# pos

id: cord-334811-l5fxswfz
pos: NNP
token:
  ncov.mohw.go.kr/tcmBoardView.do?brdId=&brdGubun=&dataGubun=&ncvContSeq=353274&contSe-q=353274&board_id=&gubun=ALL

lemma:
  ncov.mohw.go.kr/tcmBoardView.do?brdId=&brdGubun=&dataGubun=&ncvContSeq=353274&contSe-q=353274&board_id=&gubun=ALL


# ent

id: cord-000964-ysyz3grd
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Task Force on Quality Control of Disaster Management World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine


id: cord-269885-r8molh8c
type: ORG
entity:
  Division of Infectious Disease Department of Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine


id: cord-277144-106q6ae0
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NEWS2 COVID 19 Situation Report 65 Geneva World Health Organization Viral load kinetics of SARS CoV 2


id: cord-011782-hz0rtgd1
type: ORG
entity:
  the Korea Citation Index Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies KOFST National Electronic Solution for S T Academic Activities


id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
type: DNA
entity:
  9 genes Hrad6B annexinA2 BMP 7 contactin 1 peroxiredoxin 1 heat shock transcription factor 2 synaptotagmin IV serotonin receptor 7 Axl


id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  transforming growth factor β3 TGF β3 R D Systems Minneapolis MN USA 100 nM dexamethasone Sigma Aldrich St Louis MO USA 50


id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Hrad 6B annexin A2 BMP 7 contactin 1 peroxiredoxin 1 heat shock transcription factor 2 synaptotagmin IV serotonin receptor 7 Axl


id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
type: DNA
entity:
  9 genes Hrad 6B annexin A2 BMP 7 contactin 1 peroxiredoxin 1 heat shock transcription factor 2 synaptotagmin IV serotonin receptor 7 Axl


id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Axl synaptotagmin IV Hrad6B peroxiredoxin 1 BMP 7 heat shock transcription factor 2 annexin A2 contactin 1


id: cord-304526-hoybp1h6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  2 4 https jkms org https doi org 10 3346 jkms 2020 35 e123 Registration questionnaire Examination Specimen collection Drive


id: cord-306092-5bi2q3jj
type: CHEBI
entity:
  protein CRP 3 4 5 1 mg dL vs 0 4 0 5 mg dL P 0 135 than the other patients RV RT PCR was performed for 11 patients and several viruses were identified in 8 patients respiratory syncytial virus in 3 human rhinovirus


id: cord-306092-5bi2q3jj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus 229E OC43 parainfluenza virus 1 2 3 influenza A B virus rhinovirus respiratory syncytial virus A B


id: cord-306092-5bi2q3jj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  gastrointestinal 50 neurological 30 respiratory 20 cardiovascular 5 metabolic and endocrine 2 5 and others


id: cord-323326-p7vrlmrf
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  isoniazid rifampicin ethambutol pyrazinamide amikacin kanamycin streptomycin quinolones thioamide cycloserine


id: cord-270922-7z0n78ja
type: GGP
entity:
  procalcitonin C reactive protein creatine phosphokinase lactate phosphokinase lactate dehydrogenase sodium potassium chloride calcium inorganic phosphorus glucose blood urea nitrogen creatinine


id: cord-274788-oyk8js16
type: ORG
entity:
  Epidemics Vienna R Foundation for Statistical Computing R a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Vienna R Foundation for Statistical Computing Coronavirus


id: cord-344969-q1wqfeh7
type: ORG
entity:
  Korea Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy Korean Society for Healthcare associated Infection Control and Prevention


id: cord-297965-3bdv6ady
type: EVENT
entity:
  Operation and Management of Seoul Metropolitan City Community Treatment Center for Mild Condition COVID


id: cord-349646-imv0sc9y
type: DISEASE
entity:
  fever dry cough shortness of breath dyspnea muscle ache myalgia confusion headache sore throat rhinorrhea chest pain diarrhea nausea vomiting conjunctival congestion nasal congestion


id: cord-349812-nw1nlc1y
type: GGP
entity:
  government 9 14 19 26 32 Further research is needed to understand the conditions of trust in the president and identification of a party that could affect preventive behavioral practices However this study has some limitations First that this study used surveys on self reported practices could mean that the data could be different from those obtained through observed practices Therefore there could have been measurement errors i e social desirability bias Yes saying bias However surveys of observed practices are difficult to conduct during health crisis Second this study used a cross sectional design hence it could not establish causal relations Third risk perception affective and cognitive reactions was not fully surveyed during the outbreaks


# bib

id: cord-000402-unr44dvp
author: Yoo, Hyun Jung
date: 2011-06-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124712/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.7.851
title:
  Gene Expression Profile during Chondrogenesis in Human Bone Marrow derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells using a cDNA Microarray

abstract:
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to proliferate and differentiate into multiple connective tissue lineages, which include cartilage, bone, and fat. Cartilage differentiation and chondrocyte maturation are required for normal skeletal development, but the intracellular pathways regulating this process remain largely unclear. This study was designed to identify novel genes that might help clarify the molecular mechanisms of chondrogenesis. Chondrogenesis was induced by culturing human bone marrow (BM) derived MSCs in micromass pellets in the presence of defined medium for 3, 7, 14 or 21 days. Several genes regulated during chondrogenesis were then identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using an ABI microarray system, we determined the differential gene expression profiles of differentiated chondrocytes and BM-MSCs. Normalization of this data resulted in the identification of 1,486 differentially expressed genes. To verify gene expression profiles determined by microarray analysis, the expression levels of 10 genes with high fold changes were confirmed by RT-PCR. Gene expression patterns of 9 genes (Hrad6B, annexinA2, BMP-7, contactin-1, peroxiredoxin-1, heat shock transcription factor-2, synaptotagmin IV, serotonin receptor-7, Axl) in RT-PCR were similar to the microarray gene expression patterns. These findings provide novel information concerning genes involved in the chondrogenesis of human BM-MSCs.


id: cord-000964-ysyz3grd
author: Kim, Soo Jin
date: 2013-05-02
txt: ./txt/cord-000964-ysyz3grd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000964-ysyz3grd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3653076/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.658
summary:
  We calculated the nationwide incidence, as well as the crude mortality and injury incidence rates, of disasters and MCIs. The data were collected from the administrative database of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and from provincial fire departments from January 2000 to December 2009. Disaster and MCI-related research in Korea has mostly focused on the establishment of a national disaster management system (12) , the role of disaster management agencies (13) , database (DB) building for disaster prevention (14) , and descriptive studies on post-disaster stress management (15) , post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (16) , hospital disaster (17) , incidents at mass gatherings and sporting events and building collapses (18, 19) . We aimed to calculate the incidence, mortality and overall rates of disasters and MCIs and to examine their relationship with population characteristics, using health-related indicators based on disaster/MCI database of NEMA to facilitate future compari-son of disasters and MCIs between domestic and foreign cases.

title:
  Incidence and Mortality Rates of Disasters and Mass Casualty Incidents in Korea: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study, 2000-2009

abstract:
  The objective of study was to evaluate the incidence and mortality rates of disasters and mass casualty incidents (MCIs) over the past 10 yr in the administrative system of Korea administrative system and to examine their relationship with population characteristics. This was a population-based cross-sectional study. We calculated the nationwide incidence, as well as the crude mortality and injury incidence rates, of disasters and MCIs. The data were collected from the administrative database of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and from provincial fire departments from January 2000 to December 2009. A total of 47,169 events were collected from the NEMA administrative database. Of these events, 115 and 3,079 cases were defined as disasters and MCIs that occurred in Korea, respectively. The incidence of technical disasters/MCIs was approximately 12.7 times greater than that of natural disasters/MCIs. Over the past 10 yr, the crude mortality rates for disasters and MCIs were 2.36 deaths per 100,000 persons and 6.78 deaths per 100,000 persons, respectively. The crude injury incidence rates for disasters and MCIs were 25.47 injuries per 100,000 persons and 152 injuries per 100,000 persons, respectively. The incidence and mortality of disasters/MCIs in Korea seem to be low compared to that of trend around the world.


id: cord-003258-yrbo0hdk
author: Ha, Seok Gyun
date: 2018-09-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193889/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e268
title:
  Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Prolonged Macrolide, Corticosteroid, Doxycycline, and Levofloxacin against Macrolide-Unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of prolonged macrolide (PMC), corticosteroids (CST), doxycycline (DXC), and levofloxacin (LFX) against macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia in children and to evaluate the safety of the secondary treatment agents. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with MP pneumonia hospitalized between January 2015 and April 2017. Macrolide-unresponsiveness was clinically defined with a persistent fever of ≥ 38.0°C at ≥ 72 hours after macrolide treatment. The cases were divided into four groups: PMC, CST, DXC, and LFX. We compared the time to defervescence (TTD) after secondary treatment and the TTD after initial macrolide treatment in each group with adjustment using propensity score-matching analysis. RESULTS: Among 1,165 cases of MP pneumonia, 190 (16.3%) were unresponsive to macrolides. The proportion of patients who achieved defervescence within 48 hours in CST, DXC, and LFX groups were 96.9% (31/33), 85.7% (12/14), and 83.3% (5/6), respectively. The TTD after initial macrolide treatment did not differ between PMC and CST groups (5.1 vs. 4.2 days, P = 0.085), PMC and DXC groups (4.9 vs. 5.7 days, P = 0.453), and PMC and LFX groups (4.4 vs. 5.0 days, P = 0.283). No side effects were observed in the CST, DXC, and LFX groups. CONCLUSION: The change to secondary treatment did not show better efficacy compared to PMC in children with macrolide-unresponsive MP pneumonia. Further studies are needed to guide appropriate treatment in children with MP pneumonia.


