cord-030800-fgvc3qw8	2020	
cord-030805-3imi63xz	2020	title: Book Review: Stress Less, Accomplish More: Meditation for Extraordinary Performance While browsing through the Internet, the authors tried to find a brief meditation technique to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. This technique is specially designed for high-performing, outcome-driven individuals, teaching them to be less stressed while increasing productivity and achieving success. The explanation of the harmful effects of stress and how meditation eradicates them is followed by the description of Ziva or the Z-technique in chapter eight. In conclusion, the book addresses how meditation could remarkably improve productivity and efficiency in an overly stressed modern world. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
cord-034080-4xav0u2u	2020	In the present study we aimed to compare the attribution of mental states to two humanoid robots, NAO and Robovie, which differed in the degree of anthropomorphism. Children aged 5, 7, and 9 years were required to attribute mental states to the NAO robot, which presents more human-like characteristics compared to the Robovie robot, whose physical features look more mechanical. The present study aimed to investigate the attribution of mental states (AMS) in children aged 5-9 years to two humanoid robots, NAO and Robovie, varying in their anthropomorphic physical features (DiSalvo et al., 2002; Duffy, 2003) . Interestingly, this result supports findings from a previous study (Di Dio et al., 2018) that compared 6-year-old children''s mental state attribution to different entities (human, dog, robot, and God) . Overall, our results suggest that the assessment of HSRs in terms of mental states attribution may represent a useful measure for studying the effect of different robots'' design for children.
cord-034347-ujwztpd4	2020	
cord-253054-qipyqtsi	2020	Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Specifically, we examined whether prosocial responsibility predicts on the one hand compliance with self-isolation and self-distancing measures, as prior literature suggests, and on the other hand acceptance of digital surveillance and restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as we propose. Inspection of correlation coefficients indicates that prosocial responsibility was positively correlated with compliance with measures to fight COVID-19, r = 0.50, p < 0.001; willingness to sacrifice privacy, r = 0.46, p < 0.001; past surveillance acceptance, r = 0.11, p = 0.059; willingness to accept surveillance, r = 0.41, p < 0.001; and prioritizing public health over individual freedoms when a trade-off between the two is inevitable, r = 0.57, p < 0.001.
cord-260673-gf028lf6	2020	Building on evidence from past epidemics and three decades of research in psychology suggesting that various cognitive biases influence beliefs about life hazards, we propose that such cognitive biases have contributed to the discrepancy between early warnings about the danger of SARS-CoV-2 and slow growth of consideration for these warnings. Importantly, data collected in Western countries during the peak of the COVID 19 pandemic provides direct evidence favoring the hypothesis that unrealistic optimism has played a role in the apparent discrepancy between official warnings and individual beliefs about the consequences of the pandemic for oneself: When getting infected and infecting others became frequent events as the number of cases and deaths sharply increased, citizens in the US, Europe and the United Kingdom estimated their probability of getting infected with the virus and of subsequently infecting others as lower for themselves than for someone else (Dolinski et al., 2020; Kuper-Smith et al., 2020) .
cord-261105-hydccq8m	2020	
cord-266377-3krv9ekb	2020	In our survey, we examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved individuals'' perception of the severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing the infection risks both for themselves and for others; the remaining three involved other psychological driving forces. By contrast, frequency of mask usage depended much less on the participants'' perceived severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing infection risk both for themselves and for others. Even though the expectation of risk reduction (personal or collective) explained only small portion of mask usage, motivations superficially irrelevant to disease mitigation strongly promoted mask-wearing behavior; conformity to the social norm was the most prominent driving force for wearing masks. Despite these limitations, this study has empirically revealed that the expectation of risk reduction does not greatly promote mask-wearing countermeasures against COVID-19, suggesting that the nudge approach (i.e., taking advantage of people''s conformity) may be more promising.
