acid.  The -citrate of'silver becomes
brown under exposure to heat, froths up, then deflagrates
slightly, with the discharge of white fumes, and a large
quantity of dull, ash-grey, crumbling matter remains, of
a very peculiar fibrous structure.  The tartrate of silver
becomes brown, froths up like the citrate, white fumes
are discharged, without even deflagration, and there is
left an ash coloured botryoidal mass, incrusted: outw.ardly'with silver.
If magnesia.or chalk has been:given as an antidote
-during the. patient's.life, the, oxalate of magnesia or lime
may~be mingled:, in the form of powder, with the, contents of the stomach;;or:with the -vomited matter.  The
powdery- matter, is then to be, separated by elutriation



AVIDUm  oxALCt.                  101
from what remains upon the filter during. the, previous
process.  If magnesia has Je.enthe antibdote emplbyed,
it is only requisite to b6il the powder in pure water for
a.few minutes, and then subject the filtered fluid to the
three tests described above,  FPo  the;oxalate: of'that
earth is -sufficiently soluble to furnish, even with a'si
e -ounce of-water, a solutiofi in which all the foregoing
hlaracters may be observed.  If the'antidote emnploy.ed
~has'been chalk, then the powder iis to' be boiled'for
fifteen minutes with half its weight of pure subcarb6natf
of potash, dissolved in 20 to 30 parts of water. -Amutiial
interchange then takes place, and the solution contains
oxalate and carbonate of potash.  In applying the tests
to this solution, the free alkali is to be previously neutralized with hydrochloric acid, when'hydrochlorate of
lime-or sulphate of copper is to be used, and with nitric
acid, before using the nitrate of silver.  In the last case
there'ought to be as little excess of acid as possible
because the oxalate of silver is soluble in nitric acid.
These tests of oxalic acid are very little influenced
by the presence of such animal matter as may exist in
tle suspected fluid after boiling and filtration.  The:
chief animal principle then present is gelatin.  Gelatin
alone is not precipitated by hydrochlorate of lime, sul-b
phate of copper, or nitrate of silver; neither does it
affect the delicacy of the two first as tests of oxalic acid;
but when in very large proportion, it suspends the.ac —
tion of nitrate of silver.'' Whenever this obstacle is
encountered, or if, from any  other- cause we have leftunexamined, this the most decisive of the tests does not
give satisfactory results, the oxalic acid may be thrown
down with the hydrochlorate of lime, and the insoluble
oxalate boiled with carbonate of potass as just described.
This process will probably be always proper, when the
suspected fluid is deeply coloured; for we cannot
decolourize it with chlorine, since chlorine precipitates
abundantly with that salt.  (Christiscon and -Coindet;)
9*



102              ACIDUM;OXALICUM.
GEE.IRAL ~VIEW OF TnE'ACTION OF OXALIC ACID ON
ANIMALS.
In. giving a'general view of the action of oxalic acid
Drs. Christison and Coindet assert, that the symptoms
differ according to the quantity. given, and to the degree
in which it has been diluted.  They likewise differ
somrewhat according to the tissue to which it has been
applied-and further, they vary in: different species of
animals.  They are seen most characteristically when
the acid has been so given as not to prove fatal for an
hour or more.
If, with this view, a small quantity be injected into
the stomach, intestines or peritoneum of a dog, he is
soon seized with violent efforts to vomit.  But the first
unequivocal sign of its action is generally a slight permanent stiffness of the hind legs, drooping of the head,
weakness, and increased frequency of the pulse, and a
very peculiar dull, sorrowful look.' About the same
time there appears a slight sudden check in inspiration,
from the respiratory muscles contracting before the chest
is fully expanded.  Gradually several of these come
together, so as to constitute paroxysms of short hurried
breathing, with intervals. of ease. Meanwhile the stiffness of the.hind legs increases; they become likewise
insensible, and often the spasm gives place to paralysis;
lie jerks the head occasionally backwards, walks with a
peculiar stiff gait, and assumes very odd postures, from
inability to regulate the motions of'the limbs. As the
poisoning advances, the motions of the chest during
the paroxysms become more and more confined by
spasm of the' muscles; and at last there is a period towards the close of each paroxysm, when the spasm is
so great as completely to suspend the respiration. This
is commonly accompanied with more or less extension
of the head, tail and extremities, sometimes amounting
to violent opisthotonos. In the intervals, the breathing
continues hurried, and the heart beats very feebly and



ACImDUM OXALICUM.              103
rapidly.  In one case only we observed it prodigiously
stong, so that:it might be heard a fewrfeet from the,animal.  The insensibility hitherto limited: to the hind
legs, now extends to the trunk and fore legs, and lastly
the head.  As the insensibility increases, the breathing
diminishes in frequency, the spasmodic paroxysms become more and more obscure, and then cease altogether.
For some time, however, they may be slightly renewed,
by striking the back and limbs; but at last the animal!falls into a state of deep pure coma, with complete relaxation of the whole body. The heart now can scarcely.be felt; the breathing is slow, regular and -short,
and becomes gradually more obscure, till finally life is
extinguished without a struggle.
Several striking variations are produced by differences in the dose.  Thus, if it be augmented, the fits of
spasm come on early and -with great violence, the intervals are marked by remissions only, and the animal
expires in a paroxysm, before the stage of insensibility
begins. The action then resembles considerably that of
the vegetable alkalies, brucia and strychnia, but differs
from it in being also exerted, as we shall soon see, upon
the heart. Death may be produced in this manner, in
three, five or ten minutes.
If on-the other hand, the dose be much diminished,
there may be stiffness of the hind legs, much dulness,
drooping of the whole body, and a sort of somnolency,
without insensibility, or even without spasmodic paroxysms, and then the animal will commonly recover.
In. such cases, notwithstanding the local irritating power
of ftie acid, inflammation is not apt to ensue. The
diluted state is in part the cause of this.
Similar modifications arisefrom  the degree to which
thle acid is diluted; dilution having nearly the same efect
as increase of quantity.*
The symptoms likewise vary somewhat, according to:* This remarkable observation is literally transcribed from
Christison's and Coindet's interesting Memoir.



104.ADUM. OXALIOUM.
-the t issue to which it is applied d. Thus no vomiting pre-'.edes the spasmodic symptoms if: the poison has been:inected. into the pleura or cellular tissue.  M/Ioreoverwe
have always found the paroxysms of spasm  to be most'remarkable, when it was applied to the serous tissues.
Deat-h:ensues quickest when  the acid-is introduced
directly into the veins.
Lastly they vary in different species of animals. Thus
cats are more rapidly killed by it than rabbits inferior
in size,- and frequently the spasmodic paroxysms are not
distinct. - In rabbits the opisthotonos is always remarkably violent.  When a drachm in twelve parts of water
is introduced into the stomach, the trunk and extremities during the paroxysms are extended with such suddenness -and force, that the whole body is often raised
nearly two feet into the air.
The order of the symptoms and appearances after
death seems to indicate, that the primary action of the
poison is on the spinal marrow and brain, and the heart
and lungs are effected secondarily, through the injury
done to the nervous system.
Thus the first symptom observed is spasmodic contraction, or sometimes paralysis of the hin(d legs; next,
the trunk is similarly effected, as is shown by the spasm
of the muscles of respiration; and then the animal becomes insensible, which marks the commencement of
an: affection of the brain. The functions of the heart
and lungs begin to suffer as soon as the insensibility
begins, the pulsations of the heart becoming feeble and
hurried, and the impeded respiration bringing on symptomus of incomplete asphyxia.
These two functions are variously affected in different
circumstances. When the dose has been small, the
heart suffers less; the signs of an injury of the brain are
fully developed, and end in pure coma,-in consequence
of which the animal dies slowly, asphyxiated. This is
shown not only by the symptoms, but likewise by the
heart contracting after death, and by the arterial system
being filled with black blood.  But when the dose has



106            ACIDUM c OXALICU- M.
have taken it but once, and on the female organism it
has not. been tried at all, if I except one observation'.
Further- experim6ents will be necessary to enlighten us
about the whole range of its action on the healthy human body.
The observation of Drs. Christison and Coindet,
that oxalic acid acts primarily-on the brain, and secondarily,, on the heart and lungs, seems also to be corroborated by the experiments upon the healthy human economy.
All provers seem  to have felt its action first in the
head, and afterwards in the heart and lungs. It has a
most decided action on the vertex and forehead, and
seems to produce in its secondary effect great exhilaration of spirits, with other peculiareffects upon the mind.
Its action on-the abdomen in the region of the navel
with colic and difficult emission of flatulency, is very decided. I have cured a chronic inflammation of the abdomen in the region of the- navel, in the case of a child,
eat. 5, with a few small doses of oxalic acid; where
several other remedies had proved ineffectual.
Jaeggy speaks highly of it as an anti-phlogistic, in
small fractional doses in most inflammations of the abdominal viscera, hepatitis and psoitis excepted.
Its eflect on the urinary organs and testicles, is also
prominent,although the experiments are too few in number
to-admit of the establishment of more direct indications
-for its choice in any particular case.
I have prescribed it with benefit in a case of chronic
soreness and heaviness in the testicles, accompanied
with a bruised sensation in- the os sacrum, and general
weakness of the genitals.  There were also many sympto'msiindicating tabes dorsalis.
It will probably prove serviceable in laryngitis, diseases of the chest and heart, rheumatic affections of the
joints, and also lameness of the lower extremities. A
palpitation -of the heart, occurring at night after lying
down in bed, and. depending on a rheumatic affection of:the heart, was-entirely: cured by oxalic:acid.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.               107
The assertion of Valli, that in oxalic acid we should
probably find a remedy that would prolong life, seems
to be merely theoretical.  His theory is, that oxalic
acid would have the effect of retaining the animal lime
in a fluid form, and in a condition to be carried off
thereby preventing'its becoming compact, and the brittle-.
ness of the solids, depending thereon, as well as the obstruction of the vessels.  This theory, based entirely
upon chemical laws, seems to lose complete sight of its
powerful dynamical effect.
I have repeatedly prescribed the 2d and 3d trituration, to persons of different ages, with a view to the
above effect, but without any visible operation. Whether
by giving larger doses a different result might have been
obtained, I am not prepared to say.
The following are the pathogenetic effects of the 1st
and 2d trituration of oxalic acid.  Those of Dr. Christison, are taken from cases of poisoning.
GENERAL SYMPTOMS. -. All- the pains from
oxalic acid, seem to occupy only a small spot, half an
inch to an inch in length, viz: in the eustachian tube,
right wrist, right hypochondrium, region of navel, knee,
etc.  (Hering.)
They seem to be excited and aggravated by movement, as the pains in the bowels, testicles, kidney, back,
etc. (JV'eidhard.)
From time to time he has those peculiar jerking pains,
like short stitches, confined to a small spot, and lasting
only a few seconds. (Hering.)
Oxalic acid has a decided action on the joints: ankle,
knees, hips, wrist, shoulders.  (JVeidhard.)_
5. Extreme lassitude of the body.  (JVeidhard.)
Pain, but chiefly great lassitude and weakness of the
limbs, and next morning numbness, and weakness
there as well as in the back.  This afftction was at
first so. severe, that she could hardly walk up stairs.



110 O             ACIDUM OXALICUM.
FEVER.-Creeping of cold, particularly from the
lower part of the spine upwards.  (JVeidhard.)
In the evening, after tea, sneezing, with chilliness.
(J.'eidhard.)
- sn internal sensation of heat, particularly in the face,
for several hours during the forenoon. (Heriig.)
40. Some heat at first in the face, and afterwards in
the left leg, like from external warmth.  (Hering.)
General sensation of heat.  (JNeidhard.)
Exhausting fever with dyspepsia and singultus.
Christison. (In a patient, who seemed at first to be
doing well, but was carried off afterwards with the above
fever in twenty-three days.)
Flushes of heat and perspiration all over the body.
(Dubs.)
Clammy perspiration.  Christison.
45. His hands, feet and face were cold and covered
with a cold perspiration.  (Mittheilungen, s. loc. cit.)
He perspires less than usual.  (Floto.)
Pulse more frequent and harder than usual. (Floto.)
Pulse increased in frequency, from 100 to 108.
(Hering, XVeidhard.)
The pulse is more frequent thah usual, and tense.
(Kitchen.)
50. The pulse in every case became imperceptible,
and even in those who recovered, it could not be felt
for several hours. This state of the pulse was accompanied with- deadly coldness, clammy sweats, sometimes lividity of the nails and fingers.   Christisonl.
(Contrary to this general fact, observes Dr. C., he once
remarked in a dog the pulsation of the heart so strong,
as to be audible at the distance of several yards.)
Extreme feebleness of the pulse.  Christison.. (From
two scruples after 24 hours.)
Pulse small, tremulous, intermittent. (Mittheilungen,
s. loc. cit.)
General excitement in the evening.  (NJeidhard.)
MENTAL.-In the morning, power of -meditation



ACIDUM OXALICUM.              111
very difficult and slow; is hardly able to answer questions proposed to him. (2d day. Hering.)
55. Disinclination to conversation. (Floto.)
Sensation of fulness in the face, and excitement, with
disinclination to conversation.  (lst day.  Hering.)
Seems in its primary action to diminish the power of
concentrating his ideas, and afterwards to increase it.
(JNeidhard.)
Unusual power of concentration of the mind. (Williamson.)
Greater presence of mind, the relations of the world
seem to be clearer to him.  (JNeidhard.)
60. The pains from oxalic acid, as soon as he thinks
about them, return, particularly that in the knee, the
hiccup, etc. (Hering.)
Philoprogenitiveness, (?) greater love of his children,
in one in whom this feeling was always predominating;
a decidedly expressed, and clearly distinguishable
symptom, it being not traceable to any other cause.
(Hering.)  Compare 74.
He feels more composed than usual, and very much
exhilarated.  (NJeidhard.)
General exhilaration of the mind.  (3d day.  Hering.)
Hilarity and cheerfulness.  (Williamson.)
65. Great cheerfulness of the mind, quicker in thought
and action.  (Jeidhard.)
The whole forenoon unusual vivacity, and power of
concentration, which is-still more decided in the afternoon. (VNeidhard.)
Great increase of animation through the day, with
playfulness and mirthfulness, which has not of late years
been natural to him. (1st, 2d, and 3d day. Dubs.)
Nervous and vascular excitement, as from alcohol,
constituting a feeling of hilarity, and the pulse onethird more frequent than usual, and tense.  (Kitchen.)
HEAD.-Giddiness the whole day. (J'eidhard.)
70. On lying down vertigo, like a swimming towards
the left side.  (Hering.)



112            ACIDUM OXALICUM.
Emptiness in the head, sensation of faintiness, as if
all the blood had left the brain, with anxiety. (Floto.)
Sensation in the upper part of the body, and particularly the head, as if the blood was streaming'from
below upwards, and from within outwards. (Hering.)
Headache.  Christison.  (24 hours after taking two
scruples.)
Pain pressing inwardly between the vertex and occiput, on a spot not larger than a dollar, on the middle
line. (In quarter of an hour. Hering.)
75. Pain along the base of the occipital bone, returning several times, during the first two days.  (Williamson.)
In the morning after rest slight aching in the occiput,
and erections.  (Hering.)
Slight compression in the head, with a sensation like
a screw behind each ear. (Hering.)
Soon after taking it, pain on the vertex. (Floto.)
Dull headache on the vertex. (From one-tenth ox.
ac.  E. Smith.)
80. Heaviness in the forehead and vertex.  (In the
morning, after taking the acid in the evening. E.
Smith.)
Continual dull pain in the forehead and vertex.
(Dubs.)
Flushes of heat and perspiration in the morning, with
sharp pains in the forehead and vertex.  (Dubs.)
Sharp pains in the forehead and vertex, with a feeling of lightness. The pain is most acute over the left
eye, and in the left temple. (Soon after taking it.
Dubs.)
Dull pains, with occasional sharp pains in the forehead. (Dubs.)
Dull headache.  Compare 7.
85. Fulness in the forehead above the eyes. (J\Xeidhard.)
Removes. immediately a dulness in the forehead, to
which he was frequently subject in the morning. (J\'eidlard.)



114             ACIDUM OXALICUM.
Bleeding of the gunms during friction of them.  Has
had the same occasionally before, but it was this time
unexpectedly soon, and much more copious., (Hering.)
MOUTH.-Inflammation of the tongue and mouth,
if the acid has had time to develop its operation. Christison.
The tongue was red, swollen, tense and tender, the
day after the acid was swallowed.  Christison.
Tongue dry, sore and excoriated, worse towards the
point, continued all day and evening. (Dubs.)
105. The tongue felt rather more cool than hot.
(Mittheilungen, s. loc. cit.)
In rincing the mouth, a sour taste in it.  (1st day.
Hering. )
In the forenoon a decidedly sour taste in the mouth.
(2d day. Hering.)
THROAT.-Soreness of the fauces on swallowing,
for two hours in the morning. (Dubs.) Compare 122.
* The chronic sore throat, to which he is subject,
feels much better.  (Hering.)
110. Expectoration of thick yellowish mucus from
the throat. (Floto.)
Augments in the first hour the secretion of mucus from
the throat. (JVeidhard.)
STOMACH, APPETITE.-.Eructations of tasteless
wind after each meal.  (Dubs.)
Eructations of wind, tasting of the food he has'eaten.
(Dubs.)
Eructations and discharge of flatulency per anum.
(Floto.)
115. Eructations and passage of flatulency downwards.  ( E. Smith.)
Hiccup, which continues for some time, although he
has taken nothing substantial. (1st day. Hering.) Compare 60.
Vomiting.  Christison. (Only from very large doses.)
Slight sickness of the stomach. (NJVeidha-rd.)
Qualmishness of the'stomach with sickness. (After
6 hours. J
eidhard.)



ACIDUM  OXALICUM.                 11.5
120. A sensation of grasping in the stomach, very
transient. (In a few seconds. J\'eidhard.)
Slight gnawing, burning in the stomach and eructations. (In 1-2 hours. JVeidhard.)
Burning pain in the stomach, and generally also in the
throat.  (Christison.  (Immediately in every case.2)
Pressure in the stomach.  (Ih  a few minutes.  }Veidhard.)
He wakes up at night with a most violent pressive
pain, like a heavy weight in the pit of the stomach; it
comes and goes at intervals of 15 minutes, but dirminishes in force at each renewal. It lasts altogether about
2 hours. Discharge of flatulency relieves the pain. (After
5 drops of oxalic ether, taken in the morning..Jeidhard.)
125. Severe pain in the stomach.  Christison. (From
seven drachms.)
Excruciating pain in the stomach.  (Mittheilungen
s. loc. cit.)
The slightest touch of the stomach caused the most
violent pains.  (Mittheilungen, s. 1. c.)
Excessive sensibility of the stomach, with disposition
to costiveness.  (Mittheilungen, etc., in a patient who
recovered, but who remained for a long time subject to
those' symptoms.)
His natural weakness of the stomach is much diminished. (2d day. JVeidhard.)
130. In the evening after tea, pyrosis, with much
emission of flatulency, and pressing downwards. (Jr'eidhard.)
* Oxalic acid is one of the poisons. of whose operation distinct evidence may sometimes (though certainly not always) be
found in the symptoms. If a person immediately after swallowing a solution of a crystalline salt, which tasted purely and
strongly acid, is attacked with burning in the throat, then with
burning in the stomach, vomiting, particularly of bloody matter,
imperceptible pulse and excessive langour, and dies in half an
hour, or still mnore in twenty, fifteen, or ten minutes, I do not
lknow any fallacy which can interfere with the conclusion, that
oxalic acid was the cause of death. No parallel disease begins
so abruptly and terminates so soon; and no other crystalline
poison has the same effect. —Christison on Poisons.



116              ACIDUM  OXALICUM.
Every evening pyrosis.  (Jeidhard.)
Great increase of appetite.  (Hering.)
Loss of appetite.  (Aeidhard.)
No thirst, and rather a repugnance to water. (Dubs.)
135. Unusual thirst at 3 o'clock, A. M. (2d day.
\.Neidhard.)
Violent thirst. (Mittheilungen, etc.)
A sensation in the fauces, as if there was acidity in
the stomach. (2d day. Hering.)
BOWELS.-Bowels opened in the morning, at 9
o'clock, and again at 4 in the afternoon. Slight colic
pain in and around the umbilicus, just before the afternoon evacuation. (Dubs.)
Pain like a cramp a little to the left of the umbilicus,
and several minutes after, colic pain in the right iliac
region.  Eructations of tasteless winds several times.
(1st day. 5 o'clock, P. M. Dubs.)
140. Distressed feeling around the navel, and through
the whole abdomen, with a sensation of great weakness
in the latter. (2d day. Dubs.)
Dull aching pain in the abdomen, worse round the
umbilicus. (Dubs.)
Colic-like pains in, and around the navel, every day.
(Dubs.)
Dull aching pain in the right side of the abdomen,
the whole afternoon, on a small spot. (JV'eidhard.)
Pain round the navel like colic, repeatedly, but always
after the symptoms in the head. (AJeidhard.)
145. Flatulent colic, like asif lihe had eaten unripe fruit,
on waking up at night, below the navel, which is increased by movement after getting up; the pain diminishes during rest and returns periodically.  (The night
after taking it. E. Smith.)
In the morning after breakfast, on walking about, the
same pain returns, gets better about 9 o'clock, and disappears entirely at 12 o'clock. (E. Smith.)
Sensation of soreness on touching, all around the
navel. (E. Smith.)
Sensation of soreness in the abdomen. (JVXeidhard.)



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                117
Pain in the abdomen. Christison. (First felt six
hours after swallowing half an ounce of oxalic acid, diluted in water.)
150. Sharp and constant pain in the left iliac region.
(Duobs.)
For half an hour after retiring, a continued pain in the
left hypochondrium. (JVeidhard.)
A sticking pain in the left hypochondrium. (After
three hours. Williamson.)
Pain between hypochondrium  and navel, on the left
side, like a development of flatulency. (In half an hour.
(JV'eidhard.)
011 sitting down after a walk, violent effort to discharge flatulency. (As from a small spot on the left
iliac region.)  Sensation as if the part would  burst
(JI/eidhard.)
Eructations and discharge of flatulency. 114.
155. Distressed feeling and great weakness in the
whole abdomen, with flatulent colic.  (Dubs.)
Great flatulency the whole day, with expulsion of
wind downwards. Swelling of the abdomen with dull
colic like pains at intervals, in and around the umbilicus, but worse in the right iliac region. Itching at the
anus, with crawling sensation as if from worms, and
which was relieved by rubbing the parts for several
minutes.  It returned several times during the night.
(Dubs.)
Colic pain around the umbilicus, and in the right
iliac region, coming on by paroxysms.  (Dubs.)
Pain in the region of navel, with painful pressing
down towards the anus and flatulency. (JVeidhard.)
Pain in the region of the navel, with emission of
flatulency in the night.  (JNeidhard.)
160. Difficult discharge of flatulency. (Hering.)
The whole evening rumbling in the bowels with pressing downwards. (JVeidhard.)
Pain in the descending colon, followed by a free evacuation of mushy stool in the evening, one hour after
taking it. (Williamson.)



118              ACIDUM OXALICUM'.
A similar pain returned the second evening. (Williamson.)
6 o'clock, A. M., was suddenly seized with a distressing feeling in the whole abdomen, followed in several
minutes by twisting in and around the umbilicus, with a
discharge in a few minutes of a small quantity of hard
faeces of a dark brown colour. In half an hour again
violent pain and bearing down, followed by a loose evacuation, of a muddy-brown colour, -accompained by
colic pains in the navel. Below the navel he felt a bearing down, and griping pains in the anus.  The latter
were so severe, as to produce severe nervous pains
through the head, with heat in this organ. After retiring
to bed the same pains returned again in five minutes,
followed by a copious evacuation of consistent dark
muddy brown faeces. On going to bed the pains invariably returned, whilst sitting or reclining.  Is better
during motion.  (Had to take mere. sol. 2d, to be relieved of the pain. Dubs.)
165. Violent symptoms of irritation in the alimentary
canal.  Christison.  (From two drachms.)
Severe pain in the bowels, and frequent inclination
to stool.  Christison.  (In a patient, who lived 13 hours
after swallowing the poison.)
In the anus a dull slow stitch, often returning.  (Hering.)
In the evening a slight pinching from flatulency near
the anus.  (Hering.)
On rising) a violent tenesmus in the upper part of the
rectumn, a prolonged, very painful urging from above
downwards. (Bering.)
170. On sitting down to stool in the morning, pressing cutting pain from the right side of the rectum above,
towards the anus.  (Hering.)
Evacuation pappy, light-brown.  (2d day. Hering.)
In the afternoon again, passage from the bowels,
pappy, thick and short. During the passage violent
stitches in the fleshy part of the left thumb, like little
quick cuts of a knife. (Hering.) Comp. 224.



ACIDUM OXALICUM.               1 19
After the passage, a heavy rumbling in the'right side
of the abdomen, (czecum,) and noise from flatulency.
(2d day.  Hering.)
Twice passage of the bowels (luring the day. (J\Veidhard.) Comp. 138.
175. Constant involuntary discharge of fluid feeces,
occasionally mixed with blood. Christison.
Constipation. Christison, (in two persons who recovered.)  Comp. 128.
During yawning, a pressing stitch above the right
hip, which takes away his breath. (Hering.)
During hiccup a sticking pressure above the right
hip. (Hering.) Comp. 116.
-In the evening slight pain in the region of the right
kidney.  (JV'eidhard.)
URINE, GENITALS.-180. Disposition to pass
water every two hours, and in large quantities.  (2d
day. Dubs.)
Inclination to pass water every hour, and in large
quantities each time.  Slight burning in passing the
urine, which is' clear, and of a straw colour. (3d day.
Dubs.)
Profuse flow of light coloured urine frequently during
the evening. (Dubs.)
Copious discharge of urine, at 5 d'clock in the morning. (Williamson.)
Urging to pass water, with copious discharge; the
water is of a lighter colour than usual. (.JYeidhard.)
185. Desire to urinate; the urine is of a lighter
colour.  (2d day.  Hering.)
Discharges less urine than usual. (1st day. Hering.)
Great increase of sexual desire during the night
and morning, with voluptuous dreams every night, for
three nights. (Dubs.) Comp. 37.
Excessive sexual desire. (5th day. Dubs.)
Excitement of the sexual function, repeatedly. (';Yeidhard.)
190. After walking out, pain in the testicles and



120            ACIDUM OXALICUM,
spermatic chord, more in the latter, and worse in the
right side. (1st day. Hering.)
On lying down, erections, without any cause, and
afterwards the pains in the testicles, mentioned above.
(Hering.)
Sensation of contusion in both testicles. (JVeidhard.)
During walking in the evening, a pretty severe pain
and heaviness in both testicles, shooting along the
spermatic chords; worse on the right side.  (JXeidhard.)
Jerking in the testicles and( spermatic chord.  (Heidhard.)
LARYNX and CHEST.- 195. On walking in the
open air tickling in the larynx, with a sensation of
sticking, he coughs several times, the larynx feels
swelled. (Flota.)
A  natural secretion of mucus from  the throat is
diminished. (Floto.)
Expectoration of hard mucus in lumps, and watery
running from  the  nose, with  sneezing.   (Floto.)
Comp. 95.
Expectoration of thick yellow mucus from the
throat. 110.
Hawking up of thick yellowish white phlegm with
a black lump in the centre, of the size of a pea. (lst
day.  Dubs.)
* The chronic sore throat, to which he is subject, is
tnuch better.  109.
During speaking, a sensation of mucus in the larynx,
hoarseness; he has to expectorate more than usual.
(Hering.)
Augments, the 1st hour, the secretion of mucus
from the'throat.  111.
200. Slight cough, from tickling in the larynx and
trachea; also sensation of soreness in the larynx.
( JNeidhard.)
Difficulty of breathing, with constrictive pain in the
larynx, and wheezing; oppression of the whole chest
towards the right side. (Floto.)



