cord-000549-qwhaesfk	2011	Nevertheless, bovine IgG from colostrum or milk can be effective as a means of providing passive immunity to protect animals and humans from disease. Other studies have found that treatment of children with hyperimmune bovine colostrum from cows immunized with human rotavirus serotypes reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea due to rotavirus [59] , and can provide significant protection from rotavirus infection [60] . In applications to humans, bovine whey preparations of colostrum from cows immunized with caries-inducing bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), and containing over 60% immunoglobulin of which 80% was IgG1, has been used in several studies evaluating its effect on caries-producing bacteria. This means that maternal colostrum and milk will contain antibodies specific for pathogens that may be encountered by the neonate''s intestine and other mucosal tissues [10, 18, 148] , providing a rationale for the observations summarized above that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows also may afford passive immune protection against human pathogens [54, 55] .
cord-003520-f3jz59pt	2019	title: Free Fatty Acids'' Level and Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients and Association with Outcomes: A Prospective Sub-Study of PermiT Trial Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high free fatty acids (FFAs) level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and to study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness. Conclusion: We conclude that high FFAs level in critically ill patients is associated with features of metabolic syndrome and is not affected by short-term permissive underfeeding. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high FFAs level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and (2) study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness.
cord-009326-dvhkk405	2020	title: Broussonetia papyrifera Root Bark Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects on Adipose Tissue and Improves Insulin Sensitivity Potentially Via AMPK Activation PRE inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in the NF-κB luciferase assay and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression by blocking phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which were mediated by activating AMPK. Ten-week-high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6 male mice treated with PRE had improved glucose intolerance and decreased inflammation in adipose tissue, as indicated by reductions in NF-κB phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression. To investigate the effects of PRE on inflammation, we first tested NF-κB transcriptional activity of TPRE because NF-κB is an essential regulator of pro-inflammatory response ( Figure S1 ). Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK. Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK.
cord-013176-6ckuya1w	2020	Quercetin, extracted from Embelia ribes (Mirsinaceae), exhibited antiviral effects against HCV, exerted through activity inhibition of the viral protease Non-Structural protein 3 (NS3), leading to a decrease in HCV replication [36] . The natural extract of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Vitaceae) contains many flavonoids, including vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, rutin, kaempferol, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin and iso-quercetin, which were shown to be able to exert anti-influenza virus activity, with different efficiency, through the reduction of the number of plaques induced by the influenza virus in infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells [21] . In future perspective, this approach could be considered in order to possibly improve the antiviral activity of some flavonoids, like baicalin, that was able, like fludarabine [65] , to act against HIV-1 chronic infection of human monocytes and macrophages, inhibiting the fusion of HIV virus envelope proteins with these cells [73] .
cord-013477-dzm4xi21	2020	The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. Results showed that 100 mg/kg curcumin significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin levels, increased hepatic glycogen content, and improved oxidative stress by reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver of diabetic pregnant mice at gestational day 20. The authors evaluated the possible mechanisms responsible for these effects and found that curcumin-induced apoptosis was associated with the modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic molecules (i.e., increased Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression), ROS generation, and caspase-3 activation [66] .
cord-252584-pcp1i0vb	2020	However, this was a very small study and it has also been suggested that olive oil, which was used as a placebo, may have a protective effect for Alzheimer''s disease [64] and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs. Similarly, an intervention comparing 200 mg EPA plus 500 mg DHA daily for 24 months compared to olive oil did not find an effect on the California Verbal Learning Test in cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 75 years) [65] . Based on evidence from different systematic reviews [143, [154] [155] [156] [157] , the ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in cancer patients state "in patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy and at risk of weight loss or malnourished, we suggest to use supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil to stabilize or improve appetite, food intake, lean body mass and body weight" but the recommendation is graded as weak and the level of evidence as low [158] .
cord-255233-rvgj6pvk	2020	Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency.
cord-260413-elyn2fdh	2020	As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei supernatants have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils by reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cytokine and increasing secretion of the According to the current literature, postbiotics are not considered as synbiotics. Furthermore, Lactobacillus strains with increased catalase activity were more effective in relieving inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease than strains of the same bacterium producing SOD (both strains decreased the body temperature comparing to the controls with p < 0.05) [34] .
