IV
Editor & Publisher for December 2, 1922
REPORT OF AMERICAN SECTION OF INTER-ALLIED
COMMISSION ON MANDATES IN TURKEY
An Official United States Government Report
ES1. THE I
1. THE REPORT UPON SYRIA
by an View
.
auto.
6
THE American Commissioners of the
are at least five unavoidable difficulties that have
1 projected International Commis-
qualified their accuracy.
sion on Mandates in Turkey, herewith
1. The number of the petitions from the dif.
submit their final report upon the
ferent sections of Syria is not proportional to
Syrian portion of their task.
their respective populations, e. g., O. E. T. A.*
The Commission's conception of its the Near East. The survey of Syria was
South, with thirteen cities at which delegations
25-To Damascus by auto via Tiberias
were received is represented by only 260 peti-
mission was defined in the following state- made in the light of all this previous
Capernaum.
26—Damascus.
ment, which was given to the press wher- study.
tions, while 1,157 petitions were received from
Official calls.
27, 28-Damascus. Interviews.
0. E. T. A. East, in which but eight cities were
ever the Commission went:
The method of the Commission, in its 29-(Sunday).
visited. As the Commission progressed north-
30_Damascus. Interviews.
ward the petitions became more numerous, due
"The American Section of the International
inquiry in Syria, was to meet in con-
ho
ference individuals and delegations who
July 1-To Amman and Dera by train. In
Commission on Mandates in Turkey, in order
to the increased time afforded for knowledge of
Jan
terviews at both places.
the Commission's coming, for the preparation of
that their mission may be clearly understood,
should represent all the significant groups 2, 3-Damascus. Interviews.
petitions, for the activities of propaganda agents,
are furnishing to the press the following state in the various commnunities, and so to
4-To Baalbek by auto.
ment, which is intended to define as accurately
and for the natural crystallization of public
obtain as far as possible the opinions and
5-Baalbek. Interviews. To Beirut by
opinion.
as possible the nature of their task, as given to desires of the whole people. The process
2.
6-Beirut (Alieh).
them by President Wilson.
The number of petitions from the different
itself was inevitably a kind of political 7, 8-Beirut. Interviews,
religious organizations is not proportional to the
"The American people-having no political education for the people, and, besides
9-To Jebeil, Batrum, and Bkerke, by numerical strength of the religious faiths. This
ambitions in Europe or the Near East; prefer
auto. Interviews at each place.
ring, if that were possible, to keep clear of all
actually bringing out the desires of the
is especially true of the verbal requests made by
10—To Sidon and Tyre by auto. Inter-
delegations. In O. E. T. A. South, for in-
people, had at least further value in the
European, Asian, or African entanglements;
views at both places.
but nevertheless sincerely desiring that the
stance, on account of the number of sects of the
simple consciousness that their wishes
11–To Ainab, Baabda, and Zahle by
auto. Interviews at each place.
Christian faith, 53 delegations of Christians
most permanent peace and the largest results were being sought. We were not blind
12–To Tripoli by yacht. Interviews. were received, and only eighteen delegations of
for humanity shall come out of this war to the fact that there was considerable 13-To Alexandretta by yacht. Inter Moslems, whereas the Moslem population is
recognize that they cannot altogether avoid propaganda; that often much pressure
views.
fully eight times as large as that of the Christian.
responsibility for just settlements among the was put upon individuals and groups;
14-To Ladikiya by yacht. Interviews. This disparity does not, however, hold for the
nations following the war, and under the League that sometimes delegations were prevent-
To Tripoli by yacht.
total number of petitions, verbal and written, as
of Nations. In that spirit they approach the
15--To Homs by auto.
ed from reaching the Commission: and
it was corrected in part by the large number of
problems of the Near East.
16-Interviews at Homs. To Hama by
auto.
that the representative authority of many
Interviews.
petitions from Moslem villages presented to the
To Aleppo by
"An International Commission was projected
train.
