Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 347 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42698 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 68 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138 Iraq 120 United States 95 Mr. Chairman 49 iraqi Government 46 Saddam Hussein 44 Iraq today 38 United Nations 34 iraqi people 32 U.S. 31 United States Government 31 U.S. Government 30 iraqi force 29 southern Iraq 29 northern Iraq 29 Tigris 28 Iraqis 27 iraqi Army 24 new Iraq 24 democratic Iraq 24 State Department 24 Persian Gulf 22 Iraq policy 22 Euphrates 22 Arabs 21 Middle East 21 Baghdad 20 Iraq war 20 Babylon 19 iraqi Prime Minister 18 central Iraq 18 United Nations Security 18 Saddam Iraq 17 kurdish 17 iraqi security 17 Iraq War 17 Iraq Reconstruction 16 iraqi military 16 iraqi government 16 american 15 Mr. Secretary 15 Mr. 15 Mosul 15 Iraqi Security Forces 15 Iran 15 God 14 great city 14 United States military 14 United States Army 14 New York 14 Iraq Study Group Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 35646 ° 20352 time 16970 force 16497 country 16198 year 14691 people 12325 government 11813 part 10540 security 10493 way 10292 p. 10283 place 10040 day 9479 war 9380 number 9286 man 8919 question 8683 city 7748 weapon 7389 effort 7147 area 7064 name 6994 king 6886 tion 6813 water 6810 side 6794 thing 6704 program 6606 point 6577 river 6538 policy 6514 state 6502 power 6372 fact 6347 village 6039 town 6005 case 5914 work 5772 issue 5739 troop 5650 term 5637 region 5598 oil 5351 level 5345 operation 5344 foot 5343 member 5300 group 5280 world 5260 problem Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 51587 Iraq 23936 Mr. 12232 U.S. 11583 United 11476 PPL 9841 General 9752 Senator 9250 al 9066 States 9049 Baghdad 7516 N138 7504 Chairman 7205 Iraqis 7155 Saddam 6352 Iran 5861 Secretary 5465 President 4886 Department 4660 Government 4635 NH38 4475 II 4338 Dr. 4330 Security 4131 Al 3861 Council 3836 East 3742 State 3727 Army 3657 Ambassador 3599 Kurds 3578 Tigris 3550 Iraqi 3541 National 3495 Arabs 3478 Babylon 3472 . 3437 • 3347 Euphrates 3333 LI 3330 Hussein 3215 Congress 3191 pp 3140 Mosul 3118 Defense 2993 Gulf 2907 i. 2859 Syria 2776 Committee 2676 vol 2676 NJ38 Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 94876 it 94401 i 85449 we 48660 they 44750 you 39052 he 22220 them 14058 us 13018 me 11479 him 3655 she 3341 themselves 3069 himself 2797 itself 1384 her 1264 one 1076 myself 962 ourselves 628 thee 378 's 265 herself 185 yourself 135 mine 107 theirs 83 ex- 76 yours 69 ours 56 his 40 be- 37 thyself 35 pos- 32 ye 29 i'm 29 as- 25 s 23 thou 23 oneself 22 i- 22 him- 19 em 19 at- 18 thither 18 ther 16 ’s 15 'em 13 u 10 you're 10 hers 9 tury 7 withal Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 456834 be 148958 have 45880 do 27996 see 24173 make 20969 go 19699 say 18127 think 16864 take 14407 know 12776 give 12354 come 11793 find 10824 get 9453 use 8438 call 8332 provide 8203 thank 7927 continue 7569 want 7493 need 7219 include 6999 leave 6677 believe 6655 seem 6500 work 6441 follow 6118 bring 6055 appear 6005 ask 5965 become 5818 look 5478 begin 5411 tell 5411 remain 5324 build 5160 lead 4929 pass 4775 put 4766 try 4575 hold 4539 carry 4452 let 4416 meet 4408 stand 4394 support 4333 receive 4268 require 4170 show 4164 reach Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 70599 not 23554 iraqi 22328 more 21578 other 19464 so 19109 very 16694 also 14896 now 14238 great 14184 only 14091 well 12691 most 12313 up 12129 many 12127 as 11689 first 11273 much 11014 out 10490 long 10375 here 9833 then 9371 large 9320 even 9297 just 9065 such 8889 good 8491 new 8383 military 8185 political 8126 same 7762 however 7399 there 7397 high 7247 still 7223 small 6867 own 6750 early 6603 little 6580 about 6551 important 6297 last 6109 few 5975 far 5389 down 5323 again 5200 several 4995 american 4987 back 4958 - 4843 able Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3922 most 2966 least 2704 good 967 great 918 large 854 high 783 Most 633 early 483 bad 334 late 298 low 270 first 212 fine 173 big 169 strong 154 near 141 old 124 small 115 rich 114 eld 100 close 83 slight 71 deep 68 long 63 easy 60 full 54 poor 53 short 47 broad 44 simple 43 hard 41 pure 39 hot 38 choice 34 tough 33 young 33 remote 33 common 30 mean 29 fair 29 bright 28 noble 28 heavy 27 brave 26 topmost 24 wild 23 wide 23 weak 23 safe 22 narrow Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8769 most 768 least 496 well 20 worst 13 first 13 early 11 highest 9 hard 7 long 4 greatest 3 knowest 2 oldest 2 near 2 lowest 2 fast 2 desirest 1 wr.i. 1 widest 1 westernmost 1 wa'r 1 smallest 1 richest 1 quick 1 lm.4\. 1 kings^ 1 irst 1 holdest 1 gayest 1 furthest 1 finest 1 deepest 1 crudest 1 contracting.–significantly 1 brightest 1 ablest 1 -15- 1 +29,016 Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 www.access.gpo.gov 14 www.wisconsingroject.org 14 www.defenselink.mil 13 www.gao.gov 10 www.gpoaccess.gov 9 www.wisconsinproject.org 8 www.whitehouse.gov 8 www.house.gov 7 www.globalsecurity.org 7 www.foreignaffairs.house.gov 7 www.cpa-iraq.org 6 www.nytimes.com 6 www.iraqcoalition.org 5 www.washingtonpost.com 5 www.fas.org 5 www.cpa- 5 www.congress.gov 5 www 4 www.usip.org 4 www.state.gov 4 www.npr.org 4 www.mnstci.iraq.centcom.mil 4 www.csis.org 4 www.ceip.org 4 news.bbc.co.uk 4 armed-services.senate.gov 3 www.sigir.mil 3 www.rand.org 3 www.pbs.org 3 www.afsouth.nato.int 3 www.aei.org 2 www.weeklystandard.com 2 www.un.org 2 www.stimson.org 2 www.realcities.com 2 www.msnbc.msn.com 2 www.mastci.iraq.centcom.mil 2 www.iri.org 2 www.haaretz.com 2 www.gpo.gov 2 www.fdsys.gov 2 www.eia.doe.gov 2 www.cia.gov 2 pewglobal.org 2 ebird.afis.mil 2 call2.army.mil 1 www.usip 1 www.usdoj.gov 1 www.us.army.mil> 1 www.turkishpolicy Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 17 http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate 14 http://www.wisconsingroject.org/pubs/reports/1991/licensemd.html 9 http://www.wisconsinproject.org/pubs/reports/1991/licensemd.html 9 http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html 7 http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/ 5 http://www.iraqCoalition.org/regulations 5 http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/#Orders 5 http://www.cpa- 5 http://www 4 http://www.house.gov/reform 3 http://www.house.gov/international 3 http://www.gao.gov 3 http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd051104.pdf 2 http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy011007.pdf 2 http://www.stimson.org/campaign/currhst.htm 2 http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/17104704.htm 2 http://www.gpo.gov/congress/house 2 http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06788.html 2 http://www.fdsys.gov/ 2 http://www.ceip.org/programs/npp 2 http://ebird.afis.mil/ebfiles/e20050816385666.html 2 http://armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2007/January/Petraeus%2001-23-07.pdf 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy01 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq- 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110-3.html 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060322-3.html 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/enws/releases/ 1 http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/013/732mbyva.asp?pg=1 1 http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/ 1 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/19/AR2007071902432 1 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/16/AR2007021602195.html> 1 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/091AR2007020902344.html> 1 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/03/AR2007020301604.html> 1 http://www.washingtonpost.com 1 http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr179.html> 1 http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr137.html 1 http://www.usip.org/library/oh/ 1 http://www.usip.org/events/2006/ 1 http://www.usip 1 http://www.usdoj.gov/oipr 1 http://www.us.army.mil> 1 http://www.un.org/peace/srebrenica.pdf> 1 http://www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/treaty/ 1 http://www.turkishpolicy 1 http://www.transparency.org/policy 1 http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/ 1 http://www.state.gov/s/ctºrisºther/dev/23085 1 http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rpt/iraqstatus/c20699.htm 1 http://www.state.gov/documents/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 4 outreach@carlisle.army.mil 4 rita.rummel@carlisle.army.mil 2 fraudnet@gao.gov 2 jarmong@gao.gov 1 order@rand.org 1 mll@rubinbaum.com 1 l@v.li 1 kisepp@nps.edu 1 christokj@geo.gov 1 christoffj@gao.gov 1 sciriwdc@aol.com 1 leonard.wong@carlisle.army.mil 1 iis@c.isic 1 equlomem_decl@1.qtl 1 eill@l.llsl 1 beckers@gao.gov 1 andersonpl@gao.gov 1 anderson1@gao.gov 1 .e.@ss.hs Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 iraq is not 110 time is up 75 iraq does not 72 iraq has not 64 iraq did not 54 * see above 51 iraq is now 41 government has not 41 iraq was not 36 government does not 36 people are not 36 states does not 35 iraq is still 34 forces are not 32 * see appendix 32 iraq had not 30 states is not 29 people do n't 27 iraq has also 24 people do not 23 states has not 23 war is not 22 * see vol 21 states did not 20 iraq is very 20 time is not 18 country is not 18 government is not 18 iraq are not 18 iraq is also 18 time goes on 18 time went on 16 iraq has now 16 question is not 15 iraq has already 15 iraq was able 15 u.s. does not 14 government has also 13 * see note 13 u.s. is not 12 * see below 12 * see woodcut 12 iraq has never 12 iraq is unacceptable 12 states was not 11 countries are not 11 country is open 11 force is not 11 iraq do not 11 iraq does n't Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 iraq has not yet 8 iraq had not yet 7 iraq is not likely 6 forces are no longer 6 forces are not yet 5 iraq is no exception 5 iraq was not popular 4 iraq had no wmd 4 iraq has no prior 4 iraq is not yet 4 men were not able 4 place was not very 4 states has no intention 4 war is not only 3 countries were not indeed 3 day have no idea 3 government has not yet 3 iraq has no means 3 iraq is no longer 3 iraq is not just 3 iraq is not only 3 iraq is not something 3 people made no response 3 states is no longer 3 states is not willing 3 time was not likely 3 u.s. is no longer 3 u.s. is not prepared 3 war was not actually 3 years are not necessarily 2 countries are not now 2 countries were not signatories 2 country are not only 2 country are not so 2 country has no prominent 2 country is no longer 2 day is not unusual 2 day was not much 2 force is not something 2 force is not viable 2 forces are not neutral 2 forces are not productive 2 forces are not there 2 forces is not skill 2 government has no power 2 government has not significantly 2 government is not well 2 government is not willing 2 iraq does not even 2 iraq does not necessarily Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 451311 pst.000063504644 424724 pst.000058944820 275949 mdp.39015024772066 251691 pst.000066743903 226150 umn.31951p002508003 222000 hvd.32044041883190 216281 njp.32101064228248 212602 nyp.33433081838231 197224 nyp.33433081838249 193277 mdp.39015016612064 188851 umn.31951d02402919g 170225 nyp.33433081838223 169831 njp.32101064228255 161587 njp.32101073338004 160803 uc1.31822028850576 155271 mdp.39015021941268 153123 hvd.hwaqiz 152977 mdp.39015009157127 152639 pst.000009625655 146792 mdp.39015019378010 142717 mdp.39015019378002 142249 hvd.32044013544036 139602 pst.000058162255 138864 coo.31924002123820 136081 pur1.32754073188041 133873 pur1.32754070066661 130338 pst.000021153716 129025 njp.32101073337998 128139 njp.32101074687722 127927 mdp.39015008207055 126852 wu.89099038101 124984 mdp.39015015361390 121199 hvd.32044022681506 120852 hvd.32044042302588 117238 pur1.32754062231927 116525 uc1.31210012244107 113865 mdp.49015000271917 112231 hvd.32044080919566 111903 hvd.32044037721263 108867 njp.32101064228768 108493 hvd.hx4ag2 106694 uiug.30112074870798 105534 pst.000063517187 104503 mdp.39015063604725 104024 pst.000015764072 102918 hvd.32044043335181 96674 hvd.32044037681715 94863 uc1.b5154993 94387 nyp.33433081591152 94082 mdp.39015018502909 90490 pst.000047034969 88694 njp.32101073337972 87779 pst.000065527542 85151 pst.000058153734 84913 hvd.32044022682017 84069 mdp.39076002693070 83240 pst.000019702957 82062 mdp.39015006972270 80151 pst.000061490321 78436 uc1.31210011074570 77381 pst.000063504392 76833 mdp.39076002693062 75997 mdp.39015090298962 74987 mdp.39015030983731 72436 mdp.39015005452175 72247 mdp.39015090306526 71067 pst.000024728164 69335 pst.000065527788 69145 hvd.32044076903947 64601 pst.000063092011 62526 uc1.31822038358743 58900 uc1.32106000807427 58894 pst.000061491793 58102 mdp.39015026638026 57559 mdp.39015019998692 56852 pst.000063502961 55369 pur1.32754074688189 55243 pst.000049670080 53216 hvd.32044004834693 53045 pst.000051632199 51795 wu.89097543953 50797 mdp.39015001694838 50583 mdp.39015027193583 49387 wu.89097543938 48792 pur1.32754077977498 47785 uc1.b5067155 47542 pst.000061495852 45659 uc1.b3063850 44926 pst.000017591218 44379 njp.32101037637947 43099 pst.000061513914 43042 pur1.32754076785454 42919 pst.000043017171 42221 njp.32101037637939 41859 uc1.31822038365789 41626 pst.000063508048 41581 mdp.39015074054647 40697 pst.000056548099 40626 pst.000061490710 40145 pst.000065506660 39883 pst.000058945407 38953 pst.000021237553 38918 umn.31951d027384363 38779 umn.31951d03156537t 38494 mdp.39015039056646 37694 pst.000055837644 36873 mdp.39015033083182 36680 pst.000055838788 35726 pst.000063509298 34658 uc1.b5158241 34331 umn.31951d03556309e 33746 pst.000032116984 33509 pst.000043020119 33206 pst.000065512678 32660 pst.000058163320 32206 uc1.b3409085 32062 pst.000065501634 31629 mdp.39015090412597 30276 uc1.31210010550968 29485 umn.31951d03526885w 29241 pur1.32754077577462 28985 pur1.32754077080814 28683 hvd.32044037681590 27906 wu.89097543664 27567 nyp.33433070301860 27352 pst.000063527636 27350 pst.000065510728 27068 buf.39072021986504 26546 pst.000033098807 26508 pst.000065520925 26232 pst.000021574627 26164 njp.32101073338012 26006 pst.000063523386 25545 nnc1.0114647001 25020 pst.000020340032 24482 uc1.c110541047 23509 nyp.33433081601746 22228 uva.x000133961 19991 uiug.30112104153223 19729 hvd.hxgffp 18856 umn.31951d02855379l 18142 hvd.32044080318603 17564 mdp.39015014778420 17489 hvd.32044017270919 16341 uva.x006147672 16325 pur1.32754077097107 15787 uc1.c110933805 15716 pst.000051636159 14239 pur1.32754077082406 13088 pst.000054565814 12779 mdp.39015075692908 12644 pst.000061489530 11886 pst.000051633561 11181 pst.000063092387 10661 uc1.b5158272 10577 pur1.32754077080848 9724 pst.000047037502 9696 pst.000065517673 9557 pst.000063511185 9499 pst.000055833059 9474 umn.31951d024033416 9293 pst.000063501599 9144 umn.31951001512877n 8867 umn.31951d02265142g 8835 mdp.39015061167568 8822 uc1.31822037824430 8744 umn.31951d02855377p 8723 pst.000058935507 8334 umn.31951d038001015 8152 pst.000033129624 8073 mdp.39015089026895 7379 pst.000054565821 7316 pst.000055830461 7284 pst.000058946817 7223 pst.000045413599 7155 mdp.39015090376032 6699 pst.000018075236 6698 uc1.31822024264145 6640 mdp.39015090379911 6618 pst.000019985565 6598 uc1.31822037823069 6586 uc1.c073377415 6563 pur1.32754077070351 6524 uc1.31822038347944 6499 inu.32000006720066 6419 uc1.31822030281034 6202 pst.000066755616 6201 pst.000065514979 6130 pst.000065505427 6125 pst.000063510119 6108 pst.000044859275 6028 uc1.b5158270 5937 pst.000063514667 5816 pur1.32754061516633 5727 pst.000063508888 5664 pst.000031262927 5645 pur1.32754077252686 5573 pst.000051628598 5495 pur1.32754074680368 5483 pst.000043023042 5461 uc1.31210010692950 5400 uc1.31822028879765 5396 pst.000058792209 5384 pst.000061495678 5300 pst.000017158480 5279 uc1.b5158265 5167 pst.000063504040 4907 pst.000033083094 4895 pst.000061489462 4888 umn.31951d02855378n 4871 uc1.31210010699716 4865 pst.000018074000 4808 pst.000050348930 4741 uc1.31822038349031 4675 pst.000043079001 4623 uc1.b5157871 4570 pst.000065503331 4551 pst.000065505380 4521 uc1.b5155035 4509 mdp.39015062476117 4502 mdp.39015016871819 4479 pst.000063508857 4425 pst.000065505410 4359 mdp.39015089028859 4325 pst.000063501568 4277 pst.000061515420 4164 mdp.39015011012013 4114 pst.000055827102 4112 pur1.32754078645755 4087 pst.000063507928 4076 pst.000058930113 4050 pst.000058153529 4017 mdp.39015063093572 3979 pst.000017170857 3905 pst.000058937488 3867 pst.000061500501 3857 pst.000061509849 3811 mdp.39015089031796 3805 pst.000061502949 3735 pst.000066745990 3689 mdp.39015056266201 3607 pst.000043000760 3539 mdp.39015052672220 3494 mdp.39015058148019 3469 uc1.b5158246 3440 pur1.32754076795990 3439 mdp.39015089030350 3085 mdp.39015089028818 3012 pur1.32754076910045 3012 mdp.39015061865062 2834 nyp.33433064233905 2644 pst.000043078448 2578 mdp.39015090412662 2459 pst.000022376732 2269 pst.000055832007 2236 pst.000063525007 2209 buf.39072029471442 2163 uc1.31210010551016 1943 pst.000019262543 1859 pst.000050332076 1821 pst.000056563115 1613 pur1.32754078870718 1560 mdp.39015063996246 1531 uc1.31822038362018 1378 pst.000014266638 1351 uc1.31210010699708 1265 pur1.32754076785330 1261 pst.000047043503 1204 umn.31951d02303836m 1181 uc1.c040076224 996 mdp.39015050163685 990 pst.000063092370 982 pur1.32754068923923 925 pur1.32754068491087 897 pur1.32754078695677 876 wu.89095897252 868 uc1.31210014082943 781 umn.31951d02570031n 753 uc1.c040108416 736 pst.000065527535 718 uc1.31822009597576 711 pur1.32754079182451 644 pur1.32754076910516 642 pur1.32754076273683 635 mdp.39015063093531 567 umn.31951d007667521 532 pst.000066765707 509 umn.31951d02111652e 497 pur1.32754069306276 493 umn.31951d02104310x 487 uc1.31210023573817 482 pur1.32754076911803 381 pur1.32754067682231 352 njp.32101077794699 350 ien.35556002416428 324 pst.000043032082 250 uva.x004712018 113 pur1.32754071558724 105 pur1.32754077263527 10 hvd.32044098162449 1 pur1.32754066833017 1 pur1.32754070182997 pur1.32754069267783 umn.31951d02174855l pur1.32754069240137 pur1.32754077957508 umn.31951d022463289 uc1.31210024852434 uc1.31210023602632 pur1.32754069252132 pur1.32754070303866 pur1.32754069115537 pur1.32754068921851 pur1.32754071073856 pst.000033098630 umn.319510030595911 pur1.32754078698937 umn.31951002980857x umn.31951p01092318c pur1.32754069279671 pur1.32754074476122 pur1.32754076953201 pur1.32754071537777 umn.31951d01953404n pur1.32754074127402 pur1.32754077261620 umn.31951d022463297 pur1.32754079217224 pur1.32754066832993 pur1.32754076922610 umn.31951d019533592 pur1.32754070067586 umn.31951d019721666 pur1.32754074681911 uc1.c2676593 pur1.32754073964318 pur1.32754071754455 pur1.32754067946081 pur1.32754067958763 pur1.32754067965073 pur1.32754077956724 umn.319510029815396 umn.31951002977920n umn.31951d00766753z pur1.32754078108689 mdp.39015063093507 pur1.32754077253304 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 93.0 pur1.32754077263527 92.0 uc1.31210023573817 91.0 njp.32101073338004 90.0 njp.32101073337998 87.0 njp.32101037637947 86.0 hvd.32044080919566 86.0 nyp.33433081601746 85.0 njp.32101037637939 85.0 hvd.32044037681590 85.0 nyp.33433081838249 85.0 mdp.39015016612064 84.0 mdp.39015021941268 83.0 njp.32101073337972 83.0 hvd.32044037721263 82.0 pst.000043032082 81.0 mdp.39015006972270 81.0 nyp.33433081838223 81.0 njp.32101064228255 80.0 wu.89097543938 80.0 wu.89097543953 80.0 hvd.32044041883190 80.0 njp.32101064228248 80.0 pst.000017170857 80.0 pur1.32754074680368 79.0 umn.31951d02855379l 79.0 umn.31951d02855378n 79.0 hvd.32044080318603 79.0 nyp.33433081838231 79.0 umn.31951p002508003 79.0 hvd.32044076903947 78.0 mdp.39015011012013 78.0 uc1.b5067155 78.0 uc1.31210010692950 78.0 pst.000065510728 78.0 pst.000063501568 78.0 uc1.31210010551016 77.0 njp.32101064228768 77.0 pst.000058937488 77.0 pst.000021574627 77.0 hvd.32044042302588 77.0 pst.000019702957 77.0 pst.000018074000 76.0 mdp.39015009157127 76.0 uc1.31210010699708 76.0 hvd.32044022682017 76.0 njp.32101074687722 76.0 hvd.32044043335181 76.0 wu.89095897252 75.0 umn.31951d02855377p 75.0 pst.000049670080 75.0 hvd.hwaqiz 75.0 mdp.39015026638026 75.0 uc1.31822028879765 75.0 pur1.32754076910516 75.0 hvd.32044004834693 74.0 pst.000065517673 74.0 wu.89097543664 74.0 hvd.hxgffp 74.0 pst.000021237553 74.0 pst.000066765707 74.0 mdp.39015015361390 74.0 mdp.39015027193583 74.0 nyp.33433081591152 73.0 pst.000063501599 73.0 pst.000063092387 73.0 mdp.39015019998692 73.0 pst.000061490710 73.0 pst.000063523386 73.0 pst.000065520925 73.0 njp.32101073338012 73.0 mdp.39076002693070 73.0 pst.000058944820 73.0 pst.000058935507 73.0 mdp.39015090412662 73.0 pst.000021153716 72.0 hvd.32044017270919 72.0 pst.000054565821 72.0 uc1.b5158272 72.0 mdp.39076002693062 72.0 uc1.31210012244107 72.0 umn.31951d038001015 72.0 nnc1.0114647001 72.0 pst.000058792209 72.0 pst.000009625655 72.0 wu.89099038101 72.0 mdp.39015008207055 72.0 pst.000063525007 71.0 pst.000061489530 71.0 pst.000063502961 71.0 pst.000020340032 71.0 pst.000055832007 71.0 pst.000061500501 71.0 uc1.31822038349031 71.0 pur1.32754074688189 71.0 umn.31951001512877n 71.0 pst.000065503331 71.0 mdp.39015090306526 71.0 pur1.32754071558724 71.0 uva.x000133961 71.0 pst.000065505427 71.0 nyp.33433070301860 71.0 pst.000047043503 71.0 mdp.39015089026895 71.0 pst.000043020119 71.0 uc1.31822028850576 70.0 mdp.39015014778420 70.0 pst.000061495852 70.0 pst.000061489462 70.0 mdp.39015063996246 70.0 pst.000033129624 70.0 umn.31951d007667521 70.0 hvd.32044013544036 70.0 pst.000063504644 70.0 pst.000061502949 70.0 pst.000065527542 70.0 pst.000066745990 70.0 pur1.32754073188041 69.0 umn.31951d027384363 69.0 hvd.32044037681715 69.0 pst.000065501634 69.0 pur1.32754077080814 69.0 pst.000058163320 69.0 pst.000054565814 69.0 uiug.30112104153223 69.0 uiug.30112074870798 69.0 mdp.39015063604725 69.0 hvd.32044022681506 69.0 inu.32000006720066 69.0 pst.000051636159 69.0 pst.000022376732 69.0 uc1.31822024264145 68.0 mdp.39015089030350 68.0 pur1.32754077577462 68.0 pst.000065505380 68.0 pst.000061513914 68.0 pst.000065514979 68.0 mdp.39015039056646 68.0 pst.000063504040 68.0 pst.000065506660 68.0 pst.000058946817 68.0 pst.000017158480 68.0 pst.000056548099 68.0 uc1.b5158241 68.0 mdp.39015090412597 68.0 pst.000033098807 68.0 pst.000061509849 68.0 pst.000043023042 67.0 pur1.32754077080848 67.0 pst.000043017171 67.0 pst.000050332076 67.0 pst.000055837644 67.0 mdp.39015016871819 67.0 pst.000066755616 67.0 uc1.c110933805 67.0 mdp.39015005452175 67.0 pst.000044859275 67.0 pst.000058162255 67.0 pst.000032116984 67.0 uc1.31210010699716 66.0 uc1.31822038358743 66.0 pst.000058945407 66.0 pur1.32754070066661 66.0 pst.000063509298 66.0 pur1.32754077082406 66.0 pur1.32754077097107 66.0 pst.000055838788 66.0 pst.000061490321 66.0 pst.000033083094 66.0 pst.000061515420 66.0 mdp.39015050163685 66.0 pst.000063508048 66.0 pst.000058153734 66.0 pst.000061495678 66.0 uc1.31822037824430 66.0 uc1.b3063850 66.0 pst.000043000760 65.0 pst.000065512678 65.0 ien.35556002416428 65.0 pur1.32754077977498 65.0 pst.000043079001 65.0 pst.000063508857 65.0 uc1.b5157871 65.0 uc1.32106000807427 65.0 pst.000014266638 65.0 mdp.39015089028859 65.0 pst.000065505410 65.0 pst.000047037502 65.0 mdp.39015090376032 65.0 pst.000065527788 65.0 umn.31951d03556309e 65.0 uc1.b3409085 65.0 pur1.32754062231927 65.0 pur1.32754077252686 65.0 pst.000031262927 64.0 mdp.39015001694838 64.0 pst.000058930113 64.0 pst.000066743903 64.0 umn.31951d03526885w 64.0 pst.000061491793 64.0 uc1.b5154993 64.0 pst.000055833059 64.0 uc1.31210011074570 64.0 pst.000045413599 64.0 pst.000017591218 63.0 pst.000063092370 63.0 umn.31951d02303836m 63.0 uc1.b5158246 63.0 mdp.39015089031796 63.0 pst.000055827102 63.0 uc1.b5158270 63.0 pst.000055830461 63.0 pur1.32754076273683 63.0 umn.31951d03156537t 63.0 coo.31924002123820 63.0 pst.000047034969 63.0 buf.39072021986504 63.0 pst.000024728164 63.0 uc1.b5155035 62.0 pst.000063517187 62.0 mdp.39015052672220 62.0 uc1.c073377415 62.0 pst.000063508888 62.0 pur1.32754061516633 62.0 umn.31951d02265142g 62.0 uc1.31210010550968 62.0 uva.x004712018 61.0 pur1.32754079182451 61.0 uc1.31822009597576 61.0 mdp.39015018502909 61.0 pst.000051633561 60.0 pst.000058153529 60.0 pst.000019985565 60.0 mdp.39015090379911 60.0 uc1.31822038365789 60.0 pur1.32754078645755 60.0 mdp.39015075692908 60.0 pst.000063510119 60.0 mdp.39015058148019 60.0 mdp.39015090298962 60.0 pst.000051628598 59.0 pst.000063527636 59.0 uc1.b5158265 59.0 hvd.hx4ag2 59.0 uc1.31822030281034 59.0 pst.000043078448 58.0 pur1.32754077070351 58.0 pst.000019262543 58.0 uva.x006147672 58.0 uc1.c040076224 58.0 pst.000063092011 58.0 uc1.31822038362018 58.0 pst.000063504392 58.0 pst.000065527535 58.0 uc1.31822038347944 58.0 mdp.39015061167568 57.0 mdp.39015019378010 57.0 mdp.39015019378002 57.0 pst.000018075236 57.0 uc1.c110541047 57.0 umn.31951d02111652e 57.0 umn.31951d02570031n 56.0 uc1.31210014082943 56.0 mdp.49015000271917 56.0 nyp.33433064233905 56.0 mdp.39015062476117 56.0 pur1.32754076785454 56.0 pur1.32754076785330 55.0 pst.000051632199 55.0 mdp.39015074054647 55.0 pst.000063511185 55.0 uc1.31822037823069 55.0 umn.31951d024033416 54.0 pur1.32754078870718 54.0 mdp.39015056266201 53.0 umn.31951d02104310x 53.0 mdp.39015089028818 52.0 pur1.32754078695677 52.0 mdp.39015063093531 51.0 mdp.39015033083182 51.0 pst.000063507928 51.0 pst.000056563115 51.0 umn.31951d02402919g 51.0 mdp.39015061865062 50.0 pst.000050348930 49.0 pst.000063514667 47.0 pur1.32754069306276 46.0 pur1.32754067682231 46.0 njp.32101077794699 45.0 pur1.32754068491087 44.0 pur1.32754068923923 43.0 pur1.32754076910045 43.0 pur1.32754076795990 42.0 buf.39072029471442 41.0 uc1.c040108416 39.0 mdp.39015063093572 29.0 pur1.32754076911803 121.0 pur1.32754066833017 121.0 pur1.32754070182997 113.0 mdp.39015024772066 113.0 pst.000015764072 105.0 mdp.39015030983731 10.0 hvd.32044098162449 pur1.32754069267783 umn.31951d02174855l pur1.32754069240137 pur1.32754077957508 umn.31951d022463289 uc1.31210024852434 uc1.31210023602632 pur1.32754069252132 pur1.32754070303866 pur1.32754069115537 pur1.32754068921851 pur1.32754071073856 pst.000033098630 umn.319510030595911 pur1.32754078698937 umn.31951002980857x umn.31951p01092318c pur1.32754069279671 pur1.32754074476122 pur1.32754076953201 pur1.32754071537777 umn.31951d01953404n pur1.32754074127402 pur1.32754077261620 umn.31951d022463297 pur1.32754079217224 pur1.32754066832993 pur1.32754076922610 umn.31951d019533592 pur1.32754070067586 umn.31951d019721666 pur1.32754074681911 uc1.c2676593 pur1.32754073964318 pur1.32754071754455 pur1.32754067946081 pur1.32754067958763 pur1.32754067965073 pur1.32754077956724 umn.319510029815396 umn.31951002977920n umn.31951d00766753z pur1.32754078108689 mdp.39015063093507 pur1.32754077253304 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- buf.39072021986504 In the future, given a different enemy, on different terrain, Iraqi mechanized infantry and armored division operations would likely take on a Soviet style and pace. Iraqi corps probably have a brigade size air defense artillery (ADA) unit for protection of the corps headquarters and logistics areas. The battalion''s mission includes constructing obstacles, conducting engineer reconnaissance, constructing defensive positions, clearing enemy obstacles, building roads, and supporting bridging units in bridging operations. Additionally, each conventional maneuver brigade has a supply and transportation company, a headquarters and signal company, a chemical platoon, a commando company (the commando unit is separate from the division commando force), a reconnaissance platoon, and assault engineer company. Use of limited objectives was more likely due to a lack of reliable intelligence on the enemy rear area, lack of deep indirect fire support due to a lack of long range target acquisition (radars), poor tactical initiative displayed by small unit commanders, or specific orders from GHQ for limited operations due to strategic considerations. buf.39072029471442 By the same token, the elimination of Iraq as a strategic threat or the installation of a new but equallyantagonistic regime would confront the United States with a number of complex and novel policy choices: the role of Saudi Arabia in U.S. regional security strategy, the degree to which a friendlyand pro-American Iraq could become the focus of Adecision not to use U.S. military force to evict Saddam in favor of continuing long-term containment must confront three realities: first, sanctions are alreadyalmost impossible to enforce; second, Iraq will eventuallypossess and deployWMD and longer-range ballistic missiles; and third, the U.S. military presence in the region, especially Saudi Arabia, is a source of growing resentment and a mounting domestic liability for the ruling families of host countries. Either a continuation of the policy of active containment or a policy of retrenched defense and deterrence would require the maintenance of a significant military presence in the Gulf, with all its attendant political and security risks for both the Gulf Arab countries and the United States. coo.31924002123820 works; and his share falls substantially below this percentage whenever the land is irrigated by privately-owned pumps or the landlord supplies seed, draft animals or machinery. insure more economical use of available water, thereby making possible a further expansion of the area under cultivation in the irrigation zone. an urgent need, however, to ascertain through practical experimentation, carried out under the joint technical supervision of agricultural and irrigation experts, the optimum amount of water required for each crop and to disseminate these findings among the research which will develop new crops and more productive varieties, improved livestock breeds, better methods of cultivation, and replaced by a new act in 1950, provides limited but generous exemptions from income and surtaxes and customs duties, and government land free of rent for 10 years. importance is also attached to the early development of an adequate agricultural extension service, supported by an effective practical experimental organization, which would work directly with hvd.32044004834693 vain speculation ;-in short, to furnish an accurate account of the existing remains of ancient grandeur, to describe their present desolation, and to trace something like a correct — Remains of a wall.—Earthen vases.-Ruins, called Hoomania.—Discovery of Athenian coins.-Fleet of boats.— Rapidity of the Euphrates.-Remarks on ancient Babylon.—The city built by Semiramis. Hall.–Village of Ananah.—Situation of Babylon.–Pyramidal Ruin, called El Hamir.-Mode of building.-Characters on the Bricks.-Cylindrical Bricks.-Colossal bronze The River Al Hud, or Hid.— Curious culinary operations.-Filthy state of the Arabs, dress, &c.—The Hamrine Mountains.—The Tigris.—Inland navigation.—Monotonous aspect of the country.-Mountains of Lauristan.City of Ctesiphon.--Extensive mound.High wall.–Supposed canal.--Ancient remains.--Description of Tauk governor.Gardens.—Rapidity of the Euphrates.Remarks on ancient Babylon.—The city built by Semiramis. Jeremiah._Village of Elugo.-Remarkable Niche.--Discoveries of Mr. Rich.-Large earthen Sarcophagus.-Grandeur of the Ruins.--Extensive embankment.-Lofty elliptical Mound.-A1 Kasr, or the Palace.--Numerous Ravines. hvd.32044013544036 mission of inquiry into the present state of religion and literature among the ancient Christian churches of the East. simple church, brought to my mind the recollection of primitive times, when the early believers hid themselves and practiced their sacred rites in the caves and dens of the earth, possessed great influence over the Jacobite Syrians of Diarbekir ; the more so, perhaps, because no bishop was appointed to it, it having been considered from early times as of the second century, we find the Christian religion pervading the regions of ancient Assyria, and possessing a considerable number of adherents even in Persia itself. Before a portion of the Nestorian community placed themselves under a patriarch, nominated by the Pope, and arrogated to their new sect the distinctive title of the Chaldean The day after, the Christian left for his native city, bearing with him a large sum lent him by the munificent Suleiman, who proved ever afterwards his sure and stanch friend. hvd.32044017270919 We may have in our hands the development of the sites of the greatest ancient civilizations, the parents of our own knowledge, learning, destruction of the history of past ages of civilization. of a single great building with large courts surrounded by rooms; this is much like the palace of certain in Jerusalem." Whenever free excavation is possible, we may begin really to understand the history of the city in detail. In the eighteenth dynasty period a large quantity of pottery, imitating leather work in its forms two great divisions of history: (1) The bronzeusing, artistic, high civilization which was prized This great civilization of the Amorite Age was Like the Roman Empire later, the great means The still earlier Copper Age tombs are characterized by pottery incense burners like those lasted through the age of the Romans who absorbed their civilization; or like the Greek cities of artistic work of his age might probably be hvd.32044022681506 bricks and mortar of the hills and ridges of their nativeland, due to an innate aversion to the dead-level monotony of the Babylonian plain, while it is also a significant fact that in the earliest period Shamash the Sungod is represented with one foot resting on a mountain, boats, but the clay of their native soil furnished an allavailing and all-abundant material for the building operations of their palaces, temples and houses ; its possibilities were recognized at a very early date, and were made During the years 1851-1855 Place completed the excavation of Sargon''s palace, and also laid bare the surrounding buildings and rooms, carrying his work right large court of Ashur''s temple, part of the fortificationwall also receiving attention, while the main work centred round the palace-buildings of Shalmaneser I (circ. by the Assyrian kings, and accordingly contains the remains of several temples and palaces, but the ruins of hvd.32044022682017 the subject of Picture Worship.–Importance of studying the Eastern Churches for the sake of their Testimony.—The Steadfastness of the Eastern Christians in maintaining their Confession of The English Church at Mossoul.—State of the Christians.—Divisions.—State of Learning.—The Nestorian and Chaldean Churches of the East, remaining still in their present unprepared state, convulsed by the sudden blaze of free inquiry and unregulated knowledge, fall into pieces, of which Church, comes at length to look upon all religion with contempt, as a mercenary priestcraft or an empty form, unfit to hold the sway over free and Bearing of the Testimony upon the subject of Picture Worship.–Importance of studying the Eastern Churches for the sake of their Testimony.—The Steadfastness of the Eastern Christians in maintaining Christian man can look upon the present state of the Eastern Churches and reflect upon their long bondage of centuries, and see them still trodden down by the feet of Infidels, hvd.32044037681590 from capital city.-Its old name.-Names of Babylon in the inscriptions and their meanings. —The two great temples of Babylon.-Meaning of their names. merciful king.--His respect for the Babylonian temples.-Translation of an inscription in Babylonian ... Sebat, accession year of Neriglissar, king of Babylon ... Scene from the so-called "Sun-god Tablet," representing priests and Nebuchadnezzar''s prayer.-The two great temples of Babylon.Meaning restoration by all the Babylonian kings; one was called In other words, Nabonidus, king of Babylon, dug in Babylon, the first king of which was called Agu-kakrimi, the son of Tassi-gur-umas. Balawat.-Wars between the Assyrian and Babylonian kings.-Sargon king called Nabu-suma-iskun ruling over Babylon, But now a new king of Babylon arose called Merodach. Cyrus, king of Persia, the Lord God of heaven hath God of heaven and pray for the life of the king and of day, the 17th year of Nabonidus, king of Babylon. hvd.32044037681715 original records of Assyrian and Babylonian civilization was never more keen and active than at the present day. Such correspondence begins with the reign of Khammurabi of Babylon (about 2275 B.C.), and is especially abundant under the great Assyrian kings from land; the population is gathered into settled communities; cities are built; states are established, ruled the proud title, for the first time employed by a Babylonian ruler, "King of the Four (world-) Regions." These Babylonian city-states have kings at their new dynasty of the Babylonian kings'' list begins with direction, nor did the Assyrian king pursue his advantage, unless his campaigns in the east and southeast against the highland tribes, Ahlami, Guti, and had yielded her supremacy of the west-land, the Assyrian kings devoted themselves to conquest in the Assyrian king for the shrines of Babylonia, Shalmaneser visited the temples of Babylon, Borsippa, and hvd.32044037721263 View of Nineveh.-First Day''s Ride.—A Night with the Devil-worshipers.--Hills of Kurdistan.-The Kurds.--Stuck in the Mud.—Xenophon''s distributing port for all the cities, towns, and Arab encampments on the Tigris and the Euphrates, and for a of the Tigris.-Grand Mountains.—Arab Villages.—Ruins of Ancient Seleucia and Ctesiphon.—First View of Bagdad.—Guests of Captain Holland.—Wonders of Bagdad.—The People, Bazaars, Mosques, Churches, of the Tigris.-Grand Mountains.—Arab Villages.—Ruins of Ancient Seleucia and Ctesiphon.—First View of Bagdad.—Guests of Captain Holland.—Wonders of Bagdad.—The People, Bazaars, Mosques, Churches, —The Old Canals.-Remains of Belshazzar''s Palace.—The Famous Hanging Gardens.—Daniel''s Lion''s Den.—Harps on the Willows.-Rivers of —The Old Canals.-Remains of Belshazzar''s Palace.—The Famous Hanging Gardens.—Daniel''s Lion''s Den.—Harps on the Willows.-Rivers of —Remarkable Bridge.—Ancient Arbela.-Battle between Darius and Alexander the Great.—Greater Zab.—A Night with the Shepherds.-Habits and Customs of the Bedouins.—Eleventh Day Out.—Domes of Mosul, —Remarkable Bridge.—Ancient Arbela.-Battle between Darius and Alexander the Great.—Greater Zab.—A Night with the Shepherds.-Habits and Customs of the Bedouins.—Eleventh Day Out.