cord-258812-svw6z4bf	2020	Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that venerable age, hypertension, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia and elevated neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were the independent high-risk factors for severe COVID-19. The demographics and initial laboratory indexes with significant differences between the two groups were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the independent early predictors and risk factors associated with the disease severity of COVID-19. The results of Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank test showed that venerable age (≥60 years old), comorbidity, hypertension, lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated NLR and VIEWPOINTS RESEARCH THEME 1: COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRP could obstruct the recovery and discharge of patients ( Table 3 and Figure 3) . According to the order of area under ROC curve from large to small, these early predictors were the severe COVID-19 risk model (0.920), albumin (0.867), NLR (0.835), lymphocyte count (0.826), and age (0.747), successively ( Table 4 and Figure 4) .
cord-270956-qpe5u43q	2020	T he COVID-19 pandemic raises the critical need for effective national surveillance systems, capable of detecting the onset of outbreaks rapidly but also sustainable platforms for mortality and cause of death (CoD) surveillance that allow rapid data collection to address questions during and after epidemics or crises. Well-designed sample vital registration systems (SVRS) offer rapid, and sustainable platforms for achieving the need for real-time data and the ability to nest data collection to respond to rising questions [3] . Registration System: A sustainable platform for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases surveillance in low and middle-income countries Sample vital registration systems (SVRS) provide strong and sustainable platforms for continuous monitoring of mortality, causes of death, diseases and population health at national and subnational levels that low-and middle-income countries can reliably and quickly develop and implement to monitor outbreaks and pandemics such as COV-ID-19.
cord-279345-dgdujcy3	2020	Of the available interventions to correct hypoxia, which is often the primary reason for hospital admission in COVID-19 patients, the simplest is oxygen by nasal cannula. This can be administered at any facility with the ability to keep patients overnight or for multiple days, but other than oxygen concentrators or cylinders, nasal cannulas, and simple pulse oximeters, no specialized equipment or advanced moni-A primary care alternative to a hospital-based approach to COVID-19 in India Amita Sudhir 1 , Nachiket Mor 2 The solution of using primary care facilities and providers is adaptable to either a public or private setting, depending on the resources available in any given country. Oxygen concentrators are portable, and once the need for using them for COVID patients has passed, they can be repurposed to ambulances, clinics, and even home health settings for a host of other diseases causing hypoxia.
cord-281406-d7g0pbj4	2020	BACKGROUND: Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei province of China by the end of 2019, it has burned its way across the globe, resulting in a still fast-growing death toll that far exceeded those from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in less than two months. The death cases were described from four aspects (gender and age characteristics, underlying diseases, the time course of death, symptoms at the incipience of illness and hospital admission). As there is a paucity of evidence on which population is more likely to progress into severe conditions among COVID-19 cases, here, we poured over the first batch of 38 death cases whose information were made public by Health Commission of Hubei province as of 24 January 2020, one day into city lockdown in Wuhan, with the purpose to add a new facet to current evidence.
cord-284128-3obc5k5u	2020	During this time, it is crucial to properly identify HIV/AIDS patients to ensure that they continue to receive timely and equitable access to health care and health support as they are increasingly vulnerable to COVID-19 consequences [2] . The lockdown and quarantine measures taken by most countries have been daunting for its HIV/AIDS-infected migrant population (legal or illegal) many of whom have been forced into unemployment and are unsure how to access appropriate health support, obtain essential medications or treatment [6] . The World Health Organization (WHO) should provide guidelines to all countries with HIV/AIDS infected migrants (whether legal or illegal) to adhere to so the migrant population continues to receive fair, assured and uninterrupted supply of ART treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain their immunity, health and decrease risk of CO-VID-19 contraction.
cord-284353-f7zkp9cf	2020	W ith nationwide school closures currently operating in 191 countries, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has estimated that 1.6 billion (90.2%) students are currently out of primary, secondary and tertiary education (henceforth schools) as a result of the global COVID-19 lockdown [1] . In the absence of a robust evidence base on lockdown exit strategies, we consider the range of options being taken globally to reopen schools with a view to informing the formulation of national plans. Although COVID-19 tends to be less severe in children and adolescents, and thankfully relatively few students have died of the condition, a key policy concern has been that young people may be important community reservoirs for the transmission of the virus to household members. A recent (unpublished) systematic review concluded that children and young people under 20 are 56% less likely to contract SARS-COV2 from infected individuals than adults this suggesting they may play a smaller part in transmission than originally thought [6] .