Commission at Aleppo and other northeastern
by the Council of Four of the Peace Confer
petitions was questionable. But the Com-
17--Aleppo.
points.
ence to study conditions in the Turkish Em. mission believes that these anomalous 18, 19—Aleppo. Interviews.
3. A number of petitions show clearly the
pire with reference to possible mandates. The elements in the petitions tend to cancel 204To Adana by train.
influence of organized propaganda. This is
American Section of that Commission is in one another when the whole country is
21-Adana. Interviews. To Mersina by
the Near East simply and solely to get as ac-
train, via Tarsus.
sometimes evidenced in the petitions themselves
Interviews at
taken into account, and that, as in the
Tarsus and Mersina. Commission
by numerous similarities of phrasing, by many
curate and definite information as possible con-
composite photograph, certain great, com-
left Mersina on U. S. Destroyer
identical wordings, and by a few
cerning the conditions, the relations, and the
instances in
“Hazelwood" for Constantinople.
mon emphases are unmistakable.
which printed forms, obviously intended as mod-
desires of all the peoples and classes concerned;
els for written documents, have been signed
in order that President Wilson and the Amer.
The Commissioners were struck, on Cities AND VILLAGES of Syria AT Which
ICH and given to the Commission.
ican people may act with full knowledge of the the other hand, with the large degree of DELEGATIONS WERE RECEIVED BY THE
In addition to the internal evidence, there
AMERICAN COMMISSION
facts in any policy they may be called upon frankness with which opinions were ex-
were also many external indications of syste-
hereafter to adopt concerning the problems of pressed to them, even where there was
1-0. E. T. A. (South)—Under British Mili- matic efforts to influence the character of the
the Near East-whether in the Peace Confer. evident fear of consequences. In this re-
tary Administration-Comprises Palestine petitions. The same Arab agent was observed
ence or in the later League of Nations.
west of Jordan line.
spect the American Section had an evident
in four cities of Palestine, assisting in the
Acre.
"This statement of the mission of the Com- advantage, which could not have held for
Beersheba-(Gaza). *
preparation of petitions. Similar activities on
mission is in complete harmony with the fol.
Bethlehem.
the part of French sympathizers were observed
lowing paragraph from
tol. a mixed Commission. Moreover, the
the Covenant of the
Haifa.
in Beirut.
League of Nations, particularly referring to
nearly universal recognition of the fact Hebron.
4. In addition to this general propaganda,
portions of the former Turkish Empire:
that America sought no additional terri Jaffa (Ludd, Ramleh).
which was entirely legitimate as well as natural
Jenin.
tory was favorable to a frank expression
" "Certain communities formerly belonging to
Jerusalem.
and inevitable, it is certain that a small number
the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of ot opinion,
Nablus.
of petitions were fraudulently secured. In two
development where their existence as indepen. The direct data, furnished by the in Nazareth (Safed, Tiberias).
cases the signatures were in the same handwrit.
dent nations can be provisionally recognized
Ramallah.
quiry in Syria, are given in a series of
ing. Three instances of “repeater" signatures
Richon-le-Sion.
subject to the rendering of administrative ad tables, prepared by the Secretary of the Tel-a-Viv.
were discovered. In addition, the seals of new
vice and assistance by a Mandatory until such
organizations, purporting to be Trade Unions
ch
Commission and hased immediately upon
Commission, and based immediately upon 11-0. E. T. A. (East)—Under Arab Military
time as they are able to stand alone. The
of Beirut, were discovered to have been ordered
Administration-Comprises all of Syria east
wishes of these communities must be a prin-
the Conferences of the Commission and
of Jordan line and Lebanon boundary.
by the same propaganda agent a few days before
cipal consideration in the selection of the Man.
the petitions there presented.
Aleppo.
the arrival of the Commission. All possible pre-
datory.'"
The area and towns covered by the Amman (Es-Salt).
cautions were taken to insure authenticity of
Baalbek.
