Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 41 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 604 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 COVID-19 8 vitamin 5 effect 3 infection 3 food 3 figure 3 covid-19 3 cell 2 weight 2 respiratory 2 patient 2 omega-3 2 diabetes 2 Table 2 PUFA 2 EPA 2 DHA 2 BMI 1 zinc 1 virus 1 status 1 spanish 1 snap 1 risk 1 quercetin 1 probiotic 1 postbiotic 1 participant 1 pandemic 1 osteosarcopenia 1 milk 1 low 1 level 1 lactobacillus 1 intestinal 1 intervention 1 insecurity 1 inflammatory 1 increase 1 immunoglobulin 1 immune 1 hdd 1 group 1 frailty 1 flavonoid 1 ffa 1 expression 1 exercise 1 dna 1 deficiency Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1345 vitamin 1307 food 1283 % 1068 study 869 effect 810 d 701 cell 666 level 647 patient 584 disease 530 infection 484 group 458 status 450 participant 447 activity 445 risk 405 c 389 intake 387 response 386 acid 362 health 357 virus 344 supplementation 339 p 324 treatment 320 analysis 305 concentration 303 result 300 day 299 factor 297 milk 292 adult 282 cancer 278 time 274 change 268 role 267 expression 266 insecurity 264 deficiency 264 datum 262 population 250 benefit 248 weight 246 pandemic 243 year 232 difference 230 protein 229 system 228 trial 228 inflammation Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 400 COVID-19 177 NAD 165 NR 154 C 138 Table 136 Food 129 Health 125 D 122 Se 121 MedDiet 115 DHA 113 mg 110 EPA 105 SARS 100 PRE 93 Cancer 93 AMPK 91 D3 83 TNF 81 al 79 Nutrition 77 CCK 75 IFN 75 China 71 et 67 meta 67 BMI 66 CI 65 United 65 L. 64 T 64 L 64 CoV-2 63 IU 62 USA 60 α 59 States 59 RNA 59 CACFP 58 RSV 58 Disease 57 κB 57 IgG 54 US 54 PAH 54 March 54 IgA 52 VITD 52 IL-6 51 Review Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 460 it 382 we 302 they 140 i 106 you 94 them 19 us 19 she 14 me 13 one 12 themselves 6 itself 2 her 2 he 2 'em 1 yourself 1 it's 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 6604 be 1481 have 658 increase 516 use 492 include 485 show 398 reduce 398 associate 380 report 309 do 306 induce 270 compare 246 base 242 find 236 relate 217 decrease 188 provide 181 follow 166 indicate 164 suggest 156 demonstrate 156 consider 152 improve 145 affect 144 prevent 135 observe 133 control 132 eat 129 result 128 inhibit 127 receive 126 take 125 enhance 124 obtain 119 know 115 cause 111 lead 110 contain 109 treat 109 evaluate 107 mediate 106 require 105 assess 104 conduct 103 live 102 activate 100 produce 95 support 95 involve 93 need Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 740 high 685 not 680 - 638 low 503 also 461 more 384 immune 377 inflammatory 355 other 349 respiratory 341 dietary 328 such 291 significant 283 human 275 viral 274 however 273 clinical 249 well 216 fatty 211 significantly 208 antiviral 201 old 190 different 188 anti 185 physical 185 most 174 healthy 174 acute 173 further 172 only 169 several 164 covid-19 161 specific 147 many 145 likely 145 important 145 as 141 non 138 severe 137 nutritional 126 long 122 chronic 121 total 118 potential 117 first 115 systematic 115 pro 114 especially 113 less 111 bovine Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 most 50 good 32 least 32 high 24 low 20 Most 11 young 7 late 5 great 4 large 4 big 3 strong 3 old 3 near 3 close 2 small 1 slow 1 poor 1 fast 1 farth 1 easy 1 early 1 CoV-2-Host Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 129 most 35 least 1 hard 1 farthest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 www.mdpi.com 2 www.anzctr.org.au 1 www.huffpost.com 1 www.foxnews.com 1 fdc.nal.usda.gov 1 clinicaltrials Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12611000456954.aspx 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/9/2640/s1: 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2162/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1894/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1730/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/6/1695/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/3/773/s1: 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/10/3013/s1 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/2/384/s1 1 http://www.huffpost.com/entry/chinese-health-workers-infected-by 1 http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d 1 http://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ 1 http://clinicaltrials Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 % were food 4 level was not 4 participants did not 4 study were also 3 cells are also 3 concentrations are lowest 3 level were diabetes 3 levels were not 3 status was also 3 study has several 3 supplementation does not 2 % did not 2 % had low 2 % had marginal 2 % used insulin 2 activity is probably 2 activity using youtube 2 activity were also 2 analyses included only 2 cells have also 2 concentrations were more 2 concentrations were not 2 concentrations were relatively 2 d is able 2 d is essential 2 d is not 2 day was not 2 days was also 2 diseases is highly 2 diseases were statistically 2 effect did not 2 effect was dose 2 effects are less 2 effects were often 2 foods including apples 2 health was different 2 infection is rdrp 2 intake is about 2 intake is highly 2 intake is low 2 intake was similar 2 level had higher 2 level were significantly 2 levels are low 2 levels were correspondingly 2 levels were particularly 2 participants do not 2 participants were also 2 