# ent

id: cord-263659-9i5qws5h
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of the Health Care for Women Children and Communities Ministry of Health of China Challenges of change


id: cord-263255-zdufwtn4
type: ORG
entity:
  the Group Joint Research Project Grant Social Sciences of Digitalization of the Institute of Social Science


id: cord-281241-k1adcls8
type: GGP
entity:
  Boesecke C Schulte B Diegmann C Sib E Richter E Eschbach Bludau M Aldabbagh S Marx B Eis Hübinger A M Schmithausen R M Streeck H


id: cord-354318-gzdy25vv
type: FAC
entity:
  Le Nouvelliste Global Network Against Food Crises Food Security Information Network Global Report on Food Crises


id: cord-339822-cewpqddk
type: ORG
entity:
  United Nations Economic and Social Council UN Sub Commission on Prevention and Protection of Minorities


id: cord-315217-sg6vnur0
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Coronavirus disease Department of Health Philippines Infographics Department of Health


id: cord-315217-sg6vnur0
type: ORG
entity:
  Knowledge Gaps Ethical Issues in Public Health Communication Interventions A Method for Evaluating the Ethics of Fear Appeals


id: cord-281645-vvucoiqd
type: ORG
entity:
  Beijing Union Medical University Press Centre for Health Statistics and Information Chinese Ministery of Health


id: cord-294884-6l25y6fw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Global Impact of COVID 19 and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics Lessons


# bib

id: cord-031747-tnprxtoh
title: Sinophobia as the disease and palaeopathology as the cure: response to Adja et al.
author: Galassi, F.M.
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-031747-tnprxtoh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031747-tnprxtoh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7484620/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.058
abstract: nan
summary:
  Letter to the Editor Sinophobia as the disease and palaeopathology as the cure: response to Adja et al. 1 on the social and xenophobic stigma suffered by the Italian Chinese community after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, which later became a pandemic. 2 However, concur with the authors and additionally stress that an in-depth scrutiny of the past of diseases and their historical interaction with human populations can help people understand that such a xenophobic response is not something new. In light of the presented facts and wishing to corroborate the authors'' stance, we strongly believe that a comprehensive study of the history of medicine and palaeopathology, the science that examines diseases in past populations providing information on both chronic and infectious conditions, 5,6 can help biomedical scientists and the general public understand that such disease-related xenophobic events are nothing new and can be effectively tackled in their early stages.


id: cord-252218-jrgl0x06
author: Heerfordt, C.
date: 2020-04-20
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620301177
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.012
abstract: [Figure: see text]
title:
  Has there been an increased interest in smoking cessation during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic? A Google Trends study


id: cord-254904-4eduslpb
title: Pandemics and epidemics: public health and gambling harms
author: Griffiths, S.
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-254904-4eduslpb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254904-4eduslpb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32709471/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.022
abstract: nan
summary:
  To facilitate mature debate, we needed to help public health, primary care and healthcare professionals see that gambling is not necessarily a harmless pastime, and to understand that gambling harms contribute to many of the social and economic inequalities that are determinants of health and well-being for individuals, their families and the communities in which they live. What we did not discuss was how you present a special issue of Public Health on what some are coming to see as an epidemic of gambling-related harms, when the world is experiencing a global pandemic. If we are to have the sort of mature discussion around building the public health response to gambling harms, this is an important time to start. Competing interests P.M. reports serving as an advisor to the Scottish Chief Medical Officer and the Scottish Government on the public health response to gambling harms.


id: cord-255078-jfwzax5l
title: Covid-19 And Holy Communion
author: Spantideas, Nikolaos
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-255078-jfwzax5l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255078-jfwzax5l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32950775/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.012
abstract: nan
summary:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revived the long-standing discussion regarding the potential hazards of infectious disease transmission through the shared communion cup. It should be noted that all authors have focused their investigations on bacterial isolation from the chalice or the sacramental wine and none has investigated the viability and transmissibility of viral agents via the common communion cup. In summary, the common communion cup may theoretically serve as a vehicle of transmitting infection, but the potential risk of transmission is very small. Currently, available data do not provide any support for the suggestion that the practice of sharing a common communion cup can contribute to the spread of COVID-19 because SARS-CoV-2 transmission from a COVID-19 patient or asymptomatic carrier to other people has not been reported.


id: cord-257325-pvf0uon3
author: Zeitoun, Jean-David
date: 2020-10-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620304340?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.015
title:
  Impact of Local Care Environment and Social Characteristics on Aggregated Hospital-Fatality Rate from COVID-19 in France: Nationwide Observational Study

abstract:
  Objectives We aimed to investigate possible differences in aggregated hospital-fatality rate from COVID-19 in France at the early phase of the outbreak, and to determine whether factors related to population or healthcare supply before the pandemic could be associated with outcome differences. Study design Nationwide observational study including all French hospitals from January 24, 2020 to April 11, 2020. Methods We analysed aggregated hospital-fatality rate. A Poisson regression was performed to investigate associations between characteristics pertaining to populational health, socioeconomic context and local healthcare supply at baseline, and the chosen outcome. Results On April 11, 2020, a total number of 30 960 patients were hospitalized among the 3 046 French healthcare facilities, including 6 832 patients in intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 8 581 deaths due to Covid-19 had been recorded, with a median mortality rate per 10 000 people per department of 0.53 (IQR: 0.29-1.90). There were significant variations between the 95 French departments even after adjusting on outbreak inception (p<0.001). After multivariable analysis, four factors were independently associated with a significantly higher aggregated hospital-fatality rate: a higher ICU capacity at baseline (estimate=1.47; p=0.00791), a lower density of general practitioners (estimate=0.95; p=0.0205), a higher fraction of activity from the for-profit private sector (estimate=0.99; p<0.001), and the ratio of people over 75 (estimate=0.91; p=0.0023). Conclusions Aggregated hospital-fatality rate from COVID-19 in France seems to vary among geographic areas, with some factors pertaining to local healthcare supply being associated with outcome.