Commission's inquiry are shown in the
petitions and signatures, but in view of the char-
The Commission had in its survey of following itinerary for June 10 to July 21,
Damascus.
acter of the Commission's survey and the limited
Syria the assistance of Dr. Albert H. 1919, and in the table of the towns, classi-
facilities for close checking, the genuineness of
Homs.
Lybyer, Dr. George R. Montgomery, and fied according to the different divisions
all cannot be guaranteed.
Moalaka.
Capt. William Yale, U. S. A., as advisors; of the Occupied Enemy Territory Ad-
5. The value of the individual petitions varies
III-0. E. T. A. (West)-Under French Mili. also with the number of signatures, although
of Capt. Donald M. Brodie, U. S. A., as ministrations—British, French, and Arab.
tary Administration-Comprises Lebanon and mere numbers cannot be taken as the only
secretary and treasurer; of Dr. Sami These tables show that the Commission Coastal Regions north to Alexandretta. criterion. For example, some petitions signed
Haddad, instructor in the School of Medi- visited 36 of the more important towns
Ainab.
by only a small Municipal Council may repre-
Alexandretta (Antioch).
cine of the Syrian Protestant College of of Syria, scattered through all the mili Baabda.
sent a larger public opinion than a petition
Beirut, as physician and interpreter; of tary areas, and heard delegations from
signed by a thousand villagers. The number of
Mr. Laurence S. Moore as business man- other important centers. It should be
Beirut.
signatures is 91,079;* 26,324 for the Petitions
Bkerke.
of 0. E. T. A. South, 26,884 for the Petitions
ager; and of Sergt.-Major Paul O. Toren noted that the list does not include at alll Jebeil.
of 0. E. T. A. West, and 37,871 for the Peti-
as stenographer. The advisors had all the names of hosts of villages in the Ladikiya
tions of 0. E. T. A. East. This represents a
been previously connected as experts with vicinity of towns visited, which were also
Sidon,
Tripoli.
general average of 49 signatures for each peti-
the Peace Conference in Paris, and had represented by delegations before the
tion. The number of signatures varies widely
been students of the special problems of Commission. Our records show that
from this average, but the totals for the different
the Near East.
there were 1.520 such villages. Cilicia IV-0. E. T. A. (North)—Under French Mili. programs are fairly well equalized.
tary Administration-Comprises Cilicia.
Yet despite these five qualifications, it is be-
The report naturally falls into three was briefly included in the Syrian in-
Adana.
lieved that the petitions as summarized present a
divisions : Data, General, Considerations, quiry, because it is disputed territory Mersina.
fairly accurate analysis of present political
Tarsus.
and Recommendations.
claimed both by Syria and by the Turk-
opinion in Syria. The great majority of irregu.
The Commission had already familiar- ish-speaking portion of the former Turk-
The Secretary's Summarized Statement
larities offset one another. The preponderance
of Christian petitions in Palestine is balanced
ized itself before leaving Paris with the ish Empire.
of Significant conclusions brought out in
by the food of Moslem appeals at Aleppo. The
full and varied reports and material com-
THE ITINERARY
the Tables of Petitious, gives adder in-
ing into the office of the Western Asia
June 10–Commission arrived in Jaffa.
formation and discussion, greatly needed *These initials stand for "Occupied Enemy
Division of the experts of the American
11, 12-Interviews at Jaffa.
for a proper interpretation of the petitions Territory Administration,” but are commonly
Section of the Peace Conference, and with 13-By, auto to Tol-a-Viv, Richon-le-Sion and of our entire survey; and is there-
and of our entire survey: and is there used as a word, “Oeta," as “British Oeta,"
considerable other literature bearing on
and Jerusalem.
fore made the concluding section of the “French Oeta," or "Arab Oeta."
14Jerusalem. Official calls.
15—(Sunday).
Secretary's presentation of data.