ACIDUM OXALICUM.              121
Sharp shooting pain in the left lung and heart, extending. down to the epigastrium, lasting for some
seconds. (From 5 grs. 1-10th. 4th day. Dubs.)
In the afternoon, stitches several times in the left
lung. (5th day. Dubs.)
Stitches in the left breast, more during walking.
(Floto.)
205. Sharp, lancinating pain in the left lung, coming
oni so suddenly, that it deprived him of breath for several seconds, and then gradually subsided. (6th day.
Dubs.)
In the forenoon, during repose, and also afterwards,
during walking, a pain in the heart, extending from behind and below towards the anterior part.  The pain in
the heart is very violent, like electric flashes coming
from within. (Hering.)
Immediately after lying down in bed at night, palpitation of the heart, for half an hour, three nights consecutively.  (Neidhard.)
LOINS and BACK.-After rising from  the recumbent position, a pain in the region of the loins towards
the right, between the last rib and hip.  (Hering: )
Weakness in the loins and hips, extending downsto
the lower extremities.  (From 5 grs. 1-10th. Dubs.)
210. Pain, shooting down from the loins to the limbs,
the patient seeking constant relief in a change of posture.  Christison.  (In a patient, who died in thirteen
hours.)
The pain in the sacrum, habitual to him in the morning, is gone; instead of it a b.ruised sensation in the back
from the loins to the shoulders. (2d day. Hering.).Acute pain in the back, gradually extending down to
the thighs, occasioning ere long great torture, and continuing almost to the moment of death.  Christison.
(The first symptom in a patient who had swallowed
half an ounce of ox. ac. He died in thirteen hours.)
Jrambness and weakness in the back and limbs. Christison.
Sense of numbness and tingling or pricking in the
11



ACIDUM OXALICUM.                123
230..J very violent contracting pain, in the external
tendon of the left knee.  (Ist day.  Hering.)
Jerking, sliding pain in the hollow of the left knee.
(Hering.)
Uneasiness in limbs and feet, which he is hardly able
to keep quiet for a few minutes at a time. (Dubs.)
Slight lameness and stiffness in the lower extremities.
(JVeidhard.)
Lividity, coldness, and almost complete loss of the
power of motion in the legs, which symptoms were not
entirely removed for fifteen days.  Christison.  (From
two drachms.)



124                 ELATERIUM.
E L A T E R I U M.
BY CALEB B. MATTHEWS? M. D.
Jlomordica elaterium- Wild or Squirting CucumberIts Inspissated Juice —The Extract of the Fruit.
Sy7non. Concombre sauvage, (Fr.) —Eselsgurken,
(Germ.)
J.Vat. Ord.  Cucurbitaceae.
Sex. Syst.  Monoecia, Syngenesia.
GEN. CHAR.-Flowers monoecious white or yellow,
with a filiform peduncle having one bract. MALES:
calyx five-cleft, with a very short tube.  Corol. fiveparted.  Stam. triadelphous; anthers connate. FEMALES: filaments three or five; triadelphous, sterile.
Style three-cleft.   Ovar. bilocular. Fruit muricate,
opening with elasticity when ripe. Seeds compressed,
reticulated when ripe.
SP. CHAR.-Hisped-rough, glaucous. Stem short,
without tendrils. Flowers axillary. Leaves cordate,
somewhat lobed, crenate dentate, very rugose on long
petioles. Fruit ovate, obtuse, hispid-rough, with long
peduncles. Seeds chesnut-brown. Root annual.
The experiments from which the following symptoms
were obtained, were made with the pellets moistened
with the second dilution, prepared from the extract of
elaterium, first by trituration with sac. lactis, and then
by dilution in alcohol in the proportions to form the
second dilution. Twenty or thirty pellets were given
and evinced the same symptoms in several individuals
on whom it was tried, very soon after its administration.
The elaterium of the shops is liable to one incon



ELATERIUM.                   125
venience; it is found sometimes to be very inferior, if
not entirely inert; and others, in making the dilutions,
may, from that circumstance, fail to produce the desired
results.
"The judicious experiments of Dr. Clutterbuck prove
that the active principle of the Momordica elaterium resides more particularly in the juice, which is lodged in
the centre of the fruit, (around the seeds) and which
spontaneously subsides from  it."*   Dr. Clutterbuck
obtained only six grains of genuine elaterium from forty
wild cucumbers, and of this an eighth part of a grain
seldom failed to purge violently,' yet, strange as it may
appear, not more than one grain in ten of elaterium, as
it occurs in commerce, possesses any active properties;
and that this decimal part is a vegetable proximate
principle, not hitherto noticed,"t called by Paris
Elatin.
The early history of elateriumr which appears from
Dioscorides and others to have been employed with
much confidence and success, by the ancients, is involved in great confusion; some authors speaking of
different preparations by that name. Hippocrates uses
the term elaterium to mean any violent purgative.
The elaterium of Dioscorides is presumed to be the
article at present in use.  He states its dose to be from
gr. ij. to nj.; IEtius, Paulus, and Actuarius recommend
5ss.; Mesue, qss. to Dj.; Bontius, Dj. to 3ss.; while
Massarius gives doses of grs. vj.; Herman from grs. v. to
grs. vij.; Quincy, grs. v.; Boerhaave, grs. iv.; and
the physicians of the present times give from grs. ss., to
grs. ij. These discrepancies, while they show the uncertainty of the article, are to be explained, as shown
by Clutterbuck's experiments, on the principle of different degrees of admixture of inert matter in the specimens used by different practitioners. I have found it
act on the bowels, producing several discharges, in
doses of the 20th of a grain, triturated with refined loat
sugar.
* Paris' Pharmacologia, page. 258.  t Ibid. page 270.
11P



126                ELATERIUM.
The elaterium of commerce comes to us in small thin
cakes, having the impression of the muslin on which it
was place'd to dry. It is of a greenish colour, and bitter
somewhat acrid taste.  The purest is light; pulverulent,
and inflammable.
Paris, in his Pharmacologia, (page 272,) states that
there is a bitter principle in the elateriumn very distinct
from the extractive matter, having no purgative property whatever; but when taken only produces an increased appetite-yet when combined with the elatin,
the latter is much accelerated in its action by the
presence of the former.
The dose of good elaterium used by physicians of the
old school, as a hydragogue for which it has principally been heretofore employed, in the cure of dropsy
in its various forms, especially hydrothorax, is from half
to two grains.
It differs from most other powerful cathartics, in exciting the pulse and producing febrile action. It has
occasionally produced great prostration, and even death
from its imprudent use, and was in consequence ban —
ished from practice, until its use was revived by Dr.
Ferriar, of Manchester, with great success in the cure of
hydrothorax.
From the foregoing brief account of elaterium, it will
be perceived that though it has been used at intervals
for-twenty centuries, yet little has been known of its
properties, except that of a powerful and dangerous
purgative; and this fact establishes the superior advantages to be derived from the homceopathic method of investigating the character of remedies.
Even from the following brief detail of symptoms,
the intelligent physician can perceive at once various
forms of disease to which this remedy is applicable,
and can employ it both with safety and certainty.  It
appears to have analogous action to nux vomica and
veratrum, especially the latter. Always regarding the
fundamental law of homceopathia, the diseases to which
elaterium appears to be adapted are,-bilious fevers,
diarrhceas, especially after cholera; cholera morbus;



ELATERIUM.                 129
pains in the bowels, watery discharges, accompanied by
nausea and vomiting, was cured by two doses of the
elaterium.  Dose 10 pellets of the 2d dilution.
Febris biliosa.  —, a hand, on board the same
canal boat, as the above case. Burning fever, cutting
pains in the bowels, vomiting and purging of watery
dejections. The same dose of elaterium was given, and
the purging occurred but once after its use, and in the
afternoon he had recovered so far as to leave the boat,
and the next day was able to assist in his ordinary duties.
Diarrhcea.  Win. M/yers, was labouring under ascites
and anasarca, during which he was attacked with
watery diarrhcea, with cutting pains in the bowels; two
doses of elaterium, ten pellets of the 2d, arrested the
diarrhcea, and allayed the pain.  Some weeks after, the
symptoms again recurred, and the same remedy afforded
similar relief.
DiarrAcea.  Mr. -, had been partially relieved of
cholera morbus, with cutting pains, vomiting and purging of watery fluids, by veratrum.  The diarrhoea continued; elaterillm, ten pellets of the 2d dilution, was
given and repeated several times at intervals of two
hours; a speedy cure was the result.
7)41e0u, u~ AhI7U~io.,A chlCdivofMr. PIeA, a',aU 
5 years, soon after having passed safely through the
measles, from exposure to damp weather was attacked
with dysentery, presenting the following symptoms:
Discharges very frequent, with much pain in the abdomen, and constant urging to stool. The dejections
partly composed of masses of dark green mucus, with
portions of whitish mucus tinged with blood. Several
apparently indicated remedies were given, with but partial, if any relief. Elaterium, in the 2d dilution, about
twenty pellets to a wine-glassfull of water, and a teaspoonful given every two hours, effected an entire cure.
Cholera morbus. Thomas Myers was attacked with
watery diarrhcea, which in a few hours terminated in
violent cholera morbus. It was apparently produced by
standing on the damp ground after great bodily exertion.



ELATERIUM.                 131.
laboured under a very obstinate terfian ague for about
five years, which she had contracted while residing in
Virginia.  It was suppressed at intervals by sulph. quinine, in large doses, but always recurred at longer or
shorter periods. When the chills were suppressed she
was generally attacked with urticaria, over the whole
surface, and she frequently was afflicted with a disordered
state of mind, characterized by an irresistible propensity
to wander from home, even in the night, and range in
the woods, &c. The symptoms, when I was called to
treat her, were as follows: chill every third day, twice
in the day, continuing two hours; pains in the head;
under the shoulder blades; in the left side; in the calves
of the legs and small of the back; yawning and gaping
with a sound resembling the neighing of a horse; running at the nose; cramps in the legs and soles of the
feet. The chill was followed by high fever, which
ended in copious perspiration.
The elaterium cured the ague perfectly after other of
the apparently adapted remedies had failed. Dose ten
pellets of the 2d, every three hours, repeated for some
days, during which there were several recurring paroxysms.
Urticaria. After the ague had subsided in the above
case, urticaria appeared, with tendency of mind above
stated, a continuance of the elaterium for a few days entirely and permanently removed this latter affection and
she has had no recurrence.
About twenty minutes after taking the medicine it
produced a great heat under the shoulder blades, and
free spitting of large lumps of yellow matter, apparently
from the stomach. This lady found that when she took
large doses of the elaterium, about fifty pellets of the 2d,
or one-third of a teaspoonful, it acted on the bowels,
overcame costiveness and aggravated the gaping.
My friend, Dr. Jeanes, has used the elaterium  at my
suggestion, and has kindly furnished me with the following cases of intermittent fever.' Febris intermittens tertiana.  J. Houston, aged 28



132                ELATERIUM.
years, had first quotidian ague, which was repeatedly
suppressed for a few days by Rowand's Tonic Mixture,
until the medicine appeared no longer to exert any control over the disease, which at the time of his calling
upon me was of the tertain type.
The paroxysms were preceded by much gaping, and
were attended by much thirst, with pain in the abdomen,
and great pain in the extremities, darting down into the
fingers and toes. Three powders, each containing a
drop of the 3d dilution, were given, to be taken before
the next paroxysm, at intervals of twelve hours. The
first paroxysm after the medicine, was less severe than
those before, and the next, which was the last, was very
slight. Since that time, now more than three months,
he has remained free from the disease.
Febris intermittens quotidiana.  T. M. C., aged 30
years. Intermittent fever contracted eighteen months
since in Virginia, and suppressed every one,, two or
three weeks, by the use or abuse of quinine.
Paroxysms preceded by headache, soreness of the
limbs; pains in the bowels; continued gaping and
stretching. In the' chill, slightly increased pain in the
head and limbs. In the fever, violent tearing pains
throughout the head, but most in the region of benevolence; increased pain in the bowels and extremities;
the pains shoot to the very tips of the fingers and toes,
and then shoot back into the body; the thirst intense.
In the sweat, all the symptoms gradually subside. Access
at one o'clock, P. 1.
A dose of elaterium, eight pellets of the 2d dilution,
in the evening after the cessation of the sweat, and another of the same in the morning, was followed by a
severe paroxysm, but presenting considerable variation
from those which preceded the employment of the medicine. The next paroxysm was very light, and the
third and last was barely perceptible. No other doses
than the two above mentioned were given."
Icterus neonatorum.-The author of this article was
called to see the child of Mrs. Wallace, about the third



ELATERIUM.                  133
day after its birth.  It was afflicted with jaundice; the
skin over the whole body of an orange yellow; the
whites of the eyes deeply tinged; the urine stained the
diaper, and the' stools were bilious.  One pellet of the
2d dilution, three times a (day, was given for three or
four days, when a rapid and permanent cure resulted.
Colicaflltulenta.  Mr. George K -   aged 84 years,
while labouring under an attack of obstinate diarrhe3a,
for which he was treated horneopathically and was relieved by other remedies, suffered from a flatulent colic
which supervened, and was attended with borborigmus,
and severe pain in the lower part of the abdomen.  He
was speedily relieved by a few pellets of the 2d dilution
dissolved in a wineglass of water, and a teaspoonful
given every hour.
Colica flatulenta.   A child of Mrs. Evans, aged
five years, attacked with cramp-like pains in the abdomen and chest, accompanied with costiveness, was cured
by taking a few doses of the pellets of the 2d dilution,
of elaterium. Warm watery injections were, however,
used in aid of the remedy.
Rheumatisrmus sciatica.  A., aged about 25
years, was attacked with this disease, characterized by
tearing and gnawing pains in the hips and thighs, deeply
seated.  She was relieved completely in two days, by
the elaterium. The dose was five pellets of the 2d
dilution, three times a day.
Biliary calculi. Miss B. aged about 60, applied
to me to relieve a pain in the right hypochondrium, and
dull pain in the epigastrium. She used the 2d dilution,
in the form of pellets three times a day. After some days
she discharged from the' bowels a considerable quantity
of a gravelly substance, which was readily discernable
after washing the faces with water; this continued for
several days, with great relief to the patient and a removal of the pains preceding the occurrence.
Indigestion.-Jas. Le Count,- aged about 70 years,
was attacked with bitter taste in the mouth, dull pain in
12



134                ELATERIUM.
the epigastrium; pains in the head, especially in the region of combativeness on both sides, with dull pains in
the temples; nausea. He was completely cured by a
single (lose of elaterium, 2d dilution, ten pellets.
Xeuralgia.  Mrs. T  —, of Baltimore, was attacked
with paralysis of the left side, accompanied with acute
neuralgic pains in the right side, extreme pain in the
right temple, shoulder, arm and over the crest of the
right os ilium and down the thighs; with bitter taste in
the mouth; suppression of urine; rheumatic pain and
swelling of the right knee of a sub-acute nature. During
her treatment for this complaint, purging and vomiting
occurred, which was relieved by veratrum, but the neuralgic pains and suppression of urine were decidedly relieved by the elaterium, 2d dilution, fifteen pellets in a
wineglass of water, and a teaspoonful given every two
hours.
Many other cases of the various diseases above stated
might be given, but it was deemed unnecessary to swell
this article by repetitions of similar details. Enough it
is hoped has been presented to show that the elaterium
is a remedy of great value, and deserving of a more elab9rate investigation.



136         EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
decussating branches, of a greyish-green colour, but
often purplish towards the base. Flowers terminal,
white, in fastigiate corymbs on short hairy peduncles;
florets twelve or fourteen in number. Anthers deep
blue or black.  Seeds black, pappus pilose.  The
root is perennial, and grows nearly horizontal. Blooms
from the latter end of July to the beginning of November, and grows throughout North America, in meadows
and other low grounds, along the course of small streams,
&c.; generally in small patches, but occasionally covering an acre or more of ground.
The genus is called Eupatorium, in honour of Mithridates, surnamed Eupator, who is said to have discovered the original plant,. and used it as an antidote
against poisons.'T'here are about seventy species.-, of Eutpatorium
enumerated by Botanists, thirty-three of which number
are indigenous to North America.
The leaves and the flowers are the parts of the plant
generally used for medicinal purposes and lnostly in the
form of tincture, made with some spirituous menstruum,
by which its active properties appear to be fully extracted. Alleopathists frequently use it in decoction,
cold infusion, or in powder...
It emits a faint odour, and possesses an exceedingly
bitter and somewhat peculiar taste.
Chemically, Eupatorium perfoliatum  contains a free
acid, tannin, a bitter extractive matter, a gummy matter,
resin, nitrogen, lime probably in the state of acetate,
gallic acid, a resiniform  matter soluble in water and
alcohol containing a bitter principle.  It yields a salifiable base, which forms, with sulphuric acid, crystals'of
a prismatic shape, and tasteless, called Eupatoria.
This, like many other indigenous plants, has been
extolled for a time for its medicinal virtues, and then
in its turn passed by with indifference, or perhaps rejected on account of the extravagant encomiums bestowed upon it by its advocates.. Notwithstanding the
vacillating course of the profession generally in relation



EUPATORIUM  PERFOLIATUM.           137
to its merits, there ever have been' highly respectable practitioners who have appreciated its real worth,
and considered it one of the most useful articles of the
Materia MIedica.
The various classifications of the eupatorium  by
different writers, manifest its diversified action.  WVe
find it associated with tonics, stimulants, diaphoretics,
emetics, cathartics, diuretics, astringents, deobstruents,
&c. &c.; and accordingly we hear of its effective
agency in the cure of intermittent and remittent fevers,
yellow fever, spotted fever, typhus fever, typhoid pneumonia, rheumatism, gout, catarrhs, influ'enza, dropsy;
dyspepsia, cutaneous diseases, &c.
It is said to have been very successful in the treatment of a peculiar herpetic disease, affecting the anus
and adjacent parts, as the scrotum and thighs, and also
sometimes extending its ravages to the rectum; endemic along James River, in Virginia, and from that
circumstance called the James River ring-worm.
A wine-glassfull of the expressed juice of the plant
taken every -hour, and the bruised leaves applied to
the part, is celebrated as a cure for the bite of the rattle
snake.
Nearly half a century ago there prevailed throughout
the United States, but particularly in the state of Pennsylvania, a peculiar epidemic, which, from the constancy of the attending symptom of pain in the bones,
was called break bone fever.  The Eupatorium perfolia.
tum, although a diaphoretic, so signally relieved the
disease, notwithstanding  copious perspiration  was a
frequent attendant, that it was familiarly called bone-set;
a common name, by which it is still extensively known.
This herb is one of the remedies,. and perhaps the
principal one employed by the aborigines of this country, in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and hence
another of the common names by which it is known
among us-" agule-weed, " —which corresponds to the
Indian name.
In miasmatic districts, along: rivers,; at fisheries, on
12'



138         EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
marshes and their several neighbourhoods, where intermittent and, remittent fevers have prevailed epidemically, the eupatorium has been a favourite remedy with
the most successful practitioners, as well as a deservedly
popular one in the hands of the people; very often
superceding the necessity of calling in medical aid,
especially where such aid-could not readily be obtained.
In all cases of low typhoid disease, attended with hot,
dry skin, it is reputed to be an estimable medicine.
It was used with great success in an epidemic of
influenza, and lake fever, which prevailed a -few years
ago in the neighbourhood of Lake Ontario.
In 1812 it was substituted for peruvian bark in the
treatment of intermittent fevers in. the, New York Almshouse, and with uniform success.
When physicians of the old school wish to have the
tonic (?) effect of eupatorium, they give the powdered
leaves and flowers in substance, or if they wish to produce diaphoresis, they give it in decoction, and increase
the dose in order to procure emesis.
It is _remarkable, that the Eupatorium perfoliatum,
when given in large doses, produces very copious diaphoresis, and yet one of the indications for its use in the
treatment of intermittent fevers, hommeopathically, appears to be inconsiderable perspiration.
Those symptoms in the following enumeration not
accredited to any authority, are to be understood as belonging to the writer of this monograph.
Compare with: Arn., Cham., Mere., Natr. mur.,
Rhus tox., Tar. em.  It alternates well with Natr.
mur., in intermittent fevers.
The cases in which this medicine promises the greatest
usefulness appear to be:
Headache, arising from disordered stomach.
Nervous head;che —hemicrania.



EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.             139
Fevers, attended with gastric derangement.
Intermittent fever, especially when the paroxysm
occurs in the morning.
Remittent fever, of miasmatic  origin or typhoid
character.
Bilious fever.
Rheumatic affections, accompanied by perspiration,
and soreness of the bones.
Gouty affections.
Cachectic condition of the system from long continued or frequent attacks of bilious and intermittent
fevers.
Indigestion of old people.
Dyspepsia.
Loss of appetite.
General debility.
Bronchitis.
Tardy developement of eruptive diseases, and especially measles.
Nocturnal cough, particularly after the eruptive stage
of measles.
Dropsical affections.
Influenza, with weakness of the pulse and great prostration of the system.
Influenza of old people and inebriates.
HEAD.-Headache with the sensation of soreness
internally; better in the house; aggravated when first
going into the open air; relieved by conversation.
Pain extending from the forehead to the occiput;
greatest in the left side.
* Throbbing headache.  (JVeidhard.)
* Headache and sick stomach, every other morning
when first getting awake, which continues all day, with
loss of appetite during the headache, but good appetite
on the intervening day.
5. Beating pain in the nape and occiput;  better after
rising.
* Pain in the occiput after lying, with the sensation of



142         EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
Hacking cough in the evening.
Cough, with soreness and heat in the bronchia.
Cough, aggravated in the evening.
70. * Hectic cough from suppressed intermittent
fever.
* Nocturnal loose cough.
* Hoarse rough cough, with scraping in the bronchia.
* Violent cough, with soreness in the chest.
* Cough, with flushed face and tearful eyes-the
patient supports his chest with the hands.
75. * Cough preceding measles.
* Cough following measles.
* Disposition to cough, with dyspnea.
CHEST.-* Dyspnaea very great, obliging the patient to lie with his head and shoulders very high.
* Difficulty of breathing, attended with perspiration,
and anxious countenance; with sleepiness.
80. * Painful irritation of the pulmonary organs,
with heat in the chest..Aching pain under the left breast.
Inability to lie on the left side.
Soreness in the chest, from taking a full inspiration.
* Deep-seated pain in the left side and in the right
shoulder.
85. Grating sensation in the chest, at every deep inspiration.
TRUNK.-Weakness in the small of the back.
Deep-seated pain in the loins, with soreness from
motion.
Pain in the back, as from a bruise.
Beating pain in the nape.
* Pain in the back and lower extremities.
UPPER EXTREM/IIIES.-90. Soreness and aching in the arms and forearms.
Stiffness of the arms.
Painful soreness in both wrists, as if broken or dislocated.



144          EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
Chilliness through the night, and in the morning, with
nausea, from the least motion.
Aching pain and soreness, as if from having been
beaten in the calves of the legs, small of the back and
in the arms, above and below the elbows.
" Flushed face and dry hot skin, during the fever.
* Chill at 7 o'clock in the morning, preceded by
thirst, and attended with moisture of the hands.
120. * Vomiting at the conclusion of the chill.
* Fever, accompanied with sleep and moaning, and
followed by slight perspiration.
* The patient continues lying after the fever goes off.
* Nausea and sickness of the stomach, at the commencement of the heat, with violent throbbing headache,
(J eidhard.)
* Chill in the morning, heat during the rest of the
day, and slight perspiration in the evening. (JVNeidhard.)
125. * Intermittent fever with a heavy chill, early in
the morning of one day, and a light chill about noon the
next day, and so on successively.
" Headache and trembling during the heat.
I   - Chill preceded by pain above the right ilium, with
thirst and a disposition to yawn.
* Pain in the bones early in the morning before the
paroxysm.
* The chill is induced or hastened by taking a drink
of water.
130. * Headache, back ache and thirst during the
chill.
* J.ausea as the chill goes off.'* Increased headache, but diminished thirst, during
the heat.
A1ching in the bones of the extremities,. with soreness of
the flesh.
* Coldness with a great deal of trembling, attended
with nausea.
135. Chilitness, with excessive trembling and nausea.
* Internal trembling, with external heat.



146         EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
* The heat goes off by moderate perspiration, during
sleep in the evening.
* Thiirst throughout the night before the paroxysm,
in tertian ague.  Thirst several hours before the chill.
*: The thirst continues during the chill and heat, with
vomiting after each draught of water.
165. " Vomiting of bile at the close of the hot stage.
* Inconsiderable-perspiration after the fever.
* Coldness during nocturnal perspiration.
Chilliness from motion.
Pungent heat attending the perspiration at night.
170. Alternate chilliness and flashes of heat.
* Fever, with despondency of mind, morbid sensitiveness of the skin, and sleeplessness.
APPENDIX.
I have observed the most decided effects from the
Eupatorium perfoliatum, in the treatment of certain cases
of intermittent fever; in two of which the following
symptoms were present: violent thirst before the chill, and
slight during it; nausea and sickness of the stomach,
(in one case vomiting) at the commencement of the
heat, with violent throbbing headache; tastelessness of
foo-d; want of appetite; tongue coated yellow; the chills
set in in the morning, and lasted for one or two hours;
heat during the rest of the day, and slight perspiration
in the evening; type tertian. In one case the sulph. of
quinine had been administered, without preventing the
recurrence of the paroxysms.
I gave in the apyrexia gtt. 3 of the tinct. eup. p., in
water, every hour, which produced no aggravation, a
slight headache excepted, and prevented the return of
the next attack permanently.  (JV'eidhard.)
CASE 1. I was called to Mrs. S —-, who lived in a
miasmatic district, on the 19th of November, 1841.  Irregular quotidian. The chill generally began at nine



EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.          1'47
o'clock, in the morning, and lasted four hours, when the
heat commenced, and continued about seven hours, and
was seldom followed -by perspiration. The next day there
was a lighter paroxysm, which usually commenced at
twelve o'clock, and ceased about the same time in the
evening, as the heavier one on the day preceding. The
paroxysms continued to occur thus alternately with but
little variation for the space of twenty-three days, notwithstanding my unceasing efforts to arrest them by the
administration of a number of remedies.
On the twelfth of December, the following symptoms
were present: —chill commenced at nine o'clock in the
morning, and lasted four hours, attended with a great
deal of shivering and trembling; raging thirst before the
chill, and during the chill and heat; vomiting of whatever
was taken into the stomach, and of bile, with distressing
pain in the epigastrium; distracting headache during the
heat; fever ceased about eight o'clock in the evening,
and was followed by inconsiderable perspiration. Eup.
p. 1, in water, a teaspoonful every hour in the apyrexia,
cured the case, without the recurrence of another paroxysm.
CASE 2. Mrs. B. R. M —, living near the Schuylkill river, of bilious diathesis. A case of tertian ague.
Chill at nine o'clock in the morning, which lasted an
hour and a half; thirst in the night before the chill;
raging thirst during the chill and heat; violent headache throughout the paroxysm; some perspiration; retching and vomiting during the chill, immediately after
drinking; vomiting of bile. Eup. per. 1, five drops in
as many teaspoonfuls of water, of which she took a teaspoonful every two hours on the alternate day. Early
on the morning of the expected chill, eup. per. tinct.
gtt. iv. in eight teaspoonfuls of water, a teaspoonful every
hour. The paroxysm did not return. This patient had
been subject to frequent attacks of intermittent fever
for several years, and had always suppressed them with
sulph. of quinine, but since the above attack, now a pe



148         EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
riod of nearly four years, she has had no return of the
disease.
CASE 3. M. P —, a girl of 14 years of age, living
in the neighbourhood of Fairmount. Tertian intermittent fever. Thirst before the chill; became stretchy
and looked pale at nine o'clock in the morning; felt
cold and chilly, but did not shake; walked about the
house crouched up; was very thirsty during the chill
and heat, but took only a little sup of water at a time;
headache and trembling during the heat, the coldness
lasted an hour, and the heat about two hours; followed
by very little perspiration. Eup. per. tinct. a few drops
in water; dose, a teaspoonful every three hours. Cured.
CASE 4. A. P-, sister to the last patient, and
living in the same house. At eight o'clock in the
morning was attacked with pain above the right ilium,
thirst and a disposition to yawn; fingers became stiff,
with slight coldness; upon taking a drink of water,
shuddering commenced immediately; chill lasted two
hours and a half; headache, backache, and thirst during the chill; nausea as the chill was going off; the
the headache was increased, but the thirst was diminished during the heat; sensation of great weakness during the fever, so much so, that she could not raise her
head from the pillow; trembling in the back, with faintness from motion, during the fever. The fever terminated by moderate perspiration during sleep in the evening. She felt pain in her bones early in the morning
before the attack. Eup. per. tinct. in water, a teaspoonful every three hours. Had but the one paroxysm.
CASE 5. T. R  -, had tertian ague, for two weeks
before I saw him. Sickly, sallow countenance; chill
at eight o'clock in the morning; thirst throughout the
night previous to the chill; thirst during the chill and
heat, and vomiting immediately after each draught of
water; vomiting of bile at the close of the hot stage,
which was followed by inconsiderable perspiration.
Eup. per. tinct. in water, a teaspoonful every three hours.
(Williamson.)