id: cord-011782-hz0rtgd1
author: Hong, Sung-Tae
date: 2020-06-01
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324265/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e208
title:
  Status of Editing and Publishing of Scholarly Journals by Academic Societies of Science and Technology in Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The present study analyzed publishing data of scholarly journals which were published in 2018 by academic societies of science and technology in Korea to observe journal editing and publishing status. METHODS: A total of 346 regional journals (59 natural science, 118 engineering, 44 agriculture, fisheries, and oceanography, and 125 medical and pharmacy) and 141 international journals (32 natural science, 43 engineering, 12 agriculture, fisheries, and oceanography, 54 medical and pharmacy) were included in this analysis, which applied the journal review by the Korea Federation of Science and Technology. Websites of the journals and the submitted publication data in 2019 were reviewed. RESULTS: Except for a few journals, all of the journals were published by academic societies. Basic information of journals was well displayed by both offline and online. Most of the 346 regional journals were published in Korean language or mixed with English but 77 (22.3%), mostly medical, were in English. One-third (n = 104) journals published less than 40 articles while 9 published over 200, and 261 journals (75.4%) received less than 100 submissions in 2018. Most (n = 298, 86.1%) of them were enlisted in the Korean Citation Index (KCI). Editorial board members performed manuscript editing in 171 (49.4%) journals, and most of the journals paid < 50,000,000 won for publishing costs. Of 141 international journals, 138 (97.9%) were published in English and all of them published overseas submissions. Forty-one (29.1%) journals accepted < 20% of submissions but 58 (41.1%) accepted 100%. Of them, 124 (87.9%) were indexed in the KCI, 93 (66.0%) in the Web of Science, 120 in Scopus, and 62 in PubMed. Editorial board members in 38 (27.0%) journals took responsibility of manuscript editing. Publishing cost of 79 (56.0%) journals was < 50,000,000 won. Only 157 (32.2%) of total 487 journals, mostly medical, documented gendered innovation in their instruction to authors. CONCLUSION: Most of the Korean science and technology journals keep global standard of editing and publishing. Their offline and online visibility is acceptable but most regional journals are small and of low academic impact while international journals are globally indexed and acknowledged. Korean scholarly journals should invite more and better articles to keep quality publication.


id: cord-259906-9em5tjya
title: First Pediatric Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea
author: Park, Ji Young
date: 2020-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-259906-9em5tjya.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259906-9em5tjya.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e124
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e124
summary:
  Because the patient closely contacted her uncle and her mother, she was screened for COVID-19, and three screening tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were all negative on day 1 and 4 since her uncle''s diagnosis (February 1) and day 2 from the last exposure (February 5) to her mother. As the number of confirmed cases surges in Korea, data on pediatric patients need to be comprehensively analyzed to further describe the clinical findings and to learn the role of children in a COVID-19 pandemic. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases

abstract:
  The large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started in Wuhan, China has now spread to many countries worldwide. Current epidemiologic knowledge suggests that relatively few cases are seen among children, which limits opportunities to address pediatric specific issues on infection control and the children's contribution to viral spread in the community. Here, we report the first pediatric case of COVID-19 in Korea. The 10-year-old girl was a close contact of her uncle and her mother who were confirmed to have COVID-19. In this report, we present mild clinical course of her pneumonia that did not require antiviral treatment and serial viral test results from multiple specimens. Lastly, we raise concerns on the optimal strategy of self-quarantine and patient care in a negative isolation room for children.


id: cord-260310-0gkoanrg
title: Viral Load Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in First Two Patients in Korea
author: Kim, Jin Yong
date: 2020-02-20
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e86
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e86
abstract:
  As of February 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started in China in December 2019 has been spreading in many countries in the world. With the numbers of confirmed cases are increasing, information on the epidemiologic investigation and clinical manifestation have been accumulated. However, data on viral load kinetics in confirmed cases are lacking. Here, we present the viral load kinetics of the first two confirmed patients with mild to moderate illnesses in Korea in whom distinct viral load kinetics are shown. This report suggests that viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 may be different from that of previously reported other coronavirus infections such as SARS-CoV.


id: cord-262681-2voe4r7f
author: Kim, Moon-Young
date: 2020-08-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32830471/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e310
title:
  Proposal of the Autopsy Guideline for Infectious Diseases: Preparation for the Post-COVID-19 Era (abridged translation)

abstract:
  With the rapidly spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic over the past few months, the world is facing an unprecedented crisis. Innumerable lives have been lost to this novel infectious disease, the nature of which supersedes conventional medical understanding. The COVID-19 pandemic is not just a global health crisis, several aspects of life in the post-COVID-19 era are also being contemplated. Experts in unison are warning that the upcoming changes in all areas of life could potentially be far more drastic than ever experienced in the entire human civilization. The medical community is no exception, and therefore, personnel involved in forensic medicine also need to be adequately prepared for the future. Forensic medicine is a branch of medicine dedicated to one of the most important stages of the human lifecycle and has always been at the forefront in times of unprecedented social change. The autopsy, one of the most important tools of forensic medicine, is also useful to infectious diseases because it identifies the causal relationship between death and infection, reveals medical and epidemiological knowledge, and provides objective evidence for legal disputes. We present new autopsy guidelines in forensic medicine, formulated based on the various infectious diseases that we presently live with and may encounter in the future. In formulation of these guidelines several considerations have been taken into account, namely, the role forensic pathologists should play in the post-COVID-19 era and the necessary preparations as well as the support needed from society to fulfill that role. The present COVID-19 outbreak should be a starting point for formulating improvements in current practices in forensic science, including autopsy biosafety practices and the medicolegal death investigation system.


id: cord-268907-cv0mkpzd
author: Kim, Jung Heon
date: 2018-04-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29686596/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e125
abstract: nan
title:
  An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of “Forgotten” Infectious Diseases in Korea


id: cord-269440-6x19xuy3
title: Trend of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients in a Quarantine Facility
author: Seo, Min Young
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-269440-6x19xuy3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269440-6x19xuy3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33107232/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e375
summary:
  This study evaluated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated assessment methods. 5, 6 Subsequent studies have reported that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction may be characteristic symptoms of COVID-19 infection, but there are limitations in assessments by validated methods. Therefore, this study was designed to assess olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated olfactory and gustatory evaluation methods and endoscopic examination. This prospective surveillance study included mild COVID-19 patients who were isolated at Gyeonggi International Living and Treatment Support Center (LTSC) after confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using respiratory samples; all patients were interviewed daily regarding changes in olfactory and gustatory symptoms and their medical records were reviewed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess both olfactory and gustatory function with validated methods, with simultaneous nasal and oral endoscopic examination in mild COVID-19 patients.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction has been reported as characteristic symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study evaluated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated assessment methods. METHODS: A prospective surveillance study was conducted for mild COVID-19 patients who were isolated at the Gyeonggi International Living and Treatment Support Center (LTSC), Korea. Olfactory function was assessed using the Korean version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) and Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Gustatory function was assessed using an 11-point Likert scale and 6-n-propylthiouracil, phenylthiocarbamide, and control strips. All patients underwent nasal and oral cavity endoscopic examination. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients at the LTSC, 15 patients (24.2%) complained of olfactory or gustatory dysfunction on admission. Four of 10 patients who underwent functional evaluation did not have general symptoms and 2 were asymptomatic. The mean short version of QOD-negative statements and QOD-visual analogue scale scores were 13 ± 6 and 4.7 ± 3.6, respectively. The mean CC-SIT score was 8 ± 2. No patients showed anatomical abnormalities associated with olfactory dysfunction on endoscopic examination. The mean Likert scale score for function was 8 ± 2, and there were no abnormal lesions in the oral cavity of any patient. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was 24.2% in mild COVID-19 patients. All patients had hyposmia due to sensorineural olfactory dysfunction, which was confirmed using validated olfactory and gustatory evaluation methods and endoscopic examination. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction may be characteristic indicators of mild COVID-19.


id: cord-269885-r8molh8c
title: MERS-CoV Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Korea
author: Jeong, Soo Young
date: 2017-08-08
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28875620/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1717
abstract:
  Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease — caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in 2012. Especially, pregnant women can be expected as highly vulnerable candidates for this viral infection. In May 2015, this virus was spread in Korea and a pregnant woman was confirmed with positive result of MERS-CoV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Her condition was improved only with conservative treatment. After a full recovery of MERS, the patient manifested abrupt vaginal bleeding with rupture of membrane. Under an impression of placenta abruption, an emergent cesarean section was performed. Our team performed many laboratory tests related to MERS-CoV and all results were negative. We report the first case of MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy occurred outside of the Middle East. Also, this case showed relatively benign maternal course which resulted in full recovery with subsequent healthy full-term delivery without MERS-CoV transmission.