16–Jerusalem. Interviews.
DR. HENRY CHURCHILL KING
17–To Bethlehem, Hebron and Beer- SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSIONS.
CHARLES R. CRANE
sheba by auto. Interviews at Beth-
was born at Hillsdale, Mich., in 1858. He
lehem and Hebron.
1. The Value of the Petitions as an was born at Chicago, Ill., in 1858. He
is president of Oberlin College and one 18--Interviews at Beersheba, including Estimate
Gaza delegations.
was engaged in the manufacturing busi-
To Jerusalem
Estimate of Public Opinion in Syria:
by
of America's best known educators as
ness in that city for more than a quar.
auto.
The 1863 petitions received by the American ter of a century. He was a member of
well as the author of numerous volumes
19, 20–Jerusalem. Interviews.
Commission in Syria and the summary tables President Wilson's Special Diplomatic
on theology, education and philosophy. 21-By auto to Ramallah and Nablus. In-
prepared from them cannot of course be re-
During 1918-1919 he was director of re-
terviews at both places.
1917; was a
22-By auto to Jenin and Nazareth. In garded as a mathematically accurate analysis of Commission to Russia in
ligious work for the Y. M. C. A. in
terviews at Jenin.
the real desires of the peoples of Syria. There member of the American Section of the
France. In September, 1919, he was ap-
Conference Inter Allied Com.
To Haifa
23—- Interviews at Nazareth.
Peace
*Delegations were received from cities and mission on Mandates in Turkey in 1919;
pointed to serve on the American Sec.
(Mt. Carmel Monastery) by auto. In-
terviews.
villages named in parenthesis.
tion of the Peace Conference Inter Al. -
American Ambassador to China from
24—To Acre by auto. Interviews. **Classified list of delegates received will be
To
lied Commission on Mandates in Turkey.
Nazareth by auto.
found on the next page following.
May 1920, to June 1921.
Deraa.
Hama.
Betrun.
Tyre.
Zahle.


XII
Editor & Publisher for December 2, 1922
understanding there of the political situa- phases of our inquiry, and from all parts of the Governments of Great Britain and Peace Conference, in which all the Allies
tion; so that it was felt that there would of Asia Minor; to supplement the in- France":
have shared, reflected in the forming of
not be much gain from further inquiry formation so received with reports, for The aim which France and Great Britain the Commission on Mandates and em-
in other parts of the Empire, in addition recent months, of the American Embassy have in view in prosecuting in the East the bodied in the Instructions to the Commis-
to the frequent reports by various investi- and Consular Offices (through the kind war let loose by German 'ambition is the com- sion, form a solid basis for the policy to
gators to which we already had access. Co-operation of Admiral Bristol and Com- plete and final liberation of the peoples so long be adopted in Asia Minor. It is no
The plainly imperative need of the missioner Ravndal); and to supplement
. oppressed by the Turks and the establishment sentimental program: but it is just on the
whole country for as prompt a settle
of national governments and administrations
still further with reports of personal in- deriving their authority from the initiative and
one hand, and considerate on the other.
ment as possible of its fate also led the vestigations by American Missionaries, free choice of the native populations.
If the Conference proceeds, in its further
Commission to give up visits to various knowing the country thoroughly, and by In order to give effect to these intentions,
dealings with Turkey, honestly and
parts of the Empire, in order not to de- representatives of the American Commis- France and Great Britain have agreed to en. strongly and consistently to build on the
fer its report and so possibly delay action sion on Relief in the Near East, and of courage and assist the establishment of native foundations so prepared, essential justice
by the Peace Conference. The Commis- American business corporations.
governments and administrations in Syria and will be done to all the peoples concerned,
sioners have had the less hesitancy hast. In this way a large mass of valuable
Mesopotamia already liberated by the Allies, rankling wrongs will be set right, and
and in the territories which they are proceeding
ening their report, because it was believed material has been brought together and
the purposes of the Allies will be just so
to liberate, and they have agreed to recognize
that the essential facts upon which recom- studied by all three advisers-Dr. Albert such governments as soon as they are effectively
far vindicated.