cord-268321-zj0jt5cz	2020	Human Flesh Searching (HFS) is a form of collective online behavior where netizens contribute information to social media and/or networking platforms about a certain event or a target individual or group to achieve what they regard as justice. Using the results of a survey conducted in Hong Kong, the research found both gender and time spent online are not significant variables to predict netizens'' intention to contribute to HFS. According to Chang and Poon (2017) , netilantism included behaviors such as (1) online activities to identify/disclose crime (such as identifying corrupt officials in China); (2) to investigate crime or deviant behavior (such as netizens trying to disclose the identity of police involved in violent behavior during the 2019 Anti-extradition protests in Hong Kong or 2014 Sunflower Movement in Taiwan); and (3) to punish criminals or deviants through public shaming and naming (such as public shaming of alleged child predators).
cord-271551-bj2db91j	2020	Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors. However, to our knowledge, only one study applied latent class analysis to population behaviors following a novel virus outbreak [i.e., influenza A (H7N9)] in Hong Kong (Liao et al., 2015) , despite the method''s statistical advantages in modeling behavioral patterns (e.g., flexibility, integration of measurement error). Via an online survey, a community sample of 157 German adults [80% female; M (SD) age = 27.82 (11.01)] provided information about their knowledge of preventive measures, risk perception, intentions to comply with official behavioral recommendations and guidelines as well as their stigmatizing attitudes toward people suffering from COVID-19.
cord-273432-pqdmo4ln	2020	
cord-276014-inv3hsbr	2020	Drawing from pre-pandemic research, psychologists are proposing that extraversion-a personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness and high energy levels (John et al., 1991; Soto and John, 2017) -is one individual characteristic that could moderate the negative relationship between measure stringency and mental illness (e.g., Brogaard, 2020; Brooks and Moser, 2020; Smillie and Haslam, 2020; Steele, 2020) . In this study, drawing on publicly available survey data from over 90,000 respondents across 47 countries (Fetzer et al., 2020) , we therefore empirically test the hypothesis that extraversion moderates the relationship between measure stringency and depressive symptoms. Second, even though our analytical strategy allowed us to take out individual-specific heterogeneity, and extraversion is a relatively stable personality trait (Damian et al., 2019) , the crosssectional nature of the survey data, collected in the early days of the pandemic, did not allow us to examine whether introverts'' and extraverts'' responses to the protective measures changed as the situation evolved.
cord-276044-z7rupgfo	2020	
cord-278195-1sle0d1j	2020	The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) .
cord-279188-jeu6fye8	2020	
cord-281700-8r7t3o2w	2020	
cord-284529-0ri4kw4k	2020	The aim of the present study was to describe past-30-day use of different gambling types during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals defined as online gamblers, in order to enable a comparison with past-30-day data reported from a previous survey in online gamblers carried out in 2018. For those reporting past-30-day gambling, compared to those denying that but reporting past-year gambling for the same gambling type, being a moderate-risk or problem gamblers was significantly more likely among the recent gamblers for landbased casino gambling, land-based electronic machine gambling, and for any sports betting, but less likely for online horse betting. In the present study, for most gambling types, the past-30-day gamblers either did not differ from past-year gamblers, or had a higher degree of gambling problems, such as for sports betting (as discussed above), landbased electronic gambling machines, or land-based casino.
cord-286064-gzfs2m3u	2020	Here, using a sample of senior police officers recruited from decision-making training events across the United Kingdom (n = 96), we used the Least-worst Uncertain Choice Inventory For Emergency Responses (LUCIFER) to measure the effect of maximization on both domain-specific (police) and domain-general (military) decisions. Prior research has also shown that police officers managed uncertainty in dynamic, high-risk situations by seeking out additional information and updating their assessments of a given situation based on their previous experience, as a way to reduce the levels of uncertainty experienced during three phases of the decision-making process: situation assessment, plan formulation, and plan execution. Two recent studies have elucidated the important role that individual differences in personality traits associated with decision-making may play in police decisionmaking. In line with this previous research, this study hypothesized that individual differences in trait maximization would influence police officers when making high-uncertainty decisions.