id: cord-270083-gm8i9olj
title: Prognostic Factors for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Daegu, Korea
author: Jang, Jong Geol
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-270083-gm8i9olj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270083-gm8i9olj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e209
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e209
summary:
  CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 are independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Older age, male sex, presence of comorbidities, low oxygen saturation, and abnormal lab findings (high lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] , high procalcitonin, low CD4 cell count, low albumin level) were shown to be risk factors for severe However, patient-and disease-related factors vary from region to region, and these factors may be associated with the clinical severity of COVID19. We showed that the presence of diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 were independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Since its first detection in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has spread rapidly around the world. Although there have been several studies investigating prognostic factors for severe COVID-19, there have been no such studies in Korea. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study of 110 patients with confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized at a tertiary hospital in Daegu, Korea. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Severe disease was defined as a composite outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome, intensive care unit care, or death. RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 19.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90–193.42; P = 0.012), body temperature ≥ 37.8°C (OR, 10.91; 95% CI, 1.35–88.36; P = 0.025), peripheral oxygen saturation < 92% (OR, 33.31; 95% CI, 2.45–452.22; P = 0.008), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) > 6.3 (OR, 56.84; 95% CI, 2.64–1,223.78, P = 0.010) at admission were associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19. The likelihood of development of severe COVID-19 increased with an increasing number of prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 are independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Appropriate assessment of prognostic factors and close monitoring to provide the necessary interventions at the appropriate time in high-risk patients may reduce the case fatality rate of COVID-19.


id: cord-270922-7z0n78ja
author: Lee, You Hyun
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-270922-7z0n78ja.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270922-7z0n78ja.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e322
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e322
summary:
  No significant differences were determined in terms of positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16.9%) and the relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P > 0.05). 6 also reported conjunctivitis as an ocular finding in COVID-19 patients, demonstrating a positive correlation with higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts and higher levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase in Hubei, China. Blood test results indicated significantly higher values of procalcitonin, neutrophil count, monocyte count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase in the first-episode group compared to the relapsed group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16 .9%) and relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P = 0.18). Other factors such as age; total duration of hospitalization; gender; presence of pneumonia, diabetes, or hypertension; and other blood test results showed no significant difference between the ocular symptom-positive and -negative groups (P > 0.05).

title:
  Characteristics of Ocular Manifestations of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Daegu Province, Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reportedly affected almost 23 million people, with more than 800 thousand deaths globally. There have been a few reports on the ocular manifestations of COVID-19 patients in China but no reports in Korea. The present study aimed to examine ocular manifestations of COVID-19 patients in Korea. METHODS: COVID-19 patients admitted from March 2020 to April 2020 at Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital and Keimyung University Daegu Dongsan Hospital were reviewed retrospectively for ocular manifestations. During the period of hospitalization, ocular symptoms as well as blood test results were noted and analyzed. Patients were then divided into the first-episode and relapsed group and ocular symptoms were analyzed in the groups. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients were included in this study. Among them, 71patients were in the first-episode group and 32 patients in the relapsed group. No significant differences were determined in terms of positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16.9%) and the relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P > 0.05). Symptoms of positive upper respiratory infection and lower creatine phosphokinase were determined to be related to positive ocular symptoms. Conjunctival congestion was noted in seven patients. In the subgroup analysis, the conjunctival congestion-positive patients exhibited higher positivity of upper respiratory infection symptoms (100%) as compared with those in the negative group (40%, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Positive upper respiratory infection symptoms and lower creatine phosphokinase were determined to be related to ocular symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Among these patients, positive upper respiratory infection symptoms were associated with conjunctival congestion.


id: cord-271277-z0o7bhzr
title: COVID-19 Screening Center: How to Balance between the Speed and Safety?
author: Lee, Jacob
date: 2020-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-271277-z0o7bhzr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271277-z0o7bhzr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301302/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e157
abstract: nan
summary:
  In order to minimize cross-contamination during the process of specimen collection, aprons and gloves should be worn in addition to personal protective equipment, and the apron and gloves should be changed for each patient. If the medical staff responsible for collecting samples is not sufficiently trained, cross-contamination may occur while wearing the apron and gloves. There is no way to preserve patient safety and prevent sample contamination unless the gloves fixed to the booth are changed for every patient. In order to increase the speed of sample collection at the WT screening centers, the number of booths should be increased. The closed booth WT screening center risks the possibility of cross-contamination due to fixed gloves, in addition to the ventilation issues after environmental sterilization, thus leading to the creation of an outdoor WT screening center. Gloves and aprons must be replaced for every patient.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, various screening centers are being set up in Korea.


id: cord-274788-oyk8js16
title: Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Outbreak at Fitness Centers in Cheonan, Korea
author: Bae, Sanghyuk
date: 2020-08-05
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e288
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e288
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In February 2020, a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was reported in fitness centers in Cheonan, Korea. METHODS: From February 24 to March 13, an epidemiological investigation was conducted on the fitness center outbreak. All those who were screened were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Contacts were traced and self-isolated for 14 days. We determined the epidemiological characteristics of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and estimated the time-dependent reproduction number to assess the transmission dynamics of the infection. RESULTS: A total of 116 cases were confirmed, and 1,687 contacts were traced. The source cases were 8 Zumba instructors who led aerobics classes in 10 fitness centers, and had the largest average number of contacts. A total of 57 Zumba class participants, 37 of their family members, and 14 other contacts were confirmed as cases. The attack rate was 7.3%. The contacts at Zumba classes and homes had a higher attack rate than other contacts. The mean serial interval (± standard deviation) were estimated to be 5.2 (± 3.8) days. The time-dependent reproduction number was estimated to be 6.1 at the beginning of the outbreak, but it dropped to less than 1, 2 days after the epidemiological investigation was launched. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak was effectively contained with rigorous contact tracing, isolating, and testing in combination with social distancing without a lock-down.


id: cord-277144-106q6ae0
author: Lee, Ji Yeon
date: 2020-06-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32537957/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e223
title:
  Risk Factors for Mortality and Respiratory Support in Elderly Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The mortality risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is higher in patients with older age, and many elderly patients are reported to require advanced respiratory support. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 98 patients aged ≥ 65 years who were hospitalized with COVID-19 during a regional outbreak in Daegu/Gyeongsangbuk-do province of Korea. The outcome measures were in-hospital mortality and the treatment with mechanical ventilation (MV) or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 72 years; 55.1% were female. Most (74.5%) had at least one underlying condition. Overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 20.4%, and median time to death after admission was 8 days. The CFR was 6.1% among patients aged 65–69 years, 22.7% among those aged 70–79 years, and 38.1% among those aged ≥ 80 years. The CFR among patients who required MV was 43.8%, and the proportion of patients received MV/HFNC was 28.6%. Nosocomial acquisition, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, and chronic neurologic diseases were significant risk factors for both death and MV/HFNC. Hypotension, hypoxia, and altered mental status on admission were also associated with poor outcome. CRP > 8.0 mg/dL was strongly associated with MV/HFNC (odds ratio, 26.31; 95% confidence interval, 7.78–88.92; P < 0.001), and showed better diagnostic characteristics compared to commonly used clinical scores. CONCLUSION: Patients aged ≥ 80 years had a high risk of requiring MV/HFNC, and mortality among those severe patients was very high. Severe initial presentation and laboratory abnormalities, especially high CRP, were identified as risk factors for mortality and severe hospital course.


id: cord-282293-pdhjl508
author: Park, Wan Beom
date: 2016-01-14
txt: ./txt/cord-282293-pdhjl508.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282293-pdhjl508.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.2.315
summary:
  title: Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Korea, 186 persons were infected, resulting in 38 fatalities. Full-length genome sequence of the virus isolate was obtained and phylogenetic analyses showed that it clustered with clade B of MERS-CoV. On May 27, 2015, he was unknowingly exposed to the index case (designated as patient number 14 by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare) of the hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) at emergency department of a hospital (10) . For full-length genome sequencing of the virus isolate (MERS-CoV Hu/KOR/SNU1_035/2015), Vero cell monolayer showing cytopathic effects was harvested and used for RNA extraction. A previous study about S gene of MERS-CoV reported from Korea showed that a culture isolate from patient number 002 contained two nonsynonymous variants (S137R and V530L) (14) .

title:
  Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak

abstract:
  During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Korea, 186 persons were infected, resulting in 38 fatalities. We isolated MERS-CoV from the oropharyngeal sample obtained from a patient of the outbreak. Cytopathic effects showing detachment and rounding of cells were observed in Vero cell cultures 3 days after inoculation of the sample. Spherical virus particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Full-length genome sequence of the virus isolate was obtained and phylogenetic analyses showed that it clustered with clade B of MERS-CoV.


id: cord-282554-hlcgutzf
title: The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun
author: Yoo, Jin-Hong
date: 2020-01-30
txt: ./txt/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282554-hlcgutzf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31997618/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56
abstract: nan
summary:
  Most coronaviruses cause only mild upper respiratory infections, but sometimes they cause fatal respiratory disease and outbreaks, as experienced in cases of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. This disaster has been warned until recently that new mutants of coronavirus can occur anytime. As much as the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak, we are also learning a lot of lesson from this disaster. Because epidemic is a national disaster, not only medical institutions but also governments have to be active. Our country is excellent at coping with this disaster, thanks to the experiences that we have gained during the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak. And this outbreak is expected to have a greater amount of transmission than the 2015 MERS-CoV. Health workers, the government, and the people will need to unite to overcome this disaster. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)


id: cord-283512-qly8iclf
title: Acute Kidney Injury and Kidney Damage in COVID-19 Patients
author: Na, Ki Ryang
date: 2020-07-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32686373/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e257
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This disease, which is quickly spreading worldwide, has high potential for infection and causes rapid progression of lung lesions, resulting in a high mortality rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on renal function in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: From February 21 to April 24, 2020, 66 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at Chungnam National University Hospital were analyzed; all patients underwent routine urinalysis and were tested for serum creatinine, urine protein to creatinine ratio (PCR), and urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). RESULTS: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 3 (4.5%) of the 66 patients, and 1 patient with AKI stage 3 underwent hemodialysis. Upon follow-up, all 3 patients recovered normal renal function. Compared with patients with mild COVID-19, AKI (n = 3) occurred in patients with severe COVID-19, of whom both urine PCR and ACR were markedly increased. CONCLUSION: The incidence of AKI was not high in COVID-19 patients. The lower mortality rate in SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with previous Middle East respiratory syndrome and SARS-CoV infections is thought to be associated with a low incidence of dysfunction in organs other than the lungs.


