Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 149 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2006 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 SARS 16 COVID-19 15 patient 11 covid-19 7 China 5 virus 5 PCR 3 test 3 respiratory 3 infection 3 Taiwan 3 RSV 3 MERS 2 severe 2 rotavirus 2 pneumonia 2 influenza 2 disease 2 child 2 case 2 OC43 2 ICU 2 HRV 2 HIV 2 H1N1 2 East 1 wave 1 water 1 vaccination 1 traveler 1 saliva 1 quarantine 1 pneumoniae 1 pharyngitis 1 pandemic 1 news2 1 mask 1 malaria 1 lambda 1 human 1 high 1 gram 1 genotype 1 gattii 1 gastroenteritis 1 gas 1 figure 1 fever 1 encephalitis 1 cholinesterase Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 3019 patient 1928 % 1745 infection 1495 study 1343 virus 1058 disease 1057 case 946 influenza 906 child 729 pneumonia 599 day 592 coronavirus 549 risk 545 test 540 group 533 analysis 524 result 513 sample 511 year 477 treatment 456 symptom 444 datum 441 rate 440 time 440 hospital 409 age 402 cell 395 detection 381 illness 380 level 356 syndrome 342 outbreak 329 mortality 329 fever 329 diagnosis 327 number 321 pandemic 318 control 317 factor 305 population 303 antibody 301 care 297 blood 297 author 293 therapy 286 gene 277 use 277 pathogen 271 malaria 270 protein Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1353 SARS 756 CoV-2 755 COVID-19 450 PCR 394 China 264 CoV 250 • 208 CMV 204 RSV 191 Table 185 Wuhan 180 al 179 MERS 160 UK 160 J 159 RT 159 Health 153 Fig 147 DOI 146 C 145 et 141 HCoV 140 Coronavirus 133 HRV 132 IFN 130 RNA 126 Zika 125 ILI 125 A 124 S. 123 CT 121 . 120 KS 119 ICU 115 Hospital 113 Kawasaki 112 ZIKV 110 mg 108 H1N1 107 S 98 sha 95 OC43 94 nan 91 HBoV 90 HIV 90 Disease 88 East 84 DNA 83 Hong 82 Kong Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 852 we 538 it 254 they 79 them 69 i 59 she 53 he 18 us 12 themselves 12 itself 8 one 5 him 4 you 4 me 3 her 3 artemetherelumefantrine 2 nsp15 2 isg56-mrnas 1 αvβ6 1 yn_im08 1 sick/ 1 ours 1 mg 1 io8 1 i93os 1 covid-19，they 1 cord-348129-tph0d5fl Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 10310 be 2028 have 834 use 576 associate 554 include 510 report 457 show 404 infect 354 identify 345 detect 330 do 320 increase 299 find 297 base 270 follow 265 compare 265 cause 258 perform 247 consider 243 suggest 229 require 221 develop 217 relate 208 confirm 201 present 185 occur 184 collect 181 test 181 observe 176 provide 171 give 167 see 167 receive 166 treat 156 indicate 152 reduce 150 take 146 obtain 145 remain 145 determine 143 need 142 evaluate 142 describe 135 accord 128 demonstrate 127 hospitalize 121 lead 120 isolate 120 age 119 assess Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1165 respiratory 1060 not 887 clinical 850 severe 782 high 781 - 619 other 578 acute 575 more 574 viral 513 positive 511 also 414 human 389 low 371 covid-19 367 only 367 however 357 non 347 first 344 most 336 such 270 novel 258 negative 250 different 232 early 226 significant 226 common 225 well 223 bacterial 216 infectious 209 further 205 significantly 201 specific 191 old 189 diagnostic 186 available 184 potential 180 likely 177 possible 175 respectively 170 new 170 less 166 therefore 166 anti 164 large 161 similar 159 important 158 recent 152 medical 152 chronic Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 most 62 Most 51 least 46 high 25 good 24 large 18 common 11 late 11 great 10 low 7 old 6 strong 6 near 4 young 3 small 3 early 2 long 2 bad 1 severe 1 postt 1 poor 1 p=0.016 1 nonsevere 1 new 1 mild 1 hot 1 fast 1 deadly 1 cord-312984-rzryn3on 1 big 1 2tpef19n Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 218 most 42 least 7 well 2 worst 1 hard 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 www.hpa.org.uk 5 dx.doi.org 3 doi.org 2 www.who.int 2 www.nhc.gov.cn 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.gisaid.org 2 prodata.swmed.edu 1 www.pymol.org 1 www.progenie-molecular.com 1 www.oie 1 www.nippon.com 1 www.nhsggc.org.uk 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih 1 www.jp-nisseiken.co.jp 1 www.hpa.org 1 www.hpa 1 www.gdstats.gov.cn 1 www.fludb.org 1 www.certest 1 www.britishinfection.org 1 www.bnf.org 1 www 1 worldwater.io 1 wbiomed.curtin.edu.au 1 travelhealthpro.org.uk 1 swissethics.ch 1 sray.med.som.jhmi.edu 1 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 2019ncov.chinacdc.cn Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/ 2 http://www.who.int 2 http://www.nhc.gov.cn 2 http://www.gisaid.org 2 http://prodata.swmed.edu/promals3d/ 1 http://www.pymol.org/ 1 http://www.progenie-molecular.com/PJIR-U-IN.pdf 1 http://www.oie 1 http://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2019040200923/ 1 http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/about-us/professional-supportsites/scottish-microbiology-reference-laboratories/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih 1 http://www.jp-nisseiken.co.jp/en/products/ 1 http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/ 1 http://www.hpa.org 1 http://www.hpa 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/ 1 http://www.gov.uk/ 1 http://www.gdstats.gov.cn/ 1 http://www.fludb.org 1 http://www.certest 1 http://www.britishinfection.org/ 1 http://www.bnf.org/ 1 http://www 1 http://worldwater.io/about.php 1 http://wbiomed.curtin.edu.au/ 1 http://travelhealthpro.org.uk/ 1 http://swissethics.ch/covid-19/approved-projects 1 http://sray.med.som.jhmi.edu/SCRoftware 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.01.002 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2016.05.014 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.03.006 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2014.12.005 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.028 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.012 1 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 1 http://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 mubeira@saludcastillayleon.es 1 mlopezvel@saludcastillayleon.es 1 mimonbal@msn.com 1 luisbuzonmartin78@gmail.com 1 liujing_gi@whu.edu.cn 1 jim.mcmenamin@scieh.csa.scot.nhs.uk 1 itziar.astigarraga@gmail.com 1 ghermida@saludcastillayleon.es 1 fcaltor@hotmail.com 1 fbrzcantini@gmail.com 1 eiglesiasjulian@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 patients were also 7 studies did not 7 study has several 5 coronavirus causing respiratory 5 cov-2 infected patients 5 data were available 5 infection is not 5 patients did not 4 patients were more 4 results were also 4 study did not 4 study was part 3 age was significantly 3 children are not 3 data are available 3 infections were not 3 patient is asymptomatic 3 patient is well 3 patients had normal 3 patients were negative 3 patients were not 3 patients were older 3 pneumonia requiring hospitalization 3 result was not 3 samples were available 3 samples were negative 3 tests were positive 2 age is significantly 2 analysis was also 2 cases did not 2 cases have not 2 cases were mainly 2 cases were significantly 2 children are less 2 children is intravenous 2 cov-2 was not 2 covid-19 did not 2 days following treatment 2 days is appropriate 2 days was common 2 group was also 2 groups did not 2 hospitals had isolation 2 infection is likely 2 infections are present 2 infections including gram 2 patient does not 2 patients are not 2 patients developed pneumonia 2 patients following intravenous Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 children are not well 2 patients had no specific 2 patients were not significantly 1 % had no detectable 1 age was not significantly 1 cases have not yet 1 cases showed no co 1 cases were not so 1 children are not asymptomatic 1 children have no co 1 children were not significantly 1 cov-2 is not detectable 1 days are not significantly 1 group have not yet 1 infection have not always 1 infection is not completely 1 infection is not normally 1 infection is not uncommon 1 infections is not as 1 infections were no obvious 1 infections were not significantly 1 patients are not necessarily 1 patients had no marked 1 patients have no specific 1 patients have not definitively 1 pcr is not always 1 pcr showed no evidence 1 pneumonia showed no difference 1 rates are not satisfactory 1 result is no longer 1 result was not available 1 result was not stable 1 samples is not high 1 samples were not longitudinally 1 studies were not very 1 study had no role 1 tests is not equivalent 1 tests were not initially 1 treatment have no infulence 1 virus has not so 1 virus is not yet 1 viruses is not always A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-341754-rr7ei8o2 author = Aitken, Tess title = Rethinking pandemic preparation: Global Health Security Index (GHSI) is predictive of COVID-19 burden, but in the opposite direction date = 2020-05-08 keywords = GHSI summary = title: Rethinking pandemic preparation: Global Health Security Index (GHSI) is predictive of COVID-19 burden, but in the opposite direction In the wake of the Ebola outbreak in 2014, the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) was developed with the aim of gauging countries'' capacity to deal with infectious disease outbreaks. 4 We analysed the association between GHSI and COVID-19 burden, represented by numbers of tests confirmed cases and deaths per million people per day since the first confirmed case in each country. Secondly, we used a generalised linear model (GLM) to determine the association between GHSI and confirmed cases and deaths per million people per day, with adjustment for testing rate, population median age and proportion of females. After adjusting for testing rate, median age and the proportion of females, a positive association was also observed between GHSI and COVID-19 cases and deaths, with the biggest burden borne by countries at the highest quartile of GHSI. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.001 id = cord-289364-p31gt533 author = AlFehaidi, Alanoud title = A case of SARS-CoV-2 re-infection date = 2020-10-25 keywords = SARS summary = Different reports have proposed the reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 2 RT-PCR positive results following resolving symptoms and interim RT-PCR negative results [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Early studies reported that re-detectable positive virus nucleic acid among patients with SARS-CoV-2 with an average duration of 15 days from discharge to a re-positive results 13 . Patients in those early reports did not show signs of infection with the second positive results and had negative swab results within one week later. The COCOREC (Collaborative study COvid RECurrences) study suggested that recurrence of infection is likely if the patient has two confirmed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive results over 15 days apart with one major clinical sign and no other cause to explain the symptoms. Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: A case report doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.019 id = cord-328068-qoz85x3r author = Alanio, Alexandre title = The presence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-11-04 keywords = patient summary = title: The presence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in critically ill patients with COVID-19 3 Since pneumocystosis is usually reported in patients with T-cell immunodepression, 4 less attention has been paid to Pneumocystis jirovecii in non-immunocompromised ICU patients although it accounts for 7% of the co-infections reported in those admitted with Influenza. jirovecii acid nucleic detection in respiratory specimens sampled to identify co-infections in COVID-19 patients in the ICU. All consecutive patients admitted to the ICU between 2020/03/15 and 2020/05/01 with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR (Cobas ® SARS-CoV-2 Test, Roche, France) and ≥1 respiratory sample (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tracheal aspirate, sputum) sent to the mycology department. jirovecii RTqPCR-negative patients, higher B-D-glucan concentrations (450 and 500pg/ml) lead to the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis, another fungal infection of risk in COVID-19 patients. jirovecii-positive pulmonary samples is observed in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Diagnostic accuracy of serum (1-3)-β-D-glucan for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.034 id = cord-337835-78i6j11i author = Alfaraj, Sarah H. title = The impact of co-infection of influenza A virus on the severity of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2017-02-09 keywords = CoV; MERS summary = title: The impact of co-infection of influenza A virus on the severity of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 We present four cases of combined infection with influenza and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for MERS-CoV with Ct value upE gene 37; ORF1A 36 and negative for Influenza. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for MERS-CoV with Ct value upE gene 37; ORF1A 36 and negative for Influenza. A repeat swab after 3 days was negative for MERS-CoV but positive for influenza A. The NLST worked with the FES teams in the North West (NW) and West Midlands (WMids) regions of England to audit the reporting of Legionella cases with onset dates during each calendar year between 2012 and 2014, inclusive. WHO guidelines for investigation of cases of human infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.02.001 id = cord-265504-yq9wsugy author = Anim, Desmond Ofosu title = Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-05-21 keywords = SSA; water summary = In this paper, we highlight the issues that characterize water services amid the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and discuss avenues for improving water management during this pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. In response to the promotion of hand hygiene by the World Health Organization (WHO) and national public health agencies as a means to curbing the spread of COVID-19, Water Service Providers (WSP) in most developed countries have outlined drastic measures with the goal of ensuring continuous provision of essential water and sewerage services to all during this pandemic. Nevertheless, across many SSA countries where inequalities in access to safe water is pervasive [6] , there is a need to be worried in light of COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring affordable access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is important to address the current COVID-19 and future pandemics. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.032 id = cord-276345-xsjh3766 author = Arshad, Yasir title = Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ophthalmic secretions in Pakistan: A preliminary report date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.035 id = cord-266036-qhlo99l7 author = Axell-House, Dierdre B. title = The Estimation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Tests for COVID-19: A Scoping Review date = 2020-08-31 keywords = PCR; SARS; Table; test summary = OBJECTIVES: To assess the methodologies used in the estimation of diagnostic accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and to evaluate the quality and reliability of the studies employing those methods. After its emergence in December 2019, the virus now known as SARS-CoV-2 was identified and sequenced in early January 2020, 1 allowing for the rapid development of diagnostic testing based on the detection of viral nucleic acid (i.e., real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [rRT-PCR]). Articles were included if they met the following criteria on screening: 1) Peer-reviewed publication, 2) Study evaluated diagnostic test accuracy of NAAT, 3) Diagnostic test performed on ≥10 patients, 4) Diagnostic/Clinical sensitivity, specificity, other correlative statistics, or test positive rate were either identified by name or were included in the publication as a numerical value and we could reproduce the calculations. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.043 id = cord-257732-3xuy6tbn author = Azzi, Lorenzo title = Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; patient summary = OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed salivary samples of COVID-19 patients and compared the results with their clinical and laboratory data. At present, Real Time reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) on respiratory specimens represents the gold standard test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 10 , 11 Sputum and oropharyngeal secretions have recently been suggested as a possible target for the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19, 12 and salivary droplets represent the main source of the human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection when social distance is less than 2 m. There were not significant differences regarding the clinical and anamnestic history between males and females, with the only exception of the values of serum LDH, which were higher in the female patients'' haematochemical analyses carried out on the day of saliva collection ( p = 0.025). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005 id = cord-305462-2wz1f6k6 author = Beckham, J. David title = Respiratory viral infections in patients with chronic, obstructive pulmonary disease date = 2004-09-22 keywords = PCR summary = OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to apply reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays to clinical specimens collected from patients with acute respiratory illness and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-four samples from two different study cohorts were analysed using RT-PCR assays for picornaviruses, coronaviruses 229E and OC43, influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza types 1–3 viruses, and human metapneumovirus and a PCR assay for adenoviruses. 11 The number of respiratory viral infections identified in asthmatic patients with acute exacerbations of disease increase significantly when RT-PCR assays are used in addition to other diagnostic methods. 3 In order to extend our understanding of the prevalence of respiratory viral infection in acute respiratory illnesses in patients with COPD, we used RT-PCR assays to evaluate samples from the previous two prospective studies for evidence of respiratory virus infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.07.011 id = cord-261240-osbk041e author = Bermejo-Martin, Jesús F title = Lymphopenic community acquired pneumonia as signature of severe COVID-19 infection date = 2020-03-05 keywords = patient summary = The presence of lymphopenia as a signature of severe COVID-19 was confirmed by Wang D et al., who, in their study published in JAMA, reported that ICU patients suffering this infection had a median lymphocyte count of 800 cells/mm [3] , with non survivors exhibiting persistent lymphopenia [4] . Interestingly, hypercytokinemia and lymphopenia were also evident in critical patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to the Coronavirus emerged in 2003 (SARS-CoV) [5 , 6] . These features (lymphopenia + hypercytokinemia) fit the characteristics of a particular immunological phenotype of community acquired pneumonia (CAP), lymphopenic CAP (L-CAP), which, as we recently demonstrated in an article published in the Journal of Infection, is associated with increased severity, mortality and a dysregulated immunological response [7] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.029 id = cord-007562-4hcs0z65 author = Bijlenga, G. title = Proposal for vaccination against SARS coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain H from The Netherlands date = 2005-07-19 keywords = HBV; anti summary = title: Proposal for vaccination against SARS coronavirus using avian infectious bronchitis virus strain H from The Netherlands HBV DNA testing by NAT of all the collected units of blood should be adopted by all the blood banks, in order to possibly achieve zero risk of transfusion transmitted HBV infection and also to reduce the rejection rate of the precious units of collected blood by testing for anti HBc. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 has resulted in a number of infections and deaths among healthcare workers (HCWs) and those in contact with SARS-infected persons. Development and use of the H strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus from The Netherlands as a vaccine: a review Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus The carboxyl-terminal 120-residue polypeptide of infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protect chickens from acute infection doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.04.010 id = cord-330387-7lci44w5 author = Bird, Paul title = High SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in respiratory staff nurses and correlation of COVID-19 symptom patterns with PCR positivity and relative viral loads date = 2020-06-18 keywords = SARS summary = title: High SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in respiratory staff nurses and correlation of COVID-19 symptom patterns with PCR positivity and relative viral loads Similarly, another study from Leicester, UK compared hospitalised and community patient SARS-CoV-2 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) positivity rates with that of staff, 2 but again, did not assess which staff groups or clinical specialties were at most risk of acquiring COVID-19. In addition, we compared the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate against ethnicity for both the HCW and household contacts combined (Fig. 1C) . 8 We then compared the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rates against various demographic parameters, ethnicity and symptom patterns in both the HCWs and household contacts (n=47, Table 1 ). In summary, we have compared the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rates in this HCW and household contact cohort, across different clinical roles and specialties, ethnic groups, and explored the correlation between their symptom patterns and swab viral loads. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.035 id = cord-320826-o6ih2f23 author = Blairon, Laurent title = Large-scale, molecular and serological SARS-CoV-2 screening of healthcare workers in a 4-site public hospital in Belgium after COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-31 keywords = SARS summary = title: Large-scale, molecular and serological SARS-CoV-2 screening of healthcare workers in a 4-site public hospital in Belgium after COVID-19 outbreak We read with great interest the study of Chen Y et al., who analyzed, during the Chinese epidemic peak, the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among 105 healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to COVID-19 patients [1] . Our purpose was to document at the end of the Belgium epidemic the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs exposed to COVID-19 at varying degrees and to compare these rates with those observed by other teams worldwide. On the same day, all asymptomatic HCWs who agreed to participate benefited from both serological and RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 tests. High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection in healthcare workers in Germany with direct contact to COVID-19 patients COVID-19 study: 8,4% of Belgian health workers have antibodies to SARS-COV-2 n doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.033 id = cord-346967-br4kpm6i author = Bongiovanni, Marco title = Acute hepatitis caused by asymptomatic COVID-19 infection date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = Acute liver injury at admission is a quite common finding in subjects affected by COVID-19 pneumonia (5) ; although the elevation of aminotransferases is usually mild, it seems associated with disease severity. In particular, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (6) . We report here the case of a young woman diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in absence of respiratory symptoms, presenting at the admission with significant elevation of liver function tests compatible with acute hepatitis. (8) described a non-icteric, acute hepatitis in an HIV-infected woman, but their patient developed overt respiratory symptoms in the hours immediately following diagnosis and also had other possible causes of liver tests abnormalities such as the use of concomitant drugs and a fair number of comorbidities. Mild-to moderate liver test abnormalities are becoming a frequent finding in subjects admitted to hospital for COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.001 id = cord-019982-hyxrgamj author = Brookfield, D.S.K. title = Viruses demonstrated in children in Tanzania: Studies in diarrhoea and measles date = 2005-04-14 keywords = Salaam; virus summary = authors: Brookfield, D.S.K.; Cosgrove, B.P.; Bell, E.J.; Madeley, C.R. title: Viruses demonstrated in children in Tanzania: Studies in diarrhoea and measles Causes of diarrhoea with particular reference to viral agents were investigated in 123 infants and young children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The pattern of virus infection causing infantile diarrhoea was similar in Dar es Salaam to other parts of the world. The present study attempted to investigate the viruses associated with diarrhoea in Dares Salaam and, since electron microscopy was considered essential, the study was limited to the number of stools that could be sent in one consignment by air to Scotland. Examination of stools from 26 cases of measles failed to implicate any particular virus as a likely cause of the associated diarrhoea. However the diarrhoea associated with measles in Tanzanian children does not appear to be caused by any of the electron microscopically detectable viruses. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(79)91285-4 id = cord-295074-fsbp4fky author = Broor, Shobha title = Rates of respiratory virus-associated hospitalization in children aged <5 years in rural northern India date = 2013-11-21 keywords = India; RSV; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.11.005 id = cord-309476-hel3h25h author = Brown, Julianne R. title = Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date = 2018-01-02 keywords = CSF; NGS; case; encephalitis summary = This included two cases of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 28 first described in 2005 when it was associated with a viraemic patient in whom an acute viral infection was suspected 49 ; one case of human coronavirus OC-43, 43 typically a human respiratory pathogen never previously described in a human case of encephalitis but known to cause encephalitis in mice 50 ; one case of human astrovirus MLB1, 46 of mumps vaccine virus in a child who was vaccinated prior to a primary immunodeficiency diagnosis. As with other molecular tests, including PCR which has become the gold standard of virological diagnostics, results from metagenomics applied to cases of encephalitis should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and laboratory findings, particularly when a novel or unexpected organism is detected. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 id = cord-300038-1fjb6b8e author = Cantini, Fabrizio title = Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = According to a recent report 3 , COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by three clinical patterns: no symptoms, mild to moderate disease, severe pneumonia requiring admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in up to 31% of the patients 3 . On this basis, we assessed the safety of baricitinib therapy combined with lopinavir-ritonavir in moderate COVID-19 pneumonia patients and we evaluated its clinical impact. All consecutive hospitalized patients (March 16 th -30 th ) with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia, older than 18 years, were treated for 2 weeks with baricitinib tablets 4 mg/day added to ritonavirlopinavir therapy. The last consecutive patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia receiving standard of care therapy (lopinavir/ritonavir tablets 250 mg/bid and hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day/orally for 2 weeks) admitted before the date of the first baricitinib-treated patient served as controls. These preliminary results on 12 patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia confirmed the safety of baricitinib therapy in a clinical context different from RA 7 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.017 id = cord-280350-ay4cnzn5 author = Chan, Jasper F.W. title = Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus date = 2013-10-03 keywords = East; MERS; SARS summary = We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified compounds and of interferons, nelfinavir, and lopinavir because of their reported anti-coronavirus activities in terms of cytopathic effect inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays in Biosafety Level-3 laboratory. Given the limited time available to develop novel anti-MERS-CoV agents in this evolving epidemic, we attempted to provide an alternative solution by identifying potential broad-spectrum antiviral agents against MERS-CoV and influenza A viruses by a small compound-based forward chemical genetics approach using chemical libraries consisting of 1280 drug compounds already marketed or having reached clinical trials in the United States, Europe, or Asia (Microsource Discovery Systems, USA). 25 We then assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified drug compounds in cell culture by cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assay (PRA) assays, as well as drug cytotoxicity. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029 id = cord-290385-0smnl70i author = Chan, Jasper F.W. title = Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease date = 2016-03-03 keywords = Aedes; Brazil; DENV; ZIKV; Zika; infection; virus summary = Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected "congenital Zika syndrome", while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengueor rubella-like in infected individuals. ZIKV RNA could be detected in breast milk and saliva of infected women, although replicative virus particles have not been demonstrated 78, 79 Perinatal transmission of other arboviruses, including DENV, CHIKV, WNV, and YFV, has also been reported. 115,120 74/ 8750 (0.8%) patients with suspected ZIKV infection in the French Polynesia outbreak developed neurological syndromes after presenting with a Zika fever-like illness. Zika fever-related death appears to be extremely rare but a number of probable cases have been reported, especially among immunocompromised patients and neonates with suspected congenital ZIKV infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011 id = cord-285179-26ey3fm8 author = Chan, Kwok-Hung title = Cross-reactive antibodies in convalescent SARS patients' sera against the emerging novel human coronavirus EMC (2012) by both immunofluorescent and neutralizing antibody tests date = 2013-04-10 keywords = EMC; HCoV; OC43; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.03.015 id = cord-317846-str9i01o author = Chen, Dr. Xian title = Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19: a retrospective study of short-term treatment efficacy and side effects date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in severe COVID-19: a retrospective study of short-term treatment efficacy and side effects Therefore, diminishing the cytokine storm may be an important part of treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 [4] . On this basis, we conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the treatment efficacy and side effects of MSCs therapy on severe COVID-19. In our series, all the patients with severe COVID-19 survived and entered recovery after MSCs therapy, and only 3 patients experienced treatment side effects. Firstly, inflammation indexes, such as WBC counts and CRP were totally normal before MSCs therapy in most cases, which means that cytokine storm was mild to moderate and not serious in these cases. In conclusion, we suggested that MSCs therapy might be a promising option for the treatment of severe COVID-19, but should be used cautiously, especially in patients with metabolic acidosis or coronary heart disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.020 id = cord-328479-1tzysg7u author = Chen, Jianjun title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibodies in Pets in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-21 keywords = SARS summary = In this study, we collected swab and blood samples from pet cats and dogs in Wuhan whose owners were confirmed to have COVID-19. Swab and whole blood samples were collected from 10 cats (four female, six male) and 9 dogs (four female, five male) (Supplementary Table 1 We then conducted telephone questionnaires with the owners of the three pets. In this study, we conducted a survey for SARS-CoV-2 in pets whose owners were diagnosed with COVID-19, in 15 communities in Wuhan. Prior to our study, a preprint of a research article posted online at bioRxiv indicated that SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were detected in cats in Wuhan at the time of the COVID-19 epidemic (7) . In addition, pet dogs and cats in Hong Kong (8), whose owners had been diagnosed with COVID-19, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Collectively, these results indicate the SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted to companion animals, possible through contact with owners carrying COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.045 id = cord-254512-dct045kl author = Chen, Libin title = Imported COVID-19 Cases Pose New Challenges for China date = 2020-04-10 keywords = China summary = Libin Chen a,b,c,d , Juncheng Cai a,b,c,d , Qiuyan Lin a,b,c,d , Bin Xiang a,b,c,d* ,and Tao That translates to a mortality rate of 9.51%, which is more than twice as high as that For China-the initial epicenter of the outbreak-two stages of the epidemic have passed ( Figure 1A ). Therefore, the conundrum regarding the control over overseas imported cases as well as the prevention of a second epidemic outbreak that is fast approaching is a problem that China needs to pay special attention to, especially after the first second-generation case imported from abroad had appeared. However, due to the lack of attention and the spread of misinformation regarding COVID-19 in many countries, the disease has seriously threatened the whole world 4 , bringing China''s epidemic to the third stage. Three stages of China''s COVID-19 epidemic The first and second stages of China''s COVID-19 epidemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.048 id = cord-312602-855n5av1 author = Chen, Min title = Molecular identification of Cryptococcus gattii from cerebrospinal fluid using single-cell sequencing: a case study date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Cryptococcus; gattii summary = title: Molecular identification of Cryptococcus gattii from cerebrospinal fluid using single-cell sequencing: a case study Comparing the sequence obtained from single-cell sequencing with the reference database, it was found that the infection was caused by Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto (AFLP4/VGI genotype). Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a life-threatening fungal infection associated with the human central nervous system (CNS), which is mainly caused by yeasts of the basidiomycetous genus Cryptococcus, particularly species that belong to the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii complexes [5] . However, our case did not exhibit these clinical characteristics Notably, the scS technology in our study effectively and accurately generated enough sequence reads to facilitate direct detection and phylogenetic analysis of the cells of C. After further optimization of clinical sample separation, the scS technology will have great potential to accurately identify the etiologic agents of CNS-related mycoses, as well as other disease-causing fungal pathogens. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.040 id = cord-298639-v9yg80jw author = Chen, Yuxin title = High SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence among Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-06-04 keywords = China; SARS; covid-19 summary = Risk analysis revealed that wearing face mask could reduce the infection risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.017, 0.968), while when exposed to COVID-19 patients, doctors might have higher risk of seroconversion (OR, 346.837, 95% CI 8.924, 13479.434), compared with HCWs exposed to colleagues as well as nurses and general service assistants who exposed to patients. Our study revealed that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. Briefly, 96-well plates were coated with 500 ng/mL of recombinant RBD or NP protein overnight, incubating with diluted were also collected and the nasopharyngeal swab samples from these patients have been repeatedly tested as negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at least twice at a two-day apart. Our study proved that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.067 id = cord-264255-q5izs39f author = Chieochansin, Thaweesak title = Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization date = 2007-12-31 keywords = human; respiratory summary = title: Human bocavirus (HBoV) in Thailand: Clinical manifestations in a hospitalized pediatric patient and molecular virus characterization OBJECTIVE: Human bocavirus (HBoV), a novel virus, which based on molecular analysis has been associated with respiratory tract diseases in infants and children have recently been studied worldwide. METHODS: HBoV was detected from 302 nasopharyngeal (NP) suctions of pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness and sequenced applying molecular techniques. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that HBoV can be detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from infants and children with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Therefore, in the present study we applied polymerase chain reaction to detect HBoV from NP suctions collected from infants or children who had been admitted with respiratory tract illness. Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infection Human bocavirus DNA detected by quantitative real-time PCR in two children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.11.006 id = cord-291181-u2t20mgi author = Chin, Ken Lee title = Early signs that COVID-19 is being contained in Australia date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Australia summary = 4 In the present study, we report on the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Australia observed thus far, as well as the predicted future numbers of cases, deaths and ICU admissions, and associated ICU costs. 5, 6 We forecasted the number of beds required for COVID-19 patients over time and its associated costs by applying the following conditions: (i) allocation of 10%, 30% and 50% of ICU beds for COVID-19; (ii) 3% (as currently observed in Australia), 5% (China) and 12% (Italy) of confirmed cases requiring intensive care 7 ; (iii) mean ICU stay between 7 and 14 days; and (iv) mean hospital stay prior to intensive care between 7 and 14 days. Based on extrapolation of trends prior to 29 March 2020, the Australian healthcare system would have been over-run by over 12,000 confirmed cases by 12 April 2020 (Supplement Figure C) . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.042 id = cord-303763-2784hze3 author = Choi, Seong-Ho title = Risk factors for pandemic H1N1 2009 infection in healthcare personnel of four general hospitals date = 2011-05-01 keywords = H1N1; HCP summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.04.009 id = cord-010536-9ea7vvsz author = Chu, Yanan title = Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China date = 2020-04-28 keywords = ECMO summary = The authors performed a retrospective multi-center cohort study and presented important data regarding the observation that most patients of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, exhibited mild infection. No study to date has provided evidence that the clinical features of critically ill patients with confirmed COVID-19 from Zhejiang province. We performed a single-centered, retrospective, observational study to investigate the clinical characteristics and ventilation conditions of critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. From late January, 2020, to February 23, 2020, 33 critically ill patients in the ICU of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University who were diagnosed as COVID-19 in accordance with the diagnosis and treatment guidance published by the Chinese government were enrolled in the study2. The baseline epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of 33 studied patients as classified by with or without ECMO treatment, were shown in Table 1 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.023 id = cord-350159-i2ig6dtr author = Daunt, Anna title = Validity of the UK Early Access to Medicines Scheme Criteria for Remdesivir use in patients with COVID-19 disease date = 2020-06-21 keywords = EAMS summary = 3 An adapted version of the risk score, with twelve variables, was used to predict clinical deterioration (i.e. death or admission to critical care) in a cohort of 1,157 confirmed COVID-19 patients in one London NHS Trust. However, how the score proposed by EAMS performs in front-line settings and its implications for how many patients will likely receive Remdesivir for COVID-19 is currently unknown. According to the EAMS score, 262 (75.3%) of the eligible patients in our cohort would have been classified as high-risk and 86 (24.7%%) as low-risk. While reassuring that the scoring system seems show reasonable performance in identifying most of those at high risk of adverse outcomes in our cohort, 11.3% of those who deteriorate and met inclusion criteria were missed by this score. A clinical risk score to identify patients with COVID-19 at high risk of critical care admission or death: an observational cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.049 id = cord-348129-tph0d5fl author = De Deyn, Michelle Lee Zhi Qing title = A tale of two cities: a comparison of Hong Kong and Singapore''s early strategies for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-06-25 keywords = Hong; Singapore summary = Based on news reports and official press releases, it is evident that many Asian countries, which have successfully contained the first wave of infections, are now experiencing a second wave of imported cases from abroad and worsening local transmission 2 . After the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak, Singapore authorities had put in place a multi-ministry taskforce and a Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) framework that enables the whole-of-government to respond immediately to any disease outbreak and guide interventions 5 . While Hong Kong saw her first imported case on 22 January 2020 and had taken similar pre-emptive measures prior to this 6 . The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2 Confirmed imported case of novel coronavirus infection in Singapore; multi-ministry taskforce ramps up precautionary measures doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.058 id = cord-311766-m9yv4qkm author = Demey, Baptiste title = Dynamic profile for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using four immunochromatographic assays date = 2020-05-07 keywords = SARS; test summary = Thus, the objective of our study was to evaluate four immunochromatographic assays for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and to evaluate the kinetics of their detection by these LFA. We evaluated 4 immunochromatographic tests for the detection of IgM and IgG directed against SARS-CoV-2 ( Figure 1 ). Longitudinal immunochromatographic testing in all patients shows heterogeneity in the time to detection of antibodies after symptom reporting (Figure 2 ). With either IgM or IgG detection for a patient on days 5, 10 and 15 since onset of symptom, we calculated a clinical sensitivity between 9 and 24%, 67 and 82% and 100% respectively ( Figure 3B and Table 1 ). In conclusion, we described the kinetics of detection of post-symptom antibodies in 22 patients using immunochromatographic rapid tests and demonstrated the good performance of these tests for the detection of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.033 id = cord-256633-vls23fu5 author = Dimeglio, Chloé title = The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is the key factor for deconfinement in France date = 2020-04-29 keywords = SARS summary = We have designed a model for predicting the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France, which is based on seroprevalence and makes it possible to anticipate the deconfinement strategy. We have designed a model for predicting the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France, which is based on seroprevalence and makes it possible to anticipate the deconfinement strategy. Our statistical model for predicting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in France is based on a diffusion and transmission coefficient that varies with an individual''s age, the likelihood of contagion, and two administration parameters (confinement and quarantine). Figures 1.b, 1 .c, 1.d, 1.e showed predictions of new cases per day depending on the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence before and after the containment phase. Our data indicate that seroprevalence must reach approximately 50% after total deconfinement on May 11 or a gradual exit phase over several months starting on May 11 if an infection rebound is to be avoided (Figure 1 .d, 1.e and Figure 2 .b). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.031 id = cord-008686-9ybxuy00 author = Everett, Tom title = Poor transmission of seasonal cold viruses in a British Antarctic Survey base date = 2019-03-14 keywords = China; H1N1; H7N9; SHBV; case; virus summary = However, in the acute infection stage respiratory viruses are generally present in relatively high copy numbers, with median values of mostly 4-8 log 10 (i.e. 10,0 0 0-10 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 copies/ml) for adeno-, corona-, hMPV, influenza, PIV and RSV, as reported in one comprehensive paediatric study. 2 A 26-year-old male ( index case of the outbreak report 2 ) from Kerala''s Perambra town died undiagnosed with fever, en-cephalitis and respiratory distress in Government Medical College Kozhikode(GMCK), after being transferred from Taluk Hospital, Perambra(THP). 6 Along with the wound cleansing and post-exposure rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and vaccination, any risk of SHBV requires that high dose acyclovir (preferably valaciclovir 1 g TDS PO; or acyclovir 800 mg 5 times daily PO, for adults) PEP for at least 14 days should be considered. After the first dengue-fever epidemic in China, which occurred in May 1978 in Foshan, Guangdong Province, there have been regional outbreaks of dengue every year and the number of cases has increased. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.03.007 id = cord-289169-3u7qgxud author = Fang, Xiaowei title = Low-dose corticosteroid therapy does not delay viral clearance in patients with COVID-1 date = 2020-04-11 keywords = patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.039 id = cord-292201-e7k7gn9q author = Fodjo, Joseph Nelson Siewe title = Mass masking as a way to contain COVID-19 and exit lockdown in low- and middle-income countries date = 2020-07-17 keywords = covid-19; mask summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.015 id = cord-026603-h4zy3244 author = Gallo, Oreste title = “Is really the cancer population at risk for more severe COVID-19? Some hints from the cytokine profile” date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = [1] The official death toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has reached, as of May 27th, 350 000 and it is now recognised that severe outcomes of this infection are associated to a complex dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 which clinically translates into acute respiratory distress syndrome, the cytokine release syndrome, the secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and the disseminated intravascular coagulation. [5] On the contrary, other authors have subsequently suggested that cancer patients, because of their impaired immune system due to the tumour itself and its therapies, are expected to have a reduced systemic inflammatory response to the virus and, thus, non-inferior mortality rates. [8] Overall, our findings seem to confirm the role of age as one of the strongest prognostic factors; in addition, we suggest that cancer patients are not necessarily at higher risk for COVID-19 associated death because their impaired immune responsiveness might act as a protective factor from the cytokine storm. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.011 id = cord-299018-eo73yl4v author = Gandini, O. title = Serum Ferritin as an independent risk factor for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients in Rome Italy date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Serum Ferritin as an independent risk factor for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients in Rome Italy Serum samples were collected from patients upon admission before starting any treatment and tested by Laboratory Department Of all patients included, 81 patients (57%) showed mild disease (control group) and 60 (43%) showed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic inflammation (severe group). 2 , panel C, D, E) Multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for several disease-related risk factors at admission, including age, sex, NLR, DD, LDH, ferritin and CRP, demonstrated that serum ferritin resulted as an independent predictor of disease severity in COVID-19 patients (OR = 1,0048, 95% CI, 1,0029 to 1,0083, P < 0,001.). We clearly demonstrated that serum levels of ferritin progressively increased with the severity of disease and correlate with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Serum ferritin as an independent risk factor for severity in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.006 id = cord-309294-ax6sr3zr author = Garrigues, Eve title = Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ICU summary = title: Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19 1 However, only a few studies have assessed post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after hospitalization for COVID-19. 2, 3 Here, we describe a single-centre study assessing post-discharge persistent symptoms and HRQoL of patients hospitalized in our COVID-19 ward unit more than 100 days after their admission. We designed a short phone questionnaire to collect post-discharge clinical symptoms, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale scores, professional and physical activities, and attention, memory and/or sleep disorders. Comparisons between ward-and ICU patients led to no statistically significant differences regarding those symptoms. The present study shows that most patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 still have persistent symptoms, even 110 days after being discharged, especially fatigue and dyspnoea. Except pain or discomfort, we found no significant difference regarding persistent symptoms and HRQoL between ward patients versus ICU patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 id = cord-269389-x8i5x62v author = Gensini, Gian Franco title = The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date = 2004-04-12 keywords = Europe; disease; quarantine summary = Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002 id = cord-019968-o5bdb37q author = Goldwater, Paul N. title = Gastroenteritis in Auckland: An aetiological and clinical study date = 2005-04-14 keywords = gastroenteritis; patient; rotavirus summary = Faecal specimens from 60 patients (under six years old), most of whom were Maoris and Pacific Islanders admitted to Auckland Hospital with gastroenteritis during the months of June and July 1977, were examined for the presence of faecal viruses, bacterial pathogens and parasites. Non-agglutinable rotavirus, presumably a different serotype, was seen in both gastroenteritis and control patients. In June and July, 1977 , patients admitted to Auckland Hospital with gastroenteritis were studied to determine the relative isolation rates of (1) rotavirus, (2) other viruses identifiable by electronmicroscopy of stools, (3) enterotoxigenic Esch. Three of 18 (17 per cent) control stools contained rotavirus (one of which had non-agglutinable virus detectable on IEM). From Table III it is seen that enterotoxigenic isolates were found in both groups of gastroenteritis patients and also in non-diarrhoeal controls. Rotavirus-like particles that failed to agglutinate on IEM were seen in two gastroenteritis patients'' stools and in one control patient''s stool. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(79)90677-7 id = cord-337557-ct43uoir author = Guetl, Katharina title = SARS-CoV-2 positive virus culture 7 weeks after onset of COVID-19 in an immunocompromised patient suffering from X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS summary = title: SARS-CoV-2 positive virus culture 7 weeks after onset of COVID-19 in an immunocompromised patient suffering from X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia (4, 5) Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 positive viral culture 7 weeks after onset of COVID-19 in a patient with an underlying immunosuppressive disorder, so-called X chromosome-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), demonstrating the potential of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 spreading beyond widely accepted isolation precautions. On April 15, five days after tocilizumab and convalescent plasma administration and five weeks after the initial diagnosis of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable for the first time. The patient showed progressive clinical recovery, but an alternating course of three negative followed by three positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results was subsequently observed. In summary, we have to assume that in our patient shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 stopped between week 7 and 10 of disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.025 id = cord-332786-7b6wz6i7 author = Ha, Dat P. title = The stress-inducible molecular chaperone GRP78 as potential therapeutic target for Coronavirus infection date = 2020-06-12 keywords = GRP78 summary = A recent report in this journal by Ibrahim and colleagues describing the potential binding interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the host 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) raised the possibility that GRP78 could be a facilitator for viral entry 1 and disruption of such interaction may be used to develop novel therapeutics specific against this virus 2 . In addition to its role in viral protein folding, GRP78 upregulation during viral replication could protect the virus-infected host cells from undergoing apoptosis since GRP78 is known to bind and maintain the ER-associated apoptotic machineries in their inactive forms and exert pro-survival effects especially under ER stress 3 . Conversely, the dependence of viruses on the ER and its key resident chaperone GRP78 for viral protein production and host cell survival could be the virus'' Achilles heel and offers a unique opportunity for combating SARS-CoV-2 and other virus infections. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.017 id = cord-291561-sxvgue36 author = Haixu, Liang title = Detection of 20 respiratory viruses and bacteria by influenza-like illness surveillance in Beijing, China, 2016–2018 date = 2019-11-25 keywords = ASF; ASFV; China; Fig; GETV; SARS; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.014 id = cord-260247-akujsk0s author = Hamed, Ehab title = Rates of recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 swab results among patients attending primary care in Qatar date = 2020-11-02 keywords = SARS summary = title: Rates of recurrent positive SARS-CoV-2 swab results among patients attending primary care in Qatar The group suggested recurrent positive rt-PCR results of more than 21 days following the resolution of symptoms as criteria for reinfection. Utilising the criteria set by the COCOREC study group, this record-based study reports on the cases with recurrent positive RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 results in primary health care corporation (PHCC) settings in Qatar. The study population included patients attending with documented SARS-CoV-2 rt-PCR results during the study period. What are the rates of recurrent rt-PCR SARS-CoV-2 positive results of more than 21 days, and what are the population characteristics? No previous studies reported to the rates of recurrent positive rt-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Given the extensive reporting of the SARS-CoV-2 infections, the number of case reports of recurrent positive and reinfection to date is extremely low, which agrees with our findings. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.029 id = cord-027498-cfzfgzqi author = Hattori, Takeshi title = Older age is associated with sustained detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples date = 2020-06-21 keywords = PCR summary = Currently, the standard for diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARSinfection is a positive result based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test from nasopharyngeal swab samples. Although her clinical symptoms and radiological findings resolved within a few days, PCR results from nasopharyngeal swab samples remained positive for 50 days after the onset. We specifically hypothesized that old age could be a risk for prolonged duration of positive PCR results from nasopharyngeal swab samples. In our analysis, older age is significantly associated with prolonged duration of positive PCR tests from nasopharyngeal swab samples, irrespective of the disease severity and the used of medication ( Figure 1 ). In summary, we demonstrated that old age is significantly associated with prolonged duration of positive PCR results from nasopharyngeal swab samples; this is the case regardless of disease severity. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.046 id = cord-334443-3pyu8ucs author = He, Yu title = Public health might be endangered by possible prolonged discharge of SARS-CoV-2 in stool date = 2020-03-05 keywords = SARS summary = According to a recent report, since December 8 2019, a novel identified coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2(previously named as 2019-nCOV) is causing outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China and become the major concern throughout the world [1] . Those early reports may not represent actual rate of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2, because in early stages of the outbreak, the limited resources for detection were only provided to those patients with severe symptoms like respiratory distress syndrome. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Detection and monitoring of SARS coronavirus in the plasma and peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.031 id = cord-322451-cwpz4akv author = Hsin, Dena Hsin-Chen title = Heroes of SARS: professional roles and ethics of health care workers date = 2004-07-27 keywords = HCW; SARS; Taiwan summary = To examine the professional moral duty of health care workers (HCWs) in the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. In a number of countries in order to encourage HCW, the government and the public started to give the title of ''hero'' to nurses and doctors who are working in the frontline of SARS outbreak. While the ethical ideal of self-less sacrifice of life for curing disease is promoted in the public image and media, discussions with HCW in several countries suggests that being a hero is not what modern medical practice is for some HCWs. Most HCWs in Taiwan are working in the commercial hospital, where the hirer pushes them to focus their effort of work on business competition rather than the basic role of helpers to human''s health. Nurses'' professional care obligation and their attitudes towards SARS infection control measures in Taiwan during and after the 2003 epidemic doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.06.005 id = cord-025481-ljs80v45 author = Hu, Jianhua title = COVID-19 patients with hypertension have more severity condition, and ACEI/ARB treatment have no infulence on the clinical severity and outcome date = 2020-05-28 keywords = P=0.000 summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Hypertention; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); Outcome A number of pneumonia cases of unknown causes have emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China since December 2019. Whether patients with hypertension who undergo angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy are more likely to suffer SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether ACEI/ARB therapy would have an influence on the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 are controversy. Compared with patients without hypertension, patients with hypertension had a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) (24.16% vs 6.67%, P=0.000), were more likely to use glucocorticoids (31.54% vs 12.79%, P=0.000), antibiotic (50.33% vs 39.32%, P=0.013), and intravenous immune globulin therapy (21.48% vs 6.67%, P=0.000) and more likely to need mechanical ventilation (14.77% vs 2.04%, P=0.000) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (16.11% vs 2.31%, P=0.000), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (4.03% vs 0.82%, P=0.007) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (2.01%vs 0.14%, P=0.016) therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.056 id = cord-337854-5ogip9tz author = Huang, Wanqiu title = The determination of release from isolation of COVID-19 patients requires ultra-high sensitivity nucleic acid test technology date = 2020-07-02 keywords = SARS summary = In our study, we developed an improved strategy, termed as nestRPA (nest recombinase polymerase amplification), which could greatly improve the sensitivity of nucleic acid detection for SARS-CoV-2 than RPA or qPCR. Using nestRPA technology, we found that positive plasmid containing SARS-CoV-2 with the concentration of 1 copy/ul could also be stably detected by Fragment 5 and nucleic acid detection results were negative using qPCR. Our results suggested that the ultra-sensitive nucleic acid detection technique has important implications for early identification of those asymptomatic carriers infected with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, many experts of COVID-19 prevention and treatment clearly pointed out that the inaccurate sample collection were also one of the important reasons for the false negative result of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid [6] [7] [8] . If all the links in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid could be strictly administrated, false negative could be completely eliminated, and the discontinuation of isolation will no longer be a dilemma for us. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.075 id = cord-301592-n5ns3m34 author = Ivaska, Lauri title = Aetiology of febrile pharyngitis in children: Potential of myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) as a biomarker of viral infection date = 2017-01-07 keywords = gas; patient; pharyngitis; virus summary = We aimed to document the viral and bacterial aetiology of pharyngitis and to assess the pathogenic role of viruses by determining the myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) in the blood as a marker of interferon response. We aimed to document the viral and bacterial aetiology of pharyngitis and to assess the pathogenic role of viruses by determining the myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) in the blood as a marker of interferon response. Methods: In this prospective observational study, throat swabs and blood samples were collected from children (age 1e16 years) presenting to the emergency department with febrile pharyngitis. Methods: In this prospective observational study, throat swabs and blood samples were collected from children (age 1e16 years) presenting to the emergency department with febrile pharyngitis. 23e25 The aim of this study was to document the microbial causes of acute pharyngitis in children and adolescents in an outpatient setting and to evaluate the causative role of viruses by determining myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) and other biomarker levels. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.01.002 id = cord-025980-85jbwmfv author = Iwasaki, Sumio title = Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab and saliva date = 2020-06-04 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.071 id = cord-286014-cc99e24x author = Jang, T.-N title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome in Taiwan: analysis of epidemiological characteristics in 29 cases date = 2003-11-05 keywords = Kong; SARS; Taiwan summary = To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The first probable SARS patient in Taiwan returned from China via Hong Kong early in the global outbreak in February 2003. 7 We analyse the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of patients with probable SARS who were seen at the Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital (SKMH) in Taipei, Taiwan. 16 In our study, SARS-associated coronavirus RNA was detected in oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR in 16 (55.1%) of 29 patients at initial presentation. Case definitions for surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Severe acute respiratory syndrome in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2003.09.004 id = cord-290066-umthoftd author = Jia, Xingwang title = False Negative RT-PCR and False Positive Antibody Tests ——Concern and Solutions in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 keywords = SARS summary = title: False Negative RT-PCR and False Positive Antibody Tests ——Concern and Solutions in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 We read with interest that antibody testing using a rapid immunochromatographic assay is reliable in the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) infection 1 . positive antibody results could be eliminated after five times dilution with normal human serum, when the RF level was lower than 10 IU/mL. The false positive antibody results could also be eliminated after 5 times dilution with normal human serum. Although the RT-PCR test has become the standard method for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, false-negative rates have been reported. Therefore, the combination of serum IgM/IgG antibody detection, the nucleic acid test, CT scan and clinical features improves the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnosis. Reliability and usefulness of a rapid IgM-IgG antibody test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A preliminary report doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.007 id = cord-288010-i9zrojoo author = Jia, Yuanyuan title = Characterization of eight novel full-length genomes of SARS-CoV-2 among imported COVID-19 cases from abroad in Yunnan, China date = 2020-05-15 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.016 id = cord-315723-unhg20e9 author = Juan, Hui-Chun title = Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease during COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan date = 2020-09-19 keywords = Taiwan summary = Dear Editor , We read with great interest Lim et al''s report, 1 which showed a decreased incidence of pneumococcal disease in Singapore during the first 27 weeks in 2020 in the time of COVID-19. Although the collateral benefit of controlling COVID-19 for other common respiratory infectious diseases, such as influenza and tuberculosis in Taiwan have been demonstrated, 2 , 3 the impact of the infection control and policy to prevent COVID-19 outbreak on pneumococcal disease remained unclear. Although many confounding factors, such as vaccine strategy or under-report of IPD during COVID-19 pandemic were not evaluated in this study, our findings was consistent with Singapore''s study 1 suggest that strictly performance of infection control and policy not only mitigate the threaten of COVID-19 but also reduce the burden of other respiratory infections disease -invasive pneumococcal diseases. Decline in pneumococcal disease incidence in the time of COVID-19 in Singapore doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.018 id = cord-257489-ruf4rzxm author = Kee, Sae Yoon title = Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea date = 2007-06-28 keywords = high; influenza; vaccination summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354 id = cord-301744-rx7ywew5 author = Kelleni, Mina T. title = SARS CoV-2 viral load might not be the right predictor of COVID-19 mortality date = 2020-08-15 keywords = SARS summary = title: SARS CoV-2 viral load might not be the right predictor of COVID-19 mortality have reported SARS-CoV-2 viral load at diagnosis as an independent predictor of mortality. In a trial to explain the apparent contradictory results found in different studies as well as the lack of a distinct boundary between the viral loads that might be associated with a higher mortality rate or a higher recover rate; the author would like to suggest that SARS CoV-2 viral load should be only considered as a personalized reflection to the immune response to COVID-19 as well as to the genetic polymorphisms in SARS CoV-2 receptors 3 . ACE2 polymorphisms might be a better field of study than SARS CoV-2 viral load wishing to develop a genetic test that might predict and exempt, if possible, from COVID-19 related duty those who are more vulnerable to complications and mortality 4 SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts COVID-19 mortality doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.018 id = cord-267621-oc8bw7ft author = Kevorkian, Jean-Philippe title = Early short-course corticosteroids and furosemide combination to treat non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: An observational cohort study date = 2020-09-01 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = title: Early short-course corticosteroids and furosemide combination to treat non-critically ill COVID-19 patients: An observational cohort study 5 Therefore, to address the effectiveness of early short-course corticosteroid/furosemide treatment in the non-critically ill COVID-19 patient, we designed a retrospective observational cohort study. In the corticosteroid/furosemide treatment group, incidence of invasive MV or death given once daily for up to ten days reduced 28-day mortality by one-third among mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients and by one-fifth among patients treated with oxygen, while no benefit was observed in patients not receiving respiratory support at randomization. To conclude, our data provides evidence that early short-course of corticosteroids combined to furosemide reduces the risk of invasive MV requirement or 28-day mortality in the non-critically ill COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.045 id = cord-270258-9vgpphiu author = Ko, Jae-Hoon title = Predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure in MERS-CoV infected patients date = 2016-08-09 keywords = East; MERS; respiratory summary = To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we evaluated MERS-CoV infected patients managed in a tertiary care center during the 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea. To identify factors which can predict pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure at the early course of the disease, we reviewed the electronic medical records of who were diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection and admitted at Samsung Medical Center, a 1950 tertiary care university hospital which managed the largest number of MERS-CoV infected patients as a single center during the 2015 Korean MERS outbreak. The present analysis of predictive factors for pneumonia development and progression to respiratory failure using variables obtained by day 3 of symptom onset could be conducted owing to the observation of entire clinical course of the disease from the exposure to MERS-CoV. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.08.005 id = cord-292451-2tpef19n author = Komiya, Kosaku title = The COVID-19 pandemic and the true incidence of tuberculosis in Japan date = 2020-07-07 keywords = Japan summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.004 id = cord-280544-1rhu478r author = Korte, Wolfgang title = SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibody response is gender dependent; and IgG antibodies rapidly decline early on date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS summary = title: SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibody response is gender dependent; and IgG antibodies rapidly decline early on antibodies rapidly decline early on 1, 3 Wolfgang Korte*, 2,3 Marija Buljan, 2,3 Matthias Rösslein, 2,3 Peter Wick, 1 Valentina Golubov, 1 Jana Jentsch, 1 Michael Reut, 3, 4 Karen Peier, 3 Brigitte Nohynek, 3 Aldo Fischer, 3 Raphael Stolz, 3 This cohort study included patients with a history of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Results of the antibody course in 159 participants (52·2% females, 47·8% males), effectively spanning the time frame of two to ten weeks after a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, are provided. The decline is statistically significant for anti-SP and anti-NC IgG at weeks 8-10 ( Figure 1) ; this is remarkable, as a continued IgG response for more than 34 weeks was seen with the SARS-CoV(-1) outbreak 6 . Profile of IgG and IgM antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.032 id = cord-284862-nhihxog0 author = Kroemer, Marie title = COVID-19 patients display distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses according to disease severity date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS summary = Although the existence of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells has been described 2,3 , the frequency and the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses among mild illness and severe pneumonia convalescent COVID-19 patients remains to be investigated. In this prospective study, 60 patients who had COVID-19 were enrolled in a two cohorts study that were entitled mild illness (n=30) and severe pneumonia (n=30) at least 21 days after the first symptoms of ; Table 1 for CoV-N) might be explained by the sequence homology between structural proteins from various coronavirus suggesting the existence of cross reactive memory T-cells 5 . We observed that all patients with severe pneumonia had a positive serology index and most of them had at least one specific cellular response for SARS-CoV-2 proteins (28 out of 30). Specific T-cell responses for S, M and N proteins were simultaneously shown for 70.0% of severe pneumonia patients while only for 37.9% of mild illness patients (P=0.0191) (Fig. 1E) . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.036 id = cord-276328-08ava9ni author = Kunutsor, Setor K. title = Hepatic manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Hepatic manifestations and complications of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis (1, 2) In addition to the observation that older patients, males and those with pre-existing comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease are at highest risk for severe illness or death, (3, 4) COVID-19 complications have been shown to correlate with the disease severity or mortality. Renal complications in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Comorbid Chronic Diseases and Acute Organ Injuries Are Strongly Correlated with Disease Severity and Mortality among COVID-19 Patients: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Longitudinal association between markers of liver injury and mortality in COVID-19 in China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.043 id = cord-335355-lcrbs2op author = Kunutsor, Setor K. title = Markers of liver injury and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = In this context, we aimed to determine the nature of the relationships of admission levels of five main markers of liver injury (ALT, AST, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin) with the risk of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 using a systematic meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane library were searched from 2019 to 17 May 2020 for published studies reporting on relationships between admission levels of markers of liver injury (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin) and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Taking the overall evidence together, the data supports a higher prevalence of elevated admission levels of markers of liver injury in severe or mortality due to COVID-19 disease, which suggests that patients with elevated levels of liver markers at baseline (during admission) had higher risks of developing worse outcomes in COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.045 id = cord-305583-p2jp5fiq author = Lalloo, David G. title = UK malaria treatment guidelines 2016 date = 2016-02-12 keywords = Grade; Plasmodium; malaria; severe summary = Severe falciparum malaria, or infections complicated by a relatively high parasite count (more than 2% of red blood cells parasitized) should be treated with intravenous therapy until the patient is well enough to continue with oral treatment. Severe falciparum malaria, or infections complicated by a relatively high parasite count (more than 2% of red blood cells parasitized) should be treated with intravenous therapy until the patient is well enough to continue with oral treatment. There are now three main therapeutic options for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in adults in the UK: artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), oral atovaquoneeproguanil or quinine plus doxycycline (or quinine plus clindamycin in certain circumstances) (see Box 4 for details of doses). 52 In line with the WHO guidelines, we recommend that IV artesunate should be used preferentially over quinine as the drug of choice for treatment of severe falciparum malaria in children (grade 1A). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.001 id = cord-308852-qdn04pun author = Lei, Hao title = Household transmission of COVID-19-a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SAR summary = title: Household transmission of COVID-19-a systematic review and meta-analysis • SARS-CoV-2 is much more transmissible than SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in households, which challenges the home isolation of COVID-19 patients. Here, we report a systematic review of household transmission studies of and try to assess the secondary attack rate of household COVID-19 transmission. Studies containing data on household transmission of COVID-19 were retrieved from the electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and a Chinese database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) on 1 July, 2020. Case reports with only one family involved were also excluded for analysis, because the household transmissions event collection was biased towards infection caused more serious illness. Household secondary attack rate (SAR) was calculated as the number of identified cases divided by the number of household contacts. Household SAR were greater than SAR by other contacts (OR=10.72, 95% CI: 5.70-20.17, p<0.001), suggesting much higher rates of intra-family transmission of COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.033 id = cord-010540-0zkc5w74 author = Lei, Pinggui title = Multiple parameters required for diagnosis of COVID-19 in clinical practice date = 2020-03-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = We read with interest the recent papers in this Journal by Hao who described clinical features of atypical 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with an initially negative RT-PCR assay. 