mendations must be based were already H. Lybyer, Dr. George R. Montgomery established. So far from desiring to impose
And the Peace Conference should not
in hand.
and Capt. William Yale, U. S. A.-who specific institutions upon the populations of shut its eyes to the fact that vindication
In this situation. the method for our summarized their inferences from it, and these regions, their sole object is to ensure, is greatly needed just now. For there are
by their support and effective assistance, that
inquiry in Asia Minor has been: To build, reported on special phases of the common
set directly over against such a procedure
first of all, on our two months' study in
the governments and administrations adopted
problem. To test our conclusions, expert
as that now outlined and to which the
by these regions of their own free will shall be Peace Co
Paris of the Turkish problems in the advice at all possible points was also exercised in the normal way.
Peace Conference is in principle and in all
The function
course of which we used the reports and sought from American and other leaders which the two Allied Governments claim for
honesty committed, the still active policies
other material of the Western Asia divis- —many of them personally known by themselves in the liberated territories is to
of the old diplomacy of secret treaties and
ion of the American experts, and had members of the Commission. The report ensure impartial and equal justice for all; to
understandings and of division of spoils
many conferences with experts there, and of the Commissioners is based on the facilitate the economic development of the
facilitate the economic development of the among victors. The direct consequences
with able authorities coming direct from
country by encouraging local initiative; to pro-
whole of the resulting evidence.
of such selfish
self-
and ultimately
mote the diffusion of education; and to put an
Turkey; to take full advantage of all Our report falls naturally into five di-
destructive policies are to be seen in all
end to the divisions too long exploited by the world today. It is to be feared that
the general work done in the survey of visions; Pertinent action already taken by
Turkish policy.
Syria, as part of the former Turkish the Peace Conference; dangers from a
some of the highest aims of the Allies in
This is as admirable a statement of the the war have already been well nigh lost,
Empire, with its fundamentally similar selfish division and exploitation of the
spirit in which mandates should be ad- because of these policies creeping in, in
problems and its incidental side-lights; Turkish Empire; considerations looking sp
ministered as could be asked, and reflects all manner of "settlements." It concerns
especially to see as many representative to a proper division of Turkey; result-
honor on the two great Allies from whom the Peace Conference to decide whether
groups and individuals as possible in Con- ing problems; and the Commission's rec-
it originally came.
the same fateful method is to be followed
stantinople, and so to get reports on allommendations.
Taken as a whole, the action of the in Turkey.
PERTINENT ACTION ALREADY TAKEN BY THE
PEACE CONFERENCE
II—THE DANGERS OF A SELFISH DIVISION AND
EXPLOITATION OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE
To begin with the action creating the the modern world, to apply to these territories
Commission, of which the Commissioners the principles that the well-being and develop-
In considering recommendations con- of the Allies, in just that proportion will
ment of such peoples form a sacred trust of
now reporting make the American Sec-
cerning the future administration of large grave dangers arise.
civilization and that securities for the per-
tion, was taken by the Council of Four.
formance of this trust should be embodied in parts of the former Turkish Empire, in- (1) Such a division, in the first place.
Our instructions were called: “Instruc-
the constitution of the League of Nations. volving millions of people, it is imperative would have to be forced upon the peoples
tions for Commissioners from the Peace
4. After careful study they are satisfied that the Peace Conference should make concerned-not chosen by them. Every
Conference to make inquiry in certain
that the best method of giving practical effect clear to itself from the beginning the separate occupation of territory would be
portions of the Turkish Empire which to this principle is that the tutelage of such serious dangers involved in the selfish and resented, and felt to be a constant injus-
are to be permanently separated from peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations divisive national and corporate policies tice. The feeling of the Turkish people
Turkey and put under the guidance of who, by reason of their resources, their experi. into which the Allies have been drifting concerning the occupation of the Smyrna
ence or their geographic positions, can bes
governments acting as mandatories under
undertake this responsibility, and that this
the League of Nations." The Instruc-
S and should squarely challenge that drift cannot be convinced that such seizure of
tutelage should be exercised by them as man.
