cord-252266-8o4kte9i	2005	The quality of pre-travel advice and vaccinations, adherence to chemoprophylaxis against malaria, avoidance of insect bites and general behaviour abroad (including sexual history) are also important. Initial investigations should include adequate malaria films (supplemented by quick antigen detection tests in many laboratories) and blood count, repeated as necessary, blood, urine and faecal cultures, serum biochemistry, chest radiography and other imaging (e.g. liver ultrasonography) as indicated. Worldwide, but mainly tropics Persistent fever, right upper Neutrophil leucocytosis, abdominal pain and tenderness, ultrasonography of liver, serology signs at right lung base African trypanosomiasis Visitors to African game parks, Chancre at bite site, tachycardia, Hypoglycaemia, thrombocytopenia, tsetse fly lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, thick blood films, serology, consider transient oedema, variable rashes CSF examination only after obtaining expert advice Falciparum malaria must be excluded, and is the diagnosis in 65-75% of patients hospitalized after visiting Sub-Saharan Africa, compared with 15-25% of those returning from Asia, who are more likely to have dengue fever.
cord-256610-0njpw3zz	2005	The contribution concludes with a brief review of the recent application of mathematical models to emerging human and animal epidemics, notably the spread of HIV in Africa, the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease epidemic in the UK and its relationship to bovine spongiform encephalitis in cattle, the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic in UK livestock, bioterrorism threats such as smallpox, and the SARS epidemics in 2003. Epidemics can be described and sometimes predicted by mathematical models because they involve relatively simple processes occurring within large populations of individuals. From the definition of R 0 , this occurs when 1/R 0 of an individual''s contacts are susceptible at any point in time, and thus R 0 not only determines the epidemic growth rate, but also the proportion of the population that are infected by the disease, and the steady-state incidence of infection.
cord-298183-cisrvghj	2005	The hypothesis that a disease has an infectious cause is supported by: clinical features (similar to those of known infectious diseases, e.g. fever, leucocytosis), epidemiology (case clustering in time or location), histology (inflammation of affected tissues, e.g. granulomata) or characteristic microbial structures, treatment (clinical response to antimicrobial treatment), and prevention of disease by vaccines targeting microbial antigens. Many of the recently discovered microbial pathogens were identified by detecting their unique nucleic acid sequences in tissues. A unique 16S rDNA sequence was detected in the tissues of three patients with bacillary angiomatosis but not in control tissues, identifying a bacterium in the Bartonella genus as a cause of a the disease. Several sequence-based approaches to pathogen discovery have yielded novel microbes that cause human disease. Future attempts to identify novel microbes associated with human disease may use other sequence-based approaches. Future attempts to identify novel microbes associated with human disease may use other sequence-based approaches.
cord-324301-bzrh2fni	2005	The recent emergence of the SARS coronavirus in the human population in 2003, with an ensuing global epidemic affecting more than 8000 individuals with a case fatality of about 10%, underlines the fact that respiratory viral infections of humans may originate in animals, and that many different influenza A viruses also occur naturally in animal reservoirs, representing a constant threat of zoonotic infections of humans and ensuing global pandemics. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. About 30-50% of acute LRTIs are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. Seasonal illness, epidemics and pandemics -influenza viruses circulating in humans (A H1N1, H3N2, B and C) cause respiratory tract disease.