participants were female 2 participants were females Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 concentrations were not different 2 level was not different 1 analysis reported no significant 1 d did not significantly 1 d had no effect 1 d was not able 1 day was not able 1 day was not enough 1 days was not overall 1 effect improved not only 1 effect was not sufficient 1 effects are not consistent 1 food is not always 1 group was no longer 1 intake were not statistically 1 levels did not significantly 1 levels were not always 1 levels were not routinely 1 levels were not significantly 1 participants do not completely 1 patients are not metabolically 1 patients has not yet 1 responses is not yet 1 result was not significant 1 results are not directly 1 results have not yet 1 study found no associations 1 supplementation had no significant 1 treatment had no effect A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-311965-3x3tjzhi author = Alexander, Jan title = Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; vitamin; zinc summary = Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment. doi = 10.3390/nu12082358 id = cord-325436-pp3q022y author = Alkhatib, Ahmad title = Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; exercise; immune; infection; vitamin summary = This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. doi = 10.3390/nu12092633 id = cord-274548-yeucn13x author = Altobelli, Emma title = Lifestyle Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and National Diabetes Care Systems in European Countries date = 2020-09-13 keywords = Malta; country; diabetes summary = Full-text articles excluded, with reasons n = 48 type 1 diabetes registries n=14 paper without Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 18) (n = 9 EU-28 countries n = 9 outside EU-28 countries) The data covered the type of health system, presence or absence of a national diabetes plan (NDP), presence of a population-based register, care setting, methods for reimbursement of drugs, devices and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes, and the prevalence of and mortality from diabetes, gathered from the institutional sites of individual European countries to investigate the presence of national data and policies for diabetes control. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out in order to to evaluate the possible association between the variables taken into consideration, including EUROSTAT data for the countries of the European Union, data relating to mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and the mortality trend [32] , the prevalence of diabetes [32] , the organization of the health system [35, 36, 38] , the presence of a national diabetes plan, the year of approval [35, 36] , the general practitioners and diabetic centers involved, and the cost percentage of diabetes of the total health expenditure [38] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092806 id = cord-003520-f3jz59pt author = Arabi, Yaseen M. title = Free Fatty Acids’ Level and Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients and Association with Outcomes: A Prospective Sub-Study of PermiT Trial date = 2019-02-13 keywords = ffa; level; patient summary = title: Free Fatty Acids'' Level and Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients and Association with Outcomes: A Prospective Sub-Study of PermiT Trial Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high free fatty acids (FFAs) level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and to study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness. Conclusion: We conclude that high FFAs level in critically ill patients is associated with features of metabolic syndrome and is not affected by short-term permissive underfeeding. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high FFAs level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and (2) study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness. doi = 10.3390/nu11020384 id = cord-296836-aizquh16 author = Brenner, Hermann title = Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-08-18 keywords = respiratory; vitamin summary = We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . doi = 10.3390/nu12082488 id = cord-342335-awu50iev author = Carr, Anitra C. title = Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective date = 2020-07-01 keywords = deficiency; status; vitamin summary = Although these recommendations generally take into account variations in requirements based on age, sex, pregnancy and lactation, and sometimes smoking status, there are many other factors that affect vitamin C status that are not taken into consideration by these global authorities. Dietary intake of vitamin C is a key determinant of body status, with the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption correlating with plasma status and prevalence of deficiency (Table 1) [14, 15] . Numerous studies have found that even in developed countries, where there is no shortage of fresh fruit and vegetables, those who consume supplements have significantly higher vitamin C status and/or lower prevalence of deficiency (Table 2) . [14, 17, 20, 28, 42] Institutionalized Institutionalized elderly, and other institutionalized individuals (e.g., priests, prisoners, boarding school children) have lower vitamin C status and a higher prevalence of deficiency; this is partly due to a lower dietary