—Domes of Mosul, hvd.32044041883190 Black Obelisk king, assigns him the second place in the invocation of thirteen gods with which he begins his record.10 The time of the early empire appears from the invocation of TiglathPileser I., where he occurs in the third place, between Bel and In the first place, then, if we ask ourselves where the Assyrians came from, and at what time they settled in the country king''s reign on any tablet been found Sammughes (Saül-mugina), Sardanato exceed the number of years which palus, his brother (Asshur-bani-pal), Pileser we can only say that these regions & This is one of the very few geoformed a portion of the mountain country graphic names in the early Assyrian writers to Semiramis were probably either Assyrian or Babylonian, and it is most likely) resembled the ordinary monuments which the kings of Babylon and Nineveh delighted to Asshur-bani-pal, the Assyrian king, who must at this time have hvd.32044042302588 great delicacy, standing figures, with one hand elevated, and holding in the other a stem or staff, surmounted by an ornament resembling the Egyptian to determine the forms and values of the Assyrian numerals by an examination of the inscriptions of Van. f This deity, under the name of Thoth, or Taut, was the Egyptian god traced to a foreign people, only one form of character has been discovered, and it so closely resembles the cursive of Assyria, that there appears to be But at the time he made the distinction he was unacquainted with the earliest monuments of Nimroud, and had only examined inscriptions from Khorsabad, and a fragment from Nimroud both belonging to the same period. Assyrian origin is generally admitted, and whose appearance on the monuments of Egypt affords important evidence in an inquiry into the date of the hvd.32044043335181 uncovered on the previous day, and the rest in following the wall at the S.W. corner of the mound. In this building were all manner of sculptured figures, and the walls were covered with inscriptions in an unknown language. behind the small lions f, which appeared to form an entrance, and to be connected with other walls. visit Sofuk, the Sheikh of the great Arab tribe of tents; in the first place I wished to obtain the friendship of the chief of a large tribe of Arabs, who would or to the left facing the great lion*, by an eagleheaded figure resembling that already described; adjoining it was a corner stone, occupied by the sacred Quitting the Yezidi district, we entered the mountains inhabited by the large Kurdish tribe of Missouri. Tiyari districts, massacred in cold blood nearly 10,000 of their inhabitant.-, and carried away as slaves a large number of women and children. hvd.32044076903947 roads to various places and also of reporting on the suitability of certain types of vehicles for desert work. equipment, and that, when necessary, these should accompany the unit, thus making it independent of the shortcomings of the country in which mechanical transport the Base M.T. Depôt to expand, in order to meet the augmented needs of the Stores Section at Basrah, the Advanced Stores at Baghdad, and the railhead depôt at Pai Tak. At the time of writing this book there is an armistice, and Packard workshop and store lorries, with the same equipment as for a Ford Van Company, and with the same number company of Ford vans arrived at Basrah, this work had to each month, consisting of the Assistant Director of Mechanical Transport, Column Commanders, O.C. Advanced M.T. Depôt, Officer-in-Charge Advanced M.T. Stores, and the hvd.32044080318603 examining two boxes of cuneiform tablets from our fourth expedition to Nippur, my attention was suddenly attracted by some According to my own view set forth in "Mathematical, Metrological and Chronological Tablets from the Temple Library of Nippur" (= "The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania," Series A, Vol. XX), Part 1, p. opposite "Tablet Hill," on the west side of the Shatt en-Nil. The left (Sumerian) columns of this interesting fragment are inscribed in the hieratic writing of tablets of rulers of the first dynasty from Nippur dated later than the 29th tablet dated after a ruler of the second dynasty thus far known was excavated world"); King, "Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets," XXI, pl. different Babylonian Deluge versions and their relation to the Biblical story). Vol. I: Old Babylonian Inscriptions, chiefly from Nippur, by H. Vol. V: Fragments of Epical Literature from the Temple Library of Nippur. hvd.32044080919566 "I have heard much concerning thy God, Heber," continued the soldier, after turning a moment to see if all was "Ay, Orma, thou art right as usual," said the old man "As the king lay gazing upon the wonderful scene it vanished and in its place there stood a great city, Babylon, encompassed by its mammoth walls. "A Jew!" cried the monarch angrily, "thou entrustedst a message of thy king''s to a Jewish servant? "In thy narrative," said Nehum when the prophet had finished, "thou saidst the Mede had sworn to assist the Lost Prince "Prince," said the old man, "thy words show me how deep farewell, King of Babylon, may thy reign be long and prosperous," said Vulmaran as he backed slowly toward the door. then, young man, I offer thee life and liberty if thou wilt follow I am told thou once escaped from the king''s hands and therefore he probably feared thy friends would again rescue thee. hvd.32044098162449 The Assyrian monuments illustrating the sermons of ... Maximilian Lindsay Kellner hvd.hwaqiz State of the Excavations on my Return to Mosul.-Discoveries at Kouyunjik.--Tunnels in the Mound.-Bas-reliefs representing Assyrian Conquests.-A Well.Siege of a City.--Nature of Sculptures at Kouyunjik. Extent of the Ruins explored.-Bases of Pillars.--Small objects.-Roman Coins struck at Nineveh.—Hoard of Denarii.-Greek Relics.-Absence of Assyrian Tombs.-Fragment with Egyptian Characters.--Assyrian Relics. district hitherto inaccessible may possibly contain the remains of ancient races, monuments of antiquity, and natural productions of sufficient importance to merit the attention of the traveller in Asia Minor. The king standing in his chariot, beneath the royal parasol, followed by long lines of dismounted warriors leading richly caparisoned horses, and by foot soldiers variously armed and accoutred, is receiving the captives and evidence that captives from foreign countries were employed in the great public works undertaken by the Assyrian kings, as we were led to infer, from the variety of hvd.hx4ag2 of information included scholarly journals and monographs, official reports of governments and international organizations, foreign and domestic newspapers, numerous periodicals, and interviews with individuals who have special competence on Iraqi and also to terminate the military aid and assistance it had been providing to the Iraqi Kurds (see The Kurdish War and the Iraq-Iran Trade and young industries received government support, and agricultural improvements, including the erection of controlled-flow irrigation works, substantially increased output. government corruption and the limited political expression available to the Iraqi public as a result of Nuri''s maintaining the equivalent of a police state. The most important exception to the Arab character of Iraq is the large Kurdish element; it was estimated to be over 18 percent of the total 1920 provided for permanent British control of any company established to develop Mesopotamian oil but allocated Iraqi interests 20 percent if they chose to invest. hvd.hxgffp Hilla, and commence my description with an account of the country about that place. place the ruins of Babylon considerably more to the Pasha of Bagdad has ordered a new wall to be constructed of the finest Babylonian bricks. In such a soil as that of Babylon it appears surprising how long some of the canals have remained. The ruins of the eastern quarter of Babylon commence about two miles above Hilla, and consist of of burnt brick laid in lime mortar of a very good quality are seen; and in addition to the substances generally strewed on the surfaces of all these mounds we surprising mass of all the remains of Babylon is situated in this desert, about six miles to the south-west Major Rennel considers this ruin as sufficiently answering to the site of the Tower of Belus: The Ruins of Babylon on the East Bank of the Euphrates. every ruin which remains of ancient Babylon to ien.35556002416428 settlement without real difficulty by the two Governments of ''Iraq Sir Gilbert Clayton, K.B.E., etc., His Britannic Majesty''s Commissioner and Plenipotentiary, to His Highness ''Abdu''l-Aziz ibn Your HighnESS, I spoke to Your Highness about the necessity of settling the question of loot and losses resulting from past raids by tribes from ''Iraq and 2. In accordance with our agreement, Taufiq Bey Suwaidi, the ''Iraq I have the honour, therefore, to request that Your Highness may, if you see fit, signify to me your concurrence in the following proposals :(a) That the ''Uqair Conference should be taken as the starting point for reckoning the losses claimed respectively by Iraq and Nejd on account of the raids which have taken place between that Conference and the date of ratification by the ''Iraq Government of the Bahra Agreement. (b) That the tribunal provided for in Article 2 of the Bahra inu.32000006720066 understanding there of the political situaphases of our inquiry, and from all parts of the Governments of Great Britain and Peace Conference, in which all the Allies not be much gain from further inquiry formation so received with reports, for The aim which France and Great Britain the Commission on Mandates and emin other parts of the Empire, in addition recent months, of the American Embassy have in view in prosecuting in the East the bodied in the Instructions to the Commisto the frequent reports by various investiand Consular Offices (through the kind war let loose by German ''ambition is the comsion, form a solid basis for the policy to portions of the Turkish Empire which to this principle is that the tutelage of such serious dangers involved in the selfish and resented, and felt to be a constant injusare to be permanently separated from peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations divisive national and corporate policies tice. mdp.39015001694838 APPENDIX XIII–List of Members of the Iraqi Delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization ...... as well as to the Iraqi Delegations to the United Nations General Assembly, for their kind assistance and advice. Congress, Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco, 1945, 22 vols.; London and Faisal, the Government of Iraq expressed "determined opposition" to the draft mandate prepared by the British Government for the approval of the League Council.16 A further before Iraq''s admission to the League of Nations it became involved in the Syrian-Iraqi border question and the Assyrian Although no Iraqi had served as a member of the Secretariat of the League of Nations, Iraq and other states were United Nations.8 The Iraqi delegations to the League''s Assembly were mainly staffed by persons of high political standing in Iraq, but only a few had had much formal training in mdp.39015005452175 Iraq''s unusually favorable position is based on a combination of several factors: a low density of population; an abundant supply of water; large tracts of fallow land that can be Source: Iraq Government, Development Board, Annual Reports for the Financial Tears, 1951, p. 2. Iraq Government, Development Board, Compilation of Laws Concerning drainage, land reclamation, new irrigation canals, improvement of existing canals, etc., the report states that 13 million both to irrigate four million dunums of new land and to improve the supplies of existing areas. 1. Iraq Government, Directorate General of Irrigation, Report on the Control Since over 70 per cent of the population is employed in agriculture or allied industries, land tenure is the human problem par excellence in Iraq. supporting the development program, it has been partly responsible for the expansion that has taken place in government services in the fields of health, education, credit, agriTHE OIL INDUSTRY 141 mdp.39015006972270 In addition to furnishing these valuable chronological indications — one cannot expect more reliable stratigraphic data from trial trenches — the various levels proved, quite unexpectedly, to be rich in objects of great importance. of the mound was brought down to Str. VI, following which we proceeded to excavate Strata VII and VIII in accordance with the original metres lower and, while the building material is the same in both instances, the beautifully designed structures of Str. VIII contrast sharply Fig. 2 is of brown ware and wet-smoothed; the design, in red paint, covers the inside walls and consists of a zigzag pattern surmounting a broad band. As was the case with the material from Str. VIII, most of our present pottery is made on the wheel, handmade specimens being confined The flat-based bowl of coarse brown or reddish brown ware which was so common in Str. VIII continues popular mdp.39015008207055 a bishopric, and was sufficiently important to be contended for in the early days of Islam, when a great battle The old man knew a little Persian, and spoke, little Kurdish village, the house of the head-man, well Our party was a small one, all natives of Sulaimania, except one muleteer, a Kurd of Halabja, a place I Since Layard''s time they have suffered further persecution from Turk, Kurd, and Christian, and at present Opposite was the village of Zailan, inhabited by a curious sub-tribe of Kurds in Arab dress, of a great Jaf tribe, and governor of Halabja and Shahr-i-Zur. A KURDISH PASHA places, villages along the Persian frontier-Kurds all, in her new houses a little colony of Persian Kurds, and Turkish Kurdistan, in being the residence of such powerful Kurdish people as Uthman Pasha, Lady Adela, Here I rested awhile, passing the time in conversation with the woman of the house, a good-looking Kurd mdp.39015009157127 his days in his little room on the south-west staircase in sorting tablets of his great corpus of texts, the " Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia." He gave me a set of plates of The lecturer wrote on a blackboard the text which he was going to discuss and translate, and each student took away a printed paper containing questions which were to be answered in writing, paper on certain contract tablets recording the commercial transactions of a great Babylonian firm of merchants reading or copying in his room I learned to know personally nearly all the great Oriental archæologists of which the Trustees of the British Museum had in obtaining a faramân (i.e., permit) to continue the excavations first journey, he found that the Keepers of the Departments of Antiquities in the British Museum wanted to buy most of his acquisitions, his work on the Egibi tablets in the British Museum, and mdp.39015011012013 period, the trade press reports that spot purchase and sale transactions in major export market centers, such as Rotterdam, the Mediterranean, and Singapore, have already reflected some signs of centers are relatively small compared to total free world oil consumption, the prices are widely publicized in the trade and general U.S. crude and product inventories are in relatively good shape, with some 175 million point, the oil importing nations of the world, including of course vulnerable to political uncertainty and possible sudden supply disruptions in the Middle East oil exporting countries. and in the near term, of the relatively small dependence that U.S. refiners have on the import of Iraqi, and of course Iranian, crude companies to take advantage of this situation and raise oil prices A DISRUPTION IN oil IMPORTS FROM OPEC countries could MEAN, countries, BUT AT THAT TIME THE OiL companies STILL ENERGY SUPPLY FOR A LONG TIME TO COME, mdp.39015014778420 the years immediately following the First World War. The country There are Christian communities in all the principal towns of Iraq, but their villages fall thickest in the Mosul district. As previously stated, Iraq has no public debts; it has on the contrary a semi-permanent and fixed income in the form of royalty receivable from the various oil companies operating or having concessions in motor traffic remained, and the new-born State of Iraq was faced with Air transport in Iraq dates as far back as 1921 when military aircraft of the Royal Air Force maintained a weekly civil service from In the years immediately before World War II Iraq, by virtue of the Middle East and the countries of Iraq''s Allies. tends to make the rising generation nation-conscious; to recall the tradition of Iraq as a center of Arab culture in the past, and to stimulate MACKAY (D.): The Ancient Cities of Iraq (London, 1926). mdp.39015015361390 2. FOUR GREAT CITIES OF SYRIA AND MESOPOTAMIA: DAMASCUS, ALEPPO, BAGHDAD AND BASRA * In the eighteenth century the so-called "Great Desert Route" connected the great merchant caravans, and what sort of goods they transported; how the various routes became popular for the use unbroken water-way to the East, in 1869, minimized the usefulness of a long land route, for as long as travel across it was dependent upon medieval methods of transportation. The desert highways were not monopolized entirely by commercial caravans, nor were merchants the only travellers to make De Thevenot, who journeyed in Syria with two passports, one Arabic and one Turkish, went from west to east, travelling from Damascus to Aleppo, and thence by the northern route East India Company; and they used the Great Desert Route which "The Great Desert Caravan Route, Aleppo to "The Great Desert Caravan Route, Aleppo to mdp.39015016612064 The great lowland province, which the Greeks called Mesopotamia, is the gift of its two rivers the Euphrates and the Tigris ; Also on the east bank, but lying three leagues above Dayr-alÂķal, was the small town of As-Sîb, for distinction called Sîb of country from which the Great Zâb flows is that known as Mushtakahar and Bâbghîsh according to Yâķût, and its waters at first Muķaddasî describes Thamânîn in the 4th (10th) century as a fairsized city, and it lay one march to the north of Al-Hasanîyah; own small river, is described by Ibn Hawķal as already a town of places lay near the bank of a great loop canal, called the Nahr describes it as a great place, well built, with fine markets, surrounded by abundantly watered gardens; and the lake (he adds) cities ; Yâķût, who gives both names, says little of the town, confining himself to a description of the sculptures and ruins on the mdp.39015016871819 Now the next order of business is draft legislation concerning the use of chemical weapons by Iraq. The purpose of the draft legislation is to demonstrate Congressional concern against Iraq''s use of chemical weapons against its While this measure deals chiefly with the abhorrent use of chemical weapons by the Iraqi Government, our concern for the long-suffering Kurdish minority in Iraq extends beyond the use of chemical being utilized by Iraq at that time in the chemical weapons. rest of the international community—to demonstrate the seriousness that we attach to the issue of the use of poison gas and chemical weapons. that there was no evidence of use of chemical weapons by Iraq that there was no evidence of use of chemical weapons by Iraq of chemical weapons in the Iran-Iraq war; chemical weapons against Iraq: Now, therefore, be it 2 (1) condemns the use of chemical weapons by Iraq mdp.39015018502909 Iraq experienced various other foreign rulers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Turks, and the British under a mandate established after World War I. The Baath high command succeeded in controlling Iraq''s military institution to a degree that surprised foreign observers. appeared to be gaining control of substantial areas of Iraqi territory, such as Al Faw Peninsula in the south and the northern mountainous Kurdish area-Iraq unleashed a barrage of missiles against Iraq was eager to have Iran allow the UN to begin clearing sunken ships from the Shatt al Arab so as to permit Iraqi access for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the 1958 revolution; they chose Faisal as Iraq''s first King; they established an between Sunnis (see Glossary) and Shias; the latter group, a minority in the Arab world as a whole, constitutes a majority in Iraq. mdp.39015019378002 the growing demand during the 1930''s for general reform, including measures in the spheres of land improvement and distribution, roadbuilding, irrigation, commerce, industry, public health the growing demand during the 1930''s for general reform, including measures in the spheres of land improvement and distribution, roadbuilding, irrigation, commerce, industry, public health In the mid-twentieth century, particularly since the 1958 Revolution, Iraq has formally stressed national citizenship in its Interim Constitution of 1964, but ethnic and religious communities In Iraq and elsewhere Kurdish nationalism has led to brief periods of Kurdish unity in opposition to dominate Arab governments, but intertribal rivalries and conflicts between modern and Known as the Law for Personal Status of 1959, it was based on the Shariat (Moslem religious law), statutes from other Islamic countries and legal precedents established in Iraqi courts. Baghdad University and by its branches at Mosul and Basra include agronomy and forestry, arts, commerce, dentistry, economics, political science, education, engineering, Islamic law and mdp.39015019378010 absentia, included numerous former government officials and military officers and ranged politically from Communists through proNasserists to right-wing military and religious spokesmen. the nucleus of a tanker fleet based in the Persian Gulf, to be developed by the Iraqi National Oil Company (INOC); this was intended to free Iraq from dependence on foreign-owned marketing In the mid-twentieth century, particularly since the 1958 Revolution, Iraq has formally stressed national citizenship in its Interim Constitution of 1964, but ethnic and religious communities In Iraq and elsewhere Kurdish nationalism has led to brief periods of Kurdish unity in opposition to dominate Arab governments, but intertribal rivalries and conflicts between modern and Known as the Law for Personal Status of 1959, it was based on the Shariat (Moslem religious law), statutes from other Islamic countries and legal precedents established in Iraqi courts. Baghdad University and by its branches at Mosul and Basra include agronomy and forestry, arts, commerce, dentistry, economics, political science, education, engineering, Islamic law and mdp.39015019998692 perspective, but though Gertrude Bell''s father was my grandfather''s brother, circumstances gave me little opportunity of Gertrude Bell mapped great areas of unexplored territory, she was instrumental in establishing a new kingdom, games, parties, dancing, all came into Gertrude''s life and A passage from Gertrude''s book Persian Pictures, published some years later, is a master''s etching of Constantinople: eyes of someone she liked made all the difference to Gertrude''s stay in the country and influenced her attitude towards Asiatics. New life welled up in Gertrude as these thoughts took shape and she discovered that, desolate, waterless country, so, for the first time in Gertrude''s travels, camels had to be included in the caravan. days later she received orders to join Sir Percy Cox. Gertrude was at last to have the opportunity for which she Sir Percy promised to waste no time and Gertrude went mdp.39015021941268 British Museum asked Mr. Ross to carry on the excavations at Kuyûnjiķ on a limited scale, and for nearly two Assyria in 1849 he went to Bavian, and spent two days there in copying the inscriptions and exploring the ruins (Nineveh and Babylon, consist of a series of tablets of various sizes, three of which are inscribed, and some large figures of gods standing on the backs of dogs, he discovered a fragment of the "Deluge Tablet," containing " the greater portion of seventeen lines of inscription belonging to the first column of the Chaldean account great rise of the river took place about a month later, great authority on British prestige in Baghdad, told me ruins of the old city, which the Greeks called "Hermopolis," we bore to the east and came to a low, flat mosque in the town, and a great fight took place, in mdp.39015024772066 Abdullah Beg: see ''Abd Alläh Bayk PPL ''Abdul Shakhïr: see ''Abd ash Shakhïr PPL Abu Tala, Wadi: see Abü Tal''ah, Wädï ''Ali Ahmad Beg: see ''Alï Ahmad Bayk PPL Husain al ''Ali: see Husayn al ''Alï PPL Husain al ''Ali: see Husayn al ''Alï PPL Husain al ''Ali: see Husayn al ''Alï PPL Husain al ''Ali: see Husayn al ''Alï PPL see Qal''at ''Abd al Hasan PPL see Qal''at al ''Abd Alläh PPL see Qal''at Husayn ''Abd Alläh PPL see Qal''at Sayyid Amïn PPL see Qal''at Sayyid Karïm PPL see Qal''at Sayyid Muhammad PPL see Qal''at Sayyid Muhammad PPL see Qal''at Sayyid Mahmüd PPL Qal''at Nahr Shumaysh PPL Qal''at Nahr Shumaysh PPL Qal''at Najm al ''Abd Alläh PPL Qal''at Najm al ''Abd Alläh PPL Qal''at Najm al ''Abd Alläh PPL Qal''at Najm al ''Abd Alläh PPL see Al Imam ash Shaykh Muhammad PPL t Shaykh ''Abd al Hasan PPL mdp.39015026638026 to reach Tiflis, violated the Persian frontier near watching the crowds passing in the valley below, and looking at the great guns of the citadel spending his leave learning Persian at Mohammerah when we arrived, was attached as Intelligence and Transport Officer. great a length, the Frontier itself, it is high time facts,-one that there is a lively trade in Persian carpets from Manchester to Bushire (Persia''s Some miles farther up—this time on the Persian days later the solemn act was performed of erecting boundary pillar Number 1. event of the day was the half-mile mule race square miles of country which looked like nothing reaching the end of the day''s march, we came to Bagdad simply for what it is to-day, a very interesting and picturesque Turkish town. England and the countries round the Persian Gulf another pass to reach this place, the Persian mdp.39015027193583 vain speculation;—in short, to furnish an accurate account of the existing remains of ancient grandeur, to describe their present desolation, and to trace something like a correct — Rapidity of the Euphrates.—Remarks on ancient Babylon.—The city built by Semiramis. The River Al Hud, or Hid.— Curious culinary operations.—Filthy state of the Arabs, dress, &c.—The Hamrine Mountains.—The Tigris.—-Inland navigation.—Monotonous aspect of the country.—Mountains of Lauristan.-^masses of brick, facing the cardinal points, and though sometimes much worn by the weather, are built with much regularity: the neighbourhood of these large mounds is strewed City of Ctesiphon Extensive mound.—High wall.—Supposed canal.—Ancient remains.—Description of Tauk * This city, according to Kinneir, was founded by Alexander the Great, and was, for a considerable time, called a ditch can be found, nor can any decided characteristic mark of the exterior walls of the venerable city be discovered by the superficial investigator; yet, from its present appearance and situation, I cannot entertain the shadow of a doubt mdp.39015030983731 southern spurs reach the northern coast of the Aegean Sea. The climate of Western Macedonia is represented by Uskiib in summer, but in winter the low temperatures recorded at all As the depression moves away to the eastward, northwesterly winds set in with colder weather and often considerable falls of snow. Mediterranean in the summer, begin to invade it, and throughout the winter they occur frequently, giving rise to gales, In Greece the mean daily maximum temperature (Table II, number that occur in the winter months or even less (Table At this season, however, northerly winds are not so predominant as during the summer months, since the frequent The high temperature, light winds, and the rapid condensation which occurs in mountain regions are all favourable to occurred at practically all stations except those on the Mediterranean coast line, and in the Jordan valley (Table VII). low night temperatures in the summer months (Table V, p. mdp.39015033083182 Therefore, policy specialists readily agree that general, or generic, knowledge about the uses and limitations of a particular strategy, derived from study of past experience, could be help policymakers get from realist theory, they require sophisticated conceptualization of the many different instruments of foreign policy and the various strategies that can be Bridging the gap between the theory and practice of foreign policy requires in a very real sense bridging the differences between the two cultures of academia and the policymaking world. academic scholars and the use of this knowledge by practitioners in the conduct of foreign policy have been handicapped by the different cultures in which they have traditionally resided.2 Members of these two communities have been useful to discuss in chapter 9 the state of contemporary international relations theory in order to call attention to the limited contribution it makes to foreign policymaking. mdp.39015039056646 3. Congressional Research Service report dated June 18, 1981, entitled "Possible Contamination of Baghdad From Bombing of the Iraqi Reactor" 91 and that Iraq''s reactor and supply of enriched uranium were subject to International Atomic Energy Agency controls. s See Congressional Research Service report of June 18, 1981, entitled "Possible Contamination of Baghdad from Bombing of the Iraqi Reactor," in appendix 3 on page 91. Questions have been asked concerning Baghdad, which as I understand it, was some 35 miles away from the nuclear reactor based largely upon the NPT and IAEA safeguards, have been adequate to deter or detect use of the Osirak reactor in an Iraqi conjecture on Mr. Richter''s part that Iraq would not have put under IAEA safeguards the hot cells and fuel processing facilities at the time that nuclear material facilities under safeguards, such as reactors, will be known to the IAEA independent of the reporting by the state. mdp.39015050163685 monitoring the Iran Iraq war. Gulf and The Iran-Iraq War—Chaos in a Vacuum, and is currently writing a book on Iraq and the international oil America''s Dual Containment policy. The author of this study contends that America''s Dual Containment, to make Iran and Iraq ammend behavior that the United States believes it cannot tolerate. Iraq, America finds actions of the leadership so abhorent The United States wants Iran to give up its The policy of Dual Containment was promulgated on Dual Containment failed, the study will argue, because, power-balancing.When Kennan devised his containment Kennan argued that the Soviet Union and the United According to Kennan, the United States and Russia In regard to the Gulf, the author of this study believes, They confronted hostile states Iran and Iraq with what study will show how the United States got itself into this hatred of the United States; not simply because the bombing mdp.39015052672220 OF THE U.S. PRESENCE IN POST-SADDAM IRAQ to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Some Iraqis also appear concerned that the U.S. military presence continued Western presence in Iraq. voice of the Shi''ite clerical establishment in the postwar era. It is also possible that the radical Shi''ite clergy would seek vote, one time."77 Currently, the press is reporting that many Iraqi Clerical rule may gain a new appeal in the post-Saddam era, The Sunnis and the Kurds in Post-Saddam Iraq. Shi''ite power appears to be on the rise in Iraq, increasing the possibility of a new Iraqi nationalism with a Shi''ite face. Iraqi Nationalism and Iranian Involvement in Postwar Iraq. Moreover, Iraq, even under Saddam, has been an exceptionally wellarmed society. While Shi''ite clerics were among the bitterest enemies of the Saddam to Shi''ite clerics. See Baghdad Republic of Iraq Television in Arabic "Saddam Husayn on mdp.39015056266201 or Military Forces in a Post-Conflict Dr. Conrad Crane was in charge of an Army War College faculty Army Staff, National Defense University, Joint Forces Command, forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War planning for the post-conflict reconstruction of that state. occupations and peace operations, provides some additional plan for post-conflict operations there. • To be successful, an occupation such as that contemplated after any hostilities in Iraq requires much detailed interagency planning, many forces, multi-year military problems with relevant military force structure, and be accomplished to reconstruct an Iraqi state, military done poorly in planning for post-conflict operations and conflict begins, so military forces are prepared to begin for the officer corps of the Iraqi military. Iraqi government paid the leaders of Kurdish tribal militias any post-Saddam government a new President might be suffered under Saddam could well resent Iraqis coming Iraqi opposition groups despite the fact that a post-Saddam mdp.39015058148019 Iraqi Shi''ite public opinion. All of Iraq''s major Shi''ite clerics are critical of the U.S. military The leading Shi''ite clerics in Iraq at this time are Grand Ayatollah Sadr is backed by the deeply radical and antiSemitic Grand Ayatollah Kazem Ha''eri, an Iraqi exile in Iran and a THE UNITED STATES AND IRAQ''S SHI''ITE CLERGY: THE UNITED STATES AND IRAQ''S SHI''ITE CLERGY: Shi''ite leaders call upon their followers to resist the U.S. military If the Shi''ite Arabs of Iraq do rise in significant numbers to and emerging leadership of Iraq''s Shi''ite community. one must consider Islamic beliefs as practiced by the Iraqi Shi''ites. The Shi''ite Clergy in Pre-Saddam Iraq. War I, Iraq''s Shi''ite clergy took angry exception to the concept of the Shi''ite clergy from the holy city of Karbala in southern Iraq.17 in relations between the United States and the Shi''ite clergy during clerical ranking in Shi''ite Islam. mdp.39015061167568 is committed to ensuring that Iraq''s oil resources remain under national control with the proceeds made available to support Iraqis Other Iraqis are assisting Mr. Ghadban, including Phillip Carroll, a former American oil executive, and Fadhil Othman, the former head of Iraq''s state oil marketing organization. for a free and representative government that will establish the rule of law and respect the rights of the members of all of Iraq''s ethnic and religious groups. It also encourages the international community to support the Iraqi people in building a free, prosperous and secure Iraq, including by responding to UN funding appeals and providing resources for reconstruction and rehabilitation of Iraq''s infrastructure. As the new Iraqi leadership moves forward to build a better future for all the citizens of Iraq, there are a number of areas that pose both important challenges and Funds in this account will be used to meet the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people, for the economic reconstruction and repair of Iraq''s mdp.39015061865062 warning of how an Iraq civil war could offer new strategic opportunities, our nation grapples with a variety of problems associated with the U.S. presence in Iraq and the new strategic reality following Saddam''s removal are concerned over the possibility of a civil war in the post-Saddam era, supported by respected and professional Iraqi security forces willing to the possibility of an Iraqi civil war. How an Ethnic-Sectarian War Might Ignite and Develop in Iraq. Most major Iraqi militias are associated with religious and ethnic Iraqi Kurds seek to retain the militias associated with their major fighters.45 Kurdish members of the New Iraqi Army openly state that Many Iranian, Syrian, and Turkish leaders doubt that the Iraqi Kurds expulsion of non-Kurdish Iraqis from disputed areas of northern Iraq an Iraqi civil war and will be especially concerned about Sunni Islamic Iranian domination of Iraqi Shi''ites'' leading to an Islamic government mdp.39015062476117 the Iran-Iraq War, Operation DESERT STORM, Middle Eastern government and the continued national unity of Iraq (rather than its stable Iraqi self-government and leaving Iraq in a timely manner support for a continued major troop presence in Iraq, including public government, support the effort to build a security force to protect that As noted earlier, a central issue in establishing a U.S. disengagement policy is that of Iraqi government legitimacy as the basis for In addressing the issue of Iraqi governmental legitimacy, U.S. civilian and military intelligence organizations will be forced to and military recruits join the Iraqi security forces each week.120 Insurgents make a strong effort to join the security forces and seem Shi''ite religious parties in the Iraqi government also publicly maintain that they Reconstructing Iraq: Insights, Challenges, and Missions for Military Forces in a PostConflict Scenario, Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War mdp.39015063093507 mdp.39015063093531 In April 2003, another initiative got under way to help establish local democratic institutions in Iraq. RTI had four major tasks: (1) to help local government and other mechanisms; and (4) to help the coalition bring Iraqis together to In early May, the coalition made its first major change in course on Iraqi governance. It abandoned Gen. Garner''s plan to hold elections and rapidly establish an Iraqi administration. government, the coalition would create an Iraqi interim authority that would assist the In late May and June 2003, members of Ambassador Bremer''s governance team fanned the Iraqi Interim Governing Council (IGC). the opaque manner in which the council was appointed led to objections that it did not As a result, the IGC suffered a legitimacy gap that worsened over time. was to develop a process for drafting an Iraqi constitution by December 2003. then a sovereign Iraqi government would be elected. mdp.39015063093572 The draft constitution attracted criticism from a range of Iraqi groups and parties, and in on August 28, influential secular and religious Sunni Arab political groups, including the to bring the August 28 text closer to the Sunni Arab position eventually led, to a statement of support by the more moderate Iraq Islamic Party for the constitutional text. for Sunni Arab acceptance of a constitutional draft Kurdish Committee members rejected a proposal to identify Sunni Arab constitutional Sunni Arab and Shia constitutional positions on federalism Even with all the time in the world, the gap between the Sunni Arab and Shia constitutional positions on federalism may not have been reconcilable. As constitutional rhetoric amplified toward the end of August, adherents of the Kurdistan and Shia parties made private allegations that the Sunni Arab negotiators had no access Iraqi members of the Constitution Drafting Committee directly. mdp.39015063604725 river at the point where it cuts the Hamrine hills, ran dislant from the parent stream about six or seven miles towards the ancient town of Samarra, where it was joined Empire according to each.-Syncellus and Polyhistor.-Beke''s "Origines Biblicæ."-Scriptural Account.-Lists of Kings of both Monarchies to the Fall of Babylon.-Claims of Ctesias to Credit discussed.Empire according to each.-Syncellus and Polyhistor.-Beke''s "Origines Biblicæ."-Scriptural Account.-Lists of Kings of both Monarchies to the Fall of Babylon.-Claims of Ctesias to Credit discussed.have framed the accompanying table, upon the data already referred to, showing the dynasties, names of kings, periods of their respective reigns, and the year of their accession before the Christian era, from the rise of the Babylonian power under Nimrod, and that of Assyria under Jewar.-Their Origin-Numbers-Government.Face of their Country.-Antiquities at Shahraban.-The Zendan.-Kasr Shireen.Haoosh Kerek.-General Meanness of Sassanian Ruins.-Kelwatha.Jewar.-Their Origin-Numbers-Government.Face of their Country.-Antiquities at Shahraban.-The Zendan.-Kasr Shireen.Haoosh Kerek.-General Meanness of Sassanian Ruins.-Kelwatha.