cord-264405-8v0o4krh	2020	The Nutrition Policy Institute in partnership with University of California Cooperative Extension Advisors in three California counties received a rapid-response Opportunity Grant from the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to conduct a cross-sectional qualitative study to capture the experiences of SNAP (called CalFresh in California) participants during the benefit disruption. The guide asked about participants'' usual food routines, the level of support SNAP provides, how they understood and experienced receiving February''s SNAP benefit in January, whether the disruption in benefits impacted their family''s health or stress levels, whether the experience changed the way they think about SNAP, and what they recommend decision makers could do to better help them (Table 2) . Participants described challenges related to financial impacts of the disruption, because most reported spending their SNAP benefits earlier in the month and running out of money to buy food in February in a way that was different from usual.
cord-265332-a6qr8yoo	2020	The objective of the present work was to evaluate if the modification of fat intake only at breakfast was enough to modify lipid/lipoprotein/apolipoprotein markers of women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent.
cord-271968-92p8dmha	2020	The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
cord-272303-6s0qr4e6	2020	This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the quarantine on dietary, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits of Lithuanians and the association between health behaviours and weight changes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher odds of weight gain were associated with females, older age, increased consumption of sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fried food, eating more than usual, increased snacking, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption. Univariate and Nutrients 2020, 12, 3119 3 of 9 multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between weight gain during COVID-19 quarantine (dependent variable) and social factors, nutrition, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the association of weight gain with increased intake of carbonated or sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fast food, increased snacking, eating more than usual, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption remained statistically significant.
cord-274548-yeucn13x	2020	Full-text articles excluded, with reasons n = 48 type 1 diabetes registries n=14 paper without Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 18) (n = 9 EU-28 countries n = 9 outside EU-28 countries) The data covered the type of health system, presence or absence of a national diabetes plan (NDP), presence of a population-based register, care setting, methods for reimbursement of drugs, devices and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes, and the prevalence of and mortality from diabetes, gathered from the institutional sites of individual European countries to investigate the presence of national data and policies for diabetes control. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out in order to to evaluate the possible association between the variables taken into consideration, including EUROSTAT data for the countries of the European Union, data relating to mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and the mortality trend [32] , the prevalence of diabetes [32] , the organization of the health system [35, 36, 38] , the presence of a national diabetes plan, the year of approval [35, 36] , the general practitioners and diabetic centers involved, and the cost percentage of diabetes of the total health expenditure [38] .
cord-279649-wllc0gl5	2020	Fifteen socio-demographic variables were collected, including age (in years), gender (male, female, other), local government area of residence, if they identified as from Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent, whether they have a health condition or disability that limited their activity, citizenship status (born in Australia, Australian citizen, permanent resident or temporary resident), the highest level of education, relationship status, household composition, employment status, total household income bracket and whether they were the main shopper for their family. Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents according to food security categories and assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income are presented in Table 1 . This study presents results from a survey of adults in Tasmania, Australia, assessing the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-279960-1phc0wds	2020	This study aimed to (1) explore the dietary diversity during the lockdown time in China and (2) examine factors associated with dietary diversity including socio-economic characteristics, sources for food and food purchases, and specific dietary behaviors responding to COVID-19 and isolation. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches to purchase or obtain food, and behaviors adopted to cope with COVID-19. We also identified a total of 37.7% participants who consumed certain foods or nutritional supplements to cope with COVID-19, which included vitamin C, probiotics, other dietary supplements, alcohol, and vinegar. This study was conducted via a quick online survey to assess dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the time of isolation and "staying at home" due to COVID-19 and to explore its associated factors. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches for food purchasing/sourcing, and certain dietary strategies to cope with COVID-19.
cord-284064-w9qvsgh0	2020	title: Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019 The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Over 2 billion meals were served in CACFP homes, centers, and adult day care facilities during fiscal year 2019, with over 1.5 billion of these specifically being served in over 66 thousand study assessed changes in beverages served in childcare sites following implementation of updated California beverage standards for licensed childcare providers. (Appendix A Table A2 contains the unadjusted models.) At follow-up, most centers met the beverage overall standards/best practices (91.76%) and there was a significant increase in never serving flavored milk (baseline = 93.53%, follow-up = 96.32%). Early Childhood Education Centers'' Reported Readiness to Implement the Updated Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Pattern Standards in the United States
cord-287076-uxuff57y	2020	The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US.