id: cord-284879-sjkni2uc
author: Song, Suk-Kyoon
date: 2020-07-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32715672/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e269
title:
  IgG Seroprevalence of COVID-19 among Individuals without a History of the Coronavirus Disease Infection in Daegu, Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Seroprevalence studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from many countries have shown that the number of undiagnosed missing cases is much larger than that of confirmed cases, irrespective of seroprevalence levels. Considering the strategy of Korea entailing massive testing and contact tracing from the beginning of epidemic, the number of undiagnosed missing cases in Korea may be negligible. This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 among individuals who were never diagnosed with COVID-19 in Daegu, the epicenter of COVID-19 epidemic in Korea. METHODS: Serologic testing for immunoglobulin G antibody based on immunochromatographic assay was conducted in 103 patients and 95 guardians aged 18 to 82 years without any history of COVID-19 diagnosis, who visited outpatient clinics of a single university-affiliated hospital from May 25 to June 5, 2020. RESULTS: The estimated seroprevalence was 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 4.3%–12.2%) with 15 positive cases. Among them, only one had a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed case among their close contacts and 13 did not experience COVID-19-related symptoms. Seroprevalence was similar between patients and guardians. Based on this figure, the number of undiagnosed missing cases in Daegu was estimated to be a dozen times more than the number of confirmed cases based on PCR testing. CONCLUSION: Despite the limitation of a small and unrepresentative sample, this is the first study on seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Korea. Our study suggested that the number of undiagnosed missing cases was substantial even with the stringent strategy adopted in Korea, similar to that of other countries.


id: cord-285984-hjyqg8n5
author: Kim, Ahreum
date: 2019-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-285984-hjyqg8n5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285984-hjyqg8n5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31074252/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e138
summary:
  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the indicators (the rates of diagnosis, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion) of management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in contacts and to identify the impact of active tuberculosis (TB) index case characteristics on the exposed population in congregated settings, such as schools, workplaces, and medical institutes. As shown in Table 3 , multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using the diagnosis of latent TB in contacts, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion as dependent variables, and the characteristics of the index case and cluster as independent variables; years were considered as a random effect. When compared by type of facility that index cases belonged to, other facilities showed significantly high ORs for rates of need for treatment of latent TB compared to schools (P < 0.001). 33 In this study, medical institutions had higher rates of latent TB diagnosis, need for treatment, and treatment initiation than schools.

title:
  Factors Influencing the Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis among Contacts in Congregated Settings in Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the indicators (the rates of diagnosis, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion) of management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in contacts and to identify the impact of active tuberculosis (TB) index case characteristics on the exposed population in congregated settings, such as schools, workplaces, and medical institutes. METHODS: The data of 8,648 clusters in the TB epidemiological investigation database between 2013 and 2016 were extracted and analyzed to evaluate the indicators and perform multilevel logistic regression (MLR) analyses to identify the factors affecting each indicator. RESULTS: The rates of total LTBI diagnosis, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion were 15.2%, 10.2%, 69.4%, and 76.6%, respectively. After adjusting for other factors on MLR, the probability of diagnosis and need for treatment of latent TB in contacts was higher in most types of facilities than in schools. Conversely, treatment completion rates in these facilities were lower. Notably, the correctional institutions showed the highest odds ratio (OR) relative to school for LTBI diagnosis (OR, 6.37) and need for treatment (OR, 4.49) and the lowest OR for treatment completion (OR, 0.10). CONCLUSION: This study provided evidence for the implementation of latent TB control policies in congregated settings.


id: cord-286930-c1zkjdgf
author: Park, Won-Ju
date: 2014-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-286930-c1zkjdgf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286930-c1zkjdgf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2014.29.9.1325
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.9.1325
summary:
  title: Seroprevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus IgG among Healthy Young Adults in Basic Training for the Republic of Korea Air Force Nine basic trainees belonging to the RSV IgG negative and equivocal grey zone categories were prospectively observed for any particular vulnerability to respiratory infection during the training period of two months. Recent studies revealed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) would also be a significant pathogen that causes respiratory infection and an outbreak of febrile illness in the military (2, 3) . This study attempted to verify the seroprevalence of RSV IgG among healthy young adults in their early twenties who had just been admitted to the Korea Air Force basic training camp. In an effort to verify the increased vulnerability to respiratory infection for the RSV IgG negative or equivocal grey zone recruits during the training period, the medical records for all 570 subjects were verified in the basic training camp.

title:
  Seroprevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus IgG among Healthy Young Adults in Basic Training for the Republic of Korea Air Force

abstract:
  This investigation enrolled 570 healthy young males gathered from all over the country for military service at the Republic of Korea Air Force boot camp. It confirmed RSV IgG seroprevalence by utilizing the enzyme immunoassay method just prior to undergoing basic training. The mean age of this study was 20.25±1.34 yr old. The results of their immunoassay seroprofiles showed that 561 men (98.4%) were positive, 2 (0.4%) were negative and 7 (1.2%) were equivocal belonging to the grey zone. It was confirmed that RSV is a common respiratory virus and RSV infection was encountered by almost all people before reaching adulthood in Korea. Nine basic trainees belonging to the RSV IgG negative and equivocal grey zone categories were prospectively observed for any particular vulnerability to respiratory infection during the training period of two months. However, these nine men completed their basic training without developing any specific respiratory illness. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]


id: cord-289370-3n56low4
title: A Case of COVID-19 with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock
author: Kim, Hong Nyun
date: 2020-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-289370-3n56low4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289370-3n56low4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e258
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e258
summary:
  We herein present our first case of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with COVID-19 infection who developed AMI with cardiogenic shock during hospitalization in intensive care unit. This is the first case of a patient with COVID-19 who underwent PCI for AMI complicating cardiogenic shock. Therefore, it is necessary to closely observe and properly test ECG, cardiac enzymes, and TTE (if suspected) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or underlying cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 15, 16 However, in real-world practice, it is possible to have a significant time delay between AMI diagnosis and the actual procedure because the primary PCI of a COVID-19 patient is accompanied by the possibility of COVID-19 transmission in hospital facilities, medical staff, and other patients. In our case, although he had AMI with cardiogenic shock, primary PCI was performed at the end of the scheduled procedures to minimize exposure of other patients.

abstract:
  A 60-year-old male patient with coronavirus disease-2019 showed new onset ST-segment elevation in V1–V2 leads on electrocardiogram and cardiac enzyme elevation in intensive care unit. He had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He was receiving mechanical ventilation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment for severe hypoxia. Two-D echocardiogram showed regional wall motion abnormalities. We performed primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction complicating cardiogenic shock under hemodynamic support. He expired on the 16th day of admission because of cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure. Active surveillance and intensive treatment strategy are important for saving lives of COVID-19 patients with acute myocardial infarction.


id: cord-297681-m0cckidw
author: Na, Joo-Young
date: 2020-08-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32830469/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e302
title:
  [Secondary Publication] Standard Operating Procedure for Post-mortem Inspection in a Focus on Coronavirus Disease-19: the Korean Society for Legal Medicine

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It resulted in a worldwide pandemic, and spread through community transmission in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In the ROK, SARS-CoV-2 is categorized as a first-degree infectious disease of the legal communicable disease present. The Korean Society for Legal Medicine (KSLM) is the sole official academic association of forensic professionals in the ROK. As such, this society has played an important role in forensic medicine and science in the ROK. Therefore, KSLM suggests a standard operating procedure for the postmortem inspection in a focus on COVID-19. This article includes the background of this suggested standard operation procedure, basic principles for postmortem inspections of individuals suggested of having an infectious disease, and specific procedures according to the probability level of SARS-CoV-2 infection.


id: cord-297965-3bdv6ady
author: Lee, Sun Young
date: 2020-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-297965-3bdv6ady.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297965-3bdv6ady.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33075858/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e367
summary:
  BACKGROUND: In response to the disaster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) established a patient facility for mild condition patients other than hospital. CONCLUSION: In the time of an infectious disease disaster, a metropolitan city can operate a temporary patient facility such as CTC to make a surge capacity and appropriately allocate scarce medical resource. To respond the shortage of medical resource due to COVID-19 outbreak, the Korean government introduced a temporary patient facility called community treatment centers (CTCs). To prepare and respond second wave of COVID-19 epidemic and future emerging infectious disease disaster, analysis of operation of actual CTC and information of patient triage in the community is needed. 1,34 In a metropolitan city with a population of 10 million, through operating the two-stage surge capacity consisting of dedicated COVID-19 hospitals and CTCs, allocating scarce hospital resources to critically ill patients was possible.