intake. doi = 10.3390/nu12071963 id = cord-293311-dr2ysrwe author = Chew, Justin title = Nutrition Mediates the Relationship between Osteosarcopenia and Frailty: A Pathway Analysis date = 2020-09-27 keywords = MNA; frailty; osteosarcopenia summary = In this cross-sectional analysis of 230 independent, community-dwelling individuals (mean age 67.2 ± 7.4 years), we examined the associations between osteosarcopenia with nutritional status and frailty, and the mediating role of nutrition in the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Secondly, we investigated nutrition as a mediator of the relationship between osteosarcopenia and frailty, relative to osteoporosis and sarcopenia alone, in a cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults. A multicategorical mediation model examined the potential mediating role of nutrition, using total MNA score, in the relationship between osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia with frailty. Our study demonstrated that in relatively healthy community-dwelling older adults, osteosarcopenia is present in 11.7% of individuals and is associated with markers of nutrition, including lower MNA scores, BMI, calf, mid-arm and waist circumference. The strengths of this study include the analysis of a reasonably-sized cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults, the use of contemporary consensus definitions for sarcopenia in an Asian population, and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status. doi = 10.3390/nu12102957 id = cord-284064-w9qvsgh0 author = Chriqui, Jamie F. title = Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = CACFP; Care; Program; center summary = title: Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019 The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Over 2 billion meals were served in CACFP homes, centers, and adult day care facilities during fiscal year 2019, with over 1.5 billion of these specifically being served in over 66 thousand study assessed changes in beverages served in childcare sites following implementation of updated California beverage standards for licensed childcare providers. (Appendix A Table A2 contains the unadjusted models.) At follow-up, most centers met the beverage overall standards/best practices (91.76%) and there was a significant increase in never serving flavored milk (baseline = 93.53%, follow-up = 96.32%). Early Childhood Education Centers'' Reported Readiness to Implement the Updated Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Pattern Standards in the United States doi = 10.3390/nu12092818 id = cord-265332-a6qr8yoo author = Delgado-Alarcón, Jessica M. title = Effect of the Fat Eaten at Breakfast on Lipid Metabolism: A Crossover Trial in Women with Cardiovascular Risk date = 2020-06-06 keywords = HDL; MUFA; PUFA; figure summary = The objective of the present work was to evaluate if the modification of fat intake only at breakfast was enough to modify lipid/lipoprotein/apolipoprotein markers of women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent. doi = 10.3390/nu12061695 id = cord-333317-oai67igl author = Efremova, Agrafena title = Biomarkers of Browning in Cold Exposed Siberian Adults date = 2020-07-22 keywords = BMI; PBMC; bat; cold summary = Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Studies by Palou and colleagues conducted on female rats demonstrated that the expression of regulators of BAT activity (Cidea, Prdm16), WAT browning (Hoxc9 and Slc27a1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (Cpt1a) in both tissues, correlates with the expression of the same modulators in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon cold stimulation [19] . This is the first study investigating the expression of browning, beige, and fatty acids utilization regulators in the PBMC of human subjects chronically exposed to extremely cold temperatures compared to controls living in thermoneutral conditions. Cold-exposed subjects enrolled in our study expressed higher levels of the beiging''s marker HOXC9 and lower amounts of the brown adipocytes'' marker CIDEA compared to controls. doi = 10.3390/nu12082162 id = cord-013477-dzm4xi21 author = Filardi, Tiziana title = Curcumin: Could This Compound Be Useful in Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Related Complications? date = 2020-10-17 keywords = Curcumin; Review; diabetes; effect; expression; increase summary = The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. Results showed that 100 mg/kg curcumin significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin levels, increased hepatic glycogen content, and improved oxidative stress by reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver of diabetic pregnant mice at gestational day 20. The authors evaluated the possible mechanisms responsible for these effects and found that curcumin-induced apoptosis was associated with the modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic molecules (i.e., increased Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression), ROS generation, and caspase-3 activation [66] . doi = 10.3390/nu12103179 id = cord-264405-8v0o4krh author = Gosliner, Wendi title = Participants’ Experiences of the 2018–2019 Government Shutdown and Subsequent Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Benefit Disruption Can Inform Future Policy date = 2020-06-23 keywords = February; benefit; participant; snap