- mdp.39015063996246 (General Manager of the British Cotton Growing Association). (General Manager of the British Cotton Growing Association). The British Cotton Growing Association BIRCHENOUGH, Oldham Operative Cotton Spinners, etc., Provincial Association. H. BOOTHMAN, Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton HAYHURST, Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd. WILLIAM HEAPS, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, JACKSON, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, Limited. EDMUND LOMAS OLIVER, Fine Cotton Spinners'' and Doublers'' Association, Limited. Paton, C.B., Liverpool Cotton Association, Limited. Ev. PORRITT, Liverpool Cotton Association, Limited. JOHN BROWN TATTERSALL, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, Limited. THOMAS, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, Limited. JESSE THORPE, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, CHARLES MELLOR WOLSTENHOLME, Liverpool Cotton Association, Ltd. GEORGE H. R. WORSWICK, Federation of Master Cotton Spinners'' Associations, area of first class irrigated land. scheme of drainage of land already irrigated, otherwise I am land under cotton and other crops than there has been in the mdp.39015074054647 of Jordanian policies toward Saddam Hussein''s Iraq of Jordanian policies toward Saddam Hussein''s Iraq Iraqi public).64 Relations between Iraq and Jordan Iraqi public).64 Relations between Iraq and Jordan Jordanian relations with Iraq''s second Iraqi Ba''ath Jordanian relations with Iraq''s second Iraqi Ba''ath 88 Iran-Iraq War. Jordan, like the United States, was 88 Iran-Iraq War. Jordan, like the United States, was Iraq, King Abdullah strongly urged the United States Iraq, King Abdullah strongly urged the United States Iraq, King Abdullah strongly urged the United States Iraq, King Abdullah strongly urged the United States Iraq, King Abdullah strongly urged the United States Any Jordanian efforts to support Iraq''s Sunnis and Any Jordanian efforts to support Iraq''s Sunnis and When the United States departs Iraq, Jordan will be When the United States departs Iraq, Jordan will be in Jordan''s internal affairs.278 The Jordanian government of Jordanian products," Jordan Times, April 26, 2004, internet. mdp.39015075692908 describes Iran''s nuclear posture and its continued support of terrorism explains Iran''s support for Hezbollah and Hamas and its nuclear Israel''s policy is to consider all available options to resolve Iran''s nuclear is still hope that international action, including serious sanctions, will stop Iran before the nuclear finish line, this is by no 4. "Iran''s Nuclear Dossier Must be Closed: AEOI Director," Tehran Times, 19 July 2009 7. See Amin Tarzi, "The World''s Ninth Nuclear Power: Iran''s Ambitions in the Middle and Tehran, and facilitate internal political reform with Iran. 3. U.S. concerns about the Iranian behavior—whether it is nuclear ambitions, opposition to Israel, or support for extremist the United States alters its approach to Iran and Tehran alters its United States and Iran share, it is the avoidance of nuclear arms race that Iran had halted its nuclear program also had important political determination to prevent Iran from gaining nuclear weapons, Iranian mdp.39015089026895 and World Bank to relieve the debts owed by Iraq to these institutions. private creditors to relieve the debts owed to them by Iraq. right thing for Iraq''s economy and to prove to the world that the major Forgiving much of Iraq''s foreign debt is the right thing to do. With adoption of appropriate institutional reforms and marketoriented economic policy, Iraq''s people could look forward to a better traded between people who want to buy those points for use in Iraq on private property markets, I think the idea of capital is irrelevant. where people can formalize their property rights and feel that they can development because credit, investment, is all based on property rights. those areas and told these people, you''re now going to have property Why Property is so Important for Creating the Rule of Law in people use and possess to come under the rule of law so that everyone mdp.39015089028818 after the Gulf War the U.N. Security Council required the elimination of Iraqi WMD and also imposed some significant constraints until the Security Council determines that Iraq is in compliance with Council resolutions and the International Atomic Energy Administration or Agency decides that Iraq is in full compliance with Development Fund for Iraq that is now under Iraqi administration, and an the legalities of the U.S.-Iraq agreement or the United Nations. and that I think addresses the broader questions in several opening statements about where the U.S. mission stands, the implications of the United States decision to intervene in Iraq in 2003. Hearing: "Unfinished Business: United Nations Chapter VII Mandates and the US-Iraq relations, Iraqi politics and the social and human rights situation in Iraq, as well as aspects of the In evaluating the implementation of the U.S.-Iraq Security Agreement, including the provisions Iraqi politics will almost certainly determine whether Iraq votes on an mdp.39015089028859 emphasized that all United States combat forces would leave Iraq be a milestone year for Iraq, as well as the United States. I want to commend our Embassy in Baghdad and the State Department, which, along with the Department of Homeland Security, have launched a rare, in country processing program to help the number of attacks against United States and Iraq forces and Even with great recent gains in security, both al-Qaeda and affiliated insurgent groups, as well as some Iranian-supported militias, remain potent threats in Iraq and there can be no room for intention to remove all United States troops from Iraq by the end The United States strategy must include a training mission that will help Iraq become truly independent not only of U.S. forces, but in dealing with the ambitions of all of its neighbors. State Department to the Iraqi Government to do the right thing assurances received by the United States from the Iraqi government indicating the residents of mdp.39015089030350 [The prepared statement of Hon. Dan Burton follows:] and, at least by his actions today before the United Nations, preventing anyone from raising legitimate concerns or criticisms of the States should take military action against Iraq. An invasion of Iraq and the replacement of Saddam''s Hussein regime by a democratic government While the United States could undoubtedly win a war against Iraq on its Saddam''s continued existence in the region serves to further aggravate an opportunity for real peace and cooperation between Israel and its Arab neighbors. the Government of the United States. Let me repeat this: The Government of Israel and the Government of the United States must jointly ensure that the people of Minister, that there is a need to know if the United States is being Iraq by the United States would have not only on the people of our If the United States does not launch a preemptive attack on the mdp.39015089031796 cooperation on capacity-development and institution-building, an area where improvement would yield great benefits for Iraqi society. Under the Strategic Framework Agreement we have agreed to work with the Government of Iraq to support and strengthen Iraq''s democracy and democratic institutions on a purely nonpartisan basis. for many political actors, successful election and a smooth transition to the new government are critical for Iraq''s developing democracy and its people. As the United States-Iraq relationship continues to change, our civilian presence Ambassador Pat Haslach is coordinating our foreign assistance programs in Iraq, as well as the transitions those programs will undergo as the military presence draws down. And I think the Iraqi people, even though they do have great concerns about security-I think they want to be responsible for and the Iraqi people will have had a chance to vote on the agreement, even though the United States Senate has not. not negotiate with the Iraqi Government to amend the Security Agreement without mdp.39015090298962 battles fought over the city of Fallujah, the eruption of the Sadr revolt in an-Najaf, continuous counterinsurgency operations throughout Iraq, and initial efforts on the part of Marines to cultivate and forge alliances with aircraft, supported the remaining units, and redeployed itself, leaving a special purpose Marine airground task force under Brigadier General Ronald S. The I MEF and 1st Marine Division operational planning teams worked on the force structure, framed the Marine Corps deployment with an Army brigade combat team, additional infantry battalions, a small boat detachment, and a requirement for counter-battery radars. Table 3-1: Marine Corps Forces In Support of Operations Iraqi Freedom II-April 2004 Toolan (left), commander of Regimental Combat Team 1, and 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, commander LtCol Willard Buhl, discuss progress made by their forces during Operation Vigilant Resolve. Colonel Tucker, the respective commanders of Regimental Combat Teams 1 and 7, had planned the assault operation with only four Marine infantry mdp.39015090306526 senior officer and section leader in Iraq''s military intelligence service dealing with Iran during by Iraqi air units was ordered in response to the successful Iranian attack on the Fao Peninsula For an expanded review of Arab military ineffectiveness in general and during the Iran-Iraq War, see Norvell high command and Saddam were concerned, but to Iraq''s General Military Intelligence from Saddam and the general staff the tactical intelligence about Iranian preparations for a major offensive. American-trained and -equipped Iranian forces in the early phases of the Iran-Iraq War? Hamdani: During the Iran Iraq War, the Iranians had far fewer American M-60 tanks than command asked Saddam Hussein, "The Iraqi Army has 37 brigades. Hamdani: I do not know what General Abousi said, but the air force and the navy commanders Woods: General Hamdani described a great transition in Iraq''s military forces after Saddam mdp.39015090376032 Outside the cities Iraqi Security Forces continue a combination of independent, U.S.-enabled and U.S.-partnered full-spectrum operations. I believe that by 2011, the Government of Iraq will have a national counterterrorism force capable of dealing with a variety of Iraq with Iraqi Security Forces in the cities and U.S. forces conducting partner full-spectrum operations in the surrounding belts We believe the Iraqi Security Forces will develop the capacity to alone, especially as the United States continues to assist Iraq in rebuilding the foundations of the security, civil, political, and economic institutions. Iraqi Government institutions continue to evolve, and their ability to provide essential services is improving, yet it will take time Iraq with the security force capable of defending the Iraqi people We will also need to continue to support them in some way beyond 2011, not by having troops in Iraq but by helping them to June 30 was a major milestone for the Government of Iraq, its security forces, the Iraqi mdp.39015090379911 the United States wants to invigorate that Russia-NATO Council question, Mr. Chairman, what do the Russians think about what And I do not think that either American or Russian diplomacy can say that it knows 100 percent of what is happening inside North Korea and the peculiarities of its political life. U.S.-Russian relationship that has proven so constructive and positive since summer 2001, Russia''s ongoing (and possibly growing) economic ties with Iran and Iraq interests behind Russia''s relations with these countries in order to develop policies Russia''s special relationship with Saddam Hussein has put Russian companies in an advantageous position for political, rather Gulf-and sees it in Russia''s national interest to oppose the United States, to undercut its influence and initiatives in the region regardless of their impact on Russian Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for calling this important hearing on Russia''s policies be policy divergences along the way, and Russia''s relations with Iraq and Iran have mdp.39015090412597 risk to our Nation and our military readiness, we and the American people must ask, why should we stay in Iraq in large numbers? extent of Iranian participation in the Iraqi situation, and particularly, General Petraeus, with respect to Iran''s training and equipping of the antigovernment forces in Basra, to what extent you the United States provided through the Iraqi Security Forces Fund the Iraqi Security Forces to deploy substantial numbers of units, While security has improved in many areas and the Iraqi Security Forces are shouldering more of the load, the situation in Iraq Second, Iraqi Security Forces led these operations in Basra and in towns and cities In August, Iraq''s five principal leaders requested a long-term relationship with the United States to include economic, political, diplomatic and security cooperation. to undermine the efforts of the Iraqi Government to establish a stable secure state through the army and training of militia elements mdp.39015090412662 This committee has previously and again today expressed concern about the impact on Reserve component of transferring nonexcess items. of Iraq, we are tying continued ISF assistance to their non-sectarian performance. Throughout the equipment process—drawdown process, the relevant DOD components will be meeting on a regular basis to resolve various issues that will inevitably arise during this very complex logistical operation. Let me close by emphasizing that we continue to plan for and implement a responsible U.S. drawdown, one that advances our goal We have a plan for the equipment coming out of Iraq and have the Department of Defense strategy and ongoing initiatives to responsibly draw down from the United States assets from Iraq. Joint Staff lead in the effort to equip the Iraqi security forces. The planning and execution have been a coordinated effort among Multi-National Force-Iraq, the services, the Department of State, Central mdp.39076002693062 STUDY OF THE TURKISH-ITS USE-RIGHT JUDGMENT OF EASTERN CHARACTER-LODGINGS-HASSUNA D'' GHIZ-TEACHERS OF TURKISH-TURKISH HONESTY-PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA-SULTAN''S PORTRAITS-MOHAMMEDAN AVERSION TO PICTURES THE ROYAL SCHOOLS-IGNORANCE OF FRENCH LABOURS IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE-THE PLAGUE-ITS CHARACTER-FATALITY-PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ITEFFECTS OF ITS APPEARANCE IN A FAMILY-FEELINGS OF THE TURKS RESPECTING JTIGNORANCE FIRMAN-ITS CHARACTER-DEPARTURE FROM CONSTANTINOPLE--PASSENGERS-BLACK SEA-SINOPE-TREBIZOND-ITS EARLY HISTORY-DESCRIPTION-POPULATION-OSMAN PASHA-CHANGES-FRIENDS OF PLAN-DETERMINE TO ENTER KURDISTAN-PREPARATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS-CHANGE OF DRESS-UTILITY AND NECESSITY OF IT-MULETEER-FIRST DAY''S JOURNEY-KURDISH GIRL-THE ARAXES-KURDISH DEPARTURE-PLAIN OF MOUSH-MARNIK-ARMENIAN PEASANTRY-VILLAGES-HOUSES-PEOPLE-CHURCHES ROBBERS-RIDE TO BITLIS FRENCH LABOURS IN ORIENTAL LITERATURE THE PLAGUE-ITS CHARACTER-FATALITY-PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ITEFFECTS OF ITS APPEARANCE IN A FAMILY-FEELINGS OF THE TURKS RESPECTING IT-IGNORANCE My new teacher was what was once a stranger character among the Mussulmans than at the present day, In travelling during Lent, I have seen Mussulmans subject themselves to inconvenience to avoid compelling Christian families to prepare food which they -PRESENTS-MOUNTAINS-PLAIN OF KHEUNNEUS-AROUS-LODGINGSILLUSTRATION OF SCRIPTURE-VILLAGERS-ARMENIAN PRIESTS. -PRESENTS-MOUNTAINS-PLAIN OF KHEUNNEUS-AROUS-LODGINGSILLUSTRATION OF SCRIPTURE-VILLAGERS-ARMENIAN PRIESTS. mdp.39076002693070 TRAVELLING TURKS-THEIR OPINIONS CONCERNING PERSIA-PREVALENCE OF LYING AMONG THE PERSIANS TESTIMONY OF HERODOTUSMY OWN IMPRESSIONS-ILLUSTRATIONS-DECEPTION PRACTISED ON A DESERT SUNDAY-LODGINGS -MOUNTAINS DEMAVEND MOUNTAINPASSAGE-DOMESTIC LIFE IN A PERSIAN VILLAGE-SKETCH OF THE LODGINGS-DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY TRADE POPULATION -JEWSTHEIR CONDITION-VISIT TO THE TOMB OF MORDECAI AND ESTHERTROUBLES OCCASIONED BY MY FOREIGN DRESS-MOUNT ELVEND-CLIMATE LEAVE HAMADAN ROYAL TRAVELLERS-SICK SERVANT-MOUNTAIN-PASSAGE-PLAIN OF SADABAD-KENGHEVAR-ANCIENT REMAINS-ILLNESS OF THE PLAGUE-TRADE-MANUFACTURE-RIVER-TRADE-CLIMATECUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE—THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY-INSURRECTIONS AND CHANGES INTRODUCTION OF REFORMS-LANGUAGES-RELATIONS OF THE CHALDAIC AND SYRIAC-CORRUPTIONS OF THE CHALDAICTHE LANGUAGE OF THE PEOPLE-SCHOOLS-RELIGIOUS STATE OF THE A VILLAGE-MODE OF IRRIGATION-FEVERS—THE PLAIN OF TEHRANROYAL PROJECTS ROUTE-PERSIAN PRESENTS-FIRST VIEW OF TEHRAN A VILLAGE-MODE OF IRRIGATION-FEVERS—THE PLAIN OF TEHRANROYAL PROJECTS ROUTE-PERSIAN PRESENTS-FIRST VIEW OF TEHRAN few days'' journey of the once proud capital of the Persian Shahs, and of the city where Sadi and Hafiz lived mdp.49015000271917 the introduction of a cash economy, modern banking and credit institutions, a national structure of taxation and public finance, commercial farming, new-scale business organizations, tariff policies, New forces under the command of General Maude moved rapidly through the country and by 1917 had captured Baghdad and occupied the whole of Iraq north to the Anatolian highlands. Iraqi partisans of the Central Powers were perhaps not numerous but they reflected the developments of the immediate prewar period, when Turkish efforts at reconstruction and German educational influences were shaping attitudes—of the younger generation in particular. by the current health program and other increase factors remain relatively constant, Iraq will continue to have a youthful and fast-growing population for a long time. the countryside: Pan-Arab sentiment, nationalist aspirations, the competition of political ideologies, and the growing influence and authority of the central government present the individual with more inclusive definitions of personal and group loyalty than those which njp.32101037637939 Having a long Stage to go this day, we left Kefteen very early; And continuing till in the ſame, fruitful Plain From theſe Mahometan Sanctuaries, our Guide pretended to carry us to a Chriſtian Church, about two furlongs out of Town on the South ſide. on high Pedeſtals, large Maſſy Pillars, ſtanding as Buttreſſes againſt the Wall, both for the ſtrength and ornament of the Fabrick; but theſe ſupporters are at preſent having left, firſt Geeb and then Selwid (two Arab Villages) on the right hand, we came in an hour and a half and alſo as far as we could ſee round, the Country diſcover''d a quite different face from what it had before; preſenting nothing to the view in moſt places, but naked In every one of theſe Rooms except the firſt, were Coffins of Stone placed in Niches in the ſides of the Chambers. njp.32101037637947 We went by way of the Coaſt; and having viſited the ſeveral places Conſecrated by the Life and Having a long Stage to go this day, we left Kefteen very early: and continuing ſtill in the ſame fruitful Plain this Valley near four hours, we came to a large Water From Shoggle our Road lead us at firſt Weſterly, in order to our croſſing the Mountain on that ſide the Valley. Being imform''d that here were ſeveral Chriſtian Inhabitants in this place, we went to viſit their Church, which, I muſt not forget, that round about the Serpent Fountain, and alſo as far as this laſt Tower, we ſaw many Sepulchers, old Foundations, and other remains of Antiquity. The place where we dined was a narrow pleaTant Valley by à River''s ſide, diſtant from the City about theſe places almoſt every Chriſtian Nation anciently maintain''d a ſmall Society of Monks; each Society having its njp.32101064228248 The five great monarchies of the ancient eastern world; or, The history, geography, and antiquites of Chaldæa, Assyria, Babylon, Media, and PersiaGeorge Rawlinson Black Obelisk king, assigns him the second place in the invocation of thirteen gods with which he begins his record.10 The In the first place, then, if we ask ourselves where the Assyrians came from, and at what time they settled in the country "Assyrian Empire."7 Now Tiglathi-Nin appears in the Inscriptions as the prince who first aspired to transfer to Assyria Filescr we can only say that these regions ■ This is one of the very few geolormed a portion of the mountain country | graphic names in the early Assyrian apply to the southern capital, may be regarded as truly describing the great city of the north, we may with much probability fix the site of the northern town at the modern TakhtAsshur-bani-pal, the Assyrian king, who must at this time have njp.32101064228255 Assyrian temple, North Palace, Koyunjik (ditto) 310 Basement portion of an Assyrian temple, North Palace, Koyunjik (draun King shooting a lion on the spring, from the North Palace, Koyunjik (ditto) 359 Assyrian war-chariot of the early period, Nimrud (from the original in the Assyrian war-chariot of the later period, Koyunjik (ditto) 413 Assyrian chariot of the early period, Nimrud (from the original in the frequents the river banks and marshes, as depicted in the Assyrian sculptures; hares abound in the country about Baghdad; by far the most valuable and interesting of the Assyrian monuments, all lie east of the Tigris; while on the west two places Tigris and the Shor Derreh stream, to which the present obliteration of the wall may be ascribed, formed in ancient times Khorsabad showed, that a magnificent palace and a considerable town had existed in Assyrian times at that site. raised in ancient times the palaces and temples of the Assyrian njp.32101064228768 The remains of two smallwinged lions forming the entrance into a chamber, and a basrelief nine feet in height, representing a human figure raising Engaging two or three men to sleep near the sculptures, I returned to the village, and celebrated the day''s discovery by a slaughter of sheep, of which all the Arab3 near partook. time not inopportune to visit Sofuk, the sheikh of the great nomad Arab tribe of Shammar, which occupies nearly the whole To the south of the co''ossal lions forming the principal entrance* to the great hall, the wall was continued by an eagleheaded figure resembling that on the opposite side. We passed through the small Chaldean village of Shoordh, now a heap of ruins, inhabited by a few wretched families, whose priest had been recently put to death by NurUllah Bey, the chief of the Hakkiari tribes. njp.32101073337972 in the winter months, and as south-easterly winds continue into April and May. At Baghdad the observations were made miles south of Baghdad, where observations were taken three times miles, in going from the head of the Persian Gulf to Upper Mesopotamia. Powers-Persian, Greek, Parthian, Sassanian, Arab, and Turkwhich in succession have held the Near East or Persia, as the case 700 years later, that at the time of the Moslem conquest of Mesopotamia both cities were flourishing, of great extent and importance. present war Great Britain declared herself ready to permit the extension of the Baghdad railway as far as Basra, in return for what was on the Tigris and Euphrates between Basra and Baghdad, and of any Baghdad, the official head of the Arab community in that town. Customs was one of the most important revenue agencies, producing more in Baghdad and Basra than even the land taxes. njp.32101073337998 Here over the open country are numerous tracks, and communication between the Tigris and the Erbil-Mosul road should be easy. Here over the open country are numerous tracks, and communication between the Tigris and the Erbil-Mosul road should be easy. Here over the open country are numerous tracks, and communication between the Tigris and the Erbil-Mosul road should be easy. Here over the open country are numerous tracks, and communication between the Tigris and the Erbil-Mosul road should be easy. road, with a small well containing good water; thence over undulating country gradually descending to river. the Baghdad-Salāhiyeh road (see Route 25 a, ii) as far as the neighbourhood of Khān Nahrawān, whence a track apparently leads to Route runs along bank of small water-channel, 10 ft. stream over a stony bed among boulders ; the route continues along a broad track down the left bank; the pass njp.32101073338004 A rougher track through country badly supplied with water leads by Anzeleh (see Routes 120 a and b). villages and cross many water-cuts, keeping hill-spurs Descend into a valley and cross a small stream, alt. From the village the route follows a fairly easy clay track From the village, route ascends by an easy track. by a badly-defined track, crosses a flat-topped spur, descends by zigzags a débris-covered slope to the village of Chumbi de Susina, at From Angol route turns E., re-crosses this tributary stream and ascends an easy slope, passing a yāilă on plains of Van. Cross a stream and follow a broad, easy track down r. bank by an easy track, the valley narrowing and numerous side-streams joining it on either crosses Route 78, passes some Kurd villages, and enters the Seivān Stony track along the river crosses a small stream from Route follows the ridge by an easy track, passing deep njp.32101073338012 these, in so far as they determine the present floodareas and marshes, have great importance for the cultivation of the country as it is to-day, and also for projects of irrigation. 1913 Conclusion of negotiations respecting'' Turko-Persian frontier, and navigation of Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt elArab. development of British interests in the country, combined with a growing connection between Mesopotamia attempt to trade with Basra; and British ships navigated the Tigris and Euphrates throughout the competition, the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company continued to carry the British mails, to the completion of the main line from Konia to Baghdad; from which it appears that the economic development of Mesopotamia was of secondary importance to The important rivers of Mesopotamia are the Tigris, Mesopotamia] RIVERS (SHATT EL-ARAB; TIGRIS) frequent of recent years, but is reported to have interfered with the trade of the river below Baghdad in Mesopotamia) EXPORTS & IMPORTS (BAGHDAD) 129 njp.32101074687722 temple under high mound—The Evil Spirit-Fish-god-Fine bnsrelief of the king ---Great inscribed monolith— Cedar beams--Second an inscription containing annals of the founder of the northwest palace at Nimroud, and a series of small bas-reliefs That other extensive edifices with sculptured walls will be discovered in unexplored Assyrian mounds I do not anticipate; Whilst European scholars were thus occupied in deciphering the trilingual tablets, the discoveries at Nimroud, Khorsabad and Kouyunjik, and amongst other Assyrian ruins, containing transcripts of inscriptions from Nimroud, Kouyunjik, Kalah Sherghat, and other Assyrian ruins. thus able to identify, in many instances, the sculptured records with the descriptive accounts contained in the great inscriptions carved upon the bulls, at the various entrances to the Such are the principal historical facts recorded in the inscriptions carved by Sennacherib on the great commemorative bulls which he placed in his palace at Nineveh.* njp.32101077794699 contents of this "Library," and illustrated his description by illustrations, chiefly half-tone reproductions, entitled "Astronomical Tablet from the Temple Library," "Multiplication Table," etc., "Library." I showed that all his photographic reproductions of objects found in the "Library" which he thus described represented either objects purchased a number of years before the alleged discovery of that "Library" or dug up in other parts of the to this alleged "Library," and that the whole manner in which the University of Pennsylvania, Series D., Vol. I., and In the Temple of Bel, as also in his unofficial publications, practically identical with these, namely, Explorations in Bible Lands During the illustrations of objects found in the part of the "older library," antedating 2000 B.C., described by him as "a combined library and the Temple Library," two multiplication tables, a "Drawing by a the first, an "Astronomical Tablet from the Temple Library," nnc1.0114647001 epoch, it would seem to have been of little importance ; certainly inferior to the great Assyrian capital, represented as saying: "Of the great waters, like great river which had been the source of Babylon''s to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken banks of the river are occupied by Arab villages. in sight of the tower of El-Kaim, and, soon afterwards, of the waters of the great Euphrates, sparkling in the sunshine, at El-Werdi. of the Tigris, and the ruins of the great cities on its Bagdad has the appearance of a great city; and, left bank of the river is situated another, less considerable, and yet of sufficient importance to pass for Moreover, the position of this ancient and celebrated city, on a great navigable river which flows the great empire cities of the Ancient riches of great cities, had been succeeded by ruins nyp.33433064233905 > Furthermore, if we and our Iraqi partners fail in Iraq, the terrorists will have: • Damage trust in Iraqi Security Forces through propaganda, infiltration, and barbaric attacks on > Our Strategy is Clear: We will help the Iraqi people build a new Iraq with a constitutional, government is organized to help Iraqis ensure lasting victory in Iraq. groups in the new Iraq, and building national Iraqi institutions and international support to Expanding international support for Iraq will demonstrate to Iraqis and the world fight terrorists while training and mentoring Iraqi forces – until the mission is done, distinguish those who can be won over to support the new Iraqi state from the terrorists and > We are helping the Iraqi Security Forces and the Iraqi government take territory out of enemy • Building representative Iraqi security forces and institutions while guarding against support to terrorists and the enemies of democracy in Iraq; nyp.33433070301860 epoch, it would seem to have been of little importance; certainly inferior to the great Assyrian capital, represented as saying: "Of the great waters, like great river which had been the source of Babylon''s to shew the king of Babylon that his city is taken lofty banks of ancient canals traverse the country banks of the river are occupied by Arab villages. in sight of the tower of El-Kaim, and, soon afterwards, of the waters of the great Euphrates, sparkling in the sunshine, at El-Werdi. of the Tigris, and the ruins of the great cities on its Bagdad has the appearance of a great city; and, Moreover, the position of this ancient and celebrated city, on a great navigable river which flows riches of great cities, had been succeeded by ruins With the Euphrates must always be associated the name of Babylon; with the Tigris that nyp.33433081591152 As it was thought that Hadjee Abd-elRakhmān was a person of too great respectability to accept for himself any sum of money, Before us, we had an extensive plain, watered by a small stream near our halting-place, It was noon when we reached a small village, of a round form, called Waadi Sajoor, The young man gained the tent of a powerful friend, the chief of another tribe, encamped near them, and told his story ; begging that occurred to us new in these days'' travel, was a particular way used by the country people in gathering their corn : practice in all places of the East that I have seen, and the reason is, that they may lose none of their straw, which is generally very short, and necessary for the sustenance of their the south-west, by a high hill, nearly overlooking the town, and crowned with the walls of a nyp.33433081601746 Aleppo, Baghdad, Mosul and Van; coming dis is de vile and if many Henglish come like dis den our God he come hangry for your He liked the Christians of Bethlehem for "dis is very good very The Circassians he said have "got sense like travel; half an hour later he came running back refused to come across as he said that very likely we saw, a mile and a half away, a man on horseback, with a Bedouin lance, followed by fourteen I proposed starting at four o''clock the following morning as we had a ride of twelve hours de traveller, come look it in dis tombs. Henglish come like dis, den our God He com like very much; becos he got very little money, kind; some is good men, and dis is de Christian he is like very good man, but if de gouvenoor come like servant for me for two years. nyp.33433081838223 Assyrian temple, North Palace, Koyunjik (ditto) 310 Basement portion of an Assyrian temple, North Palace, Koyunjik (drawn Assyrian war-chariot, Koyunjik (from the original in the British Museum) 407 Assyrian war-chariot of the early period, Nimrud (from the original in Assyrian war-chariot of the later period, Koyunjik (ditto) .. Assyrian chariot of the early period, Nimrud (from the original in the became known to the Greeks as Oichoe;9 and this appellation, probably continuing in use to the time of the Arab frequents the river banks and marshes, as depicted in the Assyrian sculptures.; "hares abound in the country about Baghdad; the Assyrian kings, who settled them in a city, probably by far the most valuable and interesting of the Assyrian monuments, all lie east of the Tigris; while on the west two places Khorsabad showed that a magnificent palace and a considerable town had existed in Assyrian times at that site. nyp.33433081838231 Black Obelisk king, assigns him the second place in the invocation of thirteen gods with which he begins his record.10 The "Assyrian Empire."7 Now Tiglathi-Nin appears in the Inscriptions as the prince who first aspired to transfer to Assyria 12 No other Assyrian king except Asshur-bani-pal is known to have reigned In any case the expedition falls within the eight years assigned by the Assyrian Canon to the reign of Asshur-lush, apply to the southern capital, may be regarded as truly describing the great city of the north, we may with much probability fix the site of the northern town at the modern Takhtwriters to Semiramis were probably either Assyrian or Babylonian, and (it is most likely) resembled the ordinary monuments which the kings of Babylon and Nineveh delighted to Asshur-bani-pal, the Assyrian king, who must at this time have nyp.33433081838249 Map of Persian Empire in time of Darius Hystaspis king''s time to furnish such good cavalry as the Persians, Medes, Darius, however, in the Behistun inscription, speaks of Babylonian horsemen; 10 and the armies which overran Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, seem to have consisted mainly of horse. in the time of the Persian Empire, see | 6 From the accounts which Herodotus possession of certain Sacans or Scythians," who in the flourishing times of the empire acknowledged subjection to the Persian from the time of the early Persian kings to the present day. were Babylon, Ecbatana, and Persepolis, the capitals respectively of Chaldæa, Media, and Persia Proper, all great and ancient cities, accustomed to the presence of Courts, and all occupying positions sufficiently central to render them not ill-suited me it seems probable that the Persians of the Great Cyrus, who was the fourth pst.000009625655 " To their Holinesses the Patriarchs and Bishops of the Christian churches in Mesopotamia and Coordistan, grace, mercy, and and liberated captives, and in supporting the cause of the unfortunate Nestorians in various other ways, as also the full confidence which was placed in him by Mar Shimoon, who deputed families at this place, with a church and priest : the Mohammedan population is reckoned at two thousand souls. families, who possess three churches, and are under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Tocât,6 the person at present filling that Mutran Yoosef, who has succeeded Mar Zeyya in the patriarchate since our last visit, sometimes resides here with his brother, the surgeon and doctor of the village, a tall rough-looking that the Nestorians were received, at this time, into the communion of the Romish Church, or that the Bishops of Mosul were, the long residence of Mar Shimoon at Mosul affording the Nestorians in the mountain-districts south of the Tyari frequent pst.000014266638 Government of Iraq for its use of chemical weapons against its Kurdish minorities. The recent reports from northern Iraq paint a gruesome picture of the use of chemical weapons against innocent men, women and children. I believe that the Committee on Foreign Affairs should make a clear statement will give both the present Administration and the next President meaningful options to stop the senseless use of chemical weapons by Iraq. Finally, I have before me something labeled, Administration Statement on the House Bill Imposing Sanctions on Iraq, You say that if the results of our discussions with the government of Iraq are unsatisfactory or if there is evidence of further use by Iraq of chemical weapons we would reconsider this position. government of Iraq, and we take the Foreign Minister''s statement announcement to mean that Iraq has agreed to no further use, internal or external, of chemical weapons. pst.000015764072 aas 8HVN "10Hsvg new HvAIMyM TV wwn aas HvAIMyM TV nav Hywys nav aas Hvºy Hs new Hvs1Hews Hvaavº nav ass voivs new Hvans new ass vans nav ass IdyM "xgwn nav inv1 "ons new aas nal "qns nav HVNyhs nav ass why Hs new aas HX.1avi nav Wisłnw or Aavs sw Hwww.x Wynn He ass www.x wynnhe 8Hwn "Inv, syMMv8 ass ITV, syMMvh aas avaMwnwhs HsV Navsnä aas N1syHnw Tv nav www.I ass 01WVH indav, www.I q1qvā HXAvHs ass whs www.I aas ansna q1 Avis www.1 10, vs Wywi aas 10, vs HXavhs www.1 aas ovºwvānw HXAvHs www. ass 108wHs HsV Nyx, VHX. 8Hwn "Hw88wdsny ass 8HVN "Hw8vosnx aas itv, Hs HsV onwhvº HsV 8HVN "13 whº ass 8HVN "13yhs Igwiwhi, HXAvHs HsV aas 19twHs aſ Hwn HXAvHs HsV ass 91HVM HX1 whe Ibsvhs Hsv ITv, ass 198wHs 8$vo wwn ass aas 8, 19 "NyíAvHs HsV wwn pst.000017158480 export to Iraq of any source or special nuclear material, any production or utilization facility, any sensitive Energy Act of 1954, or any other material or technology requiring such a license or authorization. —The Secretary of Commerce may not issue any license under the Export Administration Act of 1979 for the export directly or indirectly to Iraq of any goods or technology, export to Iraq of goods or technology on either list on Saddam Hussein if it did something about imports from Iraq. note of appreciation to Mr. Yatron, because so much of the amendment that I am offering includes the materials which were contained in his resolution on human rights abuses in Iraq and his Mr. Chairman, I believe the time has come for the United States Mr. Chairman, the news out of Iraq and Kuwait is most disturbing pst.000017170857 UNITED STATES-IRAQI RELATIONS Another reason is the danger of proliferation of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons, and the missile systems to deliver them. on Disarmament at Geneva, where we are working toward a comprehensive ban on chemical weapons; on the Middle East peace people, diplomats engaging in murder plots in the United States All materials or products, which could have application to development of a nuclear weapons capability are prohibited for export. In the chemical area, the United States unilaterally has prohibited the export of, I believe, some 60 different chemicals to Iraq, Does the United States support a region-wide ban Yet you do think that Iraq is engaged on a nuclear weapons development program, did you not say that? STATE MACH TRADING TRACTORS & SPARES STATE ENT OIL REFIN 182 TONS OF LZ $269 LUBRIZOL CORP STATE EXT OIL REFIN 400 TONS OF L7 4083 pst.000017591218 continue to violate human rights on a widespread scale, the United States and Iraq If, however, Iraq plays an increasingly responsible role and cooperates with international efforts to control proliferation of non-conventional weapons, and improve its abysmal human rights record, the U.S.