cord-288543-iv715216	2020	Serum Cu was not different between the groups, but patients with SSc-related PAH showed elevated ratios of Cu/Se and CP/SELENOP as compared to controls. Given the severity of the disease and the urgent need for an improved diagnosis and helpful indicators of disease risk and progression, we decided to re-evaluate different biomarkers of TE status in patients with SSc and SSc-PAH in comparison to healthy controls. The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity ( Figure 4C) .
cord-293311-dr2ysrwe	2020	In this cross-sectional analysis of 230 independent, community-dwelling individuals (mean age 67.2 ± 7.4 years), we examined the associations between osteosarcopenia with nutritional status and frailty, and the mediating role of nutrition in the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Secondly, we investigated nutrition as a mediator of the relationship between osteosarcopenia and frailty, relative to osteoporosis and sarcopenia alone, in a cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults. A multicategorical mediation model examined the potential mediating role of nutrition, using total MNA score, in the relationship between osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia with frailty. Our study demonstrated that in relatively healthy community-dwelling older adults, osteosarcopenia is present in 11.7% of individuals and is associated with markers of nutrition, including lower MNA scores, BMI, calf, mid-arm and waist circumference. The strengths of this study include the analysis of a reasonably-sized cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults, the use of contemporary consensus definitions for sarcopenia in an Asian population, and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status.
cord-296836-aizquh16	2020	We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .
cord-298931-n1se3ajb	2020	demonstrating that dietary supplementation of omega-3 PUFA with non-surgical periodontal treatment had significant effect on clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), BOP, PD and CAL, but no effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level [12] . Similar to the results of our study, the decrease of BOP was demonstrated in the patients that received omega-3 PUFA in addition to the scaling and oral hygiene instructions versus control group, thus anti-inflammatory properties of EPA and DHA were also clinically detectable at the less advanced stages of periodontal inflammation [27, 28] . Another study demonstrated a significant reduction in PD and CAL in the group receiving omega-3 PUFA plus aspirin during non-surgical periodontal treatment compared to the control group, with significantly reduced levels of salivary RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 8 in the test group [29] . Dietary supplementation with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids reduces salivary tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical study
cord-299731-sis9952k	2020	Oral supplementation with NR has been shown to increase NAD + levels in multiple tissues, along with increased SIRT activity [10, 11] , improved mitochondrial function [37] , and regenerative potential of stem cells [38] . In mice models, NR can increase NAD + metabolism and thereby improve glucose tolerance, reduce weight gain, and exhibit neuroprotective effects against diabetic neuropathy and liver steatosis [41] . NAD + precursor supplementation also has the potential to protect against adverse cardiac remodeling by additional mechanisms of activating SIRTs (Table 2 ) and maintaining Ca 2+ homeostasis [67] . Via SIRT3 activation, a NR-induced increase in NAD + levels can have additional beneficial and possible therapeutic effects. CR life-prolonging effects may partly be mediated via increased sirtuin function, while the requirement of NAD + for their activity suggests a possible connection between aging and metabolism.
cord-303053-238eegeu	2020	In this observational retrospective study, the patients of our Obesity Unit were invited to answer to a 12-question multiple-choice questionnaire relative to weight changes, working activity, exercise, dietary habits, and conditions potentially impacting on nutritional choices. Lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, consumption of snacks, unhealthy foods, cereals, and sweets were correlated with a significantly higher weight gain. A significantly higher weight and BMI increase was evident in individuals with lower education, who reported lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, and consumption of unhealthy foods, snacks, cereals, and sweets. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not consuming healthy foods were significantly associated with increased weight and BMI gain during the lockdown period. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not paying attention to the healthiness of food choices were significantly associated with weight and BMI increase.
cord-311965-3x3tjzhi	2020	Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment.