title:
  Operation and Management of Seoul Metropolitan City Community Treatment Center for Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In response to the disaster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) established a patient facility for mild condition patients other than hospital. This study was conducted to investigate the operation and necessary resources of a community treatment center (CTC) operated in Seoul, a metropolitan city with a population of 10 million. METHODS: To respond COVID-19 epidemic, the SMG designated 5 municipal hospitals as dedicated COVID-19 hospitals and implemented one CTC cooperated with the Boramae Municipal Hospital for COVID-19 patients in Seoul. As a retrospective cross-sectional observational study, retrospective medical records review was conducted for patients admitted to the Seoul CTC. The admission and discharge route of CTC patients were investigated. The patient characteristics were compared according to route of discharge whether the patient was discharged to home or transferred to hospital. To report the operation of CTC, the daily mean number of tests (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and chest X-ray) and consultations by medical staffs were calculated per week. The list of frequent used medications and who used medication most frequently were investigated. RESULTS: Until May 27 when the Seoul CTC was closed, 26.5% (n = 213) of total 803 COVID-19 patients in Seoul were admitted to the CTC. It was 35.7% (n = 213) of 597 newly diagnosed patients in Seoul during the 11 weeks of operation. The median length of stay was 21 days (interquartile range, 12–29 days). A total of 191 patients (89.7%) were discharged to home after virologic remission and 22 (10.3%) were transferred to hospital for further treatment. Fifty percent of transferred patients were within a week since CTC admission. Daily 2.5–3.6 consultations by doctors or nurses and 0.4–0.9 tests were provided to one patient. The most frequently prescribed medication was symptomatic medication for COVID-19 (cough/sputum and rhinorrhea). The next ranking was psychiatric medication for sleep problem and depression/anxiety, which was prescribed more than digestive drug. CONCLUSION: In the time of an infectious disease disaster, a metropolitan city can operate a temporary patient facility such as CTC to make a surge capacity and appropriately allocate scarce medical resource.


id: cord-301553-bq8h13np
title: Letter to the Editor: The Interpretation of COVID-19 Seroprevalence Study Should Be Cautious
author: Lee, Jaehyeon
date: 2020-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-301553-bq8h13np.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301553-bq8h13np.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e338
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e338
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conceptualization: Lee Third, although the authors have acknowledged selection bias, they should recognize that the patient group had more of health-related issues compared with general population, resulting limited generalizability of the study. However, when an antibody test is performed to estimate seroprevalence at the population level, even a serological test with moderate sensitivity and specificity is acceptable 5 because of the tradeoff between false-positive and false-negative cases. Moreover, despite the possibility of selection bias, we believe that the size of missing undiagnosed cases in Daegu should be estimated because it is one of most important reasons underlying any seroprevalence study during the epidemic. Currently, however, even a population-based seroprevalence survey with a perfect serological assay may not validly estimate the size of missing undiagnosed cases in Daegu because of antibody loss in many previously infected cases.


id: cord-304010-n4gxxl5i
author: Sung, Ho Kyung
date: 2020-07-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32743995/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e280
title:
  Clinical Course and Outcomes of 3,060 Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea, January–May 2020

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The fatality rate of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) varies among countries owing to demographics, patient comorbidities, surge capacity of healthcare systems, and the quality of medical care. We assessed the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 during the first wave of the epidemic in Korea. METHODS: Using a modified World Health Organization clinical record form, we obtained clinical data for 3,060 patients with COVID-19 treated at 55 hospitals in Korea. Disease severity scores were defined as: 1) no limitation of daily activities; 2) limitation of daily activities but no need for supplemental oxygen; 3) supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula; 4) supplemental oxygen via facial mask; 5) non-invasive mechanical ventilation; 6) invasive mechanical ventilation; 7) multi-organ failure or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy; and 8) death. Recovery was defined as a severity score of 1 or 2, or discharge and release from isolation. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 43 years of age; 43.6% were male. The median time from illness onset to admission was 5 days. Of the patients with a disease severity score of 3–4 on admission, 65 (71.5%) of the 91 patients recovered, and 7 (7.7%) died due to illness by day 28. Of the patients with disease severity scores of 5–7, 7 (19.5%) of the 36 patients recovered, and 8 (22.2%) died due to illness by day 28. None of the 1,324 patients who were < 50 years of age died; in contrast, the fatality rate due to illness by day 28 was 0.5% (2/375), 0.9% (2/215), 5.8% (6/104), and 14.0% (7/50) for the patients aged 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥ 80 years of age, respectively. CONCLUSION: In Korea, almost all patients of < 50 years of age with COVID-19 recovered without supplemental oxygen. In patients of ≥ 50 years of age, the fatality rate increased with age, reaching 14% in patients of ≥ 80 years of age.


id: cord-304526-hoybp1h6
author: Kwon, Ki Tae
date: 2020-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-304526-hoybp1h6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304526-hoybp1h6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e123
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e123
summary:
  For safe and efficient screening for COVID-19, drive-through (DT) screening centers have been designed and implemented in Korea. Personal protective equipment (PPE) of inner and outer gloves, N95 respirator, eye-shield/face shield/goggles, and hooded coverall/gown is required for the HCWs who may have direct contact with testees. Specimen collection Drive-through COVID screening center is important since the examination work requires professionalism among all the DT stages, and this manpower pool is sparse during an outbreak situation. The main timeconsuming factor in the conventional COVID-19 screening system is the time required for ventilation and cleaning of the specimen collection room. 8 However, this time for ventilation and cleaning is not required for the DT screening system because testees'' cars are used as specimen collection rooms. In addition to the improved efficiency, the DT screening system can also exclude the risk of cross-infection between testees at the waiting space of conventional screening centers, for testees'' own cars work as isolation units throughout the test course.

title:
  Drive-Through Screening Center for COVID-19: a Safe and Efficient Screening System against Massive Community Outbreak

abstract:
  As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is ongoing, the number of individuals to be tested for COVID-19 is rapidly increasing. For safe and efficient screening for COVID-19, drive-through (DT) screening centers have been designed and implemented in Korea. Herein, we present the overall concept, advantages, and limitations of the COVID-19 DT screening centers. The steps of the DT centers include registration, examination, specimen collection, and instructions. The entire service takes about 10 minutes for one testee without leaving his or her cars. Increased testing capacity over 100 tests per day and prevention of cross-infection between testees in the waiting space are the major advantages, while protection of staff from the outdoor atmosphere is challenging. It could be implemented in other countries to cope with the global COVID-19 outbreak and transformed according to their own situations.


id: cord-306092-5bi2q3jj
author: Choi, Hee Joung
date: 2015-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-306092-5bi2q3jj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306092-5bi2q3jj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028930/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.6.763
summary:
  title: Relationship between the Clinical Characteristics and Intervention Scores of Infants with Apparent Life-threatening Events We investigated the clinical presentations, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and prognosis from follow-up of infants with apparent life-threatening events (ALTE). In 1986, the National Institutes of Health consensus conference named these episodes apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) and defined them using the following criteria: some combination of central or obstructive apnea; color change; marked change in muscle tone; and choking or gagging (2) . In some studies, high-risk groups for ALTE were defined as 1) having events during sleep, 2) needing resuscitation, 3) having a subsequent similar episode, 4) being siblings of SIDS patients, and 5) developing a seizure disorder. A confirmed bacterial or viral infection, abnormal chest radiographic finding, ECG, 2-dimensional echocardiogram, upper gastrointestinal study, EEG, brain image study, and any test to characterize metabolic disease were classified as significant diagnostic interventions.

title:
  Relationship between the Clinical Characteristics and Intervention Scores of Infants with Apparent Life-threatening Events

abstract:
  We investigated the clinical presentations, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and prognosis from follow-up of infants with apparent life-threatening events (ALTE). In addition, the relationship between the clinical characteristics of patients and significant intervention scores was analyzed. We enrolled patients younger than 12 months who were diagnosed with ALTE from January 2005 to December 2012. There were 29 ALTE infants with a peak incidence of age younger than 1 month (48.3%). The most common symptoms for ALTE diagnosis were apnea (69.0%) and color change (58.6%). Eleven patients appeared normal upon arrival at hospital but 2 patients required cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the initial ALTE. The most common ALTE cause was respiratory disease, including respiratory infection and upper airway anomalies (44.8%). There were 20 cases of repeat ALTE and 2 cases of death during hospitalization. Four patients (15.4%) experienced recurrence of ALTE after discharge and 4 patients (15.4%) showed developmental abnormalities during the follow-up period. The patients with ALTE during sleep had lower significant intervention scores (P=0.015) compared to patients with ALTE during wakefulness and patients with previous respiratory symptoms had higher significant intervention scores (P=0.013) than those without previous respiratory symptoms. Although not statistically significant, there was a weak positive correlation between the patient's total ALTE criteria and total significant intervention score (Fig. 2, r=0.330, P=0.080). We recommend that all ALTE infants undergo inpatient observation and evaluations with at least 24 hr of cardiorespiratory monitoring, and should follow up at least within a month after discharge. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]


id: cord-315181-emf4i6ir
title: Coping with Dementia in the Middle of the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Ryoo, Nayoung
date: 2020-10-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140593/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e383
abstract:
  Multiple neurological complications have been associated with the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This is a narrative review to gather information on all aspects of COVID-19 in elderly patients with cognitive impairment. First, the following three mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the neurological complications associated with COVID-19: 1) direct invasion, 2) immune and inflammatory reaction, and 3) hypoxic brain damage by COVID-19. Next, because the elderly dementia patient population is particularly vulnerable to COVID-19, we discussed risk factors and difficulties associated with cognitive disorders in this vulnerable population. We also reviewed the effects of the patient living environment in COVID-19 cases that required intensive care unit (ICU) care. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact of stringent social restrictions and COVID-19 pandemic-mediated policies on dementia patients and care providers. Finally, we provided the following strategies for working with elderly dementia patients: general preventive methods; dementia care at home and nursing facilities according to the activities of daily living and dementia characteristics; ICU care after COVID-19 infection; and public health care system and government response. We propose that longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to fully examine COVID-19 associated neurological complications, such as dementia, and the efficacy of telemedicine/telehealth care programs.


