cord-009476-4emc4o6n	2014	16 outbreak and prevent human-to-human and animalto-human transmission; an appropriate management algorithm, including best-practice guidelines for accurate diagnosis, infection control, intensive care, emergency medicine, and treatment; prioritise research related to the MERS-CoV outbreak such as case-control and cohort studies, seroprevalence studies, and clinical trials; and to eff ectively monitor outbreak control activities. 2 The new case defi nition (appendix) was developed based on reported health-care-associated MERS-CoV pneumonia (added as category 2 in the new case defi nition) and non-respiratory characteristics of patients with confi rmed infection who fi rst presented with acute febrile dengue-like illness with body aches, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia (added as category 3). WHO Revised interim case defi nition for reporting to WHO-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): as of First confi rmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and Public Health Authorities
cord-011468-1ienwzy8	2020	The International Health Regulations 3 do not require actual international spread, only a high potential for that spread, and thus the criteria for a PHEIC had already been met by the second Emergency Committee meeting. Global health scholars have criticised the Emergency Committee process as lacking transparency, using "irrelevant considerations, undue influence and political interference", 5 and delaying declaration when International Health Regulations criteria have been met. 7 By the time the Emergency Committee declared a PHEIC for COVID-19 on Jan 30, 2020, 7736 cases and 179 deaths had been confirmed in mainland China, with 107 cases confirmed in 21 other countries. Level 1 PHEIC alert should indicate a high risk outbreak in a single country, with the potential for international spread requiring concerted public health efforts to contain and manage it locally. statement-on-the-meeting-of-theinternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-forebola-virus-disease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo
cord-254478-scc9wee0	2020	
cord-261133-m00gcci4	2005	52 The mechanism of headache caused by cytokines is unknown but it is interesting that headache induced by cytokines is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, and depression, and these symptoms are commonly associated with URTIs. A sensation of chilliness is an early symptom of common cold, 7 and is sometimes explained as an initial stage of fever, since vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels may cause a fall in skin temperature that is perceived as chilliness. 65 The cytokine stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production in skeletal muscle, and the effects of prostaglandin E2 on sensory nerves in muscle, may explain the myalgia associated with URTIs. In a study of common cold symptoms induced by challenge with infected nasal secretions, URTI symptoms were classified as either "early" or "later" symptoms.
cord-261533-73721b24	2020	
cord-265769-96p07nyz	2020	
cord-267436-mivxm8oh	2005	The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. 31 The results of a randomised clinical study in Guangdong, involving multiple different treatment arms, suggest that ribavirin given at a low dose (400-600 mg/day) was less effective compared with an early and aggressive use of steroids with interferon alfa. Search terms were "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "SARS", "treatment", "coronavirus", "infection", "SARS coronavirus", "vaccination", and "antiviral". Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
cord-267476-j59tm40d	2020	
cord-268074-9mact9br	2020	
cord-269264-ebqq8x8a	2020	
cord-269838-1943g1ha	2014	
cord-270602-599vweqe	2003	Although many marine-product clinical trials are for cancer chemotherapy, drug resistance, emerging infectious diseases, and the threat of bioterrorism have all contributed to the interest in assessing natural ocean products in the treatment of infectious organisms. Many marine natural products have successfully advanced to the late stages of clinical trials, including dolastatin 10, ecteinascidin-743, kahalalide F, and aplidine, and a growing number of candidates have been selected as promising leads for extended preclinical assessment. Many marine natural products have successfully advanced to the late stages of clinical trials, including dolastatin 10, ecteinascidin-743, kahalalide F, and aplidine, and a growing number of candidates have been selected as promising leads for extended preclinical assessment. 6 In this review, we focus on the pharmacologically tested marine leads that have shown in-vivo efficacy or potent invitro activity against infectious and parasitic diseases, including malaria, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.