3-6 Therefore, even though chest CT plays a key role in detection or diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, however, chest CT examination and RT-PCR results should be mutual verification for precise diagnosis in the patient suspected COVID-19 infection. In conclusion, even though chest CT has played a key role in detection or diagnosis of COVID-19 infection with some typical CT features while the initial RT-PCR result is negative. However, not all the cases had the initial abnormality chest CT results or positive RT-PCR in the patients with COVID-19 infection. Consequently, RT-PCR results, chest CT features, clinical manifestation, laboratory results, and exposure history should be made a comprehensive analysis to diagnose COVID-19 infection for the clinical decisions beyond clinical and radiological features. Clinical features of atypical 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with an initially negative RT-PCR assay doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.016 id = cord-282499-baia5prj author = Lei, Pinggui title = The evolution of CT characteristics in the patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-03-19 keywords = covid-19 summary = Actually, the CT features are various at different stages in the patients with COVID-19 infection. Recently, the studies demonstrated that the CT findings were typical signs for diagnosis at different stages of COVID-19 pneumonia. 3 , 4 Particularly, ground glass opacities (GGO) and consolidation were the principal manifestation in the CT images (CT scans before onset of symptoms or CT scans done ≤ 1 week after symptom onset), and GGO was decreased with increasing the stages of COVID-19 pneumonia. 4 Therefore, knowing the corresponding CT feature of COVID-19 pneumonia at different stages, which could be helpful to precisely diagnose and understand CT characteristics of the novel coronavirus pneumonia beyond the radiological findings itself. Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):a multi-center study in Wenzhou city Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.014 id = cord-321989-1enjopig author = Li, Yanpeng title = Metagenomic analysis identified co-infection with human rhinovirus C and bocavirus 1 in an adult suffering from severe pneumonia date = 2017-10-31 keywords = HRV summary = • We first present a HRV-C and HBoV1 co-infection in an adult woman with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. • Our study suggests that HBoV1 co-infection might worsen the disease caused by HRV-C infection, and raises a question whether HRV-C-related severe pneumonia is often associated with co-infection of other respiratory viruses such as bocavirus. Dear Editor, Human rhinovirus (HRV) and bocavirus (HBoV) are two of the most common respiratory viruses associated with acute respiratory tract infections among children. A previous study reported a 16-month child who was infected by HBoV1 and also showed presence of HRV, developed severe pneumonia. 5 Here we reported co-infection with HBoV1 and HRV-C in an adult woman with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In conclusion, our study reports a life-threatening pneumonia case caused by co-infection with HRV-C and HBoV1, and raises a question whether HRV-C-related severe pneumonia is often associated with co-infection of other respiratory viruses such as bocavirus. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.012 id = cord-311853-k6efd9vg author = Lim, Rachel HF title = Decline in pneumococcal disease incidence in the time of COVID-19 in Singapore date = 2020-08-15 keywords = COVID-19 summary = Chow et al reported a marked decline in influenza incidence in Singapore during the first four months of 2020, likely attributable to public health measures aimed at controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (1) . As part of routine infectious disease surveillance for these institutions, we reviewed the results of all urinary streptococcal antigen tests performed, as well as the number of notifications submitted to the Ministry of Health for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (a notifiable disease for which reporting is mandatory for all clinicians and clinical laboratories), from the years 2010 to 2020. We postulate that the public health COVID-19 prevention measures introduced in Singapore resulted in an inadvertent decrease in pneumococcal disease transmission. In conclusion, we observed a decreased incidence of pneumococcal disease at our institution that corresponded with the time period when public health measures were implemented to control COVID-19, suggesting that these measures had also had an inadvertent effect on the transmission of S. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.020 id = cord-256808-lxlerb13 author = Lim, W.S title = Hospital management of adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) if SARS re-emerges—updated 10 February 2004 date = 2004-06-02 keywords = Health; SARS summary = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a potentially severe and highly infectious disease to which healthcare workers involved in the management of cases are particularly vulnerable. These guidelines briefly summarise optimal and safe practice for clinicians involved in the emergency care of patients with probable or confirmed SARS. During 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged as an infectious disease with a significant inhospital mortality and posed a considerable occupational risk for healthcare workers. Please discuss the classification of SARS patients with the Health Protection Agency''s Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (CDSC) Duty doctor (Tel.: 0208-200-6868) and complete a standard SARS report form and fax to your local Consultant in Communicable Disease Control (CCDC) and CDSC (details at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/ topics_az/SARS/forms.htm). Inform the local Health Protection Team/CCDC regarding the hospital discharge of patients to ensure follow-up in the community. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.04.001 id = cord-266564-imj1lcy9 author = Liu, Yangli title = Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy date = 2020-03-05 keywords = SARS summary = Given the maternal physiologic and immune function changes in pregnancy [2] , pregnant individuals might face greater risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 and might have more complicated clinical events. We described epidemiological, clinical characteristics, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of all hospitalized pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in China. We identified all hospitalized pregnant patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 8, 2019, and February 25, 2020 officially reported by the central government, in areas outside Wuhan, China. We reported 13 pregnant COVID-19 patients in China, indicating pregnant women also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.028 id = cord-264302-8vo5psgm author = Lu, Yue title = Social media WeChat infers the development trend of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = February summary = 5 Information and discussions on COVID-19 spread rapidly on social media, so the use of big data allows more people to pay attention to these situations earlier. Here, through the keyword query in the WeChat index, we analyzed the public attention and demand for the COVID-19 pandemic. First of all, the hottest words in the pandemic are "Wuhan", "novel coronavirus" and "pneumonia" ( Fig. 1 A) . Thus, during the period from the end of January to the beginning of February, the public attention focused on those words. Through analysis of public concerns, we review the development trend of COVID-19, which will set up an example for future outbreaks of epidemic diseases. It is believed that public health authorities will rely more on these social medias in the future for monitoring the development of the epidemic or pandemic. Retrospective analysis of the possibility of predicting the COVID-19 outbreak from internet searches and social media data, China doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.050 id = cord-277705-6lgt2i7f author = Luan, Junwen title = A potential inhibitory role for integrin in the receptor targeting of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = SARS summary = An RGD motif (403-405) was identified in SARS-CoV-2 S protein ( Figure 1A ). These results suggested that RGD/KGD integrin-binding motif is conserved in several coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. To investigate whether RGD/KGD motif in S proteins from SARS-CoV-2 We identified a KGD motif in 353-355 of ACE2 (BAB40370.1), which is a key region for binding S protein ( Figure 1F ). Integrin associates with ACE2 through its KGD motif including K353, which is one of key AAs for S protein recognition. Integrin associates with S protein by its RGD/KGD motif, which would shield the space of RBM for contacting with ACE2. Because RGD recognized a broader spectrum of integrins than KGD, more integrins could block receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 S than that of SARS-CoV S. In conclusion, we identified an RGD/KGD integrin-binding motif in S proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.046 id = cord-261405-n05wjimk author = Lui, Grace title = Viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 across a spectrum of disease severity in COVID-19 date = 2020-04-18 keywords = SARS summary = reported in this journal that viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal swabs was longer in intensive care unit (ICU) patients compared with non-ICU patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 3 We collected serial upper (pooled nasopharyngeal and throat swabs, N=75) and lower respiratory tract samples (sputum and tracheal aspirate, N=43), peripheral blood plasma (N=50), urine (N=43) and stool (N=43) samples from all participants, and monitored SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in these samples. In all five participants with severe/critical and three with moderate disease, viral loads in respiratory tract samples continued to rise and peaked in the second week of illness (range 5.57-9.66 log copies/mL). In this study of patients with COVID-19 across a wide spectrum of severity, we observed that viral shedding in the respiratory tract lasting longer than 14 days was common. In more severe disease, viral load appeared to peak in the second week of illness in both upper and lower respiratory tract. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.014 id = cord-282053-ftjx29lw author = Luis García de GuadianaRomualdo title = Circulating levels of GDF-15 and calprotectin for prediction of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case series date = 2020-08-12 keywords = García summary = We read the recent articles by Li and colleagues and Lin and colleagues about the role of two inflammatory biomarkers, serum amyloid A 1 and ferritin 2 , in the evaluation of severity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Higher blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin and D-dimer, have been reported as predictors of a poor outcome in COVID-19 patients 5 . The role of biomarkers associated to inflammation other than those above mentioned, such as calprotectin or growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), is less known. Recently, an experimental study showed a novel function of GDF-15 in the promotion of lung human rhinovirus and virus-associated inflammation, contributing to the severity of respiratory viral infection 10 . We have shown that circulating levels of two emerging inflammatory biomarkers, calprotectin and GDF-15, are significantly higher in COVID-19 patients who died, suggesting a potential role in the evaluation of prognosis in these patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.010 id = cord-291750-4s93wniq author = Lv, Boyan title = Global COVID-19 fatality analysis reveals Hubei-like countries potentially with severe outbreaks date = 2020-04-14 keywords = Hubei summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.029 id = cord-327246-idmo5ds7 author = M, Montero-Baladía title = Etoposide treatment adjunctive to immunosuppressants for critically ill COVID-19 patients: Etoposide for severe COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; Islas summary = Current evidence suggests that systemic hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation play a key role in the development of severe lung and multiorgan damage found in critically ill COVID-19 patients 2, 3, 4 . Patients eligible for etoposide treatment were older than 18 years, presented biochemical alterations suggestive of severe hyperinflammation (ferritin levels >1000 ng/ml and/or IL-6 values >50 pg/ml), ARDS (defined by PaO 2 /FiO 2 < 300) and were not under mechanical ventilation. These preliminary results on 11 patients confirmed the safety and efficacy of etoposide as adjunctive salvage treatment for critically ill COVID-19 ARDS patients, exhibiting systemic hyperinflammation and previously treated with corticosteroids and interleukin inhibitors. In this preliminary experience, salvage treatment with etoposide in adjunction to immunosuppressants resulted in overall favorable outcome of a small cohort of severely ill COVID-19 ARDS patients presenting with systemic hyperinflammation. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.006 id = cord-317315-yyssvbbl author = Mao, Ming-Hui title = Serial semiquantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples date = 2020-10-06 keywords = saliva summary = While the positive rates of nucleic acid detection from saliva, sputum, and oropharyngeal swab samples were significantly different at 3 and 6 weeks (see Appendix Table 3 ). The average time for nucleic acid detection results to become negative was 27.29±7.73 days for sputum samples, 27.82±12.09 days for oropharyngeal swab samples, and 24.53±13.59 days for saliva samples (see Appendix Table 4 ). Multivariate analysis found that clinical classification had a significant impact on the time of sputum and oropharyngeal swab samples to become negative (p=0.007, p=0.002) (see Appendix Table 5 ). The overall sensitivity, efficiency and specificity of saliva-sputum combined detection method were 93.40%, 94.00% and 95.20%, respectively (see Appendix Table 6 ). 1,5-9 total efficiency and specificity of the saliva detection method in this study were higher than those of the sputum and oropharyngeal swab detection methods (83.90% and 94.40%, respectively). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.002 id = cord-318013-5om35tu8 author = Marie, Tré-Hardy title = The role of serology for COVID-19 control: Population, kinetics and test performance do matter date = 2020-05-15 keywords = PCR summary = (1-4) The authors of these reports or correspondence highlighted the added value of serological testing, which, if captured within the correct timeframe after disease onset, can detect both active and past infections.(1) By providing estimates of who is and is not immune to SARS-CoV-2, serological data can be used to estimate epidemiological variables, such as the attack rate or case-fatality rate, which are necessary to assess how much community transmission has occurred and its burden.(5) They can also be used to strategically deploy immune health-care workers to reduce exposure of the virus to susceptible individuals or to assess the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions at the population level and inform policy changes to release such measures. After two weeks, all tests demonstrate a sensitivity of 100%, as reported by other groups, (8, 10) except when the cut-off provided by the manufacturer were used for IgG detection (i.e. one of our 15 patients was never considered as positive). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.019 id = cord-008671-k0vda7fy author = McCormack, J.G. title = Clinical features of rotavirus gastroenteritis date = 2005-04-14 keywords = rotavirus summary = A history of contact with an adult with diarrheoa, vomiting occuring before diarrhoea, accompanying upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), otitis media and pyrexia and the need for administration of intravenous fluids were all significantly more prominent features of the rotavirus than the non-specific cases of gastroenteritis, and are suggested as pointers to such a diagnosis. Although an outbreak ofrotavirus gastroenteritis has been described involving adults without the known infection of children, 8 the finding of rotaviruses in adult stools has usually been acompanied by no intestinal symptoms, zl The finding in this study of a significantly higher incidence of a history of contact with an adult with gastroenteritis in the rotavirus than in the non-specific cases would suggest that adults may represent a reservoir for potential rotavirus infection in infants. The failure to find rotaviruses in the stools of any control patients with similar infections, but without diarrhoea, would support the role of the rotavirus as being responsible for the intestinal features of such illnesses. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(82)93777-x id = cord-278225-d0gxb6bx author = Meng, Yifan title = Value and Challenges: Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for SARS–CoV-2 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients date = 2020-04-30 keywords = SARS summary = title: Value and Challenges: Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for SARS–CoV-2 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients It has been emphasized that diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 was an especially important tool in the diagnosis and management of patients with COVID-19. All patients included in the present study were verified as positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At present clinical practice, patients with improved respiratory symptoms, improved pulmonary imaging, and nucleic acid tests negative twice consecutively (sampling interval ≥ 24 hours) can be discharged. reported that potential false-negative nucleic acid testing results for SARS-CoV-2 could be caused by thermal inactivation of samples with low viral loads. Value of Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Stability issues of RT-PCR testing of SARS-CoV-2 for hospitalized patients clinically diagnosed with COVID-19 Potential false-negative nucleic acid testing results for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from thermal inactivation of samples with low viral loads doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.036 id = cord-274558-1k7bi6ng author = Moiseev, Sergey title = Sex differences in mortality in the intensive care unit patients with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.031 id = cord-305330-mklkugj5 author = Moiseev, Sergey title = Cancer in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = SARS summary = susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and complications, although data on COVID-19 and malignancies remain limited. noted that patients with cancer were more likely to experience severe sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as intensive care admission, invasive ventilation or death. 