id: cord-258842-vuxzv6eu
title: Legal rights during pandemics: Federalism, rights and public health laws – a view from Australia
author: Bennett, B.
date: 2009-02-26
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019
abstract:
  Pandemic influenza will cause significant social and economic disruption. Legal frameworks can play an important role in clarifying the rights and duties of individuals, communities and governments for times of crisis. In addressing legal frameworks, there is a need for jurisdictional clarity between different levels of government in responding to public health emergencies. Public health laws are also informed by our understandings of rights and responsibilities for individuals and communities, and the balancing of public health and public freedoms. Consideration of these issues is an essential part of planning for pandemic influenza.


id: cord-259727-u2zj7zf6
title: Development of a tiered framework for public health capacity in Canada
author: Wallar, L. E.
date: 2016-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-259727-u2zj7zf6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259727-u2zj7zf6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350616001001
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.009
summary:
  These families were then organized by LEW and AP into a tiered public health capacity framework where capacity within each tier builds upon the capacities within the preceding tiers, and moves from the individual to the systems level. Here, we present this framework of public health capacity that identifies individual components and suggests how they relate to and support one another for the purpose of enhancing overall capacity in public health systems. This framework arranges the components of public health capacity from the individual to the systems level. As the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology noted, "Capacity enhancement is a broad term which encompasses a number of areas: surveillance systems; Fig. 1 e Tiered framework of public health capacity and its components. The framework is based on government and governmentcommissioned SARS reports that reviewed the Canadian and Ontario public health systems with an emphasis on community public health outbreaks and emergencies.

abstract:
  • Select SARS reports were qualitatively analyzed for usage of “capacity”/“capacities”. • Public health capacity can be sub-divided into 17 individual capacity components. • These components can be organized into five tiers to build a capacity framework. • This framework can be used to guide capacity assessment and building efforts.


id: cord-263057-1pty32l1
author: Bhopal, Sunil
date: 2020-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-263057-1pty32l1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263057-1pty32l1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.047
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.047
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers We examined age-specific data on COVID-19 deaths which had been collated from official government sources for seven countries up to 8-19 May 2020 6 . We obtained estimated numbers of deaths from other causes from Global Burden of Disease estimates 7 except for influenza for which we examined official government statistical websites and extracted age-specific death counts for up to the last five years (2015-2019). For this time period, in these seven countries combined, 44 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 42,846 confirmed cases (this latter number is likely to be a massive underestimate; data were not available for France) in those aged 0-19 years (0-14 in USA). In children, at least in this wave of the pandemic and hopefully in the future, COVID-19 is a comparatively rare cause of death.

title:
  Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers


id: cord-263255-zdufwtn4
title: Social distancing as a public good under the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Cato, Susumu
date: 2020-08-13
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620303607?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.005
abstract:
  Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study is to show that social distancing is a public good under the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design We apply economic theory to analyze a cross-sectional survey. Methods Economic theory is complemented with empirical evidence. An online survey of those aged 30-49 in Japan (n=2,177) was conducted between April 28 - May 7. Respondents were selected by quota sampling with regard to age group, gender and prefecture of residence. Our main figure shows the proportion of people who increased/did not change/decreased social distancing, relative to the level of altruism and sensitivity to public shaming. The results of OLS and logit models are shown in Supplementary Materials. Results Social distancing is a public good under the COVID-19 pandemic, for which the free-rider problem is particularly severe. Altruism and social norms are crucial factors in overcoming this problem. Using an original survey, we show that people with higher altruistic concerns and sensitivity to shaming are more likely to follow social-distancing measures. Conclusions Altruism and social norms are important for reducing the economic cost of the pandemic.


id: cord-263659-9i5qws5h
title: Basic public health services delivered in an urban community: a qualitative study
author: Zhao, Y.
date: 2010-12-08
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350610003185
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.003
abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To understand the advancements in and barriers to the implementation of measures to improve basic public health services in an urban Chinese community. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using thematic content analysis. METHODS: In-depth interviews were undertaken with the directors of the management centres for community health services in 15 of the 18 districts in Beijing from December 2008 to February 2009. Content analysis of the data was completed in May 2009. RESULTS: Fifteen types of free basic public health services had been delivered in Beijing. Some were supplied at a low level. An average of £2.38 per person per year was provided for inhabitants since 2008, but demand for funding far exceeded monies available. Teams consisting of general practitioners, community nurses and public health specialists delivered these services. The number of practitioners and their low levels of skill were insufficient to provide adequate services for community residents. Respondents gave recommendations of how to resolve the above problems. CONCLUSIONS: In order to improve the delivery of basic public health services, it is necessary for Beijing Municipal Government to supply clear and detailed protocols, increase funding and increase the number of skilled practitioners in the community health services.