tions then go on to say: "It is the pur-
datories on behalf of the League of Nations.
at once.
territory can be harmonized with the pro-
pose of the Conference to separate from
5. The Allied and Associated Powers are
No doubt this policy of selfish exploita- fessed principles of the Allies in the war.
the Turkish Empire certain areas com-
of opinion that the character of the mandate
tion in Turkey is in its entirety not the In such a case there is no possibility of
prising, for example, Palestine, Syria, the must differ according to the stage of develop deliberate aim of any Power. Much con- laying the foundations of truly cordial
Arab countries to the east of Palestine ment of the people, the geographical situation fusion has unavoidably prevailed. The relations with the Turkish people.
and Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, Cilicia, of the territory, its economic conditions, and demands upon the Allies and upon the (2) In the second place, just because
and perhaps additional areas in Asia other similar circumstances.
Peace Conference have been beyond hu- these occupations of territory have to be
Minor, and to put their development 6. They consider that certain communities man power wholly to meet. Under the forced upon the Turks, a large number
under the guidance of governments which formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have pressure of immediate necessity for some of troops would be required to establish
are to act as mandatories of the League reached a stage of development where their kind of action, many steps have been and maintain each occupation. With the
of Nations."
existence as independent nations can be pro- taken in good faith, which have later intolerable burdens which the war has
visionally recognized, subject to the rendering,
So far as concerns Asia Minor, this
of administrative advice and assistance by a
proved temptations to selfish advantage, brought upon all the nations, and with
P
commits the Conference to two courses of
re and provocations to jealousy and sus the insistent demands for the demobiliza-
mandatory power until such time as they are
action: Permanent separation from the
able to stand alone. The wishes of these com- picion, The situation, too, has been most tion of troops, this would be certain to
Turkish Empire of "Armenia, Cilicia, and munities must be a principal consideration in complex, by reason of previous engage- prove an increasingly serious situation.
perhaps additional areas in Asia Minor”; the selection of the mandatory power ... ments, and of countless inter-relations of The number of troops required for an
and dealing with these territories under In every case of mandate, the mandatory interest-private, party, national and in- occupation looked upon as temporary and
the mandatory, not colonial system.
state shall render to the League of Nations anternational. This complexity has often for police purposes, is no measure of the
of annual report in reference to the territory com.
That this is the deliberate purpose of
made it honestly difficult to disentangle forces required to maintain an aggressive
mitted to its charge.
the Council is further shown by the
exactly the right course.
and permanent seizure of territory, as the
added statement : "It is expected that this The resolutions clearly assert several But, however the drift toward selfish Turks themselves proved to their sorrow
will be done in accordance with the fol- things:
exploitation of the Turkish Empire has both in Macedonia in 1903-06 and in Ye-
lowing resolutions, adopted by the repre- (1) That in settling the issues of the come about, there should be no mistake men through a series of years. The self-
sentatives of the United States, Great Turkish Empire, account may rightfully about the fact, or,
cont maurightfully about the fact or its dangers. It needs ishly divisive policy will go far toward
Britain. France. Italy and Japan at a be taken of any 'menace" to "the freedom to be said and heeded that Constantinople turning Turkey into an armed camp, and
conference held at the Quai d'Orsay on and security of all nations";
is once again a nest of selfish, suspicious, breeding a constant state of brigandage.
January 30, 1919."