150          EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
in no small number of cases, constituted a curious, and
not a little distressing, attendant on the disease.
The Eupatorium perfoliatum not only induced a
healthy and free perspiratory discharge, but promptly
altered the condition of the skin, restoring its natural
hue, and rendering its texture firm and healthy; and the
unpleasant alternations of chilliness with flushes of heat
were replaced by an agreeable glow of the general surface. So soon as this diaphoresis was induced, together
with the relief already mentioned as occurring, the dis)osition to cough subsided and there was an immediate
amelioration of all the pulmonary symptoms. The subsidence of the cough, the renewal of the dyspncea, and
that painful irritation of the pulmonary organs, which in
many cases seem to have extended to the remotest air
vesicles of the lungs, were more directly due to the medicine administered after the method adopted by us, becoming a prompt and efficacious expectorant. Indeed,
we know of no article or combination to be preferred to
it as an expectorant in the disease under consideration.
Together with the properties already mentioned, this
medicine has further proved itself sufficiently aperient
for the treatment of most cases of epidemic influenza.
After the commencement of the treatment it was rarely
found necessary to use any other cathartic, and not then,
except in those cases in which the constipation of the
bowels had been persistent, or where the head was unusually affected."
"Its tonic property is the remaining one which we shall
point out, as particularly adapting this medicine to the
treatment of certain cases of epidemic influenza.  It
certainly is a great desideratum, in the management of
this disease, in aged subjects, where there is such a
tendency to prostration long before any impression is
made on the violence of the attack, to have a remedy
which, with due evacuant powers adequate to the removal of all the symptoms, unites a tonic influence sufficient to support the general strength, and to maintain
at the same time the integrity of the circulatory fuinc



EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.            M1.
tions.  The admirable association of its tonic with its
other properties, creates in the Eupatorium perfoliatum
such an agent, and endows it- with an advantage over
all articles or combinations, in the management of the
disease under these circumstances. Indeed, when the
disease was treated from the first with this medicine,
the cold infusion alternated with the warm, according
to the circumstances of the case, and the amount of prostration present-no case occurred where more decided
stimulants or tonics were required; and we are convinced
that the former preparation of this herb iS the very best
article of this class, not only to prevent, but to overcome
when existing, the prostration so frequently supervening
upon this disease in old persons. Nor were its salutary
powers in this way confined alone to the aged. It has
never, we believe,'been noticed before,-and hence
whether it is universally the case or not we have no
means of judging,-but it is certain that the coloured
population with us suffered in a peculiar manner from
this disease. In almost every case from its very commencement,. it assumed a marked and curiously asthenic character; yet upon the whole it was not more
formidable, nor more difficult of management, than the
same disorder in the white subjects."
"In these cases it seemed to expend its force upon the
nervous system, producing a dispondency of mind, a
depression of the vascular, and a prostration of the muscular systems, wholly disproportioned to all the other
symptoms. It was-no unusual occurrence, after a negro
had staggered into the office as though he were intoxicated, and stated his case with a gloomy presentiment
of evil, to find upon examination a prostration of the
pulse really startling, while the pulmonary symptoms
were trifling; and the bowels were free from the morbid contamination; in fact, the pain in the back and
limbs, the remarkable and extreme lassitude of the muscular system, and the uneasiness about the head, being
the only symptoms for which he sought relief. It was
surprising how soon a few doses of the infusion of



152          EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.
boneset, administered solely with a view to secure its
tonic and aperient effects, would remove this state of
things.  There is yet another class of cases, to which
this property of the herb, from its peculiar association,
render it particularly applicable. The disease occurring in the habitually inebriate, induces a train of morbid effects in the highest degree embarrassing, and for
/the treatment of which we found nothing so salutary as
its cold infusion, combined with the tincture or infusion
of -hops, according as the nature of the case required
sedation."
M"J ianner of administration. —In the severest cases,
where it is determined to treat the disease with the
herb alone, the patient, after being covered in bed, was
induced to swallow a wine-glassfull of the infilsion,
prepared by infusing an ounce of the dried leaves in a
pint of boiling water, warm, every half hour. After the
fourth or fifth dose, considerable nausea, sometimes
vomiting, with free diaphoresis ensued, and there was
an immediate amelioration of all the symptoms. Along
with the nausea free expectoration commenced; and
after the former symptom had subsided, the patient was
freed from every annoyance, and remained in every respect comfortable. Sufficient to keep up the impression on the system, the infusion was now given only
every third or fourth hour in the same dose. The
bowels were generally opened in about six hours after
the commencement of the treatment, and afterwards
continued in a lax condition. Towards the evening
the second day, and particularly if the patient had been
guilty of imprudent exposure, the symptoms frequently
returned, and it was necessary to repeat the course
adopted at first. But generally the medicine, continued
as directed, kept the symptoms completely in check,
and the patient was out on the fourth day."
"' The treatment of the disease in old persons, or in
other cases where there was a marked tendency to
prostration, was commenced in the same manner. As
soon as the effects already mentioned as occurring were



EUP.ATORIUM PERFOLIATUM.         153
induced, the cold substituted for the warm infusion was
directed in the same dose every second hour, to be continued, gradually lessening the period throughout the
disease, unless the violent symptoms returned, when it
was to be discontinued until the same course was repeated with the warm infusion,'and then resumed."
"From the foregoing exposition of the properties and
mode of action of the Eupatorium perfoliatum, we feel
convinced that it will be awarded, that its introduction
is an acquisition of some value to the therapeutical
means of managing the curious disease under consideration.  Not the least of our reasons for believing so, is,
that while it allows the patient treated by it. to pass
out of' the disease as speedily and as perfectly as any
other remedy, or course of treatment, it leaves him with
less impairment of his general health; and causes fewer
interruptions to the natural healthy functions of the body.
In short, the universality of the disease, when it prevails, finds an exact counterpart in the cheapness, as
well as the simplicity of the remedy." J. F. Pebbles, J.M. D.



154             RALMIA LATIFOLIA.
KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
BY C. HERING, M. D.
Vu lgo.  Laurel; Mountain Laurel; Broad-leaved
Laurel; Lambkill; Ivy Bush; Spoonwood; Calico Bush.
JVat. Ord. Bicornes. Linn.
Rhododendra.  Juss.
Class. Decandria.
Order. Monogynia.
The genus is called Kalmia, in honour of Peter Kalm,
a Sweedish Botanist.
GEN. CHAR.  Calyx  five-parted, persistent, with
oval acute segments.
Corolla salver-form, with ten horns beneath, and ten
corresponding cavities within.
Capsule five-celled, many seeded.
SPEC. CHAR. Leaves petioled, inserted on the sides
and extremities of the branches, scattered, and in threes;
oval, acute, entire, coriaceous, smooth on both sides,
under side the palest; corymbs terminal, siscid and
pubescent, simple or compound, with opposite branches
and made up of slender peduncles, supported at base by
ovate acuminate bractes.
Flowers in the latter end of May.
Fruit mature in the beginning of September.
An evergreen shrub, from three to twelve feet high,
and grows on shaded rocky hills.
Flowers rose red, sometimes white.
The corolla is monopetalous, with a cylindrical tube,
a spreading disk, and an erect five-cleft margin.
The stamens proceed from the base of the corolla,
and bend outwardly like a hoop, so as to bury their
anthers in the little cells of the corolla, until the fecundating power of the pollen is perfect, when they spring
up and strike against the stigma.



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.             155
The germ is globular; style longer than the corolla,
and declined; stigma obtuse.
The capsule is roundish, depressed, five-celled, and
five-valved.
When chemically examined the leaves are found to
contain vegetable mucus, tannin and resin.
Kalmia latifolia is destined to become a very important remedy in the treatment of acute, and also of chronic
diseases.
As Ledum inhabits the marshy meadows among the
mountains of Europe, and as Rhododendron, beautifies
the mountain plains of Asia, with its golden blossoms,
so Kalmia frequently extends itself along both banks of
the narrow stony valleys of the brooks and small streams
of North America, and enlivens them with its broad
evergreen leaves; and in May it suddenly spreads a
rose coloured carpet over the face of nature, which excites the admiration even of those who are accustomed
to the magnificence of tropical plants. Rhododendron
thrives in the region of storms and mountains, and
Leduni draws its nourishment from the ponds of elevated regions, while Kalmia flourishes in the mists arising
from the valleys. All three inhabit northern climates.
They correspond to the great family of diseases, which
we comprise under the collective names of rheumatism
-and gout; particularly to that class, which belongs to
the north, and which is decidedly distinct from that of
the south, and of the tropics. They also correspond to
the intermittent and remittent -fevers, and especially
those of a long protracted gastric-nervous character.
No medicine in the whole Materia Medica, has such
control over the pulse as kalmia, except digitalis.
Aconite and tartar emetic, approximate to it; but a
remedy can only diminish the activity of the heartfavourably, when it corresponds to the totality of the symptoms.
In diseases of the heart, which alternate with rheumatism or have originated in rheumatic attacks, kalmia
must become most important. It will be of great service to the veterinarian.  The other characteristics of
this medicine are seen by the pathogenesis.



156             KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Our attention is called to the action of this plant;
first, by the poisoning of young domestic animals, and
the sickening of the older ones from eating the leaves;
secondly, by the diseases which are caused by the
honey gathered by the bees from its blossoms; thirdly,
by the illness caused by eating the pheasant's nourished
by the fruit and green leaves during the winter months;
and fourthly, by the Indians making use of it to commit suicide.
The Indians kill themselves with an infusion of the
leaves.  Barton.
From my own experience I am not disposed to think
very highly of, the narcotic power of the kalmia. I
have repeatedly chewed and swallowed a green leaf of
the largest size, without perceiving the least effect in
consequence.  Bigelow.
It must be used with great care- when externally applied, as the decoction has occasioned disagreeable subsultus, startings and convulsions. Barton.
The leaves are poisonous to some animals, and food
for others. Kalm.
It is food for deer, goats, partridges and pheasants.
U. S. Dispensatory.
Deer feed on its green leaves with impunity. Catesby.
The leaves of kalmia are food for stags, and if they
be shot in winter their bowels are found filled with
them. Bigelow.
Persons who have eaten the flesh of stags that have
fed on the leaves of kalmia, have not felt the least indisposition from it. Bigelow.
If the bowels of deer which have fed on the leaves
be given to dogs, they become quite stupid, and as it
were intoxicated; and often become so sick as to appear to be at the point of death. Bigelow.
It is fatal to young animals.  Bigelow.
When cattle and  sheep, by severe winters deprived of better food, feed on the leaves of this plant,
a great many of them die annually.  Catesby.



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.             157
When sheep eat kalmnia leaves, they are attacked.
with vomiting, bleeding at the nose, and vertigo. U.
When sheep eat the leaves, they either die immediately, or become very sick, and recover with great
difficulty. The young and more tender of them  are
killed by a small portion, but the older and more hardy
ones can bear a stronger dose. Kalm.
It produces the same noxious effect on calves; they
either die or recover with great difficulty. Kalm.
Some calves, after eating of the leaves in 1748, became very sick, swelled, frothed at the mouth, and
could scarcely stand; they were cured, however, by
giving them gun-powder and other remedies. Kalm.
A few drops of the tincture poured upon the body of
a large and vigorous rattlesnake, killed it in a very
short time. Barton.
Horses, oxen and cows are made very sick by eating
the leaves, but do not die. Bigelow.
Gastric disorders and delirium have been caused by
eating the honey gathered from the flowers. Barton.
The infusion is used in dysentery.  U.
* A diarrhmea which returned every eight weeks, was
cured by a decoction of one ounce of the leaves with
eight ounces of water, and boiled down one-half.
Thomas.
* Kalmia has been used with much benefit in the
cure of syphilis. U. S. D.
An ointment made of the powdered leaves has been
recommended in tinea capitis, and some other cutaneous affections. Bigelow.
I have seen an eruption, very much resembling psora,
removed by it. Bigelow.
Externally applied in the shape of ointment or decoction, the leaves have been found useful in tinea
capitis, psora, herpes, and other cutaneous affections.
U. S. D.
The powdered leaves have been used with success
by an empiric, in certain fevers. Barton.
14



158             KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Kalmia has the remarkable peculiarity of depressing
the pulse when given in large doses. U.
The pulse reduced to forty strokes in a minute, with
great weakness in the arms and calves of the legs, and
vertigo, on every attempt to move; in a recumbent
posture, the mental faculties and memory are perfect.  U.
Two cases of poisoning, which resulted from eating
a pheasant, in the craw of which laurel leaves were
found.
i. Half an hour after eating, nausea with entire loss
of sight; continual retching and violent pain in the
crown of the head, which extends down in the direction of the cervicle vertebra,; coldness of the extremities, and imperceptible pulse; when the pulse-reappeared it beat only forty strokes in a minute.
2. A peculiar noise while breathing, like that caused
by spasmodic affections of the glottis.  Paleness of the
face.  Excessive nausea, with  dimness before  the
eyes. Violent pain down the back. Coldness of the
extremities, with a very feeble pulse, of forty strokes in
a minute.  Shoemaker.
Kalmia is useful in acute and chronic diseases of the
lungs. U.
The names of the provers are attached to their
symptoms as well as the number of the attenuations
taken.
Those marked a, b, c, etc., represent persons under
Mr. Behlert's care, whose temperaments are carefully
described in his report.
Those extracts marked U., are taken from an American author, to me unknown.
In making the trials, (as is my custom,) the low and
high dilutions were both employed in the same persons,
where it was practicable; and he who does not or will
not see the resemblance of the symptoms severally produced by them, is to be pitied; but to perceive the
difference, requires practice and close investigation.



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.             159
MENTAL. —1. Irritable disposition of the mind towards evening, which continues next morning. (3d.
Reichhelm.)
Indisposition to move, with aversion to exercise.
(2d. E. Clark.)
SLEEP.-Restlessness, frequent turning. (2d. E.
Clark.)
Getting up and walking, while asleep. (2d. E.
Clark.)
5. Talking in sleep. (2d. E. Clark.)
Unpleasant dreams. (2d. E. Clark.)
Fantastic dreams. (30th. Haeseler.)
FEVER.-Cold and shivering on two successive
days. (2d. E. Clark.)
HEAD. —Vertigo and headache.  Puihn.
10. Vertigo, (from 30 drops of the infusion, six times
a day.) Thomas.
Vertigo, with some nausea, attended with pains in
the head and limbs. (30th. Kummer.)
Nausea in the evening, followed by some dulness
and aching in the head. (The second day. 30th.
Kummer.)
Vertigo while stooping and looking downwards.
(From 8 until 9 o'clock in the morning, and from 3
until 6 o'clock in the evening.  30th.  Behlert.)
Dulness in the head. (First day.  1st. IKummer.)
15. Dulness in the head in the evening. (3d. Kummer.)
Dulness in the head until evening, which continues
slightly early the next morning.  (3d. Kummer.)
Heaviness in the head for a short time on the right
side, but towards evening the same sensation, very
severe on the left side. (1st. Kummer.)
Heat in the head, on the morning of the fifth day.
(3d. Reichhelm.)
A shock towards the occiput from the back of the
neck with heat.  (30th. Behlert.  a.)
20. A momentary shivering without coldness, about 10
o'clock in the evening in bed, which seems to pass from
the top of the head to the neck under the scalp, attend



160             KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
ed with a cracking noise, and at the same time alarm
without palpitation of the heart; a sensation as if the
body were surcharged with electricity. This sensation
was repeated four times in the course of half an hour,
and the whole ended with the sound of a horn before
the ears. (3d. Reichhelm.)
Headache internally, with the sensation, when turning,
of something loose in the head, diagonally across the
top of it.  (30th.  Behlert.  b.)
Dull pain around the back part of the head, with frequent sharp, darting pain in the right side of the head.
(2d. E. Clark.)
Pain in the head when awaking in the morning, and
in the evening. (2d. E. Clark.)
Pain in the top of the head as if bound closely with a
cord. (2d. E. Clark.)
25. Strong pain in the temples and forehead. (2d.
E. Clark.)
Pain in the forehead every morning on awaking.
(30th.  Behlert.  c.)
- Pain in the forehead on rising, which increases afterwards.:(30th.  Behlert. f.)
Pain across the forehead over the eyes. (30th. Behlert. c.)
Rending pain across the forehead. (30th. Behlert. d.)
30. Pressing pain in the forehead especially in the
right side.  (First day.  3d. Reichhelm.)
Pain in the forehead in the evening.  (30th.  Behlert. a.)
Pressing in the forehead, late in the evening. (3d.
Reichhelm.)
Pain in the forehead and over the eyes in the evening; it seems to move backwards and down the neck
outwardly on both sides, then disappears, and is followed by pain in the left shoulder. (30th. Behlert. a.)
The pain in the forehead is sometimes followed by
rending in the bones of the right or left side of the face,
or on the top of the head. (30th. Behlert. c.)
35. Slight aching in the forehead, which some times



RALMIA LATIFOLIA.              161
shoots downwards to the eye-teeth, and at one time is
easier in the forehead, at another in the teeth.  (30th.
Behlert. a.)
Pains in the forehead every day, which extends to the
roots of one of the upper molar teeth of the right side.
(30th. Behlert. a.)
Severe pressing in the temples, and on both sides of
the neck. (30th. Kumnmer.)
Acute pain in the left temple, which is very much increased by going up stairs. (2d.. Williamson.)
Rending in the forehead and in-the head, on rising
from bed, succeeded by rendling in the bones of the
hips and lower extremities, down to the feet.  (30th.
Behlert. a.)
40. Rending in the head and neck. (30th. Behlert. a..)
Rending in the head. (30th. Behlert.. c.)
Rending in the left side of the forehead, which extends into the temple.  (30th.  Behlert.  c.)
Strong pressure in the right temple. (The 3d day.
Ist. Kummer. )
Rending in the right temple, passing downwards.
(30th. Behlert. c.)
45. Severe headache at noon of the second day; it is.
most severe in the right side. (1st. Kummer.)
Pulsating pain in forehead. (30th. Behlert. b.)
Pain and throbbing in the whole of the left side of the
head, with stitches in the left ear, and behind the right.
(30th. Kummer.)
The drawing in the head and eyes is worse towards
evening, and in the open air. (Kummer.)
EYES.-50. Glimmering before the eyes, exactly in
the point of vision, so that it is almost impossible to distinguish the words while reading; it seems as if small
points were continually moving before the eyes. This
continues half an hour.  (About 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the second day. 30th. Kzummer.)
Glimmering before the eyes while looking downwards, with belching of wind, and some nausea. (In
the morning about eight or nine o'clock.. 30Dth. Behlert.)
14*



162              KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Cloudiness before the eyes.  (~The third day.  1st.
Kummer.)
Itching of the eyes, and stinging when rubbed. (2d.
E. Clark.)
Pain in the eyes which makes it painful to turn them.
(2d. E. Clark.)
55. Sensation of stiffness in the muscles around the
eyes, and of the eyelids. (2d. E. Clark.)
Pain in the right eye. (1st. Kummer.)
Strong pressing in the right eye, in the evening. (1st.
Kummer.)
Pressing in the eyes, attended by pains in the arms
and hands, in the lower extremities down to the feet,
and sometimes in the right side of the abdomen. (30th.
Kummer.)
A sensation of pressing, above the right eye. (About
noon of the 3d day.  3d.  Reichhelm.)
60. Pressing pain about the eyes. (The 5th day. 3d.
Reichhelm.)
Pressing in the eyes in the afternoon.  (3d.  Reichhelm.)
Acute stitches in the eyes, towards evening of the
second day.  (1st.  Kummer.)
Acute stitches in the right eye, in the morning of the
second day. (1st. Kummer.)
Stitches and violent pressing in the right eye, the
eyes feel dim and weak. (The third day. 1st. Kummer.)
65. Stitches under the left eye. (30th. Kummer.)
Itching in the eyes. (lst. Kummer.)
Itching and burning in the left eye. (In the afternoon of the fifth day.  (3d.  Reichhelm.)
Burning with pressing in the eyes, particularly in the
left one.  (The fifth day.  3d.  Reichhelm.)
Inflammation of the left eye in the morning, with
a burning jerking pain, till near noon, when the pain
becomes more tolerable, and scarcely perceptible. (The
sixth day.  3d.  Reichhelm.)
EARS.-70. Severe stitches in the right ear, in the
night of the second day.  (1st.  Kummer.)



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.             163
Severe stitches in the ears at 4 o'clock, P. M., followed by pain in the arms. (30th. Kummer.)
Pain the right ear, on the right side of the head, and
in the leg. (30th. Kummer.)
Excessive tingling in the ears. (In the afternoon of
the fourth day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
NOSE.-Continued pressing in the ridge of the nose,
with repeated sneezing. (The second day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
75. Tickling in the nose.  (30th.  Behlert.  a.)
Fluent coryza with frequent sneezing, and perceptibly
increased sense of smell.  (30th.  Haeseler.)
Tickling in the nose like that which precedes coryza.
(30th.  Behlert.  d.)
The nose is sometimes obstructed, particularly in the
evening. (30th. Behlert. d.)
FACE.-Pressing pain in the right side of the face,
between the eye and the nose, in the afternoon. (3d.
Reichhelm. )
80. Itching in the face at night. (30th. Behlert. a.)
Stinging in the bones of the jaws. (30th. Behlert. a.)
TEETH. —Short pains in the teeth of the right side,
in the evening of the third day. (1st. Kummer.)
Pain in the upper teeth. (30th. Kummer.)
Severe pressing in the molar teeth after 10 o'clock in
the evening, which continues several hours. (3d. Reichhelm.)
85. Dull pain in the incisor and eye-teeth. (3d. Reichhelm.)
MOUTH.-Stiches in the tongue. (30th. Kummer.)
Tongue white and dry. (2d.  E. Clark.)
Lips swollen, dry and stiff, in the morning. (2d. E.
Clark.)
Tingling in the salivary glands, immediately after
eating, attended with a sensation of fermentation in the
oesophagus, and copious salivation. (30th.  Haeseler.)
90. Dry skin and cracked lips. (30th.  Ilaeseler.)
Inflammation of the sublingual glands. (W. Link.)
Acrid, bitter taste in the mouth.  U.



164              KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
THROAT.-Continual rising of a slippery mucus in
the throat, with tickling in the larynx. (30th. Haeseler.)
Difficult deglutition.  (30th.  Kummer.)
Dryness of the throat, which renders deglutition difficult. Thirsty. (2d. E. Clark.)
95. Scraping in the throat. (30th. Behlert. a.)
Scraping in the throat, which excites a cough day
and night. (30th. Behlert. c.)
Pressing in the throat and nausea, with stitches in the
eyes. (30th. Kummer.)
Sensation of rawness and scraping in the throat,
which is painful while swallowinig, and is attended by
throbbing in the left tonsil. (30th. Beltlert.)
STOMACH. —Pressing in  the scrobiculus cordis,
which is relieved  by  sitting  erect, but is aggravated  by  sitting  in  a crooked  position.   (30th.
Haeseler.)
100. Nausea, with headache.  (30th. Behlert. a.)
ABDOMEN.-Pain in the right side of the abdomen
followed by a pain in the gluteus muscle.  (30th.
Kummer.)
A sensation of weakness in the abdomen. rising up
into the throat. When violent, it is sometimes relieved
by eructations, but returns immediately.  (30th. Behlert. a.)
Occasional pain across the abdomen. (2d. E.
Clark.)
Pressing in the right side. (30th. Behlert. a.)
105. Pain in the right side, in the region of the liver.
(2d. E. Clark.)
BOWELS.-No stool the first day.  (3d.  Reichhelm.)
Scanty stool. (The morning of the third day. 3d.
Reichhelm.)
Looseness of ihe bowels at noon. After the stool in
the morning.  (3d. Reichhelm.)
Stools less frequent. (The third day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
110. A soft stool early in the morning, followed by



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.               165
a diarrhoea, which lasted two hours, and another soft
stool the same forenoon. (The fourth day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Inclination to go to stool. (The forenoon of the fourth
day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Two soft stools, and an evacuation of wind. (The
forenoon of the fifth day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Momentary nausea, with shifting of flatus in the afternoon while riding, followed by a stool, with cutting
pain in the bowels. (The third day, after repeated
doses. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Easily discharged, pappy stool, with pressing in the
rectum.  (30th. Haeseler.)
URINE. —115. Strong desire to urinate. (The ninth
day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Frequent discharges of yellow urine, in increased
quantity.  (30th. Haeseler.)
SEXUAL.-The menses appear eight days too early.
(The fourth day. 30th. Behlert. c.)
The menses make their appearance fourteen days too
late. (30th. Behlert. c.)
Painful menstruation. (2d. E. Clark.)
120. Suppression of the menses. (2d. E. Clark.)
Postponement of the menseg. (2d. E. Clark.)
Pain in the loins, back, and anterior part of the thighs
during menstruation. (2d. E. Clark.)
Yellowish leucorrhma in the morning, eight days
after the appearance of the menses.  (Three weeks after the exhibition of kalmia.  30th. Behlert. a.)
The symptoms are more prominent during the leucorrhcea.  (30th. Behlert. a.)
LARYNX.-125. Cough excited, by scraping in the
wind-pipe.  (30th. L6ehlerl. d.)
Cough, with easy expectoration of a gray, smooth
unctuous matter, which has a putrid, saltish taste.
(30th. Haeseler. )
CHESTr.-Oppression  and  shortness  of breath,
which obliges him to breath quickly, involuntarily.
(30th. Haeseler.)



166              KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Oppression of the chest. After the fifth dose, every
fourth day.  (30th.  Kummer.)
Oppression of the chest, difficulty of breathing, dulness of the head, and nausea. (30th. Kummer.)
130. Sensation in the chest, as if strained by lifting.
(2d. E. Clark.)
Stitches in the lower part of the chest. (30th. Behlert. a.)
Oppression of the chest, with the sensation of swelling in the throat. (W. Link.)
Palpitation of the heart. ( W. Link.)
TRUNK.-Violent pressure in the right side of the
neck, and at the same time in the left foot.  (1st.
Kummer.)
135. Drawing and sticking in the left side of the
neck, in the afternoon which continues eight hours.
(3d. Reichhelm.)
Acute stitches and itching on the left side of the
neck at night. (30th. Behlert.)
Stitches under the left arm. (30th. Kummer.)
A sensation as if the spinal column would break with
an anterior convexity. (30th. Haeseler.)
Sharp pain in the three superior dorsal vertebrae, extending through the shoulder blades. (2d. E. Clark.)
140. Constant pain in the spine, sometimes worse in
the lumbar region, with great heat and burning. (2d.
E. Clark.)
Pressing below the left shoulder, in the evening.
(Second day. 3d. Reichhelm.)
Pain in the shoulder blades. (2d. E. Clark.)
Sticking pain in the lower part of the left shoulder
blade, the night after the third day.  (1st. Kummer.)
Aching pain across the loins, worse in the evening.
(2d. Williamson.)
145. Paralytic pain in the small of the back, at ten
o'clock at night in bed, with continued dulness and
pain in the head.  (The second day.  3d. Reichhelm.)
Lameness in the small of the back, in the evening in
bed.  (The third day.  3d. Beichhelm.)