-Iraq relationship will For years execution has been an established Iraqi method for dealing with perceived political and military opponents of the government, including, but not limited to, members of the outlawed Da''wa organization (an Iran-supported fundamentalist Shi''a Muslim group that has engaged in acts of international terrorism). Since then Amnesty International has registered its concerns on numerous occasions with the U.N. Commission on Human Rights and directly with the government of Iraq. (1) Amnesty International believes that the abuses by the government of Iraq constitutes a gross and persistent pattern of internationally-recognized human rights In December 1989, Amnesty International received reports that the Iraqi Government was seeking the extradition of 138 Kurds from refugee camps in Diyarbakir pst.000018074000 But, of course, it was not as clear for Mr. Kelly, as you are suggesting, I think, that the policy was in the mind of Saddam Hussein. we would fight if Saddam Hussein went across the border, and that Saddam Hussein had no doubt about our position as you said a in the world the United States just can''t help, and Iraq this is one He felt this was our neo-imperialist agenda, and I would like to add one point that I think is absolutely critical SADDAM HUSSEIN''S HOSTILITY TO THE UNITED STATES INFLUENCE OF THE 1979 IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS ON SADDAM''S THINKING suggest somehow that we are responsible for precipitating a conflict, or those critics in the Middle East who think we in effect attempted to seduce him in so we could have a ground presence in GLASPIE''S MEETING WITH SADDAM HUSSEIN your meeting with Saddam Hussein, particularly when the State President of the United States and I think I said Mrs. Thatcher, pst.000018075236 • Iraq''s civil war has cost tens of thousands of lives in the Kurdish and Shi''a regions of the country, and has precipitated an immense humanitarian catastrophe. northern Iraqi city of Zakho will draw thousands of Kurdish refugees out of the mountains. • The more than 1 million Kurds languishing in Iraqi resettlement areas are the invisible victims of Iraq''s civil war and repression. Iraq by calling on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam Hussein, over a 1988 State Department meeting with a Kurdish leader, continued until the end of the gulf war and even after Turkey initiated its own dialog with the Iraqi Kurds. Within days Iraqi army forces moved into other Kurdish cities and war—the Iraqi air force launched massive chemical weapons attacks on Kurdish villages along the Iraq-Turkey border. Kurdish and other Iraqi opposition leaders was read as a clear indication that the United States did not want the popular rebellion to pst.000019262543 This trip would not have been possible without the assistance, cooperation, and friendship of many of the Iraqi Kurds including my parts of Kurdistan have been made uninhabitable by Iraqi minelaying operations. Such assistance could include spare parts and ammunition for the military equipment captured by the Kurdish insurgents and could come from stockpiles of To protect the Kurdish people from renewed Iraqi attacks, the The allies recovered enormous quantities of Iraqi military equipment left behind in Kuwait, and, from these stocks the Kurds could The Peshmerga also need military training and financial support. Military and political support for the Iraqi opposition is a second to deny Saddam''s regime access to a large part of Iraq, it will diminish the legitimacy of his rule. the March popular uprising in Iraq left many Iraqis with the impression that the United States preferred to see a weakened pst.000019702957 that, murderous gun-shots having a way of reverberating round the world even in war-time. their majority, attracted, no doubt, by the opportunities offered for trade and all kinds of enterprises within the security of British law. The old-time Britishers in the East India Company set the example of civic ambition by building Bombay as a great British city and centre of war kinds of toilet articles and small things of convenience and comfort that soldiers like and need One morning I went down early to have breakfast with the General and a fine old Australian skipper, who was taking on a load of cavalry horses. instructions to British officers with regard to equipping themselves for service in Mesopotamia : As it is spoken of in a casual kind of way nowadays, the British advance from Fao up to Basra attack, and the shortest way for British reinforcements to reach the small company of men who were pst.000019985565 Work on documenting the full record will take many months, possibly years, and should be conducted as much as possible by local people. graves of Kurds in government-controlled regions of southern Iraq. burial sites, and eyewitnesses, including survivors of massacres and relatives of "disappeared" people, Middle East Watch is sending a human rights legal expert to In the north, Kurdish fighters were able during June and July last year to establish control over a triangular area from Zakho, on the border with Turkey and flee further north into the enclave, adding to the heavy humanitarian burden already being borne by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front—an alliance of eight parties administering the region and by international relief agencies. United States press the Security Council to require that the internal blockade against the Kurdish provinces be lifted, and civil service salaries and pensions restored. cannot we have a Kurdish State in Iraqi Kurdistan and have the Saddam in oppressing the whole people of Iraq and the Kurdish pst.000020340032 He is saying, apart from the rollback of Iraqi forces and the replacement of the Saba family, removal of their war-making capability, the major source of regional instability, is a major goal of U.S. policy. But, thinking that sanctions will decimate the Iraqi military machine and cause Iraq to remove its chemical and nuclear capabilities seems to me to be going too far. secretaries of state and defense declared that the United Nation''s far stronger sanctions against Iraq cannot be relied on to force a withdrawal from Kuwait. force capable of defending Saudi Arabia, and to rely on the economic sanctions to get Saddam out of Kuwait. recommitment to the administration''s original and still espoused objectives of relying upon economic sanctions to force Saddam from Kuwait while deploying adequate military force to defend Saudi Arabia. pst.000021153716 But in terms of the first Commerce list, the accurate initial listing of this, it says here on this particular export license, which involves an American company, it says in the original records, "According to our information, the end user is involved in military During the course of his investigation of BNL, Chairman Gonzalez discovered documents suggesting that our Government, prior to the August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, approved over 700 licenses for the export of dual-use items that may given "for equipment with dual or not clearly stated uses for export to probable proliferation related end users in Iraq."6 That same document reveals: . Although United States policy precludes approval of Munitions Control licenses for Iraq, exports of dual-use commodities for conventional military use may be approved.8 The RD&D license was "embargoed" following August 2, 1990, as were many other deals for advanced military production equipment which had received Commerce Department approval in application of the President''s new Iraq policy. pst.000021237553 I think that the current situation indicates that the U.N. resolutions are impossible to enforce with Saddam Hussein in power. The administration has recently shifted its policy on Iraq by receiving a delegation from the opposition of the Iraqi National Congress. is launching a genocidal campaign against Shiite guerrillas, paralleling the campaign he conducted in the north; B, demand Saddam lift the embargo he imposed on northern Iraq; C, prevent Iraqi The regime of international constraints imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War is becoming a joke, making a mockery of the "new world order." It is nearly 18 months However, if the United States judges military action against Iraq to be appropriate, then the most useful targets to hit are those elements which help him stay Furthermore, Saddam could reasonably argue to his subordinates that his policies are working: the sanctions regime is eroding without Iraq pst.000021574627 JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF BRIEFING ON CURRENT MILITARY OPERATIONS IN SOMALIA, The committee meets this morning to receive a briefing on current military operations in Somalia, Iraq, and Yugoslavia. briefers are Lieutenant General Martin Brandtner, Director of Operations, J-3, of the Joint Staff and Rear Admiral Mike Cramer, General Brandtner last appeared before the committee on December 9, 1992, to brief us on the operation called Restore Hope, least in part, is being carried out for humanitarian purposes, establishing a more secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia, protection of the Kurds in Northern Iraq, the Today, the United States has the best military forces in the What I would like to do is to step through very quickly the general security situation as we see it now in Somalia, the threats to And we are hopeful that our negotiations with the United Nations in terms of forming a command, getting forces committed, pst.000022376732 In my judgment, the dual containment policy as defined and implemented so far by the administration toward Iraq has been producing reasonably good results. The insistence on keeping sanctions on Iraq until the Ba''th regime is ready to comply with the United Nations Security Council However, as indicated by the Iraqi press itself, many people have also started asking difficult questions about the wisdom of their own leadership. Leaving the Palestinian issue alone, I think that Kurds and the regime but Iraq cannot join the community of nations until Iraqi people themselves must know that we are not seeking to impose the INC as the next cabinet and President of Iraq. Even when Iraq is ruled by a more democratic regime and a friendlier one to the prosperous and democratic Iraqi Kurdistan · the starker contrast with Bathist Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan is the only place where more-or-less democratic elections took place in Iraq pst.000024728164 1961, which the Iran-Iraq Act is meant to reinforce, explicitly prohibits assistance to "the government of any independent state of a series of United Nations Security Council resolutions, which spell out the conditions Iraq must meet if it is to have sanctions lifted and be reintegrated into the If one regards a major threat to American interests in this area of the world to be Iran and Iraq, and believes Before addressing the military aspects of this strategy, I would first emphasize that our policy of containing both Iraq and Iran, sometimes referred to as "dual containment," does not mean that we try to deal with Dual containment of Iran and Iraq is a label applied by the Administration to policy toward the two most powerful states in the Persian Gulf region with which the pst.000031262927 Some have advocated a revival of the balance of power in the gulf, using Iraq or Iran to balance off each other and render the United States presence in the should be the long-term goal of the United States in the region. when trying to counter Baghdad''s efforts to restore its control to Irbil in northern Iraq. Our interests in the north of Iraq, which was supported by Operation Provide Comfort, included but were not limited to, demonstrate that this opposition to Saddam Hussein was such that he Iraq that calls into question the underlying competence of the departments responsible for developing and administering administration policy as well as the competence and resolve of the most Saddam Hussein in power inhibit Iran from its support for international terrorism? Saddam and the United States and its coalition partners, an incredibly stupid policy. military operations and they were used to support Iraqi forces during Desert Storm. pst.000032116984 Just last week, the International Relations Committee adopted an amendment which I offered to H.R. 1486, the State Department authorization bill, entitled, "The Indonesia Military Assistance Accountability Act," (see appendix) and on trial for subversion for having spoken out against the government''s denial of the right of Indonesian workers to form independent labor unions. useful to examine several central aspects of our trilateral ties, including human rights, our mutual economic interest and our security relationship, as well as Indonesia''s growing role in Southeast These include serious problems in East Timor; violations of worker rights and, in particular, the ongoing trial of labor leader Much tar Pakpahan; restrictions on press freedom; ongoing civil unrest; recent convictions These organizations promote democratic principles and better governance; defend individuals in legal proceedings; support environmental causes; advise ethnic groups on land rights; ease religious wide respect among human rights activists in Indonesia and outside for its independent position on sensitive issues. pst.000033083094 STATEMENT OF AHMED CHALABI, PRESIDENT OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL, IRAQI NATIONAL CONGRESS, LONDON, ENGLAND Iraq has so much oil that most of the country is still unexis enormous wealth, this enormous potential is the birthright of the Iraqi people. You must realize that the Iraqi people are Saddam''s first victims. protection, the Iraqi National Congress was able to build headquarters and bases inside Iraq, establish and program television The Iraqi National Congress does not support the program now talk about, military assistance requested by the INC for the provisional government can be secured by Iraq''s frozen assets, which are ground forces to Iraq for combat to eliminate both Saddam''s regime and his WMD is likely to be better in terms of Iraqi and US interests than continued rule by Saddam or another military regime. And then it states their pledge of support for a democratic alternative to Saddam Hussein''s regime: pst.000033098630 pst.000033098807 "respect the legitimate concerns of Iraq relating to national security, sovereignty, and dignity." That sounds an awful lot like Saddam Hussein''s description of what the dispute was all about in the happened in Iraq, that Saddam Hussein had weaponized missiles real question is, what happens should Saddam comply with Resolution 687 (which the United States voted for) and meet the requirements of paragraph 22, which essentially says, once it has been One of the possibilities of a successful containment policy of Saddam Hussein and of Iraq could be that it creates a box in which it is a serious concern that the strategy of supporting armed opposition to Saddam could lead to a separation of northern Iraq into really the inspection regime that destroyed Saddam''s nuclear program, and actually not our air operations during the war. It obligates the U.N. weapons inspectors to quote "respect the legitimate concerns of Iraq relating to national security, pst.000033129624 Saddam Hussein, and as long as he remains in power we are going I do not think Saddam Hussein has any sanctions on him. think I am going to give that credit to Saddam Hussein. very effective sanctions regime that has been put in place to continue to keep all possible pressure on this and, at the same time, sanctions will drive Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq, or that inside Iraq the United States will still have to keep Saddam weak and isolated an effective containment regime to guard against the very real risk, indeed the likelihood, that even a well-supported opposition will fail to remove him from power. The question that the United States must answer is what kind of a containment regime do we want to have and what trade-offs are we willing to make. Consequently, if the United States is going to hold on to broad containment of Iraq it pst.000043000760 issue new directives, ensuring that UNSCOM and IAEA inspections would receive high priority support throughout our government. of the President''s foreign policy team have travelled the world, attempting to keep the heat on Iraq, in demanding that it cooperate A second fact is that, Iraqi intransigence aside, UNSCOM''s inspection efforts have continued to make important progress during the time that we were accused of not supporting UNSCOM''s inspections. Saddam''s provocations are designed with political purposes in mind: to spark a reaction, to divide the Security Council, to isolate the United States, and to diminish support for sanctions. And when Chairman Butler, a short time later, decided to proceed with intrusive inspections, under the leadership of Scott RitIraq''s latest refusal to cooperate with UNSCOM is a direct challenge to the Council''s authority. For all its bluster, Mr. Chairman, Iraq remains within the strategic box that Saddam Hussein''s folly created for it 7 years ago. pst.000043017171 I would like to express our thanks and admiration for Mr. Ritter''s courage and dedication in his role in disarming Iraq and leading the efforts to destroy their weapons of mass destruction. Last spring, we threatened to use force, as we have on three separate occasions since the end of the Gulf War, if Iraq did not permit UNSCOM inspections to resume. Iraq must comply with U.N. Security Council resolutions and cooperate with U.N. weapons inspectors. A great deal of the problem I think a great many of my constituents have about our policies with regard to Iraq are ones of perception of America''s resolve to prevent Saddam Hussein from reconstituting, as you say, its weapons of mass destruction capability. Chairman GilmAn. Major, a respected trade journal called Nucleonics Week has reported that IAEA was informed that Iraq had developed a scale model of a nuclear weapon. pst.000043020119 panel of witnesses will be Dr. Paul Wolfowitz, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Lieutenant General Thomas Kelly, retired, United States Army, director of operations for the Joint Staff As a result of that shift in course, last Wednesday the United Nations Security Council voted 15 to nothing to suspend periodic reviews of the sanctions placed upon Iraq after the 1991 war. WEAPONS INSPECTOR, UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL COMMISSION ON IRAQ United Nations at the end of the Persian Gulf War. In response to this illegal Iraqi action, the Security Council, after there''s general agreement, even among the members of the Security Council who are not in support of the kind of intrusive inspections that the Special Commission is conducting, that Iraq has the events that led us to the realization that our foreign policy relative to Saddam Hussein and Iraq and the weapons of mass destruction and the things that we''ve been working on, the defining pst.000043023042 Wednesday, March 10, 1999, United States Policy Toward Iraq 1 committee begins 2 days of hearings on the security challenges facing the United States and the Persian Gulf and, in particular, relative to Iraq. the course of our policy and the pattern of United States military States strategy against Iraq, specifically the series of air strikes a continuation of the Desert Fox campaign, those 4 days in December, when the air strikes took place against Baghdad and surrounding areas, or whether they are simply retaliation to Saddam United States Air Force just after the Gulf War commissioned an The administration claims that containment is the official strategy and the United States wishes only to keep Saddam in his box, Given the amount of political and military capital the United States is spending to keep Saddam under pressure, I think at some point in time, Iraqi opposition groups are likely pst.000043032082 all, we do not have any opportunities in dealing with Saddam, let aggressively working with those groups to get them in place. I would also urge you to use the other available tools that are available to you, militarily and other tools, in a comprehensive which I hope Assistant Secretary Indyk is doing this week and next It is not without a lot of difficulties, and you have got to balance get this lineup the way we have got it right now again any time So I do hope you will work on that aggressively. I appreciate your comments, Mr. Chairman, and we are working on it very hard. We will continue to have discussions with that you want to put into the record, we will be happy to receive We will keep the record open for 5 days Thank you for your very good job, and I hope we can work together. pst.000043078448 The support of Iraqi exiles, including the politically active opposition, along with neighboring states, is indispensable. Congress has provided the administration with a number of important tools to support Iraqis who are working toward a better future for Iraq. support humanitarian programs and the development of civil society, and for activities inside Iraq. Finally, there is the Iraq Liberation Act which provides discretionary authority to the President to direct up to $97 million in DeDepartment drawdown and training for designated Iraqi opposition groups. Thank you for holding this hearing on the Iraqi opposition movement, Senator I think we all agree that under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, Iraq is a threat to our interests, our allies in the region, and to those most The more the United States supports the opposition, the more regional governments will be confident that Saddam will in fact go pst.000043079001 resolutions relating to the disarmament of Iraq''s weapons of mass First, Iraq was to be disarmed of all nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and the means of manufacturing them and was Security Council agreed that Iraq had taken all of the disarmament of seeking to ensure that illegal weapons were not reconstituted following the disarmament phase, and the main resolution dealing of the United Nations passed resolutions relating to the disarmament of Iraq''s resolution was subsequently adopted under which UNSCOM would monitor all relevant activities in Iraq as a means of seeking to ensure that illegal weapons were it might do, I directed that UNSCOM provide to the Council a basic document setting out the then current state of affairs with respect to the disarmament of Iraq''s And the answer with Saddam Hussein and weapons of mass destruction is, yes, we know he had the means. pst.000044859275 France and the U.N. Security Council to block the new U.N. weapons inspection agency for Iraq, UNMOVIC-I hope I have the correct pronunciation of that from declaring it was ready to begin inspections inside Iraq. United States will not allow Saddam Hussein to make any militarily aggressive actions in the region. most of them understand that Saddam manipulates the food supplies for his own political benefit, find themselves in a difficult situation as Iraqi children and others are affected by his policies, IN RESIDENCE, COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL COMMISSION ON IRAQ (UNSCOM] the United States as a nation and not acceptable as behavior fitting to a permanent member of the security council. their own law to maintain nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and instead to pursue what they consider to be their narrow and national interests, whether, as you pointed out, it is based pst.000045413599 To my mind, the clear answer is yes, Saddam Hussein is better off today than he was at the end of the gulf war. WASHINGTON, DC.-U.S. Senator Sam Brownback chaired a Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee hearing today on U.S. policy toward Iraq. are confronted with the Iraqi government''s persistent refusal to meet its international obligations with regard to Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), as well As one distinguished international human rights monitoring group recently observed, "The Iraqi government''s callous and manipulative disregard for its humanitarian obligations is not something the Security Council can reasonably expect will the sanctions regime, and I also want to just pose two other questions as we engage in some hopefully hard thinking about Iraq. Iraqi opposition-I mean, I think we need to deal with that question in this hearing—or are we prepared to let it die again? pst.000047034969 About a dozen states, including several hostile to western democracies-Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria-now either possess or are actively pursuing offensive biological and chemical capabilities for use against their perceived enemies, whether internal or We are also worried about the security of Russian WMD materials, increased cooperation among rogue states, more effective efforts by proliferants to conceal illicit activities, and growing interest by terrorists in acquiring WMD capabilities. Hundreds of articles and speeches have cited the South Asian tests and the Korean and Iranian missile launches as proof that future threats are inherently unpredictable, intelligence estimates are consistently unreliable, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is fundamentally unstoppable, and, thus, the only truly effective response is reliance on American defense technology. â�¢ Lt. General Patrick Hughes, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, concludes bluntly in his annual testimony to Congress, "The proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, missiles, and other key technologies remains the greatest direct threat to US interests worldwide." pst.000047037502 On the question of disarmament, there have been no weapons inspectors in Iraq for well over a year. Iraq''s past weapons of mass destruction programs, as well as to to supporting Iraqis who seek a new government and a better future for Iraq. Iraq''s weapons of mass destruction programs, at which officials said significant reconstruction had been seen-including the Al Taji missile complex. Ever since the United Nations weapons inspectors were shut out of Iraq, a year Gulf War, Iraq acquired Siemens computers and other equipment useful for processing uranium to nuclear-weapons grade, and the company provided electrical Iraq learned early on that it could conceal a nuclear weapons program by cooperating with the IAEA. The IAEA''s track record of missing evidence of Iraq''s nuclear weapons program NCI WARNS THAT SADDAM MAY HAVE ACTIVE NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAM that there is a small, well-concealed nuclear weapons program in Iraq, possibly with Iraq''s nuclear-weapons aspirations. pst.000047043503 SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas, Chairman sion of international support for isolating the Saddam Hussein regime. As far as the opposition is concerned, the administration has disbursed approximately $20,000, and I want to emphasize that. million in available funds under the Iraq Liberation Act (ILA). first time since the signature of the Iraq Liberation Act that we some further illumination from the meeting with the Vice President, and some of your thoughts on this, Mr. Perle, as to what is There is no secret in what Saddam is doing inside Iraq All Iraqi peoples suffer from Saddam''s actions. We fight Saddam in the marshes of Iraq We are an uprising in Iraq and the whole Iraqi people are in opposition to Saddam, but we need weapons, and other support such the meeting with the Vice President and any particular pledges of pst.000049670080 Iraq and Saddam Hussein''s violation of the United Nation''s resolutions in the past. of mass destruction programs threatened vital United States interests and international peace and security, and it urged the President to, quote, take appropriate action to bring Iraq into compliance with its international obligations, unquote. evant United Nations Security Council resolutions be enforced, including through the use of force if necessary; But I think that what happened with leaks coming from the Administration, particularly the Pentagon, about the controversy regarding the use of force and the method in which it would be employed against Saddam Hussein, provoked a wide national debate with the country of Iraq as presently constituted; and whether Saddam is assassinated tomorrow or not, the weapons of mass destruction are there, the record is there, and I strongly urge my colleagues to reject this amendment and to support the underlying pst.000050332076 with Mr. Papadopoulos to discuss the core issues of a comprehensive settlement with the objective of reaching an agreement between Greek and Turkish Cypriots. will be in Northern Cyprus on Thursday, today, to meet with Turkish Cypriot leaders to discuss efforts to restart talks with the In the 7th clause of the preamble, strike "two sides" and insert "Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders" and strike "were encouraged to intensify their efforts" and insert "were encouraged to be intensified" In the 10th clause of the preamble, strike "2" and insert "Greek and Turkish Cypriot" Page 5, line 9, strike "people of Cyprus" and insert "Greek and Turkish Cypriots" Page 5, line 9, strike "people of Cyprus" and insert "Greek and Turkish Cypriots" Page 5, line 9, strike "people of Cyprus" and insert "Greek and Turkish Cypriots" resolution be reported favorably to the Full Committee as amended pst.000050348930 In addition, we met Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) officials, American military personnel, and United Nations officials. new relationship with the United States; and supportive of U.S. troops staying until Iraq is stabilized. undermine the Iraqi Governing Council, and increase risks to coalition forces. During the Constitutional process the Iraqi Governing Council and the CPA must communicate Although Iraqi''s oil reserves are estimated to be the second largest in the world, Iraq''s economy and infrastructure is in dire 17 Iraq: The Day After, Report of an Independent Task Force Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, 2003, p. Iraq, and others concerned to advance efforts to restore and establish national and local institutions for representative governance, including by working together to facilitate a process by Iraqis, until an internationally recognized, representative government is established by the people of Iraq and assumes the responsibilities of the Authority; as possible to the Development Fund for Iraq 1 billion United pst.000051628598 I want to express my appreciation for your calling today''s important and timely hearing, the first on Iraq since the collapse of Saddam Hussein''s regime. Ambassador Chamberlin, who has appeared before our Committee numerous times throughout her service, has served as principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau for International struction and Humanitarian Assistance invited the General Accounting Office to send people to the theater to work in ORHA. Now I would like to turn for a moment to the work that the Coalition Provisional Authority has just begun as Iraq emerges from Working closely with the World Food Program, the coalition is reestablishing the public distribution system (PDS) throughout Iraq as areas become permissive. efforts, there is a clear requirement for international assistance to meet Iraq''s urgent, short-term needs. Migration (PRM) is heavily involved in assisting UN, other international organization, and NGO humanitarian efforts on behalf of the Iraqi people. pst.000051632199 Iraq''s well-known ethnic, religious and tribal fractures, building a state that can assuage popular fears and address the specific problems of the country will be essential to seal these divisions and produce a unified, peaceful and prosperous new Iraqi The process the United States has embarked on in rebuilding Iraq is unprecedented in the region and there is no model from the Arab or Islamic worlds that you today to discuss the authority of the United States, under domestic and international law, to make fundamental changes to the constitutional law and government institutions of Iraq. Britain, to alter the domestic laws, including the constitution and government institutions, in order to provide for stability and security in Iraq, to protect the basic The historical record shows that the maintaining current Iraqi government institutions would constitute a threat to the national security of the United States and the United States to establish a new Iraqi constitution and representative government institutions. pst.000051633561 We intend to explore what kind of democracy is possible in Iraq and what constitutional ideas are likely Bremer this morning, includes assistance to reach out to the grassroots in Iraq and educate Iraqis on their historic opportunity to develop a new constitution and governance system. the government of the United States has committed itself to the viability of democracy in Iraq, a country which is predominantly Arab and overwhelmingly Muslim. The net result of these and other trends has been that security-minded governments and states dominated most aspects of life in Middle Eastern countries, external powers usually helped to perpetuate this autocracy and lack of democracy, and Saddam, a large percentage of the population, especially its educated middle class, worked for the government directly or indichance to be a political majority for the first time in Iraq''s modern pst.000051636159 House calling for debt relief from Iraq''s international debts, including people of Iraq who lived in fear of Hussein''s secret police to pay back efforts at reconstruction and empower the people of Iraq than debt relief? strategy to promote Iraq''s economy, which has been sinking for years for Iraq''s economic recovery are clouded by an unsustainable debt Forgiving much of Iraq''s foreign debt is the right thing to do. traded between people who want to buy those points for use in Iraq on in many cases in Iraq, I don''t think that anybody really knows what''s hearing on the post-war rebuilding of Iraq and its economy. empower the people of Iraq than debt relief? 