id: cord-319024-11cdzkrs
title: Secondary Emotional Reactions to the COVID-19 Outbreak Should Be Identified and Treated in Korea
author: Park, Seon-Cheol
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319024-11cdzkrs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319024-11cdzkrs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e161
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e161
abstract: nan
summary:
  The "primary emotional reaction" during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea may be considered the fear or anxiety of the physical disease itself, or the "contagion" myth, directly related to infectious diseases. With respect to the primary emotional reaction, mental health care should focus on patients in isolation, individuals in quarantine, and healthcare workers who treat COVID-19 cases. The "secondary emotional reaction", beyond the anxiety of the physical disease itself, or the contagion myth, may be considered the other psychological consequence of the COVID-19 outbreak. 3 Consequently, we introduce herein two groups who should urgently be considered for care in Korea due to secondary emotional reactions prompted by the COVID-19 outbreak. Mental health care related to the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea should cover not only primary emotional reactions, but also secondary emotional reactions. Also, pro-active care for secondary emotional reactions in Shincheonji congregants and the economically weak is of key importance.


id: cord-320022-e3ti4doi
title: Do We Really Need to Isolate All Children with COVID-19 in Healthcare Facilities?
author: Lee, Jin
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-320022-e3ti4doi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320022-e3ti4doi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277
abstract: nan
summary:
  While such methods are being enforced for strict infection control at the national level in response to COVID-19, most countries-including the United States and many in Europeallow people who are asymptomatic or those with mild symptoms be placed under selfisolation for at-home treatment ( Table 1) . With respect to the recently updated Korean isolation release criteria, 4,5 asymptomatic cases can be released from isolation if they 1) develop no clinical symptoms for 10 days after being confirmed, OR 2) receive two consecutive negative PCR test results taken at least 24 hours 2/4 https://jkms.org https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277 For symptomatic patients: 10 days after symptom onset, plus at least 3 days without symptoms (without fever and respiratory symptoms). The decision of location should be made on a case-bycase basis and will depend on the clinical presentation, requirement for supportive care, potential risk factors for severe disease, and conditions at home, including the presence of vulnerable persons in the household.


id: cord-320669-7acoduj3
author: Park, Peong Gang
date: 2020-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-320669-7acoduj3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320669-7acoduj3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32242347/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e140
summary:
  To allocate medical resources efficiently, Korea implemented a novel institution for the purpose of treating patients with cohort isolation out of hospital, namely the Community Treatment Center (CTC). To allocate medical resources efficiently, a novel institution with the purpose of treating patients with cohort isolation out of the hospital, namely the Community Treatment Center (CTC), was designed and implemented in Korea. The CTC is an independent building outside a hospital based on the concept that patients with mild symptoms do not require advanced medical resources, although they require isolation to prevent transmission and active surveillance in case they develop more severe symptoms. Candidates for CTC admission were confirmed COVID-19 patients with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) method and considered by authorities as patients without severe symptoms using guidelines from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC).

title:
  Out-of-Hospital Cohort Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Mild Symptoms in Korea: an Experience from a Single Community Treatment Center

abstract:
  The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a worldwide pandemic. Less than 6 weeks after the first confirmed cases in Korea, the patient number exceeded 5,000, which overcrowded limited hospital resources and forced confirmed patients to stay at home. To allocate medical resources efficiently, Korea implemented a novel institution for the purpose of treating patients with cohort isolation out of hospital, namely the Community Treatment Center (CTC). Herein, we report results of the initial management of patients at one of the largest CTC in Korea. A total of 309 patients were admitted to our CTC. During the first two weeks, 7 patients were transferred to the hospital because of symptom aggravation and 107 patients were discharged without any complication. Although it is a novel concept and may have some limitations, CTC may be a very cost-effective and resource-saving strategy in managing massive cases of COVID-19 or other emerging infectious diseases.


id: cord-321748-9a54ekac
author: Kim, Sang Il
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-321748-9a54ekac.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321748-9a54ekac.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301300/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e154
summary:
  A walk-through (WT) screening center using negative pressure booths that is inspired by the biosafety cabinet has been designed and implemented in Korea for easy screening of COVID-19 and for safe and efficient consultation for patients with fever or respiratory symptoms. These limitations can be overcome using mobile technology and increasing the number of booths to reduce congestion inside the center, reducing booth volume for sufficient and rapid ventilation, and using an effective, harmless, and certified environmental disinfectant. Environmental cleaning is performed in the following order: ventilation after the patient has left, disinfection of the surface of the booth including gloves and ventilation after disinfection. The CDC guidelines recommend applying a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)registered disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 for environmental cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings, including those patient-care areas where aerosol-generating procedures were performed.

title:
  Walk-Through Screening Center for COVID-19: an Accessible and Efficient Screening System in a Pandemic Situation

abstract:
  With the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of individuals that need to be tested for COVID-19 has been rapidly increasing. A walk-through (WT) screening center using negative pressure booths that is inspired by the biosafety cabinet has been designed and implemented in Korea for easy screening of COVID-19 and for safe and efficient consultation for patients with fever or respiratory symptoms. Here, we present the overall concept, advantages, and limitations of the COVID-19 WT screening center. The WT center increases patient access to the screening clinics and adequately protects healthcare personnel while reducing the consumption of personal protective equipment. It can also increase the number of people tested by 9–10 fold. However, there is a risk of cross-infection at each stage of screening treatment, including the booths, and adverse reactions with disinfection of the booths. These limitations can be overcome using mobile technology and increasing the number of booths to reduce congestion inside the center, reducing booth volume for sufficient and rapid ventilation, and using an effective, harmless, and certified environmental disinfectant. A WT center can be implemented in other institutions and countries and modified depending on local needs to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-323326-p7vrlmrf
title: End-stage Renal Disease and Risk of Active Tuberculosis: a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
author: Min, Jinsoo
date: 2018-12-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30595682/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e341
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The converging epidemics of tuberculosis (TB) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have generated a significant public health burden, however, previous studies have been limited to a small number of patients. This nationwide cohort study aimed to assess the rate of developing active TB among patients receiving dialysis for ESRD. METHODS: The Korean national health insurance database was used to identify patients receiving dialysis for new-onset ESRD during 2004–2013, who were propensity score matched to an equivalent number of non-dialysis subjects from the general population. The incidences of active TB in the ESRD and control cohorts were calculated for 2004–2013, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the ESRD-related risk of active TB. RESULTS: During 2004–2013, 59,584 patients received dialysis for newly diagnosed ESRD. In the dialysis and control cohorts, 457 (0.8%) and 125 (0.2%) cases of active TB were detected, respectively. Patients with ESRD were associated with a significantly higher risk of active TB compared to the controls (incidence rate ratio, 4.80). The ESRD cohort had an independently elevated risk of active TB (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.39; 95% confidence interval, 3.60–5.37). CONCLUSION: We found that patients receiving dialysis for ESRD had an elevated risk of active TB. These results highlight the need for detailed and well-organised guidelines for active TB screening among patients with ESRD.


id: cord-323449-r1gyjxei
title: Air and Environmental Contamination Caused by COVID-19 Patients: a Multi-Center Study
author: Kim, Uh Jin
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-323449-r1gyjxei.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323449-r1gyjxei.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e332
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e332
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of air and surface contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in four health care facilities with hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that remote (> 2 m) airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from hospitalized COVID-19 patients is uncommon when aerosol-generating procedures have not been performed. 10, 11 The objectives of the present study were 1) to investigate air and environmental contamination caused by COVID-19 patients in a variety of hospital settings; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental cleaning; and 3) to examine the potential for remote airborne transmission in the absence of aerosol-generating procedures. Despite extensive surface sampling, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in the room in Hospital B (AIIR with routine surface cleansing using disinfectant wipes the patient''s respiratory samples (Ct value 22.4-28.9) (Fig. 1B) .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of air and surface contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in four health care facilities with hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: We investigated air and environmental contamination in the rooms of eight COVID-19 patients in four hospitals. Some patients were in negative-pressure rooms, and others were not. None had undergone aerosol-generating procedures. On days 0, 3, 5, and 7 of hospitalization, the surfaces in the rooms and anterooms were swabbed, and air samples were collected 2 m from the patient and from the anterooms. RESULTS: All 52 air samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Widespread surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed. In total, 89 of 320 (27%) environmental surface samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was common in rooms without surface disinfection and in rooms sprayed with disinfectant twice a day. However, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in a room cleaned with disinfectant wipes on a regular basis. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that remote (> 2 m) airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from hospitalized COVID-19 patients is uncommon when aerosol-generating procedures have not been performed. Surface contamination was widespread, except in a room routinely cleaned with disinfectant wipes.


id: cord-334284-rut6mheb
author: Kim, Harin
date: 2020-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-334284-rut6mheb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334284-rut6mheb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32686372/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e255
summary:
  title: Psychological Impact of Quarantine on Caregivers at a Children''s Hospital for Contact with Case of COVID-19 Thus, we aimed to identify the psychological and behavioral responses and stressors of caregivers quarantined with young patients after a close contact to a coronavirus disease 2019 case at a children''s hospital. A multidisciplinary team including infection control team, pediatrician, psychiatrist, nursing staff and legal department provided supplies and services to reduce caregiver''s psychological distress. As a result, 62 patients and 72 caregivers were quarantined at four COVID-19 isolation units of our children''s hospital for 2 weeks according to the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. The psychological and behavioral responses and stressors of the caregivers were classified according to Brooks et al.''s review, 6 which extensively revealed numerous emotional outcomes as well as specific stressors of quarantined people and of health care providers. In conclusion, mandatory quarantine at a children''s hospital due to contact with a patient with COVID-19 had notable psychological impacts on the caregivers.