2 However, Wang and Zhang argued that the most important morbidity factor is exposure to an infection source, whereas worse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection could be associated (at least partly) with older age of patients with cancer 3 . In a nationwide study, we evaluated the prevalence of malignancies among 1307 intensive care unit (ICU) patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who required respiratory support. However, our data suggest that other factors, such as older age and comorbidities, contribute significantly to the more severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.053 id = cord-277763-ihg3te63 author = Moynan, David title = The role of healthcare staff COVID-19 screening in infection prevention & control date = 2020-06-25 keywords = SARS summary = While HCW can acquire infections and contribute to cross-transmission during hospital outbreaks such as influenza or norovirus, asymptomatic staff are usually not routinely screened as part of the outbreak control measures. In March and April 2020, on three wards with two or more positive COVID-19 patients after three days of admission (designated as potential nosocomial infection), we implemented universal staff SARS-CoV-2 testing on that ward as part of outbreak management. As asymptomatic (or indeed, pre-symptomatic) HCW may have similar viral loads and may be capable of transmission as much as symptomatic individuals 9 , their detection and subsequent exclusion from work is an important aspect of a hospital''s COVID-19 strategy. In conclusion, as hospitals begin to reopen to routine non-COVID-19 services, HCW SARS-CoV-2 testing irrespective of symptoms should be considered, particularly as part of outbreak management to rapidly prevent onward transmission to patients and other staff. COVID-19: PCR Screening of Asymptomatic Health-Care Workers at London Hospital doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.057 id = cord-008672-luoxomif author = Mwachari, C. title = Chronic diarrhoea among HIV-infected adult patients in Nairobi, Kenya date = 2004-10-29 keywords = HIV; patient summary = We undertook a prospective cross-sectional study of adult patients admitted to a government hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, to determine possible bacterial, mycobacterial, parasitic and viral causes of diarrhoca; to consider which may be treatable; and to relate microbiological findings to clinical outcome. METHODS: Stool specimens from 75 consecutive HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoca admitted to a Nairobi hospital were subjected to microbiological investigation and results were compared with clinical findings and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea in Nairobi have a poor outcome overall, and even with extensive investigation a putative pathogen was identified in only just over half the patients. We undertook a 4-month study in Nairobi, Kenya, to determine possible bacterial, viral and parasitological causes of chronic diarrhoea and wasting using a broad range of investigations and related findings to patient outcome. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(98)90561-8 id = cord-316501-fl2wvhia author = Noh, Ji Yun title = Asymptomatic infection and atypical manifestations of COVID-19: comparison of viral shedding duration date = 2020-05-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Asymptomatic infection and atypical manifestations of COVID-19: comparison of viral shedding duration • Among patients with COVID-19, 26.1% presented anosmia, and 22.6% complained of ageusia with median duration of 7 days. • Mean duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding was 24.5 days. • Irrespective of clinical manifestations, all patients with COVID-19 showed prolonged viral shedding. to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic infection, anosmia (smell loss) and ageusia (taste 8 loss) among patients with mild COVID-19 in a residential treatment center (RTC). We also 9 compared the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding between groups with different clinical 10 manifestations. An observational cohort study was conducted for 199 patients with COVID-19 in a RTC at Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during 82 the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16-83 23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: A 84 prospective contact-tracing study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.035 id = cord-312984-rzryn3on author = Pan, Daniel title = Serial simultaneously self-swabbed samples from multiple sites show similarly decreasing SARS-CoV-2 loads in COVID-19 cases of differing clinical severity date = 2020-09-19 keywords = SARS summary = title: Serial simultaneously self-swabbed samples from multiple sites show similarly decreasing SARS-CoV-2 loads in COVID-19 cases of differing clinical severity 8 From this small longitudinal cohort study on serially collected samples in acute COVID-19 cases of differing severity, we conclude that for symptomatic patients, it is difficult to obtain a ''false negative'' result on NPS, OPS, NS or CS samples, if sampled early (within 5 days) post-symptom onset, even if the swab was ''poorly'' taken. Despite a previous meta-analysis showing that sputum testing is possibly more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, 9 other studies have shown that self-sampling from various URT sites performed satisfactorily for the diagnosis of acute COVID-19. Therefore, we further confirm that early (within 5 days of symptom onset), self-swabbed NPS, OPS, NS or CS samples for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing in acute COVID-19 cases is a sensitive, practical approach, which reduces patient discomfort (as self-swabbing can be controlled) and minimises virus exposure to healthcare workers. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.016 id = cord-331929-rot2vgso author = Piaserico, Stefano title = REPLY TO: Interleukin-17: a potential therapeutic target in COVID-19 date = 2020-06-29 keywords = IL-17 summary = As observed in the paper by Mendoza, IL-17 is thought to play a key role in the immune dysregulation observed in COVID-19 and in other severe coronavirus-mediated respiratory syndromes, therefore its inhibition has been suggested to determine a better outcome in these patients. IL-17 has been shown to exert direct pro-fibrotic effects on fibroblasts isolated from mouse and human lung through the activation of NF-kB, promoting production of TGF-β and expression of αsmooth muscle actin and eventually leading to collagen deposition 5 . Pulmonary fibrosis in SARS patients may be the result of the high inflammatory burden related not only to the anti-viral immune response, but also to ventilatorinduced lung injury (VILI). Moreover, anticoagulant therapies have been shown to ameliorate lung fibrosis in both murine models and human patients. In conclusion, IL-17 appears to be involved in several processes which might be relevant in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.063 id = cord-287030-xzothuf7 author = Pigott, David C. title = Emergency department evaluation of the febrile traveler date = 2006-05-23 keywords = fever; traveler summary = While the presentation of a patient with undifferentiated febrile illness to the emergency department is rarely a cause for alarm, the additional factor of recent international travel suggests a host of unusual pathogens, some with the potential for rapid and devastating transmission among both patients and health care workers. 1,2 A prospective review of 195 febrile patients requiring admission after returning to the United Kingdom from the tropics found that while malaria (42%) was the most common cause for hospital admission, non-specific viral illness and bacterial infections (including urinary tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia and pharyngitis) accounted for 34% of patients. Expanding this methodology to account for other potential infectious agents that may present to a given hospital or emergency department can provide some guidance for clinicians who may encounter febrile patients who have recently returned from any geographic region, unwittingly harboring undiagnosed viral, bacterial or parasitic infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.03.028 id = cord-008678-zi3aunqz author = Piñana, José Luis title = Clinical significance of Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA detection by real-time PCR in hematological patient respiratory specimens date = 2020-01-10 keywords = PCR; PJP; Pneumocystis summary = All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. In addition to its retrospective nature, our study also has some limitations: (i) we cannot completely rule out that some patients categorized as being PJ carriers The probability of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) pneumonia (PJP) for each patient was retrospectively evaluated by an expert committee including infectious diseases and microbiology specialists at both centers, on the basis of (i) documented PJ presence in respiratory specimens by microscopy; (ii) compatibility of clinical signs and symptoms (at least 2 of the following: subtle onset of progressive dyspnea, pyrexia, nonproductive cough, hypoxaemia and chest pain), (iii) compatible (suggestive) radiological findings (chest radiograph and/or high-resolution computed tomographic scan detection of interstitial opacities and/or diffuse infiltration infiltrates); (iv) complete resolution of symptoms after a full course of anti-PJP treatment; (v) absence of alternative diagnosis. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.001 id = cord-291960-1is0rv6c author = Piñana, José Luis title = Pulmonary cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA shedding in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Implications for the diagnosis of CMV pneumonia date = 2019-02-21 keywords = CMV; DNA; bal summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.009 id = cord-266455-rbblg4pu author = Poole, Stephen title = Rapid syndromic molecular testing in pneumonia: The current landscape and future potential date = 2019-12-03 keywords = HAP; VAP; patient; pneumonia summary = Syndromic diagnostic testing using novel, rapid multiplexed molecular platforms represents a new opportunity for rapidly targeted antimicrobial therapy to improve patient outcomes and facilitate antibiotic stewardship. This is an FDA approved and CE marked platform that uses nested real-time PCR to detect 34 clinically important respiratory targets (15 semi-quantitative bacterial targets, 3 qualitative atypical bacterial targets, 8 [30] [31] [32] Furthermore, the pneumonia panel detects pathogens in a much higher proportion of samples than culture. Rapid syndromic molecular platforms have the potential to significantly improve the use of antibiotics and clinical outcomes in patient with pneumonia, but high quality randomised controlled trials are urgently required to evaluate their clinical impact. an observational study comparing the performance of two multiplex PCR platforms against routine microbiology for the detection of potential pathogens in patients with suspected hospital acquired/ventilator associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP) across doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.021 id = cord-304787-fohgekp4 author = Prazuck, Thierry title = Investigation of a family outbreak of COVID-19 using systematic rapid diagnostic tests raises new questions about transmission date = 2020-06-29 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.066 id = cord-293714-s6ezxi5r author = Principi, Nicola title = The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome date = 2013-04-18 keywords = Kawasaki; disease summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.004 id = cord-283758-0z3jwwby author = Rokadiya, S. title = COVID-19: Outcomes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 re-admitted to hospital. date = 2020-07-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We aimed to investigate clinical outcomes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were readmitted to hospital, in order to identify risk factors for patients discharged and subsequent management of COVID-19 in clinical practice. In the re-admission group, the average time before being re-admitted to hospital was 10 days (IQR 6 -15), with dyspnoea the presenting complaint in 13/25 (52%). As far as we are aware, this is the first study looking at clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 who were readmitted to hospital. However, the high mortality rate (24%), and the median and prevalence of low SpO2 results in patients re-admitted is concerning and warrants further studies to evaluate reasons for re-admission, ensuring appropriate safety-netting when discharged. Based on our data on the average time before re-presentation at 10 days, enhanced, personalised follow up at 7 days in a formalised COVID-19 clinic with radiological imaging and oxygen saturation recording using pulse oximetry probes may help early identification of those at risk of deterioration, thus preventing re-admission. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.007 id = cord-353608-de6rrf7v author = Saito, Sho title = First and second COVID-19 waves in Japan: A comparison of disease severity and characteristics: Comparison of the two COVID-19 waves in Japan date = 2020-11-02 keywords = wave summary = Mortality (1.2% vs 7.3%) in hospitalized or discharged patients was also lower in the second wave; the same trend was observed on stratification according to age and severity at admission (Table 1 ). Our study showed that the proportion of cases involving severe disease at admission was smaller in the second wave. Data from the second wave indicated a demographic shift toward a younger population with fewer comorbidities, a lower proportion of severe patients at admission, and decreased mortality. However, the mortality was lower in second wave even if stratifying age and severity at admission. The findings of our study indicated that in the first wave, the medical system was under greater strain with more severe cases on admission. In the second wave, patients were younger with fewer underlying diseases and lower mortality rates. Risk factors associated with disease severity and length of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.033 id = cord-281130-9tawihti author = Schirinzi, Annalisa title = Pentraxin 3: Potential prognostic role in SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted to the emergency department date = 2020-11-02 keywords = PTX3; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.027 id = cord-307333-n6jc0jy3 author = Selvaggi, Carla title = Interferon lambda 1–3 expression in infants hospitalized for RSV or HRV associated bronchiolitis date = 2014-01-02 keywords = HRV; IFN; RSV; lambda summary = OBJECTIVES: The airway expression of type III interferons (IFNs) was evaluated in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus (HRV) bronchiolitis. KEYWORDS IFN lambda; IL-28; IL-29; RSV; HRV; MxA; ISG56; Viral load; Bronchiolitis Summary Objectives: The airway expression of type III interferons (IFNs) was evaluated in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or rhinovirus (HRV) bronchiolitis. Therefore, we evaluated whether there was a difference in the gene expression of IFN lambda 1e3 subtypes between infants with a clinical diagnosis of RSV associated acute bronchiolitis and those with HRV infection. Results demonstrated that in cells collected from nasopharyngeal washings of RSV positive infants there are higher mRNA levels of type III IFNs compared to those observed in infants with Figure 1 Gene expression of IFN lambda 1e3 during RSV or HRV bronchiolitis. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.12.010 id = cord-347280-jpwf55l6 author = Skevaki, Chrysanthi title = Laboratory characteristics of patients infected with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; patient summary = Furthermore, another study of 140 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, demonstrated significantly higher leukocyte counts among those with severe COVID-19 disease, compared to patients with milder infection (p=0.003) 3 . Absolute lymphopenia is commonly observed in patients with COVID-19, but pronounced lymphocyte depletion is a cardinal marker of enhanced disease severity and an indicator of imminent death, that has been consistently depicted by almost all currently published reports, coming mainly from China 1-7 . A retrospective Chinese study reported that NLR, along with the SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, could be used as a simple discriminative tool for severity between COVID-19 patients, and further predict the clinical outcome of these patients 14 . Current data support that critically ill patients as well as fatal cases of COVID-19 have significantly higher LDH levels (usually >320 U/L) compared to moderate infections 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 16 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.039 id = cord-263671-2b54qfo7 author = Soriano, María Cruz title = Low incidence of co-infection, but high incidence of ICU-acquired infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-19 keywords = ICU summary = title: Low incidence of co-infection, but high incidence of ICU-acquired infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19 ICU admission is a risk factor for hospital-acquired infections and nosocomial infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria 2, 3 . Here, we report our findings of a retrospective cohort study to asses the incidence of co-infections, ICU-acquired infections and their relation to mortality in patients with COVID-19. Frequency measurements have been calculated using the incidence rates of each ICU-acquired infections expressed in relation to the number of patients at risk or the number of days at risk. A study conducted in Wuhan, China shows a series of 150 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in whom the presence of secondary infection during hospital admission was one of the risk factors for increased mortality 5 . A recent study found that frequency of hospital-acquired superinfections remained low and this finding was mainly related with ICU admission 6 . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.010 id = cord-254635-gtgahlqm author = Sun, Guanghao title = An infectious disease/fever screening radar system which stratifies higher-risk patients within ten seconds using a neural network and the fuzzy grouping method date = 2014-12-23 keywords = Non summary = title: An infectious disease/fever screening radar system which stratifies higher-risk patients within ten seconds using a neural network and the fuzzy grouping method METHODS: The system screens infected patients based on vital signs, i.e., respiration rate measured by a radar, heart rate by a finger-tip photo-reflector, and facial temperature by a thermography. 9 Considering the defective fever screening method, we previously developed a noncontact screening system for performing medical examinations within 10 s using measured vital signs (i.e. heart rate, respiration rate, and facial temperature). ''0 Z Non-influenza'', ''1 Z Lower-risk influenza'', or ''2 Z Higher-risk influenza'') are obtained by the neural network and fuzzy clustering algorithm, based on the derived multiple vital signs (Fig. 2) . 13 More importantly, the proposed optimal neural network and fuzzy clustering method were used to classify the multiple-dimensional vital-sign data to detect higher-risk influenza patients. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.12.007 id = cord-264285-1sne3ng1 author = Sze, Shirley title = Letter to the Editor: Variability but not admission or trends in NEWS2 score predicts clinical outcome in elderly hospitalised patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = news2 summary = title: Letter to the Editor: Variability but not admission or trends in NEWS2 score predicts clinical outcome in elderly hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (4) Compared to other early warning scores, the NEWS Score has a greater ability to discriminate patients at risk of cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission or death. (5) Currently, guidance from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) supports the use of the NEWS2 score to risk assess patients with COVID-19 in the community, who may require hospitalisation. Figure 1 shows the trend in the National Early Warning Score2 (NEWS2) throughout hospitalisation, stratified by severity of NEWS2 on admission and clinical outcome. In our small pilot of elderly patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, admission NEWS2 scores did not seem to be useful in predicting clinical outcomes. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.063 id = cord-254556-1zthrgy1 author = Taylor, Sylvia title = Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: Epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample date = 2016-09-22 keywords = ILI; RSV; child summary = METHODS: The epidemiology of respiratory viruses among healthy children (6 months to <10 years) with influenza-like illness (ILI) was determined in a population sample derived from an influenza vaccine trial (NCT01051661) in 17 centers in eight countries (Australia, South East Asia and Latin America). As part of a trial of pandemic influenza vaccines, which included 1 year of prospective, active, community-based surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) in 17 centers in eight countries, 8 we evaluated the prevalence and incidence of respiratory viruses in children 6 months to less than 10 years of age at first vaccination. Rhinovirus/enterovirus had the highest prevalence and incidence in ILI of all respiratory viruses tested in all countries, followed by influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza and RSV, coronavirus, hMPV and HBov. The burden of ILI associated with respiratory viruses was considerable, with a high proportion of children being seen by a medical professional and many missing school or daycare. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003 id = cord-282821-qvtvpnrr author = Thijsen, Steven title = Elevated nucleoprotein-induced interferon-γ release in COVID-19 patients detected in a SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay date = 2020-06-12 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.015 id = cord-310001-qng7h5cj author = Tomlins, Jennifer title = Clinical features of 95 sequential hospitalised patients with novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the first UK cohort date = 2020-04-27 keywords = patient summary = title: Clinical features of 95 sequential hospitalised patients with novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the first UK cohort Clinical features of 95 sequential hospitalised patients with novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the first UK cohort. Sir, Wang and colleagues recently reported in this journal the characteristics and prognostic factors of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease in 339 patients over 60 years of age presenting to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China 1 . Numerous other case series of hospitalised patients in China have provided valuable insight into the clinical features of disease, risk factors for severity and case fatality rate. It is anticipated that age and the frequency of coexisting comorbidities in the UK population are likely to be strong drivers of outcome of and mortality in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 disease. We found a much higher median age and case fatality rate than that reported by other studies of all hospitalised patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.020 id = cord-338333-yvm3d6xy author = Tu, Danna title = Immunological detection of serum antibodies in pediatric medical workers exposed to varying levels of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-25 keywords = SARS summary = title: Immunological detection of serum antibodies in pediatric medical workers exposed to varying levels of SARS-CoV-2 • Pediatric healthcare workers are at risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission from children and aerosols increase SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. Here we would like to share our finding about the serum antibodies analyzed in a special group of pediatric medical workers exposed to varying levels of SARS-CoV-2 after Wuhan severe epidemic of COVID-19. The overall positive rate for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in the pediatric medical workers was 43.08 and 5.85%, respectively. This research revealed that pediatric medical workers are a high-risk group for infection by SARS-CoV-2, and the higher the exposure levels to COVID-19 patients and aerosol production, the greater chance of being infected. Table 1 Test results of serum antibodies in pediatric medical workers exposed to different levels of SARS-CoV-2 High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.023 id = cord-282433-p6jl9gxf author = Tu, Xinyi title = Functional polymorphisms of the CCL2 and MBL genes cumulatively increase susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection date = 2015-03-27 keywords = CCL2; MBL; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.03.006 id = cord-304176-yloqrblw author = Tunesi, S. title = Prescribing COVID-19 treatments: what we should never forget date = 2020-05-13 keywords = SARS summary = authors: Tunesi, S.; Bourgarit, A. COVID-19-induced proinflammatory status looks to trigger most severe SARS-CoV-2 forms (2). Many drugs have been hypothesized to be directly active against COVID-19 only because of a supposed antiviral activity: remdesivir, a molecule originally tested against Ebola virus, shows in vivo activity against MERS-CoV (5) but there is actually no real evidence of in vivo activity against COVID-19; lopinavir/ritonavir, a well-known protease inhibitor used in HIV treatment, has been widely used before randomized clinical trials showed his inefficacy in mortality reduction (6); chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which are largely used in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, show modest antiviral effects, but mortality due to QT elongation-related cardiac events is a matter of concern (7). Conversely, preliminary data about a potential role of ACE inhibitors in favouring the onset of severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a massive change in antihypertensive drugs prescription that caused the onset of severe cardiovascular events (9). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.018 id = cord-303904-8ubm0kig author = Verhagen, Lilly M. title = Respiratory infections in Eñepa Amerindians are related to malnutrition and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage date = 2013-06-22 keywords = ARTI; pneumoniae summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.06.010 id = cord-354612-7f91l0n9 author = Villar, Livia Melo title = USEFULNESS OF SALIVA SAMPLES FOR DETECTING SARS-CoV-2 RNA AMONG LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS date = 2020-07-23 keywords = SARS summary = title: USEFULNESS OF SALIVA SAMPLES FOR DETECTING SARS-CoV-2 RNA AMONG LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS A total of four individuals (two hepatitis cases and two without liver disease) were negative to SARS CoV-2 in NPS and saliva (100% of specificity). Positive concordant results in NPS and saliva were observed in seven individuals (two hepatitis cases and 5 without liver disease) until 7 days after onset of symptoms (100% of sensitivity). This is the first report of SARS CoV-2 detection in saliva samples among liver disease patients showing best results until 7 days of beginning of symptoms. In addition, there is no information regarding the usefulness of saliva for detecting SARS CoV-2 RNA in individuals presenting comorbidities, such as liver disease. Since saliva can be collected easily, SARS CoV-2 RNA detection in saliva can be useful strategy to increase the access of sample collection for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with liver disease. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.017 id = cord-350670-qk76szs0 author = Vrsalovic, Mislav title = Cardiac injury and mortality in COVID-19: a reappraisal date = 2020-06-30 keywords = analysis summary = Based on the aforementioned methodological issues we performed an additional sub-analysis that included the two largest studies from Wuhan, China, which included 940 patients with COVID-19 (Table 1) , accounting for the fact that both studies analysed hospitalized cases with severe and critical illness. Meta-analysis of those studies that reported adjusted HR (using the generic inverse variance method and fixed effects model), showed a significant association between elevated troponin values and mortality (HR = 3.08; 95% CI 1.95 -4.87) (Fig. 1) , and no significant heterogeneity between studies was detected (Cochran Q = 0.44, p = 0.50). Cardiac injury and prognosis in covid-19: methodological considerations and updated meta-analysis Cardiac troponins predict mortality in patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of adjusted risk estimates Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.068 id = cord-281984-en9825p9 author = Wang, Shijie title = Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at admission is an independent risk factors for the severity and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 date = 2020-09-24 keywords = NLR summary = title: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at admission is an independent risk factors for the severity and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019  The level of NLR at admission could be independent risk factors for the severe disease and the mortality of COVID-19.  The level of NLR at admission could be independent risk factors for the severe disease and the mortality of COVID-19. have been published in your journal and reported that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an independent risk factor for the mortality of the COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, we found that the level of NLR at admission could be independent risk factors for the prognosis of COVID-19, not only for the mortality but also for the disease severity. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.022 id = cord-280188-gir0y1m1 author = Wang, Yanqun title = Genetic characterization of human bocavirus among children with severe acute respiratory infection in China date = 2016-06-13 keywords = China; SARI; VP1 summary = title: Genetic characterization of human bocavirus among children with severe acute respiratory infection in China OBJECTIVES: To investigate the genetic character of Human bocavirus (HBoV) among children with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in China. The nucleotide deletions and substitutions occurred in NP1 and VP1 represented novel molecular signatures enabling subtype differentiation between HBoVs. CONCLUSIONS: We described some new characteristics in the epidemiology of HBoV among children with SARI, these data will significantly expand the current knowledge of HBoV epidemic and genomic characterization among children with SARI. Through high-throughput sequencing, four complete genomes of HBoV were obtained (KM464728, KM464729, Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of HBoV detected among Children with SARI. However, the infection rates of HBoV among hospitalized children with SARI in three different regions were almost consistent (21.6%, 22.5% and 17.7%). Surveillance and genome analysis of human bocavirus in patients with respiratory infection in doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.05.014 id = cord-255174-h1izji2g author = Wei, Yuan-Yuan title = Risk factors for severe COVID-19: evidence from 167 hospitalized patients in Anhui, China date = 2020-04-17 keywords = severe summary = It is very important to analyse the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in international regions and identify risk factors to reduce the incidence of severe and critical illness in the early stage. In this letter, we present discrepancies of patients with different disease severities and risk factors for severe COVID-19 by comparing and analysing epidemiological and clinical data of 167 confirmed patients in Anhui, China. There are still no specific therapies for COVID-19(1); nevertheless, assessing risk factors and symptomatic treatment in the early stage of the disease can improve the prognosis. The similarities and differences between severe and non-severe patients in this letter suggested that elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, hypoxia, decreased CD4 and CD8 cell counts and increased levels of CRP and IL-6 are all closely associated with disease severity and prognosis, which should be assessed seriously during diagnosis and treatment. MDT consultation and artificial liver therapy are very effective methods for severe patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.010 id = cord-288366-xe3pxrhv author = Wellbelove, Zoe title = Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients date = 2020-10-25 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients Comparing the 4C mortality score for COVID-19 to established scores (CURB65, CRB65, qSOFA, NEWS) for respiratory infection patients We compared the newly validated 4C mortality score to the established CURB65, CRB65 and qSOFA scores in the prediction of 30-day mortality in a variety of existing respiratory infection cohorts in an exploratory analysis. Data from various previous studies performed in Dundee 3 , Hull 4 and South Yorkshire 5 of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and influenza (flu), respectively, plus a COVID-19 cohort (local ISARIC study patients 2 ) were analysed. The 4C mortality score had the greatest AUROC in COVID 19, CAP and IPD patients (0.83, 0.78 and 0.74, respectively) and had a similar AUROC, compared to the other scores (except NEWS, which was not calculable), in the influenza cohort (0.88). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.015 id = cord-322812-9u3ptqjs author = Wells, Philippa M. title = Estimates of the rate of infection and asymptomatic COVID-19 disease in a population sample from SE England date = 2020-10-15 keywords = App; COVID-19; SARS summary = METHODS: We undertook enzyme linked immunosorbent assay characterisation of IgM and IgG responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein of 431 unselected general-population participants of the TwinsUK cohort from South-East England, aged 19-86 (median age 48; 85% female). 382 participants completed prospective logging of 14 COVID-19 related symptoms via the COVID Symptom Study App, allowing consideration of serology alongside individual symptoms, and a predictive algorithm for estimated COVID-19 previously modelled on PCR positive individuals from a dataset of over 2 million. We undertook a population-based study of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with regards to longitudinal clinical symptoms collected through a mobile phone app in a population-based sample of 431 TwinsUK volunteers. For three months prior to the visit, the majority of participants had completed regular logging of symptoms, via the C-19 Covid Symptom Study app 5 , enabling measurement of antibody response to COVID-19 with regards to clinical symptoms. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.011 id = cord-260925-puuqv6zk author = Wen, Feng title = Identification of the hyper-variable genomic hotspot for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-03-05 keywords = SARS summary = title: Identification of the hyper-variable genomic hotspot for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 The sequences NC_004718.3 of SARS coronavirus 6 genes were utilized to define the protein products of SARS-CoV-2. First, the protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were compared with RaTG13, human SARS (NC_004718.3), bat SARS (DQ022305.2), and human MERS (NC_019843.3) by calculating the similarity in a given sliding window ( Fig. 1 A) . These results suggested that there had probably been no hyper-variable genomic hotspot in the SARS-CoV-2 population until now. The hyper-variable genomic hotspot has been established in the SARS-CoV-2 population at the nucleotide but not the amino acid level, suggesting that there have been no beneficial mutations. mutations in nsp1, nsp3, nsp15, and gene S that identified in this study would be associated with the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and was worthy of further study. The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.027 id = cord-336591-a31oe7kc author = Wong, Martin title = Evaluation on different non-pharmaceutical interventions during COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 139 countries date = 2020-06-21 keywords = COVID-19 summary = We extracted the rate of increase in cumulative incidence for each country between 15 April to 30 April, 2020 from the COVID-19 data repository of the Johns Hopkins Centre for Systems Science and Engineering [3] . A linear regression model was constructed to examine the association between average stringency index and increase in incidence of COVID-19 cases as the outcome variable. The distribution of the Government response stringency index in various countries shows its increase over time (01 March, 2020 to 31, March 2020) [7] , probably due to the increase in incidence in this period. In multivariaable regression analysis of data in 139 countries (Table 1) , a higher stringency index was significantly associated with lower incidence increase between 15 The findings of this study showed that more stringent containment and control measures could potentially lead to better COVID-19 pandemic control. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.044 id = cord-287823-avi14ee5 author = Wong, Martin CS title = The potential impact of vulnerability and coping capacity on the pandemic control of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary =  We examined if these dimensions were associated with COVID-19 pandemic control  Higher vulnerability and poorer coping capacity were associated with poorer control  Modifying these two dimensions might potentially mitigate COVID-19 pandemic control Dear Editor, Worldwide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has induced a substantial global burden. On the contrary, a recent study published in the Journal of Infection examined the association between country-specific global health security index (GHSI) and the burden of COVID-19, but the findings showed that countries with higher GHSI did not have higher COVID-19 rate and had greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. We aimed to evaluate if countries with lower vulnerability and higher coping capacity were associated with better control of the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured by incidence and mortality outcomes. From multivariate regression analysis ( Table 1) , countries with higher vulnerability were significantly associated with higher maximum 14-day cumulative incidence since the first case ( coefficient Our findings imply that reducing vulnerability and enhancing capacity to cope could potentially mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.060 id = cord-352111-frk319q1 author = Woodruff, Amelita title = COVID-19 Follow up Testing date = 2020-05-11 keywords = test summary = • 70% of patients met CDC guidelines for release from quarantine & still tested (+); • The average time from onset of symptoms to negative testing was 19 days.  70% of patients met CDC guidelines for release from quarantine & still tested (+)  The average time from onset of symptoms to negative testing was 19 days Dear Editor, There is some uncertainty regarding the incubation period of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The non-test-based strategy recommends that COVID-19 patients can discontinue self-isolation when they have been afebrile for 72 hours without anti-pyretic medications, have improvement in respiratory symptoms, and have at least 10 days elapse since symptoms started, recently increased from 7 days. The test-based strategy requires resolution of fever without the use of anti-pyretics, improvement of respiratory symptoms, and two consecutive negative COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swabs collected ≥24 hours apart. In our patient population, the average time from the onset of symptoms to negative testing is 19 days. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.012 id = cord-284853-6efhdogi author = Xie, Yun title = Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = IVIG; covid-19 summary = Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) has been clinically used as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by influenza [3] , but there is controversy about its therapeutic effect on COVID-19 pneumonia, despite inclusion in the seventh edition of the guidelines stating that it can be considered for use in severe and critically ill patients. For this reason, this study retrospectively observed the relationship between the prognosis of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia and the adjuvant therapy of IVIG and explored whether IVIG could improve the clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and prognosis of these patients. In summary, initiation of IVIG as adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia within 48 hours of admission to the ICU can reduce the use of mechanical ventilation, shorten the hospital length of stay, promote the early recovery of patients, and improve the effective treatment of patients to achieve significant clinical efficacy. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.044 id = cord-309577-438fotfd author = Xing, Yuhan title = Dynamics of faecal SARS-CoV-2 in infected children during the convalescent phase date = 2020-04-10 keywords = SARS summary = 1 We would like to share findings from our paediatric patients who were positive for nucleic acid testing for SARS-CoV-2 in stools up to 8-20 days after clearance of viral RNA in respiratory specimens. Surprisingly, we found SARS-CoV-2 remained detectable in faeces of paediatric patients for approximately 4 weeks, whereas negative conversion of viral RNA in respiratory specimens occurred within 2 weeks after disease onset. Two children showed negative results for faecal detection of SARS-CoV-2 20 days after clear-ance of viral RNA in the respiratory tract, while another child persistently tested positive on faecal samples even 8 days after respiratory samples turning negative. Faecal shedding of viral RNA has been constantly reported in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. 7 -10 One study reported over half of the 17 patients had faecal samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 detection, although virus copies in stools were less than those in respiratory specimens. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.049 id = cord-266033-gbx48scp author = Xu, Yu-Huan title = Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-02-25 keywords = NCP; SARS summary = Based on the fifth edition of the China Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment Plan of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection by the National Health Commission (Trial Version 5), 6 the NCP was classified into four types: mild with slight clinical symptoms but no imaging presentations of pneumonia; common with fever, respiratory symptoms and imaging presentations of pneumonia; severe type with any of the following: respiratory distress with RR > 30 times/minutes, oxygen saturation at rest < 93%, or PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa); critically severe type with any of the following: respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation, shock, or combination with other organ failure needing ICU intensive care. Fifty patients with NCP caused by infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were enrolled and had high-resolution pulmonary CT scanning, including mild type in nine, common in 28, severe in 10 and critically severe in the rest three ( Table 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017 id = cord-273751-61eeykj1 author = Yang, Zhenwei title = The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = SARS summary = title: The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis The inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis were as follows: (1) subjects in each study were patients with coronavirus infection; (2) the patients were divided into the experimental group using corticosteroids and the control group not using corticosteroids; (3) the outcomes included the use of corticosteroids in critical and noncritical patients, mortality, length of stay (LOS) and adverse reactions to corticosteroids. We extracted the following variables: the authors, the publication year, the study design, viral type, population, treatment details (including corticosteroid use, types and doses of corticosteroids, and other treatments), and outcome measures such as the use of corticosteroids in critical and non-critical patients, mortality, LOS and adverse reactions to corticosteroids (including bacterial infection, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the result indicated that patients with severe conditions were more likely to require corticosteroids therapy. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.062 id = cord-315300-v3pxb997 author = Zhang, Haipeng title = CD4+T, CD8+T counts and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis date = 2020-06-20 keywords = CD4+T summary = A retrospective study by Liu et al was conducted to investigate the associated between lymphocyte subset counts and severe COVID-19 [1] . Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between CD4+T counts, CD8+T counts, CD4/CD8 ratio and the severity of COVID-19 patients. Trials providing data of counts of CD4+T, CD8+T or CD4/CD8 ratio in patients with non-severe or severe COVID-19 were included. It has been reported that low counts of CD4+T and CD8+T were associated with adverse outcome in patients with SARS, and the counts would rise dramatically when clinical symptoms improved [9] . Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and predict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.036 id = cord-007926-um2khqhn author = Zhang, Jiahao title = The continuous evolution and dissemination of 2019 novel human coronavirus date = 2020-02-22 keywords = China summary = With rapid dissemination of the 2019-nCoV, the viruses had been transmitted rapidly in more than 25 countries, and a steep increase in human infection with the 2019-nCoV occurred in China ( Fig. 1 ) . Most of the patients infected with novel 2019-nCoV had a history to the seafood and live animal markets, and the vendor used to sale wild animal species, including marmot, snake, leopard cat, bamboo rat, badger, and hedgehog in Huanan seafood wholesale market (Supplementary Figure S4 ), all of which were susceptible to the novel CoV in nature, indicating that it remains likely there was intermediate hosts in the transmission cascade from bats to humans ( Fig. 2 ) . Recently, the continuous interspecies transmission events of CoV occurred, including the emergence of MERS-CoV from camels to humans and swine acute diarrhea syndrome CoV from bat to swine, posing serious threats to public health. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.001 id = cord-252980-1e28zj1d author = Zhang, Jiahao title = Insights into the cross-species evolution of 2019 novel coronavirus date = 2020-03-04 keywords = SARS summary = 5 Although humans and bats live in different environments, some wildlife species were susceptible to the novel coronaviruses in nature, highlighting that the need of tracing its origin of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The similarity analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and the animal-origin coronaviruses demonstrated that recombination events were likely to occur in bat-and pangolin-origin coronaviruses (Supplementary Figure S1) . Although the S amino acid identities of pangolin-origin coronavirus exhibited lower amino acid identities with bat/RaTG13, it was noteworthy that six amino acids associated with the receptor binding preference of human receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II-464 L, 495F, 502Q, 503S, 510 N, and 514Y (SARS-CoV-2 numbering)-in the pangolin/1 coronavirus were the same as that of SARS-CoV-2 ( Fig. 2 ), but were distinct from that of the bat-origin coronaviruses. Besides, the PRRA-motif insertion was occurred in the S1/S2 junction of SARS-CoV-2; however, the PRRA-motif insertion in the pangolin-and bat-origin coronaviruses was missing (Supplementary Figure S4 ), suggesting that the convergent cross-species evolution of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.025 id = cord-276991-gv1k7u7j author = Zhang, Xu title = Strategies to trace back the origin of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-08 keywords = SARS summary = The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2, had raised great concern. Chinese authorities originally announced that the first infection case was reported on December 31, 2019, and many of the initial cases were linked directly to Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, in the Hubei province. The hypothesis that the outbreak originated at the market, with its initial transmission from live animals to human beings followed by rapid human-to-human transmission, is suggested to be most likely and convincing. Emergence of SARS-like coronavirus poses new challenge in China Novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19): the first two patients in the UK with person to person transmission Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Emergence of SARS-like coronavirus in china: an update doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.032 id = cord-265772-diahoew3 author = Zhang, Yue title = Genotype shift in human coronavirus OC43 and emergence of a novel genotype by natural recombination date = 2014-12-18 keywords = OC43; genotype summary = METHODS: The full-length spike (S), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and nucleocapsid (N) genes were amplified from each respiratory sample collected from 65 HCoV-OC43-positive patients between 2005 and 2012. In this study, we genotyped HCoV-OC43 by analyzing fulllength sequences of S, RdRp, N genes and viral genomes directly from respiratory samples collected from 65 HCoV-OC43 positive patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) recruited from 2005 to 2012. The nucleotide sequence data of S, RdRp, N genes and viral genomes of HCoV-OC43 used in this study have been lodged in GenBank and the accession numbers are shown in Table S2 . To genotype the HCoV-OC43 samples, we constructed ML trees using the full-length sequences of S, RdRp and N genes amplified from the 65 respiratory samples of HCoV-OC43 positive patients in this study and compared them to those retrieved from GenBank (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.12.005 id = cord-025482-9iy4fxd5 author = Zhong, Yueyang title = COVID-19: Evidence of the Eye date = 2020-05-28 keywords = covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.054 id = cord-318126-gg68o52z author = Zhou, Juan title = Observation and analysis of 26 cases of asymptomatic SARS-COV2 infection date = 2020-04-03 keywords = SARS summary = We read with interest the article in this journal which revealed that CT scanning provides important bases for early diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Infection Disease 2019) which is caused by SARS-COV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). We observed and analyzed the phenotypic characteristics of asymptomatic individuals originating from the active detection of high-risk individuals who had close contacts with COVID-19 patients during isolated observation with viral nucleic acid positive. A total of 26 cases of asymptomatic infection were detected as SARS-COV2 positive through swab specimen between January 20 to February 30. These data showed that people of different ages are generally susceptible to SARS-COV2, but the average age of asymptomatic patients is lower than the reported age of COVID-19 patients which was 40-70 years old (propinquity 73%). These cases proved that asymptomatic SARS-COV2 carriers can also spread the virus before the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.028 0163-4453/© 2020 The British Infection Association. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.028 id = cord-308501-z3eiac25 author = Zhu, Chengliang title = nBreastfeeding Risk from Detectable Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Breastmilk date = 2020-06-04 keywords = SARS summary = An emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, imposes a great threat to global public health 1 . The transmission and pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 gradually known among various populations, but public health effects of COVID-19 on women and their outcomes should not be ignored 1, 2 . In pregnant and perinatal women, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected mother to her newborn is a controversial issue [2] [3] [4] . Here, we represent clinical characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in puerperal women and evidence of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in her breastmilk. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records SARS-CoV-2 is not detectable in the vaginal fluid of women with severe COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.001 id = cord-271957-osaycpe8 author = Zuin, Marco title = Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-04-11 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis Also other recent investigations have reported a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a direct association between the severity of COVID-19 infection [2] . However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous meta-analyses have globally estimated the risk of death in hypertensive patients with COVID-19 infection. We therefore perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the risk of death in COVID-19 infection patients with and without HT. The analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (Supplementary file 1) [3] . Our brief meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with COVID-19 infection and HT have a significant high mortality risk. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and metaanalysis doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.059 id = cord-008695-y7il3hyb author = nan title = Pandemic Flu: Clinical management of patients with an influenza-like illness during an influenza pandemic date = 2007-01-25 keywords = H5N1; Staph; child; influenza; pandemic; patient; pneumonia summary = Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC, plus either chronic co-morbid disease or one of following features: breathing difficulties severe earache vomiting >24 hours drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those >1 year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. Children may be considered at increased risk of complications if they have: Cough and fever (or influenza-like illness) and temperature >38.5ºC and either (i) chronic co-morbid disease (see Appendix 2) or (ii) one of the following features • Breathing difficulties • Severe earache • Vomiting > 24 hours • Drowsiness These patients should be offered an antibiotic as well as oseltamivir (in those over one year of age) and advice on antipyretics and fluids. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(07)60001-2 id = cord-019964-9leljj8j author = nan title = Recent research in infectious disease date = 2005-01-22 keywords = CD4; HAART; HIV; MRSA; infection; patient summary = These patients had significantly longer hospital stays (mean, 27.2 versus 19.4 days) and a higher risk of having Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (8.3% versus 1.9%), infection-related death (23.3% versus 13.6%), and all-cause mortality (30.8% versus 19.4%) than patients whose empiric therapy was appropriate. Data were available from three endocervical swabs and a urine specimen collected from each of 1,412 women and tested by three different NAATs. Results from all three assays were used equally in a rotating fashion to define the infected-patient gold standard. Multiple different infectedpatient gold standards for estimating swab and urine specimen sensitivity and specificity for one NAAT method were created by varying the number and combinations of swab and urine comparator results with two different NAATs, The effect of changing the infected-patient gold standard definition was determined by constructing receiver-operator-like curves with calculated sensitivities and specificities for each test. LOUIS (MD Consult)-Some studies suggest antiretroviral therapy is a risk factor for gynecomastia in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.11.005 id = cord-019977-kj0eaw6v author = nan title = Neonatal bacterial infection: A changing scene? date = 2005-04-14 keywords = gram; infection summary = This time period coincided with the entry of paediatricians to newborn nurseries on a much larger scale than hitherto, with an increase in the use of antimicrobial drugs, and with the introduction of apparatus such as incubators, resuscitation and suction units, the humidification parts of which often harboured Gramnegative organisms, all capable of causing lethal disease in the infant. During the half century under review, mortality from neonatal bacteraemia fell from 9o per cent in the period I928-I933, ~ to z6 per cent in I966-I978 ;6 and the proportion of isolates recorded as recovered in the first 48 hours of life (early infections) increased from IO per cent to 57 per cent of the total respectively. 16 Clostridium difficile and its toxin may be present in the stools of many well newborn babies, but this organism has not been implicated in the genesis of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis as it has been with pseudomembranous colitis. doi = 10.1016/s0163-4453(82)91569-9 id = cord-030594-xhp8kin0 author = nan title = Dear the Editor, date = 2020-08-19 keywords = cholinesterase summary = have written to this journal regarding elevated admission levels of markers of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin) may be associated with progression to severe disease or death in COVID-19. In critically ill patients with favorable outcome, cholinesterase, lymphocytes, albumin, and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio decreased but C-reactive protein increased toward the peak of inflammation. Later, C-reactive protein decreased with improvement in inflammation, but there was a tendency for cholinesterase, lymphocytes, albumin, and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio to increase. In contrast, in the severely ill patient who died, C-reactive protein poorly decreased, and cholinesterase, lymphocytes, albumin, and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio were not elevated. [4] Our study suggests that cholinesterase, which responds similar to the "negative" acute-phase proteins in response to inflammation, is reduced even in the acute phase of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.021 id = cord-030636-wpjmwwpu author = nan title = Dear Editor, date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19 summary = authors: nan Despite the observation that elderly subjects are more susceptible to severe illness, probably due to underlying co-morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular diseases, 1,2 literature concerning geriatric patients with COVID-19 pneumonia remained very scant. We included in this analysis 118 consecutive patients; data on clinical and demographic characteristics, blood test results and COVID-19-related treatments were collected. Elderly patients have higher levels of inflammatory blood tests at the time of admission in the emergency department; in particular, elevated d-dimer levels was an independent predictor of mortality, confirming the close correlation between this parameter and the severity of COVID-19 disease. In conclusion, our study confirms that the majority of elderly subjects with COVID-19 pneumonia have an unfavorable outcome, especially in the very first days after admission. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outside Wuhan doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.023 id = cord-321033-fusyx0t9 author = nan title = Follow-up study on pulmonary function and radiological changes in critically ill patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-05-27 keywords = figure summary = 3 Most patients surviving from ARDS caused by other coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus suffered from impaired pulmonary function and radiological abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) reported impaired oxygenation of PaO2/FiO2 at 213 mmHg. The diagnostic RT-PCR on a nasopharyngeal swab specimen was positive for SARS-CoV-2 and a chest CT scan illustrated bilateral pneumonia ( Figure 1a ). On illness day 17, both oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 348 mmHg) and chest CT significantly improved (Figure 1b) , and she was then weaned from mechanical ventilation. On illness day 12, he was transferred to the intensive care unit and converted to invasive mechanical ventilation because of worsening oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2 84 mmHg) and progressing abnormalities on chest CT scan with extensive ground-glass opacities and partial consolidation on bilateral lungs (Figure 2b ). Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.040