cord-286958-e1ey31eo	2020	We evaluated the global burden of COVID-19 including case fatality rates (CFR), strength of association between deaths and cases to predict CFR, case doubling time, COVID-19 specific mortality rates, and control measures by governments to prevent spread among USA, China, Italy, Iran, Spain, Germany, India, and South Korea. Bavaria declared a state of emergency for 14 days and measures to limit public movement and additional funds for medicine supplies were introduced [71] ; All flights from Iran and China stopped by German Ministry of Transport [72] ; Travelling in coaches, attending religious meetings, visiting playgrounds or engaging in tourism prohibited [73] 17 Finance minister announced US$24 billion stimulus package [88] Infection rate at the beginning of the major intervention (nationwide closure of school or major Table 6 mentions the predicted dates of the peak number of cases based on strict interventions.
cord-288352-qt4ugr95	2020	The Ugandan health care system, for example, had an 81-day pre-outbreak opportunity and still has a post-outbreak opportunity since it only has 413 confirmed COVID-19 cases, a relatively low figure, as at May 30, 2020 [3] . Taking into account Uganda''s population size, of about 40 million people, this report shows that there are only 1.3 ICU bed per million population, implying a very limited access to intensive health care in the country. Thus, it is logical to assert that Uganda''s health care sytem might truly be overwhelmed if the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases increases. Therefore, since, most COVID-19 cases in the country, has been among males, aged between 20-49 years, there is reason to suspect that the zero death incidence from the disease might not be due to the efficiency of the Ugandan health care system.
cord-288983-a6s9di4g	2020	The success of Taiwan for anti-epidemic measures included: quick response and efficient management, central production and distribution of masks/medical supplies, quarantine/isolation regulations with tracking contacts technology, and coordination between government, medical workers, public health professionals, and the whole Taiwanese society. In addition to the existing measure of onboard quarantine inspection, including fever screening of arriving passengers, suspected cases screening through history of travelling, occupation, contact and cluster (TOCC) inquiring, and health assessments conducting, all health care facilities should reinforce reporting severe cases of pneumonia among people who arrive in Taiwan from Wuhan. In light of the ongoing outbreak, CECC has introduced guidelines for high-risk individuals regarding 1) self-health management (reported cases who have tested negative and met criteria for being released from isolation, or people under "COVID-19 Community-based Surveillance), 2) 14-day home quarantine (with travel history), and 3) 14-day home isolation (who had contact with confirmed cases), and provided quarantine sites with free meals and a US$30 compensation per day during the 14-day period.
cord-289520-i6pv90s9	2020	RESULTS: From the research objectives for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, ten themes in the literature were identified: Clinical characterisation, prognosis, diagnosis, clinical management, viral pathogenesis, epidemiological characterisation, infection prevention and control/transmission, susceptibility, psychosocial, and aetiology. Outbreaks, especially of novel agents, create a pressing need to collect data on clinical characterization, treatment, and validation of new diagnostics to inform rapid public health response. We compared our findings to the 2018 systematic review on SARS and MERS to determine which questions have already been addressed, what information is lacking, and provide recommendations for data sharing and clinical study designs to be conducted during the current outbreak. These observational studies are practical in the fast-paced outbreak setting, as they are easier than randomised controlled The First Few X (FFX) WHO Protocol https://www.who.int/publications-detail/the-first-few-x-(ffx)-cases-and-contact-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection) What are the risk factors for death or severe illness?
cord-292898-6m97l2uz	2020	The variables included in this database were sex; age; whether the patient received outpatient care or required hospitalization; presence of pregnancy; smoking history; date of onset of symptoms, admission to hospital, and death if applicable; history of diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, immunosuppression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, chronic kidney disease, or diagnosis of other unspecified comorbidity; presence of complications, such as diagnosis of pneumonia, mechanical ventilation required, and intensive care in intensive care unit (ICU). In the bivariate analysis, a χ 2 test was used to establish the association between the presence of pregnancy or a positive test and the presence of comorbidities reported in the database (DM, COPD, asthma, immunosuppression, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, smoking, and other comorbidity), as well as the association of pregnancy with the presence of complications (pneumonia, admission to ICU, need for mechanical ventilation, and/or death), the association between the presence of comorbidities and the type of care required by the patient (outpatient vs hospitalization), and the association of comorbidities and death.