168             KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Pain in the left foot.  (Ist. Kummer.)
Great weariness in the evening, particularly in the
extremities, so that it is nearly impossible to go up
stairs. (2d. E. Clark.)
Numbness of the limbs, as if asleep.  (2d. E.
Clark.)
Violent pain in the left foot. (The tenth day. 1st.
Kummer. )
170. Pain in the left foot. (After the fifth dose.
30th. Kummer.)
Aching in the tarsal bones of the right foot. (30th.
Behlert. f.)
Sticking in the soles of the feet.  (30th. Behlert. a.)
Stinging in the toes. (30th. Behlert. c.)
Stinging in the great toe of the left foot.  (30th.
Behlert, c.)
175. Pain in the left arm above the elbow, and soon
afterwards between the elbow and the hand; frequently
alternating between the two places, during one hour)
and followed by pain in both legs below the knees,
which extends to the feet.  (1st. Kummer.)
Brief pains in the left elbow, arm, and knee, in the
morning, and in both arms in the afternoon; while
lying it is not observed. (The third day. 30th. Kummer.)
Pain in the bend of the left knee, which is immediately followed by very severe, frequent but brief pain
in the left index finger, and afterwards in the right foot.
(1st. Kummer.)
Pain in the right shoulder and in the left arm, particularly in the elbow, and in both lower extremities,
especially in the knees. (30th. Kummer.)
Pain in the left arm and in both legs, in the evening.
(30th. Kummer.)
180. Pressing pain in the left shin, and in the muscles of the left arm, accompanied with the same kind of
pain in the right foot.. (lst. Kummer.)
Pressing in the left shin, at eight o'clock in the



KALMIA LATIFOLIA.              169
morning, and in. the left shoulder at ten o'clock in the
morning.  (30th. Kummer.)
Pressing in the left shin and shoulder, and also in,
the left arm, followed by pressing in the right. shoulder
and arm. (30th. Kummer.)
Pain in the right arm, and rending in the left leg,
while at rest, which disappears on rising. It extends
through the whole of the left side and arm.  (30th.
Behlert. c.)
Rending in the right shoulder, in the left arm, in the
right under-jaw bone, and in the flesh of the whole of
the left leg downwards. (30th. Behlert. c.)
185. Slight aching in the left hand and fingers, and
in the posterior part of the left leg, towards the heel,
writh jerking in the heel.  (30th. Behlert. a.)
Sticking pain in the right index finger, in the evening, which is soon followed by a severe pain in the
hollow of the right knee and in the calf of the leg, attended by difficulty of breathing. (After six doses.
30th. Kummer.)
Frequent pains here and there in the limbs, continually changing from one place to another, for ten days,
during the exhibition of a few globules every second
day. They lasted three weeks after the discontinuance
of the medicine.  (1st. Kummer.)
Frequent pains in the muscles of the extremities, and
also in the head, with dulness, vertigo, and some nausea. (30th. Kummer.)
Sprain-like pain at times in the feet and hands. (30th.
Kummer. )
190. A red spot, about the size of a pea, appeared
on the outside of the left leg, a little below the knee,
which itched excessively and was followed by a burning pain. This was succeeded by a second on the outside of the leg close to the knee, with excessive itching.
(From the afternoon of the sixth to the seventh day.)
On the morning of the seventh day a small spot appeared on the right knee, also with some itching of short
duration.  (3d. Reichhelm.)
15



170            KALMIA LATIFOLIA.
Red inflamed spots in different places on the body,
which appear like the beginning of blood-boils, andcontinue for several weeks. (Buite.)
Pressing pains in the whole body, in one hour and a
half after taking the third dose of six globules, which had
been repeated every fourth day. (30th. Kummer.)
The pains are most severe while moving, and disappear while lying. (30th. Kummer.)
The symptoms subsided gradually and successively,
having all disappeared on the sixth day. (E. Clark.)



LOBELIA INFLATA.            171
L OBE L I A.
BY JACOB JEANES, M. D.
LOBELIA. Sex. Syst.  Pentandria, Monogynia.
Jrat. Ord. Lobeliacea.
GEN. CH. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla irregular, fiveparted, cleft on the upper side nearly to the base..lnthers united into a tube.  Stigma two-lobed.  Capsule inferior or semi-superior, two or three-celled, twovalved at the apex.  Torrey.
" Father Plumier dedicated a genus of plants to
Mathias de Lobel, or de L'Obel, author-of a history of
plants in 1576. The plant to which he originally ap
plied the name of Lobelia, is now the scaevola, of Linnaeus. When this botanist was convinced by Jacquin,
that, under the name of Lobelia, a vast number of plants,
generically distinct from the original plant, were confounded with it, and that these plants were better known
than the true Lobelia, by that name, he judged itproper
to correct the error by retaining this name for them, and
giving a new one to the genus of Plumier. This is the
origin of the term Lobelia for the genus as it now
stands."  Barton.
The growing together of the anthers in a tube, has
caused differences of opinion among botanists as to what
place suits it in the Linnean system. Linneus places it
in syngenesia monogamia, while most modern botanists
have removed it to the first order of the fifth class.
Pursh and Barton agree in assigning it to monadelphia.
The lobelia forms a numerous family, containing about
160 species, of which 75-grow in America, 22 in New
Holland, 32 in Africa, 12 in Asia, and 6 in Europe,
whilst it is yet unknown to what countries the remaining species are indigenous.



17-2             LOBELIA INFLATA.
Several species of lobelia have attracted attention as
medicinal agents; but as the one at present of the
greatest importance, we will first consider the
LOBELIA INFLATA.
Emetic Herb. Indian Tobacco.
"The Lobelia inflata is a biennial inelegant plant,
about one foot, and from  that to two feet high.  The
root is fibrous; yellowish-white, of an acrid taste, resembling that of tobacco.  Stem  upright, always solitary, angular; leafy,very pubescent, sometimes hirsute, and
very much branched about mid-way. Branches axillary,
shorter than the stem, which rises from six to ten
inches above the top of the highest branches. The leaves
are irregularly scattered and alternate, sometimes crowded, oval, generally sessile, with the margins unequally
indented with tooth-like serratures.  The flowers are
numerous, situated on terminal leafy racemes, and supported on short axillary pedluncles. The corolla is monopetalous and labiate; the lower lip three, and the upper
two-toothed, is of a pale blue colour externally, and delicate violet within,  The calix leaves are awl-shaped,
and the length of the corolla.  Seeds numerous, very
small, and contained in egg-shaped inflated capsules,
which have given rise to the specific appellation of the
plant." Barton.
Samuel Thomson, who considered himself the discoverer of the medical properties of the Lobelia inflata,
appears to have watched its growth with an almost paternal affection, and therefore the following extract from
his account of the emetic herb, as he terms it, will not
be without interest.*
" The emetic herb may be found in the first stages
of its growth at all times through the summer, from the
bigness of a six cent piece to that of a dollar, and larger,
* New Guide to Health, or Botanic Physician, page 43.



LOBELIA INFLATA.               173
lying flat on the ground, in a round form, like a rose
pressed flat, in order to bear the weight of snow which
lays on it during the winter, and is subject to be winterkilled, like wheat. In the spring, it looks yellow and
pale, like other things suffering from the wet and cold;
but when the returning sun spreads forth its enlivening
rays upon it, it lifts up its leaves, and shoots forth a
stalk to the height of from twelve to fifteen inches, with
a number of branches, carrying up its leaves with its
growth. In July, it puts forth small, pale-blue blossoms,
which are followed by small pods, about the size of a
white bean, containing numerous very small seeds.
This pod is an exact resemblance of the human stomach,
having an inlet and an outlet higher than the middle;
from the inlet it receives nourishment, and by the outlet
discharges the seeds. It comes to maturity about the
first of September, when the leaves and pods turn a
little yellow; this is the best time to gather it. It is what
is called by botanists, a biennial plant, or only of two
years existence."
"' This plant is common in all parts of this country.
Wherever the land is fertile enough to yield support for
its inhabitants, it is to be found.  It is confined to no
soil which is fit for cultivation, from the highest mountains to the lowest vallies.  In hot and wet seasons, it
is most plenty on dry and warm lands; in hot and dry
seasons, on clayey and heavy land. When the season
is cold, either wet or dry, it rarely makes its appearance;
and if the summer and fall are very dry, the seed does
not come up, and, of course, there will be very little to
be found the next season. I have been in search of this
herb from Boston to Canada, and was not able to collect
more than two pounds; and in some seasons, I have not
been able to collect any."
This is probably a very correct description of the
growth of this plant in our Eastern States, and notwithstanding the peculiarities of expression, and the singular
remark in relation to the pod, deserves to be copied, in
the language of its author, for its exhibition of his loving
15*



174             LOBELIA INFLATA.
watchfulness and close observation of his favorite plant,
as well as for the real information it conveys.
It will be well to give Thomson's account of his discovery of the propertie's of the Lobelia inflata; he says:
" Some time in the summer, after I was four years old,
being out in the fields in search of the cows, I discovered a plant which had a singular branch and pods,'that
I had never before seen; and I had the curiosity to pick
some of the pods and chew them; the taste and operation produced were so remarkable, that I never forgot
it. I afterwards used to induce other boys to chew it,
merely by way of sport to see them vomit. I tried this
herb in this way for nearly twenty years, without knowing any thing of its medical virtues."  " It had never
occurred to me that it was of any value as medicine,
until, when mowing in the field with a number of men
one day, I cut a sprig of it, and gave to the man next
to me, who eat it; when we had got to the end of the
piece, which was about six rods, he said he believed
what I had given him would kill him, for he never felt
so in his life. I looked at him, and saw that he was in
a most profuse perspiration, being wet all over as he
could be; he trembled very much, and there was no
more color in him than a corpse. I told him to go to
the spring and drink some water; he attempted to go,
and got as far as the wall, but was unable to get over
it, and laid down on the ground and vomited several
times. He said he thought he threw off his stomach
two quarts. I then helped him into the house, and in
about two hours he ate a very hearty dinner, and in the
afternoon was able to do a good half day's labor. He
afterwards told me that he never had any thing to do
him so much good in his life; his appetite was remarkably good, and he felt better than he had for a long time."
It afterwards became his most important remedy.
It is a customary remark of the writers on the Lobelia
inflata, that it was employed as a remedy by the
aborigines-of this country; but no authority has been
quoted for this assertion, which may therefore be view



LOBELIA INFLATA.             175
ed as groundless. Dr. Cutler first introduced this article
to the attenlion of the medical profession.  He had long
suffered from asthma, when he was informed by Dr.
Drury, of Marblehead, that he had been relieved of this
complaint by the use of the tincture of the Lobelia inflata.
He employed it, and was cured. For his case, see Appendix. This knowledge of the value of the Lobelia
inflata, as a remedy in asthma, was most probably derived from the practice of Thomson in that neighborhood.
In support of this claim  Thomson says, that, "In
the fall of the year 1807, I introduced the use of the
emetic herb tinctured in spirits, for the asthma and other
complaints of the lungs, and cured several of the consumption. In 1808, I cured a woman in Newington of
the asthma, who had not laid in her bed for six months.
I gathered some of the young plants, not bigger than
a dollar, bruised them, and tinctured them in spirits,
gave her the tincture, and she lay in bed the first night.
I showed her what it was, and how to prepare and use
it; and by taking this and other things, according to my
direction, she has enjoyed a comfortable state of health
for twelve years, and has never been obliged to sit up
one night since. The same fall I used it in Beverly
and Salem; and there can be no doubt but all the information concerning the value of this article was obtained from my practice."
A Charles Whitlaw tells, in the London Lancet, a
queer story about hide bound cattle seeking and eating
the Lobelia inflata, becoming salivated, and then getting well, and also that it is to him that the American
practitioners are indebted for a knowledge of its medicinal properties. " When grass is scarce, it is eaten by
cattle," but that it salivates them is yet to be proved,
and it is a strange circumstance that no acknowledgment of their indebtedness to Charles Whitlaw  should
be made by American writers on the Lobelia inflata.
I should not have noticed his remarks at all, had he not
been quoted by Noack in his treatise.



176              LOBELIA INFLATA.
Introduced into practice by a common man, who set
himself in opposition to the customary modes of practice, the lobelia has met the fate of being represented
by physicians as a medicine, which, from the violence of
its effects, and the distressing nausea which it occasions, would never come into use for the common purposes of an emetic, while other emetics can be obtained;
so that such a dread of its banefiul effects have been
instilled into the minds of physicians, that it has never
been as much as tried by them as might have been
expected. On the other hand, the followers of Thomson, whilst they admit that it is sometimes violent in its
operation, deny that it is ever dangerous.  The truth in
this case, no doubt, lies between the two extremes.
From the very limited number of deaths which have
come to our knowledge, and can be fairly attributed to
the Lobelia inflata, notwithstanding its extensive, and
no doubt, rash employment by ignorant men, we must
come to the conclusion that it is perhaps less dangerous
and destructive than tartarized antimony, and many
other of those substances which are in ordinary use for
their emetic properties-, would be if similarly employed.
Cutler states that the Lobelia inflata " operates as an
emetic and then as a cathartic, its effects being much
the same as those of the common emetics and cathartics;" but he does not confirm this statement by any
cases, Thomson asserts-that " as to its operating as a
cathartic, I never knew it to have such an effect in all
my practice."  This assertion Trom one who must have
employed it in thousands of cases, is entitled to attention, and I believe it will be found to be true in respect
to the large emetic doses. But in dloses of a few drops
of the- tincture, cathartic effects have been observed by
several experimenters. Not doubting in the least the accuracy of the latter observations, I remain satisfied,
from all the evidence I have been able to collect, that
the large emetic doses rarely if ever purge, and that in
this respect the operation of the Lobelia inflata differs



LOBELIA INFLATA.             179
successive mornings; on the next day 30 drops; on the
next day 10 drops in the morning an(l 10 drops in the
afternoon; on the two following days 15 drops in the
morning and 15 drops in the afternoon, and afterwards
for several days with doses varying from 50 to 150 drops.
He remarked that the small doses operated more upon
the throat, the larger doses more on the stomach, and
also that taking the tincture in water caused more extensive and continued operation.
4. Laura Kckh...., 21 years of age, of a healthy
family, graceful proportions, blooming countenance, with
blue eyes, and brown hair, quiet, thoughtful and reserved disposition. In health at the time of the experiment. Took at night at bed-time 6 drops of the tincture,
next morning and night the same dose; the following
day none. The next day in the morning 9 drops, and
the same at bed-time; the next day 9 drops in the morning 30 drops in the afternoon, and 40 drops at bed-time;
the next day 50 drops at bed-time.
5. Dr. G. Otto Piper, of Dresden, commenced with a
dose of 2 drops; the next day of 4 drops; the next day
none; the next 6 drops; the next 7 drops; the next 8
drops the next 110 drops; the next day but one, 16 drops,
and four days afterwards 20. He remarks that he could
not prevail on himself to continue the trial farther, because the burning and prickling far exceeded in severity that of m-ezereum, ledurn, polygonurn and euphorbia,
and the continued nauseous movement excited by the
large doses really tormented him, and were a great
hindrance to him in his indispensable occupations.
The names of those experimenters are marked with
their initials, with the exception of Noack whose name,
like those of other observers, is always printed in full after
his own symptoms. The symptoms marked Z s,
were observed by a physician, who had taken the tincture in tea-spoonful doses every fifteen minutes, until
nearly an ounce had been taken, without producing
vomiting.  The symptoms marlked JV'-n, appear to
have been inserted by the English translator of Noack's
treatise.



180              LOBELIA INFLATA.
HEAD.-Vertigo, with nausea. ( Williamson. Jeanes.)
Vertigo, with pain in the head, and trembling agitation of the whole body.  (Williamson.)
Dull feeling in the head after dinner, increased in the
evening to violent pressive pain, with considerable heat
of the face. (B.)
Pain in the head. (Link.)
5. Headache, with slight giddiness; occasionally transient shooting in the temples. (K.)
Dull feeling in the occiput. (Geist.)
Dull feeling in the occiput and forehead. (J'oack.)
Pressive pain in the occiput, one while accompanied
by heat, at another relieved by removing the covering
from the head. (B.)
Pain in the occiputt. (Jeanes.)
10. Dull heavy pain passing round the forehead,
from one temple to the other, on a line immediately
above the eye-brows. (Jeanes. In numerous cases,
both of pathogenesis and cure; the latter often preceded by homceopathic aggravation, of several days
continuance.)
Pains through the head in sudden shocks. (Williamson. )
Outward pressing in both temples, at the same time
a dull pressing in the flesh just above the left elbow,
and the hand feels as if paralyzed. (Geist.)
Pain in the parietal protuberance on the left side of
the head.  (Jeanes.)
Heaviness in the head, and uneasiness in the back.
(Eckh.)
15. Chilliness of the left side of the head, with a
feeling as if the hair would rise on end. (Geist.)
EYES. —Pain and soreness in the right eye.  (Williamson.)
Pressing pain in the eye balls, most in the upper
parts. (Geist.)
Severe and frequent itching in the angles of the eye
lids. (Jeanes.)



LOBELIA INFLATA.               181
Itching in the angles of the lids of the left eye.
(Geist.)
Smarting of the inside of the eyelids. (Geist.)
EAR.-Aching in the left ear. (Jeanes.)
Shooting pain, extending into left ear from a painful
spot in the throat, situated about an inch to the left of
the larynx, and on a line with its lowest cartilage.
(Jeanes. )
FACE.-Heat of the face.  (B.)
Perspiration of the face, accompanying the nausea.  (.M.)
25. A peculiar drawing feeling extending from the
right side of the mouth to the right eye. (Geist.)
A chilly feeling in the left cheek, extending to the
ear. (Geist.)
Slight drawing feelings, at one time in the left, at
another in the right side of the lower jaw. (Geist.)
TEETH. —Dull pressing pain in the left molar teeth
and temple.  (Geist.)
MOUTH.-Disagreeable taste in the mouth, somevhat similar to that of a solution of corrosive sublimate.
(Z-  s, 24 hours after taking.)
30. Pungent taste in the mouth. (Williamson.)
Flow of clammy saliva.  (Link,)
Flow of saliva in the mouth.  (JKoack,)
Soreness of the throat. (Jeanes, B.)
Dryness of the mouth. (Williamson.)
THROAT. —35. Burning in the throat. (Williamson. JVNoack..JI. B.)
Dryness of the fauces, frequent spitting.  (N —-— n.)
Dryness of the throat. (Williamson. B.)
Tough mucus in the fauces, causing frequent hawking. (JM.)
Prickling in the throat. (J\Noack. P. Jl.)
40. Burning prickling in the throat, increased secretion of viscid saliva, nausea and eructations.  (JV'oack.)
Prickling in the throat, eructation and burning sensation rising up from the stomach.  (.)
16



182             LOBELIA INFLATA.
Dryness and prickling in the throat, not diminished
by drinking, after dinner. (B.)
Unpleasant sensation in the upper and back part of
the pharynx, as from swallowing saliva during smoking.
(XJV-n.)
Sensation as if the cesophagus contracted itself from
below upwards. (B.)
45. Feeling of pressure, as from a foreign body in the
whole course of the cesophagus, down which it proceeds
with a vermicular motion, but most strongly felt in a
spot just below the larynx and in the epigastrium.
(J\Voaclc.)
Drawing pain in the right side of the throat, which
extends upwards to the ear. (Geist. Jeanes.)
0 Sensation of a lump in the pit of the throat. (Jeanes.)
STOMACH. —Loss of appetite.  (JVY-n. B.)
Hiccough. (Link.)
50. Slight, frequent flatulent eructation, with flow of
water in the mouth.  (Eckh. B..Noack. JM.)
Flatulent eructation, with sensation of acidity and
heat of stomach. (Geist. Jeanes.)
Frequent violent hiccoughs, following each other
quickly from twenty-four to thirty times, with abundant
flow of saliva in the mouth. (B. JM.)
Eructation of an acid fluid with burning sensation.
(Williamson.)
Incessant violent nausea, with shivering and shaking
of the upper part of the body.
55. An indescribable feeling about the stomach, compounded of nausea, pain, heat, oppression and excessive
uneasiness, accompanying the affection of the respiratory
organs. (Z- s.)
Nausea, great uneasiness and vomiting.
Nausea with great inclination to vomit.
Vomiting with cold perspiration of the face.  (M.)
Extreme nausea, with profuse perspiration, copious
vomiting, great prostration of strength, but good appetite shortly afterwards.  (Thomson.)



LOBELIA INFLATA.              183
60. Feeling of weakness of the stomach.  (Z-s,
JM. Jeanes.)
* Sensation of excessive weakness at thepraecordium
extending upwards into the chest, and downwards as
far as the umbilicus. (Jeanes.)
Feeling of pressure in the stomach, and extending to
the back.  (JVoack.)
Feeling of weight in the stomach.  (.Noack.)
Sensation of oppression at the epigastrium, as if the
stomach were too full; worse on pressure. (Link.)
65. Burning pain in the stomach towards the back, as
if the part of the stomach nearest the spine were inflamed. (JR —-n.)
Violent painful constriction in the region of the
cardia. (JM.)
Warmth in the stomach.  (B.)
Burning in the stomach.  (Williamson.)
Heartburn and running of water in the mouth. (B.)
70. * Heartburn of long duration.  (Jeanes.)
ABDOMEN.-Pain in the right hypochondrium.
(Jeanes.)
Distension of the abdomen, with shortness of breath.
(K.)
Flatulent rumbling in the abdomen, with pain. (B.)
Slight pain, sensation of motion in the abdomen, and
escape of offensive flatus. (JVoack.)
75. Pain in the abdomen, always worse after eating.
(Eckh. )
Dull pain in the abdomen.. (Link.)
Some pain in the lower part of the abdomen. (Geist.)
Sensation in the abdomen, as if diarrhcea was about
to occur.  (Williamson.)
Pappy stools. (B. K.)
80. Whitish, soft stools. (Williamson.)
ANUS.-Scraping sensation as from the passage of a
rough hard body, during stool. (Williamson.)
Discharge of black blood, after stool.  (Williamson.)
* Copious hoemorrhage from the hremorrhoidal vessels.
(Jeanes.)



184              LOBELIA INFLATA.
URINE.-Desire to urinate and increased secretion
of urine. (JVoack.)
85. Increased secretion of urine. (K. Jroack.)
Diminished secretion of urine.  (JVoack.)
Urine with a loose cloudy sediment. (B.)
Urine easily decomposed, and depositing a pink sediment, with a small brown crystal. (3Noack.)
* Urine of a deep red colour, depositing a copious
red sediment. (Jeanes.)
90. Sticking pain in the region of the right kidney.
( Geist.)
Pain in the loins. (Jeanes.)
SEXUAL.-[Uterine haemorrhage?  Gosewisch.]
Pains in the sacrum. (Eckh.)
* Violent pain in the sacrum, with fever, etc., supervening suppression of the menses during their flow.
(JNoack.)
95. Aching pain in the urethra.  (Williamson.)
Smarting of the prepuce.  (Williamson.)
Troublesome feeling of weight in the genitals. (P.)
COUGH. —Sneezing, accompanying gaping and flatulent eructation.  (Geist.)
Coughing. (K. Geist.)
100. Frequent, short, dry cough. (Geist.)
CHEST.-A  general tightness of the chest, with
short and somewhat laborious breathing. Discovered
that he had a disposition involuntarily to keep his mouth
open to breathe.  (Z —s.)
Oppression of the chest. (Link.)
A tightness of the breast, with heat in the forehead.
(Geist.)
Sensation of fulness in the chest, breathing somewhat
short and superficial.  Twenty-four respirations in a
minute. (B.)
105. Oppression causing a deep breath to be taken.
(JNoack.)
Deep inspiration causes a feeling of comfort, from relieving the pressive pain in the epigastrium. (JVoack.)
Oppression of breathing, acceleration of breathing,



186              LORELIA RlFLATA.
125. Pressing pain at the left side of the lower partof the sternum.  (Geist.)
Feeling of drawing in the left breast, from the nipple
to the axilla.  (Geist.)
Pain about the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal vertebrae.
(Jeanes.)
Rheumatic pains between the scapulae  (Geist.)
Slight drawing pain between the scapulae; previously
slight muscular twitches over the ribs of the left side
near the spine. (Geist.)
EXTREMITIES.-130. [Slight rheumatic feeling
in the right shoulder-joint.  (Geist.)]
Pain, only when touched, in the muscles of the right
arm, in a space of the width of the hand, the pain in
the shoulder gone. (Geist.)
Fine crawling stitches on the inside of the right del.
toid muscle.  (Geist.
Paralytic feeling in the left arm. (Geist.)
Pain in the right elbow-joint. (Geist.)
135. Severe rheumatic pain in the right elbow-joint.
( Williamson.)
Pressing pain on the exterior, middle part of the
thigh, and at the same time constrictive feeling in the
head.  (Geist.)
* Inflammatory rheumatism of the right knee, with
swelling and extreme pain. (Williamson.)
Violent spasmodic pain in the left posterior iliac region, scarcely allowing touch or motion. (P.)
Violent tearing pain in the fibula, -from below up to
the knee-joint.  (P.)
140. Pain in the left leg, whilst sitting.  (Geist.)
A feeling about the knees of pain and stiffness, as
from fatigue. (Geist.)
Weariness in the limbs.  (Eckh.)
Cramp-like  feelings in  the  left  gastrocnemius.
(Geist.)
Cramp in the calf of the leg, on awaking from a
restless sleep. (Eclch.)



LOBELIA INFLATA.                187
145. Cramp-like feeling in the hollow of the left
foot.  (Geist.)
Prickling sensation through the whole body, extending  even  to  the fingers and  toes.  (Cutler. Williamson.)
Lobelia is felt in the fingers and toes.  (Thomsonians.)
Frequent yawning and stretching. (B.j
GENERAL.-Shivering through the whole body.
(Ecklc.)
150. Feeling of weariness. (B.)
Uunusual weariness. (P.)
Heat, and inclination to perspiration, particularly in
the face. (B.)
Chills down the back, with heat in the stomach.
(Jeanes.)
* Intermittent fever.
155. Pulse more-frequent, and weaker than usual, in
the evening.  (B.)
Pulse slower, than usual.  (Joack.)
Pulse of the usual frequency, but smaller and weaker.
(Jeanes.)
Prostration of strength. (Jeanes.)
Restless sleep, with  many dreams, also anxious
dreams. (Eckh.)
160. Sad dreams. (MJ.)
Sleep disturbed at night by numerous dreams and
frequent wakings.  (Link.)
Sobbing like a child. (Thomson.)
APPENDIX.
The Lobelia inflata has been found both in large and
in small doses a very valuable remedy in certain forms
of asthmatic disease. Of its curative powers in these
disorders, we have the testimony of Barton, Stewart,
Randall, Bradstreet, Reece, Andrew, John Forbes,



LOBELIA INFLATA.              189
tention. Eberle succeeded readily in the reduction of an
incarcerated hernia, after an enema of the infusion of
this plant. This might depend upon mere relaxation, as
from blood-letting, the tobacco enema, &c. &c. But
an experience of my own has made me suspect that it
possesses some properties which render it peculiarly
suitable as a remedy in hernia. A patient labouring
under all- the symptoms of incarcerated hernia which
remained in all their violence, after the apparent reduction of the hernia, (most probably from a constriction of
the sac,) received, when in an almost hopeless condition, a minute dose of Lobelia inflata. In the course
of two hours the bowels, which had not been moved
for several days, became open, and "the symptoms of
incarceration speedily disappeared.   This may have
been a spontaneous change, such as has occurred in
other cases of hernia, but it is certainly calculated to
call attention to the investigation of the Lobelia inflata
as a remedy for incarcerated hernia.
Doctor Gosewisch, of Wilmington, Delaware, remarks, in a letter to me: " Among the symptoms of
lobelia which I have seen until now, I do not find any
thing said about haemorrhages. At first, Dr. Edward
Caspari told me he gave lobelia to an elderly lady,
(who had not menstruated for four years,) for a pain in
the right shoulder; it relieved the pain, and brought on
menstruation. I gave the same medicine to a lady in
the last stage of consumption, who had not menstruated
for six months; it palliated the cough and brought the
menses, which continued for some days, though of
course in small quantity; she died about three weeks afterwards. A lady over fifty years of age, who had long
ceased to menstruate, had, after taking lobelia for a
cough, bleeding at the nose. I have now under my
care a boy who, after taking a Thomsonian emetic, had
every evening, after an hour's sleep, a violent raving,
with flushing of the face and palpitation of the heart.
This has yielded rapidly to homceopathic treatment."
In some forms of gastric disorder the Lobelia inflata



190            LOBELIA INFLATA.
has been found a valuable remedy.  Noack gives the'two following cases of cardialgia.
Cardialgia simplex.  A young man had suffered for
many years from attacks of pressing in the stomach,
which extended itself upwards into the breast, causing
a.feeling of oppression and accompanied by nausea,
flowing of water into the mouth and disposition to vomit,
but no vomiting.  The attacks occurred at no certain
intervals, and sometimes continued for a long time. He
had already tried a variety of remedies, among others
the Carlsbad waters, which at first afforded a little relief but after a time ceased to do so. At a time when
there was considerable fever, he took two drops of the
saturated tincture of Lobelia inflata, once a day for five
days in succession; many green diarrhceal stool.- occurred, but the pressing at the stomach gradually diminished
and by the sixth day was entirely removed. Nineteen
months afterwards the patient still remained free from
the disease.
Cardialgia biliosa. A servant maid, aged twenty-six
years, of bilious habit, had suffered for a long time from
cramp of the stomach, which showed itself by a severe
pressing feeling in the epigastrium, -and which was excited by certain kinds of food, or mental emotion, especially in the evening, and continued into the night. In
October, 1839, after fright and vexation during the
menstrual period, which caused a suppression, she complained of alternating heat and cold, nausea, bitter taste,
thirst, vomiting of bile, severe pressing in the epigastrium atter eating, and also whilst fasting, exacerbating
in the evening; oppression and a feeling of anxiety in
the breast, and pain in the sacral region; her tongue had
a yellow coating, and her pulse was small, weak and
slow.  A  drop of the tincture of lobelia was given
morning and evening, and by the second day produced
marked effects.  Severe pain in the forehead and frequent diarrhceal stools (seven in the day) took place,
the vomiting ceased, the nausea diminished and the
breast was no longer oppressed. A drop of the tincture



192             LOBELIA INFLATA.
and a sensation of tightness in the epigastrium and some
acidity of stomach.  I at first gave him nux vom. without any apparent abatement of his'disease, and subsequently some other remedies with the same want of success. At length he complained of some oppression at
the breast, for which I administered lobelia 516. The
following day he informed me that he felt new life and
vigour, and that the pectoral, gastric and hbemorrhoidal
disorders had all disappeared. Since that time, now
about two weeks, he has remained free from them, and
also from a feeling of want of power in the anus and
rectum which was exceedingly uncomfortable to him
while at stool, and to which he had been subject for
many years.
In bleeding from the hemmorrhoidal vessels the Lobelia inflata has proved useful in the case just mentioned,
and also in my own person.
The following cases show that as a remedy for some
forms of intermittent fever it is deserving of attention.
Febris intermittens quotidiana.  Attack at 102
o'clock, A. MI. In a man ret. 49 ann. Severe coldness, alternating with flashes of heat till 12 M., when
the heat, which was moderate, became more constant,
but alternating with slight chilliness, continuing till
evening.  Profuse sweat at night, slept during the
sweat as usual.  Thirst great from the first chill and
during the whole of the hot stage, but worse in the chill.
Respiration short, anxious, laborious and wheezing,
with sensation of tightness of the chest. Sensation of
oppression and weakness, principally at the epigastrium,
but extending thence through the whole breast. Tickling in the pit of the throat, with frequent hacking
cough. Severe headache, extending round the forehead
from one temple to the other. Loss of appetite, both
in the paroxysm and apyrexia. Tongue white, scaly,
coated on the right side, but clean on the left.  Great
debility. Lobelia inflata 15115, given at 32 o'clock,
P. M., during the paroxysm, produced considerable relief of the oppression of the respiratory organs, and the



LOBELA INFLATA,             193
next day there was a very slight paroxysm, of short
duration; the third day and afterwards no more.
Febris intermittens. Chill (shaking chill) with thirst,
then heat with thirst and sweat. The thirst is sometimes observed before the chill and through the whole
fever; often only before the chill, and not in it, and then
again in the heat. The coldness is increased after drinking. The sweat begins with the heat, or after the heat
has continued for some time.
The Lobelia inflata has by some been considered a
valuable remedy in whooping cough. Noack remarks,
that in some cases of whooping cough the lobelia appears to him to be even in the third stage (stadium adynamicum) of essential service.
The Lobelia inflata has not only been proposed as a
remedy for croup, but it has also been extensively employed as such by the Thomsonians3 and, from all that
I have been able to learn, with a safety and success
fully] equal to that of the emetic treatment with the
emetic substances in common use among other allceopathic physicians. But that the Lobelia inflata possesses
properties which render it more adapted to the cure of
croup than tartar emetic, ipecacuanha, squills, or senega,
my observation has not led me to believe.
These medicines, by producing new and violent de.
rangements, revolutionize the system, and thus frequently subdue the croup. They may sometimes,
however, by their direct action upon the stomach, altering or removing the morbid condition, aid in a more
direct, though still an indirect manner, in the cure of
croup, where the irritation of the mucous membrane of
the wind-pipe is sympathetic with gastric disorder.
Although the emetics above enumerated may often
prove effectual remedies for the croup, yet we have only
to compare the cases cured through the medium of their
violent and stormy action, with those which are cured
by hepar, spongia, rphosphorus, and other remedies of
similar powers, to enable us to appreciate the difference
between cure by remedies of direct and indirect opera17



LOBELIA INFLATA.              195
difficulty of breathing extreme, and after it had continued
for a considerable time, I took a table-spoonful. In
three or four minutes my breathing was as free as it ever
was, but I felt no nausea at the stomach. In ten minutes
I took another spoonful which occasioned sickness.
After ten minutes I took the third, which produced sensible effects upon the coats of the stomach, and a very
little moderate puking, and a kind of prickly sensation
through the whole system, even to the extremities of
the. fingers and toes.  The urinary passage was perceptibly affected by producing a smarting sensation on
passing urine, which was probably provoked by stimulus
upon the bladder. But all these sensations very soon
subsided, and vigour seemed to be restored to the constitution which I had not experienced for years.  I have
not since had a paroxysm, and only a few times some
small symptoms of asthma. Besides the violent attacks,
I had scarcely passed a night without more or less of
it, and often so as not to be able to lie in bed. Since
that time I have enjoyed as good health as, perhaps,
before the first attack." He afterwards further remarks
that, " in all instances of which I have had information,
it has produced immediate relief, but the effects have
been different in different kinds of asthma, some patients
have been severely puked with only a tea-spoonful, but
in all cases some nausea seems to be necessary. The
asthma with which I have been afflicted, I conceive to
be of that kind which Dr. Bree, in his practical inquiries on disordered respiration, &c., calls the first species,
"a  convulsive  asthma  from pulmonic irritation  of
effused serum."  My constitution has been free, I believe, from any other disorder, than what has been occasioned by an affection of the lungs, anxiety of the
prwecordia, and straitness of the breast, and other symptoms produced by that affection."
Dr. William P. C. Barton states, that he administered it to a domestic in his family, " who was distressingly affected with spasmodic asthma.  She is a female
of narrow and depressed thorax, and for years past has



196               LOBELIA INFLATA.
been subject to this complaint. During one of the
paroxysms I directed her to take a tea-spoonful of the
brandy tincture every two hours.  After taking the
second spoonful, she was immediately relieved. In a
subsequent attack, the experiment was repeated, increasing the dose to a, tea-spoonftul every hour, with the
same effect; the patient declaring that she never found
such immediate, and entire relief, from any of the
numerous medicines she had previously taken for this
complaint. She complained of dizziness, nausea, and
some debility after taking the second spoonful."
Dr. Alphons Noack, of Leipzig, narrates the following case.
1" Jsthma. A lady in the climactric years, of bilious
constitution, choleric temperament and great excitability,
in a. high degree hysterical, who had been married
young, and since then been attacked from time to time
by severe constrictive pains of the chest, uninterrupted
hiccough, a jerking out of sounds which resembled a
disagreeable laughter, and distortion of the muscles of
the face. The paroxysms, when less severe, consisted
only of (loud sighing, moaning, with hurried expiration;
the abdominal muscles worked strongly, the hands were
firmly pressed upon the breast, the countenance presented the expression of a painful smile, and the pulse,
with the skin at the ordinary temperature, was small,
oppressed and slow. After some five minutes, longer
and less noisy expiration, and long drawn sighs occurred,
the patient became able to speak, opened her eyes,
complained of great thirst, severe pain in the breast,
epigastrium, hypochondria and  loins, and of great
debility. After short pauses, new attacks supervened
on each other for many hours. The paroxysms were
awaited in a lying posture, with the head drawn back.
Strong mental emotion and frequent social dissipation,
especially through the whole night, brought on these
paroxysms, which mostly appeared in the early morning
hours, and then did not repeat themselves for twentyfour hours. The habitual disorders of the patient con



198             LO~BELI.A INFLATA.
ing the sensation of lump and burning in the throat, together with the dyspneea, had greatly diminished, and
in a few days entirely disappeared. The urine also became perfectly normal in appearance. She has continued well, without perceiving a trace of the asthmatic
symptoms and pain in her left side, which she had experienced from childhood.
The symptoms which I have found most. strongly to
indicate the lobelia, are constant dyspncea, which is increased by slight exertion, and aggravated sio much by
slight exposures to cold, as to form a kind of asthmatic
paroxysm. A sensation of oppression and weakness at
the epigastrium, extending upwards from thence into the
breast, with or without pyrosis and cardialgia..  A sensation of a lump or quantity of mucus, or of pressure, in
the pit of. the throat.  A pain extending around the
forehead from one temple to the other. Pain in the back
about the lowest dorsal vertebra. Pain in the left side
of the abdomen, immediately below the short ribs. High
coloured urine depositing a copious red sediment.
Since the preceding remarks were written I have been
induced by the pathogenesis of the Lobelia inflata, to
employ it in the following severe case of a disease,
which, though generally termed bilious colic, might
much more properly be called
Gastralgia biliosa. A robust man of 35 years of age,
who had an intermittent fever suppressed about a week
before by the employment of the sulphate of quinia, in
grain doses frequently repeated, was attacked during the
night with uneasiness of the stomach, which continuing
to increase, he took, about 10 o'clock in the forenoon, a
large dose of anti-bilious pills. In the evening the pain
became excessively violent. It occurred in frequent
paroxysms of most'excruciating pain, chiefly in the region of the stomach, accompanied with the feeling of a
heavy load, great nausea and a disposition to vomit. By
pushing his finger down his throat, he was enabled to
produce vomiting, and succeeded in bringing up some
thick yellow bile. About 10 o'clock, I was called to



LOBELIA INFLATA,'199
~see him, I found him bathed in a cold sweat, with great
prostration of strength and very feeble pulse, I gave him
a drop of the first centesimal dilution of the tincture of the Lobelia inflata in a little sugar. It was succeeded by a paroxysm even more violent than any of
the preceding. In his agony he made the same efforts
to accomplish vomiting as before, but succeeded in bringing up but little. As the pain in the stomach began to
abate, he complained of violent'pain in the top of the
right shoulder, and shortly afterwards of pain in the
back, from about the first to the fourth dorsal vertebra.
This pain lasted for some minutes. He then laid down
and appeared to fall into a light sleep, during which the
hands became warmer, the skin dryer, and the pulse
stronger.. In abaut half an hour he had another paroxysm, the pain which was not half so severe as it had
been before, was felt lower in the abdomen, and was
accompanied by rumbling of flatus. Soon after this I
left him, feeling very confident that the disease was subdued.. As he was very anxious about the pills not
having operated, I allowed him, after he had rested a
short time, an enema of molasses and water, which was
followed by a couple of stools in the course of the night.
The next day I found him sitting up, but quite weak,though
entirely free from pain, of which he had but little after
the second paroxysm, which followed the administration
of the lobelia. In this case, the pathogenetic operation
of the lobelia in the production of the pain in the shoulder and back, (which he had not felt previously to its
employment,) led me to anticipate the result of its action,
and all happened afterwards as I expected. The power
of this remedy to produce those identical symptoms I
knew, and when the patient complained of them, it was
plain to me that the remedy was strongly operating upon
the system, and that on this ground.I must view the increased violence of the paroxysm as a homceopathic
aggravation, which must be followed by cure. The
improvement of the condition after this paroxysm, so
different from that in which I found him, confirmed these



200             LOBELIA CARDINALIS.
views, which were still further corroborated by the mildness of the next paroxysm which also proved to be the
last.  Some persons will no doubt attribute the cure to
the enema, which would aid in the operation of the purgative' pills taken in the morning. But I object to this
view of the case, that the cure was almost complete before the bowels were open; in fact, that the bowels were
opened in consequence of the cure, instead of the cure
being a consequence of such opening.
LOBELIA CARDINALIS.
BY SAMUEL R, DUBS, M. D.
The Scarlet Lobelia, or Cardinal flower.   Die rothe
Cardinals blaue, Germ.  La Cardinale, Fr.
SPEC. CHAR.  "Erect, simple, pubescent, leaves
ovate-lanceolate-acuminate, erose-denticulate, raceme
subsecund, many-flowered, the organs longer than the
corolla.."  Barton.
This plant is said to have been employed as an anthelmintic, by the Cherokee Indians. Little or nothing,
however, appears to be known of its value as a vermifuge, or of its other properties.'rook ten drops of the concentrated tincture, in about
the third of a tumbler of water, at ten minutes past 10
o'clock, A. M. After the lapse of several minutes, it
produced a burning sensation, with stinging in the
tongue and fauces, which lasted till 12 o'clock at night.
In twenty minutes after taking, felt a sticking, like the
pricking of needles in the sole of the left foot, shooting
inwards. Passed away in a few minutes.
Same sensation, thirty minutes after taking, in the inner
part of the right thigh, just above the knee. 11 o'clock,
A. M. Dryness of the nose with fulness, followed by
sneezing.



LOBELIA CARDINALIS.            201
12 o'clock, M. Severe stitch in the left side of the
chest, which compelled me to press with the hand to
moderate it, as it- nearly took my breath; it continued
about ten minutes.
12~ o'clock, P. M. Same sticking pain in the left
hypochondrium, which came on suddenly and so violently
as to induce me to cry out. I placed the ends of my
fingers over the spot, and the pain was at once moderated. Lasted about five minutes.
Bowels were opened about this time; stools at first
thin, and then more consistent.
3 o'clock, P. /I. Tongue raw, and, sore, very red,
especially at its tip, and a painful blister on that part.
Throat sore and dry, with disposition to swallow, as
also to hawk up phlegm.
Headache dull and distressing, with fulness in the
forehead and base of the occiput; the latter part was
peculiarly painful. The pain increased by motion, or
shaking the head.
5 o'clock, P. M. Severe pricking pain with itching
in the heel of the left foot, so great as scarcely to be
borne.
Headache increased, throbbing and weakness in the
lower extremities, so much so, as to cause me to lie
down. Hot sweat on the forehead, with throbbing:in
that part, and at the base of the occiput.
Stiffness of the nape of the neck. Dull pains in the
upper maxillary bone of each side, with aching in the
molar teeth.
Whilst lying down, great sleepiness, with difficulty of
falling asleep. Constant dreaming with extreme lightness of the head.  Startin-g in sleep, with jerkings of the
hands.
7 o'clock, P. M. The soreness of the fauces is diminished, but the burning and pricking sensation remains
the same. The soreness has extended lower down to
the pharynx, and upper part of the cesophagus.
7- o'clock, P. M. Unpleasant sticking pain in the
epigastrium, which lasted five minutes.



202            LOBELIA CARDINALIS.
9 o'clock. Very little pain in the forehead, but the
pain is still throbbing, and almost insupportable in the
occiput and nape of the neck.
Soreness in the eyes, with smarting and slight watering. Great repugnance to the light of a lamp.
10 o'clock, P. M.  Oppression of the breathing, with
dull and distressing pain in the lower part of the sternum, with the same feeling on each side forming a kind of
circle. Relieved by beating lightly upon the part with
the hand.
Dull heavy pain in the epigastrium; with sensation of
a weight or load.
Dull distressing pain about three inches below, and a
little to the left of the epigastrium.
Debility, and languor of the whole system, with weakness like froih a sprain across the kidneys.
11  o'clock, P. M. Slight shooting pain in the forehead, with an eruption of small vesicular pimples in the
centre and upper part of this locality.  They feel sore
on passing the hand over them. The pain in the occiput is now very slight. Disposition to sing, which I was
continually doing whilst walking up and down the
parlour.
12 o'clock at night.  Thirst for cold water, of which
I drank half a pint. This very much relieved the pain
and burning in the tongue and fauces. The pain and
oppression at the breast were also alleviated.
Next day at 6 o'clock, A. M. Head feels light with
dull pain in the forehead and occiput.
8 o'clock, A. M. Eyes burning and watery, with
dread of light, and feel sore on closing them. Mouth
and fauces dry, with a raw and distressed feeling extending down to the epigastrium.  Some nausea, and
still much distress at the epigastrium.
No appetite for breakfast.
Throughout the day great debility of the whole frame,
but more especially of the lower extremities.  They are
so much fatigued by any exertion, that it is with diffi



LOBELIA CARDINALIS.           203
culty that I can drag them along. My knees bend under
me in walking.
J.ugust 13th. Sticking pains with sensation of a load
at the epigastrium. Dryness and rawness, from  the
mouth to the epigastrium.
Appetite still very indifferent.
Oppression of the breathing through the day, with
sticking pains on taking a long breath. Pricking pain
in the left lung, coming on several times during the day,
and lasting for several minutes each time.
Great weakness of the lower extremities.
Unpleasant taste in the mouth in the morning, and
through the day.
Prickings like from needles in the calf of the left leg
and the heel, worse in the latter part.
Most of the above symptoms continued, though with less
intensity for two weeks, and it was at least three weeks
before my stomach recovered its usual tone, and my
usual good appetite returned.



204          PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
BY W. WILLIAMSON, M. D.
Synon. Anapodophyllum canadense.
Aconitifolia humilis, flore albo unico campanulato
fructu cynosbati.
4u~lgo. May-apple, Hog-apple, Mandrake, Wildlemon, Ducks-foot.
German.   Schildblattriger Entenfuss, Enterfuss,
Fluss-blatt.
Dutch. Eendenpoot.
Ji'at. Syst. Juss. Ranunculaceee.
J'at. Ord. Linn. Rhceadeae.
-JVat. Fam.  Podophylleae.
Class. Polyandria.
Order. M/onogynia.
GEN. CHAR. —Calyx. Perianth  inferior, of three
large, coloured, ovate, ascending leaves, caducous.
Corolla. Petals about nine, orbicular, concave,
plated at the margin.
Stam.  Filaments numerous, very short; anthers
oblong, large, erect.
Pist.  German superior, roundish;  style none;
stigma obtuse, sessile, plicate, crenate.
Peric. Berry globose, crowned with the permanent
stigma, one-celled, many-seeded.
Recep. Unilateral, large and pulpy.
SPEC. CHAR. Stem erect, one foot high, two-leaved,
one-flowered; leaves peltate, palmate, lobate; lobe
cuneate, incised.  Blooms in May.  Flowers white.
Fruit mature in the latter end of August, lemon-coloured,
of the size of a large plum and slightly maculated with
brownish dots; the pulp to the taste at first is faintly



PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.          205
nauseous, but agreeably sub-acid, and much esteemed
by many persons. It is said the pigeons of Carolina are
fattened by eating it.
Root perennial, creeping, from three to six feet in
length, about twice the size of a goose quill, of a rich
yellowish brown colour externally, and feeble yellowish
white within. The main root is round and smooth, except that it is interrupted every three or four inches by
knuckled joints, from which grow out numerous light
coloured fibres. One of these joints which mark the
successively annual attachments of the stem is added to
the length of the root every year.
The root of the Podophyllum peltatum, according to
the chemical analysis made by Dr. Staples, contains
resin, gum or mucilage, soluble in cold water, amadin,
colouring matter, extractive matter, ligneous fibre, and
a minute quantity of an insipid substance soluble in sulphuric ether, from which it crystallizes in minute acicular crystals.
The leaves and root are the parts used in medicine.
The leaves emit a strong narcotic odour, and have a
nauseous taste.  The root has a fresh nauseous smell
and somewhat bitter taste. In popular phrase the leaves
are said to be poisonous, the root medicinal, and the
fruit edible. The fruit is aperient.
The preparation of Podophyllum peltatum, chiefly
used in collecting the symptoms which follow, was composed of equal parts of the alcoholic tincture of the
root and a tincture of the leaves, made by rubbing
them up with alcohol, and immediately expressing the
liquid from them.
This plant is emphatically a native, as it is- indigenous to North America only, and is found growing luxuriously throughout the boundaries of the United States.
It chiefly inhabits rich, loamy woodlands, but is frequently found growing in meadows, near small streams,
and other low grounds.
The most conspicuous effect of Podophyllumrn peltatum,
when taken in the dose of twenty or thirty grains of the
18



206          PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
powdered root, is purgation: a still larger dose will
occasionally produce copious vomiting. By many practitioners it is considered one of the most safe and active
cathartics, being slower in its operation, and less nauseating to irritable stomachs than jalap; it produces liquid
discharges, without much griping or other unpleasant
effects.
Dr. Snow, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, experimented on this article, and submitted the
following result, in his inaugural thesis in 1819.
"i A decoction was made, by putting two ounces of
the leaves to one quart of water, and boiling and sim.
mering it to eight ounces. At nine o'clock in the evening half of it was given to a full grown dog, and in
thirty minutes the remainder. In ten minutes after the
last *dose, the pulsations of the heart were very weak,
and from fifty to fifty-five in a minute; a copious salivation was produced; increased at twelve o'clock, but no
narcotic effect; at ten o'clock and again at twelve
o'clock he vomited, and the next morning he was found
dead. The vomiting having been almost incessant
from twelve o'clock until he died."
"' One drachm of the leaves, in powder, produced
restlessness for a short time in a dog, but afterwards he
appeared to be as well as usual.
" Six drachms of the extract were ~made from two
and a half ounces of the leaves, and then formed into
pills of two grains.
" 1st experiment. One pill was taken; pulse natural, seventy-six strokes in a minute; in one hour it had
gradually diminished to sixty-five strokes in a minute,
and continued so for about two hours.
"2d  experiment.  Two pills were taken; pulse
seventy-four in a minute, fill -and strong; in one hour
it had diminished to sixty-one, and in two hours afterwards it was still the same, weak and small.
"' 3d experiment.  Three pills were taken; pulse
seventy-six, full and strong; in one hour it diminished
to sixty-four, and in two hours more it remained the



PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.           207
same, small and feeble, accompanied with slight
nausea."
" In a case of severe cough, accompanied with remittent fever, pulse small and tense; two grains of the
leaves were given every three hours; on the second day,
the pulse being still tense, four grains more were given,
and on the third day there was a complete intermission,
and a permanent cure effected.
In a case of pleurisy, after a small bleeding, pulse
full; six grains of the leaves were given every two
hours, and on the fourth day the patient was perfectly
restored."
Being endued with the power of diminishing the
frequency of the pulse, and the property of purging,
the Podophyllum peltatum has been considered by
alloeopathists especially adapted to the treament of inflammatory diseases, which, in their opinion, require
brisk purging; and by some it has been considered
useful in intermittent fever, independently of its purgative quality.
The root also often operates as an anthelmintic, and
as such has been used by the Cherokee and other
southern Indians.
We have the concurrent testimony of a number of
practitioners as to its efficacy in the treatment of mercurial rheumatism, colica pictonum, intermittent, remittent and congestive fevers, dropsy, hepatic congestions, scrofulous complaints, cough, hemoptysis, catarrhal
and other pulmonary affections.
The relative position which the Podophyllum peltatum occupies among the natural families of plants, and
the medicinal properties it is already known to possess,
fully justifies the opinion that it is destined to become
one of the most important of all the valuable medicinal
plants indigenous to this country.
sJntidote. Nux vorm.
Compare with: Ars., Bry., Nux vom., Puls., Sep.,.Sulph.



208          PODOPHYLLUM FELTATUM.
Dose. The attenuations made use of in collecting
the following symptoms, were the 1st, 3d, and 15th.
Much may be expected from Podophylluin peltatum
in the following diseases, when indicated by the similarity of the symptoms:
Congestions of internal organs, especially of the liver
and spleen.
Congestion of the head, with derangement of vision.
Periodical diseases.
Sympathetic affections.
Disease of one organ interrupting the functions of
another.
Hypochondriasis.
Indigestion.
Headache, from disorder of the digestive organs.
D)iarrhcea.
Dysentery.
Prolapsis ani.
Hemorrhoids.
Asthmatic complaints.
Colica pictonum.
Rheumatism.
Rheumatic affections from the abuse of mercury.
Remittent fever.
Intermittent fever.
Dropsies.
Verminous diseases.
Diseases with a slow pulse.
Pleurisy.
Cough.
Heartburn.
Waterbrash.
Cholera invfantunm.
Diseases of children during dentition.
GENERAL SYMPTOMS.-Sudden shocks of jerking pains. (Williamnson.)



PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.            209
The symptoms generally but especially the abdominal
symptoms, are aggravated in the morning and better in
the evening.  (Williamson.)
SKIN.- * Softness of the flesh, with debility in
children.  (Williamson.)
* Moistness of the skin, with preternatural warmth.
(Williamson.)
* Sall6wness of the skin in children.  (Williamson.)
SLEEP.-Sleepiness in the day time, especially in
the forenoon, with rumbling in the the bowels. (Jeanes,
Ward and Williamson.)
5. Restlessness in the fore part of the night. ( Williamson, Jeanes.)
Sleepiness early in the evening. (Williamson.)
Too heavy sleep at night.  (Williamson.)
Distress after the first sleep in the evening. (Williamn
son.)
Rising up in bed during sleep, without waking.
( Williamson.)
10. * Restless sleep of children, with whimpering at
night.  (Williamson.)
Moaningin sleep, with eye lids half closed. (Williamson.)
Drowsy and difficult to wake in the morning. (Williamson.)
Unrefreshed by sleep, on waking in the morning.
(Husmann, Jeanes, Ward and Williamson.)
* A feeling of fatigue on waking in the morning,
(Jeanes, Williamson.)
1FEVER. —15. * Chilliness while movingabout during
fever, and in the act of lying down, with perspiration
immediately afterwards. (Williamson.)
* Chilliness when first lying down in the evening, followed by fever and sleep, which is disturbed with talking, and imperfect wakings. (Williamson.)
* Fever attended with constipation. (Williamson.)
* Fever with incoherent talking.  (Williamson.)
Intermittent fever, quotidian, tertain and quartan.
( Williamson.)
18*



21~0         PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
20. * Chill in the morning at 7 o'clock, with pressing
pains in both hypochondrire, and dull aching pains in
the knees and ankles, elbows and wrists. (Williamson.)
* Backache before the chill. (Williamson..)
* The shaking and a sensation of coldness continues
for some time after the heat commences.  (Williamson.)
* Some thirst during the chill, but more through the
heat. (Williamson.)
* The patient is conscious during the chill, but cannot talk because he forgets the words he wishes to employ.  (Williamson.)
25. * Delirium and loquacity during the hot stage,
with forgetfulness afterwards of all that passed.  ( Williamson.)
Violent pain in the head, with excessive thirst
during the fever.  (Williamson.)
* Sleep during the perspiration. (Williamson.)
* Loss of appetite in the apyrexia.  (Williarhson.)
HEAD.-Giddiness and dizziness, with the sensation
of fillness over the eyes.  (Williamson, Jeanes.)
30. Dulness and headache, with sleepiness in the
morning.  (Jeanes, Williamson.)
Momentary darts of pain in the forehead, obliging one
to. shut the eyes; attended with giddiness.  (Williamson.)
Pain on the top of the head, when rising in the morning. (Williamson.)
Pressing pain in the temples in the forenoon, with
drawing in the eyes, as if' strabismus would follow.
(Williamson.)
Stunning headache through the temples, relieved by
pressure.  (Williamson.)
35. Morning, headache with  heat in the vertex.
( Williamson. )
* Delirium and loquacity during fever, with excessive
thirst.  (Williamson.)
* Rolling of the head, during difficult dentition in
children.  (Williamson.)



PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.           213
* Belching of hot flatus which is very sour. (Williamson.)
Sensation of hollowness in the epigastrium.  (Williamson.)
Throbbing in the epigastrium, followed by diarrhcea.
(Williamson.)
90. * Stitches in the epigastrium from coughing.
( Williamson.)
* Food turns sour soon after eating. (WTilliamson.)
* Gastric affection attended by depression of spirits.
( Williamson. )
ABDOMEN.-Fulness in the right hypochondrium,
with flatulence. ( Williamson, Jeanes.)
Stitches in the right hypochondrium, worse whilst
eating. (Williamson.)
95. Sensation of weight and dragging in the left
hypochondrium, close under the ribs. (Williamson.)
* Colic, with retraction of the abdominal muscles.
(Williamson.)
Pain in the transverse colon, at three o'clock in the
morning, followed by diarrhcea. (Williamson.)
Rumbling of flatus in the ascending colon. (Jeanes.)
Pain in the ascending colon. (Jeanes.)
100. Pain in the bowels at day light in the morning,
which is relieved by external warmth and by bending
forwards whilst lying on the side, but is aggravated by
lying on the back. (Williamson.)
The pain in the bowels at first is attended with coldness, which is followed by heat and warm perspiration.
(Williamson.)
Sensation of heat in the bowels, accompanying the
inclination to go to stool. (Williamson.)
Twisting pain in the right hypochondrium, with the
sensation of heat in the part.  (fWilliamsoln.)
* Chronic hepatitis, with costiveness. (TWVilliamson.)
105. " Fulness, with pain and soreness in the right
hypochondrium.  (Williamson.)



214          PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
Sensation of flatus in the left hypochondrium.
(Jeanes, Williamson.)
Faintness, with the sensation of emptiness in the
abdomen after stool. (Williamson.)
* Cramp-like pain in the bowels, with retraction of
the abdominal muscles, occurring at ten o'clock in the
evening, and again at five in the morning, and continuing until nine.  (Williamson.)
Sharp pain above the right groin, preventing motion, in the latter months of pregnancy. (Williamson.)
BOWELS.-110. * Constipation, with flatulency
and headache. (Williamson.)
Constipation accompanying remittent fever.  (Williamson.)
* The fbeces are hard and dry, and voided with
difficulty. (Williamson.)
Diarrhcea early in the morning, which continues
through the forenoon, followed by a natural stool in the
evening. (Williamson.)
* Chronic diarrhcea, worse in the morning. (ITusman n.)
115. * Extreme weakness and cutting pain in the
intestines, after stool. (Husmann.)
Evacuations of green stools in the morning. (Williamson.)
From six to eight evacuations in a day. (Williamson.)
Diarrhcea immediately after eating or drinking.
(Williamson.)
* Fwces yellow or dark green. (Williamson.)
120. * White slimy stools. (Williamson.)
* Cholera infantum. (Williamson.)
* Evacuations, consisting of a darkish yellow mucus
which smells like carrion.  (Williamson.)
* Frequent chalk-like stools, which are very offensive, with gagging and incessant thirst in children.
(Williamson.)
* Copious evacuations, with blueness under the eyes.
(Williamson.)



PODOPHtLLUM PELTATUM.             215
Painful diarrhmea, with screaming and grinding of the
teeth, in children during dentition.  ( Williamson.)
125. Stools muco-gelatinous, small and unfrequent.
with flatulence, and pain in the region of the sacrum.
(Jeanes.)
H* ot, watery evacuations. (VWilliamson.)
* Frothy mucous stools. (TWilliamson.)
* Food passes the bowels in an undigested state.
( Williamson.)
Evacuations in the morning, attended with strong
urgings in the bowels, with heat and pain in the anus.
(Williamson.)
130. Flashes of heat running up the back, after
stool.  (Williamson.)
Sensation at stool, as if the genital organs would fall
out, in females.  (Williamson.)
Too much bearing down at stool, as if from inactivity
of the rectum. (Williamson.)
Secretion of mucus from the anus.  (Williamson.)
Chronic diarrhoea, with prolapsus ani at every stool,
in children. (Jeanes, Williamson.)
135. * Prolapsus ani, with diarrhcea of six years
standing in an adult. ( Williamson.)
- Prolapsus ani of long standing.  (Witlliamson.)
* Descent of the rectum from a little exertion, immediately followed by stool, or a discharge of thick transparent mucus, sometimes of a yellow colour, and mixed
with blood.  (Williamson.)
i The prolapsus occurs most frequently in the morning.  (WiTlliamson.)
* Constant pain in the lumbar region, which is worse
during evacuation, and particularly after stool. (Williamson.)
URINE. —140. e Enuresis.  (Williamson.)
* Involuntary discharge of urine, during sleep. ( Williamson.)
* Diminished secretion of urine. (Williamson.)
* Suppression of urine. (Williamson.)
Scanty urine, with frequent voidings. (Williamson.)



PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.            217
CHEST.-164. Pains in the chest, increased by
taking a deep inspiration. (Williamson.)
Snapping in the right lung, like breaking a thread,
when taking a deep inspiration.  (Williamson.)
Inclination to breathe deeply; sighing. (Williamson. )
Shortness of breath.  (Williamson.)
Sensation in the chest, as if the heart were ascending
to the throat. (Williamson.)
169. Sensation of suffocation, when first lying down
at night.  (4Williamson.)
Palpitation of the heart, from exertion or mental emotion. (Williamson.)
* Palpitation of the heart, with a clucking sensation
rising up to the throat, which obstructs respiration.
(Ward.)
Sticking pain in the region of the heart.  (Williamson.)
Palpitation of the heart, from physical exertion, in
persons subject to rumbling in the ascending colon,
heavy sleep, and a feeling of fatigue on awaking in the
morning, followed  by drowsiness  in the forenoon.
(Jeanes, numerous cases.)
TRUNK.-174. Pain in the small of the back when
walking or standing, with the sensation of the back
bending inwards.  (Williamson.)
Pain in the lumbar region, with the sensation of
coldness, worse at night, and from motion. (Williamson.)
Pain in the loins, increased by a- misstep and walking over unev~en ground.  (Williamson.)
Pain between the shoulders with soreness, worse night
and morning, and increased by motion. (W illiamson.)
Pain under the right shoulder-blade. (Williamson.)
Stiffness of the nape, with soreness of the muscles of
the neck and shoulders. (fWilliamson.)
180. Pain in the nape with soreness, increased by
motion. (Wlilliamson.)
Pain between the shoulders, in the morning. (Jeanes.)
19



218          PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.
UPPER EXTREMITIES. —* Rheumatism in the left
forearm and fingers. (Williamnson.)
Wleakness of the wrists, with soreness to the touch.
(Williamson.)
LOWER  EXTREMITIES.-Pain and weakness
in the left hip, like rheumatism from cold, increased by
going up stairs. (Williamson.)
185. Pains in the thighs, legs and knees, worse from
standing. ( Williamson.)
Weakness of the joints, especially the knees. (Williamson.)
Slight paralytic weakness of the whole left side, of
one year's duration. (In a girl 18 years of age, Jeanes.)
Cracking in the knee-joints from motion. (Williamson.)
Heaviness and stiffness of the knees, as after a long
walk.  ( Zilliamson.)
190. Stiffness on beginning to move. (kWilliamson.)
Aching of the limbs, worse at night. ( Williamson.)
Pain in the left knee, leg, and foot. (tWilliamson.)
Sharp pain in the outer and upper portion of the left
foot.  (Williamson.)
Coldness of the feet. (Williamson.)
195. Perspiration of the feet, in the evening. (Williamson.)



220          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
dians.  It has also attracted the attention of some physicians, who slightly investigated its properties, while it
was yet a source of honour for the physicians of this
country to study the natural history of a land so rich in
valuable medicinal plants; and before the day when
surgery assuming the upper hand, the study of botany
was contemned, its professors dismissed, and its gardens
converted into coffee-houses, until science curtailed of
its fair proportions, crippled and withered, revenged itself by presenting to the world practitioners of medicine,
who knew little more than to cut, carve and burn.
The following synopsis, A, presents the most important remarks and observations of those physicians who
have written on the sanguinaria, whose treatises have
come to our knowledge. It is to be observed, that there
is in most, if not all of their statements, a generalizing
mode of expression, and an absence of attention to aught
that is distinctive or characteristic in the operations of
the medicine, so that in almost every instance th-e same
remarks are applicable to many very different medicines,
and in some instances the remarks are equally applicable to Lnearly every article in the Materia Medica.
That the medical science which was satisfied with such
loose investigations, and such still looser statements of
them, should have been trampled under foot by surgical medicine, excites in us no astonishment and
but little regret. Not that the investigations of sanguinaria have been peculiarly objectionable in this respect;
on the contrary, they are accurate in comparison with
those of many remedies mnuch more frequently employed,
and whose names are tamiliar as household words to the
profession.
The second division marked B, presents the symptoms, both pathogenetic and curative.
The division marked C, contains cases and symptoms
which have been cured with the sanguinaria, whilst the
division D presents the pathogenetic symptoms as they
appeared to some of the experimenters.



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.           221
A. —Observations of the Old School.
1. Barton, Smith, Tully and Ives recommend the
root, as an emetic.
2. Zollickhoffer mentions it as sudorific, emetic and
purgative.
3. Smith and Allen compare it to digitalis; Thatcher
considers it like to this; Tully says that it unites the properties of scilla, ammoniae, senega, digitalis and guaiacum, without their dangerous operations.
4. Barton mentions it as a very powerful medicine,
but as one which, by injudicious administration, may
have dangerous consequences.
5. Rafinesque, (IMIedical Flora, 278) declares it to be
one of the most valuable medicines of this country,
acrid, narcotic, emetic, deobstruent, sudorific, expectorant, vermifuge, escharotic and also stimulating and tonic.
6. Schcepf says, that it is given in gonorrhcea, the
bites of serpents, in jaundice and bilious diseases, which
Rafinesque considers doubtful
7. Colden gave it in jaundice; Thatcher says that it
is the chief remedy in Rawson's Bitters, a specific for
jaundice.
8. McBride, says (see Bigelow,) "in torpor of the
liver, attended with colic and yellowness of the skin, a
disease common in this climate, (S. Carolina,) I use the
puccoon with evident advantage. We use it also in
jaundice, but in this disease I do not trust exclusively
to it."
9. Dr. Ives, of New Haven, recommends it in influenza, in phthisis and in hooping cough. He also
states that given in large doses, sufficient to produce full
vomiting, it often removes the croup, if administered in
the first stages. He recommends it also as a remedy of
importance in many diseases of the liver.
10. Tully says that in diseases of the lungs it is tonic.
11., Smith says, that he found it of great use in the
incipient stages of pulmonary consumption, and that
acute rheumatism and jaundice, were benefited' by it.
19,*



222          SAN GUINARIA CANADENSIS.
12. McBride found it useful in hydrothorax, given in
doses of sixty drops, thrice a day, and increased until
nausea followed each dose. In a week or two the good
effect was evident, the pulse being rendered slow and
regular, and the respiration much improved.
13. Rafinesque recommends it in asthma.
14. Dr. Ives gave it in influenza, &c. See 9.
15. Many, says Rafinesque, depend entirely upon it
in croup. Dr. Ives says the same.
16. Dr. Allen considers it a substitute for digitalis in
coughs and pneumonia.
17. Rafinesque states that in severe and protracted
cynanche, pneumonia, booping cough, phthisis, &c.,
when the the inflammatory symptoms ale in part overcome, it operates as a tonic, expectorant, sudorific and
sedative, bringing down the pulse from 112 to 80.
18. In typhoid pneumonia, "C in plethoric constitutions, when respiration is very difficult, the cheeks and
hands become livid, the pulse full, soft, vibrating and
easily compressed, —the blood-root has done more to
obviate the symptoms and remove the disease," than
any remedy which he has used. Of the infusion of a
scruple or half a drachm of the powdered root, in half
a gill of hot water, he gave one or two tea-spoonfuls
every half hour, until it excited vomiting, or relieved
the symptoms.  Dr. Ives.
19. "It promises to be a useful medicine, particularly on the foundation of its emetic and expectorant
effects, in cases of cynanche maligna, or ulcerous sorethroat, in cynanche trachealis, or hives, and other similar affections. Its properties seem to be considerably
allied to those of seneca snake root, so beneficially employed in the same cases.'" Barton.
20. The decoction has been employed with advantage in sore-throat, also in that form termed by Darwin,
peripneumonia trachealis.  Barton.
21. In ulcerated sore throat, in dysentery, and in
amennorrhoea. Rafinesque.



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.           223
22. It is given in inflammatory rheumatism; it cures
acute rheumatism, cotnplicated with gout.  Rafinesque.
23. Barton states that the tincture of the root used as
bitters, increases the appetite and strengthens the
stomach, and thus prevents fevers from marsh miasm.
24. Rafinesque says that in the South it is a common preventive remedy of intermittent and putrid
fevers.
25. Schcepf says, that the plant is given to horses to
make them sweat, and also when shedding the hair.
26. According to Schcepf, the juice is used to eat
away warts.
27. Dr. Downey has employed it, with success, in
old indolent ulcers, especially in ill conditioned ulcers,
with callous borders and ichorous discharge.
28. According to Rafinesque, when externally applied to ulcers, and in diseases of the skin, it changes
the actions, and favours secretion.
29. Applied to fungous flesh it proves escharotic,
and several polypi of the soft kind were cured by it.
Smith.
30. Barton says that he has " heard of the application
of the powdered root to a fungous tumour within the
nostril, with the effect of producing detumescence, and
bringing away, frequently, small pieces of the fungus,
which in the first instance impeded the progress of the
air through the nostril, and was supposed to be a
polypus.
31. Dr. Benj. Becker mentioned to me, that a polypus of the nose ceased to grow, from the time that the
powder of the root was snuffed.
32. According to Rafinesque and others, it is a popular remedy for nasal polypus, fleshy excrescences, and
spongy swellings.
33. " The sanguinaria has a faint narcotic odour, and
a bitterish, very acrid taste, the pungency of which remains long in the mouth and fauces." U. S. D.
34. Rafinesque describes the taste as acrid and bitter
in the mouth, and burning in the throat.



224          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
35. Barton says that "the tincture is intensely bitter,
approaching in its permanent impression to acerb."
Bigelow says that the tincture " possesses all the bitterness, but less of the nauseating quality than the infusion."
36. According to Barton, and others, " the powder
creates great irritation of the fauces." Dr. Smith says
of the powder, that when " snuffed up the nostrils, it
proved sternutatory, and left a sensation of heat for
some time."
37. Downey (Essay on Sanguinaria, Baltimore, 1803,)
says, that twenty grains of the fresh root, or eight grains
of the extract in alcohol or water, cause nausea and
vomiting, a feeling of warmth or heat in the stomach,
quickened pulse, and, in many experiments, slight
headache.  In all cases the acrimony of the medicine
made a long enduring impression on the fauces, and in
many cases moved the bowels.
38. Bird, (Dissertation on Sanguinaria, New York,
1822,) speaks of it as one of the best acrid narcotic
remedies.
Ten to twenty grains operated as an emetic; larger
doses caused suppression ofthe pulse, fainting, dimnness
of vision, and very great prostration of strength.
39. Dr. Smith states that " he found the powder to
operate violently as an emetic, producing great prostration of strength during its operation, which continued
for some time."
40. Barton says, that " fifteen or twenty grains of the
pulverized root produce powerful emesis; but the
medicine must be given in the form of pills, as the
powder creates great irritation of the fauces."
41. Dr. Dexter says, that "' it proved efficacious as
a stimulant, and diaphoretic in doses of one grain of the
powdered root, or ten drops of the saturated tincture."
42. Rafinesque says, that in doses of from two to
four grains, it causes nausea and vomriting, and quickened circulation; in doses smaller than a grain, that it



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.          225
acts as a tonic, and diminishes the frequency of th6 pulse
like digitalis.
43. Rafinesque cautions against its use during pregnancy, as it acts very powerfully on the uterus, and
causes abortion, and recommends its employment in
amennorhcea.
44. Barton says, that the root "when exhibited as
an emetic, has been found to dislodge worms from the
stomach."
45. According to Barton and iDowney, the leaves
and the seeds are evidently deleterious.  The latter
produce effects similar to those brought on by the seeds
of stramonium, exhibiting a very considerable influence
over the pulse, and a stupifying narcotic quality.
46. The seeds act upon the brain, causing torpor,
langour, dilatation of the pupils, and dimnness of
vision.
47. The seeds are powerfully narcotic, like stramonium, cause fever, delirium, and dilatation of the pupils,
yet have been used as a diuretic.  Rafinesque.
48. According to Wibmer, says Richard, (M/led. Bot.
1070,) the sanguinaria causes palpitation of the heart,
nausea, weakness, fainting, diminished power of sight,
and at times vomiting and purging.
49. The root is bitter and acrid to the taste, leaving
a durable sense of acrimony in the fauces.
50. Employed in as large doses as can be taken without disquieting the stomach, and repeated regularly and
at short intervals, it occasions increased secretions from
the digestive viscera and a universal change of action
or condition  in the whole absorbent and secernent
systems.  (Tully.)
51. It resolves atonic, acute, sub-acute and chronic
inflammations of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.
(  Tally.)
52. Also arthritic inflammations of the muscles and
joints. (Tully.)
53. It frequently excites the appetite, and promotes
digestion. (Tully.)



226          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
54. It occasions a gradual and moderate increase of
the force and fulness of the pulse.  (Tully.
55. It is sometimes expectorant.  (Tully.)
56. It is sometimes emmenagogue. (Tully.)
57. It has been known to produce uterine hoemorrhage. ( Tully.)
58. In large doses it strongly nauseates. (Tully.)
59. It powerfully abates irritative hardness, and frequency of the pulse.
60. Also irritative heat and dryness of the skin.
61. It usually occasions a quickly diffused and transient heat, but at the same time a very peculiar nervous
thrill, which is often extended to the minutest extremities.
62. In large or full emetic doses, it speedily excites
the action of vomiting, but without the production of
much nausea or any perceptible, or at least material
diminution of the energies of the system.
63. In inordinate doses, "it sometimes occasions
vomiting, but more especially burning at the stomach,
faintness, vertigo, diminished vision and general insensibility, coldness, extreme reduction of the force and
frequency of the pulse, together with great irregularity
of action and palpitation of heart, great prostration of
muscular strength, and sometimes (though in all probability rarely,) a convulsive rigidity of the limbs." (Tully.)
B. —Symptoms occurring in trials of Sanguinaria upon
the healthy.
Extreme moroseness. (Bute.) Anxiety'before the
vomiting, (Bute, 130) and before the delirium, which is
caused by the seed. (A, 47.)
Vertigo, &c.
Vertigo, with singing in the ears, flatulent eructation
and then tickling in the throat which excites cough.
(Immediately after taking it.)
Frequent vertigo and diminished vision before vomiting, (A, 40,) and after large doses. (A, 63.)



232          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
90. White coated tongue with loss of appetite.
Loss of appetite with uncertain cravings. (Bute. 99.)
* Increases the appetite.  (A, 23, 53.)
Loss of smell and taste.
A piece of sugar cake tastes bitter, followed by burning in the fauces.
95. Fatty taste in the mouth. (K.)
Slimy taste in the mouth.
Disinclination for butter, which leaves a disagreeable
after-taste.
Dislike to the odour of syrup. (Bute, 69.)
Craving for he knows not what, with loss of appetite.
100. Craving for piquant food.
STOMACH.-Pressing in the stomach.
Soreness in the epigastrium aggravated by eating.
( eidharLd.)
Feeling of warmth and heat in the stomach. (A, 37.)
Burning in the stomach, from large doses. (A, 63.)
Burning in the stomach, with headache. Bute, 12.)
Jerking in the region of the stonmach, as if from something alive.
105. Great weakness of digestion.
Loss of appetite.  (JVeidhard.)
* Strengthens the stomach. (A, 23, 40, 50.)
Excites the appetite and aids digestion. (A, 53.)
Soon after eating, a feeling of emptiness in the stomach.
* Inflammation of the stomach.  (A, 51.)
NAUSEA.-Nausea.  (Bute.  A, 12, 37.)
Severe nausea from large doses. (A, 58.)
Nausea as if vomiting would succeed. (From smelling. Jeanes.)
Nausea after eating.
110. Nausea which is not diminished by vomiting,
Loss of appetite and periodic nausea.
Nausea by stooping.
Nausea with much spitting.
Extreme nausea with great salivation.
115. Nausea with flow of saliva and constant spitting.
Long continued nausea with chill.



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.         233
Nausea without vomiting, then headache. (Bute, 19.)
Nausea with the headache, with chill and heat.
(Bute, 23.)
Nausea before the nettle-rash. (C, 23.)
120. Heartburn and nausea. (A, 40.)
Regurgitation and disposition to vomit.  (Bute, 27.)
Flatulent eructation. (Bute, 1.)
Spasmodic eructation of flatus.
Hiccough, whilst smoking tobacco.  (Husmann.
D, 32.)
Frequent flatulent eructation of unpleasant odour,
with disposition to vomit, and paleness of the face.
125. After the eructation of flatus, the dulness of the
head becomes better. (Bute, 6.)
VOMITING.-Vomiting.  (A, 1, 2, 5, 37, 38, 39,
40) 42, 48.)
Many unpleasant feelings previous to the vomiting.
(A, 40.)
130. Before vomiting, great anxiety.
Before vomiting, slight pressure to stool. (Bute, 154.)
Vomiting of bitter water.
Bitter vomiting, with the'headache.  (Bute. 20.)
Vomiting, with craving to eat, in order to quiet the
nausea.
135. Vomiting worms. (A, 44.)
Vomiting and diarrhcea.
Whilst vomiting, and afterwards, great weakness.
(A, 39.)
Causes vomiting, without nausea or perceptible weakness. (A, 62.
ABDOMEN. —Severe and continual pain in the
hypochondria; vertigo and debility.
* Pain in the left hypochondrium, worse by coughing,
better by pressure, and lying on the left side.  (C, 15.)
140. Diseases of the liver. (A, 19.)
Torpor and atony of the liver. (A, 8, 66.)
Inflammation of the abdominal viscera. (A, 51.)
Hot streamings from the breast towards the liver
(Husmann. D, 37.)
20*



234          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
Beating in the abdomen.
Cramp in the abdomen, which passes from one place
to another.
* Sensation as if hot water poured itself from  the
breast into the abdomen, followed by diarrhmea.
(C. 16.-)
* F-latulent distension of the abdomen in the evenings,
with the escape of flatus from the vagina.  (C, 16.)
145. Discharges of flatus upwards and downward,
by raising himself up on account of the cough, which
then ceases. (Bute. 192.)
* Indurations in the abdomen.
Bellyache.
Paroxysmal pain in the abdomen.
Slight cutting drawings in the abdomen.
* Colic, with torpor of the liver. (A, 8.)
150. In the night, digging pain in the abdomen, with
pain in the sacrum.
An hour after taking it, severe cutting pain in the
bowels, fo)llowed by a single watery stool.
In the morning, colicy pain in the upper part of the
abdomen, and then a diarrhebal stool.
Pressure to stool, without evacuation, with the sensation of a mass in the lower part of the rectum; this
sensation recurred frequently during the day, without
stool.
Inoperative pressure to stool, then vomiting.
Feeling of pressure to stool. (Jeanes. D, 1.)
155. In the afternoon frequent pressure to stool, but
only discharges of flatus.
Urging to stool, with great discharge of flatus.
Frequent discharges of very offensive flatus; in the
evening a hard stool.
Flatulent discharge, followed by a small stool, with
relief of the sensation of pressure to stool. (Jeanes. After two hours. D, 9.)
Diarrhceal stools, with great flatulence.
Purges. (A, 25, 37, 48.)
160. After cutting pains, stool. (Bute. 37.) After



SANGU1NARIA CANADENSIS.            235
severe pains, stool like water.  (151.)  After colic.
(152.)
In the evening diarrhcea, with disappearance of the
coryza. (Bute. 184.)
* With the diarrhcea, termination of the coryza and
catarrh. (C, 11.)
* Diarrhcea terminated the attack of pains in the
breast. (C. 16.)
* Dysentery. (A. 21.)
165. The food passes away undigested in the stool.
Frequent natural stools, five times in the day.
Two small, but not fluid stools. (The 1st day. Hu.smann. D, 20.)
The first days the stools more laxative and frequent,
afterwards rather costive. (Iiusmann. D, 45.)
* Haemorrhoids.  (C, 5.)
A twisting pain on the left side above the groin,
equi-distant from the symphysis pubis, and the crest of
the ilium; worse whilst sitting, standing or bending
towards the right side, increased by pressure; better
whilst walking erect.  In the afternoon of the 8th day.
Afterwards this pain passed towards the hip, around
and upward, till it reached posteriorly on the short ribs,
and remained peculiarly sensible by bending to the
right.  (Husmann. D, 44.)
URINE.-Frequent urination, also at night.
In the night frequent urination, the discharges large,
of urine as clear as water.
170. The seeds are diuretic. (A, 47.)
* Frequent and copious nocturnal urination. (C. 15.)
Seminal emissions during sleep, two nights in succession, after which he feels very well. (From the
6th to the 8th day. Hitsmann. D, 40.)
-Gonorrhcea.
FEMALE. —Abdominal pains, as if the menses
would appear.
The whole night abdominal pain, like the menstrual.
175. It at times aids menstruation. (A, 56.)



236          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
The menses appear a week too early, with a discharge of black blood.
Abortion, on account of too strong operation on the
uterus. (A, 43.)
Causes uterine hbemorrhage. (A, 57.)
* Amennorrhcea. (A, 21.)
* Escape of flatus from the vagina, with dilatation of
the os uteri. (C, 6.)
* Climacteric disorders.  Compare mammae and
mamillae.
The menses appear at the proper time, but still much
more freely than at other times, with less pain and
weakness in the sacrum, but with pain in the right side
of the head and forehead, and a feeling as if the eyes
would be pressed out of the head, worse on the right
side.  (The 7th day.  Husmarnn. D, 17.)
CORYZA.-180. Much sneezing.
Fluid coryza, with frequent sneezing.
Severe fluid coryza in the right nostril.
Watery, acrid coryza, which renders the nose sore.
Copious watering of the right eye; the eye painful,
especially on being touched; and soon afterwards there
occurred a copious watery discharge from the right hostril,; in the evening two diarrhceal stools, and then all
the symptoms disappeared.  (Five hours after taking it.)
185. Fluid coryza, alternating with stoppage of the
nose.
Aphonia, with-swellingin the throat. (Bute. 82.)
Tickling irritation to cough. (Bute. 1.)
* Influenza.  (A, 14.)
* Coryza, rawness in the throat, pain in the breast,
cough, and finally diarrhoea. (C, 11.)
LARYNX. —* Chronic dryness in the throat, and
sensation of swelling in the larynx; and expectoration
of thick mucus. (Jeidhard.)
COUGH.-190. Slight cough.
Frequent slight cough, especially whilst eating.
(Husmann. D, 16.)