cord-272135-a09bf50o	2009	
cord-272274-p3oulo34	2020	
cord-273910-fna7s9te	2007	
cord-275521-dlp055z8	2020	
cord-277342-40d24mvm	2020	In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Kelvin To and colleagues 4 report the viral load and antibody profiles of a cohort of 23 patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. First, the high viral load during the early phase of illness suggests that patients could be most infectious during this period, and it might account for the high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. Second, age was associated with viral load in this study, which could explain the high degree of severe disease in older patients with SARS-CoV-2. 5, 6 The high viral load in elderly patients is associated not only with low immunity but also with high expression of the ACE2 receptor (the cellentry receptor for SARS-CoV-2) in older adults. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore
cord-278256-dmrtsxik	2020	
cord-279001-l5ogbl5p	2020	COVID-19 differs from SARS in terms of infectious period, transmissibility, clinical severity, and extent of community spread. Even if traditional public health measures are not able to fully contain the outbreak of COVID-19, they will still be effective in reducing peak incidence and global deaths. In November, 2002, the severe acute respiratory syn drome coronavirus (SARSCoV) emerged in China causing global anxiety as the outbreak rapidly spread, and by July, 2003, had resulted in over 8000 cases in 26 countries. In the absence of vaccines and specific treatment, the only available public health tools to control persontoperson transmittable diseases are isolation and quarantine, social distancing, and community containment measures. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for oldstyle public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) outbreak Public health measures to control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome during the outbreak in Toronto
cord-279557-hk77e3pp	2013	
cord-279765-sb1ifyfx	2020	In this regard, the study by Shengli Xia and colleagues 7 is timely because it provides valuable evidence for the safety and immunogenicity of a β-propiolactone inactivated aluminium hydroxideadjuvanted whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate developed by China National Biotec Group and the Beijing Institute of Biological Products (BBIBP-CorV), which was tested in randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled phase 1/2 clinical trials in healthy individuals aged 18 years and older. Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes: interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial
cord-281529-2rec51xg	2013	
cord-282530-55lhjfm8	2020	
cord-288807-sw6teq1n	2020	key: cord-288807-sw6teq1n title: Potential factors linked to high COVID-19 death rates in British minority ethnic groups cord_uid: sw6teq1n 2·3 12·5 0 indicates absent or very low prevalence. NA=not available, although sickle cell trait was found in babies of all ethnic groups in the NHS sickle cell and thalassaemia data report, 2013-14. 5 *Predicted COVID-19 fatalities based on geography and demographics and actual hospital deaths, relative to white British, by ethnic group. Table: COVID-19 fatalities and prevalence of haemolytic disorders and anaemia among UK ethnic groups Mapping the presence of sickle cell and beta-thalassaemia in England: estimating and validating ethnic-specific rates European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for HFE hemochromatosis The epidemiology of the haemoglobin level-a study of 1057 subjects in general practice NHS Sickle Cell and Thalassaemia Screening Programme. Data report 2013/14. Are some ethnic groups more vulnerable to COVID-19 than others? London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies
cord-288867-iicfe7il	2020	These questions are how we might think of some of the dilemmas created by the COVID-19 pandemic, which presents us with difficult trade-offs in equity, economics, public health, and civil liberties. Plainly put, they ask the question: should health authorities place potentially exposed individuals into a quarantine setting where their separation from others can be enforced, or should authorities simply let them go home, ask them to avoid contacts, and monitor them for COVID-19 symptoms through phone calls or health-care visits? Aware of this dilemma, Peak and colleagues 1 use a mathematical model of the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections to establish the conditions under which individual quarantine works better than active monitoring. Individual quarantine versus active monitoring of contacts for the mitigation of COVID-19: a modelling study
cord-289744-suiqh3gv	2018	
cord-291821-ovfqfurf	2011	
cord-292749-f15h3315	2020	
cord-293540-45awgabp	2013	The rate and timing of pandemic A H1N1 virus infections might have revealed the diff erences in H7N9 disease outcome, by contrast with historical infections with seasonal infl uenza A H3N2 viruses. To avoid this delay, we introduced point-of-care (POC) microbiology laboratories near emergency departments where patients with community-acquired pneumonia are seen fi rst. However, it should be noted that not all pathogens that can cause community-acquired pneumonia can be detected by POC tests, and molecular tests for Staphylococus aureus have not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Conformity (CE). 9 This new capacity of POC tests increases the number of diagnoses 11 and underscores that community-acquired pneumonia can result from co-infection with several pathogens, 10 which will challenge common notions about causation and management. Furthermore, detection by POC testing of an abnormal increase in group A streptococci might suggest co-infection with infl uenza.
cord-296573-4c9gch5b	2013	
cord-303272-1w8epdht	2013	
cord-305193-hbn69kmi	2020	
cord-313615-cts45n3j	2012	
cord-314734-ai0hz4uq	2020	
cord-315130-8g2ih8zl	2020	
cord-316201-08pyx98r	2017	
cord-317795-689at1qx	2020	
cord-318683-1yxurnev	2018	
cord-320548-oigyut2k	2014	
cord-320970-ru2iw0py	2020	
cord-321949-s1qu3odd	2004	
cord-322290-zx3i8mpo	2020	
cord-329200-o5hxpl8f	2020	
cord-331244-zaguyxm5	2004	
cord-332237-8oykgp0h	2014	
cord-332238-qw2ual51	2020	Individuals in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention are at risk from serious consequences resulting from the rapid spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and inadequate access to appropriate medical care. In the USA, a rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 infections in every state of the country has resulted in a growing number of hospitalisations, admissions to intensive care units, and deaths in specific age groups and in many people with underlying medical conditions. 1 Individuals who are incarcerated, including immigrants in ICE detention, are among the most vulnerable to infection and complicated disease because of existing drivers of inequality. Immigrants in ICE detention around the country have expressed panic over conditions that put them at exceptionally high risk of an outbreak of COVID-19 and proposed an immediate humanitarian response to mitigate the risk of infection. These actions should include the immediate release on humanitarian parole of individuals at risk of severe disease and death due to COVID-19 infection.
cord-337491-ztco6guw	2020	
cord-354881-7o20cn1x	2020