cord-296445-0spqe4r2	2020	The risk management of the COVID-19-pandemic in the context of global health research and practice not only needs to take into account microbiological and epidemiological knowledge and expertise on the characteristics and spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also social and economic impacts and challenges in different countries and settings. On the one hand, the resumption of temporarily interrupted projects may endanger people by unintended The coronavirus pandemic challenges ongoing and planned global health research and practice activities throughout the world; project planners and responsible persons must cautiously balance out the risks of interruption and resumption of the projects in the respective settings. Clinical data suggest that elderly and immunocompromised persons are at a very high risk of infections and poor outcomes when infected with SARS-CoV-2, the high contagiousness of the virus puts people in densely populated settings, such as refugee camps, at a particular risk [3] .
cord-296803-tde8k4kr	2020	During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO and other international authorities have warned about the increased risk of GBV related to more time spent indoors, isolation from social and protective networks, and greater social and economic stress related to both the epidemic and response measures [2] [3] [4] . During the COVID-19 pandemic network members were asked to review the number of women contacting anti-violence centers during two time periods, corresponding to about one month each (between 2 March and 5 April 2020 and between 6 April and 3 May 2020). Specifically, further research is needed to identify the drivers of the observed increases in contact with anti-violence centers and to develop and test effective interventions to protect women at risk of GBV during the ongoing COVID-19 response.
cord-297823-0d3lsjjp	2020	The Government of the Republic of Croatia has established the National Civil Defense Headquarters in order to raise the level of preparedness of all the competent authorities, protect the health of Croatian citizens and coordinate all the services in the battle against SARS-CoV-2 in Croatia. The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior was chosen to lead the headquarters, whose members are the Director of the Croatian Institute of Public Health, the Director of the Croatian Institute of Emergency Medicine, and the Director of the Dr Fran Mihaljević University Hospital for Infectious Diseases (UHID), who is also the President of the Croatian Society for Biosafety and Biosecurity. In addition to property damage, we were quite apprehensive that the earthquake would accelerate the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in Croatia since the earthquake, which left many homeless and fearful of earthquakes to come, triggered migrations to other parts of the country.
cord-298372-4pw1y404	2020	The last Ebola outbreak in 2014 in West Africa was regarded as a paradigm of the issues caused by emerging infectious diseases nowadays: this extremely deadly pathogen has naturally emerged in a large new area, and its overwhelming spread has subsequently impacted Europe and the United States [3] . At the same time, some natural outbreaks were caused by naturally altered pathogens like the Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011, a strain that acquired and combined unusual virulence factor and drug resistance genes [25] or in 2003 the new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified with surprise in front of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases [26] . Indeed, even if the substantial remaining risk in the case of an attack is the possibility of secondary actions aiming to maximise damages to the emergency infrastructure [38] , the real challenge for global safety remains the early detection, the accurate characterisation and the establishment of specific measures, whatever the outbreak origin [39, 40] .
cord-300022-2wfo6yql	2016	When studying the resilience of the Lebanese health system we drew on insights from studies of health systems that have faced refugee crises -studies which have considered the ability of a health system to maintain service delivery, prevent major outbreaks and sustain improvements in population level outcome indicators including utilization, service coverage, morbidity and mortality rates, as measures of success [30] [31] [32] [33] . The MOPH information systems and the maternal mortality observatory data sets are designed to incorporate ongoing assessment and reporting related to displaced Syrians, including for immunization coverage, disease surveillance and utilization of health services in addition to maternal and child mortality. Our findings indicate that the health system in Lebanon was able to maintain service delivery for both refugees and Lebanese citizens, prevent communicable diseases and sustain improvements in morbidity and mortality levels in the presence of major external and internal shocks, despite relatively limited increase in system inputs.
cord-300095-a94j7vz4	2020	When news broke in early April 2020 about the gazetting of 2 large migrant worker dormitories as isolation areas because of clusters of confirmed COVID-19 cases there [5] , HealthServe anticipated the unprecedented magnitude of mental health and psychosocial care needs and stepped forwards with a manual of recommendations on how to engage the migrant worker population as well as how to address the mental health and psychosocial care needs (an adaptation and application of the Interim Briefing Note Mental health and holistic care of migrant workers in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic This paper describes a collaborative model between a Non-Governmental Organization and other governmental and healthcare stakeholders in addressing mental health and holistic care of migrant workers, as well as how the model evolved as more real-time experience about this population''s needs and responses were gained.