(2) That “the historical misgovern-
hateful intrigue, reaching out over the (3) It should not be forgotten, either,
whole Empire, if not the world. What in the third place, that this selfishly di-
1. Having regard to the record of the Ger ment by the Turks of subject peoples and
man administration in the colonies formerly
will it mean if this policy is allowed to
the terrible massacres of Armenians and
visive policy would naturally provoke vio-
part of the German Empire, and to the menace others in recent years" constitute a spe-
prevail ? In definitely raising this ques- lent retaliation, as in the whole region of
which the possession by Germany of subma- sin
tion, the Commissioners are not for an in Smyrna. Such retaliation, too, is likely
cial reason for separation of territory, but
rine bases in many parts of the world would
stant supposing that there is any easy to be visited not only upon the immediate
necessarily constitute to the freedom and se
"without prejudice to the settlement of
and inexpensive solution of the Turkish aggressors, but also upon the Christian
curity of all nations, the Allied and Associated other parts of the Turkish Empire" ;
problem. The justest solution at best will populations generally. For a selfish divi-
Powers are agreed that in no circumstances (3) That this separation of territory not be wholly welcome to Turkey, and sion and exploitation of territory may
should any of the German Colonies be restored should be taken as a special opportunity will encounter her opposition. But in easily induce in the Turks the attitude,
to Germany.
to apply "the principle that the well-being such a solution the Allies could at least that, since the worst from outside is prob-
2. For similar reasons, and more particularly and development of subject peoples form know that their sacrifices were being ably to come upon them in any case, they
because of the historical mis-government by the a sacred trust of civilization and that se- made for the establishment of progres- may as well take the occasion to rid
Turks of subject peoples and the terrible mas curities for the performance of this trust sively righteous relations among men, not
sacres of Armenians and others in recent years,
themselves entirely of those whom they
should be embodied in the constitution
the Allied and Associated Powers are agreed
for sowing the seeds of endless and bit- look upon as internal enemies. In that
that Armenia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine
of the League of Nations”;
ter discord.
case, the Allies would have to share the
and Arabia must be completely severed from the (4) That this principle should be car- In seeking, then, a practical plan for guilt of the Turks.
Turkish Empire. This is without prejudice ried out through the mandatory system, the righteous treatment of the Turkish (4) Such selfish exploitation of Tur-
to the settlement of other parts of the Turkish which the remaining resolutions carefully Empire, the Allies should bear clearly in key, also, would not only certainly call
Empire.
define.
mind that their fidelity to their announced out the resentment of the most solid por-
3. The Allied and Associated Powers are the instructions of the Commission aims in the war is here peculiarly to be tion of the American people, as emphat-
agreed that advantage should be taken of the
then continue: "And it is agreed that the tested; and that, in the proportion in ically not illustrating the ends for which
opportunity afforded by the necessity of dis-
administration of these mandates shall be which the division of the Turkish Empire America came into the war; but would
posing of these colonies and territories formerly ad
Belonding to Germany and Turkey which are in the spirit of the following document, by the Allies is made a division of spoils also tend to alienate the best sentiment
inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by which was formally presented to the by victors, and is primarily determined by among all the Allies. To eliminate from
themselves under the strenuous conditions of President of the United States on behalf the selfish national and corporate interests the cause of the Allies this weight of


XXVI
Editor & Publisher for December 2, 1922.
(Continued from page XXIV). to the world than the Turkey of which it Commission discerned no trace of such a until they shall have established the
agreement of all the Moslems in the formed a part
notion, nor is it practically conceivable method and practice of it. Dangers may
world. All affirmed that King Hussein is wish
In a larger sense Pan-Arabism would under present world conditions.
readily arise from unwise and unfaithful
sein is wish to add also the Arab-speaking belt If the European civilization has suf- dealings with this people, but there is
in no sense their political head, but only across North Africa. Since this is held ficient wisdom to avoid further extensive great hope of peace and progress if they
their religious head. Prayers are said in by three great powers, each of whom has self-destruction, it can with the greatest be handled frankly and loyally.
his name, and certain seals for public a larger population and infinitely greater ease control the Moslem world; it is not
documents bear his name.