title:
  Psychological Impact of Quarantine on Caregivers at a Children''s Hospital for Contact with Case of COVID-19

abstract:
  Quarantine often provokes negative psychological consequences. Thus, we aimed to identify the psychological and behavioral responses and stressors of caregivers quarantined with young patients after a close contact to a coronavirus disease 2019 case at a children's hospital. More than 90% of the caregivers reported feelings of worry and nervousness, while some of them reported suicidal ideations (4.2%), and/or homicidal ideations (1.4%). Fear of infection of the patient (91.7%) and/or oneself (86.1%) were most frequently reported stressors. A multidisciplinary team including infection control team, pediatrician, psychiatrist, nursing staff and legal department provided supplies and services to reduce caregiver's psychological distress. Psychotropic medication was needed in five (6.9%), one of whom was admitted to the psychiatry department due to suicidality. Quarantine at a children's hospital makes notable psychological impacts on the caregivers and a multidisciplinary approach is required.


id: cord-334811-l5fxswfz
author: nan
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-334811-l5fxswfz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334811-l5fxswfz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e132
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e132
summary:
  Since the identification of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global number of confirmed cases as of March 15, 2020, is 156,400, with total death in 5,833 (3.7%) worldwide. We summarized the mortality data of 54 deceased patients when the total number of COVID-19 patients in Korea reached 7,513 as of March 10, 2020. The first fatal case (national patient number 104) occurred on February 19 and was officially reported on February 20 by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). 10 Of note, although without significant illness, this was a 72-year-old woman who developed symptoms on February 23 and was diagnosed with It is of note that even when the total confirmed cases reached 7,513, only 247 patients were released from isolation after treatment on March 10, 2020 (Fig. 2) . The cumulative CFR of COVID-19 in Korea was 0.7% (54 deaths of total 7,513 confirmed cases) as of 0 am, March 10, 2020.

title:
  Analysis on 54 Mortality Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea from January 19 to March 10, 2020

abstract:
  Since the identification of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global number of confirmed cases as of March 15, 2020, is 156,400, with total death in 5,833 (3.7%) worldwide. Here, we summarize the morality data from February 19 when the first mortality occurred to 0 am, March 10, 2020, in Korea with comparison to other countries. The overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Korea was 0.7% as of 0 am, March 10, 2020.


id: cord-336225-ijodhrwf
title: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: Tick-Mediated Viral Disease
author: Chang, Mee Soo
date: 2013-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-336225-ijodhrwf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336225-ijodhrwf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23772137/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.6.795
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: Tick-Mediated Viral Disease A small tick Haemaphysalis longicornis called ''Sochamjindeugi'' in Korean has bitten a week before, and an onset is characterized by fever, lymph node swelling, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leucocytopenia, multiorgan dysfunction, altered consciousness, and occasionally to death in extreme cases (1, 2) . This emerging febrile disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was reported in 2007 by the New England Journal of Medicine (3) and Clinical Infectious Diseases (4) (5) (6) . The vaccine development to combat the SFTS virus is not easy due to its characteristics. Also any treatment by killing the virus is able to give human damage. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome confirmed cases and follow-up measure Document for physicians about Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) Epidemiologic features of severe Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus through blood contact


id: cord-338057-ycmr9prw
author: Lee, Jae Hoon
date: 2015-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-338057-ycmr9prw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338057-ycmr9prw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240502/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.8.1207
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) He briefly summarized the ongoing status of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak and emphasized close monitoring of medical staffs, patients, and visitors, and timely well-designed briefings to mass media. Some reasons that could be considered for the delayed diagnosis of MERS include: 1) low initial viral load and shedding, and 2) poor sample collection in patients with "no cough" or dry cough. In re-evaluating the patient''s diagnostic history, his viral load could have been low due to the early phase of disease and/or could have been falsely negative due to inadequate dry coughlinked respiratory samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission

title:
  An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)


id: cord-338181-9sgygg8x
author: Kim, Sun-Kyung
date: 2020-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-338181-9sgygg8x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338181-9sgygg8x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e380
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e380
summary:
  title: Universal Screening of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing after Rally of Trainee Doctors There were two rallies of medical students and trainee doctors, where 9,000 participants gathered. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based universal screening for the participants using pooling at a tertiary care hospital. Our data suggested low transmission rates in open air mass gatherings when appropriate personal protective practices were followed. A total of 646 trainee doctors and medical students participated in the rally at least once. The number of participants in the second rally was 555 (67 interns, 300 residents, 131 clinical fellows, and 27 medical students). 4 To mitigate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the rally of Korean trainee doctors, we developed an action plan and an app-based system for notification of COVID-19 symptoms. In conclusion, our study provides important information regarding low transmission rates in mass gatherings at open space when appropriate personal protective practices are followed.

title:
  Universal Screening of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing after Rally of Trainee Doctors

abstract:
  There were two rallies of medical students and trainee doctors, where 9,000 participants gathered. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based universal screening for the participants using pooling at a tertiary care hospital. Around 609 (94%) of 646 participants underwent PCR tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; all of them tested negative. Our data suggested low transmission rates in open air mass gatherings when appropriate personal protective practices were followed.


id: cord-341933-dwki1hwu
title: Therapeutic Temperature Modulation for a Critically Ill Patient with COVID-19
author: Jeong, Han-Gil
date: 2020-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-341933-dwki1hwu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341933-dwki1hwu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32508069/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e210
summary:
  We report a rapidly deteriorating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient, a-58-year-old woman, with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock with hyperpyrexia up to 41.8°C, probably due to the cytokine storm syndrome. The therapeutic temperature modulation can safely be applied in a specific group of patients with cytokine storm syndrome and hyperpyrexia, which may reduce the number of patients requiring ECMO in the global medical resource shortage. The cytokine storm syndrome, which rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, and multiorgan dysfunction, has been observed in a subgroup of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 3 We present the case of a COVID-19 patient whose condition rapidly deteriorated with hyperpyrexia but was successfully managed with therapeutic temperature modulation (TTM). 7 The therapeutic temperature modulation may safely be applied in a specific group of patients with cytokine storm syndrome and hyperpyrexia.

abstract:
  We report a rapidly deteriorating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient, a-58-year-old woman, with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock with hyperpyrexia up to 41.8°C, probably due to the cytokine storm syndrome. Considering extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as the last resort, we applied therapeutic temperature modulation for management of hyperpyrexia. The patient demonstrated rapid improvement in oxygenation and shock after achieving normothermia, and fully recovered from COVID-19 three weeks later. Therapeutic temperature modulation may have successfully offloaded the failing cardiorespiratory system from metabolic cost and hyperinflammation induced by hyperpyrexia. The therapeutic temperature modulation can safely be applied in a specific group of patients with cytokine storm syndrome and hyperpyrexia, which may reduce the number of patients requiring ECMO in the global medical resource shortage.


id: cord-344087-4f40zj13
title: The Burden of Disease due to COVID-19 in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years
author: Jo, Min-Woo
date: 2020-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-344087-4f40zj13.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344087-4f40zj13.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32476305/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e199
summary:
  METHODS: We used data on confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 between January 20 and April 24, 2020 provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the local governments and the public media to determine disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by sex and age. For the calculation of the YLDs, we used the numbers of confirmed cases by sex and age group, the duration of disease, and disability weights (DWs). The numbers of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by sex or age group were obtained from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). To compare the results with previous studies, we estimated the YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs per 100,000 population for the mid-year population of 2019 by sex and age, using data from the Statistics Korea demographic survey.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The world is currently experiencing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In Korea, as in other countries, the number of confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 have been rising. This study aimed to calculate the burden of disease due to COVID-19 in Korea. METHODS: We used data on confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 between January 20 and April 24, 2020 provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the local governments and the public media to determine disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by sex and age. Morbidity was estimated directly among the confirmed, cured, and fatal cases. Disability weights were adopted from previous similar causes on the severity of COVID-19 for the years of life lived with disability (YLDs). The years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated using the standard life expectancy from the 2018 life tables for each sex and age. RESULTS: The YLDs were higher in females (155.2) than in males (105.1), but the YLLs were higher in males (1,274.3) than in females (996.4). The total disease burden attributable to COVID-19 in Korea during the study period, was estimated to be 2,531.0 DALYs, and 4.930 DALYs per 100,000 population. The YLDs and the YLLs constituted 10.3% and 89.7% of the total DALYs, respectively. The DALYs per 100,000 population were highest in people aged ≥ 80 years, followed by those aged 70–79, 60–69, and 50–59 years, but the incidence was the highest in individuals aged 20–29 years. CONCLUSION: This study provided the estimates of DALYs due to COVID-19 in Korea. Most of the disease burden from COVID-19 was derived from YLL; this indicates that decision-makers should focus and make an effort on reducing fatality for preparing the second wave of COVID-19.