cord-302271-js06pel9	2020	Croatian Football Federation, with its Medical Committee, is launching a new model of pre-season systematic examination of football players with a particular emphasis on diagnosing COVID-19 before returning to training and competitive football. the list of medical examinations that players must undergo in order to be eligible to participate in UEFA competitions, we hereby propose a model for screening professional football players returning to the field after the lift of the ban on all sport activities because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides pre-season physical examination (primarily 12-lead ECG, spirometry with bronchodilatation test, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) test and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test) and medical examination defined by the UEFA Medical Regulations (for the next season), we are proposing that every football player from the Croatian first National League must have negative consecutive two RT-qPCR COVID-19 pharyngeal swabs over a 5-day interval. In addition to limiting the potential of viral spread with the start of regular sport activities, the results of this screening protocol will allow us to estimate how many football players have been infected nationally.
cord-303909-9xr7i1p5	2020	We propose an innovative and robust organizational networking platform with advanced digital tools and strong partners, to boost a collaborative medical network of Public Health and Health Surveillance, in close connection with clinical research, and population-based cancer registries. This platform will provide institutions and health care professionals with a "Cancer Data Hub", which will offer a wide range of accurate cancer data (patterns of cancer care, quality of life, onco-pharmaco-epidemiology…), fostering collaborative and innovative public health research activities (eg, observational studies in real life practice and clinical trials). This platform addresses the challenges that need to be resolved in the Caribbean area, with a view to improving overall quality of life and survival, by increasing capacity to implement telemedicine technologies and health care tools, also with a focus on research. The participants in this initiative will have access to quality of life research projects thanks to the development of a social network integrating older persons, patient communities and caregivers.
cord-306090-i8sriw08	2020	The protection of health care workers (HCWs) is vital in continuing patient care in health care systems that are currently challenged by the pandemic, but also important in ensuring they do not spread the virus. A unique feature of many testing venues in Singapore is that they are outdoors with the average of 30°C tropical weather, rendering the prolonged use of conventional personal protective equipment (PPE) or full-body protection uncomfortable. The widespread incidence and expected protracted duration of the COVID-19 pandemic has also prompted concerns for minimising the use of PPE especially for high-volume or brief procedures with a short duration of high-risk patient contact, such as throat swabbing. The protection of health care workers is vital in continuing patient care in health care systems that are currently challenged by the pandemic, but also important in ensuring they do not spread the virus.
cord-309377-5pusd2pc	2020	To date, the pandemic has been successfully controlled thanks to the Vietnamese government''s prompt, proactive and decisive responses including mobilization of the health care systems, security forces, economic policies, along with a creative and effective communication campaign corresponding with crucial milestones of the epidemic''s progression. • On 1 April, Vietnam government enacted the Directive No. 16/CT-TTg on implementing strict social distancing rules nationwide for 15 d to prevent the spread of COVID-19. • Additionally, penalties of violations of COVID-19 prevention and control policies were imposed including not wearing masks in public places, concealing health status, opening non-essential businesses, gathering of more than 10 people, spreading ''fake news'' and others [91] . The effective results of the epidemic control to date have been largely contributed by the MOH and their drastic efforts in delivering rapid and decisive responses on all fronts from research, prevention, screening to diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
cord-311210-q92xft2b	2020	A country of 267 million and the fourth largest in the world, Indonesia reports a relatively small number of confirmed COVID-19 cases compared to other affected countries. The first official testing protocol for COVID-19 was published on March 16, just two weeks after the Ministry of Health reported the first case. Not long after the first protocol was published, the Ministry of Health (MoH) expanded designated test centres to ten MoH owned laboratories across Indonesia. Only after the President formally instructed to expand the testing capacity in the early April 2020 (4 weeks after the initial confirmed case was recorded), then the health authority started to decentralise the testing process to 48 public-owned laboratories. The first category is called person under surveillance which is defined as individuals who have mild acute respiratory infection symptoms with travel history from outbreak area or history of close contact to confirmed cases.