id: cord-263719-a9mnjr3s
title: Wuhan novel coronavirus (COVID-19): why global control is challenging?
author: Lee, A.
date: 2020-02-29
txt: ./txt/cord-263719-a9mnjr3s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263719-a9mnjr3s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32111295/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.02.001
abstract: nan
summary:
  At this stage, the global spread of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease continues to grow, and the full extent and severity of this outbreak remains to be seen. 7 Once the pathogen has landed in a new country, the likelihood of contagion and spread is dependent on local transmission pathways and the strength of local health protection systems. 8 High-income countries such as the United States and United Kingdom have well-developed health protection systems to detect and respond to communicable disease threats. The other component of well-developed health protection systems are strong infectious disease surveillance systems. The current concerns then regarding the 2019-nCoV outbreak must be for low-and middle-income countries where health protection systems tend to be weaker. In these settings, laboratory resources may be lacking, notification of infectious diseases are often not timely or complete, and their public health infrastructure is often weak. Global infectious disease surveillance and health intelligence


id: cord-265996-97xxpe8m
author: Din, M.
date: 2020-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-265996-97xxpe8m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265996-97xxpe8m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.004
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.004
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus Letter to the Editor Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have devastating impact over vaccination programs around the globe especially in underdeveloped countries. 2 The immunization campaigns have been paused or delayed in various countries as the local health-care authorities are putting all their efforts to control coronavirus. The WHO is ready to resume the vaccination plans but as Pakistan is witnessing an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases, with the next few weeks crucial, the resumption of polio vaccination campaigns might be delayed. The health-care experts in Pakistan, agree to resume the polio vaccination campaigns, otherwise the COVID-19 would destroy all the progress being carried out in the last thirty years against the polio virus.

title:
  Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus


id: cord-269575-hdqa12es
author: Wei, B.
date: 2010-12-17
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003335061000329X
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.006
title:
  Bridging the gap between education and practice in public health, with particular reference to less-developed provinces in China

abstract:
  Ongoing healthcare system reform is one of the most important issues in China. There is an increasing awareness that public health education should be reformed to meet the demands of public health practice. This paper summarizes the current status of increasing public healthcare demand and public health service capacity in China, especially in less-developed provinces, and introduces the current public health educational system and public health administration structure. The paper also provides evidence for a considerable gap between public health education and practice, and suggests possible measures to bridge the gap.


id: cord-270278-d61n3v90
author: Choi, S.M.Y.
date: 2009-03-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264334/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.004
title:
  Enhancing legal preparedness for the prevention and control of infectious diseases: Experience from severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong

abstract:
  Summary The use of legislation as a health protection tool forms an important and distinct aspect in the arena of public health. A review of Hong Kong's infectious disease legislation was conducted with a view to updating the legal framework for the prevention of infectious diseases, in order to strengthen the capacity of law to support strategy in the control of infectious diseases. This article shares Hong Kong's experience in reforming its public health legislation to: (1) update terminology and re-organize provisions in accordance with modern public health disease control principles and control mechanisms for disease; (2) enhance responsiveness for better preparedness and flexibility in handling emergent infections; (3) ensure appropriate checks and balances to coercive powers; and (4) introduce emergency powers for the handling of public health emergencies.


id: cord-276394-s9y11oep
title: Hindsight: A re-analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing
author: Liang, W.
date: 2007-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-276394-s9y11oep.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276394-s9y11oep.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350607000819
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.023
summary:
  Summary Objective To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Beijing using basic epidemiological principles omitted from the original analysis. Previously excluded cases were included for plotting on an epidemic curve, and basic spot mapping for distribution of cases was used from attack rates recalculated for age, gender, occupation, residential location, date of onset of illness and demographics. If a spot map of incidence density rates was used during the early phase of the outbreak, the inner city might have been identified as a major risk factor requiring rapid quarantining. 8 Re-analysis included an epidemic curve for ''probable'' SARS cases only and calculations of the Beijing population-based rate, stratified by age and sex, using the Fifth General Census of China (version 2000). The import phase of the Beijing epidemic occurred rapidly, between 1 and 10 March, with 14 cases admitted with an acute pneumonia of unknown cause without history taken for exposure to a case of respiratory illness or environmental contact.

abstract:
  Summary Objective To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Beijing using basic epidemiological principles omitted from the original analysis. Study design Analysis of Prospective surveillance data for Beijing collected during the outbreak. Methods Surveillance data were reclassified according to World Health Organization criteria. Cases previously excluded without date of onset of illness were included in the epidemic curve from estimates using the average time between date of onset and date of hospitalization for cases with both dates. Cases who failed to give a contact history were now included; 7% ( n = 5 ) of cases during the import phase and 61% ( n = 365 ) during the peak phase. Previously excluded cases were included for plotting on an epidemic curve, and basic spot mapping for distribution of cases was used from attack rates recalculated for age, gender, occupation, residential location, date of onset of illness and demographics. Results The spot map effectively illustrated clusters by residency, with the inner-city sustaining the highest attack rate (33.42 per 100,000), followed by an easterly distribution 5–30km away (21.62 per 10,000), and lowest in districts 60–160km away (9.21 per 100,000). The new epidemic curve shows the outbreak commencing 10 days earlier than initially reported, with a three-fold greater increase in cases during the escalation phase than previously estimated. Conclusion In hindsight, the investigation of the Beijing SARS would have benefited from the use of spot maping as an essential outbreak tool for early identification of specific geographical area(s) for quarantining. If a spot map of incidence density rates was used during the early phase of the outbreak, the inner city might have been identified as a major risk factor requiring rapid quarantining. Contact history became uncommon as the outbreak progressed, suggesting that hospitals were over-burdened or pathogenesis and environment risk factors changed, strengthening the usefulness of early spot mapping and the need to modify risk factors included as contact history as the epidemic progresses.


id: cord-279032-plj9kg42
title: Re: Can the summer temperature drop COVID-19 cases?
author: Jin, Kaifeng
date: 2020-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-279032-plj9kg42.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279032-plj9kg42.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33002712/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.041
summary:
  Abstract The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that 2 government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. Even the situation in American is still worse, more young people do not want stay at 38 home anymore, Data from the American CDC shows that the average age of COVID-19 infection 39 in the United States was significantly reduced. In summary, we believe environment temperature may 48 affect viral activity (the source of infection), but government regulation and cooperation of public 49 play a more important role in blocking route of transmission and protecting susceptible population 50 [4] . Can the summer temperatures reduce COVID-19 cases?

abstract:
  Abstract The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role.