cord-316395-o9nblj5i	2020	PTH concentrations were increased in patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, while VITD levels were not significantly different between disease severity groups. The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern leading to a substantial need for patient hospitalization, treatment at intensive care units (ICUs), and invasive ventilation [1] [2] [3] . This prospective, multicentre, observational study includes patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, based on typical clinical presentation and a positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR test. The herein-presented analysis of the CovILD study cohort shows that 25(OH)D deficiency is common among COVID-19 patients, whereas a causal implication of VitD metabolism on its disease course remains uncertain. First, the CovILD trial was designed as an observational study to detect the rate of persistent lung injury after a severe course of COVID-19, therefore the here presented results must be interpreted carefully in the context of VITD deficiency, especially because predominantly patients with severe disease course were included.
cord-323151-1rczh3hu	2020	The systematic review of n-3 fatty acids, sometimes in combination with other nutrients, in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was cited in the context of a so-called "cytokine storm" rather than protection from viral, or any other, infection per se. Summary of the findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 fatty acid rich formulas in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome [3] . In relation to the systematic review on vitamin C and the common cold [5] we stated that "vitamin C supplementation has also been shown to decrease the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold, and significantly decrease the risk of infection when given prophylactically in people under enhanced physical stress".
cord-325436-pp3q022y	2020	This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle.
cord-325454-svc2xeh1	2020	We read with interest the review article entitled "Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of Influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths" by Grant et al., recently published in Nutrients [1] . The authors have conveniently ignored the results of some key clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of developing RTIs among healthy individuals found no significant risk reduction [2] . However, the authors did include results of an IPD-based meta-analysis (including of 25 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials) evaluating the effectiveness of supplementation with vitamin D3 or vitamin D2 with prespecified acute RTIs as an outcome. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on respiratory tract infections in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
cord-327045-hn8pmcto	2016	In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. A study demonstrates that quercetin has a direct regulatory effect on basic functional properties of immune cells which may be mediated by the extracellular regulated kinase 2 (Erk2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal pathway in human mitogen-activated PBMC and purified T lymphocytes [54] . Quercetin most likely universally suppresses the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including anti-inflammatory cells, whereas it specifically increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in Western diet-induced obese mice. showed that a supplement of 1000 mg of quercetin alone three weeks before, during and two weeks after a three-day period of 3 h of cycling in the winter resulted in a markedly lower incidence of URTI in well-trained subjects in the two weeks after the intensified training, but had no effect on exercise-induced immune dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress [76] .
cord-328562-g5i838b3	2020	Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) .
cord-332118-jg80szw7	2020	The objective of our study is to learn the dietary patterns, consumption, and physical activity of the Spanish population before and during the period of confinement by COVID-19. Subsequently, and using the McNemar test, it was studied whether there were significant differences between gender and diet adherence, as well as the answers to each questionnaire item and the adherence to the MD during each period (before and after the confinement), accepting a confidence level of 95%. These habits have gained a special relevance during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19, as the alteration of the diet and physical activity can yield diseases like obesity, diabetes; which are risk mortality factors in patients with COVID-19 [13] . Our outcomes were higher than those reported by other studies, regarding the number of subjects that practiced physical activity during confinement (70.6% versus 59.6%) [18] .
cord-332533-iqe6sdq2	2020	Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD).
cord-333286-lr32e0w4	2020	We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. Similar effects have been demonstrated in several mouse studies with the ability to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and modulation of antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. The upregulation of IFN response seems to prime cells for better resistance against virus infection as probiotics were shown effective in inhibiting the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and RSV. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection.
cord-333317-oai67igl	2020	Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Studies by Palou and colleagues conducted on female rats demonstrated that the expression of regulators of BAT activity (Cidea, Prdm16), WAT browning (Hoxc9 and Slc27a1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (Cpt1a) in both tissues, correlates with the expression of the same modulators in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon cold stimulation [19] . This is the first study investigating the expression of browning, beige, and fatty acids utilization regulators in the PBMC of human subjects chronically exposed to extremely cold temperatures compared to controls living in thermoneutral conditions. Cold-exposed subjects enrolled in our study expressed higher levels of the beiging''s marker HOXC9 and lower amounts of the brown adipocytes'' marker CIDEA compared to controls.