cord-311601-w2jqmpww	2018	Specifically, land use change cum agricultural practices, surging human demographic, pathogen evolution (antimicrobial resistance), failure of public health systems, global travel and more global interconnectedness in spatial and temporal dimensions have driven these threats [2] . Consequently, new challenges have emerged, including: border-related conflicts, food security risk due to declines agricultural production, vectorand water-borne diseases, (especially in areas with inadequate health infrastructure), flooding and exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall and intensified land use [2] . It is suggested that, as long as Africa (or any other continent) does not address complex interactions -such as those that involve agriculture, the environment, economics, sociology, as well as zoonotic pathogens, disease outbreaks may follow human-driven disruptions, as those observed after major changes in land use, eg, those related with the construction of dams, mines, and intensive agriculture.
cord-312029-xsojdbdk	2020	title: The COVID-19 pandemic and Community Health Workers: An opportunity to maintain delivery of care and education for families of children with epilepsy in Zambia As requirements for physical distancing have led to restrictions on the availability of health care services, many countries have adapted methods of telemedicine to sustain care access for patients [1] , while making difficult decisions surrounding which aspects of direct clinical care can be deferred and the time span acceptable for delaying chronic medical care [2] . The COVID-19 pandemic and Community Health Workers: An opportunity to maintain delivery of care and education for families of children with epilepsy in Zambia Beyond our original goals, this program has provided a unique model of health care access for a chronic medical condition during times of infectious disease outbreaks requiring physical distancing, which is feasible to implement in a developing region where telehealth mechanisms are limited.
cord-313904-745u0si8	2020	A ccording to the World Health Organization, as of April 21, 2020, 2 397 217 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including 162 956 deaths, have been reported worldwide [1] . The national COVID-19 screening program in Iran is a successful measure of the response to the outbreak. Two of the main challenges that suffered painfully during the outbreak were sanctions against Iran and the circulating fake news and misinformation on social media networks. So, it was critical that sanctions and barriers to providing essential supplies to Iran would be stopped, or to be postponed at least until In order to control the outbreak faster and efficiently in Iran, social distancing must be more rigid, widespread testing must be performed to cutting down the transmission chain, and US unilateral economic sanctions must be restricted to import essential goods. All interventions during the outbreak helped to flatten the curve of COVID-19 cases in Iran.
cord-320002-25ivll3q	2015	BACKGROUND: Childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant problem in developing countries, and confirmation of microbial etiology is important for individual, as well as public health. The Pneumonia Research for Child Health (PERCH) project [15] is a 7-site case-control study to identify the cause of pneumonia among children in developing countries. Currently, there is no study from India reporting etiology of CAP in a large cohort of children, using multiple biological samples, and various sensitive as well as specific microbiologic methods. We initiated the Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study (CAPES) to address this knowledge gap by determining the microbiologic etiology of CAP in a cohort of Indian children using multiple biological specimens (blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage) and the relationship between etiology and pneumonia severity. Lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in New Caledonia: a pilot study for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project
cord-321800-0h28pg3b	2020	RESULTS: The trend in publication and citation numbers shows the strong influence of the past pandemics SARS and MERS with an untypical decline afterward. The current extremely rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the highly dangerous outbreak of the pandemic CoVID-19 with daily increasing numbers of new infections and deaths around the world. Additionally, socio-economic, scientific and epidemiological parameters were related to the publication numbers to obtain an even more meaningful picture of the global landscape of CoV research. The resulting scientific interest and the possible in-si-VIEWPOINTS RESEARCH THEME 1: COVID-19 PANDEMIC tu investigation of the cases caused the publication figures to rise at the beginning of the SARS disease and to fall rapidly thereafter. Here, the USA and China are the highest-ranking countries, demonstrating their overall interest in CoV research and also focusing on the MERS pandemic, despite the relatively low case numbers.
cord-326590-ocd9ojnc	2020	Yet, even when done correctly, in line with the scientific knowledge, and full respect of international human rights law, emergency handling and planning is not sufficient to manage the spread of infectious disease. In a matter of days, the local authorities conclude that the health care facilities were insufficient to handle the emergency and announced plans to build from scratch not one but two new hospitals. The global health community must thus push countries harder to keep strengthening their research capacity and basic health care infrastructure along with emergency handling and planning efforts. International human rights law is critical as it transforms global health best practices in legal duties. The General Comment on science and economic, social and cultural rights is an important addition to the human rights that are traditionally invoked in the global health arena. Only when cultivated and guaranteed as a human right, science provides the support needed to fight global health emergencies.