8 the Bank, respectively, to the government of Iraq unless for the new Iraq was explained to Iraqis, the region and indeed the Prior to the war, Iraq generated $10-12 billion in oil revenue per year. pst.000054565814 We should acknowledge that success in Iraq requires centrist Iraqis to step up, the world to step in, and the Middle East countries to take a chance on a representative government the political contentions of an election year to create any impression that we are anything but united in our determination to persevere and to prevail in Iraq. Iraq''s security forces to be the principal element in rooting out terrorists and destroying their cells, with the Coalition military increasingly in a supporting role. will stay the course until we have an Iraqi force capable of providing reasonable security for the people of Iraq is a strategy. Regrettably, we have allowed almost a year to pass without creating an effective Iraqi security force. "We will stay the course until we have an Iraqi force capable of providing reasonable security for the people of Iraq"—is a strategy. pst.000054565821 together several tens of thousands of troops for a mission as important as the rebuilding of Iraq, if given 6 months or more to do so. I suspect that if the United States were finally to agree to Europe''s terms, terms that are reasonable and under which U.S. forces have operated successfully before, I think it would be hard those foreigners who went to Iraq to try to help the Iraqis rebuild their country. going out into the people and helping them rebuild their country." Until Iraq is safe, Thus our failure to provide Iraq with security is costing us the two most important positive factors we have had going for us from the start. We are going to need more American troops in Iraq. and Iraqi forces are unlikely to be able to take over significant aspects of the security mission for something on the order of 12-24 months, the United States must pst.000055827102 The arrival of Ambassador Negroponte in Iraq surely marks a new beginning for United Secretary Powell briefed members of our committee before the Independence Day recess on the new embassy operations in Baghdad, and they represent an undeniable commitment to the future of Iraq. We welcome Ambassador Ron Schlicher, the Iraq Coordinator at the United States achievements of the Iraqi Interim Government following the transition of power from the Coalition Provisional Authority. other institutions of the Interim Government, the Iraqi people are in Iraq following the assumption of sovereignty by the Iraqis, recognizing the fact that our roles, our missions, our resources, and our the Iraqi security forces and the other has to do with intelligence. was to get as many Iraqi security forces, both police and military, we would have had much better Iraqi security forces by the time The Iraqi people desperately want their Interim Government to succeed. pst.000055830461 The "wars" in Iraq and Afghanistan are actually "battles," and the keys to victory lie in a sustained US campaign to help our allies in the region carry out political, economic, and social civilian teams with suitable resources and regional expertise to carry out the security and nation building missions, take place long before the combat phase begins. Rush aid to the Iraqi security forces and military seeking more friendly Arab aid Develop a long-term economic and military aid program as leverage to try to influence Iraqi decision making over time. warfare, low-intensity conflict, security and Phase IV operations, and nation this may require a far better integration of military and civil efforts in both intelligence and operations than has occurred in either Iraq or Afghanistan. three key principles: building legitimacy for the transitional program, increasing the efficacy of emergent Iraqi control, and improving the security situation in a more lasting way. pst.000055832007 Dr. Kay volunteered, and I emphasize that, volunteered to resume his public service, worked diligently for 6 months in Iraq about Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and related programs. Dr. Kay has stated that although we''ve not found evidence of large stockpiles of WMD or forward-deployed weapons, the ISG has made the following evidence Saddam Hussein''s intent to pursue WMD programs on a large the reports believing that the information reports were used selectively to justify a policy decision to take the country to war? hope that Senator Roberts and his committee will have done that, The deception related to more advanced programs and that''s where it continued up until the time Pakistan, other nations where they''ve had official weapons programs, biological, chemical, and nuclear, the risk Thank you very much, Dr. Kay, I appreciate it. "I think that the system should have a way for an analyst to say, pst.000055833059 Let me begin by stating the obvious: Our efforts to craft an indigenous administration in Iraq capable of exercising responsibility for that country''s future are entering their final stage. And I think it is very important to recognize that this interim government, fully sovereign, will, by Iraqi design, have limitations on its authority between the first of July and the end of December. After the CPA and the Iraqi Governing Council signed the November 15 Agreement and established the June 30 transition date, the Secretary called Ambassador Ambassador Brahimi is in Iraq today, with our full support, to continue his nationwide consultations with Iraqis. has noted on several occasions, the priorities of this government should be the dayto-day administration of the country, the preparations of elections for the Transitional National Assembly, providing for the security and safety of the Iraqi people, pst.000055837644 the numerous statements from members of this Committee recognizing the importance of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the ongoing reconstruction mission in Iraq 59(C) states that the elected Iraqi Transitional Government "shall have the authority to conclude binding international agreements regarding the activities of the multinational force," and that "nothing in this Law shall affect rights and will also take charge of the daily administration of the country, including the security and safety of the Iraqi people and continued progress in the economic recovery. In some of the fighting in recent weeks, Iraqi security forces have performed well, have been able to do things like 3. "The manner in which the needs of people with disabilities are being addressed in the development and implementation of programs, projects and activities funded by the United States Government in Iraq and Afghanistan." pst.000055838788 We must think creatively about how the Coalition and the international community can facilitate the emergence of national leaders in Iraq who are viewed as legitimate and prepared to govern. Third, will United Nations Security Council resolutions undergird the international legitimacy of the new Iraqi Government and hopefully history will judge as a noble undertaking, is that I believe that the vast majority of the Iraqi people want a representative government. The United States and all nations of the Coalition will establish normal diplomatic relations with an Iraqi Government, an American Embassy will open, an American Ambassador, obviously subject to the confirmation of the committee and the Iraqi Governing Council, the United Nations and our coalition partners—is committed to success." And what did the Secretary say next? That agreement, signed by CPA and the Iraqi Governing Council, called for a Transitional Administrative Law, encompassing a basic bill of rights for all Iraqis. pst.000056548099 without an understanding of Iraq''s immediate needs and expectations, and without the talent in either the United States Government or the contract community to implement such a plan or to develop the kinds of plans and programs that should have been focused on the shortand medium-term requirement that Iraq actually needed. I would urge this committee to demand an immediate appearance by the director of USAID to explain the details of our aid program, to provide a clear plan for transferring funds and responsibility to the Iraqi government, to show how our projects meet valid from the President that we will leave the moment the Iraqi government asks us to, that we will phase our forces down as soon as Iraq training and equipping Iraqi military and security forces meets the following key by the administration is, at least at the strategic level, fundamentally sound: Train Iraqi security forces and have them take over responsibility for directly dealing with the insurgency so that United pst.000056563115 economic reconstruction and the capacity of Iraqi governing institutions—that will be key to a stable and democratic Iraq. Staff visited with lead Embassy officials, Iraq Reconstruction Management Office (IRMO) leadership, the Director of the Gulf Regional Division of the Army Corps of Engineers, Project and Contracting Office members, the USAID Mission Director, two members of the Iraqi National Assembly, and numerous embassy personnel (see Appendix II for complete list). Staff found that U.S. and coalition reconstruction projects, investments and other program and policy reforms implemented The SBA will govern the Iraq-IMF relationship for the long term. According to embassy officials, the capacity of Iraqi provincial long-term success of the Iraqi mission and the stability of the country. 10 United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General, Report of Inspection, Rule-of-Law Programs, Embassy Baghdad, Report Number ISP-IQO-06-01, October 2005. Iraq Reconstruction Management Office Briefing pst.000058153529 To achieve this goal, we have developed a comprehensive strategy to provide the Iraqi''s with the tools necessary to defeat the insurgency, complete the political transition, and create a solid foundation for future economic growth. three areas; the security, the political, and the economic dimensions of Iraq''s transition. I have served as a coordinator within the United States Government to ensure American support for Iraq effectively supports the Second, I have engaged with many foreign governments in an effort to build international support for Iraq''s Transitional Government. Now, in addition to supporting the political transition and economic reconstruction taking place inside Iraq, we have also been At Brussels, the international community sent Iraq a clear message, and that was that we support your transition to a democracy. at Brussels to improve their coordination with the Iraqi Government based on the presentation of Iraq''s priorities at Brussels. pst.000058153734 American Forces in Iraq, unfortunately remain preoccupied with force protection and with tracking down the insurgents who are attacking them, and as a result they are providing little security to the Iraqi people. As far as the goals of training are concerned, while we do need some highly capable Iraqi units capable of conducting special forces type missions to help assault insurgent strongholds, of far greater utility will be large numbers of competent and • Make it clear that the United States and Britain will not maintain post-insurgency bases in Iraq, and that they will stay only as long as the Iraqi Government requests and needs their support. • Continue pressure on the government to be as inclusive as possible in every activity, to find some inclusive and federal approach to draft the new Constitution, to keep the Iraqi forces and civil service "national" and avoid purges of pst.000058162255 The Iraqis understand, however, very clearly the need for U.S. and coalition forces to stay and assist them in developing the capacity to ensure the security of their country. Iraq is the training, equipping, and mentoring of the Iraqi security forces—in sufficient numbers and sufficient quality—so that they will be able to take over responsibility for defending their nation from both external and internal threats. the country and the new terrorists like Zarqawi who have joined them to fight democracy that the overwhelming majority of the Iraqi people do not support them. courage of the Iraqi security forces and their leadership, whose members step forward-as they did on election day-in defense of their country to overcome the terrorism, threats, and intimidation directed against them and their families. As conditions warrant, Multi-National Force-Iraq will progressively transition the counterinsurgency mission to capable Iraqi security forces and assign coalition forces to supporting roles with a less pst.000058163320 Iraq relates to United States national security and the broader War And so, we also need, I think, a regional strategy, Madam Secretary, to either force or induce Iraq''s neighbors to act more responsibly. In short, with the Iraqi Government, our political military strategy has to be to clear, hold, and more international support, preparing for Iraq''s first national election this past January, and helping to establish security. build: Clear areas from insurgent control, hold them securely, and build durable, national Iraqi institutions. In 2004, President Bush outlined a five-step plan to end the occupation: Transferring sovereignty to an Iraqi interim government, rebuilding Iraq''s infrastructure, what Senator Biden has talked about support a United Nationssponsored Middle East regional security summit after the election about the level of support and understanding of the American people and the specificity of how you are going to deal with the political solution to Iraq? pst.000058792209 In fact, there is question as to the authenticity of the documents concerning the Kuwaiti prisoners that has of Iraqi or Kuwaitis being held would have been 250,000 Americans, and I think the United States of America can be proud of the people and Government of the State of Kuwait, I extend to you forces remained in Kuwait for 7 months, during which they committed all sort of atrocities against the Kuwaiti people, such as The fact that Saddam Hussein''s regime intentionally kept people, these documents, it will bring closure to the people in Kuwait and Well, there are some things we don''t need the documents to know, and that is, we had a relationship with Saddam I think I owe Congressman Schiff a better answer with respect to the policy and the process by which we do release documents and how those decisions are made. pst.000058930113 discussed the challenges facing the United States and Iraqi Governments in rebuilding Iraq found that the deteriorating security Mr. Chairman, since our last Full Committee hearing on Iraq Pentagon reconstruction officials are privately complaining that the special inspector general for Iraq is drafting error-prone reports and hampering their work in Iraq, according to defense officials. But within the Pentagon and among some defense officials in Iraq, Mr. Bowen''s staff is viewed as of the reports have become the quality assurance for the documents," said a defense official who asked James Jeffrey, the State Department''s chief policy adviser on Iraq, had notliing but praise for SIGIR in The official said SIGIR reported that fewer Iraqis were getting water compared with one of his first reports in 2004 skewered the former ambassador''s management of billions in Iraqi oil published in which he said, "If democracy comes to Iraq, there is pst.000058935507 ensuring that the insurgents are no longer able to prevent the establishment of a representative Iraqi government or the establishment of basic services. important progress in turning over to Iraqi security forces, but as provide with us the assurances that we need and that the American people understand how we are moving forward in Iraq. some success; to pursue an inclusive constitutional political process; and to improve public services with the help of the international community and the quality of life for the Iraqi people; and contributing to these achievements, and they are prepared to provide a detailed report on the progress of Iraq''s security forces. number of U.S. troops in Iraq has moved from an Iraqi election period high of 160,000 to something less than 140,000 today. relatively peaceful and essentially under the control of Iraqi security forces today. pst.000058937488 We have got enormous problems building with our Veterans Administration and for our reserve component force. to think about the next generation of plans, procedures, operations are trained; and I am sure that there are efforts under way to identify areas and times of specific vulnerability, such as when there forces in, I think it is a risk that we have to take; and we know to follow up on General Clark''s suggestion, that we do have hearings on Syria so we are a little more prepared for this possible conflict. You know, the American people want answers to these questions, I think you are raising a question about whether we should have gone to war in Iraq at all. General Clark says specifically in his testimony back two years Do you want to have any questions of General Clark? But don''t you think it was a condition of democracy of the Iraqi model and the American presence that protected pst.000058944820 The Marine Corps is currently preparing to deploy forces to relieve the Third Cavalry Regiment and the 82nd Airborne in western Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom II. As Secretary Wolfowitz said, recent polls have shown the majority of Iraqi people want Iraq to succeed, and they are positive about It says the Commander''s Emergency Response Program, $500 million to train and equip military and security forces for Iraq, increase drawdown authority for the Afghanistan Freedom Support Act. And it says that this money is not requested in 2005, but they want general transfer authority up to $4 I read it—remember, he talks about, I think it is four different targets: The Americans; the Iraqi security forces; the Kurds, whom he has been killing—we do not know for sure, but I would guess that those two terrible bombings in Irbil and Karbala were his doing; and the Shi''a. pst.000058945407 Authority for Iraq; Dr. Steven Metz, Chairman of Regional Strategy and Planning, Research Professor of National Security Affairs; We need to have a realistic sense of whether integrating the Shiite, Sunni and Kurd ethnic factions into Iraq''s security forces and into the government has STRATEGY AND PLANNING, RESEARCH PROFESSOR OF NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS, U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE background of examining insurgencies around the world for a number of years, I am convinced that in general the reaction of the Department of Defense and the military and their adaptation has I think our forces are a moderating influence that keeps the various major groups within Iraq from going at one another. the hearts and minds and provide for the security of the Iraqi people; their capacity to begin to deal with the insurgency. at human intelligence in Iraq, but for the new Iraqi security forces pst.000058946817 of our allies, has engaged in dialogue and meaningful reconstructive efforts with the Iraqi people to help build a foundation for establishing a secure and sovereign Iraq. Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the American people have provided approximately $29 billion in United States assistance to Iraq for reconstruction programs. the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction (SIGIR), to provide oversight As SIGIR noted in its January 2006 Quarterly Report, this is the Year of Transition in Iraq reconstruction. Funds (IRRF) now expended and just under $2 billion left to obligate, the U.S. reconstruction program in Iraq is fully engaged in project execution and sustainment, In its April 2006 Quarterly Report, SIGIR identified five critical issues confronting the reconstruction program at this watershed moment in the Iraq endeavor: have these countries met their initial obligations, let alone additional commitments, to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq? pst.000061489462 Now I recognize that we have a moral obligation to the Iraqi people to help repair the damage resulting from our invasion and occupation, and the President said in January that the Iraqis will commit $10 billion of their own money for reconstruction. our mission in Iraq but instead to try to get the best use of tax dollars, to make sure that the scarce money that we have got is not pay for its own reconstruction, and that the United States'' taxpayers would not be on the hook, 4 years to the day former Secretary Wolfowitz noted we are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon. the Iraqi government finished last year with $12 Billion available but unspent for For next year, the Iraqi government expects to spend $2.4 Billion on oil the CPA lost $8.8 Billion of Iraqi money. pst.000061489530 As you''ve acknowledged, sectarian violence has trumped the insurgency and foreign terrorists as the main security threat in Iraq. We need a massive civilian effort to build the Iraqi Government, like the effort Mr. Chairman, Senator Biden, and distinguished members, I welcome this opportunity to share my assessment of the situation in Iraq and my thoughts on the way The positive developments, which give the Iraqi Government and friends of Iraq real ever government of national unity, with nonsectarian security ministers, agreements on rules for decisionmaking on critical issues Iraq and we will work with the Iraqi Government. So, I think state institutions are being built and a new Iraqi nation also is being born. United States is doing all it can to support the Iraqi Government''s Forces-supported Baghdad Security Plan, to assistance for reconstruction and to improve essential services, to political encouragement of PM Maliki''s national reconciliation efforts and the deepening of democracy and the rule of law. pst.000061490321 General Pace and General Abizaid, I want to express our gratitude to both of you and the countless men and women that you represent, for your continued service and historic efforts of our Nation''s military to bring freedom and liberty to Iraq, Afghanistan, made that statement it is clear that the operational and the tactical situation in Baghdad is such that it requires additional security forces, both U.S. and Iraqi. But I think that as I go around and I talk to Iraqi military officers, Iraqi government officials, and people throughout the country—and I think General Casey certainly would echo this—the majority of the people want Iraq to come together as a free and independent nation that is capable of being a meaningful member of The recent increase in sectarian violence is the number one problem for the Iraqi government and the coalition; that said, any group associated with pst.000061490710 part of the effort to stabilize Iraq, it is essential that the Iraqi Government reach a power sharing agreement with secular and moderate leaders so that major issues such as oil revenue distribution, kind of exchange, but it is this kind of flat-out way that the administration turned down what I thought the Iraq Study Group presented were some very good ideas about having a surge in diplomacy, and that is what I am advocating also, is that that be used. Group for their work on the difficult situation in Iraq and for providing many useful recommendations to help us in our debate regarding United States policy in that country. The reality is that the interests of Iran and Syria in Iraq are opposed to those of the Iraqi people and the United States. end the sectarian violence and secure their people." As the President said, "the essential U.S. security mission" in Iraq is the training of Iraqi forces. pst.000061491793 The administration is focused on assisting a new Iraqi Government in promoting its own agenda of national reconciliation, improving security, I hope the GAO has been successful, where our subcommittee efforts had failed, in determining the DOD''s sufficient detailed information about the cost and types of military installation in Iraq. and future costs of U.S. involvement in Iraq, including maintaining U.S. military operations, building Iraqi government capacity, and rebuilding the U.S. involvement in Iraq, including the cost of U.S. military operations, rebuilding critical infrastructure, and Iraqi security forces upon record voter turnout in December; rapid stand-up of Iraqi security forces; achievements in infrastructure despite insurgent efforts, including an increase in both electrical generation above last Iraqis, that brought in State Department, who now had the responsibility for the political part of our effort in Iraq and the reconstruction and left to Defense obviously this major effort of the military operations and the reconstruction of their security forces. pst.000061495678 World War II the United States military found itself in control of created a similar commission that basically handed off the government operations from the United States military to the incumbent I am pleased to call on Chairman John Murtha, our distinguished colleague from Pennsylvania, whose legislation is entitled, "House Joint Resolution 18, Designated to Redeploy STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE JOHN MURTHA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA My bill also allows some flexibility of the redeployment time tables as a way to encourage the Iraqi Government to make progress Under my bill, the President is required to submit quarterly reports to Congress, describing and assessing the Iraqi Government''s I am pleased to call on my colleague, my fellow Californian and good friend, Congresswoman Lee. STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE BARBARA LEE, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA pst.000061495852 are to resist as much they want to, if they are to resist Iranian influence or increases in Iranian influence in the Middle East, something that they fear quite rightly, then it is going to require support for Iraq. our civilian presence in Iraq to better assist the Iraqi people. To succeed with national reconciliation, the Iraqi government must improve security for its people, particularly in Baghdad. As Iraqis intensify efforts to improve lives, the main focus of our support will continue to shift toward helping the Iraqi government expand its reach, its relevance, President Bush and I have engaged retired General Joe Ralston to work with Iraq and Turkey on concerns about terrorism from the Kurdish Worker''s Party. urgent task now is to help the Iraqi government establish confidence that it canand will—protect all of its citizens, regardless of their sectarian identity, from violent extremists who threaten Iraq''s young democracy—and that it will reinforce security with political reconciliation and economic support. pst.000061500501 Two months ago the Iraqi Government was still not producing either oil or electricity at rates that matched pre-war performance, After having spent more than $2 billion of the American taxpayers'' money on rebuilding Iraq''s oil infrastructure, you would We have spent about $35 billion, the United States, on reconstruction efforts so far in Iraq, and of course, we have lost over BOWEN, JR., J.D., SPECIAL INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR IRAQ RECONSTRUCTION, OFFICE OF I met with the key leadership in the Iraq reconstruction program, and addressed our latest findings in our quarterly reports, which was issued 3 weeks ago. You know, we do so much in Iraq from the United States that effort, it is the most important national capacity to building program in Iraq, and it is about trying to get the provincial councils pst.000061502949 It is my desire today to provide an update on current security conditions in Iraq and elsewhere and current thinking about the way Iraq continues to take a toll on Iraqi al Qaeda members and foreign fighters. transitioning security responsibilities to capable Iraqi forces. Nonetheless, security transitions to capable Iraqi forces continue in most of the country. Iraqis and Americans alike believe that Iraq can stabilize and United Nations on launching a new international compact for Iraq. In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, we will continue to support strongly the government of Iraq as it moves forward on these three can come out of the force structure that is already in Iraq, and I That is the thought of most Iraqis, and we take great assurance in the fact that that is the will of most of Iraq''s people, not Iraqi security forces? pst.000061509849 members of the United States Congress to end this war now. look at every potential policy that can lead to an ending of the hostilities, and hopefully a break out of democracy in Iraq. presence of United States ground forces, the Iraqi civil war is likely The large presence of United States ground forces has had little States forces from Iraq. In Bosnia, in 1995, we succeeded because that was the most important objective of American foreign policy, and every other interest was subordinated to it, so we sat down with Milosevic and With fewer United States troops in Iraq, it I support the Iraq study group''s recommendations of last December which called the United States to adopt a smaller profile concentrated largely on advisors and enablers, leaving the street fighting, urban patrolling and major combat to the Iraqis. or will the political processes in both Iraq and the United States troops in Iraq by the Iraqis, and I would like then to move that pst.000061513914 During this week in three separate hearings, our committee will determine security force levels; prospects for national reconciliation; and the consequences of leaving Iraq immediately, later transitioned to provincial Iraqi control, which represents the successful development of Iraq''s capability to govern and protect itself component of our national strategy in Iraq is to fight terrorists and train Iraqi Security Iraqi National police battalions operating in the lead across Iraq. does not want American troops to leave Iraq until his government can protect the Iraqi To highlight a recent major milestone, in the first week of September, the Ministry of Defense and the joint headquarters assumed operational control of the Iraqi Ground Forces Command, the Government of Iraq will dictate when the Iraqi Ground Forces Command is ready to As the Government of Iraq and Iraqi Security Forces mature, As the Government of Iraq and Iraqi Security Forces mature, pst.000061515420 The United States wants the Iraqi Government to pursue a more flexible policy toward low-level members of the Baath Our witness today, GAO Comptroller General David Walker has called the Iraqi Government dysfunctional. One only needs to look at the GAO''s careful analysis of the current state of affairs in Iraq to understand why. benchmarks: Sectarian violence, Iraqi troop readiness, control of According to the Government Accountability Office, overall attacks on Iraqi civilians have not dropped, and the administration''s committee today, I exhort the Iraqi Government to redouble its efforts to make progress on all of the challenging issues that have WALKER, COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE government of Iraq has met 18 benchmarks contained in the U.S. Troop GAO, Iriqi Government llas Vor Adet Most Legislative, Security, and Economic Benchmarks violence in Iraq has decreased a key security benchmark--since it is difficult to members of the Iraqi security forces. pst.000063092011 Training of the Iraqi Security Forces), and Items of Special Interest (on ISF personnel accountability) (Title XII). international efforts in support of organizing, equipping, and training all Iraqi security forces," 5 U.S. Departments of State and Defense Inspectors General, Interagency Assessment of Iraq Police Training (DOS No. ISP-IQO-05-72, DOD No. IE-2005-002) (15 Jul 2005), p. 10 U.S. Departments of State and Defense Inspectors General, Interagency Assessment of Iraq Police Training (DOS 48 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction Iraqi Security Forces: Weapons Provided by the U.S. Department of Office, Draft Report Stabilizing Iraq: DOD Cannot Ensure that U.S.-Funded Equipment Has Reached Iraqi Security Forces 174 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Iraqi Security Forces: Review of Plans to Implement Logistics 174 Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Iraqi Security Forces: Review of Plans to Implement Logistics pst.000063092370 Senator Graham, when General Petraeus testified recently before As we know, General Petraeus believes that the answer to that question is "yes," and so does the President. time for the factions in Iraq to come together and to reach a political settlement, he was sending over tens of thousands of additional Instead of acting as the architect of a new Iraq, Mr. Maliki behaved like what Not long ago, Senator Graham, you gave to us a very good definition of what would constitute an American victory in Iraq, and I United States policy in Iraq Iraq and the United States strategy in that country from General support capabilities, the new Iraqi armed forces, especially the The September 15th report also assessed seven benchmarks as not satisfactory, including the enactment and implementation legislation to ensure the equitable distribution of hydrocarbon revenue, increasing the number of Iraqi Security Force pst.000063092387 We currently have over 160.000 American troops in Iraq patrolling the streets and fighting and dying on behalf of the Iraqis. A little over a year ago, Sunni tribal leaders began cooperating with Americans in fighting al-Qaeda real progress in political reconciliation in Iraq, the level of violence Consequently, I suggest that after hearing the Iraq progress report next week, that Congress should ask the following questions: At best, Iraq is in a holding pattern dependent on the United States military to control the violence. Government of Iraq''s responsibility to increase a number of Iraqi These measures are incredibly important for Iraq but may matter little to United States strategic interests in defeating al-Qaeda. A successful national strategy in Iraq is akin to a four legged stool with legs representing diplomacy, political reconciliation, economic recovery, and the military. Americans now appreciate that the military alone cannot solve the problems in Iraq. pst.000063501568 Kennedy award for journalism, and in his extensive documentation—it took five years—he tells the story that nobody wanted the American people to hear, that the man that Patrick Fitzgerald called in 1997, and I quote, "the most dangerous If we get the transition team piece right, the effort to produce capable, battle-tested Iraqi forces stands a greater chance of success. So the focus of today''s hearing is the manning, training and equipping of these teams, and it comes at a time of renewed emphasis This hearing comes at a good time to take stock of how the transition teams have evolved over the last two years and to reevaluate I think the key part is to making sure that we train them correctly and we man them correctly, and they have the right equipment not only for their own force''s protection but to be able to be pst.000063501599 and outlined a plan in Iraq which includes the increase of American troops. The war in Iraq is the single most critical issue facing our country today. Last week President Bush and his advisers met with congressional leaders to discuss this new strategy for Iraq, and the President then outlined this plan of the American people both in an address to the Nation and in several media interviews. In terms of what Mr. Hunter said in the beginning, I think there are things that Congress can do and should do situation is more complex than that, and I think that a lot of people have been trying to portray Iraq as a country that exists in had a mission to secure Iraq, Dr. Kagan, because I think those When we had Secretary Gates and General Pace come in to testify, both of them said that the President''s plan could not work unless there was significant progress on the political and on the economic development of Iraq. pst.000063502961 side-by-side with the Iraqi commanders in support of Prime Minister Maliki''s initiative to change the political and economic environment in Iraq in a way that would allow for success militarily So the President, the Ambassador, and General Casey I think have talked to all of the key players in the Iraqi government on this, and they all support the commitments that have been made to President Bush. to assume that your testimony indicates that the Iranian and Syrian governments are providing sanctuaries for forces who are trying to kill our troops in Iraq? I would like to be on record for my Senate colleagues to hear this from me: if in fact the Syrian and Iranian governments are complicit with organizations and groups that are trying to kill American troops, I hope we will have the resolve in a pst.000063504040 In terms of oil specifically for export, Iraq produces 1.4 billion To address these many problems, we recommended that the Secretary of State work with Iraqi ministries to do five things: (1) develop an integrated energy strategy; (2) establish an oil metering U.S. and international officials have noted that corruption in Iraq''s oil sector is The proposed law divides the oil resources in Iraq into three categories: (1) the presently producing fields identified in Annex 1; (2) The draft law locates the fields in Annex 1 and 2 to the Iraq National Oil Company, INOC, and the fields in Annex 3 to the regional authorities. The role of the Federal Government in managing future and undeveloped oil discoveries raises a potential constitutional issue. Article 111 of the Iraq constitution stipulates that oil and gas existing oil that will be produced in Iraq? hope that in the future that if there is oil production in Iraq, that pst.000063504392 deny safe haven to international terrorists, to bring greater security to Iraq''s provinces in the next 12 to 18 months, to end sectarian violence, and to achieve national reconciliation. We also have Lieutenant General Martin Berndt, United States Marine Corps (Retired), who focused on the Iraqi border security and the Ministry of the Interior. This Iraqi army cannot yet operate independently, due to a continuing lack in logistics, supply, mobility, and effective national command-and-control. that Iraqi armed forces, "are capable of assuming greater responsibility for the internal security of Iraq?" The Commission''s report finds that, "The ISFs, military and police, have made uneven progress." While the Iraqi armed forces, especially army, have shown clear evidence of developing the baseline Overall Assessment of the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF)— Military and Police Recommendation: Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq should work with the Iraqi Stations established in Baghdad partner Coalition forces with the Iraqi Army, National Police, and pst.000063504644 United States policy in Iraq would benefit greatly from meaningful executive branch consultations with legislators, and from careful study by Members of Congress, that''s directed at dispassionately evaluating the President''s plan and other options. Baghdad, an ultimatum to Iraqi political leaders that if they fail to achieve consensus on key issues like sharing oil, American support for the operation could very DEAR SENATOR WEBB: In the President''s January 10 speech to the American people on the Administration''s New Way Forward in Iraq, he made clear that Iran was out if the President moves, but I just want the record to showand I would like to have a legal response from the State Department, if they think they have authority to pursue networks or anything else across the border into Iran and Iraq. Congress consistent with the War Powers Resolution, the United States also continues to use military force to enforce relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. pst.000063507928 Based on 5 months of research and interviews with hundreds of officials and scholars in the United States and seven Middle Eastern countries, this report comes to the following conclusions for Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey: factor that would likely dissuade the Saudis from pursuing a nuclear weapon would be a restored United States-Saudi bilateral relationship and a repaired Saudi perception regarding the reliability The United States has served as Saudi Arabia''s most important security guarantor since 1945. Egyptian nuclear weapons program could severely damage the bilateral relationship between Egypt and the United States. Saudi Arabia respond to the potential Iranian acquisition of nuclear weapons will have a potentially decisive influence on Egypt''s When asked if Saudi Arabia would pursue nuclear weapons in While much of the Saudi perspective toward Iran and the Iranian nuclear program can be understood from a traditional security pst.000063508048 Forces (ISF) and the acceleration of the transition of security responsibility to the Iraqi government as an objective achievable in fourth time that our subcommittee has met to consider the development of the Iraqi Security Forces. that advisers and transition teams play in assessing the performance of Iraqi Security Forces, the degree to which we have relied years before Iraqi forces are really ready and with far too little regard for the human cost to Iraq and our strategic position in the to train the Iraqis, not only the police, but the security forces? operating in close conjunction with coalition forces and Iraqi Army units, and are Iraqi forces will be able to take control of security in Iraq only when the country becomes relatively this time nowhere in Iraq where Iraqi forces can truly stand alone and provide security to the pst.000063508857 we hope, over time, chart a way forward on achieving both the legislative benchmarks and also the spirit of reconciliation that has to are—on a daily basis-personally engaging with the highest levels of the Government of Iraq to make clear that progress on the benchmarks is imperative, to suggest ways forward, and to serve as honest brokers to promote compromise. Whatever models the Iraqis choose, I would be concerned that none of them are going to work in the interest of Iraq''s It is in our Nation''s security and economic interests to begin to change our strategy in Iraq and initiate a plan for a responsible military disengagement. Iraq''s future rests largely on political solutions within the Iraqi Government, its It is time the Iraqi Government and its regional neighbors take a greater responsibility in stabilizing this pst.000063508888 Today''s hearing is entitled, "The Extension of the United Nations Mandate for Iraq: Is the Iraqi Parliament Being Ignored?" Last night the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution to extend the mandate of the United States-led multinational force in In a previous letter to the Iraqi executive branch and to the United Nations Security Council, a majority of the Iraqi Parliament denounced as unconstitutional the decision by Prime Minister Maliki to request this extension without the of the UN Security Council to extend the mandate of these forces constitute an international agreement before the Sadr and Fadilah defections) and the two main Kurdish factionsâ��the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)â��supported the governmental request to extend the U.N. mandate and are likely to support extensive concessions to the United States in any long-term bilateral agreement. pst.000063509298 A quorum being present, the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations entitled "Iraq, Democracy or Civil War? War," examining security force levels; prospects for a national reconciliation; and the consequence of leaving Iraq immediately, later For the Iraqis themselves, failure means the reality of a civil conflict that would lead to loss of life, disintegration