cord-335000-4xss3bzv	2020	The factors influencing food choices determined based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the sample of adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 5 . The factors influencing food choice based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of female adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 6 . The factors influencing food choice based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of male adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 7 . The results for the items included within the Factor-Health of the applied Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of adolescents studied within the
cord-336256-d5292aga	2020	In this Special Issue of Nutrients, "The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease" covers diverse diseases in the 8 original research articles and 2 reviews, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and viral infection, and highlights novel potential biomarkers of disease risk and prognosis [...]. The findings provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that individual genotypes relevant for selenoprotein expression, metabolism, and function and interaction with Se status may affect CRC risk in a population of marginally low Se status, such as in Europe. The review also summarises results from genetic association studies linking genotypes for SNPs in the SELENOF gene to risk for various cancers, Kashin-Beck disease, and AIDs progression, with a particular focus on two well-characterised functional SNPs (rs5845 and rs5859) affecting SELENOF protein expression.
cord-337849-tyabf12r	2015	Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Numerous studies have demonstrated the role the 1,25(OH)2D-ligated VDR plays in binding to a VDRE in the promoter of the cathelicidin gene to enhance hCAP-18 production [116] [117] [118] [119] , thus suggesting a potential mechanism by which vitamin D may enhance innate immunity to respiratory infections.
cord-342335-awu50iev	2020	Although these recommendations generally take into account variations in requirements based on age, sex, pregnancy and lactation, and sometimes smoking status, there are many other factors that affect vitamin C status that are not taken into consideration by these global authorities. Dietary intake of vitamin C is a key determinant of body status, with the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption correlating with plasma status and prevalence of deficiency (Table 1) [14, 15] . Numerous studies have found that even in developed countries, where there is no shortage of fresh fruit and vegetables, those who consume supplements have significantly higher vitamin C status and/or lower prevalence of deficiency (Table 2) . [14, 17, 20, 28, 42] Institutionalized Institutionalized elderly, and other institutionalized individuals (e.g., priests, prisoners, boarding school children) have lower vitamin C status and a higher prevalence of deficiency; this is partly due to a lower dietary intake.
cord-345373-ulsz1d85	2020	From 6 July to 22 July 2020, the period when the survey was conducted, the following regulations were in force in the country: nose-and-mouth coverings in confined public areas; closure of primary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education; food and drink establishments were operational with enhanced sanitary measures in place (nose-and-mouth coverings required when not at the table, disinfecting tables, keeping a minimum distance of 1.5 m between patrons); gyms and swimming pools were reopened on 6 June 2020; individuals were allowed to socialise indoors in small groups; in most places, access to specialist medical care was provided at outpatient clinics [3] . Consumption of selected food products during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in Figure 2 and the breakdown by the type of diabetes and gender is included in Supplementary Table S3 . A statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use by the youngest respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) was observed.
cord-346510-upyhirb7	2020	The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen (CCK), an 8 week in-person program offering education, culinary demonstrations and food tasting, and psychosocial group support, compared to receiving CCK printed materials by mail on knowledge, confidence, and skills in implementing a plant-based diet. The objectives of this paper are to describe the randomized controlled trial, report the results, and examine whether the in-person CCK program (the intervention group) increased knowledge, skills, and confidence in adopting a plant-based diet as well as made positive changes in dietary intake and quality of life compared to the delivery of the CCK program through printed materials (the control group). This trial investigated the effectiveness of CCK, a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention incorporating both nutrition education and psychosocial support, in modulating several motivational, action, and environmental mediators for implementing a healthy plant-based diet and for improving quality of life among cancer survivors.
cord-354031-j4qlvm60	2020	For that purpose, an online questionnaire, based on 44 items including socio-demographic data, Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, processed foods intake, changes in their usual food choices and weight gain was distributed using social media and snowball sampling. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, region and other variables, showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of changing the adherence to the MedDiet (towards an increase in adherence) in those persons who decreased the intake of fried foods, snacks, fast foods, red meat, pastries or sweet beverages, but increased MedDiet-related foods such as olive oil, vegetables, fruits or legumes during the confinement. Multivariate-adjusted models showed that those participants who reported a lower intake of fried foods, alcohol, fast-food, and snacks during the COVID-19 Spanish confinement had a statistically significant higher likelihood of turning into a higher adherence to the MedDiet compared to those who kept their usual intake as before the confinement (OR: 4.71; 2.15; 3.12; 3.53, respectively).