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.         237
In the evening tickling in the throat, with slight cough
and headache.
Many evenings after lying down, a slight cough from
tickling in the throat.  (Husmann. D, 18.)
A dry cough, awakening him from sleep, which did
not cease until he sat upright in bed, and flatus was discharged both upwards and downwards.
* Cough. (A, 16.)
* Continual severe cough, without expectoration,
with pain in the breast, and circumscribed redness of
the cheeks. (C. 14.)
195. * Tormenting cough, with expectoration; and
circumscribed redness of the cheeks. (C. 13.)
* Feels stronger and freer in the breast in the mornings, and in the afternoon, and in the evening the cus.
tornary dyspncea does not appear. (Husmann. D, 18.)
A hot burning streaming in the right breast, begins
under the right arm and clavicle, and draws itself downwards towards the region of the liver. (Afternoon of
the third day. Husmann. D, 37.)
Acute stitches in the right breast in the region of the
nipple. (Husmann. D, 39.)
* Pulmonary consumption.  (A, 11, 14, 17.)
Aids expectoration. (A, 5, 17, 55.)
* Cough and expectoration. (C, 11.)
* Cough with coryza, then diarrhcea. (C, 11.)
200. " Croup. (A, 14, 15.)
BREAST.-Hooping cough.  (A, 14, 17.)
* Hydrothorax. (A, 12.)
X Asthma. (A, 13.)
* Pneumonia. (A, 16, 17.)
205. e Typhoid pneumonia, with very difficult respiration, cheeks and hands lived,.pulse full, soft, vibrating and easily compressed. (A, 18.)
* Diseases of the lungs. (A, 9, 10, 11, etc.)
* Pain in the breast, with periodic cough. (C, 12.)
X Pain in the breast, with cough and expectoration.
C, 11.)
* Pain in the breast, with dry cough. (C, 14.)



238          SANGLINARIA CANADENSIS.
* Burning and pressing in the breast, then heat
through the abdomen and diarrhcea. (C, 16.)
Slowly shooting pain in the right side of the chest
about the seventh rib.  (Jeanes. D, 7.)
Acute stitch in the right breast.
Slowly shooting pain in the left side of the chest,
near the axilla. (Jeanes. D, 6.)
210. Stitches from the lower part of the left breast to
the shoulder.
Pressing pain in the region of the heart.
Stitches in the left side in the region of the short ribs,
by moving and turning the body.
Constant pressure and heaviness in the whole of the
upper part of the chest, with difficulty of breathing.
(JVeidhard.)
Slowly shooting pain under the sternum. (Jeanes.
D, 5.)
Numb pain the whole length of the left scapula, along
its inner edge, which is also increased by breathing,
(JXeidhard.)
Pressing pain in the breast and back.
215. Palpitation of the heart. (A, 48.) From immoderate doses, with great weakness. (A, 63.)
Stitches in both breasts.
Severe soreness under the right nipple, aggravated
by being touched.
The nipples are sore and painful.
BACK. —220. Pain in the nape of the neck.
Soreness of the nape of the neck on being touched.
Pain in the left side of the nape of the neck.
Pain in the right side of the neck, asif sprained. (K.~.)
Stiffness of the nape of the neck. (Bute, 19.)
225. Pain in the back. (C, 20.)
Pain in the sacrum and bowels. (Bute, 150.)
* Pain in the sacrum from lifting. (C, 21.)
Pain in the sacrum which is alleviated by bending
forward. (Husmann. D, 29.)
Rheumatic pains in the nape of the neck, shoulders
and arms.



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.          239
Pains in both shoulders.
230. Severe pain in the left shoulder, in the evenings.
Pain under the shoulder blade with chill. (Bute, 282.)
Pains from the left breast to the shoulder. (Bute, 210.)
Rheumatic pain in the right shoulder, worse in the forenoon, when she has retained the arm for a long time in
the same position, drawing itself downwards to the
elbow.  (Husmann. D, 14.)
Pain on the top of the right shoulder.  (IHusmann.
D, 28.)
Sudden rheumatic pains in the shoulder joint.
In the upper part of the shoulder joint severe pain in
every motion.
235. * Rheumatic pain in the right arm and shoulder,
worse at night in bed; cannot raise the arm. (C, 18.)
* Pain in the right shoulder, and in the upper part of
the right arm, worse at night on turningin bed. (Jeanes.)
SUPERIOR  EXTREMITIES.-Rheumatic pains
in the arms and hands.
Rheumatic pains in the right fore arm in the evening.
Severe pain in the hand, with aching in the arm
when lying warm and quiet in bed; it is also often felt
in the left foot, now above, then in the instep, and then
in the toes. (K.)
240. In the right palm near the index finger, a severe
pain as from a bile.
* Burning of the palms. (C, 8.)
Redness of the hands and severe burning.
* Lividity of the-hands in pneumonia.  (A, 18.)
Numb pain in ball of the right thumb.
245. Cutting pain on the second joint of the left
middle finger.
Sticking in the point of the right small finger.
Stiffness of the finger joints.  (C, 7.)
Pain as from a bile at the root of the right thumb nail,
then in the left, from this to all the fingers, one after
another from the thumb to the small finger, alike on both
hands.



240          SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
250. * Ulceration at the roots of the nails, on all the
fingers of both hands. (C, 22.)
INFERIOR EXTREMITIES.-Rheumatic pain in
the left hip.
Pain as from a bruise in the left hip joint, whilst walk
ing, but worse on rising from a seat.
* A rheumatic pain on the inside of the right thigh.
(C, 17.)
* A bruise-like pain in the thigh, alternating with
burning and pressure in the breast. (C, 16.)
* Stiffness of the knees.  (C, 7.)
Stiffness and tightness in the bend and sides of the
knees. (The fourth day. Husmann. D, 38.)
Cramp and pain in the calf of the left leg.  (Jeanes.)
Drawing in the calves andl into the instep, worse
right than left. (HIusmann. D, 27.)
Sticking pain in-the right ankle.
Continual stitches under the right exterior ankle bone
as from the sting of a bee.
Pain in the left foot with headache, (Bute, 18,) and
during the pain in the right arm. (Bute, 139.)
Sticking as from a needle in the instep, in the morningin bed, and in the afternoon coldness of the feet. (C.7.)
260. Burning in the soles of the feet, and in the
palms of the hands, forenoon.
Burning in the soles of the feet worse at night.
* Burning of the hands and feet, in the night. (C, 9.)
Pain in the corns.
Great weakness of the limbs, with pains in the sacrum,
(The second day. Hfusmann. D, 29,) whilst walking.
('Husmann. D, 33.)
LIMBS.-Rheumatic pains in the limbs.
* Acute, inflammatory, and arthritic rheumatism.
(A, 22, 52.)
265. * (Acute swelling of the joints of the extremities.) (C, 19.)
Stiffness of the limbs and rheumatic pains, with headache. (Bute, 19.)



SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.         241
Pain in those places where the bones are least covered with flesh, but not in the joints; on touching the
painful part, the pain immediately vanished and appeared in some other part. (Evening, 10 o'clock.)
GENERAL.-Great weakness. (Bute.)
Great prostration of muscular strength, by large doses.
(A, 63.)
Extreme weakness and debility in the limbs, whilst
walking in the open air. (Evening of the first day.
Husmann. D, 21.)
Debility with vertigo and pain in the hypochondria.
(Bute, 138.)
270. Great weakness, with the vomiting.  (And
afterwards. A, 39.)
Great weakness with suppression of the pulse. (A,
38,) with irregular pulse. (A, 63.)
Weakness and palpitation of the heart. (A, 48, 63.)
Is tonic in diseases of the lungs. (A, 10.)
A quickly diffused and transient, but at the same
time a very peculiar nervous thrill, which is often extended to the minutest extremity.  (A, 61.)
A slowly shooting, pain with long continued thrill,
ending in a grumbling aching, in a carious molar tooth
of the- upper jaw. (Jeanes. D, 12.)
Fainting weakness. (A, 38, 40, 63.)
General sensitiveness and weakness.
Torpor and languor, froml the seeds. (A, 46.)
* Paralysis of the right side of fourteen years duration, cured by the tincture in the dose of a small feaspoonfill every three or four days. (Verbally from Dr.
B. Becker.)
Convulsive rigidity of the limbs. (A, 63.)
SLEEP.-Sleeplessness at night.
He awakens at night with affright, as if he would
fall.
Dreams two nights in succession of sailing on the
sea.
280. Dreams, of a frightful and disagreeable character.
He awakens earlier than common. (HIusmann. D, 19.)
21



242         SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
FEVER.-In the evening in bed, chill and shivering
in the back.
Shaking chill, with pain under the shoulder blade on
motion.
Chill; with the headache. (Bute. 12, 22, 23.)
Chill and nausea. (Bute. 116.)
Transient feeling of heat before the regurgitation.
(Bute. 7.)
Heat flying from the head to the stomach. (Bute.
29.)
* Sensation as if hot water was poured from the
breast into the abdomen. (C, 56.)
Fever and delirium, from the seed.  (A, 47.)
Burning heat, rapidly alternating with chill and
shivering.
Abates irritative hardness and frequency of the pulse,
also heat and dryness of the skin. (A, 59, 60.)
290. Pulsation through the whole body.
Rapid pulse.
A gradual increase in the force and fulness of the
pulse: from moderate doses. (A, 54.)
The pulse rendered more frequent, by large emetic
doses. (A, 37.)
Quickened circulation, with the vomiting. (A, 42.)
The frequency of the pulse diminished by the nausea.
(A, 40.)
The frequency of the pulse diminished by small doses.
(A, 42.)
Strength and frequency of the pulse extremely reduced, with irregularity, andswith insensibility, coldness,
&c., from very large doses. (A, 63.)
* Brings the pulse from 112 to 80. (A, 17.)
* Pulse full, soft and easily compressed, in pneumonia. (A, 18.)
Suppression of the pulse, with fainting, from large
doses. (A, 37, 63.)
Seeds have great influence on the pulse. (A, 45.)
SKIN.-Heat and dryness of the skin. (A, 60.)



SANGU1NARIA CANADENSIS.         243
Increased itching, of an old tubercle-like eruption on
the skin.
305. * Itching and nettle-rash before the nausea.
(C, 23.)
* Warts. (A, 26.)
* Old indolent ulcers; ill conditional ulcers with
callous borders, and ichorous discharge. (A, 27, 28.)' Nasal polypi: fungous excrescences, &c.  (A,
29, 32.)
GENERAL.-Constant change of the symptoms,
when a new one arises the earlier cease.
310. The most of the symptoms appear to be aggravated in the evenings and mornings.
*Diaphoretic. (A, 2, 5, 17, 25, 41.)
* Intermittent fever, Lmarsh fever, nervous fever.
(A, 23, 24.)
*Jaundice. (A, 6, 7, 8.)
C.-Curative operations observed by Dr. G. H. Bute.
1. Vertigo by quickly turning the head, or by looking upward.
2. Distension of the temporal veins, which were
painfully sensitive to the touch.
3. Feeling of soreness on small spots on the head,
especially in the temples.
4. Several cases of angina, especially a form of
pharyngitis.
5. Haemorrhoids.
6. A female who had distension of abdomen in the
evening, and flatulent discharges, per vaginam, from
the os uteri, which was constantly open, at the same
time a pain passing in rays from the nape of the neck
into the head.
7. In a lady; coldness of the feet in the afternoons,
at the same time the tongue was painful and sore upon
being touched, like a bile; and there was stiffness of
the knee and finger joints.
8. Burning of the palms of the hands and soles of



244            SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.
the feet, compelling to throw  the bed clothes off the
feet for the purpose of cooling them.  In many cases of
ladies in the climacteric years.
9. Burning of the hands and feet at night.
10. Burning of the ears, with a redness of one
cheek.
1. In a man of scrofulous habit; after taking cold,
coryza, then rawness of the throat, then pain in the
breast, with  cough  and  expectoration, and finally
diarrhma.
12. Pain in the breast, with periodic cough.
13. Tormenting cough and expectoration, with cirsunmscribed redness of the cheeks.
14. In an unmarried lady of thirty years of age; constant severe cough, without expectoration, with pain in
the breast, and circumscribed redness of the cheeks.
A  dose removed the cough for an hour, and many repeated doses perfectly removed the disease.
15. In a lady; pain in the left hypochondrium,
which was rendered worse by coughing, but was better
from being pressed, and by lying towards the left side;
very copious urination at night,
16. In a man; for some years very frequent attacks
of burning and pressure in the breast, which alternated
with a bruise-like pain in the thigh, but never appearing
in both places at the same time,  The affection of the
ibreast -always ended with the feeling as if hot \water
poured itself from the chest into the abdomen, which
was followed by diarrhmal stools.
17. JMItany kinds of arthritic and rheumatic pains;
pain in. the inner side of the right thigh, like rheumatismil, &C & c.
18.  Rheumatic pain in the right arm and shoulder,
worse at night in bed, so that the arm  could not be
raised; of a year's duration, perfe-ctly cured.
19. In a case of gout, with very considerable tumefaction of the joints of all the extremities; obvious displacement of the right shoulder and shoulder-blade



248           SANGUINARIA  CANADENSIS.
38. Heat in the throat, the inspiration of cool air is
pleasant, and alleviates the sensation. In the evening
fiom six to seven o'clock.
39. Boring pain aboave in the fore part of the head.
40. A hot burning streaming in the right breast; it
begins under the right arm  and clavicle and draws
downwards towards the region of the liver.  In the afternoon.
41. The fourth day. Stiffness and drawing in the
bend and sides of the knees.
42. Acute stitches in the right breast, in the region
of the nipple.
43. Seminal emissions two nights in succession, (between the 6th and 8th days,) after which he feels very
well.
44. The eighth day, in the afternoon, attwisting pain
above the groin, on the left side, equi-distant from the
symphysis pubis, and the crista illi; worse whilst sitting, standing or bending to the right side; increased
by pressure; better whilst walking erect.  The pain
after a time went fromt this spot around to the left hip,
and then upwards to the back on the short ribs.
45. The first day soft stool, the later days rather
costive.



250            TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM.
end of May.  Corolla reddish purple above, striated
below and pubescent. The berries are ovate, commonly
six in a whorl, sometimes purple, but generally of an
orange colour; they have three divisions, each containing one hard seed, and ripen in September.
The plant inhabits rich hilly wToodlands, and the edge
of cultivated grounds, and grows from  two to four feet
high, several stalks arising from the same root.  The
stems are about three-eightlhs of an inch in_ diameter,
simple, erect, cylindrical, pubescent and of a green
colour.  The root is perennial, contorted, tuberculated
or gibbous, of a brownish colour, giving off horizontal
branches foirm eighteen inches to two:eelt in length,
about the size of the finger in diaimeter, yelloish externally and whitish internally.
From  pharmaceutical experiments, it has been observed that when the plant is treated with water it yields
a larger quantity of active extract, than when treated
with alcohol, and that the alcoholic extract is perfectly
soluble in water, proving that the mnedicinal properties
of the triasteurn do not consist of resinous r-oatter. T['he
active principle cannot be obtained by distillation. The
leaves yield the largest quantity of solufltue 1: la.ter, butlthat obtained from thle root po sssses the greatest activity.
Both the leaves and the root of thie tristelurn are
quite bitter to the taste.  The root is also nauseous to
the taste, a'nd has an odour somewhat resembling ipecacuanha.
The medicinal properties of the triosteum, aliceopalhically considered, are four-fold, viz: emetic, cathartic,
diaphoretic and diuretic, and by some, if given insmall
doses, a tonic.  The larger doses, and e.pecially when
prepared from the bark of the roodt, are found to act with
great certainty and energy on tie alimentary canal, both
by emesis and catharsis, while a decoction of the leaves
are found to produce merely a diaphoretic effects
When kept in the ldry state, its mnedicinal properties
are said to be very much impaired by age.
The berries, after being dried and roasted, have beel



TIRIOSTIEnU   PLERFOIATUKM        251
used by the settlers of the interior of the country, as a
substitute for coffee, and hence, one of its cotmmon
names-wi-ld coffee.  It has been recommended by old
school practitioners, as a3n emieetle in intertLmittent fevers
and pleurisyr
The TriosLteum  perfoliatum  held a high rank in the
Materia  Mecica of some tribes of Indians in this country, as we learn from that excellent Botanist, Dr. Wim.
Darlingoon, who well recollects the last Inzdiaz Doctress
of the Delaware tribe, in the vicinity o-f West Chester,
who seemed to consider it a sort of panacea, and prescribed it in all cases of disease, without distinction.
The following symptoms were obtained from taking a
few drops of the tincture in water, every day, for three
successive days.
Dulness and drowsiness, with disinclination to engage
actively in business.
Greater cheerfulness.  (First day.  ]Veidhacrd.)
Sleepiness without the ability to sleep sound after
midnigoht.
SKIN. —Vesicular eruption on the forehead over the
left eye, on the middle of the chest and on the right
arm.  ( eidtard. )
5. Very great itching at night, with welts all over the
surfac.6   ( Jctidhard.)
Violent itching eruption of the skin, generally with
elevation of the skin. (Second day. iNeidhard.)
FEVER. —General perspiration.
Drying away of the perspiration, and development of
fever, with hot skin and increased thirst.
Aching in all the bones.
HEAD.-10. Giddiness when rising at midnight,
with extreme drowsiness.
Headache which is worse in the right side of the fore
part of the head, and right temple.






R EPERTORIUM.,
GENERAL EFFECTS.
Chills, down the back with heat in the st., Lob. i.
Cold, greater ability to bear it. Oxal. ac.
Consciousness, loss of. Oxal. ac.
Convulsions, just before or at the time of death. Oxal. ac.
Debility, general, Eup. p., Lob. i.
Dislocated, sens. as if the shoulder and hip joints would be.
Fluor. ac.
Erratic pain, slight, in left half of the body, with slight itching. Fluor. ac.
infiuenza of old people and inebriates. Eup. p.
with weakness of the pulse, and great general
prostration. Eup. p.
Jnterrmittisng symptoms. Oxal. ac.
Jerking pain in different parts of the body, behind the left ear,
on left middle finger, in Os. sacrum, &c. Fluor. ac.
------ burning pains, violent, confined to a small space.
Fluor. ac.
-- -pains, sudden shocks of. Pod. p.
Joints, affections of. Oxal. ac.
Lameness, sens. of, and pressure in the hand, arm, foot, &c.
Fiuor. ac.
Languor, excessive. Fluor. ac., Oxal. ae.
Morning, aggravation of symptoms. Pod. p.
--------  feeling as from previous debauch. Oxal. ac.
Motion, of different parts, as feet, hands, eyelids, facial muscles, &c. Fluor. ac.
singularly easy. Fluor. ac.
Neuralgia, Elat.
Wuombness, gen., approaching palsy. Oxal. ac.
Pains, aching, in the bones of the fore arms and legs.
Fluor. ac.
aggravated by movement. Oxal. ac.
--- of short duration, in left leg, arm and hand. Fluor. ac.
— chiefly affecting the left side. Elat.



260             FEBRILE AFFECTIONS.
Chills, nausea. Sang. c., Eup. p.
- coldness and stinging or pricking in the feet. Eup. p.
- unusual shivering. Eup. p.
- stiffness of the fingers. Eup. p.
-   shaking, and pain under the shoulder-blade on motion.
Sang. c.
Chills, preceded by,
-  pain in the back. Pod. p., Eup. p.
pain above the right ilium with thirst and yawning.
Eup. p.
violent pains in the head and back. Eup. p.
-   followed by,
nausea and vomiting. Eup. p.
Chilliness.
- in the morning. Eup. p.
- from motion. Eup. p.
-   through the nightSand in the morning, with nausea. Eup. p.
Chilliness, attended by,.....-    Gaping.. Elat.
nausea. Eup. p.: ------ trembling and nausea. Eup. p.
-- -   thirst. Eup. p.
Coldness, during nocturnal perspiration. Eup. p.
Heat, gen.
after exercise. Fluor. ac.
sens. of. Oxal. ac.
-   sens. as if a burning vapour was emitted from the pores
of the whole body. Fluor. ac.
-   flushes of.
-- -— ~ —  with perspiration. Oxal. ac.
- in the evening.
sens. of increased warmth. Fluor. ac.
- forenoon.
sens. of internal, particularly in the face. Oxal. ac.
first in the face, then in the left leg, as from external.
warmth. Oxal. ac.
- pungent during the nocturnal perspiration. Eup. p.
Heat, attended by,
aching of the bones of the extremities. Eup. p.
- delirium and loquacity. Pod. p.
- nausea and sickness. Eup. p.
-   headache and trembling. Eup. p.
-  increased headache, but diminished thirst Eup p
-  throbbing headache. Eup. p.
-   thirst. Pod. p., Trios.
-   followed by,
little or no perspiration. Eup, p.



SKIN, ETC.                    261
Perspiration, clammy. Oxal. ac.
cold. Eup. p.
--   ---     of hands, feet and face. Oxal. ac.. —  -      profuse, of hands, feet and face. Fluor. ac.
diminished. Eup. p., Oxal. ac.,- -------   glutinous, with itching. Fluor. ac.
nocturnal. Eup. p., Pod. p.
sour. Fluor. ac.....-    in the evening. Eup. p., Fluor. ac......-        offensive. Fluor. ac........._ -    -     slight. Eup. p.
~ —----.gen. Trios.
-  accompanied by,
sens. of heat, on the upper part of the body, towards the right. Fluor. ac........ —   cold creepings, particularly from the lower part of
the spine upwards. Oxal. ac.
Pulse, accelerated. Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
diminished. Sang. c.
--- frequent. Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
-    full. Sang. c,
--    hard. Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
quick. Sang. c.
---- imperceptible. Oxal. ac.
intermittent. Oxal. ac.
-   irregular. Sang. c.
quick. Sang. c..-    rapid. Sang. c.
slow. Kalm. 1., Pod, p., Sang. c.
~ —-   small. Sang. c.
-   soft. Sang. c.
-  suppressed. Sang. c.
tense. Oxal. ac.
tremulous. Oxal. ac..-.....- with coldness, clammy sweats and lividity of
finger nails. Oxal. ac.
-   fainting. Sang. c.
---- coldness and insensibility. Sang. c.
SKIN, ETC.
Blotches, on the skin.
- - red, elevated, above the eyebrows. Fluor. ac.
Blood- vesicles, small, light red, round, elevated, mostly on the
right side, disappearing for a moment after
strong pressure. Fluor. ac.
Buvrning pains on small spots of the skin. Fluor. ac.. -  angle of the index finger. Fluor. ano



262                      HEAD.
Burning pains on the back part of the right hand. Fluor. ad......__-     more externally, in different places, but always
on one spot; as the inside of the thigh, arm,
fingers, &c. Fluor. ac.
Eruptions, mottled in circular patches. Oxal. ac.
Itching, on different places of the body, worse on the posterior
parts. Fluor ac.
------- on the neck. Oxal. ac., Fluor. ac.
------ -- left side of nape, on top of, and below the shoulder,
morning and evening. Fluor. ac.
---      on the left shin, on the left glutaei muscle and forehead.
Fluor. ac.
-   habitual in the month of March. Fluor. ac.
of all cicatrices on the left side. Fluor. ac.
- - with redness, and appearance of vesicles. Fluor. ac.
violent in the evening after walking. Oxal. ac.
with small pimples here and there. Fluor ac.
----- - on the cicatrix"of an old abeess, inside of left
thigh. Fluor. ac.
Moistness, of the skin.
with preternatural warmth. Pod. p.
Mottled appearance of the skin, in circular patches. Oxal. ac.
Nwvi Materni. Fluor ac.
Pimples, red, small, in groups on the back part of the hip joint.
Fluor. ac..-    - oon the abdomen, thighs and legs, the points of which
form a crust. Fluor ac.
Pricking, itching, mostly on the left side. Fluor. ac,
Pustules painful on the right index finger. Oxal. ac.
Redness, of the skin of face. Oxal. ac.
Red points on the glans penis. Oxal ac.
Sallowness of the skin.
-  in children. Pod. p.
Sensitiveness of the skin.
while shaving. Oxal. ae.
Smarting of the skin and soreness around the neck. Oxal. ac.
Softness of the flesh,
--- with debility in children. Pod p.
Varicose veins. Fluoy. ac.
Vesicles, bloody. Fluor. ac.
Yellowness of the skin. Sang c.
HEAD.
Burning, first in forehead, afterwards in jaws occiput and bladder. Fluor. ac.



268               EYES AND SiGHT.
Itching in the eyes. Fluor. ac., Kalm, 1.
-- and burning in the left eye, in the afternoon. Kalm. 1.
------ burning in right eyebrow. Fluor. ac.
-., —-- near the right eye externally. Fluor. ac.
-       -, on upper eyelid. Fluor. ac.
in inner canthi. Fluor. ac.
- painful in left eye, as if from a grain of sand. Fluor. ac.
and stinging when rubbed. Kalm. 1.
Lachrymal Fistula. Fluor. ac.
Lachrymation, increased. Fluor. ac., Eup. p., Lob. c., Sang. c.
Light, jerking before the eyes, crossing itself like lightning, in
the evening. Fluor. ac.
Objects, linear, appear larger and more distant. Oxal ac.
Pleasant sensation as if the eyelids were wider opened, or the
eyes more prominent. Fluor. ac.
Pain in both orbits, worse in left. Oxal. ac.
-- and soreness in the right eye. Lob. i.
-   and soreness in the left eyeball. Eup. p., Trios.. in right eye. Kalm. 1., Sang. c.
-  in the eyes, making it painful to move them. Kalm. 1.
in the eye-balls, and in the temples, with heat and throbbing of the temporal arteries. Pod. p.
Pressing in the eyes, with pains in the arms, hands, and lower
extremities. Kalm. 1.
-    above the right eye, sens. of. Kalm. 1.
-- as if behind the right eyeball. Fluor ac.
-  in the upper part of the eyes, during walking. Oxal. ac.
Lob. i.
---  pain about the eyes. Kalm. 1.
--  pain in the left eye. Sang. c.
Pricking, sens. of, in eyebrows. Fluor. ac.
-- and burning in inner canthi. Fluor. ac.
Quivering, above the external canthus of the left eye. Fluor. ac.. externally on the right eye. Fluor. ac.
Redness of margins of lids, with glutinous secretion from the
meibornian glands. Eup. p.
Ring, large, bright, on closing the eyes. Fluor. ac.
Smarting of inside of eyelids. Lob. i.
of eyes. Pod. p.
Soreness of eyeballs. Eup. p.
----   in the eyes, with smarting. Lob. c.
Spark'ings, red, crossing each other, in the evening. Fluor. ac.
Spots, dark, floating before the eyes whilst reading. Fluor. ac.
Stiffness, sens. of, in the muscles around the eyes and eyelids.
Kalm. 1.
Stitches, acute in the eyes, towards evening. Kalm. 1.
------ in right eye, in the morning. Kalm. 1.



FACE, LIPS) AND MAXILLAE.                271
FACE, LIPS AND MAXILLIE.
Biting, involuntary, of lower lip at dinner. Fluor. ac.
Burning, on the outside of the right lower jaw, near the first
or second molar tooth. Fluor. ac.
Chilliness, in left cheek, extending to the ear. Lob. i.
Compression in both zygomas with drawing downwards, towards the larynx.  Fluor. ac.
Contractions, painful, spasmodic in both joints of the jaws.
Fluor. ac.
Drawing, sens. of peculiar, extending from the right side of the
mouth to. the right eye, Lob. i..... -— ~ pain in the right lower jaw bone. Fluor. ac.
_ —. — - ~ in the entire left eye. Fluor. ac.
Dryness of the lips. Sang..c.
- -.....-  and stiffness in the morning. Kalm. 1.
Eruptions, vesicular, on the forehead. Lob. c.
-- small white, oblong, with itching and discharge,
near the inner angle of the left eye. Fluor. ac.
tis.sures, (cracks) in lips. Kalm. 1.
Flushed face. Eup. p.
Fulness, sens. of, in face.. Oxal. ac.
Gnawing, slight, pain in both sides of the lower jaw bone, near
the angle. Fluor. ac.
Heat, first in the face, and afterwards in the left leg. Oxal. ac,
in the face. Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac., Lob. i.
sudden flashes of. Kanm. 1..
Itching in the face at night. Kalm. 1,
on the right side of the face. Fluor ac.
slight, like pin prickings, on the right side of the face
Fluor. ac.
Numbness, of the right joint of th.elower jaw. Fluor. ac.
Pain, drawing, with rigidity, near the angle of the lower jaw.
Oxal. ac.
-   as if something sharp pointed was moved about deep in
thQ bone, behind'the left eye, in the left nostril and
forehead. Fluor. ac.
-     deep, posterior to the right eye, extending into the upper
jaw. Fluor. ac..
-  ful sensibility of the right upper jaw.. Fluor. ac.
-  - drawing, in the right lower jaw bone. Fluor. ac.
gnawing, slight, in both sides of the lower jaw, in the
bone near the angle. Fluor. "ac.
- pressing, in the right side of the face between the eye
and nose, in the afternoon. Kalm. I..
Perspiration of the face. Fluor. ac., Lob. i.
Redness of face.. Oxal. ac., Eup..p..