cord-287440-xy8o1mhs	2020	
cord-289047-uf58nb7w	2020	
cord-289919-iqa5pxda	2020	
cord-290419-angcz55b	2020	A cross-sectional study using a web-based approach was conducted in the second week of April 2020 to examine the influence of the national social distancing on the quality of life and economic well-being of Vietnamese citizens under COVID-19 pandemic. This study targets to provide empirical evidence about the influence of this national social distancing on quality of life and household income of Vietnamese citizens avid COVID-19, with the ultimate goal to inform the policymakers to take appropriate and timely actions for controlling the disease while ensuring both health and socioeconomic wellbeing of the general population. Our study featured a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, this study depicted a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of COVID-19.
cord-291187-8mbvmw0u	2020	This study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement on behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess played. Finally, chess players with the highest academic level showed higher levels of personal concern and anxiety due to COVID-19 as well as lower psychological inflexibility compared to those with a lower academic level. In conclusion, chess players, especially those with a higher academic level, might have adapted their psychological profile to fit confinement situations and the worrying levels of physical inactivity. Then, this study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game. This research aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players, based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game.
cord-293041-7ndp05ru	2020	If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance.
cord-295622-znmpheia	2020	We found that health workers reported higher risk perception, level of worry, and knowledge as related to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. According to the evidences reported above, our objectives were (i) to probe the opinions and the worries relative to COVID-19 spread in both the general population and healthcare workers; (ii) to study which demographic, geographic, and psychological variables were related to a higher perception of the health risks; and lastly (iii) to assess any difference in risk perception relatively to COVID-19 between the general population and healthcare workers. This analysis thus revealed that the MED group participants from North Italy reported higher levels of anxiety and stress than the general population and the medical and paramedical staff from other living areas. In line with these results, participants of our study reported higher levels of perceived stress and of anxiety proportional to their risk of infection, i.e., health workers from North were more stressed and anxious than both their colleagues in Center and South Italy and the general population.
cord-296752-jvhgrsbm	2020	
cord-299048-92j3p8e5	2020	
cord-299833-f2q6di3t	2020	Loneliness has been an emerging issue in society in recent years, and has been linked to depression, irritability, and preoccupation with negative self-related thoughts, alongside a 26% increase in risk of premature death. Like social isolation, loneliness has been linked to depression (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Han and Richardson, 2010) , increased cortisol levels (Edwards et al., 2010; Miller, 2011) , lowered immunity (Cole et al., 2011) , and clinical disease, with attendant increases in length and frequency of hospital stays (Thurston and Kubzansky, 2009; Hawker and Romero-Ortuno, 2016) . Unlike the common and ineliminable moments of crisis that characterize the existence of each of us -which, although destabilizing, represent a unique and fundamental opportunity to review personal strategies for problem management -in this period, people are experiencing impotence, vulnerability, and a feeling of loss of control over one''s life as a response to something indeterminate in time and space. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness
cord-301745-cuatqy1u	2020	The current study investigated whether the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes was moderated by introversion, based on outcome measures across psychosocial, cognitive, and affective domains. One hundred and fourteen individuals (64 USA residents) completed measures of introversion, and reported on the extent to which they experienced loneliness, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes. Additionally, the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes (and mental health in general) has psychosocial, cognitive, and affective aspects, which in turn represent functional domains which may be differentially moderated by personality traits (Segel-Karpas and Lachman, 2018) . After controlling for age, gender, living condition and recent unemployment, higher introversion (higher Introversion Scale scores) uniquely predicted higher depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) experienced as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes, β = 0.196, t = 2.12, p = 0.036 and β = 0.188, t = 2.02, p = 0.046, respectively.