summary = The Nutrition Policy Institute in partnership with University of California Cooperative Extension Advisors in three California counties received a rapid-response Opportunity Grant from the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to conduct a cross-sectional qualitative study to capture the experiences of SNAP (called CalFresh in California) participants during the benefit disruption. The guide asked about participants'' usual food routines, the level of support SNAP provides, how they understood and experienced receiving February''s SNAP benefit in January, whether the disruption in benefits impacted their family''s health or stress levels, whether the experience changed the way they think about SNAP, and what they recommend decision makers could do to better help them (Table 2) . Participants described challenges related to financial impacts of the disruption, because most reported spending their SNAP benefits earlier in the month and running out of money to buy food in February in a way that was different from usual. doi = 10.3390/nu12061867 id = cord-345373-ulsz1d85 author = Grabia, Monika title = The Nutritional and Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Diabetes Mellitus date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Table; pandemic summary = From 6 July to 22 July 2020, the period when the survey was conducted, the following regulations were in force in the country: nose-and-mouth coverings in confined public areas; closure of primary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education; food and drink establishments were operational with enhanced sanitary measures in place (nose-and-mouth coverings required when not at the table, disinfecting tables, keeping a minimum distance of 1.5 m between patrons); gyms and swimming pools were reopened on 6 June 2020; individuals were allowed to socialise indoors in small groups; in most places, access to specialist medical care was provided at outpatient clinics [3] . Consumption of selected food products during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in Figure 2 and the breakdown by the type of diabetes and gender is included in Supplementary Table S3 . A statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use by the youngest respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) was observed. doi = 10.3390/nu12103013 id = cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author = Grant, William B. title = Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date = 2020-04-02 keywords = concentration; infection; risk; vitamin summary = Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD). doi = 10.3390/nu12040988 id = cord-337849-tyabf12r author = Greiller, Claire L. title = Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D date = 2015-05-29 keywords = RSV; cell; vitamin summary = Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Numerous studies have demonstrated the role the 1,25(OH)2D-ligated VDR plays in binding to a VDRE in the promoter of the cathelicidin gene to enhance hCAP-18 production [116] [117] [118] [119] , thus suggesting a potential mechanism by which vitamin D may enhance innate immunity to respiratory infections. doi = 10.3390/nu7064240 id = cord-000549-qwhaesfk author = Hurley, Walter L. title = Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk date = 2011-04-14 keywords = bovine; colostrum; effect; immunoglobulin; milk summary = Nevertheless, bovine IgG from colostrum or milk can be effective as a means of providing passive immunity to protect animals and humans from disease. Other studies have found that treatment of children with hyperimmune bovine colostrum from cows immunized with human rotavirus serotypes reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea due to rotavirus [59] , and can provide significant protection from rotavirus infection [60] . In applications to humans, bovine whey preparations of colostrum from cows immunized with caries-inducing bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), and containing over 60% immunoglobulin of which 80% was IgG1, has been used in several studies evaluating its effect on caries-producing bacteria. This means that maternal colostrum and milk will contain antibodies specific for pathogens that may be encountered by the neonate''s intestine and other mucosal tissues [10, 18, 148] , providing a rationale for the observations summarized above that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows also may afford passive immune protection against human pathogens [54, 55] . doi = 10.3390/nu3040442 id = cord-279649-wllc0gl5 author = Kent, Katherine title = Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Australia; covid-19; food; insecurity summary = Fifteen socio-demographic variables were collected, including age (in years), gender (male, female, other), local government area of residence, if they identified as from Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent, whether they have a health condition or disability that limited their activity, citizenship status (born in Australia, Australian citizen, permanent resident or temporary resident), the highest level of education, relationship status, household composition, employment status, total household income bracket and whether they were the main shopper for their family. Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents according to food security categories and assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income are presented in Table 1 . This study presents results from a survey of adults in Tasmania, Australia, assessing the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.3390/nu12092682 id = cord-272303-6s0qr4e6 author = Kriaucioniene, Vilma title = Associations between Changes in Health Behaviours and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian COVIDiet Study date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; consumption; weight summary = This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the quarantine on dietary, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits of Lithuanians and the association between health behaviours and weight changes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher odds of weight gain were associated with females, older age, increased consumption of sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fried food, eating more than usual, increased snacking, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption. Univariate and Nutrients 2020, 12, 3119 3 of 9 multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between weight gain during COVID-19 quarantine (dependent variable) and social factors, nutrition, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the association of weight gain with increased intake of carbonated or sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fast food, increased snacking, eating more than usual, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption remained statistically significant. doi = 10.3390/nu12103119 id = cord-009326-dvhkk405 author = Lee, Jae Min title = Broussonetia papyrifera Root Bark Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects on Adipose Tissue and Improves Insulin Sensitivity Potentially Via AMPK Activation date = 2020-03-14 keywords = AMPK; PRE; TNF; figure summary = title: Broussonetia papyrifera Root Bark Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects on Adipose Tissue and Improves Insulin Sensitivity Potentially Via AMPK Activation PRE inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in the NF-κB luciferase assay and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression by blocking phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which were mediated by activating AMPK. Ten-week-high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6 male mice treated with PRE had improved glucose intolerance and decreased inflammation in adipose tissue, as indicated by reductions in NF-κB phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression. To investigate the effects of PRE on inflammation, we first tested NF-κB transcriptional activity of TPRE because NF-κB is an essential regulator of pro-inflammatory response ( Figure S1 ). Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK. Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK. doi = 10.3390/nu12030773 id = cord-333286-lr32e0w4 author = Lehtoranta, Liisa title = Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review date = 2020-10-16 keywords = IFN; infection; probiotic; respiratory summary = We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. Similar effects have been demonstrated in several mouse studies with the ability to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and modulation of antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. The upregulation of IFN response seems to prime cells for better resistance against virus infection as probiotics were shown effective in inhibiting the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and RSV. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. doi = 10.3390/nu12103163 id = cord-327045-hn8pmcto author = Li, Yao title = Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity date = 2016-03-15 keywords = cell; day; effect; quercetin summary = In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. A study demonstrates that quercetin has a direct regulatory effect on basic functional properties of immune cells which may be mediated by the extracellular regulated kinase 2 (Erk2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal pathway in human mitogen-activated PBMC and purified T lymphocytes [54] . Quercetin most likely universally suppresses the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including anti-inflammatory cells, whereas it specifically increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in Western diet-induced obese mice. showed that a supplement of 1000 mg of quercetin alone three weeks before, during and two weeks after a three-day period of 3 h of cycling in the winter resulted in a markedly lower incidence of URTI in well-trained subjects in the two weeks after the intensified training, but had no effect on exercise-induced immune dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress [76] . doi = 10.3390/nu8030167 id = cord-299731-sis9952k author = Mehmel, Mario title = Nicotinamide Riboside—The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses date = 2020-05-31 keywords = CD38; NAD; NAM; NMN; Nicotinamide; dna summary = Oral supplementation with NR has been shown to increase NAD + levels in multiple tissues, along with increased SIRT activity [10, 11] , improved mitochondrial function [37] , and regenerative potential of stem cells [38] . In mice models, NR can increase NAD + metabolism and thereby improve glucose