View source for David Hume - Wikipedia View source for David Hume ← David Hume Jump to navigation Jump to search You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by Jon Kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). The reason given is Open Proxy: Webhost: Contact stewards if you are affected . Start of block: 20:12, 23 July 2019 Expiry of block: 20:12, 23 January 2022 Your current IP address is 40.76.139.33 and the blocked range is 40.76.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki or send an email to the stewards OTRS queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages. Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. See below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong. Editing from 40.76.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪SQL‬ for the following reason(s): The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator. This block has been set to expire: 16:25, 2 June 2023. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. For information on how to proceed, first see the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked You can view and copy the source of this page: ==Influence== [[File:DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg|alt=|thumb|Statue on Edinburgh's [[Royal Mile]]]] Due to Hume's vast influence on contemporary philosophy, a large number of approaches in contemporary philosophy and [[cognitive science]] are today called "[[Humean definition of causality|Humean]]."Garrett, Don. 2015. ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=AChWBQAAQBAJ Hume]'' (reprint ed.). London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0415283342}}. The writings of [[Thomas Reid]], a Scottish philosopher and contemporary of Hume, were often critical of Hume's scepticism. Reid formulated his ''[[common sense]]'' philosophy, in part, as a reaction against Hume's views.Nichols, Ryan, and Gideon Yaffe. 2014 [2000]."[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reid/ Thomas Reid]." ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab. Hume influenced, and was influenced by, the Christian philosopher [[Joseph Butler]]. Hume was impressed by Butler's way of thinking about religion, and Butler may well have been influenced by Hume's writings.Savage, R. 2012. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8zTVtbQQuKsC&pg=PA170&dq=butler+hume&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wkWLVNOLN4T6ULC9hPgJ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=butler%20hume&f=false ''Philosophy and Religion in Enlightenment Britain: New Case Studies'']. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. p. 170.{{cite web|title=Hume on Religion|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/hume-religion/|author=Russel, Paul|year=2010|website=[[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|orig-year=2005|access-date=19 May 2020|edition=Winter 2008}} Attention to Hume's philosophical works grew after the German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]], in his ''[[Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics]]'' (1783), credited Hume with awakening him from his "dogmatic slumber."[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]]. 1783. "'Introduction." In ''[[Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics]].'' According to [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], "there is more to be learned from each page of David Hume than from the collected philosophical works of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Johann Friedrich Herbart|Herbart]] and [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher|Schleiermacher]] taken together."[[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer, Arthur]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OHIJgObqoXoC&dq=Schopenhauer+World+as+Will+and+Representation+volume+2+hume&q=page+hume+together#v=snippet&q=page%20hume%20together&f=false ''The World as Will and Representation''] 2. Ch. 46, p. 582. [[A. J. Ayer]], while introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism in 1936, claimed:{{Cite book|last=Ayer|first=A. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3M3ycPeuRNoC&q=%22The+views%22|title=Language, Truth and Logic|date=26 April 2001|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780141911809|access-date=14 August 2019}}
The views which are put forward in this treatise derive from…doctrines…which are themselves the logical outcome of the empiricism of Berkeley and David Hume.
[[Albert Einstein]], in 1915, wrote that he was inspired by Hume's positivism when formulating his theory of [[special relativity]].[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]]. 1998 [1915]. "Letter to Moritz Schlick." ''The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein'' 8A, edited by R. Schulmann, A. J. Fox, and J. Illy. Princeton, NJ: [[Princeton University Press]]. p. 220.Schwarzschild, Bertram, trans. 2004. "[https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.2169428 Albert Einstein to Moritz Schlick]." ''[[Physics Today]]'' 58(12):17. {{Doi|10.1063/1.2169428}}. Hume's problem of induction was also of fundamental importance to the philosophy of Karl Popper. In his autobiography, ''Unended Quest'', he wrote: "Knowledge ... is ''objective''; and it is hypothetical or conjectural. This way of looking at the problem made it possible for me to reformulate Hume's ''problem of induction''." This insight resulted in Popper's major work ''[[The Logic of Scientific Discovery]]''.[[Karl Popper|Popper, Karl]]. 1976. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmoQBAAAQBAJ&dq=Hume+Unended+Quest&q=%22is+hypothetical+or+conjectural%22#v=snippet&q=%22is%20hypothetical%20or%20conjectural%22&f=false ''Unended Quest; An Intellectual Autobiography'']. {{ISBN|0-415-28590-9}}. pp. 95–96. In his ''Conjectures and Refutations'', he wrote:Popper, Karl. 2014 [1963]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zXh9AwAAQBAJ&dq=popper+conjectures&q=%22approached+the+problem%22#v=snippet&q=%22approached%20the%20problem%22&f=false ''Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge'']. London: [[Routledge]]. p. 55.
I approached the problem of induction through Hume. Hume, I felt, was perfectly right in pointing out that induction cannot be logically justified.