cord-302946-3qajibci	2020	In this exploratory study a sample of 22 participants viewed a series of emails with or without indicators associated with phishing emails, whilst their eye movements were recorded using a SMI RED 500 eye-tracker. This study also demonstrates that eye tracking technology is a feasible method with which to identify and record how phishing emails are processed visually by individuals, which may contribute toward the design of future mitigation approaches. Examples of this within the social engineering technique of phishing emails can include the use of language that contains emotive elements such as threat, urgency, or financial information (Hadnagy, 2018) . It provides evidence that eye tracking technology can be used to determine whether people look at the common indicators of phishing emails, and also inform us on the order in which these are attended to.
cord-303553-u6vnbhvn	2020	
cord-304208-jwlc8fxj	2020	Hence, this study explores the relationship between coping strategies used by healthcare and emergency workers in Italy to manage the stress factors related to the COVID-19 emergency, which may result in the risk of developing secondary trauma. As regards the stress that they experience, the literature clearly explains that healthcare and emergency workers who intervene in emergency situations are exposed to the risk of developing dysfunctional reactions that can be identified at different levelsphysical and/or physiological (e.g., psychosomatic disorders, sleep/wake cycle alterations, and sense of tiredness); emotional (e.g., irritability, nervousness, agitation, anger, low self-esteem, and guilt); cognitive (e.g., distractibility, sense of ineffectiveness, and negative anticipation of events); and relational (e.g., increase in conflicts within emergency teams and/or with their organization/institution, and social withdrawal)-and may also develop reactions from secondary trauma (Del Missier et al., 2008; Sbattella, 2009; Argentero and Setti, 2011; Fraccaroli and Balducci, 2011; Bellelli and Di Schiena, 2012; Walton et al., 2020) .
cord-306729-oa9i4ss9	2020	The current study thus aimed to explore the potential infection routes and psychological changes among hospital staff in ALDs and to provide scientific suggestions on preventing adverse effects among this population''s during large-scale infectious diseases outbreaks. During previous infectious diseases outbreaks, studies on the healthcare staff ''s infection have focused on the front-line doctors and nurses, while the staffs in FIGURE 1 | Psychological status before and after diagnosis of the COVID-19 staffs in administrative and logistics departments (A: awareness of the epidemic before diagnosis; B: mental attitude before diagnosis; C: psychological stress or emotional changes after diagnosis; D: the possible causes of emotional change after diagnosis; E: the methods used to control stress or mood changes after diagnosis; and F: the sources of comfort and care after diagnosis). In our study, we found no significant difference in psychological impact between infected doctors and nurses and staff in ALDs-neither in the awareness and mental attitude to the epidemic before diagnosis or the psychological changes after diagnosis.
cord-309095-ka9abe0c	2020	
cord-311393-e82jy629	2020	Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes that the confinement situation experienced between the 11th of March and the 25th of April could have caused on a sample of children residing in the Community of Madrid. The objective of the present study was to verify whether the situation of 6 weeks of strict confinement experienced in Madrid as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis had caused a change in the psychological well-being of children. In general, the results obtained are congruent with those found in previous studies on the effects of social isolation on children and also with the few studies that have been carried out on the particular situation of confinement during SARS-CoV-2 health crisis (Jiao et al., 2020; Pisano et al., 2020) .
cord-315827-biur1xn4	2020	In the current study, we explore what demographic and psychological variables predicted the adoption and engagement in health-protective behavior and how attitudes and self-reported behaviors changed over the course of a period of 15 days during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway. Sampling 770 US adolescents from the 20th to the 22nd of March, health-protective behavior including physical distancing and hand washing was positively predicted by perceived severity of the outbreak and social responsibility, as well as negatively predicted by self-interest (Oosterhoff, 2020) . In order to classify important variables predicting engagement in health-protective behavior we employed two different strategies: a highly confirmatory theory-driven strategy based on reviews and previous studies on the COVID-19 outbreak, and a highly exploratory data-driven approach using a supervised machine learning procedure combined with split-half validation.