cord-328321-7e37hhia	2020	METHODS: The study provides a review of the means by which the two pandemics were imported into the country and the roles the transport means of each period played in the local spread of the epidemics. RESULTS: The study notes that seaports and railways, being the emerging transportation modes in the country were significant to the importation and local diffusion of 1918-19 influenza, respectively, while air transport is significant to the importation of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to provide an assessment of the nature and role of transport in the importation, traffic and spread of 1918-19 influenza and COVID-19 in Nigeria. On the contrary, air transport plays the most significant role in the importation of COVID-19 in Nigeria as is the case with virtually all the countries that are affected by the epidemic.
cord-330395-2qoyrqmj	2020	The decisions of cluster-wise lockdown or social distancing, or even preparing the health system to respond to the pandemic are made without the availability of adequate data. Although scarcity of test kits and lack of awareness from the general public certainly contributed to the crisis, Bangladesh is one of the few countries which had more than two months to prepare for COVID-19 crisis. The crisis has already started in the form of limited availability of disinfectants and personal protective equipment in the health care facilities. The recent surge of daily testing has managed to uncover more cases and traces of transmission at the community level. Additionally, it can lead to a surge on heightened risk of exposure due to minimized health response priorities, efforts and initiatives -such as contact tracing and testing in the rural areas and considering their movement to the urban areas.
cord-331405-1opm5onj	2020	Since the beginning of pandemic, many organizations have raised concerns with the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), low observance of social distancing measures, and scarce availability of diagnostic tests in Brazil [2, 3] . Open Knowledge Brazil (OKBR), a civil society organization that operates in support of open-access data of public interest, ranked Brazilian states with a "Transparency index", evaluating 13 criteria related to content, format and level of detail of information disclosed via official portals during COVID-19 pandemic [12] . We report here the results of a rapid review performed by systematically screening each of the 27 federal health department websites and COVID-19 dedicated portals in order to identify specific policies for HW health screening and testing, and related HW morbidity and mortality data. Information regarding COVID-19 confirmed cases among HWs was available in the official bulletins of only six (22.2%) Brazilian Federal states (Figure 1) .
cord-336409-crkcxpw0	2020	Albeit the global COVID-19 pandemic trend is increasing, Malaysia is seeing a decrease on the number of infections, with high recoveries and low mortality rates [1] . This viewpoint aims to discuss the targeted containment strategies executed by Malaysia, which till date is showing positive responses in controlling the spread of COVID-19. (2) high compliance on the practice of physical distancing measures and the usage of face mask; (3) reducing flight and public transportation services; (4) self-quarantine at home; (5) changes to crucial essential services like funerals to minimize crowd size and exposure to body fluids; and (6) avoidance of misinformation -verified and clear information regarding COVID-19 needs to be delivered on-time and consistently to the public to avoid fake news, rumors and panic. With declining trend of positive cases, Malaysia executed a relaxed Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) that aims to carefully re-open the country''s major economy in phases [1] .
cord-339689-pemyxewv	2020	The World Health Organization (WHO) has published interim COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance, which focuses on administrative controls (including policy, guidance, training and triage practices), environmental controls (including ventilation and waste management) and personal protective equipment (PPE, including rational use thereof) [11] . South Africa responded "yes" to all readiness questions except one administrative control question: "is there a triaging system that can be applied to ARI in the health facilities?" Even in a country like South Africa which is relatively well-prepared for COVID-19, we must examine any additional resources which can be leveraged for an even more effective response. As the country rapidly prepares for mitigating community spread through actions like a nationwide lockdown and travel restrictions, ensuring a coordinated infection prevention and control response at the facility-level can further improve these gains and can ensure that South Africa leverages all possible resources [16, 17] .