id: cord-280800-g25z8xzt
author: Yang, M.
date: 2020-10-22
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620304078
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.003
abstract: nan
title:
  A joint infection control system is needed in mental health institutions during outbreaks of major respiratory infectious diseases


id: cord-281241-k1adcls8
title: Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity
author: Döhla, M.
date: 2020-04-18
txt: ./txt/cord-281241-k1adcls8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281241-k1adcls8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620301141
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.009
summary:
  Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. We therefore evaluated a rapid antibody IgG/IgMebased testing system in the community setting for its ability, specificity and sensitivity to reliably identify infected individuals. Thirty-nine randomly selected individuals at the centre were tested simultaneously using the SARS-CoV-2 rapid test and the gold standard RT-qPCR method (Altona Diagnostics). The rapid test used for evaluation is a qualitative IgG/IgM detection system to test for a current or past infection of SARS-CoV-2.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. The gold standard is a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)–based system taking several hours to confirm positivity. For effective public health containment measures, this time span is too long. We therefore evaluated a rapid test in a high-prevalence community setting. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-nine randomly selected individuals at a COVID-19 screening centre were simultaneously tested via qPCR and a rapid test. Ten previously diagnosed individuals with known SARS-CoV-2 infection were also analysed. METHODS: The evaluated rapid test is an IgG/IgM–based test for SARS-CoV-2 with a time to result of 20 min. Two drops of blood are needed for the test performance. RESULTS: Of 49 individuals, 22 tested positive by repeated qPCR. In contrast, the rapid test detected only eight of those positive correctly (sensitivity: 36.4%). Of the 27 qPCR-negative individuals, 24 were detected correctly (specificity: 88.9%). CONCLUSION: Given the low sensitivity, we recommend not to rely on an antibody-based rapid test for public health measures such as community screenings.


id: cord-281645-vvucoiqd
title: The challenges of healthcare reforms in China
author: Li, L.
date: 2010-12-17
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.010
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.010
abstract:
  China is in the process of a new round of healthcare reforms. The Chinese Government has launched ambitious healthcare reforms aiming to achieve equitable access to basic health services; and to build a safe, effective, convenient and inexpensive healthcare system for both urban and rural residents. This paper will provide a brief overview of China’s healthcare reforms, and describe the challenges and opportunities facing these reforms.


id: cord-283467-bgxc3ti8
title: Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among contacts of individuals with COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China
author: Wu, Yan
date: 2020-06-12
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620301785?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.016
abstract:
  Abstract Objectives This study determined the rate of secondary infection among contacts of individuals with confirmed COVID-19 in Hangzhou according to the type of contact, the intensity of the contact, and their relationship with the index patient. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods The analysis used the data of 2,994 contacts of 144 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The contacts were categorized according to the information source, type of contact, location, intensity of contact, and relationship with the index patient. Results The incidence of infection differed significantly according to contact type. Of the contacts, 186 (6.2%) developed symptoms and 71 (2.4%) had confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2. The main symptoms were cough and fever. Compared to those who had brief contact with the index case, those who had dined with the index case had a 2.6 times greater risk of infection; those who had shared transport, visited, or had contact with the index case in a medical institution had a 3.6 times greater risk of infection; and household contacts had 41.7 times greater risk of infection. Family members had a 31.6 times greater risk of infection than healthcare providers or other patients exposed to an index case. Conclusions The form and frequency of contact are the main factors affecting the risk of infection among contacts of individuals with COVID-19. Centralized isolation and observation of close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to population-based control measures, can reduce the risk of secondary infections and curb the spread of the infection.


id: cord-283553-n06og3cw
title: nan
author: De Coninck, David
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-283553-n06og3cw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283553-n06og3cw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620301700
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.011
abstract: nan
summary:
  However, there are several aspects related to the journalistic infrastructure on the one hand and on the reliance on news media as agents of information on the other that may (in)directly and inadvertently endanger the public''s health in several ways. The public''s reliance on news media coverage to convey accurate information (i.e. more than statistics) increases during times of uncertainty and crisis -especially in the current context with large shares of the population working or locked down in their homes 4 . A weakened journalistic infrastructure, during times where people heavily lean on news media to provide them with facts and opinions, bringing expertise and explanations to the table, will potentially lead to increased reporting of ''alternative'' or dubious content, which may result in the dissemination of 3 potentially ''dangerous'' views that jeopardize public health (e.g., faux COVID-19 treatments) 1 . The novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure.


id: cord-286290-85l99l13
title: Lessons learned from SARS: The experience of the Health Protection Agency, England
author: Goddard, N.L.
date: 2005-11-16
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350605002386
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.10.003
abstract:
  The United Kingdom was assessed as a low risk country throughout the 2003 global SARS outbreaks. Despite this, 368 reports of potential SARS cases were made to the Health Protection Agency (HPA) between March and July 2003. The public health actions undertaken in response to these reports, the establishment of reporting mechanisms and the development of guidance documents were substantial. Lessons learned from mounting a UK response to SARS included: the importance of international collaboration; formation of a UK-wide, multidisciplinary Task Force; flexible case reporting mechanisms; integration of surveillance and laboratory data; generation of prompt and web-accessible guidance and advice; availability of surge capacity; and contingency planning. Lessons learned are being incorporated into the HPA's preparedness to prevent and control future newly emerging infectious disease threats.


id: cord-286361-wh6aaqlu
title: Beyond the ‘nanny state’: Stewardship and public health
author: Calman, K.
date: 2009-01-09
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350608003168
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.025
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Some public health measures restrict personal freedom more than others, and deciding what type of measure will be appropriate and effective has long been a problem for policy makers. Existing bioethical frameworks are often not well suited to address the problems of public health. METHODS: The Nuffield Council on Bioethics set up an expert working party to examine the ethical issues surrounding public health in January 2006. Following evidence gathering and a public consultation exercise, the Council published its conclusions and recommendations in the report ‘Public health: ethical issues’ in November 2007. RESULTS: A spectrum of views exists on the relationship between the state's authority and the individual. The Council set out a proposal to capture the best of the libertarian and paternalistic approaches, in what it calls the ‘stewardship model’. This model suggests guiding principles for making decisions about public health policies, and highlights some key principles including Mill's harm principle, caring for the vulnerable, autonomy and consent. An ‘intervention ladder’ is also proposed, which provides a way of thinking about the acceptability of different public health measures. The report then applies these principles to a number of case studies: infectious diseases, obesity, alcohol and tobacco, and fluoridation of water supplies. CONCLUSIONS: The idea of a ‘nanny state’ is often rejected, but the state has a duty to look after the health of everyone, and sometimes that means guiding or restricting people's choices. On the other hand, the state must consider a number of principles when designing public health programmes, and justification is required if any of these principles are to be infringed.


id: cord-288616-7i1kukmn
title: The end of cordon sanitaire in Wuhan: the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions
author: Wan, Kelvin H.
date: 2020-05-14
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620301669
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.007
abstract:
  Abstract The effectiveness of the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in Wuhan are described and discussed. In the absence of vaccine and proven specific safe and effective treatments, the experience and results achieved by Wuhan could serve as a good reference for leaders and policymakers around the world in formulating their strategies and policies in fighting against COVID-19.


id: cord-290173-r3ikazrt
author: Acharya, Yogesh
date: 2020-03-02
txt: ./txt/cord-290173-r3ikazrt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290173-r3ikazrt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620300172
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.01.007
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance'' Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance'' I agree; emerging infectious diseases remain the most suitable candidates to warrant the search for novel agents against them. Recent EBOLA crisis has highlighted the need for coordinated and better preparedness to tackle these possible and inevitable public health ''tsunamis.'' Pandemic Emergency Finance FacilityÀ2017, 3 World Bank initiative for expediting funds to the crisis hit countries acknowledge rapid mobilization of resources for effective containment of these outbreaks. Beyond doubt, a lack of effective vaccination, antiviral agent, and treatment strategies are a public health emergency. Please cite this article as: Acharya Y, Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance

title:
  Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance''


id: cord-293316-kip8mrjo
title: Risk communication and management in public health crises
author: de Sa, J.
date: 2009-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293316-kip8mrjo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19747703/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.07.017
abstract: nan
summary:
  Since the turn of the century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented a historically unprecedented number of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and lessons drawn from their management have confirmed the critical importance of effective communications, specifically through formal channels such as WHO and in the public domain. Instant and global transmission of information has become a powerful ally, along with peer pressure, for WHO in ensuring that member states comply with new obligations to swiftly declare outbreaks considered to be of public health importance. There is now significant global attention and accompanying investment which should, the authors suggest, be used as an opportunity to improve strategic and operational communication capacity to respond not only to pandemic influenza but also to other public health threats. 4 Ultimately, the debate is centred on the boundary between the governance of risk communication and risk management, the former now being mandated through international laws, with the latter remaining, to a large degree, a national sovereignty responsibility.


id: cord-297197-klr208kp
title: Use of Wearable Technology to Enhance Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Weizman, Yehuda
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-297197-klr208kp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297197-klr208kp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620302869?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.048
summary:
  ABSTRACT Introduction As part of the COVID-19 outbreak response, numerous technology-based solutions have been created to enable contact tracing, track movements of the population and ensure social control. The bracelet would facilitate 3 functions; screening on a population level, digital contact tracing and real-time immunity status tracking. The bracelet would employ the IoT to transfer data over a network to an interactive web-based dashboard that tracks COVID-19 in real-time. If an individual then tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, the database could automatically trace back anyone they had come in contact with in the past 14 days using a GPS feature (described below). In this instance, the biometric bracelet''s GPS feature would continuously track movements of individuals within a geographical area and communicate back to the Covid-19 database platform saving input on the population whereabouts at each timepoint. As the coronavirus pandemic continues to spread, some Privacy Commissioners are lifting data restrictions for health officials to keep track of the outbreak.

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Introduction As part of the COVID-19 outbreak response, numerous technology-based solutions have been created to enable contact tracing, track movements of the population and ensure social control. Wearable biometric bracelets are widespread and commonly used in the form of wrist-worn activity trackers that are both familiar and liked by the general population. Objectives/Study Design/Methods The authors propose an innovative approach - a wearable bracelet that can be used to curb the spread of Covid-19. The bracelet would facilitate 3 functions; screening on a population level, digital contact tracing and real-time immunity status tracking. Results/Conclusions Utilising the Internet of Things, data would then be transfer over a network to interactive web-based dashboard and big data analytics employed to augment response within a defined geographic region.


id: cord-298652-96l3h3ih
author: Aragona, M.
date: 2020-08-06
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620302936
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.055
title:
  Negative impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: Lockdown measures in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can have serious mental health effects on the population, especially in vulnerable groups, such as those living in poor socio-economic conditions, those who are homeless, migrant workers and asylum seekers/refugees. In addition, these vulnerable groups frequently have greater difficulty accessing health services and in treatment adherence. The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of the COVID-19–related lockdown on service utilisation and follow-up adherence in an Italian mental health outpatient service for migrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties. STUDY DESIGN: The design of this study is a retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: All patients who visited the mental health outpatient service in the months of February and March in the years 2017–2020 were included in the study. To compare service utilisation before and after the lockdown, the number of patients who visited the mental health outpatient service for psychiatric interview were recorded. Follow-up adherence was calculated as the percentage of patients who visited in February and subsequently attended a follow-up visit in March of the same year. RESULTS: The number of patients who visited the outpatient service between February 2017 and February 2020 was continuously increasing. In March 2020, fewer patients visited the service for psychiatric interview, in line with the introduction of lockdown measures. In addition, the number of the patients who visited in February 2020 and returned for their follow-up visits in March 2020 declined from approximately 30% over the same months in 2017–2019 to 17.53% in March 2020. CONCLUSIONS: The lockdown-related reduction in numbers of patients accessing the mental health service makes it difficult to help vulnerable populations during a period of time in which their mental health needs are expected to increase. Moreover, the reduction seen in follow-up compliance increases the risk of treatment discontinuation and possible relapse. Proactive alternative strategies need to be developed to reach these vulnerable populations.


