id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-103990-qvuv289g	Amster, Guy	Changes in life history and population size can explain relative neutral diversity levels on X and autosomes in extant human populations	2019-09-09		.txt	text/plain	5518	280	47	We revisit this question in light of our new theory about the effects of life history and given pedigree-based estimates of the dependence of human mutation rates on sex and age. We demonstrate that life history effects, particularly higher generation times in males than females, likely had multiple effects on human X-to-autosomes (X:A) polymorphism ratios, through the extent of male mutation bias, the equilibrium X:A ratios of effective population sizes, and differential responses to changes in population size. Our results suggest that ancestral human populations were highly polygynous; that non-African populations experienced a substantial reduction in polygyny and/or increase in male-biased generation times around the out of Africa bottleneck; and that extant diversity levels were affected by fairly recent changes in sex-specific life history. Indeed, we show that the ratios observed across human populations can be explained by demographic history, assuming plausible, sex-specific mutation rates, generation times and reproductive variances.	./cache/cord-103990-qvuv289g.txt	./txt/cord-103990-qvuv289g.txt