tolerance, reduce weight gain, and exhibit neuroprotective effects against diabetic neuropathy and liver steatosis [41] . NAD + precursor supplementation also has the potential to protect against adverse cardiac remodeling by additional mechanisms of activating SIRTs (Table 2 ) and maintaining Ca 2+ homeostasis [67] . Via SIRT3 activation, a NR-induced increase in NAD + levels can have additional beneficial and possible therapeutic effects. CR life-prolonging effects may partly be mediated via increased sirtuin function, while the requirement of NAD + for their activity suggests a possible connection between aging and metabolism. doi = 10.3390/nu12061616 id = cord-346510-upyhirb7 author = Miller, Melissa Farmer title = A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effectiveness of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen, a Nutrition Education Program for Cancer Survivors date = 2020-10-15 keywords = AICR; CCK; Cancer; Survivors; change; intervention summary = The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen (CCK), an 8 week in-person program offering education, culinary demonstrations and food tasting, and psychosocial group support, compared to receiving CCK printed materials by mail on knowledge, confidence, and skills in implementing a plant-based diet. The objectives of this paper are to describe the randomized controlled trial, report the results, and examine whether the in-person CCK program (the intervention group) increased knowledge, skills, and confidence in adopting a plant-based diet as well as made positive changes in dietary intake and quality of life compared to the delivery of the CCK program through printed materials (the control group). This trial investigated the effectiveness of CCK, a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention incorporating both nutrition education and psychosocial support, in modulating several motivational, action, and environmental mediators for implementing a healthy plant-based diet and for improving quality of life among cancer survivors. doi = 10.3390/nu12103144 id = cord-255233-rvgj6pvk author = Munday, Molly-Rose title = A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients date = 2020-07-28 keywords = patient; vitamin summary = Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency. doi = 10.3390/nu12082255 id = cord-336256-d5292aga author = Méplan, Catherine title = The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease: Emerging and Recurring Trends date = 2020-04-10 keywords = CVD summary = In this Special Issue of Nutrients, "The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease" covers diverse diseases in the 8 original research articles and 2 reviews, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and viral infection, and highlights novel potential biomarkers of disease risk and prognosis [...]. The findings provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that individual genotypes relevant for selenoprotein expression, metabolism, and function and interaction with Se status may affect CRC risk in a population of marginally low Se status, such as in Europe. The review also summarises results from genetic association studies linking genotypes for SNPs in the SELENOF gene to risk for various cancers, Kashin-Beck disease, and AIDs progression, with a particular focus on two well-characterised functional SNPs (rs5845 and rs5859) affecting SELENOF protein expression. doi = 10.3390/nu12041049 id = cord-328562-g5i838b3 author = Niles, Meredith T. title = The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 keywords = COVID-19; Table; food summary = Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) . doi = 10.3390/nu12072096 id = cord-013176-6ckuya1w author = Ninfali, Paolino title = Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids and Delivery Strategies date = 2020-08-21 keywords = HCV; RNA; activity; antiviral; effect; flavonoid; virus summary = Quercetin, extracted from Embelia ribes (Mirsinaceae), exhibited antiviral effects against HCV, exerted through activity inhibition of the viral protease Non-Structural protein 3 (NS3), leading to a decrease in HCV replication [36] . The natural extract of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Vitaceae) contains many flavonoids, including vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, rutin, kaempferol, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin and iso-quercetin, which were shown to be able to exert anti-influenza virus activity, with different efficiency, through the reduction of the number of plaques induced by the influenza virus in infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells [21] . In future perspective, this approach could be considered in order to possibly improve the antiviral activity of some flavonoids, like baicalin, that was able, like fludarabine [65] , to act against HIV-1 chronic infection of human monocytes and macrophages, inhibiting the fusion of HIV virus envelope proteins with these cells [73] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092534 id = cord-303053-238eegeu author = Pellegrini, Marianna title = Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency date = 2020-07-07 keywords = BMI; covid-19; weight summary = In this observational retrospective study, the patients of our Obesity Unit were invited to answer to a 12-question multiple-choice questionnaire relative to weight changes, working activity, exercise, dietary habits, and conditions potentially impacting on nutritional choices. Lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, consumption of snacks, unhealthy foods, cereals, and sweets were correlated with a significantly higher weight gain. A significantly higher weight and BMI increase was evident in individuals with lower education, who reported lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, and consumption of unhealthy foods, snacks, cereals, and sweets. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not consuming healthy foods were significantly associated with increased weight and BMI gain during the lockdown period. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not paying attention to the healthiness of food choices were significantly associated with weight and BMI increase. doi = 10.3390/nu12072016 id = cord-316395-o9nblj5i author = Pizzini, Alex title = Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19—A Prospective Analysis from the CovILD Registry date = 2020-09-11 keywords = COVID-19; VITD summary = PTH concentrations were increased in patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, while VITD levels were not significantly different between disease severity groups. The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern leading to a substantial need for patient hospitalization, treatment at intensive care units (ICUs), and invasive ventilation [1] [2] [3] . This prospective, multicentre, observational study includes patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, based on typical clinical presentation and a positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR test. The herein-presented analysis of the CovILD study cohort shows that 25(OH)D deficiency is common among COVID-19 patients, whereas a causal implication of VitD metabolism on its disease course remains uncertain. First, the CovILD trial was designed as an observational study to detect the rate of persistent lung injury after a severe course of COVID-19, therefore the here presented results must be interpreted carefully in the context of VITD deficiency, especially because predominantly patients with severe disease course were included. doi = 10.3390/nu12092775 id = cord-271968-92p8dmha author = Polzonetti, Valeria title = Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis date = 2020-06-10 keywords = calcium; vitamin summary = The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. doi = 10.3390/nu12061743 id = cord-354031-j4qlvm60 author = Rodríguez-Pérez, Celia title = Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study date = 2020-06-10 keywords = MedDiet; adherence; covid-19; spanish summary = For that purpose, an online questionnaire, based on 44 items including socio-demographic data, Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, processed foods intake, changes in their usual food choices and weight gain was distributed using social media and snowball sampling. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, region and other variables, showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of changing the adherence to the MedDiet (towards an increase in adherence) in those persons who decreased the intake of fried foods, snacks, fast foods, red meat, pastries or sweet beverages, but increased MedDiet-related foods such as olive oil, vegetables, fruits or legumes during the confinement. Multivariate-adjusted models showed that those participants who reported a lower intake of fried foods, alcohol, fast-food, and snacks during the COVID-19 Spanish confinement had a statistically significant higher likelihood of turning into a higher adherence to the MedDiet compared to those who kept their usual intake as before the confinement (OR: 4.71; 2.15; 3.12; 3.53, respectively). doi = 10.3390/nu12061730 id = cord-298931-n1se3ajb author = Stańdo, Mirella title = Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids EPA and DHA as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial date = 2020-08-27 keywords = DHA; EPA; PUFA; group; omega-3 summary = demonstrating that dietary supplementation of omega-3 PUFA with non-surgical periodontal treatment had significant effect on clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), BOP, PD and CAL, but no effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level [12] . Similar to the results of our study, the decrease of BOP was demonstrated in the patients that received omega-3 PUFA in addition to the scaling and oral hygiene instructions versus control group, thus anti-inflammatory properties of EPA and DHA were also clinically detectable at the less advanced stages of periodontal inflammation [27, 28] . Another study demonstrated a significant reduction in PD and CAL in the group receiving omega-3 PUFA plus aspirin during non-surgical periodontal treatment compared to the control group, with significantly reduced levels of salivary RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 8 in the test group [29] . Dietary supplementation with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids reduces salivary tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical study doi = 10.3390/nu12092614 id = cord-288543-iv715216 author = Sun, Qian title = Selenium and Copper as Biomarkers for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Sclerosis date = 2020-06-25 keywords = PAH; SELENOP; figure