id: cord-301426-i9a5g86x
author: Bray, I.
date: 2020-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-301426-i9a5g86x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301426-i9a5g86x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620302948
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.056
summary:
  METHODS: An ecological analysis was used to estimate associations between these variables and age-standardised Covid-19 mortality rates at the local authority level. RESULTS: Ethnicity, population density and overweight/obesity were all found to have strong independent associations with Covid-19 mortality, at the local authority level. 9 We have conducted an ecological analysis to assess possible associations with a range of sociodemographic variables using routinely available data for local authorities e ethnicity, overweight and obesity, population density, deprivation and pollution. 9 Although it is widely reported that older people and men are at increased risk, these variables are not included in this analysis (because the mortality rates are age standardised and because we would not expect to see sufficient variation in the percentage of local authority populations who are men). Of the variables considered, we found that the strongest predictors of the rate of deaths involving Covid-19 at the local authority level were population density and ethnicity.

title:
  Covid-19 mortality: a multivariate ecological analysis in relation to ethnicity, population density, obesity, deprivation and pollution

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: There is emerging evidence about characteristics that may increase the risk of Covid-19 mortality, but they are highly correlated. METHODS: An ecological analysis was used to estimate associations between these variables and age-standardised Covid-19 mortality rates at the local authority level. RESULTS: Ethnicity, population density and overweight/obesity were all found to have strong independent associations with Covid-19 mortality, at the local authority level. DISCUSSION: This analysis provides some preliminary evidence about which variables are independently associated with Covid-19 mortality and suggests that others (deprivation and pollution) are not directly linked. It highlights the importance of multivariate analyses to understand the factors that increase vulnerability to Covid-19.


id: cord-302272-ahwyfn1n
author: Legkauskas, V.
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-302272-ahwyfn1n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302272-ahwyfn1n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620301311
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.026
abstract: nan
summary:
  Letter to the Editor Recommendations for ''responsible behaviour'' is not a sufficient policy tool in public health emergencies In response to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several countries including the USA, the UK, and Sweden initially relied on recommendations for ''responsible behaviour'' of their citizens in reducing the spread of infection. 1 Most countries (e.g., Italy, France, Denmark, Lithuania and so on) deemed unrealistic that the required majority of the population will be responsible enough to adhere to such recommendations voluntarily and imposed enforced restrictions of movement, including large fines for violation of social distancing regimes. 4 As these mortality comparisons suggest, recommendations for responsible behaviour alone is not a viable policy tool in public health emergencies such as pandemics of highly contagious and deadly diseases such as COVID-19.

title:
  Recommendations for ‘responsible behaviour’ is not a sufficient policy tool in public health emergencies


id: cord-303414-fwamdr08
title: Human Mobility and COVID-19: A Negative Binomial Regression Analysis
author: Oztig, Lacin Idil
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002
abstract:
  Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the link between human mobility and the number of COVID-19 infected people in countries. Study Design Our dataset covers 144 countries for which complete data are available. In order to analyze the link between human mobility and COVID-19 infected people, our study focused on the volume of air travel, the number of airports and the Schengen system. Methods In order to analyze the variation in COVID-19 infected people in countries, we used negative binomial regression analysis. Results Our findings suggest a positive relationship between higher volume of airline passenger traffic carried in a country and higher numbers of COVID-19 patients. We further found that countries which have a higher number of airports are associated with higher number of COVID-19 cases. Schengen countries, countries which have higher population density and higher percentage of elderly population are also found to be more likely to have more COVID-19 cases than other countries. Conclusions The paper brings a novel insight into the COVID-19 pandemic from a human mobility perspective. Future research should assess the impacts of the scale of sea/bus/car travel on the epidemic. The findings of this paper are relevant for public health authorities, community and health-service providers and policy-makers.


id: cord-303861-qn8yifcd
author: Wang, Chongjian
date: 2008-05-31
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350607002776
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.006
title:
  Evaluating the effectiveness of an emergency preparedness training programme for public health staff in China

abstract:
  Summary Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis of 2003 provided a new urgency in China in terms of preparing public health staff to respond effectively to public health emergencies. Although the Chinese Government has already carried out a series of emergency education and training programmes to improve public health staff's capability of emergency preparedness, it remains unclear if these training programmes are effective and feasible. The purpose of this research was to evaluate an emergency preparedness training programme and to develop a participatory training approach for emergency response. Methods Seventy-six public health staff completed the emergency preparedness training programme. The effectiveness of the training was evaluated by questionnaire before training, immediately after training and 12 months after training (follow-up). Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted throughout the training period. Results The emergency preparedness training improved the knowledge levels and increased attitudinal and behavioural intention scores for emergency preparedness (P<0.01). The results at follow-up showed that the knowledge levels and attitudinal/behavioural intention scores of participants decreased slightly (P>0.05) compared with levels immediately after training (P<0.01). However, there was a significant increase compared with before training (P<0.01). Moreover, more than 80% of participants reported that the training process and resources were scientific and feasible. Conclusions The emergency preparedness training programme met its aims and objectives satisfactorily, and resulted in positive shifts in knowledge and attitudinal/behavioural intentions for public health staff. This suggests that this emergency training strategy was effective and feasible in improving the capability of emergency preparedness.