of a national government, division of the country along sectarian lines. the Iraqi Government to demonstrate to the international community, to the region, to the world and to its own people its commitment to implementing needed social, political and economic reforms, to move forward on security, to promote private sector investment and public sector development. major groups, Sunni, Shia and Kurds; strengthen the Iraqi economy by stimulating strategic investments; fight and prosecute corruption to the maximum extent; dissolve all militia forces; stop regional meddling in Iraq''s affairs; halt the debaathification process. pst.000063510119 ahead and unilaterally commit the United States to a long-term security agreement with Iraq without trying to get the support of either the American people or the people''s representatives. I do not think we can dispute General Lute''s view that the President certainly has the authority to enter into an executive agreement with the Government of Iraq. If all we are really talking about is consultation with Iraq''s Government in the face of a threat, then maybe an executive agreement is okay, but if the President intends to indefinitely commit However, the declaration stipulation of the antiterrorism and Iraq security forces training mission will likely color how many troops would be needed believe that the United States is likely to seek help from willing foreign partners to fulfill long-term security commitments to Iraq and that negotiations For example, point four of the political section of the Declaration commits the United States to supporting Iraq''s effort pst.000063511185 under any circumstances that a major United States defense commitment, internal and external to Iraq, is a matter for resolution reason, the best strategy for the United States is to stay out of Iraq''s internal conflict until the conflict is resolved and a new, legitimate Iraqi leadership emerges Even more important, an agreement approved by Congress has the force of a commitment supported by the American people. report said that a "security commitment," as understood by the Executive, is an "obligation, binding under international law, of the United States to act in common defense in the event of an armed attack on that country." The report proceeded to list All these security commitments were approved either by the Senate as treaties or by both houses of the Congress as congressional-executive agreements. a security threat to Iraq or an exemption from Iraqi laws for U.S. forces and personnel might be done by means of an executive agreement without Congressional pst.000063514667 A soldier from the Asadabad PRT of the Combined Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force is warmly the Department of Defense "to ensure harmonization with any planned or ongoing U.S. military operations across the spectrum of conflict." The Secretary of Defense issued guidance (2) "Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction Policy and Guidance for PRTs personnel serving on Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan and Iraq, (2) Rather than having unity of command, PRTs in both Iraq and Afghanistan operate Security Council Resolution mandate to a strategic framework agreement, U.S. military presence in Iraq will likely decline and the work of Provincial Reconstruction PRT commanders and the PRT''s senior military staff receive theaterspecific and mission-specific classroom training for a period of three weeks before their teams In addition to the training at Fort Bragg, most of the 2008 PRT military commanders There is no PRT-specific training for military personnel going to Iraq. pst.000063517187 to increase the number of Iraqi security force units capable of operating independently, and failing to ensure that Iraq''s political authorities are not making false accusations against leaders of the right up until the day that we finalized the report, the Iraqi Government had met 3, partially met 4, and had not met 11 of the legislative, security, and economic benchmarks. The Iraqi government met one of eight legislative benchmarks: the rights of minority political parties in Iraq''s legislature are protected. The Iraqi government met one of eight legislative benchmarks: the rights of minority political parties in Iraq''s legislature are protected. I would like to first congratulate you and your staff for the excellent work you''ve done on reporting the Iraqi Government''s legislative, security, and economic benchmarks. as "not met" if the government of Iraq did not increase the number of Iraqi security forces'' pst.000063523386 the troops leave Iraq and then, yes, we need the Iraqis to get the understand there is some problems between Iraq and other countries with our neighbors, and from that we need as Iraqis the help United States, I think that all of us have a great deal of compassion for the struggle of the people of Iraq, for the losses which the detail-back in the 1980''s, when Saddam Hussein was using chemical weapons against the Kurds at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, When Ambassador Bremer came to Iraq and formed the governing council, it was formed based on this division-Shia, Sunni, point and say that Shia are majority or the Sunni are majority because, when you exclude Kurds from the Sunni Arab, of course Shiite becomes majority in Iraq, but Kurds are Sunni. reasonable definition, there is a civil war going on now in Iraq. pst.000063525007 the transition teams and the commanders of the partnered units. Besides that raw data, what I would add is that there is operational information, and that is as you either work with a unit or are working with these Iraqi units also see the effects of their operations, and that can be anything from how they perform in a fight, I appreciate, General, your testimony or your answer to the question. However, what we discovered, beginning with the April 2004 operations that went on where we saw the Iraqi forces weren''t progressing like we thought they would, what we saw was that was to do about the force, you generally look to the higher headquarters, the services, if you will, or the Joint Staff to make the General Jones, you started to develop a little bit of the transition the Iraqi Security Forces. it pertains to developing the Iraqi Security Forces. pst.000063527636 Specifically, I am interested in how we use contractors for training the Iraq police services. Turning now to the mission in Iraq, the United States Department of Justice has been involved, in terms of police training, police development, from the very start in Iraq. training, with regard to judicial security, witness security, and related court personnel security matters, and is now engaged in helping to establish a similar marshals service in Iraq itself. Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, and ICITAP, the International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program, with We have more than 30 member companies providing services, including training, logistics, security, aviation, mine action, and medical support. into some sort of long-term, strategic thinking about having a police force that was able to train, would be not just, you know, an before they arrive in the Iraqi theater, as well as pre-deployment explosives training for U.S. State Department Diplomatic Security Service personnel headed to Iraq.) pst.000065501634 Today the Committee is holding a hearing on "Assessing the State of Iraqi Corruption." corruption by strengthening Iraq''s Commission on Public Integrity so Iraqis can build This hearing an important and timely opportunity to assess U.S. Government efforts to nurture anti-corruption capabilities in the OF THE UNITED STATES, U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE; JUDGE RADHI HAMZA AL-RADHI, COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC INTEGRITY IN IRAQ; AND STUART today discusses corruption in Iraq and references to a State Department Embassy report from December 2006. Mr. Bowen, your written testimony states the number of corruption cases under investigation by the Iraq Commission on Public Mr. Walker, did you know that the State Department would consider the broad statement in your report that characterized the ability of the Iraqi government to deal with corruption to be classified information? Special Inspector General Bowen and Judge Radhi is that corruption is increasing in Iraq, and the State Department can''t keep us pst.000065503331 Today, we receive the testimony of the Independent Commission on the Iraqi Security Forces. The Iraqi Security Forces are one of the vital pieces in the current strategy in Iraq. reliability of the Iraqi Army is I think the key force for stability the real work being accomplished daily by members of the Iraqi Security Forces and their dedicated Coalition partners. ke , and documents with information relevant to the performance and status of the Iraqi Security Forces, the rate of progress, Ladies and gentlemen of the committee, the Iraqi Security Forces The Iraqi military includes the Army, Special Forces, the Air to influence progress in Iraq is a government-led political reconciliation which leads to an end to sectarian violence. your report about the Iraqi National Army side of things, I thought and the Iraqi Army is not going to be as capable as we are, and pst.000065505380 met most legislative, security and economic benchmarks. line conclusion of your report, which says that the Iraqi Government has met 3, partially met 4, and did not meet 11 of its 18 Then back to my left, for the third board, with regard to legislation, the Iraqi Government met one of eight legislative benchmarks, the rights of minority political parties in Iraq''s legislature The government has partially met the benchmarks of providing But, I think if you look at this, you''ll see that as I mentioned before—we are assessing whether or not the benchmark was met, qualitative information on violence from all of the relevant U.S. agencies, and specified the performance and loyalties of Iraqi security forces supporting coalition operations. that the Iraq Government should get a failing grade on the legislative benchmarks? Second, I think your conclusion that the Iraqi Government has pst.000065505410 and to the United Nations Security Council, calling for the inclusion of a timetable for the withdrawal of United States troops; otherwise, they registered their objection to the extension of the mandate. I would note for the record that all of the witnesses at this hearing agreed that Article 61 of the Iraqi Constitution, under that particular Article, any United States-Iraq agreement which would supThe United Nations Security Council resolutions that provide Chapter VII authorization for the coalition presence in Iraq have allowed weak Iraqi governments to role in the future of Iraq, I think it behooves us to understand better the dynamics of public opinion and thus the forces of the political universe within which Iraqi leaders are operating. Iraqis want United States forces to leave Iraq? Obviously the Iraqi people will not be negotiating the agreements about US forces in Iraq. pst.000065505427 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IRAQI SECURITY FORCES In past weeks the subcommittee has looked into a number of aspects of the complex mission to man, train and equip the Iraqi Security Forces. In today''s hearing, we will hear about the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq (MNSTC-I) and its Civilian Police with training and equipping the Iraqi police service and military, that has changed is how and when we transition security responsibilities to the Iraqis. progressing in developing a truly national Iraqi security force. Again, there are an increasing number of press reports that elements of the ISF, particularly the Iraqi police service, suffer from p and transition the Iraqi Security Forces to the government of Iraq''s. government of Iraq will spend more on its security forces than the MNSTC-I''s current assessment is that the Iraqi Security Forces the Iraqi Security Forces. Iraq and Government of the United States of our long-term security relationship, pst.000065506660 against us in Iraq; that Iranian agents and military forces are actively providing training, expertise and weapons to attack United $11 billion next year, and this projection recently enabled us to reduce significantly our Iraqi Security Forces Fund request for Fiscal Force have continued, and Iraqi leaders now clearly recognize the threat they pose to Iraq. mentioned I think in my statement, that Iraqi security force members'' losses are typically about three times our losses, and interestingly, the Sons of Iraq losses, again out of their 91,000 or so, are Bush told us all in an address to the nation that "The Iraqi Government would take responsibility for security in all of Iraq''s provinces by November 2007." Of course, that has not happened. as well as reports from the Government of Iraq and the Iraqi Security Forces. pst.000065510728 I notice, if I may, on page five, Mr. Secretary, of your written testimony, you are going to turn to General Pace to provide the summary of the military installments of the President''s plan. strategy in Iraq and, in particular, are skeptical of the Iraqi government''s will and ability to act decisively against sectarian violence and are skeptical, as well, about a commitment of additional This is, I think, the pivot point in Iraq as the Iraqi government insists on assuming the mantle of leadership in the effort to I want you to know that the timetable for the introduction of additional U.S. forces will provide ample opportunity early on and before many of the additional U.S. troops arrive in Iraq to evaluate going to Anbar-15 into Baghdad where the majority of the violence is, how many Iraqi new troops from safe areas, trained and pst.000065512678 McCaffrey, Gen. Barry R., U.S. Army (Ret.), Adjunct Professor of International Relations, United States Military Academy ......... intent to stabilize Baghdad, create the conditions to permit movement toward reconciliation, and buy time for the growth and development of the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF). political reconciliation, new tactics, more equipment to strengthen the Iraqi Security Forces, and Iraq is not an isolated state at war, but a region in abandoning Iraq altogether, with all the risks that entails in terms of intensified violence and regional turmoil, then soft partition might soon become the least against them.") Today''s Iraq evinces examples of both phenomena as Sunni Arabs resist Shi''i Arab domination of the state. As the Iraq Study Group noted, there are conspiracy theories in the wider Sunni Arab world (that the Carrying out a soft partition of Iraq to create three autonomous regions and helping people relocate will not pst.000065514979 GAO reports that Iraq is now running a substantial budget surplus. This hearing will give the Budget Committee the chance to develop some insight into Iraq''s fiscal situation and its ability to help example, in 2007, Iraq spent 80 percent of its $29 billion operating budget From 2005 through 2007, Iraq had an estimated cumulative budget surplus Iraq''s 2008 budget surplus could be reduced as a result of expenditures from the $22.3 billion supplemental budget Iraq''s Council of Iraq''s ability to execute its capital project budget. Iraq''s amended budget projects that the government Since fiscal year 2003, Congress has appropriated about $48 billion to U.S. agencies to finance stabilization and reconstruction efforts in Iraq, govern, and rebuilding Iraq''s oil, electricity, and water sectors, among GAO analysis of Iraq Ministy of Finance budgets and expenditures and State, DOO, USAID, and Treasury daja As Mr. Christoff noted, Iraq''s revenues and its budget surplus are large and growing. pst.000065517673 earlier this year—Mr. Chairman, as you correctly pointed out, Congress mandated a series of progress reports to gauge the Iraqi government''s performance on a variety of benchmarks. Instead Congress mandated that the Administration assess Iraqi progress on the benchmarks so that we will be Comptroller General to determine whether or not the Iraq government has achieved 18 benchmarks. an interim report in July and a final report in September, an assessment of progress toward meeting the benchmarks, the Comptroller General was to assess by September 1st whether the Iraq To complete this work we reviewed U.S. agency and Iraqi documents, and we interviewed officials from the Department of Defense, State, and Treasury; the Multi-National Force Iraq and its But let me just reinforce this, that with regard to sectarian violence, benchmark number 13 says, "reducing the level of sectarian Progress in Iraq is being measured by benchmarks, and according to your report, the Iraqi government only pst.000065520925 Provide both positive and negative incentives for the Iraqi Government to accelerate their reconciliation process and oil revenuesharing so the Sunnis have a stake in a stable Iraq. I believe that the Iraq Study Group''s call for a multinational regional effort and diplomatic offensive is a step in the right direction, but it still presumes that the government—that the current made—and I think with some justice before the Iraq war-of assuming that the post-conflict scenario would be rosy, would be optiic, would go the way we would want it to be. I think we are making tremendous progress in defeating al Qaeda in Iraq in conjunction with the Iraqi people. would still beI think we said in the report it would still be a sizeable military force remaining in Iraq. is wrong, that we could, in fact, somehow, you know, force a political solution there, the troop numbers are disturbing to me in terms pst.000065527535 [The prepared statement of Secretary Gates follows:] Mr. Chairman, Senator Warner, members of the committee: Thank you for inviting me to give you an update on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. example of the many ways in which you have supported our troops these past years. In Iraq, I was honored to pay tribute to our outgoing commander, General Earlier this month, General Petraeus made his recommendations on the way forward in Iraq. We have already withdrawn the five Army brigade combat teams, two Marine battalions, and the Marine expeditionary unit that were sent to Iraq as part of the The President announced earlier this month that approximately 8,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn from Iraq by February without being replaced. Even with fewer U.S. troops in Iraq, The recent turnover of Anbar province to Iraqi provincial control—the 11th of pst.000065527542 The Bush administration''s strategy has been built on the assumption that, so long as we continue to provide the Maliki Government with plenty of time, military support, and financial assistance, they will take responsibility for Iraq and its people. In fact, the recent escalation of violence in Baghdad and Southern Iraq was dealt with, temporarily at least, by most parties acknowledging that the rational way ahead is through political dialogue, rather than street fighting. Americans have invested a great deal in Iraq, in blood as well as treasure, and they have the right to ask whether this is worth it, whether it is now time to walk away and let the Iraqis fend for themselves. Senator Kennedy asked a question about the Iraqi Government initiative in Southern Iraq, and said there was no al Qaeda Let me begin with the current situation in Iraq: Although violence there has decreased over the past year, attacks on coalition and Iraqi security forces continue pst.000065527788 thank you for the opportunity to provide my assessment of the security situation in Iraq and to discuss the recommendations I recently provided to my chain of command for the way forward. We also continued to emphasize the development of the Iraqi Security Forces, and we employed nonkinetic means to exploit the opportunities provided by the conduct of our kinetic combat operations, aided in this effort by the arrival of additional provincial reconstruction teams. recent decisions by Prime Minister Maliki, the number of Iraqi Security Forces will grow further by the end of this year, possibly by that we have achieved, to build on them, to transition to Iraqi Security Forces as quickly as we possibly can but without, as I mentioned, rushing to failure and also still continuing the very important effort against al Qaeda Iraq and some of its affiliates and the pst.000066743903 ones that are in Kurdish north, that are economically and politically doing OK, to the incoherent situation in Basra, where a central government holds sway, where electricity, oil production, security, health care—there''s no place in Iraq where that government The best way forward for the United States is a strategy of "conditional engagement," in which we use what leverage we have-military, political, and economicto encourage political accommodation in Iraq in the near term and establish sustainable stability over the medium to long term.26 Under this strategy, the more where Iraqis have the institutions and resources they need to govern themselves justly and provide security for their country; [and] an Iraq that is a partner in the global war on terror and foundation provided by Iraq''s social structures, will play a more important role in the long term than military efforts, with the exception of those required to prevent the overthrow of the Iraqi Government or the dissolution of the state. pst.000066745990 As General Petraeus has observed, "There is no military solution to a problem like that in Iraq." I think that is exactly We have held hearings on the Iraq Embassy, Blackwater and corruption in the Iraqi ministries. Iraq and the State Department''s management are a matter of urgent national concern, and that is the focus of today''s hearing. Minister Maliki''s office issue orders protecting current or past ministers from corruption investigations? Secretary Rice, if, in fact, the evidence that suggests Prime Minister Maliki is in fact protecting corrupt officials exists, do you believe that the American taxpayers have a right to know? you want to do thorough investigations, we have received information about this order Chairman Waxman asked about, that the about the corruption in Iraq; and we want to know, as appropriators, whether it is a good idea to send $196 billion to a country pst.000066755616 the Agreement on the Withdrawal of United States Forces from The Iraqi government recognizes the United States'' sovereign right to request a U.S. forces guarantees in the agreement to implement this United States withdrawal, and they don''t think that there is enough oversight. So that is why I think many people on the Iraqi side, many political leaders in the Iraqi Parliament, legislative branch or in the executive branch, have been talking about doing both; doing the extension of the United Nations mandate and discussing bilateral current mandate and authority of United States forces in Iraq. situation through a Council decision under Chapter VI, based on the request or consent of the Iraqi Government. Nonetheless, in the past, a number of peacekeeping and other military operations have been authorized by the Council under Chapter VI with the consent of the affected states. Forces Agreement that authorizes United States military forces to pst.000066765707 JAMES DUBIK, U.S. ARMY, COMMANDER, MULTI-NATIONAL SECURITY TRANSITION COMMAND—IRAQ Like you, she appreciates the impact of our current pace of operations, that is, that impact on our families and our people. you, she has worked hard over the years to mitigate that impact. I would like to thank her here publicly for her support and her I would also like to thank you for your continued support of the you have made into theater, and for the hard work that you have The work in developing security forces is hard, it is slow, and, today to describe to you both the successes and the challenges. In the last year, the Iraqi Army has grown by almost 550,000 So much of this growth has taken place throughout the year; a offensive operations conducted by conventional forces coalition, special operations forces coalition, as well as Iraqi Security Forces, pur1.32754061516633 This study entitled "U.N. Security Council Resolutions on Iraq: for humanitarian purposes in Iraq but also to finance implementation of other provisions of the cease-fire resolution, such United Nations in pursuing the tasks placed on it by the Council might be damaged by a lack of secure funding. • Iraq has not yet accepted S/RES/715 (1991) that adopted U.N. and IAEA plans for future ongoing monitoring and verification 12 resolutions adopted by the U.N. Security Council on Iraq in from the tables in this report concludes that Iraq''s rate of compliance with the provisions of the Security Council resolutions is Demarcation; Weapons of Mass Destruction; and Sanctions: Oil Exports/Humanitarian Imports Program. the goals of the U.N. resolutions and their procedures for implementation become more difficult to enforce as the issue areas infringed more directly on Iraq''s perceived national sovereignty and the Security Council''s resolutions." He noted that "Iraq has: pur1.32754062231927 Iraq of food stuffs and essential civilian goods, the resolution requires the council to review the situation regarding all other imports every 60 days in light of Iraqi behavior in compliance. It is important that Iraq not be allowed to evade the obligation set out for them in Resolution 687, and we are currently working on our response to the Iraqi letters in that connection. Its central provisions cover the following critical areas: elimination of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and weapons related activities, and of ballistic missiles; guidelines for the control of future arms sales to Iraq; modifications to and maintenance of the sanctions (the embargoes) on Iraq''s failure to fulfill the provisions of 687, particularly relating to its weapons of mass destruction program and its nuclear activities, are serious violations of the ceasefire that would directly imperil international peace and security in the area. pur1.32754066832993 pur1.32754066833017 pur1.32754067682231 Congress a notice stating that the emergency IS to continue in effect beyond the anniversary date In accordance w1th this provision, IS to continue in effect beyond August 2, 1998, to the Federal Regzster for publication United States interests in the region Such Iraqi actions pose a cont1nu1ng unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security declared a national emergency to deal With the unusual and extraordmary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States constituted by the actions and policies of the Government of Iraq By Executive Orders 12722 of August 2 1990, and of Iraq has continued its activities hostile to United States 1nterests in the Middle East the national emergency declared on August 2 1990 and the measures adopted on August 2 and August 9 1990, to deal With that emergency must continue in effect beyond August 2 1998 Therefore, in accordance With section 202(d) pur1.32754067946081 pur1.32754067958763 pur1.32754067965073 pur1.32754068491087 part of my effort to keep the Congress fully informed, I am reporting on the status of efforts to obtain Iraq''s compliance with the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Iraq refused to allow U.N. Special Commission (UNSCOM) inspectors to carry out their work at a number of sites last December; A series of UNSCOM inspections of so-called "sensitive" sites in early March proceeded without Iraqi interference. sites" began under the arrangements agreed to by UNSCOM Chairman Richard Butler and Iraqi Deputy Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz. To enhance force protection throughout the region, additional military security personnel are also deployed. resolve to both use military force and impose the severest consequences on Iraq for any further Iraqi transgressions, it is unlikely that the MOU and UNSCR 1154 (see below) would have been UNSCR 949, adopted in October 1994, demands that Iraq not use its military forces to threaten pur1.32754068921851 pur1.32754068923923 This conclusion covered weapons (SCUD missile BW warheads, RSecurity Council on August 5 that UNSCOM and Iraq had made was reported in accounting for the unique SCUD propellant possessed by Iraq, and the Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister refuses to The IAEA noted Iraq claims to have no further documentation on such issues as weapons design engineering drawings, full Iraqi cooperation with UNSCOM and the IAEA. international weapons nonproliferation efforts, since UNSCOM and ''oil-for-food" program and other humanitarian efforts. last phase of the "oil-for-food" program, which ran from December can participate in "oil-for-food" and over $165 million worth of contracts for U.S. firms have been approved. Under the current phase of "oil-for-food" Iraq is authorized to sell program, Resolution 1153, was adopted on February 20, Iraq did Under the current phase of the "oil-for-food" program, 235 contracts for the purchase of humanitarian goods for the Iraqi people pur1.32754069115537 pur1.32754069240137 pur1.32754069252132 pur1.32754069267783 pur1.32754069279671 pur1.32754069306276 Iraq is again authorized to sell up to $5.2 billion worth of oil every in phase four; recent increases in world prices should provide increased revenue for this phase of oil-for-food. As of April 5, under hase five of the oil-for-food program, 340 5, the United States had 145 phase four and 13 phase five contracts on hold pending clarification of questions about the proposed The United States supported an examination of the current situation and exploration of ways to improve humanitarian conditions, particularly with regard to vulnerable groups such as children under age five and pregnant and Resolution 1210 maintains a separate oil-for-food program for In northern Iraq areas where Baghdad does not exercise control, the oil-for-food program has been able to operate relatively effectively, as documented by the humanitarian assessment panel. Humanitarian programs such as oil-for-food have steadily improved the life of the average Iraqi living under sanctions (who, for pur1.32754070066661 believe that while we had the forces present, we should end the regime of Saddam Hussein and build a democratic Iraq. use of military force to counter the threat Iraq poses to its neighbors and to the United States'' vital national-security interests. would like to enter into the record a net assessment of Iraq''s capabilities—those of the United States and the other forces in the region—and call the committee''s attention to that statement as something to look at as a reference as your hearings proceed. Gulf War and more than ten years of operations against the U.S. and British aircraft enforcing the "No Fly Zones." Iraq provided significant aid to Serbia in air defense tactics during the fighting in Kosovo, and helped Serbia make effective use I can think of no historical case where the United States succeeded in an enterprise of such gravity and complexity as regime change in Iraq without the support pur1.32754070067586 pur1.32754070182997 pur1.32754070303866 pur1.32754071073856 pur1.32754071537777 pur1.32754071558724 //u7su/,4. THE WHITE House, Washington, April 10, 2000. Hon. J. DENNIS HASTERT, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Washington, DC DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Consistent with the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution (Public Law 102-1), and as part of my effort to keep the Congress fully informed,--I-am reporting on the status of efforts to obtain Iraq''s compliance with the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council. report, consistent with Public Law 102-1, was dated January 7, I shall continue to keep the Congress informed about this important issue. Sincerely, WILLIAM J. CLINTON. pur1.32754071754455 pur1.32754073188041 This is vitally important, because I intend to establish specifically before the Judiciary Committee that the Reagan administration and relevant Federal agencies involved in the decision to provide Iraq with economic assistance had knowledge that individuals involved in agricultural transactions were also involved in arms transactions. here today to discuss our efforts to obtain information and documents concerning our ongoing reviews of the BNL''s Atlanta operations and Iraq''s participation in the GSM—102, -103 export credit The meetings were held to determine how the agencies should respond to congressional requests for information and documents pertaining to United States-Iraq policy prior to August 2, 1990. written requests from the chairman of the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade and at least one other committee for documents regarding United States Government export National Security Council would represent all executive departments that had received documents requests from the International Economic Policy and Trade Subcommittee in discussions with pur1.32754073964318 pur1.32754074127402 pur1.32754074476122 pur1.32754074680368 Middle East to the Department of State, and responses thereto ...................... Glaspie, United States Ambassador to the Republic of Iraq. Late in the summer of 1988, Ambassador GLASPIE arrived in Iraq Hussein, as some have alleged, you told Saddam that Iraq''s grievances with Kuwait would have to be resolved peacefully, that the aggression, and that the United States had vital national interests STATES AMBASSADOR TO THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ the President of Iraq, viciously attacking the United States, and that the United States would fight if Iraq invaded Kuwait, is the The record shows that State Department officials are saying that there is no special defense treaty or SADDAM HUSSEIN''S HOSTILITY TO THE UNITED STATES the United States Government. how long were you in Kuwait as Ambassador in Iraq. GLASPIE S MEETING WITH SADDAM HUSSEIN your meeting with Saddam Hussein, particularly when the State pur1.32754074681911 pur1.32754074688189 and weapons of mass destruction poses a significant threat to Iraq''s people, its region and the world. By the way, before I use all my time, for the information of the committee, I believe most of us know this, the conference report on the State authorization bill that releases the final The accumulation of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq in violation of U.N. resolutions cannot be separated from the post-Afghanistan phase of the war against terrorism. procedures to prevent their being rebuilt." This follows his discussion of the violation by Iraq of United Nations resolutions dealing As Secretary of State, did you support this resolution, which urged the President "to take all necessary and appropriate actions to respond to the threat posed by Iraq''s refusal to The President''s speech two weeks ago to the General Assembly of the United Nations presented the clearest possible case for action against the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein. pur1.32754076273683 Iraqs neighbors are playing a major role—both positive Lasenskys report on Jordan is the fourth in a series of special reports by the U.S. Institute of Peace on "Iraq "Iraq and Its Neighbors" project, go to http://www.usip. org/iraq/neighbors/index.html. He directs the Institute''s "Iraq and Its Neighbors" project The research for this report includes Jordan''s Interests: Security and Stability 3 Jordan''s Influence in Iraq: Positive but Modest 7 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE wvwv.usip.org Jordan wants a strong, stable, moderate, and unified ''Iraq. the development of an Iraq that does not inspire radical Islamist politics in Jordan. The economic impact of the Iraq crisis in Jordan has been mixed. Jordan has benefited greatly from serving as a "gateway" to Iraq for governments, aid workers, contractors, and businesspeople; its real estate and banking sectors are booming, and it economic interests in the new Iraq is securing future energy assistance. pur1.32754076785330 and sectarian politics, the role of the neighboring countries, and Iraqi security. In the third workshop the participants examined each of the five scenarios and identified the goals and the strategies the United States and the Iraqi government could adopt, But the government works to diminish ethnic-sectarian divisions. The United States would assist in strengthening the social center, building civil society, and supporting moderate elements and institutions to help create an Iraqi identity. Working with the Iraqi government, the United States would engage Iraq''s neighbors The United States and Iraq would focus attention on foreign The Iraqi government is weak and unable to deliver sen-ices on a national basis, or To avoid the breakup of Iraq, the United States would seek to maintain at least the The United States would encourage a distance between Iraqi Shia The United States would encourage a distance between Iraqi Shia pur1.32754076785454 the Intelligence Community of Information Provided by the Iraqi National (U) The Chief of the Iraq Operations Group at the CIA told Committee staff elements and CIA Headquarters'' Iraq officials told Committee staff that Chalabi INC-affiliated in the intelligence reporting, the information from all five sources, information, and the fact that Source Two''s intelligence report never actually said (U) The CIA included the intelligence reports from Source Four''s 287 DIA, Iraq: INC Source Pre-War Intelligence Reporting, Response to SSCI request, December 13, 2005. the report, The Use by the Intelligence Community of Information Provided by the Conclusion: The Intelligence Community made little use of INCaffiliated defector information in its assessments about Iraq''s 2004, the CIA concluded the intelligence reporting of INC Source #1 on weapons In December 2001, a CIA intelligence report stated that INC Source Source 1 provided information on a facility that the Intelligence Community pur1.32754076795990 inclusiveness of Iraqs constitutional process, enabling Iraqi the wake of widespread opposition to the constitution from Sunni Arab Iraqis in the 0 The second set of questions is legal: What are the minimum constitutional amendments needed, if any, to ensure that Iraq is a viable, if not a strong, state? problem, are pressing: in particular, What are the minimum constitutional amendments needed, if any, to ensure that the human rights of all Iraqis receive adequate It is not only the Sunni Arabs who feel disenfranchised by the constitution; nationalists, some women''s groups, and groups representing Iraq''s minorities might encourage Sunni Arab political commitment to the Iraqi constitution and ensure With the formation of an Iraqi government, Iraq''s permanent constitution has entered into Neither view is well founded: the Iraqi constitutional amendment process provides a constitutional amendment (or legislation) a limit on the size of any new federal region. pur1.32754076910045 A REPORT CONSISTENT WITH SECTION 3(b) OF THE AUTHORIZATION FOR USE OF MILITARY FORCE AGAINST IRAQ RESOLUTION United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq nor likely lead to enforcement of all relevant UNSC resolutions regarding countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September Indeed, as Congress found when it passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107-243), Iraq continues to harbor and aid international and to compel Iraq''s disarmament of the weapons of mass destruction and delivery systems that continue to threaten international United States from the continuing threat posed by Iraq or are likely to lead to enforcement of all relevant UNSC resolutions regarding Iraq and the restoration of peace and security in the area. pur1.32754076910516 MILITARY FORCE AGAINST IRAQ RESOLUTION OF 2002 A REPORT PURSUANT TO PUBLIC LAW 107-243 ENTITLED, "AUTHORIZATION FOR USE OF MILITARY FORCE AGAINST IRAQ C. ESP Funding of Iraqi Opposition C. Reconstruction Planning and Iraqi Debt The ESP funds also support the Future of Iraq D. Free Iraqi Forces: D. Free Iraqi Forces: of Defense resources to assist and provide training to Iraqi opposition groups. training and assistance available to members of the Iraqi Through its Free Iraqi Forces (FIF) program, opposition groups to identify volunteers and provide them with military training, so as to allow them to provide noncombat support to U.S. forces in the case military action A U.S. Army Training Task Force (TTF) has deployed to a In its four-week training course, the TTF will provide FIF volunteers instruction in basic Training has already begun for some FIF After their training is complete, FIF will be pur1.32754076911803 The President authorized Ambassador Bremer to oversee, direct, and coordinate all United States Government (USG) programs and activities available for use in Iraq to assist the Iraqi people and support the The Secretary of Defense appointed Ambassador Bremer as the As Administrator of the CPA, Ambassador Bremer is responsible for the temporary governance of Iraq, and shall oversee, The staff of the CPA includes personnel from all relevant U.S. agencies and departments, as well as representatives from Coalition countries. The CPA''s mission is to help meet Iraq''s reconstruction, governmental, and administrative challenges, acting as the nucleus of Iraq''s administrative apparatus; involving the Iraqi people in administering their own country; and maximizing contributions from the re-establishment of civilian public services to effect improvements in the lives of the Iraqi people. To the extent possible, the CPA''s civil administration of Iraq pur1.32754076922610 pur1.32754076953201 pur1.32754077070351 juncture-planning in the administration, the international humanitarian relief organizations, private non-governmental organizations. Force on Post-Conflict Iraq, Council on Foreign Relations in Washington, DC; Dr. Gordon Adams, director of the Security Policy interests include securing the elimination of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction; ending Iraqi contacts, whether limited or extensive, with international terrorist organizations; ensuring that a post-transition Iraqi government can maintain the country''s The Bush administration should move quickly to involve international organizations and other governments in the post-conflict transition and reconstruction process. the United Nations will take responsibility in organizing (with U.S. support and assistance) the political consultative process leading to a transition to a new Iraqi government; establish an oil oversight board for Iraq; authorize the continuation of the the United States protecting the rights of Iraqi civilians in Iraq in Of critical importance to any provision of humanitarian aid for Iraq is public order and security. pur1.32754077080814 Initial press reports are startling, with stories of shell companies in numerous countries, discoveries in Iraq of hundreds of millions of U.S. Dollars, and oil smuggling schemes that are without parallel among other petty dictators They have confirmed yesterday that more than $495 million of previously unknown assets held by the central bank, the former central bank of Iraq, and by SOMA, the State Oil Marketing Organization, have been secured and will not be released to anyone until we Stateand regime-owned property that has been vested in the U.S. Treasury from banking accounts in the U.S. and stateand regimeowned cash, funds, or realizable securities found and seized in Iraq in the Treasury approximately 1.7 billion in Iraqi Government assets to be used to assist the Iraqi people and to assist in the reconstruction of Iraq. ensure that vested and seized assets of the Saddam Hussein regime are used in accordance with law, and rigorous accounting and pur1.32754077080848 on Iraq, the Middle East region, and United States foreign policy. And, second, what are the repercussions of United States'' policies in Iraq on regional political and A number of important American interests intersect in the Middle East-including the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the war on terrorism, the decades long goal of achieving Arab-Israeli peace, our nation''s dependence on gy The long-term challenge facing the United States in Iraq is developing a democratic political system while holding the country together. The Israeli fear was that if Saddam was not removed decisively by the United States, there would come a time when he would be able to reconstitute his weapons programs, the sanctions would end and Iraq would, in a matter of years, reestablish itself as the predominant military power on the peninsula. pur1.32754077082406 The Secretary of the Treasury has already designated the Secretary of Defense with the authority to use over $573.5 of these assets to meet the immediate humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people. The Department of State is working closely with the Departments of the Treasury, Justice, Defense, and Homeland Security, as well as law enforcement and intelligence colleagues across the government, to identify additional assets and front In looking toward the longer term, Iraq''s oil ministry has begun to assess its rehabilitation requirements and evaluate existing service contracts against identified Despite the billions Iraq has in existing assets and expected oil revenues, resources will remain far below what will be needed for the next year or so to help Even before the fighting stopped, the State Department, working closely with colleagues from DoD and Treasury, launched a series of quiet consultations with countries that share our interest in helping Iraq rebuild. pur1.32754077097107 There also is uncertainty about the long-term plans for the transition from military to civilian authority in Iraq, and increasing Victory is at risk unless we ensure that effective post-conflict stabilization and reconstruction efforts in Iraq succeed over the long-term. Stabilizing and reconstructing Iraq are a key to success in the larger context of the Middle East region and in the global war on terrorism. There also is uncertainty about the long-term plans for the transition from military to civilian authority in Iraq and increasing fear that vacuums of authority will weapons of mass destruction and what we''re doing to support the creation of an interim Iraqi government that is seen as legitimate by the people of Iraq, not a U.S. puppet. Mr. Chairman, thank you for holding this important hearing on the status of activities in this post-conflict stage of Operation Iraqi Freedom. kill Americans and Iraqis who are trying to build a new and free Iraq in order to pur1.32754077252686 Secretary of State Powell''s "targeted sanctions" is intended to concentrate the efforts of the world community on denying Saddam technology and illicit revenue. The U.S. proposal would retain U.N. control over Iraq''s oil income and would forbid the purchase of arms and sensitive dual-use items; however, it would abolish agreed to U.N. Resolution 1284, they were trying to allay the humanitarian argument against sanctions by allowing Iraq to sell unlimited amounts of oil. The general public no longer realizes that if Saddam Hussein truly decided to disarm, he could clear Iraq''s name in a matter of months, end the embargo, and remove any restraint on the flow of goods to the Iraqi population. The result is that sanctions are eroding even while Iraq is working to enhance its mass destruction weapon capabilities. Suppose an Iraqi site needs a new computer-controlled machine tool, one especially capable of making the high-precision parts needed for long-range missiles or nuclear weapons. pur1.32754077253304 pur1.32754077261620 pur1.32754077263527 recognized for many decades. This power is being used here because it is clearly in the interests of the United States to have these funds available for use in rebuilding Iraq and launching that country on the path to speedy economic recovery. In addition, this authority is being invoked in a limited way, designed to minimize harm to third parties and to respect existing court orders as much as possible. GEORGE W. BUSH. TI-IE WHITE HOUSE, March 20, 2003. pur1.32754077577462 My written testimony details the nature and the magnitude of the reconstruction challenges that we face in Iraq, including in some of the more important sectors. My written testimony documents similar progress in banking, in debt, in assessment of reconstruction costs, and preparations for international Treasury have noted in your and their testimony, the cost estimates of what Iraq will need in future years for reconstruction are expects Iraqi oil and other revenues and recovered assets to contribute to meeting Iraq''s reconstruction needs. In closing, let me emphasize that Iraqis need to realize some economic value today in order to establish the physical security, political stability, and economic development their country needs, and vvhat we are trying to do, working with other donors and international institutions like the United Nations, the World Bank, and specific issues: The new Governing Council of Iraq and the United Nations Assistance Mission in that country. pur1.32754077956724 pur1.32754077957508 pur1.32754077977498 billion dollars to train and equip Iraqi security forces, adding to the five transferring security responsibilities to Iraqi military and police forces, security responsibilities to the Iraqi military and police forces.'' The plan''s train and equip about 271,000 Iraqi security forces by July 2006. training some Iraqi defense and police forces in their areas of U.S. government efforts to organize, equip, and train Iraqi security forces. Iraqi army units were trained by the Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq. security responsibilities to Iraqi military and police forces, 2) the data on By unanimous consent, the Congressional Research Service report on the International Training for Iraqi Security Forces. Efforts to train and equip Iraqi security forces have received significant public attention equipment, and facilities to the training of Iraqi security and police forces. major insurgency, and to train and equip regular military, security, and police force for Second, the training of Iraqi security forces by U.S. military personnel. pur1.32754078108689 pur1.32754078645755 These funds were deposited into accounts controlled by Iraq''s State Oil Marketing Organization Given that Syria is a state sponsor of terrorism and a corrupt regime, as illustrated by its role in the Oil-for-Food scandal, is there As a member of the Treasury-chaired inter-agency assets recovery working group, the State Department has mounted a full-scale diplomatic campaign to recover Iraqi assets abroad. we concentrate our efforts in gaining UN Security Council approval at the next regularly scheduled Iraq sanctions review session rather than press heads now on sanctions and oil for food violations. Absent any attendant leverage, such as threatened enforcement of the old sanctions, it proved exceedingly difficult to win Security Council approval for the new call to recalibrate the sanctions on Iraq and make them an effective obstacle to Saddam Hussein''s program for producing weapons of mass destruction. months ago, when the United States first laid its new Iraq sanctions proposal before pur1.32754078695677 and former President, Peace Links, Washington, D.C. 0 Saudi Arabia values its ties to Washington, but its ability to cooperate with U.S. policy vr/ill be limited by regional and domestic pressures. Ensuring that Saudi Arabia is a force for stability in the Gulf United States'' key Arab partner in confronting problems to international stability emanating from Iraq. Iraq began to place unprecedented strains on the historic U.S.-Saudi relationship, strains strains have included not only differences over policy toward Iraq but also the domestic While Saudi Arabia and the United States have been strategic partners for decades, the The Saudi foreign policy agenda toward Iraq, now and for the foreseeable future, can be foreign affairs adviser to then—Crown Prince Abdullah, told a press conference in Washington, "We are concerned that the situation in Iraq, unless we deal with it in a positive describing the situation in Iraq as nothing short of chaotic, and the Saudi media had pur1.32754078698937 pur1.32754078870718 capacity to handle not only the insurgency and law and order challenges but also the routine business of training and discipline, providing pay and benefits, writing regulations and managing personnel. Staff visited the Ministry and met Assistant Deputy Minister Ayden Qadir to discuss Elections Security, Deputy Minister The Overseas Building Office staff collaborates closely with Diplomatic Security personnel. International Zone (IZ), which may say more about the security situation in Iraq than anything. Many Foreign Service Nationals, Iraqi Assembly members and other government officials live in the ÎZ, either risks embassy personnel face every day. He told staff that he challenges the necessity of meetings outside the International Zone The RSO stated candidly that there are no rules for this mission-ensuring the safety of civilian personnel and securing an embassy in a war zone. dialogue with Diplomatic Security personnel on these challenging issues, which are not unique to Iraq. Embassy management, staffing and personnel issues were raised pur1.32754079182451 accounts of Kurdish refugees who fled from Iraq to Turkey. on August 25 launched chemical attacks against scores of Kurdish During the early morning hours of August 25, 1988 Iraqi warplanes and helicopters dropped chemical weapons on a series of villages in regions of Iraqi Kurdistan. 1925 the use of chemical weapons has been infrequent and usually Iraq has now broken the 70-year hiatus on chemical weapons use In its struggle with Iran, Iraq used poison gas extensively and effectively. Unlike nuclear warheads, chemical weapons are easy and relatively cheap to manufacture. to buy a nuclear bomb or to obtain mastery over nuclear technology, is now turning its efforts more successfully to chemical weapons manufacture. Iran has already developed some chemical weapons capability and is certain to want to try to match Iraq''s capabilities. Iraq''s mastery of chemical weapon warfare has ominous implications for the Middle East. pur1.32754079217224 uc1.31210010550968 Amnesty International is also concerned about the fate of an estimated 27,500 Iraqi Kurds who are currently in refugee camps in According to reports, pressure has been used by the Turkish authorities to coerce some Iraqi Kurds to return to Iraq under official Since then Amnesty International has registered its concerns on numerous occasions with the U.N. Commission on Human Rights and directly with the government of Iraq. (1) Amnesty International believes that the abuses by the government of Iraq constitutes a gross and persistent pattern of internationally-recognized human rights (2) Amnesty International calls on the administration to appeal to the government of Iraq to cease the systematic abuse of human rights and to adhere to its In December 1989, Amnesty International received reports that the Iraqi Government was seeking the extradition of 138 Kurds from refugee camps in Diyarbakir uc1.31210010551016 LIFTING OF SANCTIONS IN NORTHERN IRAQ There are those who seek a Kurdish state which includes both current Iraqi and Turkish territory and those that simply want to safeguard the Kurdish people within the Iraqi state, gaining some I believe that lifting the embargo on the Kurdish people It will put the world on notice that we think that Saddam just may be a suspect in the bombing and we have a bigger Jordan is Iraq''s chief source of foreign exchange. the UAE or Qatar to supply oil to Jordan on the same terms that Moreover, that oil tanker trade is used to smuggle contraband between Jordan to Iraq. Arab brothers in Jordan oil on the same terms that Iraq does in Jordan has no access to oil other than Iraq today? I think it is important to recognize that Jordan is Secondly, on the breakup of Iraq, as all of us have said, Saddam uc1.31210010692950 stand by and let this kind of behavior continue, and I think perhaps as well taken out some Republican Guard forces above the I ask, Mr. Chairman, we place in the record following the Secretary''s opening statement an article from today''s think there is any question but that it was the right thing to do. we ought to at least consider military targets in and around Baghdad, and Republican Guard units north .# the 36th parallel. As I said in my statement, I really think they only understand disproportionate force. I think you are right that we should be taking more forceful means. and to think that a few little more air strikes now are going to the 1-year period of time where the President has pledged to withdraw the troops, but a lot of people are saying that without a military presence on the ground we are going to return in Bosnia to uc1.31210010699708 there was a balance between Iraq and Iran. one of the reasons because it does form a military balance to Iran What I was asking you to focus on the difference between a post-Saddam regime in Iraq in terms of the balance between the two, and what would happen, in effect, say if Saddam, his regime specifically mean to the balance, and what happens if What we expect to have in a subsequent regime to Saddam Hussein in one that does not threaten his neighbors to the south; one Senator Cohen when he asked the question, what do you think the That leads me to the second question when you mention capability, Mr. Director. how do you think his capability in terms of force strength and military capability is today relative to the time that he invaded Kuwait? So, the balance of power compared to 1990 in terms of today uc1.31210010699716 Spence, Hon. Floyd D., a Representative from South Carolina, Chairman, Haass, Richard N., Director of Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings Institution: Indeed, it is not Saddam Hussein who is worse off; it is the United States. I hope today''s hearings will help us to understand in greater detail our policy with regard to Iraq. States policy toward Iraq and the Persian Gulf region. United States policy since the gulf war has been marked by the the isolation of Iran and Iraq is increasingly challenged by a number of states whose support is necessary if this policy is to succeed. military force against Saddam at this time, a view that reflected Our interests in the north of Iraq, which was supported by Operation Provide Comfort, included but were not limited to, demonstrate that this opposition to Saddam Hussein was such that he should be the future of United States policy toward Iraq" First, we uc1.31210011074570 If one regards a major threat to American interests in this area of the world to be Iran and Iraq, and believes I look forwardſ to receiving this Committee''s views on the our current policies toward Iraq and Iran and in responding to any questions the members may have. Before addressing the military aspects of this strategy, I would first emphasize that our policy of containing both Iraq and Iran, sometimes referred to as "dual containment," does not mean that we try to deal with Containment implies laying down clear markers, standing vigilant while avoiding military confrontation, and hoping that internal problems will eventually cause the regimes in Iran and Iraq to fall—a reasonable expectation. The United States is insisting, as is a majority of Security Council members, that Iraq comply not only with its obligations concerning weapons of mass destruction, but with other obligations established under Council resolutions. uc1.31210012244107 USDA''s agricultural export credit guarantee programs, particularly with respect to the country of Iraq. here today to discuss our continuing audit and investigative activities related to the GSM-102 and -103 export credit sales programs. In August 1989, prior to the time that the U.S. attorney''s investigation of the BNL affair began in Atlanta, USDA began considering formulation of the fiscal year 1990 GSM program for Iraq, on the international financing matters, including Agriculture''s decision to extend the GSM guarantees on credit, and council members include, no, not the member of the trilateral, but the Departments of the Treasury, State, Commerce, the Federal Reserve, U.S. Import-Export Bank, the International Development Cooperation Agriculture''s Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) to Iraq. (CCC) Export Credit Guarantee Program (GSM-102) with Iraq. However, USDA recognizes that Iraq is an important market for U.S. agricultural commodities and that the GSM-102 Export Credit Guarantee Program uc1.31210014082943 Land boundaries: 3,576 km total; Iran Disputes: Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic disputes from their eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary Demarcation Commission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution Council reaffirmed the finality of the Boundary Demarcation Commission''s decisions; Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Population: 18,445,847 (July 1992), growth Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population Ethnic divisions: Arab 75-80%, Kurdish labor force Council, vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha influence are held by the Ba''th Party; in the Kurdish Democratic Party, the Patriotic an election for a Kurdish assembly and National Assembly—last held on 1 April Christians 2% est.; seats—(250 total) number of seats by party NA officers, and Shi''a religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone uc1.31210023573817 STRONG FORWARD DEFENSIVE POSITIONS MAXIMUM USE OF TANK DITCHES AND BERMS ATGM DEPLOYED FORWARD TANKS ARE FORWARD WHEN NEEDED IN ANTITANK ROLE ANTI-TANK TACTICS ** CHANNEL ENEMY TANKS TO OPEN AREAS ** EMPLOY ANTI-TANK WEAPONS IN DEPTH ** COMMANDOS IN REAR AREA AMBUSH TANKS ARMY MECHANIZED INFANTRY BRIGADE 44 TANKS 55-60 TANKS-BN 6-120 MM-BTRY REMARKS: RECON BN REMARKS: RECON scouT VEHICLE / NBC SYSTEM WEAPONRY: 90 MM GUN & 7.62 MG OR 12.7 MM AA MG REMARKS: 3 SMOKE DISCHARGERS ON EACH SIDE OF TURRET. REMARKS: CAPABLE OF CARRYING 10 INFANTRY REMARKS: CAPABLE OF CARRYING 10 INFANTRY WEAPONRY: 90 MM GUN/7.62 MM MG-HOT ATGM REMARKS: RECON VEHICLE INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLEs " RATE OF FIRE; 160 180 RDs/MIN RATE OF FIRE; 160 180 RDs/MIN RATE OF FIRE; 160 180 RDs/MIN TARGET: HIGH PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT RANGE: LOW ALTITUDE: 3500 16,000 M HIGH ALTITUDE: 2000 32,000 M uc1.31210023602632 uc1.31210024852434 uc1.31822009597576 IRAQ SYRIA BOUNDARY The Iraq-Syria Boundary is 376 miles in length and is delimited. Turkish tripoint at the confluence of the Tigris and the Khabur rivers, the boundary The boundary then trends in straight line segments first southwestward about 68 miles and then southward about 153 miles to the Euphrates (Al Furat) River near the fertile land long known as the "Fertile Crescent," the earliest civilizations of the Tigris-Euphrates and Nile Walleys developed. The Iraq-Syria boundary cuts across the The boundary area itself is replete with the bench marks of western civilization. From earliest historic times, the impact of land and people imposed challenges and In 331 B.C. Alexander defeated the Persians under Darius III the scene of persistent conflict among the Romans, Greeks, Syrians, and the Persians. In the early centuries of efficient Roman rule, the boundary area, especially Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, in accordance with provisions INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY uc1.31822024264145 Wednesday, March 10, 1999, United States Policy Toward Iraq ........................ Indeed, the apparent collapse of the United States weapons inspection regime in Iraq allows him to inch closer to a lifting of sanctions and to easier development of the weapons capabilities and the that our witnesses today will help us better understand the challenges, the problems and options for placing the United States policy toward Iraq on a firmer footing. world through this program to develop weapons of mass destruction, we must set the agenda rather than having Saddam Hussein But there are some important seams I think between the United States command that require a closer look. attention is required to the principle of maintaining unity of command so that the Iraqis confront a single integrated United States today and offer some thoughts on current United States policy toward Iraq. uc1.31822028850576 American people on the various issues surrounding Iraq''s continued violation of numerous United Nations (U.N.) resolutions, its illicit development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the Sharing technology and weapons of mass destruction with terrorists, during your time in Iraq, did you find any evidence that there was a connection between Iraq and terrorist organizations anywhere in the world in terms of sharing chemical biological or nuclear materials? Iraqis built and sustained their weapons of mass destructions programs through the legal and illegal acquisition of Western technology, and how the United States''s own export control system may Congress, to the United Nations and the American people his determination to remove Saddam Hussein from power and to neutralize the threat posed by the Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, and Folks, today the Committee on Armed Services continues its review of the Iraqi threat and United States policy toward Iraq with a specific focus on how the U.S. and the international community should act in concert to restrain Saddam''s uc1.31822028879765 witnesses will soon explain, Saddam Hussein and his sons systematically violated the human rights of Iraqis and those of other rights abuses in Iraq under the regime of Saddam Hussein. As a result, it may take many years before Iraqi women fully regain stability and confidence and perhaps even an equal place in Saddam''s ruthless regime forced Iraqi women to many human rights groups estimate that nearly 300,000 Iraqis disappeared since the time Saddam took power in 1979. Iraqi women watched in horror as their families were brutally can help the Iraqi people chart a new path, a peaceful democratic It was clear to us from the beginning that one of the most difficult issues this new government will face is protecting and promoting women''s rights. Part of this process is to ensure the new Iraqi constitution specifically protects the human rights of all individuals, because that difference in helping the women of Iraq achieve one more step toward equality. uc1.31822030281034 I would like to thank my distinguished colleague, Chairman Ackerman, for agreeing to this joint hearing, and on behalf of myself and If all we are really talking about is consultation with Iraq''s Government in the face of a threat, then maybe an executive agreement is okay, but if the President intends to indefinitely commit The Declaration of Principles is that the United States would provide Security assurances and commitments to Iraq to deter foreign aggresSion against Iraq that violates its Sovereignty and integrity of its United States'' support for the Iraqi Government against internal extension of the current U.N. mandate and will likely oppose any U.S.-Iraqi bilateral agreement as providing license for the United States to continue anti-Sunni insurgent operations virtually indefinitely. this new relationship will take account of a number of principles, including "providing security assurances and commitments to the Republic of Iraq to deter foreign uc1.31822037823069 military campaign is being transformed into a diplomacy, assistance, and advisory effort led by the State Department and USAID. The State Department''s largest program in Iraq is now—and will State Department also plans a significant expansion of the U.S. diplomatic presence in Iraq. our Iraq policy, I am concerned about news that the State Department has failed to comply with repeated requests by the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction for contract data on the last year you and I issued a joint statement urging the Iraqi Government to live up to its commitment to ensure the continued wellbeing of all who live in Camp Ashraf. The assistance provided by the United States to Iraq is not a substitute for Iraqi hearing regarding the transition to civilian-led engagement in Iraq. the U.S. and Iraqi governments, we are embarking on a new phase in Iraq, including a uc1.31822037824430 TRANSITION IN IRAQ: IS THE STATE DEPARTMENT PREPARED TO TAKE THE LEAD? As we reduce the number of troops in Iraq, many duties now performed by the military will be transferred to the State Department. For example, the Wartime Contracting Commission estimates that State will need more than double the number of security contractors it currently has in Iraq, to as many as With the huge increase in the number of contractors and contracting costs, the State Department will need to closely monitor Unfortunately, providing effective contract oversight has not been the State Department''s strongest suit. Even the State Department''s Assistant Secretary of Management has acknowledged a lack of contract experience and expertise Contracting Commission estimates that State will need more than double the number of security We have conducted four audits of their police training program, the largest contract in State Department history, $1.2 billion, managed by INL, uc1.31822038347944 both operationally and financially, to undertake activities traditionally managed by the Defense Department and to oversee the expected increase in contractors operating in theater. the transition in Iraq is an effort led by the State Department that neither the funds to pay nor the resources to manage." So yesterday, the Commission on Wartime Contracting issued a report entitled Iraq: A Forgotten Mission? year 2011 and beyond, it is inevitable that some missions and capabilities will be degraded or sacrificed altogether, and that large outlays of taxpayer funds will have been wasted." In fact, the Commission''s No. 1 recommendation is that Congress ensure adequate Unfortunately, today, Congress'' willingness to ensure adequate funding for the State Department''s mission in Iraq is very Department operations in critical areas of Iraq, including its greatly increased need for operational contract support. Defense-to-State transition in Iraq needed to avoid mistakes and cooperation, both in Iraq and the United States, from the Department of Defense. uc1.31822038349031 also remove the MEK from the terrorist list before it results in another massacre, which is one thing that needs to be answered: Did the fact that the United States Government maintain the MEK on Yes, I do; and I want to thank you, Mr. Chairman, for this hearing today and for shining a bright light on this stating that Ashraf residents had been helpful in securing the cooperation of other Iraqis the United States act in ways that enable MEK to function as a force opposing the Iranian I arrived in Iraq knowing nothing about the MEK and left Ashraf MEK and Ashraf are not terrorists. during the months when every member of the MEK at Ashraf were interviewed, or, in some No reason other than I believe the Maliki I government is planning to exterminate the people of Ashraf and this is uc1.31822038358743 When sovereignty was turned over to Iraq, the transfer of responsibility for Camp Ashraf to the Baghdad government was conditioned on a direct promise that the residents would continue to In January 2009, the Iraqi Government took the sovereign control of Camp Ashraf and responsibility for the 3,400 residents living in it. Camp Ashraf is operated by, and its residents led by, members of the Mojahedin-e-Khalq , the MEK. As everyone here knows, the Iraqi Government has probably expressed its decision to close Camp Ashraf by the end of this year. by the United Nations with the Government of Iraq for a mutuallyagreed departure of the residents from Camp Ashraf and their safe, protect Camp Ashraf''s residents from harm at the hands of either Iraqi forces or the Iranian regime. MEK members, the choice many have made to remain for years inside Camp Ashraf near Iraq''s border uc1.31822038362018 Department''s Diplomatic Security Service and act in concert with host country under management and oversight of DS direct hire personnel; as illustrated by the direct oversight of security contractor personnel when CWC''s report was written. management, oversight, and operational control of contract personnel include: • DS personnel provide direct operational oversight of all protective support areas on Embassy, Consulate or other compounds enhances afterhours oversight of contractor personnel; Continuing to Set State Up for Success as DoD Draws Down transition of DoD functions to the Department of State in support of the We continue to provide oversight of the logistical functions Security Support Services Iraq (SSS-I) requirements. • DoD will also provide fixed site contract security, under Combatant • Administrative contract support and oversight will continue to be U.S. forces in Iraq and providing support to the Department of State, What contingency plan does the State Department uc1.31822038365789 in Iraq" and directed the USCENTCOM commander to lead the efforts to organize, train, and equip the Iraqi security forces (ISF) "with respected the human rights of all Iraqis, and that had sufficient security forces to maintain domestic order and deny Iraq as a safe haven to build the national and international team to accomplish our mission, develop an integrated effort to defeat the insurgency, and work campaign plan where political, economic, and information effects needed to be generated and synchronized with the security effort, and vice our progress at 6-month intervals based on the six strategic effects from the campaign plan: a legitimate Iraqi government, ourselves to transitioning the responsibility for fighting the counterinsurgency to the Iraqi government and security forces. to focus on securing Baghdad, steady-state counterinsurgency operations across Iraq, and developing the Iraqi security forces. operational control of Iraqi forces to government of Iraq, September 2006 uc1.32106000807427 Total numbers and population density-Rural-urban distribution-Age-sex structure-Literacy-Marital status-Religion—Occupation-Type of residence supply of capital suddenly available and the commendable act of Iraq''s government in turning over 70 per cent of the oil revenues to a planning agency, changes Almost the entire population of Iraq lives in these regions, which Sir Ernest Dowson termed Iraq''s "productive core." He estimated that approximately 80 per cent Iraq differs from other preindustrial countries, most of which have some elements of dualism, in that the oil revenues permit more rapid social and economic Urban people.