cord-340663-zylk61ll	2020	There is a growing concern that the long-term extension of lockdown strategy can severely affect the health and nutrition security of the poor and vulnerable population in Nepal. The current lockdown has already exacerbated the health risks and health care resources, and are likely to continue beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine how COVID-19 lockdown impacts public health systems and nutritional outcomes in Nepal. As health systems continue to combat COVID-19, Nepal is at high risk of facing detrimental effects on (public) health care, further constraining the health resources of the country. Historically, Nepal has been facing food and nutrition security challenges with the highest prevalence of double and triple burden of malnutrition [13] . Equally important, health systems should ensure critical care interventions to screen, diagnose, and treat COVID-19 patients across the country.
cord-343172-9o4p0q0q	2020	T his viewpoint provides an explanation from the public health policies of Vietnamese government to contain the contagious disease with regard to COVID-19 pandemic. A combination of an early lockdown, increase in "virality" of the health information, encouragement in health declaration, regulation for wearing mask in the public, and country'' s unity have been the effective ways to cope with this deadly virus in Vietnam, a developing country, which became the first country to halt the SARS spread successfully in 2003. Instead of forcing the citizens with the compulsory regulation, the Vietnam government did well to disseminate nudging-behavior policies, which can increase the "virality" of the information [4] . According to the Ministry of Information and Technology, about 6 billion messages have been sent to the Vietnamese citizens to raise their awareness about the hand-washing, self-quarantine, self-checking health, etc. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is a complex global challenge, the timely actions conducted by the Vietnamese authorities are appreciated based on behavioral economics [7] .
cord-347535-tgou78o7	2020	Accessibility to health service, testing capacity, the supply of personal protective equipment are budget-constrained and are not being prioritized for inmates Zero confirmed cases: The ways we curb COVID-19 in Taiwanese prisons [5] . As a solution to mitigate the harms of COVID-19 outbreak in prison [7] , several countries including Iran, France, Italy, Child, USA, and Indonesia have taken action to reduce the prison population by releasing "low-risk" offenders. Measures have included the establishment of the joint planning and central command with Central Epidemic Command Center (CECC), the prevention, control, and risk management among the prisoners, the cooperation and involvement of prison staffs, and the environment sanitizing. To minimize the risk of COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwanese prisons, several steps have been taken, including the establishment of the joint planning and central command with CECC, the prevention, control, and risk management among the prisoners, the cooperation and involvement of prison staffs, and the environment sanitizing.
cord-348743-fy7le3ar	2020	Specifically, the Atlas tracks government policies on access to contraceptive methods, family planning counselling and the provision of online information on contraception in 46 European states. Access to contraception is not just a low-and middleincome countries issue: In the 2019 European Contraception Atlas, Italy ranked just 26th out of the total 46 countries for various reasons such as the very limited provision of free contraception as well as under-resourced and understaffed family planning centers. Despite the disruption due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to ensure that women can have control over their bodies and their sexual and reproductive life, and protect the access to modern contraceptives and family planning services for both men and women. Despite the disruption due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to ensure that women can have control over their bodies and their sexual and reproductive life, and protect the access to modern contraceptives and family planning services for both men and women.
cord-351384-z6t7csg8	2020	title: Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy and Spain: Lessons in Response Urgency It took the Italian government just two weeks to react firmly with the laws enacted on March 7 to establish a "red zone" throughout the country, which is when it closed all shops, except pharmacies and food stores, and banned entry and exit from the country. Coping with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain: Lessons in response urgency Pilar Montesó-Curto 1 , Laura Sánchez-Montesó 2 , Fabio Stefano Maramao 2 , Loren Toussaint 3 Then, on March 13, the Government of Catalonia decreed the "confinement" of several municipalities due to a cluster within the epidemic that caused an exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 in Igualada, Vilanova del Camí, Santa Margarida de Montbui i Òdena [5] . A "state of emergency" in Spain was finally declared through a royal decree (463/2020) [6] on March 14 for a period of 15 calendar days.
cord-354339-tchu91av	2020	Photo: Nurse wearing locally produced low cost COVID-19 kit and filling the score card from a suspected patient for initial screening and triage at the emergency control room (from the collection of Dr Naeem Shahzad, used with permission). Therefore, this study has made an effort to design a rapid assessment score card using bottom up approach starting from community level which will help the low-income and developing countries to ascertain the suspected COVID-19 cases at community level. To develop an effective tool for patient screening without overburdening the health care infrastructure while still not compromising the control over the spread of the disease and preventive measures, an effective score card has been developed covering numerous effective parameters for rapid assessment of the probable COIVD-19 cases, as shown in Figure 1 .