id: cord-307520-8zmwh9ch
author: Smith, L.E.
date: 2020-09-06
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S003335062030319X
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.024
title:
  Factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures in the UK: a cross-sectional survey

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures due to COVID-19 in the UK. STUDY DESIGN: Online cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Data were collected between 6th and 7th May 2020. A total of 2240 participants living in the UK aged 18 years or older were recruited from YouGov's online research panel. RESULTS: A total of 217 people (9.7%) reported that they or someone in their household had symptoms of COVID-19 (cough or high temperature/fever) in the last 7 days. Of these people, 75.1% had left the home in the last 24 h (defined as non-adherent). Men were more likely to be non-adherent, as were people who were less worried about COVID-19, and who perceived a smaller risk of catching COVID-19. Adherence was associated with having received help from someone outside your household. Results should be taken with caution as there was no evidence for associations when controlling for multiple analyses. Of people reporting no symptoms in the household, 24.5% had gone out shopping for non-essentials in the last week (defined as non-adherent). Factors associated with non-adherence and with a higher total number of outings in the last week included decreased perceived effectiveness of government ‘lockdown’ measures, decreased perceived severity of COVID-19 and decreased estimates of how many other people were following lockdown rules. Having received help was associated with better adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to self-isolation is poor. As we move into a new phase of contact tracing and self-isolation, it is essential that adherence is improved. Communications should aim to increase knowledge about actions to take when symptomatic or if you have been in contact with a possible COVID-19 case. They should also emphasise the risk of catching and spreading COVID-19 when out and about and the effectiveness of preventative measures. Using volunteer networks effectively to support people in isolation may promote adherence.


id: cord-308821-j4vylbhy
title: The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe
author: Martin, R.
date: 2009-03-04
txt: ./txt/cord-308821-j4vylbhy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308821-j4vylbhy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261313/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002
summary:
  The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. To assist in drawing together national responses to pandemic disease, the PHLawFlu project c was funded to develop public health law expertise across Europe, 2 and to examine the legal underpinning of pandemic disease preparedness across the EU and five further European states. In an attempt to identify the extent to which there is variation in public health legal powers and the consequences of such variation for public health in Europe, the PHLawFlu project is examining the role of national laws in the control of and protection against pandemic human influenza across Europe.

abstract:
  The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 states with widely varying histories, economies, cultures, legal systems, medical systems and approaches to the balance between public good and private right. The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. Some but not all states are signatories to the Schengen Agreement that provides further constraints on disease control measures. The porous nature of borders between EU states, and of their borders with other non-EU states, limits the extent to which states are able to protect their populations in a disease pandemic. This paper considers the role that public health laws can play in the control of pandemic disease in Europe.


id: cord-311636-8l7jlvvj
author: Oikonomou, Evangelos
date: 2020-08-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949881/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.007
title:
  Hospital attendance and admission trends for cardiac diseases during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in Greece

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 outbreak, along with implementation of lockdown and strict public movement restrictions, in Greece have affected hospital visits and admissions. We aimed to investigate trends for cardiac diseases admissions during the outbreak of the pandemic and possible associations with the applied restrictive measures. Study Design Retrospective observational study. Methods Data for 4,970 patients admitted via the cardiology Emergency Department (ED) across 3 large volume urban hospitals in Athens and 2 regional/rural hospitals from 3rd February 2020 and up to 12th April was recorded. Data from the equivalent (for COVID-19 outbreak) time period of 2019 and from the post lockdown time period were also collected. Results A falling trend of cardiology ED visits and hospital admissions starting from the week that the restrictive measures due to COVID-19 were implemented was observed. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 outbreak time period, ACS [145 (29/week) vs. 60 (12/week), -59%, p<.001], STEMI [46 (9.2/week) vs. 21 (4.2/week), -54%, p=.002] and NSTE-ACS [99 cases (19.8/week) vs. 39 (7.8/week), -60% p<.001] were reduced at the COVID-19 outbreak time period. Reductions were also noted for heart failure worsening and arrhythmias. The ED visits in the post-lockdown period were significantly higher compared to the COVID-19 outbreak time period (1,511 vs 660; p<0.05). Conclusion Our data show significant drops in cardiology visits and admissions during the COVID-19 outbreak. Whether this results from restrictive measures or depicts a true reduction of cardiac disease cases warrants further investigation.


id: cord-312646-hfv7ce3f
author: Pfützner, Andreas
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-312646-hfv7ce3f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312646-hfv7ce3f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.048
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.048
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Comment to Döhla et al., Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity In this manuscript, a point-of-care rapid test for assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies (IgG/IgM) is evaluated for sensitivity and specificity to detect the viral infection. They found that the antibody rapid test only detects 36.4 % of the samples identified as positive by means of RT-PCR, and conclude that this POCT is not recommendable for community screenings. In case that recent reports are confirmed that people with past infections may become asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [3] , the antibody tests may be the only way to differentiate PCR-positive subjects into two groups: i.) patients who are freshly infected and may soon develop clinical symptoms (negative IgG result) and ii.) patients who have developed antibodies and may now be asymptomatic virus spreaders (positive IgG result). Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity

title:
  Comment to Döhla et al., Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV- 2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity


id: cord-315217-sg6vnur0
title: The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines’ Fear Appeals
author: Biana, Hazel T.
date: 2020-04-20
txt: ./txt/cord-315217-sg6vnur0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315217-sg6vnur0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620301220
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.017
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines'' Fear Appeals The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines'' Fear Appeals COVID-19 took the world by surprise; and, as of early April 2020, the virus has already claimed more than 80000 lives and infected more than a million people around the globe. 7 Fear appeals have also permeated public health campaigns. While fear appeals and scare tactics have been used in clear and present public health emergencies like COVID-19, the ethics of such public health communication interventions needs to be scrutinized. 13 In a time of the uncertainties of a global health crisis like COVID-19, however, a utilitarian may question this suggestion''s moral acceptability. Effective and ineffective use of fear in health promotion campaigns A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. COVID19 -The need for Public Health in a time of emergency