id: cord-344235-rd6cylsl
author: Kim, Kyung Mi
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-344235-rd6cylsl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344235-rd6cylsl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301301/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e156
abstract: nan
summary:
  Since 70% alcohol is used in relatively small areas such as stethoscopes, instrument surfaces, carts, counters, and laboratory benches, 4 it is inappropriate to disinfect the relatively large areas such as the inside of walk-through booths with alcohol. In the case of surface disinfection, a method of spraying is also being used, but it is not recommended by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines as it has uncertain coverage and may promote aerosol production. 7,8 Therefore, it is dangerous to think that it will be safe to conduct screening at short intervals without considering air changing per hour. NPIR doors should be always closed, but in the case of walk-through system, examinees frequently enter and exit, so there is a possibility that proper negative pressure may not be maintained due to the inflow of external air. The standard guideline for the prevention of health care associated infection

title:
  Potential Hazards of Concern in the Walk-Through Screening System for the Corona Virus Disease 2019 from the Perspective of Infection Preventionists


id: cord-344969-q1wqfeh7
title: Estimating the Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Control in Korea
author: Min, Kyung-Duk
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-344969-q1wqfeh7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344969-q1wqfeh7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32893522/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e321
summary:
  Using the Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain algorithm with Gibbs'' sampling method, we estimated the time-varying effective contact rate to calibrate the model with the reported daily new confirmed cases from February 12th to March 31st (7 weeks). In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of various NPIs, including social distancing in adults, spring semester postponement, diagnostic testing, and contact tracing, using the developed mathematical model and scenario analysis. In this study, we estimated the expected epidemic size of COVID-19 in Korea, if social distancing among adults in March was more relaxed while maintaining the effective contact rate at a higher level than the status quo (Fig. 3) . The increase level of effective contact rate for the school opening scenario was obtained from increase level of effective contract rate by school opening in March 2019 using a mathematical model for varicella among adolescence; c Scenario 3 employed a lower detection rate (γ) and quarantine probability (ν) to evaluate the effectiveness of extensive diagnostic testing and contact tracing; d Effective contact rate-related parameters for status quo were estimated by calibration with reported data of confirmed COVID-19 cases.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed significant global public health challenges and created a substantial economic burden. Korea has experienced an extensive outbreak, which was linked to a religion-related super-spreading event. However, the implementation of various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including social distancing, spring semester postponing, and extensive testing and contact tracing controlled the epidemic. Herein, we estimated the effectiveness of each NPI using a simulation model. METHODS: A compartment model with a susceptible-exposed-infectious-quarantined-hospitalized structure was employed. Using the Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain algorithm with Gibbs' sampling method, we estimated the time-varying effective contact rate to calibrate the model with the reported daily new confirmed cases from February 12th to March 31st (7 weeks). Moreover, we conducted scenario analyses by adjusting the parameters to estimate the effectiveness of NPI. RESULTS: Relaxed social distancing among adults would have increased the number of cases 27.4-fold until the end of March. Spring semester non-postponement would have increased the number of cases 1.7-fold among individuals aged 0–19, while lower quarantine and detection rates would have increased the number of cases 1.4-fold. CONCLUSION: Among the three NPI measures, social distancing in adults showed the highest effectiveness. The substantial effect of social distancing should be considered when preparing for the 2nd wave of COVID-19.


id: cord-346842-ip4i3bdk
title: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Conduct of Clinical Trials for Medical Products in Korea
author: Jeon, JuYeun
date: 2020-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-346842-ip4i3bdk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346842-ip4i3bdk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e329
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e329
summary:
  METHODS: The impact on subject''s scheduled visits and major milestones of clinical trials in Korea were measured by conducting a survey among clinical project manager (CPMs) working at global clinical research organization. New approaches were necessary in clinical trials to eliminate the risk of infection by complying with the guideline and enable subjects to continue to participate in trials if no better alternative treatment options were available, for protecting the subjects'' safety and well-being. The study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and the KCDC disease control guideline on the conduct of clinical research in Korea, on subjects, investigators, monitor, pharmaceutical companies, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and regulatory authorities (RAs), in order to suggest recommendations for conducting clinical trials during the pandemic. The survey was distributed to total 140 clinical project manager (CPMs) who were working at global clinical research organization and responsible for trials performed in Korea, according to method of simple random sampling from February 24, 2020 to March 7, 2020.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The number of clinical trials conducted in Korea continues to increase and an increasing proportion focus on severe and rare incurable diseases. After the start of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) developed guidelines to prevent the spread of infection. This study evaluated the impact of COVID-19 and the KCDC guideline on the conduct of clinical research in Korea. The purpose was to develop recommendations on how to minimize the risk of infection while enabling subjects to take part in the trials if no better alternative treatment options were available. METHODS: The impact on subject's scheduled visits and major milestones of clinical trials in Korea were measured by conducting a survey among clinical project manager (CPMs) working at global clinical research organization. The policy on monitor's access to hospital and site initiation meetings was investigated through correspondence with clinical trial center of 39 hospitals. The Top 25 pharmaceutical companies' official press and public clinical trial registry database were used to analyze companies' trial strategy during the pandemic and COVID-19 clinical research status, respectively. RESULTS: Of 85 CPMs, 12% reported that trial subjects' scheduled visits had been affected in their project. Monitors' access to hospital for source data verification was restricted at all sites in February 2020. Accordingly, 43% of 105 CPMs reported that the COVID-19 epidemic had an effect on study major milestones and data cleaning and database lock accounted for > 60% of milestones affected. In addition, 87% sites advised not to have site initiation meetings and 52% pharmaceutical companies suspended recruitment or new study start-up due to the pandemic. On the other hands, the number of COVID-19 related clinical trials increased rapidly in Korea and worldwide, with investigator-initiated trials accounting for 47% and 63% of all trials locally and globally, respectively. Most trials were phase 2 and were in the recruitment stage. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 and the KCDC guideline influenced all parties involved in clinical trials in Korea. In order to ensure the safety and well-being of trial subjects during the pandemic, new approaches are required for clinical trials to respond to the impact actively. Method of non-contact is developed to replace and supplement the face-to-face contact and alternatives to reduce the travel is introduced to decrease the risk of infection for all trial participants in whole trial process. The relevant regulations should be developed and the guidelines for foreign countries need to be adopted in accordance with the situation in Korea. COVID-19 trial is rapidly increasing worldwide and continuous support of health authorities, regulation, and facilities is required for developing the treatments with protecting all trial participants.


id: cord-349646-imv0sc9y
title: Prevalence and Duration of Acute Loss of Smell or Taste in COVID-19 Patients
author: Lee, Yonghyun
date: 2020-05-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32383370/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e174
abstract:
  Initially, acute loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) was not considered important symptoms for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To determine the prevalence of these symptoms and to evaluate their diagnostic significance, we (approximately 150 physicians of the Daegu Medical Association) prospectively collected data of cases of anosmia and ageusia from March 8, 2020, via telephone interview among 3,191 patients in Daegu, Korea. Acute anosmia or ageusia was observed in 15.3% (488/3,191) patients in the early stage of COVID-19 and in 15.7% (367/2,342) patients with asymptomatic-to-mild disease severity. Their prevalence was significantly more common among females and younger individuals (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Most patients with anosmia or ageusia recovered within 3 weeks. The median time to recovery was 7 days for both symptoms. Anosmia and ageusia seem to be part of important symptoms and clues for the diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly in the early stage of the disease.


id: cord-349680-rz2ep5jf
title: Better Understanding on MERS Corona Virus Outbreak in Korea
author: Lee, Jacob
date: 2015-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-349680-rz2ep5jf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349680-rz2ep5jf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130942/
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.835
abstract: nan
summary:
  In June 2012, the first human with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection was found in Saudi Arabia. MERS is suspected to spread from animals to humans like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). One person among the 36 patients exposed in the Hospital B left for China through Hong Kong, because the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) could not confirm the exposure to the index case. Medical staffs who were involved in treating some of the patients with MERS-CoV were also infected (2) . If Korea also follows the outbreak pattern of the Middle East, I expect more tertiary infection will be developed. At present, the Korea CDC should focus on close monitoring of medical staffs and patients or visitors who have been exposed to the index, secondary, and tertiary cases in hospitals. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus


id: cord-349812-nw1nlc1y
author: Jang, Won Mo
date: 2020-06-09
url: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e220
doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e220
title:
  Social Distancing and Transmission-reducing Practices during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease and 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Outbreaks in Korea

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The absence of effective antiviral medications and vaccines increased the focus on non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors for mitigating against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To examine the current status of non-pharmaceutical preventive behaviors practiced during the COVID-19 outbreak and factors affecting behavioral activities, we compared to the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in Korea. METHODS: This was a serial cross-sectional population-based study in Korea with four surveys conducted on June 2 and 25, 2015 (MERS-CoV surveys), and February 4, and April 2, 2020 (COVID-19 surveys). Of 25,711 participants selected using random digit dialing numbers, 4,011 participants (aged ≥ 18 years) were successfully interviewed, for the 2020 COVID-19 (n = 2,002) and 2015 MERS-CoV (n = 2,009) epidemics were included. Participants were selected post-stratiﬁcation by sex, age, and province. The total number of weighted cases in this survey equaled the total number of unweighted cases at the national level. We measured the levels of preventive behaviors (social distancing [avoiding physical contact with others]), and practicing transmission-reducing behaviors such as wearing face mask and handwashing. RESULTS: Between the surveys, respondents who reported practicing social distancing increased from 41.9%–58.2% (MERS-CoV) to 83.4%–92.3% (COVID-19). The response rate for the four surveys ranged between 13.7% and 17.7%. Practicing transmission-reducing behaviors (wearing face masks and handwashing) at least once during COVID-19 (78.8%, 80.2%) also increased compared to that during MERS-CoV (15.5%, 60.3%). The higher affective risk perception groups were more likely to practice transmission-reducing measures (adjusted odds ratio, 3.24–4.81; 95 confidence interval, 1.76–6.96) during both COVID-19 and MERS-CoV. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest markedly increased proportions of non-pharmaceutical behavioral practices evenly across all subgroups during the two different novel virus outbreaks in Korea. Strategic interventions are needed to attempt based on preventive behavior works.