summary = Serum Cu was not different between the groups, but patients with SSc-related PAH showed elevated ratios of Cu/Se and CP/SELENOP as compared to controls. Given the severity of the disease and the urgent need for an improved diagnosis and helpful indicators of disease risk and progression, we decided to re-evaluate different biomarkers of TE status in patients with SSc and SSc-PAH in comparison to healthy controls. The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity ( Figure 4C) . doi = 10.3390/nu12061894 id = cord-332118-jg80szw7 author = Sánchez-Sánchez, Eduardo title = Eating Habits and Physical Activity of the Spanish Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; confinement summary = The objective of our study is to learn the dietary patterns, consumption, and physical activity of the Spanish population before and during the period of confinement by COVID-19. Subsequently, and using the McNemar test, it was studied whether there were significant differences between gender and diet adherence, as well as the answers to each questionnaire item and the adherence to the MD during each period (before and after the confinement), accepting a confidence level of 95%. These habits have gained a special relevance during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19, as the alteration of the diet and physical activity can yield diseases like obesity, diabetes; which are risk mortality factors in patients with COVID-19 [13] . Our outcomes were higher than those reported by other studies, regarding the number of subjects that practiced physical activity during confinement (70.6% versus 59.6%) [18] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092826 id = cord-252584-pcp1i0vb author = Troesch, Barbara title = Expert Opinion on Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA) in Aging and Clinical Nutrition date = 2020-08-24 keywords = Alzheimer; DHA; EPA; acid; cancer; omega-3 summary = However, this was a very small study and it has also been suggested that olive oil, which was used as a placebo, may have a protective effect for Alzheimer''s disease [64] and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs. Similarly, an intervention comparing 200 mg EPA plus 500 mg DHA daily for 24 months compared to olive oil did not find an effect on the California Verbal Learning Test in cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 75 years) [65] . Based on evidence from different systematic reviews [143, [154] [155] [156] [157] , the ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in cancer patients state "in patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy and at risk of weight loss or malnourished, we suggest to use supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil to stabilize or improve appetite, food intake, lean body mass and body weight" but the recommendation is graded as weak and the level of evidence as low [158] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092555 id = cord-287076-uxuff57y author = Wolfson, Julia A. title = Food Insecurity and COVID-19: Disparities in Early Effects for US Adults date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; food; low summary = The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US. doi = 10.3390/nu12061648 id = cord-279960-1phc0wds author = Zhao, Ai title = Dietary Diversity among Chinese Residents during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Associated Factors date = 2020-06-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; chinese; hdd summary = This study aimed to (1) explore the dietary diversity during the lockdown time in China and (2) examine factors associated with dietary diversity including socio-economic characteristics, sources for food and food purchases, and specific dietary behaviors responding to COVID-19 and isolation. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches to purchase or obtain food, and behaviors adopted to cope with COVID-19. We also identified a total of 37.7% participants who consumed certain foods or nutritional supplements to cope with COVID-19, which included vitamin C, probiotics, other dietary supplements, alcohol, and vinegar. This study was conducted via a quick online survey to assess dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the time of isolation and "staying at home" due to COVID-19 and to explore its associated factors. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches for food purchasing/sourcing, and certain dietary strategies to cope with COVID-19. doi = 10.3390/nu12061699 id = cord-260413-elyn2fdh author = Żółkiewicz, Jakub title = Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics date = 2020-07-23 keywords = cell; effect; inflammatory; intestinal; lactobacillus; postbiotic summary = As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei supernatants have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils by reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cytokine and increasing secretion of the According to the current literature, postbiotics are not considered as synbiotics. Furthermore, Lactobacillus strains with increased catalase activity were more effective in relieving inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease than strains of the same bacterium producing SOD (both strains decreased the body temperature comparing to the controls with p < 0.05) [34] . doi = 10.3390/nu12082189