APPETITE, HUNGER AND THIRST.               275,Jfter meals bitter eructations. Fluor. ac..Ynorexia. Trios.,Fppetite, increased. Oxal. ac., Fllor. ac., Trios.
diminished. Fluor. ac., Lob. c.
loss of. Eup. p., Oxal. ac., Lob. i., Sang. c..-..- want of. Eup. p.
voracious. Fluor. ac., Sang. c..1version to coffee. Fluor. ac.
- to water. Oxal. ac.
Bulimia, Fluor. ac.
Desire for particular things,
~  ice cream. Eup. p.
-   - for something sour. Pod. p.
Eructations, in gen., acid. Pod. p.
with pyrosis and flatulency. Fluor. ac.
fluidl with burning sens. Lob. i.
-          bitter after dinner. Fluor. ac.
disgusting, with inclination to vomit. Fluor. ac.
nauseating, with inclination to vomit. Fluor. ac.
with sickness of stomach. Fluor. ac.
-  with discharge of flatulency, per anum. Oxal. ac.
-     sour. Fluor. ac.
of wind. Elat., Fluor. ac., Lob. i., Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
tasteless. Eup. p.
- spasmodic. Sang. c.
Heart-b-urn. Lob. i., Pod. p., Sang. c.
w- with running of water in the mouth. Lob. i.
Iiiicough, (see singultus.)
Hunger, excessive. Fluor. ac.
------- increase of. Oxal. ac., Fluor. ac.,
—. —. — satisfied by a small quantity offood, followed by nausea
and vomiting. Pod. p.
Nausea, in gen. Elat., Eup. p., Fluor. ac., Kalm. 1., Lob. i., Lob. c.,
Sang. c., Trios.
attended by,
--  chills. Sang. c..-... desire to vomit. Elat., Fluor. ac., Lob. i., Sang. c.
-  eructations. Fluor. ac.
-    general heat. Fluor. ac.
-  headache. Fluor. ac., Kalm. 1., Sang. c.: —  pressing in the throat, and stitches in the eyes. Kalm. 1.
--  pyrosis. Fluor. ac.
-   salivation extreme. Sang. c.
-  vertigo. Fluor. ac.
-   violent, shivering and shaking of the upper parts of the
body. Lob. i.
-.   vomiting, with perspiration and expectoration. Eup. p.



STOMACH, ABDOMEN) ETC.              277
Vomiturition, with pain in the epigastrium, and drawing in the
calves of the legs. Trios.
Voracity, voracious appetite. Eup. p., Fluor. ac.
Wkater-brash, Pod. p., Fluor. ae., Oxal. ac.
every evening. Oxal. ac.
with acid eructations, and passage of flatulency.
Fluor. ac.
-...- with much emission of flatulency, and pressing
downwards. Oxal. ac.
STOMACH, ABDOMEN, ETC.
Burning, gnawing and eructations in st. Oxal. ac.
p —  ain in st. and throat. Oxal. ac..-.-   towards the back, as if inflamed. Lob. i.
Cramp in abd. Elat.
-  in abdomen, changing from one place to another. Sang. c.
Colic, flatulent. Elat.
with retraction of the abdominal muscles. Pod. p.
with torpor of the liver. Sang. c.
-    a pictonum. Elat.
in the morning, followed by a diarrhceal stool. Sang. c.
attended by diarrhcea. Elat., Sang. c.
Digging pain in the abdomen, with pain in the sacrum. Sang. c.
Distension.of abdomen, with shortness of breathing. Lob. i..-....    -in the evening, with escape of flatus from the vagina.
Sang. c.
Drawing, slight, with cutting in abdomen. Sang. c.
Faintness, sens. of, in region of the navel, with desire to draw a
deep breath, relieved by bandaging, and after eating. Fluor. ac.
Fulness, in region of stomach, with constriction in the throat, and
frequent eructations. Fluor. ac.
in stomach, sens. of. Eup. p.
in right hypochondrium, with flatulence. Pod. p.
- -  in right hypochondrium, with pain and soreness. Sanlg. c.
Pod. p.
Grasping, in abdomen.
Heat, in stomach. Eup. p., Fluor. ac.
in abdomen, sens. of. Benz. ac., Pod. p.
-     in stomach, before meals, followed by heaviness after
meals, and worse during exercise. Fluor. ac.
Indurations, in abdomen. Sang. c.
Inflammation of the abdl. viscera. Sang. c.
Jerking, in abd., left side. Fluor. ac.
Liver, inflammation, of. Pod. p., Sang. c
--   chronic? Pod. p., Sang. c.
-        -.- with costiveness. Sang. c.
24



278           STOMACH, ABDOMEN, ETC.
Liver, torpor and atony of. Sang, c.
- hot, streaming towards, from the breast. Sang. c.
Pain, in abdomen severe. Lob. i.
-.......- across. Kalm. 1...-. — left side of. just below the short ribs. Benz. ac.
-    ------—. - left side of, in the region ofthe spleen. Fluor. ac...... -..-.-    left side of, and left arm, pressing in the evening. Fluor. ac.
- worse after eating. Lob. i..-.-  right side of, followed by a pain in the glutteus
muscle. Kalm. 1.
with heat, in the evening. Trios.
in the bowels, attended at first by coldness, then followed
by warmth. Pod. p.
cramp-like, with retraction of the abdl. muscles, morning and evening. Pod.p., Elat.
in the bowels, dull. Elat.. —- I~-eLL~ —II at daylight in the morning, relieved by lying
on the side and bending forwards, and
external warmth; aggravated by lying on
the back. Pod. p.
in the colon ascending. Pod. p......- transverse, followed by diarrhcea. Pod. p.
just above the hips, hindering respiration. Fluor. ac.
in right hypochondrium, dull. Elat., Lob. i.
-   in left hypochondrium, aggravated by pressure, and lying
on the left side. Pod. p.
-   in hypochondri%, severe and continued, with vertigo and
debility. Pod. p.
over the crest of right ilium, dull, aching, pressing, extending around the back. and deep into the pelvis.
Oxal. ac.
- liver, in region ot; right side. Kalm. 1.
-  navel, in the region of, during diarrhea. Fluor. ac.
-  sharp, above the right groin, preventing motion, in the
latter months of pregnancy. Pod. p.
-     shooting, as from wind. Fluor. ac.
--  in scrobicuius, pressive, violent, like a heavy weight, at
intervals of 15 minutes. Oxal. ac....: --   inGreased by drinking water, and turning
in bed. Trios.
-   -— _ —-— _   dull. Elat.
-  spleen, in region of, extending to the hips. Fluor. ac.
-   in stomach. Oxal. ac.
-  --------  burning. Oxal. ac.
-- ----- excruciating. Oxal. ac..-.. — -   after eating water melon, fisht &c. Fluor. ac.
Oppression in scrobiculus, at night. Trios.



ANUS, ETC.                     279
Pinching in navel, with watery evacuation. Fluor. ac.
- -     in spleen, region of. Fluor. ac.
Pressure. Oxal. ac.
in scrobiculus. Kalm. 1.
-   in stomach, as if from  a weighlt, between meals.
Fluor. ac.
and burning in stomach. Fluor. ac.
-     in stomach, extending to the back. Lob. i.
- in right side. Kalm. 1.
-- in'scrob., relieved by sitting erect. Kalm. 1.
Grumbling in the bowels, with erratic pain. Fluor. ac.
--   of flatus in the ascending colon. Pod. p.
Sensitiveness, stomnach, region of, to pressure. Fluor. ac.,
Oxal. ac.
excessive, with costiveness. Oxal. ac.
Soreness around the waist, and fulaess in the region of the
liver. Eup. p.
-     in scrobiculus. Trios.
Stricture in scrobiculus, sens. of. Elat.
--  in right hypochondrium. Pod. p.
Throbbing, sens. of, on feeling the breast and abd. Fluor. ac.
-   in abdomen. Sang. c.
Tightness, (constriction,) in left hypochondrium. Eup. p.
-    in cardia. Lob. i.
Twiiting pain in right hypochondrium, with sens. of heat in
the part. Pod. p,
Uncomfortableness, sens. of, in stomach. Fluor. ac.
Warmth, sens. of, in the abd., with a pressing towards the
bladder at night. Fluor. ac.
Weakness of stomach. Lob. i., Oxal. ac.
extending into the chest and umbilicus.
Lob. i.
sens. of rising into the throat. Kalm. 1.
Weight, sens. of, in stomach. Kalm. 1.
and dragging, sens. of, in left hypochondrium. Lob. i.,
Pod. p.
ANUS, ETC.
Blood, congestion of, to the anus. Fluor. ac.
black, discharge of, after stool. Lob. i.
-   discharge of, from hemorrhoids. Elat., Lob. i.
Cholera Infantum. Benz. ac., Pod. p.
Constriction of anus, in attempting to propel wind. Fluor. ac.
Costiveness. Elat., Kalm. 1.
-    with catarrh. Eup. p.
Constipiation. Elat., Eup. p., Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac., Pod. p.



280                  ANUS, ETC.
Diarrhoea, bilious. Elat., Pod. p....-. inclination to. Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac.
with pain in region of navel. Oxal. ac.
----.painful, with screaming and grinding of the teeth,
in children, during dentition. Pod. p.....~ —-- during the day 4 or 5 natural stools. Sang. c.
morning, in. Eup. p., Kalm. 1., Pod. p.....~ —-- evening, in. Sang. c.
- - -~ — every other day. Fluor. ac.
preceded by coryza, catarrh, or pain in the breast.
Sang. c.
-   Chronic, worse in the morning. Pod. p.
Dysentery. Sang. c.
-- bilious. Elat.
Evacuations, alvine.
bilious, Elat.
copious, of thin stools, without pain. Trios.
-     -~   copious, pappy. preceded by discharge of flatulence, and accompanied by pain in the region
of navel. Fluor. ac......-     copious, pappy, with blueness under the eyes.
Pod. p.
in the morning. Fluor. ac.
desire for, ineffectual. Fluor. ac., Sang. c.
difficult, hard and dry. Pod. p...... — "  disagreeable smell of. Fluor. ac.
- -  fetid, watery, white stools, very copious and exhausting in infants, with urine of a deep red
colour. Benz. ac.
f- ee, twice a day. Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac.
-   frothy. Elat.
hasty pressure for a passage, like in diarrhmea.
Fluor. ac.
ineffectual desire for. Fluor. ac.
inclination to. Kalm. 1., Oxal. ac..-... —-- *involuntary, of fluid fa.ces mixed with blood.
Oxal. ac.
--   loose. Fluor. ac., Kalm. 1.
_    at noon. I(alm. 1.
-  —.-   lumpy. Fluor. ac.
muco-gelatinous, small with flatulence and pain in
sacrum. Pod. p.
-...- pappy. Fluor. ac., Lob. i., Oxal. ac., Pod. p.
*-       thick and short. Oxal. ac.
-.-  protracted. Fluor. ac.
- purging. Eup. p., Sang. c.
- with smarting heat in anus. Eup. p.
soft. Kalm. 1., Lob. i.



URINE AND URINARY ORGANS.             281
Evacuations, undigested food, of. Sang. c.
--------   watery, Benz. ac., Elat.. Eup. p., Fluor. ac., Pod.
p., Sang. c., Trios.
----- white. Benz. ac.
preceded by cutting pains in abd., with weakness.
Pod. p., Sang. c., Trios.
colour of, chalk-like, offensive, with thirst, and gagging in children. Pod. p.
--   -- dark, bilious mucus. Elat.
dark yellow mucus, smelling like carrion. Pod. p.
------ green, in -morning. Pod. p.
-  ----- -light-brown, pappy. Oxal. ac.
whitish, slimy. Pod. p.
whitish, soft. Lob. i.
yellow, or dark green. Pod. p.
yellowish-brown, large and pappy. Fluor. ac.
Flatulence, discharge of. Elat., Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
- difficult. Oxal. ac..-.-...    - -    with pain in region of navel. Oxal. ac.
-   -—. —--  fetid. Fluor. ac.
----     -— I —-    frequent, with  eructations. Fluor. ac.,
Oxal. ac.
offensive, in the morning.  Fluor. ac.,
Sang. c.
inodorous. Fluor. ac.
- - rumbling from. Elat., Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac........ — discharge of, small, preceding stools. Fluor. ac.
HIamorrhoids. Fluor. ac., Pod. p., Oxal. ac., Sang. c.
------ bleeding from. Elat., Lob. i.
Itching in and around the anus. Fluor. ac.
above the anus. Fluor. ac.
on the perineum. Fluor. ac.
Frolapsass ani. Fluor. ac., Pod. p., Lob. i.
Scraping in anus, sens. as of a rough hard body. Lob. i.
Stitch, dull, slow, in anus. Oxal. ac.
Tenesmnus, in the upper part of rectum. Oxal. ac,
URINE AND. URINARY ORGANS,
Blqdder, irritability of. Benz. ac.
- pains (dull) in region of. Fluor. ac.
- pains (periodical) frequently returning. Fluor. ac.
_ —------ pain in lower part of, before and after urination. Fluor. ac.
----   pain above the neck of, after urination. Fluor. ac.
-- pain on pressure. Fluor. ac.
---— pain (violent) in region of, extending down into the
right thigh. Fluor. ac.
240.



SEXUAL, (FEMALE.)                   283
SEXUAL. (MALE.)
Chancre, with high coloured and strongly scented urine. Benz. ac.
Glans penis, (left side of,) thrilling sens. almost painful, extending into the urethra, and ending in a sens. of
tickling and itching. Benz. ac.
Itching, in the sulcus behind the corona glandis. Benz. ac.
Seminal emissions, during sleep. Fluor. ac., Sang. c.
Sexual desire, diminished. Fluor. ac.
- excessive. Oxal. ac.
- erections, on lying down followed by pains in the
testicles. Oxal. ac..-...  ~ —   -increased. Fluor. ac., Oxal. ac...-    -. with erection during sleep, Fluor. ac.,
Oxal. ac.
Smarti~ng of thefrxTnum praeputii. Benz. ac., Lob. i.
Spermatic chords, sens. of fulness in. Fluor. ac.
Syphilis. Benz. ac.
Syphilitic rheumatism.. Benz. ac.
Testicles, jerking in, and spermatic chord. Oxal. ac.
- pain in, a'nd spermatic chord, worse on right side.
Oxal. ac.
- ~ — -lbft drawing through to the abdl. ring. Fluor. ac.
--   - occasional stitches, and drawing through to the
abdl. ring, and speImatic chord. Fluor. ac.
SEXUAL. (FEMALE.).bdominal pains, as if the menses would appear. Sang. c.
- -   at night. Sang. c.
abortion. Sang. c.
After pains) with strong bearing down. Pod. p.
with heat and flatulency. Pod. p.:fmenorrhma. Sang. c., Kalm. 1.
Climacteric disorders. Sang. c.
Dysmenorrhoea. Sang. c.
Itching of mons veneris. Etip. p.
Labii, swelling of during pregnancy. Pod. p.
Leucorrhcea, yellowish in the morning. Kalm. 1.....~ —     of thick transparent mucus. Pod. p.
with constipation and bearing down in genitals.
Pod. p.
Menses, too early appearance of. Pod. p., Sang. c.
- painful. Kalm. 1.
retarded. Fluor. ac., Kalm. 1., Pod. p.
suppression of. Kalm. 1., Lob. i., Pod. p.
~ — *- thick, coagulated. Fluor. ac.



284                BACK AND LOINS.
Ovdria, pain in region of. Pod. p...... -numb, aching pain in region of left o. with heat running
down the left thigh. Pod. p.
Pregnancy, during inability to lie on abd. in early part of. Pod. p.
swelling of labia. Sang. c.
Prolapsus uteri. Pod. p.
_.....- -symptoms of, after parturition, with rumbling
of flatus in region of ascending colon. Pod. p.
Uterine hxmorrhage. Lob. i.? Sang. c.
BACK AND LOINS.
Bruised, sens. in back, from loins to shoulders. Oxal. ac.
Creeping of cold, from lower part of spine upward. Oxal. ac.
Heat, strong, extending from the centre of the dorsal region to
the loins. Fluor. ac.
Itching, violent with small pimples on both shoulders and back.
Fluor. ac.
Jerking, in sacrum. Fluor. ac.
Lameness, in small of back, in the evening. Kalm. 1.
Numbness, and weakness in back and limbs. Oxal. ac.
- sens. of in sacrum. Oxal. ac.
Pain, aching. Kalm. 1.
------   in os sacrum. Fluor. ac.
acute, in back, gradually extending down into the thighs.
Oxal. ac.
--  bruised, in os sacrum and lumbar region. Fluor. ac.
--  ---     as if, in back. Eup. p.
constant, in spine, with heat and burning. Kalm. 1.
deep seated, in the backibelow the point of shoulderblades,
more towards the left. Fluor. ac...-..- in the left lumbar region, at night. Fluor. ac.
_ in loins, with soreness from motion. Eup. p.
dull, in region of kidneys. Benz. ac.
p_ aralytic in small of back, at night, with dulness and pain
in head. Kalm. 1.
-     rheumatic, in the back, from stooping. Trios.
in nape, shoulders and arms. Sang. c.
- -   in right shoulder, worse in the forenoon.
Sang. c.
-.-   -.     in right arm and shoulder, worse at night, and
inability to. raise the arm. Sang. c.
sudden in shoulder joint. Sang. c.
severe, in left shoulder. Sang. c.
in every motion, in upper part of shoulder joint.
Sang. c.
-   sharp, in the three superior dorsal vertebra, extending
through tothe shoulder blades. Kalm. 1.
shooting, downwards from the loins to the limbs. Oxal. ac.
sticking, in lower part of the left shoulder blade. Kalm. 1.



294               LOWER EXTREMITIES.
LOWER EXTREMITIES..Rrthritic inflammation of the left knee, and the right elbow.
Eup. p.
dQnthritis, (see pain.)
/chving, slight, in the left hand. and fingers, and in the posterior
part of the left leg, towards the heel, with jerking
in the heel. Kalnl. 1.. —-   of the limbs, worse at night. Pod. p.
---     in the tarsal bones of the right foot. Kalm. 1.
Beaten, sens. as if, in the calves of the legs. Eup. p.
Burning, of the hands and feet, in the night. Sang. c.
in the skin on the inner side of the thighs of a female.
Eup. p.
--        in the soles of the feet and in the palms of the hands,
forenoon. Sang. c.
in the soles of the feet> worse at night. Sang. c.
-----    sens. in the sole of the right foot. Fluor. ac.....-    stitches, in the morning, under the soles of both feet.
Fluor. ac.
Coldness, and stiffiless in the feet. Trios. p., Pod. p.
- feeling of, in the knees, as if they were blown upon
by a cold wind. Benz. ac.
Cracking, in the knee joints from motion. Pod, p.
Cranmp, in the calf of the leg on awaking from a restless sleep.
Lob. i.
~ —  like feeling, in thedleft gastrocnemius. Lob. i.
-    -- in the hollow of the left foot. Lob. i.
- - and pain, in the calf of the left leg. Sng., c.
Crawling, sens. of, in the sole of the right foot. Fluor. ac.
Drawing, in the calves and into the instep, worse right than left.
Sang. c..-... --  and shrinking, sens. of, in the legs and pricking in the
soles of the feet. Trios. p.
Eruption, of red inflamed spots, like the beginning of blood
biles, in different places on the body. Kalm. 1.
Flagging of the muscles of the left thigh, as if they were falling
off the bone. Eup. p.
Heat, in the sole of the right foot. Fluor. ac.
--   in the soles of the feet in the morning. Eup. p.
Heaviness, and stiffness of the knees as after a long walk. Pod. p.
Itching, on various parts.,of the body and extremities, yielding
an agreeable feeling on being scratched, but followed
by a burning. Benz. ac.
in the bend of the right knee, in the afternoon. Kalm. I.
in the left instep. Fluor. ac.



296              LOWER EXTREMITIES.
Pain, frequent in the muscles of the extremities, and also in
the head, with dulness, vertigo, &c.
Kalm. 1.
---  ---- -- sliding, in the hollow of the left knee. Oxal. ac.
peculiar, along the outside of the left leg, frequently repeated. Kalm. 1.
- penetrating, on the outside of the left knee. Fluor. ac.
under and behind the left external malleolus after sleeping. Trios.
-     pressing, in the fleshy part of the thigh. Fluor. ac.
-----  -    - in the left shin, and in the muscles of the right
arm. Kalm. 1.
- in the left foot. Fluor. ac.
in the whole body. Kalm. 1.
on the exterior middle part of the thigh, with
constrictive feeling in the head. Lob. i.
rheumatic, on the inside of left knee. Eup. p.
-..- in the left hip. Sang. c....- ------— in the limbs. Sang. c... —  --   on the inside of right thigh. Sang. c.
severe, in the left knee, on the outside, disappears after
friction. Fluor. ac.
-  -. in all the toes of left foot, except the large one.
Fluor. ac.
- in the hollow of the right knee and in the calf of
the leg, with dyspncea, preceded by a sticking
pain in the rightindex finger. Kalm. 1.
---- I-e    in the tendo achillis close to the os calcis, when
supporting a part of the weight of the body on
the left foot. Benz. ac.
---- sharp, in the right ankle-joint. Oxal. ac.
-     -    in the outer and upper portion of the left foot.
Pod. p.
-     -,in the left ankle, during the time it supports the
weight of the body in walking. Benz. ac.
-...- shooting, coming on suddenly and lasting about
15 minutes. Oxal. ac.
----....... on the instep of the right foot. Oxal. ac.
-   shooting, and also dull aching pains in the left thigh, in
the course of the sciatic nerve, extending to the instep
and extremities of the toes. Elat.
spasmodic, violent, in the left posterior iliac region
Lob.i.
sprain-like,  in the left  ankle-joint during walking.
Fluor. ac.
sprain-like, in the feet and hands, occasionally. Kalm; 1.
sticking, in the right hip joint. Oxal, ac.



LOWER EXTREMITIES.                 297Pain, sticking in the right ankle Sang. c.
-     tearing, violent, in the fibula from below up to the kneejoint. Lob. i.....-      - in the right knee, from below upwards, followed
by a quick very transient pressing pain in
the left temple. Fluor. ac.
violent, in the left foot. Kalm. 1.
slightly burning, quick nervous pain, proceeding.
from  the bladder down to the right thigh.
Fluor. ac.
- in both lower extremities, especially in the knees, with
pain in the right shoulder; and i:n the left arm.
Kalm. 1.
in both legs and in the left arm in the evening. Kalm. 1.
in the thighs, legs and knees, worse from standing.
Pod. p.
in the right thigh and ankle, shi-ftifng. Benz.. ae.
in the right hip. Fluor. ac.
-   in the right tendo achillis, and in the region of the heart.
Benz. ao.
in the left tendo achillis, afterleaving the right. Benz. ac.
on the right knee, inside of. Fluor. ac.
in the right external ankle. Fluor. ac,
in the right knee, extending to the instep and toes. Elat.
-— in the right knee. Trios. p.
in the right ischiatic nerve. Fluor. ac.
in the corns of right foot. Fluor. ac.
in the left leg whilst sitting. Lob. i.
over the left hip, with soreness in a spot not larger than a
pea. Eup. p.
-   in the left glutai muscles, passing round in front of the
trochanter major, accompanied by great sensitiveness.
Eup. p.
-   in the foot, increased by standing on it. Eup. p.
in the left instep. Fluor. ac.
-   and weakness in the left hip, like rheumatism fiom cold.
Pod. p.
-  in the left femur, inner condyle of. Fluor. ac.
in the gastrocnemii.,Benz. ac.
-   in the left knee, leg and foot. -Pod. p.
in the left knee and foot, and also in the right foot. Kalm. 1.
- in the bend of left knee, followed by severe pain in left
index finger, and right foot. Kalm. 1.
in the left foot. Kalm. 1.
-     in the left elbow, arm and knee, in the morning. Kalm. 1.
--  in the left foot; with headache. Sang. c.



ERRATA.
Page 13, 7th line from bottom, for "Pharmocopoeias" read Pharmacopoeias.
15, 12th',   top,   for "graminivrous" read graminivorous.
18, 11th    "     top,'for "fretid" read fetid.
19, 4th, 10th, and 16th from bottom, for "achilles" read achillis.
21, 20th line from bottom, for "physcian" read physician.
23, 17th    "       6'   for "foetid" read fetid.
35,  9th            "    for "continues" read continue.
37,  4th    "       "    for "this ceases" read these cease.
40, 15th    "       "    for "not gums or alveolar process" read not in
the gums or alveolar processes.
40, 16th    "    top, for "jaws'" read jaw.
43, 20th    "    top, for "rincing" read rinsing.
48,  5th    "    bottom, for "disagreable" read disagreeable.
51, 14th    "    top    for "stiches" read stitches.
52, 19th    "    "    for'rincing" read rinsing.
53, 18th    "    "    for "stiches" read stitches.
58,  4th    "    "    for "a week" read theweek.
59, o10th    "    "    1'or "hand" read-hands.
59, 17th    "          after "wrist" read and.
61,  8th    "    "    for "gliutei' read gluteel.
62, 11th    "'   for "achilles" read achillis.
67, 18th    "  bottom, for "glutei"read glutmei.
72, 13th    "    top, for "theperennial and barks" read perennial and
the barks.
72,   2d    "  bottom, for "eues" read neues.
72, 16th   IC  "1   for "chalices" read calices.
77,  6th    "    "    for"esophages" read asophagus.
77, 20th    "'   for "ceteris" read coeteris.
114, 13th    "    top, for "rincing" read rinsing.
127, 14th    "  bottom, for "was" read were..
136, 17th   "'        "    for "alleopathists" read allteopathists.
137, 20th    "    "    for "wineglassfull" read wineglassful.
139, 21st  I'    "    for"developement" read development.
143,  7th    "   top, for "glutei" read glutmei.
151, 14th    "  bottom, "dispondancy" read despondency.
152, 15th    "   top    for"wineglassfull" read wineglassful.
154, o10th    "    "    for "Sweedish" read Swedish.'158, 14th    "    "    for "cervicle" read cervical.
163, loth\   "  bottom, for "stiches" read stitches.
164, 20th    " ".   for "gluteus" read glutaeus.
167, 11th    "    "'   for "stiches" read stitches.
172, 15th    "    "    for "calix" read calyx.
177,  6th    "    "    for "cotemporaneous" read contemporaneous.
179, 14th';   "    for "euphorbia" read euphorbium.
196, 14th   *'  top, for"'climactric" read climacteric.
207, 11th    "  bottom, for "hemoptysis" read heemoptysis.
208, 18th    "    "    for "hemorrhoids" read haemorrhoids.
210,   2d    "   top, for hypochondriae" read hypochondria.
212,  8th    "    "    fur.'voraceous" read voracious.
219,  8th    "    "    for "filliform" read filiform.
228, 11th    "    "    for "disposion" read disposition.
251,  4th    "    "    for "emectic" read emetic.
248,   2d    "  bottom, for "later" read latter.
248,  7th    "    "    for "illi" read ilii.