Hume's [[rationalism]] in religious subjects influenced, via German-Scottish theologian [[Johann Joachim Spalding]], the German [[neology]] school and [[rational theology]], and contributed to the transformation of German theology in the [[age of enlightenment]].Hodge, Charles. 1873. [[iarchive:systematictheol00hodggoog/page/n59|''Systematic Theology'']]. New York: [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner, Armstrong, and Co.]] p. 43. [[iarchive:systematictheol00hodggoog/page/n59|]]Schröter, Marianne. 2011. "Transformationen des Theologiebegriffes in der Aufklärung." Pp. 182–202 in ''Evangelische Theologie an Staatlichen Universitäten:'' ''Konzepte und Konstellationen Evangelischer Theologie und Religionsforschung'', edited by S. Alkier and H. Heimbrock. Göttingen. Hume pioneered a comparative history of religion,Penelhum, T. 2012 [1983]. {{Cite book|title=Skepticism, Parity, and Religion: The Case of Hume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42OvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|date=6 December 2012|isbn = 9789400970830|url-access=limited|last1 = Penelhum|first1 = T.}} Pp. 120–45 in ''God and Skepticism: A Study in Skepticism and Fideism''. Dordrecht: [[D. Reidel Publishing Company|D. Reidel Publishing]]. tried to explain various rites and traditions as being based on deception[[:de:Friedrich Wilhelm Graf]]: [https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/sachbuch/von-david-hume-liess-er-sich-nicht-die-butter-vom-brot-nehmen-1134693.html Von David Hume ließ er sich nicht die Butter vom Brot nehmen – Ein Ausweis der aufgeklärten protestantischen Theologenelite ist wieder zugänglich: Johann Joachim Spalding in vorzüglicher Edition] (Spalding never let Hume get the better of him, about a new edition of a mainstake of the enlighted protestant theological elite), review of Graf of a new edition of Spaldings works, in [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] Feuilleton, print version Nr. 249 / Page 39, 27 October 2003Whelan, FG., [https://books.google.com/books?id=2d4qgsSLZQgC&pg=PA163&dq=deception+religion+hume&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nmSMVOXNC83fatPAgNgD&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=deception%20religion%20hume&f=false ''Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought''], Lexington Books, 2004, p. 163. and challenged various aspects of rational and [[natural theology]], such as the argument from design.[[Hans Joas|Joas, Hans]]. 14 November 2013. "{{Lang-de|[https://www.iwm.at/events/event/religionsgeschichte-als-religionskritik-david-hume-und-die-folgen/ Religionsgeschichte als Religionskritik? David Hume und die Folgen]|label=none|italic=no}}" (lecture). ''Beyond Myth and Enlightenment''. Vienna: [[Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen]]. '''Title translation''': 'Religious Studies as Criticism of Religion? David Hume and the Consequences' Danish theologian and philosopher [[Søren Kierkegaard]] adopted "Hume's suggestion that the role of reason is not to make us wise but to reveal our ignorance," though taking it as a reason for the necessity of religious faith, or ''[[fideism]]''. The "fact that Christianity is contrary to reason…is the necessary precondition for true faith." Political theorist [[Isaiah Berlin]], who has also pointed out the similarities between the arguments of Hume and Kierkegaard against [[rational theology]],Miles, T. 2009. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ii8i9Lc68oC&dq=hume+Kierkegaard+and+the+Renaissance&q=fideism+hume+studies#v=snippet&q=fideism%20hume%20studies&f=false Hume: Kierkegaard and Hume on reason, faith, and the ethics of philosophy]." In ''Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions: Philosophy'', edited by J. B Stewart. London: [[Ashgate Publishing]]. p. 27. has written about Hume's influence on what Berlin calls the ''[[counter-Enlightenment]]'' and on German anti-rationalism.[[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. 2013. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=RJqi_iMNRiAC&pg=PA204&dq=Hume+and+the+Sources+of+German+Anti-&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VOLVKq-EMGR7Aaj74CgBA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hume%20and%20the%20Sources%20of%20German%20Anti-&f=false Hume and the Sources of German Anti-Rationalism]." Pp. 204–35 in ''[[Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas]]'' (2nd ed.). Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]. Berlin has also once said of Hume that "no man has influenced the history of philosophy to a deeper or more disturbing degree."[[Isaiah Berlin|Berlin, Isaiah]]. 11 May 2014. "[https://philosophynow.org/podcasts/Impressions_of_David_Hume Impressions of David Hume]" (podcast episode). ''[[Philosophy Now|Philosophy Now Radio Show]]'' 34, hosted by G. Bartley. According to philosopher [[Jerry Fodor]], Hume's ''Treatise'' is "the founding document of [[cognitive science]]."{{cite journal|url=http://www.biographyonline.net/writers/philosophers/david-hume.html|title=David Hume Biography|volume=175|issue=4460|pages=697–698|journal=Biography Online|bibcode=1955Natur.175..697J|last1=Jessop|first1=T. E.|year=1955|doi=10.1038/175697a0|s2cid=4187913}} Hume engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[James Boswell]], and [[Adam Smith]] (who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and [[political philosophy]]). Morris and Brown (2019) write that Hume is "generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English." In September 2020, the David Hume Tower, a [[University of Edinburgh]] building, was renamed to [[40 George Square]]; this was following a campaign led by students of the university to rename it, in objection to Hume's writings related to race.{{cite news |title=Campaign to rename Edinburgh University building named after David Hume wins Students' Union support |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/education/campaign-rename-edinburgh-university-building-named-after-david-hume-wins-students-union-support-2905583 |access-date=18 September 2020 |agency=Edinburgh News}}{{cite news |title=Hume disciples back name change for university tower |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hume-disciples-back-name-change-for-university-tower-shvmrh5wd |access-date=18 September 2020 |work=The Times}} Return to David Hume. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Page information Wikidata item Languages Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement