教育資料與圖書館學 Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences http://joemls.tku.edu.tw Vol. 57 , no. 1 (2020) : 35-72 MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 A Study on MARC21 Transformation and Application for Linked Data 陳 亞 寧* Ya-Ning Chen* Associate Professor E-mail:arthur@gms.tku.edu.tw 温 達 茂 Dar-maw Wen Chief Knowledge Officer English Abstract & Summary see link at the end of this article http://joemls.tku.edu.tw mailto:arthur@gms.tku.edu.tw 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) : 35-72 DOI:10.6120/JoEMLS.202003_57(1).0045.RS.AM 研 究 論 文 MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 陳亞寧 a*  温達茂 b 摘要 MARC一直是圖資界重要的資訊交換標準,由於格式的過時,且 不被圖資界以外的領域熟知與使用,反而阻礙MARC的應用。隨 著語意網的推展,鏈結資料技術已被圖資界視為解構書目資訊的 一項新方法。有鑑於此,重新檢視MARC採取何種方式展延至鏈 結資料與其效益是值得探討的研究議題。首先,本文以鏈結資料 提出的2006年為基準,分析相關MARC提案與討論文件的內容及 相關的鏈結資料因應方式。再者,本文選取兩筆MARC書目記錄 與一份MARC提案文件範例作為八個使用個案,導入BIBFRAME 與RDA兩項書目本體至使用個案,以實證與解說MARC展延為鏈 結資料的方式。結果證明MARC已成功融合資源描述框架與結構 外,也是圖資界的鏈結資料交換標準。最後,討論MARC提案文 件中所定義的書目實體等相關議題。 關鍵詞: 機讀編目格式,鏈結資料,書目框架,資源描述與檢索本 體,資源描述框架化 前 言 長久以來,圖書資訊(以下簡稱「圖資」)界採取機讀編目格式(MAchine- Readable Catalog,簡稱MARC)作為資訊組織的國際標準,利於在不同的圖書 館自動化系統間交換資訊,達成資訊共享的目的。然而,隨著資訊的網路化 與數位化,網路搜尋引擎已成為全球資訊網路的重要數位資訊查找工具。由於 MARC格式的過時(outdated format),只能存在於圖書館導向型系統,對非圖資 界而言,MARC既陌生又不被使用,格式就顯得十分特殊(uniqueness)。即使 少數圖書館自動化系統能提供MARC資訊給網路搜尋引擎擷取,多數以MARC 管理書目資訊的圖書館自動化系統仍獨立於全球資訊網路及網路搜尋引擎範圍 a 淡江大學資訊與圖書館學系副教授 b 飛資得系統科技股份有限公司知識長 * 本文主要作者兼通訊作者:arthur@gms.tku.edu.tw 本文作者同意本刊讀者採用CC創用4.0國際 CC BY-NC 4.0(姓名標示-非商業性)模式使用 此篇論文 2019/08/24投稿;2020/01/14修訂;2020/01/15接受 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 36 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 之外,已形成所謂的資訊孤島(information silo; Lagace, 2014)。另一方面,自 2006年起,Berners-Lee(2006)提出鏈結資料(Linked Data,簡稱LD)概念及 其設計原則,係將現有文件網(web of document)轉變為資料網(web of data), 提供一個開放型網路空間,以統一資源識別碼(Uniform Resource Identifier,簡 稱URI)命名每一項資料,且經由相同URI的識別以鏈結不同來源的資料。隨 著LD的興起,已吸引各界投入LD的相關研究與應用。依據2019年3月鏈結 開放資料雲(Linked Open Data Cloud)將LD共分為跨領域(cross domain)等九 類,其中在出版品(publications)一類之下又區分為書目(bibliographic; McCrae, 2019),這意謂出版品書目相關資訊已在現有的LD領域佔有一席之地,也更加 引起圖資界思索如何採用LD概念與相關技術,將現有的MARC21資訊轉變為 LD,進而成為語意網(semantic web)的一部分,擴展既有圖資界相關資訊的應 用發展。 以資料設計觀點而言,LD有別於MARC是以資料為中心(data centric)的 主要設計理念(Di Noia et al., 2016),而且以資源描述框架(Resource Description Framework,簡稱RDF)作為資料模式(data model)。依據全球資訊網(World- Wide Web,簡稱W3C)協會發布的官方文件內容,LD主要關鍵之一在於採 用特定本體(ontology)作為資料模式化(data modeling)的基礎,以建立不同 資料或資訊物件間之相互關係(Hyland et al., 2014; Hyland & Villazón-Terrazas, 2011),且盡量使用既有本體的概念及其詞彙與關係為原則,以呈現資料模式 化的結果(Villazón-Terrazas et al., 2011)。在語意網中,Berners-Lee等(2001) 將本體視為語意網中的重要組成元件之一,用來正確定義詞彙間關係的文 件或檔案。目前圖資界已有所謂的書目記錄需求(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records,簡稱FRBR)、圖書館參考模式(Library Reference Model,簡稱LRM)與書目框架(Bibliographic Framework,簡稱BIBFRAME) 等不同概念模式(conceptual model)。雖然FRBR只是一種概念模式,在實作方 面,FRBR早已被視為一種書目本體且應用在LD的資料模式化工作,包括伊朗 國家圖書館暨檔案館(National Library and Archive of IRAN,簡稱NLAI;Eslami & Vaghefzadeh, 2013)、西班牙國家圖書館(Biblioteca Nacional de España,簡 稱BNE;Vila-Suero & Gómez-Pérez, 2013; Vila-Suero et al., 2012)與法國國家 圖書館(Bibliothèque nationale de France [BNF], 2018)等個案,皆採用FRBR 三個群組為書目本體。早期RDA本體(RDA ontology)已納入FRBR與權威資 料功能需求(Functional Requirements for Authority Data,簡稱FRAD)兩項概 念模式,同時配合RDA註冊中心(RDA Registry,簡稱RDAR)的發展,已依 前述Berners-Lee等(2001)本體的定義要求,將FRBR與FRAD轉換為符合本 體要求的類別與屬性關係外,並使用URI予以命名。隨著RDA 3R計畫(RDA Toolkit Restructure and Redesign Project)的啟動,目前RDAR已逐漸將LRM納 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 37陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 入(RDA Steering Committee, 2019)。另一方面,美國國會圖書館(Library of Congress,簡稱LC)所發展的BIBFRAME,已在LC鏈結資料服務(Linked Data Service,簡稱LDS,http://id.loc.gov/)官方網站上正式公告BIBFRAME本體的 類別與關係及所屬的URI外,Linked Data for Production(LD4P)各項計畫皆視 BIBFRAME為書目本體,以探討圖書館資源轉換為LD時的相關議題(Linked Data for Production [LD4P], 2017)。例如,在LD4P計畫之一的共享虛擬發掘環 境(SHARE Virtual Discovery Environment,簡稱SHARE-VDE)計畫所推出的 LD平台,係以BIBFRAME本體為LD資料模式(Casalini, 2017),提供LD驅動 式(LD driven)目錄,以及相關視覺化呈現與查詢等功能。 在圖資界中,有些實際案例已大量批次將MARC資訊LD化,包括大英圖 書館(British Library,簡稱BL;Deliot, 2014; Deliot et al., 2016)、瑞典國家聯合 目錄(LIBrary Information System,簡稱LIBRIS;Malmsten, 2008, 2009)、BNE (Santos et al., 2015; Vila-Suero & Gómez-Pérez, 2013; Vila-Suero et al., 2012)、 BNF(Simon et al., 2013; Wenz, 2013)、美國內華達大學圖書館(University Libraries, University of Nevada; Lampert & Southwick, 2013; Southwick, 2015)與 伊利諾香檳分校(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Cole et al., 2013)等。 然而,以BL、BNE、BNF、德國國家圖書館(Deutsche National Bibliothek, 簡稱DNB)等16個案例為個案研究分析中,Chen(2017)發現15個研究個案 同時採取2個以上本體進行LD資料模式化作業外,也各自發展所屬的LD資 料模式。誠如Suominen與Hyvönen(2017)的研究結果指出,由於每一圖資界 LD個案的資料模式不同,除了產生不一致的問題外,更重要的是陷入另外一 種LD資訊孤島的現象,反而阻礙圖資界彼此間LD的再利用(reuse)、相容性 (compatibility)與互操作性(interoperability)。 就實際作業現況而言,MARC仍是現今多數圖書館自動化系統的主要處理 對象,藉以組織各式資訊。現今圖資界正處於OCLC Research Library Partnership 所稱的「MARC與LD的複合式環境」(a hybrid MARC-linked data environment; Smith-Yoshimura, 2018b),亦即同時面對LD與既有MARC記錄(legacy MARC records)共同存在的事實。如同參與Linked Data for Libraries(LD4L)計畫的史丹 福大學圖書館(Stanford University Libraries)一份簡報內容指出: ⋯ o Almost all of our processing systems are rooted in MARC o Our ILS is rooted in MARC o Any change to that basic environment will be very expensive o And we probably don’t want to change the entire environment, some things are probably done fine in a MARC based relational database, so we will need some sort of hybrid http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 38 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) [圖書館自動化系統仍根植於MARC,改變此種環境的代價極高,我 們不可能改變整個環境,有些事務仍然可以在關聯資料庫的MARC順 利運作,因此我們需要某種複合式作業]。(Schreur, 2015, Slide 19) 另外,一如Cole等(2013, p. 172)所言:「All of these libraries have one thing in common: they publish their catalog records as LOD and use them in discovery services」[對所有圖書館而言,除了以LD方式發布目錄資訊外,同時也導入 LD作為探索服務之用]。這也與OCLC兩次的LD調查報告結果相符,就是多數 機構實施LD的主要目的之一在於引入外部LD資源(resources)提供機構本身的 使用者利用(Smith-Yoshimura, 2016, 2018a)。換言之,圖資界導入LD的主要目 的除了將MARC轉成LD予以對外發布成為語意網的一部分外,更重要的是導 入LD的聚合功能(aggregation),引入外部LD資源,提供使用者的LD驅動式 資源探索服務。綜合上述探討,MARC除了在原有圖書館自動化系統中滿足各 類文獻的資訊組織作業需求外,能否因應LD時勢需求而有所適當調整,同時 容許採用圖資界現有的書目本體(如前述BIBFRAME與RDA本體)及其詞彙, 達成一致性的LD資料模式,促成圖資界彼此間的LD共享與再利用外,也能提 供使用者LD驅動式資源探索服務等目的,則是現今圖資界在邁向LD前,必須 對MARC的轉變有所了解,更是值得深入探討的一項研究議題。 二、文獻探討 有關 MARC 的調整事宜,係由 MARC 諮詢委員會(MARC Advisory Committee,簡稱MAC)向MARC指導委員會(MARC Steering Group)1提出所 謂的MARC提案(MARC proposal)或討論文件(discussion paper),作為修訂 MARC的主要審查文件(Library of Congress [LC], 2019a)。一旦審核通過後, 依據MARC提案文件內容正式調整MARC的相關結構與內容。由於LD於2006 年提出,本文以2006年為起始點,回溯有關LD議題的MARC提案與討論文件 為範圍,探討MARC因應LD所調整的相關結構與內容之用,除非2006年以後 的MARC文件提及2006年前的相關文獻,則不在此限,亦即編號MARC 98-10 提案文件(詳表1至表2及相關內容說明)。此外,由於MARC提案與討論文件 皆以某一議題為主要討論重點,通常最新文件且獲通過者作為修訂MARC的主 要依據,以整體考量MARC的調整需求。2 因而,本文採取主題方式,整合相 關文件一起探討,而不依據每一文件逐一討論,避免以偏概全。 1 目前MARC指導委員會由LC、加拿大國家圖書館暨檔案館(Library and Archives Canada)、 BL與DNB共同組成(LC, 2019a)。 2 事實上,LC所公告的MARC相關文件僅標示出相關文件的編號,並未明確標示取代哪些文件。http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 39陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 ㈠ 標示FRBR第一群組內及第二群組內之兩兩關係 在編號MARC 2009-06/1提案(MARC Proposal 2009-06/1: Accommodating Relationship Designators for RDA Appendix J and K in MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats)文件(LC, 2009)中,主要目的在於MARC21書目資料與權 威資料格式中標示RDA附錄J與K,亦即FRBR第一群組內及第二群組內之兩 兩關係,且獲通過。主要調整內容如下: l 增加$4與$i至MARC21書目資料格式的欄號76X-78X,及增加$i至 MARC21書目資料格式的欄號X00、X10、X11與X30-78X,說明FRBR 第一群組內之兩兩相互關係。 l 增加$i至MARC21權威資料格式的欄號5XX,以說明FRBR第二群組內 之兩兩相互關係。 l 更改 MARC21 書目資料格式欄號 787 名稱為「其他關係」(Other Relationship Entry)。 ㈡ 增加國際標準名稱識別碼(International Standard Name Identifier, ISNI)的標示 在編號MARC 2010-06提案(Proposal No. 2010-06: Encoding the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats)文件(LC, 2010)中,主要目的在於$0可以著錄ISNI,且該文件已通 過。增加ISNI至MARC21的主要涵蓋範圍如下: l MARC21書目資料格式:100、110、111、600、610、611、700、710與 711。 l MARC21權威資料格式:024、100、110、111、150、151、500、510、 511、550、551、700、710、711、750與751。 ㈢ $0權威記錄控制號或標準號(Authority Record Control Number Or Standard Number)與$1實際的世界物件(Real World Object, RWO)URI(RWO URI) 有關LD的URI方面,共有八份文件探討此一議題(請詳表1)。原始$0 在編號MARC 98-10提案文件(LC, 1998)中,定義為「記錄控制號」(record control number),至編號MARC 2015-07提案文件中,名稱則更改為「權威記錄 控制號或標準號」,同時可以用URI方式標示外,也以圓括弧方式帶出URI類 型的前導用語,如URI與ISNI(LC, 2015)。至編號MARC2016-DP18討論文件 中,則擴大應用至MARC館藏資料格式(holdings format),以及去除圓括弧與 前導用語兩項建議列入提案作為進一步評估審核(LC, 2016b)。直至編號MARC 2017-08提案文件審核公告後,除了通過去除圓括弧與前導用語的建議內容, 還包括新增$1,以標示LD的RWO URI外,應用範圍也擴展至五種MARC格式 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 40 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) (LC, 2017e)。在使用方式上,$0與$1可擇一使用,或同時使用。若以LD觀 點而言,$0與$1等同於RDF資料模中三位元的「物件」(object),可直接使用 URI進行標示,其中$0用於描述LD權威記錄的URI(如LC提供各項的LD資源), 而$1則是用於標示真實世界存在物件的URI。換言之,經由$0與$1著錄URI, 將原有MARC記錄鏈結至現有的LD資源。若依據編號MARC 2017-06提案、 編號MARC 2017-08提案與編號MARC 2019-03提案文件內容,$0與$1可應用 在MARC21書目、權威、館藏、分類(classification)與社群資訊(community information)格式的相關欄號如下: l MARC21書目資料格式:033、034、043、100、110、111、130、240、 257、336、337、338、340、344、345、346、347、348、370、377、 380、381、382、385、386、388、518、567、600、610、611、630、 647、648、650、651、654、655、656、657、662、700、710、711、 751、752、753、754、800、810、811、830、880、883、885 l MARC21權威資料格式:024、034、043、336、348、260、360、368、 370、372、373、374、376、377、380、381、382、385、386、388、 500、510、511、530、548、550、551、555、562、580、581、582、 585、672、673、682、700、710、711、730、747、748、750、751、 755、762、780、781、782、785、880、883、885 l MARC21館藏資料格式:337、338、347、561、883 l MARC21分類資料格式:034、043、700、710、711、730、748、750、 751、754、880、883 表1 有關$0與$1的MARC21文件與狀態 文件編號 文件名稱 狀態 Proposal No. 98-10 Definition of Subfield $0 for Record Control Number in the 7XX Fields in the USMARC Classification and Community Information Formats (LC, 1998). 通過 Proposal No. 2015-07 Extending the Use of Subfield $0 (Authority record control number or standard number) to Encompass Content, Media and Carrier Type (LC, 2015). 通過 Discussion Paper No. 2016-06 Define Subfield $2 and Subfield $0 in Field 753 of the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format (LC, 2016a). 轉為 提案 Discussion Paper No. 2016-18 Redefining Subfield $0 to Remove the Use of Parenthetical Prefix “(uri)” in the MARC 21 Authority, Bibliographic, and Holdings Formats (LC, 2016b). 轉為 提案 Discussion Paper No. 2016-19 Adding Subfield $0 to Fields 257 and 377 in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format and Field 377 in the MARC 21 Authority Format (LC, 2016c). 轉為 提案 Proposal No. 2017-06 Adding Subfields $b, $2, and $0 to Field 567 in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format (LC, 2017d). 通過 Proposal No. 2017-08 Use of Subfields $0 and $1 to Capture Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) in the MARC 21 Formats (LC, 2017e). 通過 Proposal No. 2019-03 Defining Subfields $0 and $1 to Capture URIs in Field 024 of the MARC 21 Authority Format (LC, 2019c). 通過 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 41陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 l MARC21社群資訊格式:043、100、110、111、600、610、611、630、 648、650、651、654、656、657、700、710、711、730、880、883 ㈣ $4關係(Relationship) 有關LD的語意關係方面,共有五份文件探討此一議題(請詳表2)。雖然 MARC21已新增了$0與$1作為著錄URI之用,促成原有MARC記錄與某一外 部LD 資源的URI鏈結,但是MARC記錄與特定LD URI兩者之間的語意關係 仍未予以標示清楚。原來$4在MARC21書目資料格式的名稱為「著作職責或著 作方式」(relator code),可與$e(relator term)同時著錄或擇一著錄,主要用於 標示FRBR第一群組與第二群組間的資源責任關係。自2017年3月21日的編號 MARC 2017-01提案文件公告後,$4同時可應用在MARC21書目資料與權威資 料格式的相關欄號外,且名稱更改為「關係」。在使用方式上,有時$4與$e可 相互搭配使用,有時$4也可與$i(relationship information)一起使用,而$e與 $i則分別以文字說明$4所標示的關係資訊,$4則可直接以URI方式標示(LC, 2017a)。因此,自2017年3月以後,$4的語意與功能作用已明顯改變,等同於 RDF三位元的「述語」(predicate),作為鏈結主詞(subject)與物件兩者間關係 及其關係意義之用。以編號MARC 2017-01提案文件的範例為例,245$a的題名 視為RDF主詞,經由視為RDF述語的$4直接著錄LC LDS的URI(http://id.loc. gov/vocabulary/relators/edt),同時也使用$e著錄文字內容為編輯者(editor),補 充說明$4的URI語意識別碼意義為編輯者,而$0則視為RDF物件,可使用LC LDS URI(http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80145489)代表原來$a的作者名稱。 原編號MARC 2017-01提案文件內的列舉範例如下所示(LC, 2017a): 245 00 $aReligion, learning and science in the ‘Abbasid period / $cedited by    M. J. L. Young. 700 1# $aYoung, M. J. L. $0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80145489   $eeditor $4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 就LD化程度而言,$4補足了原有$0與$1只標示URI,但缺乏兩個LD物 件或URI之間的語意關係,或缺乏此筆MARC記錄與外部LD物件或URI之間 的語意關係。在MARC相關提案文件內容中(如編號MARC 2018-FT01提案), 列舉RDAR內RDA本體的屬性關係(property)作為$4的範例,而SHARE- VDE平台中,則著錄BIBFRAME的屬性關係在$4。換言之,圖資界現有 BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體所定義類別(class)間的屬性關係,皆可著錄在 $4,以標示書目本體不同類別兩兩之間的關係。以MARC21書目資料而言, 欄號245$a被視為RDF三位元的主詞,含有某一$4的欄號為RDF三位元的物 件,再以$4建立LD主詞與物件間的關係。依據編號MARC 2017-01提案、編號 MARC 2017-02提案、編號MARC 2017-03提案與編號MARC 2018-FT01提案文http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 42 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 件公告內容,$4可應用在MARC21書目資料與權威資料格式的相關欄號如下: l MARC21 書目資料格式:100、110、111、370、386、600、610、611、 630、650、651、654、662、700、710、711、720、730、751、760、762、 765、767、770、772、773、774、775、776、777、780、785、786、787 l MARC21權威資料格式:370、371、386、400、410、411、430、448、 450、451、455、462、480、481、482、485、500、510、511、530、 548、550、551、555、562、580、581、582、585、700、710、711、 730、748、750、751、755、762、780、781、782、785、788 表2 $4的MARC21文件與狀態 文件編號 文件名稱 狀態 Discussion Paper No. 2016-DP21 Defining Subfields $e and $4 in Field 752 of the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format (LC, 2016d). 轉為 提案 Proposal No. 2017-01 Redefining Subfield $4 to Encompass URIs for R e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e M A R C 21 A u t h o r i t y a n d Bibliographic Formats (LC, 2017a). 通過 Proposal No. 2017-02 Defining New Subfields $i, $3, and $4 in Field 370 of the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats (LC, 2017b). 通過 Proposal No. 2017-03 Defining New Subfields $i and $4 in Field 386 of the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats (LC, 2017c). 通過 Proposal No. 2018-FT01 Adding Subfield $4 to Field 730 in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format (LC, 2018b). 通過 ㈤ $2名稱(Name)與題名(Title)的來源標示 MARC21除了通過採用$0、$1與$4著錄或標示LD的URI外,也曾在 編號MARC 2018-DP07討論(Designating Sources for Names in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format; LC, 2018a)文件提出增加$2標示URI的來源名稱,當時 未獲通過,但改為列入提案文件,作為進一步評估。直至編號MARC 2019-02 提案(Defining Source for Names and Titles in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format; LC, 2019b)文件提出且獲過後,$2可用來清楚標示URI的來源名稱,如ISNI、 VIAF與Wikidata等,也取代前述編號MARC 2015-07提案文件以圓括弧方式 帶出URI類型前導用語的著錄方式建議。$2著錄範圍僅限於書目記錄格式的 100、110、111、130、240、700、710、711、730、758、800、810、811與830 (LC, 2019b)。 ㈥ 定義MARC21書目資料格式的欄號758資源識別碼(Resource Identifier) 編號MARC 2017-09提案文件已獲通過,文件建議新增欄號758用以記載書 目記錄所描述的資源對象或相關資源,不限於FRBR第一群組的作品、內容版 本、載體版本或單件,但不用於特定的內容標準或資料模式(LC, 2017f)。http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 43陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 綜合上述討論,可明顯發現MARC21為了因應LD的趨勢發展,已在結構 與內容方面作了調整,主要包括六個分欄(即$0、$1、$2、$4、$e與$i)與一 個欄號(即758),而包含前述六個分欄的MARC21書目資料與權威資料格式等 欄位請參照附錄一與附錄二。 3 儘管MARC21已調整相關措施以反映LD需求, 然而如何應用上述MARC21的LD策略化結構與內容,且實際導入BIBFRAME 或RDA書目本體至現有的MARC記錄,以及可能產生的效益,則是本文所擬 探究的研究議題。 三、研究範圍與研究方法 為了實證前述MARC21的LD化策略與相關結構內容應用,首先本文將上 一節文獻探討所歸納的MARC21相關結構與內容進行RDF化(RDFization),亦 即所謂RDF三位元化(RDF’s triplification)。由於MARC21的LD化範圍以書目 資料與權威資料居多數,同時此兩種格式也是圖資界最常使用的標準格式。因 此,本文僅以MARC21書目資料與權威資料兩種格式為研究範圍。依照前述 RDF的主詞、述語與物件三位元的結構,分別將LD化的MARC21書目資料與 權威資料兩種格式相關欄號與分欄予以RDF化,以符合RDF的主詞、述語與 物件三位元。在MARC21書目資料格式方面,欄號245分欄a(Tag 245 $a)視為 RDF三位元的主詞,$4視為RDF三位元的述語,而包含前述$4的某一欄號視 為RDF三位元的物件(請詳圖1a上方所示)。在MARC21權威資料格式方面, 欄號1XX分欄a視為RDF三位元的主詞,$4視為RDF三位元的述語,包含$4 的某一欄號視為RDF三位元的物件(請詳圖1a下方所示)。反之,若書目資料 格式欄號245或權威資料格式欄號1XX分欄a視為RDF三位元的物件,$4仍視 為RDF三位元的述語,包含$4的某一欄號視為RDF三位元的主詞(請詳圖1b 所示)。再者,本文選擇BIBFRAME及RDA本體等兩種書目本體為實作對象, 採用前述MARC為LD新增的欄號758與六個分欄著錄BIBFRAME與RDA書 目本體型的LD實例,而MARC記錄則分別取自密西根大學圖書館(University of Michigan Ann Arbor Library)與賓州大學圖書館(University of Pennsylvania Libraries)共2筆書目記錄(請詳附錄三),以及MARC提案文件內的實例,且 採取使用個案(use case)方式解說與驗證MARC21的LD化實際情形。最後, 為能呈現MARC記錄轉變為LD後的結果,除了使用個案三外,本文的每一使 用個案皆提供表格,說明導入BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體後的調整內容及所 屬RDF示意圖(請參見表3)。 3 依據上述MARC有關LD欄號與分析,本文在2019年11月18日上網逐一查核現有MARC21書 目資料與權威資料格式及其LD相關欄號與分欄(https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/與 https://www.loc.gov/marc/authority/),結果請詳附錄一與附錄二。http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 44 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 四、研究結果: MARC的LD使用個案分析與實徵證明 本節內容以前述MARC提案與討論文件所歸納的結果(包括可以應用$0、 $1、$2、$4、$e與$i的欄號及欄號758),同時導入BIBFRAME與RDA等兩種 書目本體的URI與相關LD URI資源,採取八個使用個案實徵證明MARC的LD 策略化結構與內容的應用方式,並以使用個案一、個案二與個案五說明LD聚 合效益等項目為主要探討重點。 ㈠ 使用個案一:書目實體與作者關係 以原始MARC記錄而言,著錄範圍限於中文版傲慢與偏見(Pride and prejudice)此小說的書目相關資訊為主。若採取所謂的LD豐富化(enrichment)4 4 所謂的豐富化作業係指現有記錄經由鏈結至權威檔或外部L D資源,增加原有記錄的功能, 以促進使用者發現新的資訊與資源(Possemato, 2018)。 圖1  MARC21書目資料與權威資料兩種格式相關 LD化欄號與分欄的RDF三位元轉換概念圖 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 45陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 作業程序,且以BIBFRAME本體為依據,增加使用$4,以標示欄號100與 245$a書目實體(bibliographic entity)之間的資源責任關係為「代理者」(即 agent,http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/agent),且主要作者為「Austen, Jane, 1775-1817」,並在欄號100的$0與$1分別著錄虛擬國際權威檔(Virtual International Authority File, VIAF)與DBpedia提供的URI,作為LD外部資源 鏈結之用,且以$2標示URI的來源。再者,從RDA書目本體觀點而言,仍 可沿用$4,但資源責任關係改換為「作者代理者」(即has author agent,http:// rdaregistry.info/Elements/w/P10061),且沿用VIAF與DBpedia提供的URI作為 LD的外部資源鏈結(請參見表4)。 表4 書目實體與作者關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與作者 原始MARC記錄 100 1 # $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817. 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 100 1 # $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817. $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/agent (bf:agent) $1http://dbpedia.org/page/Jane_Austen $2DBpedia $0http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 表3 使用個案表格的欄位說明 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與作者 原始MARC記錄 依本文附錄三研究樣本MARC書目資料格式欄號245,或權 威資料格式欄號110為列舉範例,再依使用個案性質選擇相 關欄號作為基礎範例。如劃一題名,包括原始MARC書目 記錄欄號240與245等兩項資料。 BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 以上述原始MARC記錄範例為基礎,採用$0、$1著錄URI 外,並在$4加入BIBFRAME本體屬性關係的URI,以建立 MARC記錄中之RDF主詞與物件的鏈結關係。 應用的 BIBFRAME類別 與屬性關係 以BIBFRAME本體為依據,呈現上述「BIBFRAME的資料 模式個案」結果的RDF三位元(RDF triple statement),格 式為「主詞→述語→物件」,其中主詞與物件皆英文首字大 寫,述語則英文首字小寫,且述語以單向箭號代表主詞與 物件間的語意關係與方向。 BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 以RDF三位元方式呈現上述「BIBFRAME的資料模式個案」 結果的示意圖。 RDA本體的資料 模式個案 以上述原始MARC記錄範例為基礎,採用$0、$1著錄URI 外,並在$4加入RDA本體屬性關係的URI,以建立MARC 記錄中之RDF主詞與物件的鏈結關係。 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 以RDA本體為依據,呈現上述「RDA本體的資料模式個案」 結果的RDF三位元陳述,格式為「主詞→述語→物件」,其 中主詞與物件皆英文首字大寫,述語則英文首字小寫,且 述語以單向箭號代表主詞與物件間的語意關係與方向。 RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 以RDF三位元方式呈現上述「RDA本體的資料模式個案」結 果的示意圖。 DBpedia與VIAF 的LD聚合示意圖 只應用在使用個案一,說明使用個案一在鏈結外部URI資 源後,所產生的LD聚合效益。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 46 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與作者 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Work→agent→Person BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 http://viaf.org/viaf/ 102333412 bf:agent http://dbpedia.org/page/ Jane_Austen bf:agent Tag245$a RDA本體的資料 模式個案 100 1 # $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817. $4http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/w/#P10061 (rdaw:P10061,has author agent) $1http://dbpedia.org/page/Jane_Austen $2DBpedia $0http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Work→has author agent→Person RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 Tag245$a rdaw:P10061 http://dbpedia.org/page/ Jane_Austen http://viaf.org/viaf/ 102333412 rdaw:P10061 DBpedia與VIAF 的LD聚合示意圖5 http://dbpedia.org/page/ Jane_Austen Tag245$a bf:agent http://viaf.org/viaf/ 102333412 bf:agent http://viaf.org/viaf/ 4220155466472402160005 http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/ gnd#familialRelationship Variants of ʻ Jane Austenʼ in Dbpedia 1…N Works of Jane Austen in Dbpedia 1…M owl:sameAs is dbo:author of 5另一方面,經過豐富化作業後,除了原來MARC記錄中的「珍.奧斯汀」 (Jane Austen)主要著者款目已鏈結至DBpedia與VIAF的URI外,也代表此筆 MARC記錄經由上述兩個URI達成某種程度上的資料聚合。具體而言,經由 DBpedia的URI(http://dbpedia.org/page/Jane_Austen)鏈結,已聚合了「珍.奧 斯汀」不同語文的著者名稱外,也包括了「珍.奧斯汀」的不同英文作品。若從 5 本文僅以B I B F R A M E為範例說明,而R D A本體則可依此類推。另外,限於篇幅,本文在 R D F示意圖中,解說經由D B p e d i a的L D聚合效益時,僅以概念式圖解示例(即1⋯N與1⋯ M),而非逐一圖解說明。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 47陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 VIAF的(http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412)URI鏈結,除了各國語文的著者名稱外, 還可經由下列DNB提供的URI鏈結至「珍.奧斯汀」的家族成員,亦即「珍. 奧斯汀」的第五位姪女「Caroline Jane Knight」。VIAF的「Austen, Jane, 1775- 1817.」的記錄如下所示: Austen, Jane, 1775-1817. Permalink: http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412 500 1 _ $aKnight, Caroline Jane (http://viaf.org/viaf/4220155466472402160005) $4bezf $4http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/gnd#familialRelationship $eBeziehung familiaer ㈡ 使用個案二:書目實體與作品關係 在此一使用個案中,主要是針對書目實體與作品間關係進行標示,亦 即劃一題名的作品關係。在原始MARC記錄中,並未標示任何關係。若改採 BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體,本文除了使用$4分別標引作品關係外,另外選 擇了SHARE-VDE與OCLC作品識別碼(Work ID)作為外部LD資源鏈結(請 參見表5)。以SHARE-VDE的作品識別碼為例,此一識別碼聚合了美國杜克 大學圖書館(Duke University Libraries)、紐約大學圖書館(New York University Libraries)、史丹佛大學圖書館、芝加哥大學圖書館(University of Chicago Library)、密西根大學圖書館、賓州大學圖書館、耶魯大學圖書館(Yale University Library),及加拿大亞伯達大學(University of Alberta Libraries)等有 關英文版傲慢與偏見(Pride and prejudice)作品館藏(請詳圖2)。換言之,經由 SHARE-VDE的作品URI達成虛擬式聯合目錄的功能。相同地,OCLC作品識 別碼提供WorldCat相關作品與人名(如作品的編輯者)。 ㈢ 使用個案三:書目實體與出版者關係 以MARC21現況而言,$0、$1與$4並未定義在欄號260之內。以SHARE- VDE實例而言,採用了$9標示大陸拼音的「志文出版社」(Zhi wen chu ban she)。就MARC21而言,仍然是有效的,因為屬於所謂的「自由使用型的分欄」 (local subfield)。相對而言,在MARC21尚未將$0、$1與$4加入欄號260內之 前,上述SHARE-VDE是一種折衷方式,利用$9達成外部鏈結資源的鏈結。原 則上,BIBFRAME與RDA仍無法經由MARC21欄號260的$1與$4分別合法建 立所屬的「出版者」(Publisher)6與「出版社代理者」(has publisher agent),以標 6 在BIBFRAME中,類別名稱為「出版」(Publication),標籤名稱(label)則為「出版者」 (Publisher),本文在此處使用後者以利說明屬性關係,請詳http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/ bibframe/Publication。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 48 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 示欄號245與260之間的出版關係。上述SHARE-VDE個案提供欄號260自由使 用型分欄相關資料如下: 245 10$601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 260 $603$aTaibei Shi :$bZhi wen chu ban she,$c1992. $9http://share-vde.org/sharevde/rdfBibframe/Publisher/269614 ㈣ 使用個案四:書目實體與內容、媒體與載體關係 相同的,原始MARC記錄中,分別採取$2加以說明關係類型,$a以文字 說明關係類型的意義,$b以代碼標示關係類型的意義。若改採MARC21的$0 與$4兩個分欄,除了上述$2、$a與$b作法外,額外以$4與$0方式加入符合 表5 書目實體與作品關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與作品 原始MARC記錄 240 1 0 $aPride and prejudice.$lChinese 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 240 1 0 $aPride and prejudice.$lChinese $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/instanceOf (bf:instanceOf) $0http://share-vde.org/sharevde/docBibframe/Work/139617-12 $2share-vde $0http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/1881837462 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Instance→instanceOf→Work BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 http://worldcat.org/ entity/work/id/ 1881837462 bf:instanceOf http://share-vde.org/ sharevde/docBibframe/ Work/139617-12 bf:instanceOf Tag245$a RDA本體的資料 模式個案 240 1 0 $aPride and prejudice.$lChinese $4http://rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/P30135 (rdam: P30135,has work manifested) $0http://share-vde.org/sharevde/docBibframe/Work/139617-12 $2share-vde $0http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/1881837462 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Manifestation→has work manifested→Work RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 http://worldcat.org/ entity/work/id/ 1881837462 rdam:P30135 http://share-vde.org/ sharevde/docBibframe/ Work/139617-12 rdam:P30135 Tag245$a http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 49陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 RDF語法的述語與物件,明確建立書目實體(即245$a)有關內容(content)、媒 體(media)與載體(carrier)等關係及其意義外,並以外部鏈結資源的方式標示 關係類型;而RDA 本體依此類推,分別在$4標示內容、媒體與載體等關係及 其意義(請參見表6)。 表6 書目實體與內容、媒體與載體關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:內容、媒體與載體 原始MARC記錄 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 245 1 0 $601$a傲慢與偏見 /$c 珍・奧斯汀著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. 336 # # $atext$btxt$2rdacontent 337 # # $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia 338 # # $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 336 # # $atext$btxt$2rdacontent $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/content (bf: content) $0http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/contentTypes/txt 337 # # $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/media (bf: media) $0http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/mediaTypes/n 338 # # $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/carrier (bf: carrier) $0http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/carriers/nc 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Work→content→Content Instance→media→Media Instance→carrier→Carrier 圖2 經由SHARE-VDE作品URI提供虛擬式聯合目錄 資料來源: 畫面擷取自SHARE-VDE. (n.d.). http://share-vde.org/sharevde/docBibframe/Work/139617-12。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 50 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:內容、媒體與載體 BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 http://id.loc.gov/ vocabulary/carriers/nc bf:carrier http://id.loc.gov/ vocabulary/contentTypes/ txt bf:content Tag245$a http://id.loc.gov/ vocabulary/mediaTypes/n bf:media RDA本體的資料 模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 336 # # $atext$btxt$2rdacontent $4https://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/e/P20001 (rdae: P20001,has content type) $0http://rdaregistry.info/termList/RDAContentType/1020 337 # # $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia $4https://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/P30002 (rdam: P30002,has media type) $0http://rdaregistry.info/termList/RDAMediaType/1007 338 # # $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier $4https://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/P30001 (radm: P30001,has carrier type) $0http://rdaregistry.info/termList/RDACarrierType/1049 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Expression→has content type→literal or URI Instance→has media type→literal or URI Instance→has carrier type→literal or URI RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 http://rdaregistry.info/ termList/ RDACarrierType/1049 rdam:P30001 http://rdaregistry.info/ termList/ RDAContentType/1020 rdae:P20001 Tag245$a http://rdaregistry.info/ termList/ RDAMediaType/1007 rdam:P30002 ㈤ 使用個案五:書目實體與譯者關係 在原始MARC記錄中,係為「Pride and prejudice」的傳統中文版(traditional Chinese)譯本,譯者為「夏穎慧」(Xia, Yinghui)。由於在SHARE-VDE、ISNI、 VIAF與LC LDS皆無上述譯者的URI,反而在OCLC WorldCat Identities與國家 圖書館鏈結資源平台能查得上述譯者所屬URI。依循MARC21的$4與$0的作 法,本文額外以$e加註文字說明譯者的身份別,同時建立關係與外部鏈結資源 的物件,並以BIBFRAME與RDA兩種書目本體方式標示,結果如表7所示。 其中在OCLC WorldCat Identities的「夏穎慧」所屬URI資訊下,已聚合上述譯者http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 51陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 有關「珍.奧斯汀」(Jane Austen)的中譯作品等相關資訊。 ㈥ 使用個案六:書目實體與主題關係 在附錄三的第二筆原始MARC記錄中,皆有兩個以上的主題,本文只以一 個主題為例說明。在採用BIBFRAME時,除了以$4標示主題關係外,同時也 以$0加註外部鏈結資源的URI,達成符合RDF三位元的語法結構,而RDA本 體亦依此類推予以標註(請參見表8)。 表7 書目實體與譯者關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與譯者 原始MARC記錄 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 245 1 0 10$601$a傲慢與偏見 /$c 珍・奧斯汀著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. 700 1 # $605$aXia, Yinghui. BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 245 1 0 $601$a傲慢與偏見 /$c 珍・奧斯汀著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. 700 1 # $605$aXia, Yinghui.$etranslator $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/agent (bf:agent) $0http://worldcat.org/identities/np-xia,%20yinghui/ $2worldcatidentities $0http://catld.ncl.edu.tw/authority/AC000064697 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Work→agent→Agent BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 http://catld.ncl.edu.tw/ authority/AC000064697 bf:agent http://worldcat.org/ identities/np- xia,%20yinghui/ bf:agent Tag245$a RDA本體的資料 模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 245 1 0 $601$a傲慢與偏見 /$c 珍・奧斯汀著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. 700 1 # $605$aXia, Yinghui.$etranslator $4https://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/e/P20037 (rdae:P20037,has translator agent) $0http://worldcat.org/identities/np-xia,%20yinghui/ $2worldcatidentities $0http://catld.ncl.edu.tw/authority/AC000064697 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Expression→has translator agent→Person RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 http://catld.ncl.edu.tw/ authority/AC000064697 rdae:P20037 http://worldcat.org/ identities/np- xia,%20yinghui/ rdae:P20037 Tag245$a http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 52 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 表8 書目實體與主題關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與主題 原始MARC記錄 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 650 # 0 $aSocial classes$vFiction. BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 650 # 0 $aSocial classes$vFiction. $4http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe/subject (bf:subject) $0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008111427 $2lcnaf 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Work→subject→Subject BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 http://id.loc.gov/ authorities/subjects/ sh2008111427 Tag245$a bf:subject RDA本體的資料 模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 650 # 0 $aSocial classes$vFiction. $4https://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/w/P10256 (rdaw: P10256,has subject) $0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008111427 $2lcnaf 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Work→has subject→Subject RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 http://id.loc.gov/ authorities/subjects/ sh2008111427 Tag245$a rdaw: P10256 ㈦ 使用個案七:書目實體與實例(instance)/載體版本關係 依據MARC21對欄號758的定義,主要在記載書目實體所描述的資源或相 關資源,可將OCLC WorldCat的書目記錄視為相關資源,並以BIBFRAME的 「有實例」(hasInstance)標示兩者關係,而RDA本體則以「相關載體版本」(has related manifestation of manifestation)標示兩者關係(請參見表9)。 表9 書目實體與實例/載體版本關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與實例 原始MARC記錄 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. BIBFRAME的資 料模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 758 # # $1http://worldcat.org/oclc/213888776 應用的BIBFRAME 類別與屬性關係 Instance→hasInstance→Instance BIBFRAME實例 的RDF示意圖 Tag245$a http://worldcat.org/oclc/ 213888776 bf:hasInstance RDA本體的資料 模式個案 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 758 # # $4http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/m/P30048 (rdam:P30048,has related manifestation of manifestation) $1http://worldcat.org/oclc/213888776 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 53陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:書目實體與實例 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Manifestation→has related manifestation of manifestation→Manifestation RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 Tag245$a http://worldcat.org/oclc/ 213888776 rdam:P30048 ㈧ 使用個案八:個人與機構間關係 依據MARC提案2017-01編號的實例中(LC, 2017a),$0、$1、$4與$i亦可 使用在MARC權威資料格式,藉以標引個人、家族與機構等兩兩之間的關係。 在表10案例中,則是先使用$i以文字說明「貝聿銘」(Pei, I.M., 1917-)此作者 係為「貝聿銘建築師事務所」(I.M. Pei Associates)的創辦人(founder)關係後, 再利用$4導入RDA本體的屬性關係URI,以標示個人與機構之間的關係,同時 以$0著錄LCLDS的URI,以串連至「貝聿銘」LD化個人權威記錄。 表10 個人與機構間關係 MARC案例 MARAC21的RDF三位元標示方式:個人與機構 Proposal No. 2017-01 110 2 # $a I.M. Pei Associates 500 1 # $wr $ifounder: $4http://www.rdaregistry.info/Elements/a/P50029 (rdaa: P50029,has founding person of corporate body) $aPei, I. M. $d1917- $0http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79065003 應用的RDA本體 類別與屬性關係 Corporate Body→has founding person of corporate body→Person RDA本體實例的 RDF示意圖 Tag110$a http://id.loc.gov/ authorities/names/ n79065003 rdaw:P50029 五、討 論 ㈠ MARC記錄的LD內增豐富化與LD外部資源聚合 經由$0、$1與$4的豐富化作業程序,MARC記錄已增加了LD資源(即$0 或$1)與語意關係(即$4)等URI,藉以將既有MARC記錄等不同類型的資訊 與現有LD網路空間建立鏈結,使得MARC達成兩種具體效益。首先,將外部 LD資源導入現有MARC記錄之內,使LD成為MARC記錄內部書目資訊的一部 分,豐富了原有MARC記錄內容。再者,更重要的是,這些豐富化後的URI將 MARC展延至現有LD網路空間,且經由相同的外部LD資源URI,無形地聚合 相同URI不同來源的LD外部資源(如前述使用個案一、個案二與個案五)。除 了可自動形成聯合目錄與類似Google知識圖譜(knowledge graph)功能外,經 由LD關係提供脈絡化資訊及其功能導航(contextual information and navigation functionality),也可促進LRM之探索型(explore)使用者任務的達成。另外, http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 54 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 只要$0或$1使用到鏈結資料中心(linked data hub)的URI(如VIAF或ISNI), 則有助於圖資界MARC資訊被其他領域應用的機會。 ㈡ MARC21既是圖資界傳統目錄資訊的交換標準,也是圖資 LD交換標準 經由上述使用個案的實證後,發現MARC21的$0與$1可直接著錄URI, 達成LD外部資源的鏈結。然而,隨著MARC21增加$4的前提下,LD鏈結關 係的意義是可被明確著錄的。因而從前述使用個案可發現一筆記錄(書目或權 威)能著錄平台內外的URI,換言之,亦即同一資訊平台內部LD資源相互鏈結 外,也可與外部LD資源建立鏈結關係。MARC21此種LD策略性調整,有助於 內外部LD資源的鏈結外,可更加明確標示鏈結關係的意義。除了有利於LD圖 書館自動化系統開發外,更有利於使用者界面的脈絡化資訊導引與呈現。另一 方面,從前述使用個案也可發現MARC21已融合了符合RDF三位元化的要求。 因而,MARC21除了可持續作為圖資界以記錄為單位的資訊交換標準外,亦可 作為以LD資料為單位的LD化圖書資訊的交換標準與著錄格式。 ㈢ MARC21已成為書目本體的資料容器(data container),也 是具體落實書目本體的載體 經由上述使用個案的探討,可以發現本文已採用MARC21的$0標示書目 實體與劃一題名作品關係 (即前述Pride and prejudice用SHARE-VDE與WolrdCat 作品URI標示),採用$0與$1標示作者(即前述Austen, Jane, 1775-1817用 DBpedia與VIAF的URI標示),及採用$4著錄BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體的 屬性關係,以標示RDF主詞與物件間的述語關係與意義等,皆完全符合RDF三 位元物件的LD資源鏈結,以及採用欄號758鏈結OCLC WorldCat書目記錄URI 達成建立書目實體與實例/載體版本間關係。換言之,MARC21透過$0、$1、$4 與欄號758的方式,已能將BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體之資料模式化所定義的 類別與屬性關係予以著錄與標示。從此觀點而言,MARC21經過LD策略化調 整的功能結構與內容後,已可完全容納BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體內容外, 更是不同圖書館自動化系統間的LD交換共享載體。如果未來RDAR內容能順利 完全轉變成LRM,MARC21仍然可無礙地著錄、標示與承載LRM此一書目本 體的內容。另外,由於MARC21的LD化,屆時亦有利於後設資料(metadata) 型的數據分析與探勘。此外,採取此種方式也有別於前述採取大量批次的圖資 LD個案(如BL、BNE、BNE與DNB等),主要差異有二:首先,圖書館可選擇 使用BIBFRAME或RDA本體,再搭配應用MARC21為LD增加的分欄與欄號達 成LD化,而不是採取兩種以上的本體,達成資料模式與屬性關係的一致化, 避免陷入前述Suominen與Hyvönen(2017)指出的LD孤島。第二,轉化MARC 為LD的方式相形簡單,只須熟悉一種書目本體,而無須熟悉兩種以上的本體。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 55陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 以BL的英國國家書目(British National Bibliography,簡稱BNB)為例,依據 Chen(2017)的分析,BNB至少採用了Bibliographic Ontology、DC、FOAF、Event Ontology、ISBD、OWL與SKOS等本體。雖然MARC此種方式有其優點,但也 有缺點,即是未完全遵循原有BIBFRAME與RDA本體有關類別與屬性關係的 使用原則(請詳㈤MARC21 LD化書目實體與書目本體應用方式之書目本體應用 方式相關探討)。 ㈣ MARC21的RDF化結構的應用方式:單向或雙向 在MARC書目資料格式中,可發現MARC21對於RDF三位元的應用方式 採取圖1a的方式,亦即以欄號245為RDF主詞,其他欄號為RDF物件,採用$4 作為RDF述語以建立鏈結關係。同樣地,在MARC權威資料格式中,可發現 MARC21對於RDF三位元的應用方式也是採取圖1a的方式,亦即以欄號1XX 為RDF主詞,欄號5XX為RDF物件,兩者間以欄號5XX的$4為RDF述語加 以鏈結關係化。未來圖1b是否可應用於書目資料格式與權威資料格式中,促使 MARC21的LD策略化成為雙向式應用方法,則有待觀察。 ㈤ MARC21的LD化書目實體與書目本體的應用方式 由前述使用個案,可得知目前有關LD的MARC21文件皆將欄號245 的$a視為書目實體。如果依照LC公告的MARC21轉換至BIBFRAME文件 (MARC 21 to BIBFRAME 2.0 conversion specifications; LC, 2019d)與MARC轉換 至FRBR文件中(Mapping of MARC data elements to FRBR and AACR; Network Development and MARC Standards Office, 2006)等兩份文件,分別將欄號245 的$a視為BIBFRAME的實例與RDA本體(或FRBR)的載體版本。然而,從前 述使用個案可發現書目實體有時是作品(例如使用個案六的主題關係),有時 是內容版本(例如使用個案五的譯者關係),有時是實例或載體版本(例如使用 個案四的媒體與載體關係)。換言之,MARC21對於書目實體給予相當高度的 彈性化,對欄號245的$a並未有一致與明確的定義。再者,從前述使用個案可 發現MARC21採取最終端的單一化RDF三位元方式標示主詞、物件及其關係 的述語,亦即只採用一組RDF三位元陳述。然而,無論BIBFRAME或RDA書 目本體皆有一定的應用原則,所有個案不可能只採用一組RDF三位元陳述。 以前述個案三的出版者關係為例,如果是BIBFRAME,RDF的三位元陳述如 右所示—「Instace(即欄號245$a題名) – provisionActivity – ProvisionActivity – agent – http://share-vde.org/sharevde/rdfBibframe/Publisher/269614」。如果改以 RDA本體,由於欄號245$a的中譯題名是屬於內容版本,所以RDF的三位元陳 述如右所示—「Expression(即欄號245$a題名) – has manifestation of expression – Manifestation(即欄號245$a題名) – has publisher agent – http://share-vde.org/http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 56 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) sharevde/rdfBibframe/Publisher/269614」。由前述討論,意謂著LC必須提出 MARC的LD化最佳範例(best practices)的使用指引文件,引導圖資界使用 MARC21的處理方式,才能與現有書目本論的語意關係與知識邏輯相互調和, 否則就各行其事,最後仍會形成不一致的現象。一旦不一致情形出現,有可能 減損原來本體達成知識結構的展現與關係推理等功能,乃至於降低本體型後設 資料的數據分析。 六、結 語 從MARC的討論與提案文件的探討,已可明顯發現MARC已將LD的RDF 三位元陳述語法融入。MARC可經由豐富化作業程序增加相關外部LD資源URI 的鏈結後,亦達成了LD化的資料聚合,擴展MARC記錄成為現有LD網路空間 的一部分。另外,經由本文導入BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體及其相關使用個 案實徵研究後,MARC的LD策略化結構與內容調整,已將MARC提升兼具國 際化目錄資訊交換標準格式外,也可作為圖資界LD交換標準,除了同時可容 納BIBFRAME與RDA書目本體外,未來是否可擴展至不同學科領域LD本體的 標示與著錄,則待進一步研究。 誌 謝 本文部分成果係由科技部105年度專題研究計畫經費補助(計畫編號MOST 105-2410-H-032-057),在此一併致謝。 參考文獻 Berners-Lee, T. 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Publishing bibliographic records on the web of data: Opportunities for the BnF (French National Library). In P. Cimiano, O. Corcho, V. Presutti, L. Hollink, & S. Rudolph (Eds.), The Semantic Web: Semantics and Big Data. ESWC 2013: 10th International Conference, ESWC 2013, Montpellier, France, May 26-30, 2013. Proceedings (pp. 563-577). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-38288-8_38 Smith-Yoshimura, K. (2016). Analysis of international linked data survey for implementers. D-Lib Magazine, 22(7-8). https://doi.org/10.1045/july2016-smith-yoshimura Smith-Yoshimura, K. (2018a). Analysis of 2018 international linked data survey for implementer. Code4lib Journal, 42. https://journal.code4lib.org/articles/13867 Smith-Yoshimura, K. (2018b). What metadata managers expect from and value about the research library partnership. Hanging Together. http://hangingtogether.org/?p=6683 Southwick, S. B. (2015). A guide for transforming digital collections metadata into linked data using open source technologies. Journal of Library Metadata, 15(1), 1-35. https://doi.org /10.1080/19386389.2015.1007009 Suominen, O., & Hyvönen, N. (2017). From MARC silos to linked data silos? O-Bib. Das Offene Bibliotheksjournal, 4(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5282/o-bib/2017H2S1-13 University of Michigan Library. (2018). Ao man yu pian jian / Zhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi].傲慢與偏見 / 珍.奧斯汀著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. https://search.lib.umich.edu/ catalog/record/014616392?query=Ao+man+yu+pian+jian+Xia+Yinghui+yi&library=U- M+Ann+Arbor+Libraries Vila-Suero, D., & Gómez-Pérez, A. (2013). datos.bne.es and MARiMbA: An insight into library linked data. Library Hi Tech, 31(4), 575-601. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-03-2013-0031 Vila-Suero, D., Villazón-Terrazas, B., & Gómez-Pérez, A. (2012). datos.bne.es: A library linked data dataset. Semantic Web, 4(3), 307-313. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-120094 Villazón-Terrazas, Vilches-Blázquez, L. M., C orcho, O ., & G ómez-Pérez. (2011). Methodological guidelines for publishing government linked data. In D. Wood (Ed.), Linking government data (pp. 27-49). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1767-5_2 Wenz, R. (2013). Linked open data for new library services: The example of data.bnf.fr. JLIS.it, 4(1), 403-415. https://doi.org/10.4403/jlis.it-5509 陳亞寧 0000-0001-7598-1139 温達茂 0000-0003-1525-4815http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 60 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 附錄一  MARC21書目資料格式有關LD的 相關欄號、欄位名稱與分欄對照表 欄號 欄 位 名 稱 分 欄 $0 $1 $2 $4 $e $i 033 Date/Time and Place of an Event ◎ ◎ 034 Coded Cartographic Mathematical Data ◎ ◎ 043 Geographic Area Code ◎ ◎ 050 Library of Congress Call Number ◎ ◎ 052 Geographic Classification ◎ ◎ 055 Classification Numbers Assigned in Canada ◎ ◎ 060 National Library of Medicine Call Number ◎ ◎ 070 National Agricultural Library Call Number ◎ ◎ 080 Universal Decimal Classification Number ◎ ◎ 084 Other Classification Number ◎ ◎ 085 Synthesized Classification Number Components ◎ ◎ 086 Government Document Classification Number ◎ ◎ 100 Main Entry-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 110 Main Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 111 Main Entry-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 130 Main Entry-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ 240 Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ 251 Version Information ◎ ◎ 257 Country of Producing Entity ◎ ◎ 336 Content Type ◎ ◎ 337 Media Type ◎ ◎ 338 Carrier Type ◎ ◎ 340 Physical Medium ◎ ◎ 344 Sound Characteristics ◎ ◎ 345 Projection Characteristics of Moving Image ◎ ◎ 346 Video Characteristics ◎ ◎ 347 Digital File Characteristics ◎ ◎ 348 Format of Notated Music ◎ ◎ 370 Associated Place ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 377 Associated Language ◎ ◎ 380 Form of Work ◎ ◎ 381 Other Distinguishing Characteristics of Work or Expression ◎ ◎ 382 Number of ensembles of the same type ◎ ◎ 385 Audience Characteristics ◎ ◎ 386 Creator/Contributor Characteristics ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 388 Time Period of Creation ◎ ◎ 518 Date/Time and Place of an Event Note ◎ ◎ 567 Methodology Note ◎ ◎ 600 Subject Added Entry-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 610 Subject Added Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 611 Subject Added Entry-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 630 Subject Added Entry-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 647 Subject Added Entry-Named Event ◎ ◎ ◎ http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 61陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 欄號 欄 位 名 稱 分 欄 $0 $1 $2 $4 $e $i 648 Subject Added Entry-Chronological Term ◎ ◎ ◎ 650 Subject Added Entry-Topical Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 651 Subject Added Entry-Geographic Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 654 Subject Added Entry-Faceted Topical Terms ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 655 Index Term-Genre/Form ◎ ◎ ◎ 656 Index Term-Occupation ◎ ◎ ◎ 657 Index Term-Function ◎ ◎ ◎ 662 Subject Added Entry-Hierarchical Place Nam ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 700 Added Entry-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 710 Added Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 711 Added Entry-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 720 Added Entry-Uncontrolled Name ◎ ◎ 730 Added Entry-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 751 Added Entry-Geographic Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 752 Added Entry-Hierarchical Place Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 753 System Details Access to Computer File ◎ ◎ 754 Added Entry-Taxonomic Identification ◎ ◎ 758 Resource Identifie ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 760 Main Series Entry ◎ ◎ 762 Subseries Entry ◎ ◎ 765 Original Language Entry ◎ ◎ 767 Translation Entry ◎ ◎ 770 Supplement/Special Issue Entry ◎ ◎ 772 Supplement Parent Entry ◎ ◎ 773 Host Item Entry ◎ ◎ 774 Constituent Unit Entry ◎ ◎ 775 Other Edition Entr ◎ ◎ 776 Additional Physical Form Entry ◎ ◎ 777 Issued With Entry ◎ ◎ 780 Preceding Entry ◎ ◎ 785 Succeeding Entry ◎ ◎ 786 Data Source Entry ◎ ◎ 787 Other Relationship Entry ◎ ◎ 800 Series Added Entry-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 810 Series Added Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 811 Series Added Entry-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 830 Series Added Entry-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ 883 Machine-generated Metadata Provenance ◎ ◎ 885 Matching Information ◎ ◎ 註: 本文最後上網查證日期為2019年11月18日。分欄名稱分別是$0-權威記錄控制號或 標準號(authority record control number or standard number)、$1-實際的世界物件(Real World Object,RWO)URI(RWO URI)、$2-標目或用語來源(source of heading or term)、$4-關係(relationship)、$e-著作職責用語(relator term)與$i-關係資訊 (relationship information)。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 62 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 附錄二  MARC21權威資料格式有關LD的 相關欄號、欄位名稱與分欄對照表 欄號 欄 位 名 稱 分 欄 $0 $1 $2 $4 $e $i 024 Other Standard Identifier (R) ◎ ◎ ◎ 034 Coded Cartographic Mathematical Data (R) ◎ ◎ 043 Geographic Area Code ◎ ◎ 050 Library of Congress Call Number ◎ ◎ 052 Geographic Classification ◎ ◎ 055 Library and Archives Canada Call Number ◎ ◎ 060 National Library of Medicine Call Number ◎ ◎ 065 Other Classification Number ◎ ◎ 070 National Agricultural Library Call Number ◎ ◎ 075 Type of Entity ◎ ◎ 080 Universal Decimal Classification Number ◎ ◎ 087 Government Document Classification Number ◎ ◎ 260 Complex See Reference-Subject ◎ ◎ 336 Content Type ◎ ◎ 348 Format of Notated Music ◎ ◎ 360 Complex See Also Reference-Subject ◎ ◎ 368 Other Attributes of Person or Corporate Body ◎ ◎ 370 Associated Place ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 372 Field of Activity ◎ ◎ 373 Associated Group ◎ ◎ 374 Occupation ◎ ◎ 376 Family Information ◎ ◎ 377 Associated Language ◎ ◎ 380 Form of Work ◎ ◎ 381 Other Distinguishing Characteristics of Work or Expression ◎ ◎ 382 Medium of Performance ◎ ◎ 385 Audience Characteristics ◎ ◎ 386 Creator/Contributor Characteristics ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 388 Time Period of Creation ◎ ◎ 400 See From Tracing-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ 410 See From Tracing-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ 411 See From Tracing-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ 430 See From Tracing-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ 448 See From Tracing-Chronological Term ◎ ◎ 450 See From Tracing-Topical Term ◎ ◎ 451 See From Tracing-Geographic Name ◎ ◎ 455 See From Tracing-Genre/Form Term ◎ ◎ 462 See From Tracing-Medium of Performance Term ◎ ◎ 480 See From Tracing-General Subdivision ◎ ◎ 481 See From Tracing-Geographic Subdivision ◎ ◎ 482 See From Tracing-Chronological Subdivision ◎ ◎ 485 See From Tracing-Form Subdivision ◎ ◎ 500 See Also From Tracing-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 63陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 欄號 欄 位 名 稱 分 欄 $0 $1 $2 $4 $e $i 510 See Also From Tracing-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 511 See Also From Tracing-Meeting Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 530 See Also From Tracing-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 547 See Also From Tracing-Named Event ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 548 See Also From Tracing-Chronological Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 550 See Also From Tracing-Topical Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 551 See Also From Tracing-Geographic Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 555 See Also From Tracing-Genre/Form Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 562 See Also From Tracing-Medium of Performance Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 580 See Also From Tracing-General Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 581 See Also From Tracing-Geographic Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 582 S e e A l s o F r o m T r a c i n g - C h r o n o l o g i c a l Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 585 See Also From Tracing-Form Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 672 Title Related to the Entity ◎ ◎ 673 Title Not Related to the Entity ◎ ◎ 700 Established Heading Linking Entry-Personal Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 710 Added Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 711 Established Heading Linking Entry-Corporate Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 730 Established Heading Linking Entry-Uniform Title ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 747 Established Heading Linking Entry-Named Even ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 748 Established Heading Linking Entry-Chronological Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 750 Established Heading Linking Entry-Topical Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 751 Established Heading Linking Entry-Geographic Name ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 755 Established Heading Linking Entry-Genre/Form Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 762 Established Heading Linking Entry-Medium of Performance Term ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 780 Subdivision Linking Entry-General Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 781 S u b d i v i s i o n L i n k i n g E n t r y - G e o g r a p h i c Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 782 S u b d i v i s i o n L i n k i n g E n t r y - C h r o n o l o g i c a l Subdivision ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 785 Subdivision Linking Entry-Form Subdivisio ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 788 Complex Linking Entry Data ◎ ◎ 883 Machine-generated Metadata Provenance ◎ ◎ 885 Matching Information ◎ ◎ 註: 本文最後上網查證日期為2019年11月18日。分欄名稱分別是$0-權威記錄控制號或 標準號(authority record control number or standard number)、$1-實際的世界物件(Real World Object,RWO)URI(RWO URI)、$2-標目或用語來源(source of heading or term)、$4-關係(relationship)、$e-著作職責用語(relator term)與$i-關係資訊 (relationship information)。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 64 教育資料與圖書館學 57 : 1 (2020) 附錄三 2筆MARC記錄 記錄範例1 LEADER 01330cam^a22003977a^4500 001 014616392 005 20160519094310.0 008 981203s1992^^^^ch^af^^^^^^^^^000^1^chi^d 020 $a9575453395 020 $a9789575453398 035 $a(OCoLC)213888776 035 $a(OCoLC)ocn213888776 040 $aCUT$beng$cCUT$dOCLCG$dOCLCO$dOCLCQ 041 1 $achi$heng 049 $aEYMG 066 $c$1 099 $aPR 4034 .P75 C5 1992 100 1 $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817. 240 1 0 $aPride and prejudice.$lChinese 245 1 0 $601$aAo man yu pian jian /$cZhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi]. 245 1 0 $601$a 傲慢與偏見 /$c 珍・奧斯汀著 ; [ 夏穎慧譯 ]. 250 $602$aZai ban. 250 $602$a 再版 . 260 $603$aTaibei Shi :$bZhi wen chu ban she,$c1992. 260 $603$a 台北市 :$b 志文出版社 ,$c 1992. 300 $a2, 428 pages, [4] pages of plates :$billustrations, portraits ;$c20 cm. 336 $atext$btxt$2rdacontent 337 $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia 338 $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier 490 0 $604$aXin chao shi jie ming zhu ;$v7 490 0 $604$a 新潮世界名著 ;|v 7 700 1 $605$aXia, Yinghui. 700 1 $605|a 夏穎慧 . 資料來源:University of Michigan Library. (2018). Ao man yu pian jian / Zhen, Aositing zhu ; [Xia Yinghui yi].傲慢與偏見 / 珍・奧斯汀 著 ; [夏穎慧譯]. https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/0146 16392?query=Ao+man+yu+pian+jian+Xia+Yinghui+yi&library=U- M+Ann+Arbor+Libraries。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 65陳亞寧、温達茂:MARC21鏈結資料化的轉變與應用 記錄範例2 LEADER 01368cam a2200421 a 4500 001 9939511983503681 005 20180817000027.0 008 020813s2003 nyuab b 000 1 eng 010 $a 2002030162 020 $a0321105079 (pbk.) 035 $a(OCoLC)ocm50477169 035 $a(OCoLC)50477169 035 $a3951198 035 $a(PU)3951198-penndb-Voyager 040 $aDLC$cDLC$dC#P$dBAKER 043 $ae-uk-en$0http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/geographicAreas/e-uk- en$2marcgac 049 $aPAUU 050 0 0 $aPR4034$b.P7 2003 082 0 0 $a823/.7$221 100 1 $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817. 240 1 0 $aPride and prejudice 245 1 0 $aJane Austen’s Pride and prejudice /$cedited by Claudia L. Johnson, Susan J. Wolfson. 260 $aNew York :$bLongman,$cc2003. 300 $axxxv, 459 p. :$bill., map ;$c21 cm. 440 2 $aA Longman cultural edition 504 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 455-459). 600 1 0 $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817.$tPride and prejudice. 650 0 $aSocial classes$vFiction. 650 0 $aYoung women$vFiction. 650 0 $aCourtship$vFiction. 650 0 $aSisters$vFiction. 651 0 $aEngland$vFiction. 655 7 $aDomestic fiction.$2lcsh 655 7 $aLove stories.$2gsafd 700 1 $aJohnson, Claudia L. 700 1 $aWolfson, Susan J.,$d1948- 938 $aBaker & Taylor$bBKTY$c8.60$d8.60$i0321105079$n0004069995 $sactive 994 $aC0$bPAU 資料來源:Penn Libraries. (n.d.). Jane Austen’s Pride and prejudice / edited by Claudia L. Johnson, Susan J. Wolfson. https://franklin.library.upenn. edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9939511983503681。 http://joemls.tku.edu.tw Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences 57 : 1 (2020) : 35-72 DOI:10.6120/JoEMLS.202003_57(1).0045.RS.AM R es ea rc h A rt ic le A Study on MARC21 Transformation and Application for Linked Data Ya-Ning Chena* Dar-maw Wenb Abstract MARC has been accepted as a standard format for information interchange in libraries for decades. Owing to the outdated format, MARC is unknown and unused outside of libraries. Moving to the era of semantic web, the technology of linked data (LD) is regarded as a new approach to deconstruct library bibliographic data (LBD) into LD for libraries. It is deserved to examine what approach has been adopted to extend MARC into LD and its potential benefits. This study has analyzed MARC proposals and discussion papers related to LD as a basis to investigate what changes have been approved for MARC since 2006 of the LD initiative. Furthermore, eight use cases selected from two MARC records and an instance of one MARC proposal respectively were employed to address how MARC changes have been transformed MARC-based LBD into LD in practice by combining classes and properties of BIBFRAME a n d R DA bibliographic ontology. Consequently, it reveals th at R DF ’s triplification has been integrated as part of MARC successfully. Therefore, M A RC is not only a standard for communication and representation of bibliographic and related information, but also one for LD in libraries. Related issues to fundamental definition of bibliographic entity defined in MARC proposals for LD have also discussed. Keywords: MARC, Linked data, BIBFRAME, RDA ontology, RDFization SUMMARY Introduction M A c h i n e R e a d a b l e C a t a l o g i n g ( M A R C ) h a s b e e n a d o p t e d a s a n international standard for information organization, especially for exchanging and sharing information between library automated systems. As information heads increasingly towards cyberization and digitization, search engines have become an essential tool for finding networked information resources on the Internet. Owing to an outdated format, MARC is not known in non-library domains and sectors. Most MARC-based information are embedded in proprietary library automated systems exists as an information silo owing to the isolation from coverage of a Associate Professor, Department of Information and Library Science, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan b Chief Knowledge Officer, Flysheet Technologies Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: arthur@gms.tku.edu.tw The Author acknowledges that the Article is distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0. http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 67Chen & Wen: A Study on MARC21 Transformation and Application for Linked Data search engines (Lagace, 2014). On the other hand, Linked Data (LD), initiated by Tim Berners-Lee (2006), has been used as an approach to transform a web of documents into a web of data through URI naming and linking with related resources in an open networked environment. According to the investigation of Linked Open Data Cloud, “bibliography of publications” is one of the categories and shows the significance of library bibliographic information in the domain of LD. However, LD has gained attention from libraries to transform legacy library data into LD and explore its potential applications through the adoption of LD related technologies and tools. Basically LD is data centric for data design (Di Noia et al., 2016). One of the key points of LD is to employ ontology as a basis for data modeling to delineate the relationships between individual LD (Hyland et al., 2014; Hyland & Villazón-Terrazas, 2011). It is encouraged to reuse existing authoritative vocabularies that are in widespread usage to describe common types of data (Villazón-Terrazas et al., 2011). Although the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME) are conceptual models, actually they are regarded as ontologies for libraries in practice. For example, the National Library and Archive of IRAN (NLAI; Eslami & Vaghefzadeh, 2013), Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE; Vila-Suero & Gómez-Pérez, 2013; Vila-Suero et al., 2012) and Bibliothèque nationale de France (2018) have used FRBR as an ontology for LD transformation, whereas cases of Linked Data for Production (LD4P) have employed BIBFRAME as an ontology to address issues related to LD transformation. Furthermore, vocabularies and their relationships of BIBFRAME and RDA ontology have been assigned URI maintained by the LC and RDA Registry, respectively. Therefore, these two bibliographic ontologies FRBR and BIBFRAME both have conformed to the requirements of ontology defined by Berners-Lee et al. (2001) for the semantic web. There is no doubt that MARC is still employed to organize information by many library automated systems around the world. As a matter of fact, libraries have encountered the hybrid requirements for MARC and LD at the same time. Meaning that libraries must not only to transform MARC into LD, but also include external LD resources into library automated systems to migrate user’s information navigation into LD driven resource discovery. It is of interest to know what changes have made to MARC and their applications in practice in accordance with the aforementioned hybrid requirements for inclusion of LD. Literature Review Totally 18 MARC documents (14 proposals and four discussion papers) published since the term LD was coined in 2006 were selected to investigate the revisions of MARC for LD implemented applications, including subfields $0, http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 68 Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences 57 : 1 (2020) $1, $2, $4, $e, $i, and tag 758. Furthermore, in this study, we checked against two online documents (MARC21 Format for Bibliographic Data (MFBD) and MARC21 Format for Authority Data (MFAD) to collate related MARC subfields and tags for LD applications. Methodology First, MFBD and MFAD were selected as target subjects to examine how MARC implements related LD subfields and tags in practice. Then RDF triplification was performed for MARC. In other words, subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD and subfield a of tag 110 in MFAD were regarded as the subject of RDF, $4 was regarded as the predicate of RDF, and $0 or $1 both of MFBD and MFAD were regarded as the object of RDF. Conversely, $0 or $1 both of MFBD and MFAD were regarded as the subject of RDF, subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD and subfield a of tag 110 in MFAD as the object of RDF, and $4 still as the predicate of RDF. Third, vocabularies defined by BIBFRAME and RDA ontology were used as the predicate of RDF during transforming MARC to LD. Eight use cases derived from two MFBD records offered by the University of Michigan Ann Arbor Library and the University of Pennsylvania Libraries WebPACs, as well as instances of the aforementioned MARC documents addressed in the literature review section were employed to investigate how $0, $1, $2, $4, $e, $i and tag 758 were used to extend MARC to LD in detail. The eight use cases included the following relationships: authorship, work’s uniform title, publisher, content/media/ carrier, translator, subject, instance/manifestation, and organization and individual person. Lastly, each use case was provided with a summarized table to illustrate the distinction between the original MARC and RDFized MARC instance with vocabularies of selected bibliographic ontology (i.e., BIBFRAME and RDA ontology) in accordance with RDF’s triple statement and their RDF graphs respectively. Discussion MARC is addressed from the following perspectives: • In terms of LD linkage, MARC can be enriched through by internal enrichment to aggregate external LD resources. • In terms of information exchange, MARC21 is not only a format for information interchange and sharing, but also an exchange format for sharing MARC-based LD information between library automated systems. • In terms of application of ontology, MARC21 has become a data container of bibliographic ontology (such as BIBFRAME and RDA ontology), and is also a carrier to reify bibliographic ontology into practice. • In terms of use cases, one of RDF’s triplification approaches was used by MARC, that is, subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD and subfield a of tag http://joemls.tku.edu.tw 69Chen & Wen: A Study on MARC21 Transformation and Application for Linked Data 110 in MFAD are regarded as the subject of RDF, and $0 or $1 both of MFBD and MFAD as the object of RDF. On the contrary, it will be worth knowing whether the opposite RDF’ triplification approach and syntax (i.e., $0 or $1 both of MFBD and MFAD are regarded as RDF’s subject, and subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD and subfield a of tag 110 in MFAD as RDF’s object) is a workable approach for MARC in the future. • According to examination of eight use cases in this study, the ‘bibliographic entity’ of subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD has stood for various entities including work and instance in BIBFRAME, or work, expression and manifestation in RDA ontology. It has revealed there is a need for a reasonable definition for subfield a of tag 245 in MFBD when libraries adopt LD related MARC subfields and tags. In terms of structure of BIBFRAME and RDA ontology, it often needs more than two RDF triples statements to complete the semantic relationships between two individual LD resources. According to the illustration of eight use cases, one may find that MARC has employed one RDF triple statement to delineate the semantic relationships rather than a complete set of RDF triples, for example the relationships between BIBFRAME’s instance/RDA’s manifestation and publisher. Indeed a practical guideline is needed to direct libraries about how to select the appropriate BIBFRAME or RDA vocabularies to build up the semantic relationships between LD resources. Conclusion According to an analysis of MARC proposals and discussion papers focused on LD and eight use cases, it can be seen that related MARC subfields and tags have been revised to integrate the RDF data model and syntax. Thus external LD resources can be aggregated into part of MARC by enrichment. Furthermore, MARC is not only an international format for sharing bibliographic information, but also a container for exchanging MARC-based LD information in libraries. 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