-According to the Census of 1947, 34 per cent of Iraq''s population were living in places having a municipal government, that is, in towns and AGE-Sex DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION OF MAJOR CITIES OF IRAQ, 1947 In figure 6 Iraq is compared with twenty-two populous or important food-producing countries with respect to daily per capita supplies of various foodstuffs 1947 only 16 per cent of Iraq''s population were living in the four cities containing uc1.b3063850 on September 2 observed anew that, "Iraq continues its procrastination and evasion of implementing basic parts of the relevant Security Council resolutions." In addition, the Gulf Cooperation Council''s Ministerial Council took note of "the Iraqi regime''s renewal of General Kofi Annan reported that Iraq refused to discuss arrangements for using oil-for-food funds to purchase local goods and services and to give visas to UN experts on that issue. At the same time that Iraq is refusing to cooperate with UN efforts to alleviate the suffering of its people, Saddam Hussein purportedly has met with a group of Iraqi sculptors, designers, and architects to discuss the building of a large monument in Baghdad National Congress to take full advantage of the training and material support provided for under the Iraq Liberation Act and to develop new programs and a range of activities, including humanitarian relief. The regime of Saddam Hussein has used chemical weapons against the Iraqi people and Iraq''s neighbors. uc1.b3409085 Iraq May have a very limited stockpile of land-launched short-range anti-ship cruise missiles and air-launched shortrange tactical missiles that it purchased from China and France prior to the Gulf War. These are potential means of delivery for NBC weapons. • Took fermenters and other equipment from Kuwait to improve effort during the Gulf War. Iraq had least 79 civilian facilities capable of playing some role in biological weapons production still in existence in l997. • Iraq produced at least l9l bombs and 25 missile warheads with biological agents. • Iraqi defector claims in February 2000 that Iraq had maintained a missile force armed with chemical and biological • Iraqi defector claims in February 2000 that Iraq had maintained a missile force armed with chemical and biological Iraq has admitted to having biological and chemical weapons programs before the Gulf war and maintains those uc1.b5067155 At that November 16, 1989, joint hearing, the subcommittees reviewed reports from USDA''s Inspector General that listed instances of fraud, misrepresentation, kickbacks and other questionable dealings, including the diversion of food shipments and sale of those cargoes for military reasons and Times, Secretary Baker wrote in his talking points that Yeutter told him during the phone call, "I think we are seeing it the same way you guys are." are being told information by other people and you take notes and you prepare a memo that you don''t check with them to be sure that your recollection and your account of the meeting is accurate? I would like to just ask a few questions to help the committee better understand what was going on at the State Department, and please elaborate. In discussing and preparing for the meeting, I recall speaking with a number of people in the Department, including officers in the Near East Bureau. uc1.b5154993 About a dozen states, including several hostile to western democracies—Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria—now either possess or are actively pursuing offensive biological and chemical capabilities for use against their perceived enemies, whether internal or and Kazakhstan after those new nations inherited thousands of nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union in 1991 and the implementation of the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici cooperative threat reduction programs in these states. Hundreds of articles and speeches have cited the South Asian tests and the Korean and Iranian missile launches as proof that future threats are inherently unpredictable, intelligence estimates are consistently unreliable, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is fundamentally unstoppable, and, thus, the only truly effective response is reliance on American defense technology. • Lt. General Patrick Hughes, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, concludes bluntly in his annual testimony to Congress, "The proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, missiles, and other key technologies remains the greatest direct threat to US interests worldwide." uc1.b5155035 sanction regime and the international coalition against Iraq have The threat that Iraq poses to its own people and to the decent nations of this world will remain for as long embargo on Iraq, while continuing and even tightening where possible strict prohibitions on military imports. recognize that an important goal of the present sanctions is to block the government''s access to foreign exchange which could be used to finance imports for military and weapons-development purposes. This new approach does not represent a fail-safe means of containing Iraq''s proliferation threat, or ensuring compliance with relevant Security Council obligations. The argument against military forces encourages us to ignore the hundreds of millions spent each year to contain Iraq and the 47 American lives lost What is clear cut is that the Iraqi people are suffering as a consequence of Saddam Hussein''s policy of diverting United Nations uc1.b5157871 The arrival of Ambassador Negroponte in Iraq surely marks a new beginning for United Secretary Powell briefed members of our committee before the Independence Day recess on the new embassy operations in Baghdad, and they represent an undeniable commitment to the future of Iraq. needs to construct a new embassy building in Iraq. We welcome Ambassador Ron Schlicher, the Iraq Coordinator at the United States Department of State, and Mr. David Gompert, who worked in Iraq we believe that those responsible for causing the death of Iraqi civilians and security forces or members of the U.S. or Coalition program in Iraq says money needs to shift from big projects to job emphasis on big ticket construction projects and not enough on creating jobs for the regular Iraqis, State Department officials who So I''m not sure which date, sir, these are, the DOD numbers you have are July 13, so I hope that helps answer the question. uc1.b5158241 a clear vision of how the United States will work with the international community to feed and to shelter Iraq''s people, to help establish responsible governance, and to eliminate weapons of mass under the best post-Saddam scenarios, Iraq will remain an enormous security challenge that is likely to require substantial American and allied troops. if we have laid out a clear vision of how the United States will work with the international community to feed and shelter Iraq''s people, help establish responsible governance, and eliminate weapons of mass destruction. and preserve them as a national asset of the Iraqi people and rapidly start reconstruction and operation of the sector so that its proceeds, together with humanitarian aid from the United States and • But it is important to stress also that the United States would have a commitment to leave as soon as possible, for Iraq belongs to the Iraqi people. uc1.b5158246 Policing must be done by Iraqis, but rebuilding Iraq''s police force is a The CPA''s Iraq Police Assessment team would like to immediately enlist over 5,000 international police forces to train and patrol with Iraqi police," but as of early July commitments from other Ambassador Bremer has made providing security his most immediate priority for Iraq. Ambassador Bremer has estimated that rebuilding Iraq''s electricity sector could cost as much as $13 billion.3 The CPA budget for July-December 2003 provides Although Iraqi''s oil reserves are estimated to be the second largest in the world, Iraq''s economy and infrastructure is in dire December 2003 Iraqi budget includes $825 million for rebuilding 15 Phil Carroll, CPA Senior Adviser to Iraq''s Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, June 23, 2003. On April 16, 2003 the Coalition Provisional Authority disestablished the Baath Party of Iraq. Each Iraqi Ministry and Kurd region prepared a budget with their Coalition Senior Advisor. uc1.b5158265 Chairman Lugar, Senator Biden, distinguished members of the Committee on Foreign Relations, it is an honor to testify before you today on the subject of Iraq''s postconflict reconstruction. their assessment that without an overwhelming presence of coalition forces or international police, potential spoilers will move in, whether in the form of "self-demobilized" soldiers or local militia members (e.g., the Iranian-backed Bad''r Corps, the The CPA has not adequately addressed the need for demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) of Iraq''s armed forces, in part because The CPA should decentralize the process of training and equipping the Iraqi police force and Facilities Protection Service to allow for faster and more enduring in the new Iraqi security forces or major public works projects or other jobs. • The Department of Defense should create a strong office in Washington to support the CPA''s needs, including recruiting of appropriate civilian personnel. uc1.b5158270 the United States is building a fraternal, democratic nation in Iraq think that if once again, if we are talking about steering Iraq toward democracy first, only an elected government can say that we For unlike any other country in the Middle East (with the exception of Lebanon), Iraq has no single ethnicity-sect can claim a dominating majority over all othpromotion of democracy in Iraq and throughout the Middle East. The demand among the people of our region in the Middle East for democratic institutions is tremendous and it has been I would say that if the United States really wants to promote democracy in the Middle East, and I''m not certain that this is a clear the people in our region are skeptical, but if the United States really is serious about promoting democracy as a long-term goal, I States and the people of the Middle East where we do agree. uc1.b5158272 A recent poll conducted by Zogby International, working with the American Enterprise Institute, found that 70 percent of Iraqis feel that their country will be better off in 5 years down the road. A recent poll, conducted by Zogby International working with the American Enterprise Institute, found that 70 percent of Iraqis feel that their country will be better in this committee have been saying for the past year, that reconstructing Iraq will be a lot more difficult than winning "the war" just our own, by going back to the United Nations and seeking support of its members for troops, police, and money. Mr. Ambassador, you know how critical it is for us to show Congress and the American people your plan for turning things around American people your plan for turning things around in Iraq if we are to give the inclusive process wherein the Iraqi people participate in developing plans and programs for the reconstruction of Iraq. uc1.c040076224 on October 19, 1990, UNDRO issued a contingency Plan of Action for handling another surge of evacuees into the countries neighboring Iraq, and The organizations that participated in the relief effort included UNDRO, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, the U.N. Development Program, the World Food Program, the U.N. Children''s Fund, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the League of Red Cross/Red In addition, the U.N. Secretary General appointed a special representative to focus international attention on the crisis and the relief The relief efforts in Jordan and Turkey are discussed more fully in Table IV.3: U.S. Commodities Contributed to Relief Effort United Nations Disaster Relief Organization Relief Efforts in Jordan and Turkey Organizations in the Relief Effort customs clearance, loading and unloading relief supplies) to the government of Jordan, the World Food Program, UNICEF, and nongovernmental are considered refugees in Jordan, and UNHCR is assisting them. uc1.c040108416 addition, it announced that Iraq had agreed to exempt GSM credit guarantee program transactions from its domestic tax policy. General to conduct a more thorough review of all GSM sales to Iraq. investigation and Agriculture''s administrative review. We examined the extent of Iraq''s participation in all agricultural export extension of export credit guarantees to Iraq. the extent of Iraq''s involvement in recent GSM program violations and in order to determine their roles and positions concerning Iraq''s participation in the GSM programs. Through the Commodity Credit Corporation, Agriculture''s Foreign Agricultural Service manages export credit guarantee programs designed to FAS chooses for participation in the GSM program those countries that CCC export credit guarantee programs evolved in the 1970s from the The two current export credit guarantee programs, GSM-102/ Under GSM-102, CCC guarantees repayment for credit Sales of 3 years or less; under GSM-103, CCC''s guarantees cover credit GSM-102/103 credit guarantees approved since 1981.) uc1.c073377415 Saddam returned to Iraq after the Ba''ath took over in Baghdad in In Baghdad, Saddam then became a middle-level operative in the party''s In November 1963 the party lost power in Baghdad, and Saddam Saddam Hussein genuinely sees himself as one of the great leaders of pictures and statues of Saddam abound in Iraq. and other members of the Tikrit power structure, Saddam does a perception that only Saddam can save Iraq from internal Superiority of his land forces in the Iran-Iraq war." After all, Saddam The Iran-Iraq War and Gulf Crisis Promote Saddam to World-Class Leader Iraqi domestic support for Saddam Hussein was drastically eroded internal threats to his regime is Saddam''s central concern, and, in a clash Saddam''s internal position. was a powerful demonstration of the risk of rising against Saddam. prevent Saddam from being the sole arbiter where Iraq''s oil revenues would uc1.c110541047 In making this choice, advocates of deep deBa''athification pointed to the history of Ba''athist conspirators rising to power through infiltrating government institutions and seizing power in undemocratic made it extremely difficult for Iraq''s Sunni Arab leaders to accept the post-war political system. commission could not have remained relevant without the support of a variety of important Iraqi politicians, including the current prime minister. be found among Iraqi and other Arab Shi''ites, who basically approve of a policy that punishes Iraq''s Sunni Iraqi policy." He made this effort in the face of considerable local unhappiness about CPA policy, and deBa''athification was especially unpopular in the U.S. military because U.S. officers lost their hardest working and most competent counterparts." In response to Later, the Sadrists lost some of their initial power following Muqtada Sadr''s political and military confrontations with the Iraq government led by rival Shi''ite uc1.c110933805 Marine Expeditionary Force and V Corps) involved in the initial liberation of Iraq in March 2003. CFLCC is a multi-national land force, usually operating as part of a U.S. combatant command, though it could theoretically be applied by other western and U.S. allied March 20, 2003 U.S. launches Operation Iraqi Freedom with a "decapitation attack," the initial air strike of the war attempting to target Saddam Hussein and other Iraqi leaders in Baghdad. CJTF-7 had operational control of all forces within Iraq, including multi-national forces of allies (members of the Multi-National Force – Iraq), which was formed to oust the government of Saddam On June 28, 2004, Multi-National Security Transition Command Iraq was activated with Lt. Gen. development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq could build an On June 16, 2007, Multi-National Force Iraq launched major offensive operations against al-Qaeda uc1.c2676593 uiug.30112074870798 primeval empires will be found collected in the " Universal Ancient History," a work of very great learning Erzeroum), Colonel Chesney remarks* that the Euphrates may be described as a river of the first order, more frequent; and near the remains of ancient Babylon two streams called the Nil proceed from the river, In the mean time, Nabopolassar died, leaving the kingdom to his son, the celebrated Nebuehadnezzar (or Nabuchodonosor), who completed the destruction of the Assyrian power about From this time we bear little of the condition or fortunes of the great city. All these, and the rest of the ruins hereafter to be described, consist of mounds of earth formed by the decomposition of buildings channelled by the weather, and the is found the first grand mass of ruins, which, in consequence of having upon it a small domed building, said On the left hand, they observed a large ruined town called Benaweel, near which uiug.30112104153223 Iran-Iraq War and show how the Iraqis were able to turn that the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq war and the implications of that Iran-Iraq War came with astonishing suddenness. When the war with Iran flared, the Iraqi battlefield A second factor was driving Saddam to recapture Al Faw. The war had wrecked Iraq''s economy. As long as Iraq appeared to be winning the war, the Gulf battle, Al Faw, the Iraqis perceived that the Iranian army had were used in tactical roles during the Iraq-Iran War, Iranians.122 Iraq is aware that of all the Arab states it probably Afghanistan and the end of the Iran-Iraq War that really moved differences over the Iran-Iraq War and over Afghanistan were war, and limiting Soviet support for Iraq. And now, since the end of the Iran-Iraq War, our relations with David Segal, "The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis," Foreign Iran-Iraq War: The First Round," in The Armed Forces Journal umn.31951001512877n 1,700 tons of wheat, were ordered during August and September from India by the Director of Local As already mentioned the estimate for the agricultural development scheme contained no allotment for clearing any but private canals, or for construction of new Two other small works were carried out by the Irrigation Department the cost of which is included in the amount of miscellaneous expenditure. with the authorities in Mesopotamia in preparing the estimates for the scheme for encouraging cultivation Mr. Henderson submitted a further report on agriculture in Mesopotamia to the Quartermaster-General in India on the 15th April, and Mr. Ward one on not support the scheme for production farms, and advised the War Office to limit its sanction to expenditure on immediate food development. In the Euphrates area, the Directorate of Irrigation has constructed 667 miles of roads with The Financial Adviser, who had to deal with this expenditure, was an officer of the Military Accounts umn.31951002977920n umn.31951002980857x umn.319510029815396 umn.319510030595911 umn.31951d007667521 look at what Saddam Hussein is doing Saddam Hussein controls access to the has invaded and tortured a peaceful The prospects for a just and lasting peace Saddam''s aggression in Kuwait and aggression succeeds, that prospects will be better for peace between Israel and Every hope for peace in this conflict-ridden region depends on stopping Iraq''s aggression and ultimately reversing its capacity for future Defeating Aggression nations has gathered to isolate Iraq and Where before his aggression Saddam Hussein found allies of consequence, today he finds none. once there were prospects for successful Iraqi aggression against Saudi in a world where conflicts are settled peaceful solution to this conflict as well. Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein cannot be allowed to ruin the region. of hope in the world for a more secure morality among nations. of State • Bureau of Public Affairs • Office of Public Communication • Washington, DC umn.31951d00766753z umn.31951d019533592 umn.31951d01953404n umn.31951d019721666 umn.31951d02104310x UNMOVIC/IAEA: Weapons of mass destruction Iraq remains in violation of its obligations to end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles. UNMOVIC has largely completed the hiring of its core staff in The United States continues to provide UNMOVIC UN Iraq Sanctions Committee, reviews all contracts under the "oilfor-food" program (unless the items are on a list pre-approved for expedited humanitarian export) to ensure that items that are explicitly prohibited or are "dual-use," which pose a significant risk are continuing work aimed at refining controls to prevent Iraq''s acquisition of prohibited items. Iraq''s authorized imports of WMD dual-use items (WMD dual-use Since weapons inspectors left Iraq in December 1998, the UN Office of the Iraq Programme is the only organization allowed to observe goods going into Iraq under the "oil-for-food" program. Iraq, the United States has placed holds on a number of dual-use umn.31951d02111652e UNMOVIC/IAEA: WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Iraq remains in violation of its obligations to end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles. The United States continues to provide UNMOVIC with UN Iraq Sanctions Committee, reviews all contracts under the "Oilfor-Food" program (unless the items are on a list pre-approved for Iraq''s authorized imports of WMD and missile-related items Under UN Security Council resolution 1284, UNMOVIC has assumed this responsibility from UNSCOM, with the added requirement to identify if a contract contains a 1051-listed good. UNMOVIC has completed its task of revising the 1051 list with the The IAEA revised nuclear list went into effect on July 13, The IAEA revised nuclear list went into effect September 1, to observe goods going into Iraq under the "Oil-for-Food" program. In the absence of weapons inspectors and other experts on the ground in Iraq, the United States has placed holds on umn.31951d02174855l umn.31951d022463289 umn.31951d022463297 umn.31951d02265142g Given these considerations, one must conclude that the only reliable and durable way of preventing Iraq from regenerating and enhancing its weapons of mass destruction and proscribed missile capabilities is to replace the current regime with one that is prepared In particular, the installation of sophisticated monitoring equipment at hundreds of locations and the constant movement of inspection teams around the country would complicate Iraq''s covert United States conducted military actions against Iraq, all inspections ended. can illustrate this best by stating what happened on one of our inspection teams, when we got out of Iraq and a new member who of sites throughout Iraq, approve a work program, and evaluate the degree of Iraqi cooperation Iraq, under Saddam, continues to seek nuclear weapons capability its agent production, Iraq was developing a weapons delivery capability, continued build up of Iraq''s BW program capability. Iraq has also developed the capability to produce critical equipment umn.31951d02303836m persons listed in the Annex to this order or determined to the Secretary of State, to belong to a person, organization, or country that has planned, authorized, aided, or engaged in armed hostilities against the United States. of State, to employ all powers granted to me by IEEPA and by section 5 of the United Nations Participation Act, 22 U.S.C. 287c, to For those persons listed in the Annex to this order or determined to be subject to this order who might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other assets instantaneously, prior notice [DOB 1953; POB Ar Ramadi, al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq; Republican Guard chief of staff; nationality Iraqi; a.k.a. Ayad Futayyih [DOB 1956; POB Tikrit, Iraq; head of Tribal Affairs Office in presidential office; nationality Iraqi; a.k.a. Rukan abdal-Ghaffur umn.31951d02402919g assessed correctly the state of Libya''s nuclear and chemical weapons programs, and the Intelligence Community''s use of new techniques to penetrate creates a new position—a "Program Manager" who sits outside of the Intelligence Community and reports directly to the President—responsible for creating an integrated, government-wide Information Sharing Environment for the Intelligence Community believed about a country''s unconventional weapons programs with the "ground truth." With respect to Iraq, the President reporting on Iraqi nuclear efforts, with some human intelligence sources indicating that Iraq was continuing "low-level theoretical research for a weapons the Intelligence Community had very little information on Iraq''s WMD programs to corroborate this assessment.29 unreliable reporting came to play such a critical role in the Intelligence Community''s pre-war assessments about Iraq''s BW program. United Nations'' restrictions affords a bright spot for the Intelligence Community''s record of assessments on Iraq''s unconventional weapons programs. umn.31951d024033416 Marsh Arabs and rehabilitate the marshlands will require an international partnership of donors, humanitarian groups, technical experts and direct stakeholders working toward a common vision of The next steps in the marsh assistance program include more on-the-ground investigation and discussions with Iraqi officials to understand the drainage system Ecological and water resources management changes in the Tigris-Euphrates watershed have had, and will continue to have, profound political, economic, environmental and cultural/ethnical consequences in the countries composing the watershed: Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq. Several agencies and institutions present in this hearing (USAID, the Iraq Foundation) have specific proposals to address the restoration of the southern Iraqi proposed research and education capacity and infrastructure building plan will include a suite of viable alternative restoration approaches, developed at a programmatic level, as well as recommended processes and procedures for further evaluation and implementation of specific restoration projects. umn.31951d02570031n national emergency declared in Executive Order 12722 of August order or otherwise consistent with U.S. law, the trade in or transfer of ownership or possession of Iraqi cultural property or other would endanger the Armed Forces of the United States that are engaged in hostilities, and I hereby prohibit such donations as provided in section 1 of Executive Order 13315 as amended by this therefore determine that for these measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in Executive Order prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuant to Executive Order 13315 or this order. of the Treasury may redelegate any of these functions to other officers and agencies of the United States Government consistent with Secretary of State, is authorized to determine subsequent to the IRAQI ALLIED SERVICES LIMITED, England IRAQI FREIGHT SERVICES LIMITED, England England (individual) London, England (individual) umn.31951d027384363 And then finally I think Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey are now being engaged, now more supportive toward the general goal of not having us withdraw, leaving chaos in Iraq. political and economic things to happen in Iraq, the fact of the matter is if you look at this past year, 2007 it was the year of the entire war where we have had the most casualties to our men and we come out of Iraq is not just the lack of security, but a withdrawal of these unbelievably effective troops are going to bring. we know the consequences of failure in Iraq are generally unacceptable, I think to most thoughtful people; and if that is truly the American forces in Iraq throughout this year as Iraqi police and army units become more going to have four more years of hard combat against the U.S. Army and the Iraqi security forces. umn.31951d02855377p Mr. West will be followed by Major General Paul Eaton, who retired from the Army in 2006 after 33 years of military service, including command of the initial effort to develop a new Iraqi army the Army, work on the Iraq Study Group''s military and security expert working group. And I am afraid that, right now, the perceived politics of the situation are such that it is very difficult for military staffs to plan United States Army and the time that I have spent in Iraq, where Iraqi army, current operations in Iraq, and the deficient diplomatic else is going to be regional." I should think that would help a lot. I think the comment has been made, General Eaton, you said the And also, General Eaton, you said very clearly that you think I think the case of withdrawal, if one is going to make it, umn.31951d02855378n the Iraq war policy, and he didn''t think it was appropriate for him my testimony today focuses on the problem of the Iraq war spilling It is worth pointing out that the civil War in Iraq could easily One is that political unity is getting worse, not better, that the ability of the United States to engineer deals among Iraqi factions was stronger several years ago We see reports again and again of different Sunni groups in particular being very concerned about a strong army led by people I think what we had better do is let Mr. Akin ask his questions, and then we will go for votes, and that is Thus, all-out civil war, even if it could be contained in Iraq, would put upward The collapse of Iraq into all-out civil war means more than just a humanitarian umn.31951d02855379l do to have the right strategy of foreign policy and our national security, but particularly with regard to Iraq. I think that Congress needs to demand of the Administration a suitable strategy for I think that we all know why we need to withdraw from Iraq, On the issue, it is most important for us to re-think our strategies toward Iran and Syria. So I don''t think it is adequate simply to say, let''s defer any strategic discussion, support the surge, and then we will see what happens. Well, I certainly agree that we need a regional diplomatic strategy, and we can always use more effective diplomacy. I would be happy to weigh in and support with complete agreement with General Clark that I don''t think that partition offers the way out of Iraq. Iraq is that the United States is no longer capable of achieving political goals through military means. umn.31951d03156537t Sons of Iraq either into the Iraqi security forces or to civilian employment. have a recommendation in the past of the fact that the U.S. Government needed an integrated strategy in order to build the capacities and the ministries and also to help support the Iraqis in developing an energy plan. And you also note the DOD reports the number of security force units deemed capable of performing operations without coalition assistance has remained at 10 fighting each other and attacks against Iraqi security forces in southern Iraq and other *DOD, Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq: Report to Congress in Accordance with *DOD, Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq: Report to Congress in Accordance with against Iraqi security forces in southern Iraq and other areas with few or increasing the number of Iraqi security forces'' units capable of operating Iraqi Security Force Information Provided by the Department of Defense Report, umn.31951d03526885w and in Washington, and that it will have serious negative consequences for the stability of Iraq and the national security interests of the United States. But I also agree with our military commanders in Iraq, who were nearly unanimous in their belief that a small presence of U.S. forces should remain a while part of a $7.5 billion Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program, demonstrates Iraq''s commitment to build up its external defense capabilities and maintain a lasting military-to-military training relationship with the United States. Going forward, we will pursue a long-term training relationship through the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq (OSC-I), which will include a limited number of 100,000 U.S. forces from Iraq and the Iraqis long ago assumed primary responsibility for internal security. SOFA existed between the United States and Iraq, based on conversations that I had with leaders in both countries, that the expectation was that a residual force would remain at the expiration down remaining forces under the U.S.-Iraq Security Agreement. umn.31951d03556309e The strategic partnership agreement currently being negotiated between the United States and Afghanistan will help define the long-term relationship between the U.S. military support, from intelligence collection and fusion, training and maintenance, counterterrorism cooperation, air Sovereignty, and perhaps most importantly, a continued need for U.S. forces in the disputed territories of northern Iraq. in a responsible way that allows Iraq to become a secure, sovereign, stable, and self-reliant nation and a positive force for stability in that region. Given our growing budgetary constraints, we need to ensure that our support for the Afghan National Security Forces is fiscally sustainable at home. Even as the growth in the credibility and capabilities of the Afghan National Security Forces are allowing a responsible transition to proceed, another critical component of a durable transition will be for the United States to address concerns Secretary Panetta and Admiral Mullen, can the Afghan Government continue to fund and equip these robust security forces in the future? umn.31951d038001015 SECRETARY FOR IRAQ AND IRAN, BUREAU OF NEAR EASTERN AFFAIRS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Mosul and with Kurdish officials on June 7th, we received early indications that ISIL was moving in force from Syria into Iraq and On June 9th, the situation remained extremely tense, and we continued to urge the immediate deployment of additional security forces to protect against A new speaker of Parliament was chosen last week, overwhelmingly with the support of all major communities in Iraq, and Iraqis however, must be provided full state benefits and resources, perhaps modeled along the lines of a national guard type force structure to secure provincial areas, and areas in which ISIL is seeking So from a security point of view, the single best blunt, frankly, to both ISIL and to a strong, dominant Iranian influence in Iraq is a strong, capable Federal Government to have avoided the threat of ISIL in Iraq and in Syria. umn.31951p002508003 state of which gave rise to this essay on the Kaymookâm''s character, the effect produced is remarkable ; for the Prince is placed by his minister in private some evening before I left the city, I deferred my departure for a day after all had been arranged, and at the time appointed, which was half forth to view the lions of the place, by an expectation, which was generally entertained, of the arrival of Abdoollah Khan, governor of the town, patience of the people got exhausted, and a merchant, by name Hajee Khaleel, having communicated with Allee, let his forces, one night, into town At a point near Mardeen, the caravan was surrounded by a large party of armed Arabs, who demanded a sum of money by way of custom. remarkable mass been destroyed by time and season, and the hand of man, that, to a passing observer like myself, it seems vain to conjecture with umn.31951p01092318c uva.x000133961 Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilization. Impression of a Mesopotamian cylinder seal, from Egypt Dynasty in Egypt, and a seal impression of the second that the Egyptians considered their king a god, entombed him Spengler) the Egyptians had very little sense of history or of past The earliest civilized society of Mesopotamia crystallized in separate nuclei, a number of distinct, autonomous cities-clear-cut, self-assertive polities—with the surrounding However, in this phase of Egyptian civilization, signs of contact city in the political thought of the Egyptians." In Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian usages of the Protoliterate period (Fig. 48). with which brick building appears under the First Egyptian dynasty, those on First Dynasty monuments in Egypt (Figs. renderings were not copied in Egypt, but that the Egyptian and Early Dynastic times, in use in Mesopotamia but not in Egypt, 2 The Egyptian designs (Figs. of temples in Mesopotamia (Fig. 44 right) very closely. art : Egyptian, 80, 83, Mesopotamian uva.x004712018 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, This report is cleared for Brigade -specifically BG Paul Hill, COL Al Ecke, and LTC James O''Hare. Finally, COL Jim Embrey planned and coordinated the visits to to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244, or directly to Leonard.Wong@carlisle.army.mil Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or by e-mail at Rita.Rummel@carlisle.army.mil All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. know by e-mail at outreach@carlisle.army.mil or by calling (717) 245-3133. uva.x006147672 to the United States in Kuwait and elsewhere in the Middle East. Beyond being a valuable strategic ally, Kuwait has also shown a commitment to expanding democracy inanevolutionary way that supports U.S. aspirations for both stability and more inclusive government with Iraq, and Kuwaiti territory severely limits Iraqi for later calls to annex Kuwait by Iraqi government In the face of the Iraqi threat, the Kuwaiti government sought British military assistance, and the UK Kuwait even prior to Kuwaiti independence, while a relations between the United States and Kuwait were Iraqi oil along the Kuwaiti border.77 While Kuwait 8. After Kuwait was annexed, members of the Iraqiappointed Kuwaiti government disappeared from the need for Kuwaiti aid for Iraq than a final renunciation of territorial claims to Kuwait. Kuwaiti communities during the Iran-Iraq war were In addition to the United States and Iraq, Kuwait''s After the Iran Iraq War, the Kuwaitis almost wu.89095897252 Students of history interested in the problems of national refugees America of John Van Ess'' Meet the Arab*, a friendly, indeed, a too complimentary book about the Arab, written in fullfilment of a promise Church stationed at Basra, Iraq, where he served the Arabs for production and as a source of information. "The Arabs are my friends" is the and promise leaving the Assyrians stranded in a no man''s land at the the last War he served on the Turkish staff and had a deep admiration Forth we go to battle in the name of MAR SHÍMUN. Forth we go to battle in the name of MAR SHIMUN. Forth we go to battle in the name of MAR SHIMUN. Forth we go to battle in the name of MAR SHIMUN. Forth we go to battle in the name of MAR SHIMUN. *Brother of Mar Benyamin and father of the present Patriarch, now in exile in Cyprus. wu.89097543664 weeks, in the course of which he He considers British rule in India supporting political unit, somethy.g well REACHED TERMINUS OF THE RAILROAD IN THE MORNING, CONTINUED JOURNEY BY MOTOR TO DARJEELING, ARRIVING IN TIME FOR LATE LUNCH. He says the British have succeeded in governing India by following the rule, of India and is sustained by an enormous commerce, which is largely in the hands of the British India seem to be reasonably popular with both Indians and British. the walls were many palaces, numerous Hindu temples of great magnificence, public monuments and of the British Government, one of the most important military cantonments in India, the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief for Southern believe that for at least half a century the responsible men of the British Government in India from British interests in India, but for the Indian people. India, the great mass of the Indian people are too wu.89097543938 -French officers-Quarries—Parks and pleasure-grounds—Decadence—Prisoners of war-Steam-engines-Official visits-Telegraphs---Hôtel de Palmyre-A row—A reported murder--A wounded -The Bishop—Price of horses-Djedvet''s stud-Lady DigbyScale of tips—Old Roman road-Kalaat ibn Hosn-Strings of Old Roman road--A useful presentThe wounded man-No barley— Touman — Two routes — Turkeys and Bustards Aleppo Mr. Thabet-Izzet Pasha-Mr, Henderson-Schaefer ill-Beræa-A Firman—Matters civil and military--Laws-Fiscal arrangements—Percentage of sickness—Return to LarnacaChaldean ill—The old Guard-Castan Bey-Inducements to visit Limasol — Search for animals — An harvest-Quaint receptacles—Castan''s coat-A comfortable meal-An ancient fountain-Carob harvestOld ruins and metamorphic rocks—Dire disorderCastan''s wife-A friendly Greek-Collection of antiquities – Phænician glass — Reckless destruction Passing through Mualakka, a large Mohammedan village, we arrived at Zahlich and As we came into the ruins we saw two Englishlooking men riding in advance. man then went to look after his son''s mules, the horses, and the mules having arrived went Having chanced to ask one respectable-looking man where we could find a good place wu.89097543953 A telling salute-New wives—An expensive mare—CommotionCalmed down-Leave Orfa—A brother-Haran-Roman campAll the glories—The shaykh himself-Unpleasant ride-Dirty villageLost their wits—The most comfortable place—Different lookingHammam Ali-Persian Consul-Nimroud—The escort-Great southern plain-Shaykh Azowy-Jebour Arabs—A fox-huntIrrigation-A camp-A petition-Sherghat-Supper-Pot shots-Circassians went away the Shaykh said that village I rode after having been round the ruins ; partly fallen in; but a good number are inhabited by the poorer Arabs, who with their nearer the town we saw some men with greyhounds stalking a few gazelle, amongst which to the Turkish bath, which proved a very comfortable place on a cold wet day. town—Maundrell—Bashaw of Urfa-Chesney-Travelling bad-A curious town--A mere shell-Large tentsCaves--German sausage-Sport-Scouts the idea-A the way to Aleppo, which we went in seven days with the large open tents for the shelter of men and showing him camels, sheep, and horses, said, look like a Roman camp, whilst the town itself soon saw a small party of twenty people or wu.89099038101 The old man knew a little Persian, and spoke, little Kurdish village, the house of the head-man, well Our party was a small one, all natives of Sulaimania, except one muleteer, a Kurd of Halabja, a place I Since Layard''s time they have suffered further persecution from Turk, Kurd, and Christian, and at present Opposite was the village of Zailan, inhabited by a curious sub-tribe of Kurds in Arab dress, of a looked with high hope upon the future, when Zoroastrianism should pass away to give place to a Christian great Jaf tribe, and governor of Halabja and Shahr-i-Zur. A KURDISH PASHA places, villages along the Persian frontier-Kurds all, in her new houses a little colony of Persian Kurds, and Turkish Kurdistan, in being the residence of such powerful Kurdish people as Uthman Pasha, Lady Adela, Here I rested awhile, passing the time in conversation with the woman of the house, a good-looking Kurd