resources than the Pan-Arab area con- necessary for those who labor to estab-
Certain Christians, on the other hand, tains, its accomplishment against their lish the League of Nations to contemplate
affirmed that the sentiment of Syrian Na- will is a mere dream.
the opposite possibility.
tionalism is new and feeble, and that the Pan-Islamism in a narrow sense would The fundamental question in this con-
expressions of it made before the Com- re-establish one government in the former nection, and, indeed, in several other great
EXTRA COPIES
mission gave a false impression. They Turkish Empire by agreement of the immediate problems, is the basal attitude
claimed that the Christians who adhere to two Moslem groups of north and south, of the Christians toward the Moslem
OF THIS
this view do so as making a desperate the Turks and the Arabs. The Commis, world : Shall this be friendly or hostile?
effort to live on good terms with the sion found no sign of a desire for the In the war now ending, Christian govern-
SUPPLEMENT
Moslem majority, and that the Moslems re-establishment of the rule of Turkeyments gave their Moslem allies promises
much prefer a pan-Arabic or Pan- over the Arabs. One former deputy in of fair treatment and full rights. Now
CAN BE PURCHASED
Islamic scheme, and would quickly aban- the Turkish Parliament did indeed sug- the Moslems of Syria offer their hands
don Syrian nationalism if they saw a gest that an Ottoman prince might be to their non-Moslem fellow-citizens with
chance for the success of either of these chosen as king of Syria, but this was an the promise of putting religious separa-
ideas. It would seem safe to assume that individual opinion. On the other hand, tion out of sight. Shall they be taken while the limited supply on
those who speak for themselves strike there were many expressions of joy and at their word? Or shall they be told :
hand lasts by immediate ap-
nearer the truth than others who assume thankfulness because of the end of Turk. We do not believe what you say; we do
to speak for them. Nevertheless, it is ish rule. If there is any thought of a not trust you; we think it best to break plication to
worth while to give consideration to the federation of Arabs with Turks, or of a our word with you, so that you may not
criticism.
political union of any sort, the Commis- have the opportunity to break your word
Pan-Arabism* in a narrower sense sion saw no trace of it. Still less was with us?
EDITOR & PUBLISHER
would unite under one independent goy. there any sign of movement toward The western world is already commit-
ernment the Arab-speaking portions of the realization of a larger Pan-Islamic ted to the attempt to live in peace and
1115 World Building,
the former Turkish Empire. This would idea. The Turks had some thought of friendship with the Moslem peoples, and
not necessarily be a theoretic Moslem this early in the war, but it disappeared to manage governments in such a way as
New York City, U. S. A.
state, though the large majority would in favor of a Pan-Turanian idea on a to separate politics from religion. Syria
belong to the different Moslem sects. It racial or linguistic rather than a religious offers an excellent opportunity to estab-
is hard to see how such a federated basis, from the time when Jemal Pasha lish a state where members of the three
state, with its territory largely desert hanged the leaders of the Syrian Arabs. great monotheistic religions can live to-
and lacking a center and speedy com. One may conjure up the picture of an gether in harmony; because it is a coun All applications for addi.
munications mud be more of a danger attempt at restoring the Saracen Em- try of one language which has long had
tional copies will be filled in
pire, by the stages of Syrian, Arabian freedom of movement and of business re-
* This is the portentous programme set forth
and Mesopotamian independence, follow- lations through being unified under the the order received until the
in the Turkish Nationalist Pact. It would ap-
ed by federal union in a strong conquer- Turkish rule. Since now the majority
supply is exhausted.
parently eliminate both France and Great Britain ing state, which would then become im- declare for nationalism, independent of
from the confines of the former Ottoman perialistic in the directions of Persia, Ar- religion, it is necessary only to hold them
Empire.
menia, Turkey and North Africa ; but the to this view through mandatory control

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Reproduced by permission of The Literary Digest Atlas