cord-322348-8opy5z9h	2020	Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation, and children''s lability/negativity, was investigated. (2020) in Italy showed that it was the parenting stress related to the health emergency, the pandemic, and the lockdown that increased children''s psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. For this reason, this study focused on identifying which parental psychological variables can mediate the relationship between parents'' psychological distress during the pandemic and the lockdown and their children''s emotional regulation, in order to understand which possible intervention should be implemented to ameliorate families'' well-being. A SEM was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model in which parenting self-efficacy and parents'' regulatory emotional self-efficacy (related to the COVID-19 lockdown) mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation and children''s lability/negativity.
cord-322577-5bboc1z0	2020	Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults'' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults'' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults'' mental health in the long term. This study assessed and monitored Italian young adults'' mental health status during the firsts 4 weeks of lockdown imposed by the government during the COVID-19 outbreak, from March 16 to April 16.
cord-322679-jrsg8pdk	2020	
cord-325077-j77wbcr3	2020	Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present.
cord-326971-jekqhslx	2020	In this study, N = 65 participants that wanted to lose weight or develop a healthier eating behavior were randomized to either a 14-day self-compassion intervention arm or a waitlist control arm. Before and after the intervention phase, questionnaires on self-compassion, eating, dieting, health behavior, stress, and emotion regulation were completed and body weight was determined. Future studies should replicate these findings outside of the COVID-19 crisis and test the effect of self-compassion in samples with eating disorders or weight problems. Although a review showed beneficial effects of SC on eating behavior, body image, and weight loss (Rahimi-Ardabili et al., 2018) , previous studies suffered from several limitations like failing to include a control group (Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2019) , combining SC with other helpful components like mindfulness, yoga, and psychoeducation, or only assessing short-term effects. In this study, participant who wanted to lose weight or change their eating behavior received a 2-week, smartphonebased self-compassion intervention.
cord-328442-mnlzj1ly	2020	However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people''s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model.
cord-328987-ntu1wdzg	2020	
cord-329312-bvnky9yr	2020	There is little research on the impact of the pandemic and its influence on levels of anxiety in university students, and even less related to expectations of academic self-efficacy. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and trait anxiety (TA) and SA, during the first moments of COVID-19, since it was an exceptional situation to learn how university students responded to critical situations (related to SA). Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy. Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy.
cord-331257-z2x1wax0	2020	BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological status of and its influencing factors in health care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak so as to provide sufficient theory and scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures in improving the psychological status of HCWs. METHOD: During February 1 to February 20, 2020, 1,002 members of the HCWs from Xi''an and Wuhan completed a 12-item questionnaire regarding pressure about the COVID-19 influenza pandemic, along with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Hospital medical staff show an absolutely important position in the outbreak of infectious diseases, but people often pay more attention to the cure rate, diagnosis, and treatment effect and prognosis of patients and ignore the psychological distress of HCWs. Studies that investigated the psychological status during SARS and A/H1N1 influenza pandemic indicated that a high level of distress is common (Caputo et al., 2006; Goulia et al., 2010) .
cord-331374-3gau0vmc	2016	
cord-332420-9vyik2e9	2020	
cord-334799-781r7jhb	2020	
cord-335251-w6k4fnpo	2020	
cord-337632-2q6gm7n3	2020	HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). As expected, there were significant differences on education [χ 2 (8, N = 180) = 16.61, p = 0.03] such that HCPs had more education than non-HCPs. Results from the MANOVA ( Table 2 ) controlling for education show that HCPs reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms, current anxiety, concern about their health, tiredness, constraint, and past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, but lower levels of proactive coping compared to non-HCPs (Pillai''s Trace = 0.28, F(12,160) = 5.29, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.28).
cord-341340-cnefwc3i	2020	
cord-342121-ff4fpsq8	2020	
cord-342386-t5b8wpe2	2020	
cord-342919-ls2q1g0v	2020	
cord-346338-kdjgu93q	2020	
cord-348806-yi9vbgwj	2020	
cord-349415-q0g0uqj6	2020