id: cord-318737-b32tk5ze
author: Stickley, Andrew
date: 2020-10-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620304364?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.017
title:
  COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people with anxiety and depressive symptoms: Findings from Japan

abstract:
  Objectives To examine COVID-19 preventive behaviours among individuals with mental health problems. Study design A pooled cross-sectional study. Methods Online survey data were analyzed from 2000 Japanese adults collected in April and May, 2020. Information was obtained on 13 COVID-19 preventive behaviours, and anxiety and depressive symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations. Results In models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, anxiety (Coefficient: -0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.30,-0.24) and depressive symptoms (Coefficient: -0.82, 95%CI: -1.34,-0.30) were both associated with significantly lower engagement in COVID-19 preventive behaviours. Conclusion Our results highlight the importance of facilitating the performance of preventive behaviours in individuals with mental health problems to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in this population.


id: cord-324650-rsp72rx8
title: Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations
author: Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A.
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-324650-rsp72rx8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324650-rsp72rx8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971478/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.008
summary:
  title: Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations In this paper, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and policy enactment to contain COVID-19 and potentially reduce mortalities. Delaying policy enactment led to a higher case fatality rate (p = 0.0013). A 10% delay time to act resulted in a 3.7% higher case fatality rate. This study found that delaying policies for international travel restrictions, public information campaigns, and testing policies increased the fatality rate. Tests also impacted the case fatality rate, and nations with 10% more cumulative tests per million people resulted in a 2.8% lower mortality rate. Here, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and the start of policy enactment to contain 29 and potentially reduce mortalities across 121 nations. Estimating case fatality rates of COVID-19

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives COVID-19 is the most devastating pandemic to affect humanity in a century. In this paper, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and policy enactment to contain COVID-19 and potentially reduce mortalities. Study design A model was devised to estimate the factors that influenced the death rate across 121 nations and by income group. Results Nations with a higher proportion of people age 65+ had a higher fatality rate (p = 0.00014). Delaying policy enactment led to a higher case fatality rate (p = 0.0013). A 10% delay time to act resulted in a 3.7% higher case fatality rate. This study found that delaying policies for international travel restrictions, public information campaigns, and testing policies increased the fatality rate. Tests also impacted the case fatality rate, and nations with 10% more cumulative tests per million people resulted in a 2.8% lower mortality rate. Citizens of nations who can access more destinations without the need to have a prior visa have a significant higher mortality rate than those that need a visa to travel abroad (p = 0.0040). Conclusion Tests, as a surrogate of policy action and earlier policy enactment, matter for saving lives from pandemics as such policies reduce the transmission rate of the pandemic.


id: cord-326852-gm98s8a3
title: Implications for Border Containment Strategies when COVID-19 Presents Atypically
author: Teo, Wan-Yee
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-326852-gm98s8a3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326852-gm98s8a3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620303140
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.019
summary:
  Conclusions An important global border control measure to implement quickly, will be to expand the symptom list to isolated sore throat, and/or a prior history of recent symptoms (resolved). Following the instructions on the information sheet from Singapore Global Network (a division in the Singapore Economic Development Board which broadens and deepens the overseas network of Singapore citizens) available online, 2 the patient and his family contacted the People''s Association (a government-supported statutory board to promote racial harmony and social cohesion in Singapore) to clarify the symptom of a resolved sore throat, and highlighted patient''s contact history with an Italy-returning medical student during a fencing sparring. Staff at People''s Association rapidly facilitated the patient to be picked up in a dedicated ambulance to National Center of Infection Disease, Singapore, where a chest x-ray done was normal, and the swab test was positive for COVID-19 (Day 8 of initial symptoms).

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives For a large part of COVID-19 pandemic, Singapore had managed to keep local cases in the single digits daily, with decisive measures. Yet we saw this critical time point when the imported cases surged through our borders. The gaps which we can and have efficiently closed, using a public health approach and global border containment strategies, are aptly illustrated through this case. This critical point of imported case surge, has resulted in large spike of daily local cases sustained through community transmission, up to 120/day within a very short time frame. We were able to rapidly bring this under control. Study Design This is a case study of a patient who passed through our borders, with COVID-19 masquerading as a resolved sore throat. Methods The events were prospectively documented. Results We present a case of a 21 year-old student returning from Nottingham. He presented with sore throat as the only symptom the few days prior his return, and on arrival at our border (Day 7 from initial symptoms), his sore throat had already resolved. The events leading up to his COVID-19 diagnosis highlight the gaps of the international screening processes at the global border entry, and the potential consequences of community chain transmission through imported COVID-19 cases. Conclusions An important global border control measure to implement quickly, will be to expand the symptom list to isolated sore throat, and/or a prior history of recent symptoms (resolved). This may capture a larger proportion of imported cases at border entry point, for more effective containment. This piece will be equally relevant to the general physicians, emergency care physicians, otolaryngologists and anaesthetists, who are at higher risk of encountering a throat visualization during intubation and routine examination. This information can be useful to countries with low resources or insufficient COVID-19 testing kits.


id: cord-328662-kpx73ki2
author: Van Hout, Marie Claire
date: 2020-06-25
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620302754
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.037
abstract: nan
title:
  "COVID-19, health rights of prison staff and the bridge between prison and public health in Africa "


id: cord-332142-lk95akg5
title: Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19
author: Skovdal, Morten
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332142-lk95akg5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620303103
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015
abstract: nan
summary:
  We argue that 30 correct understanding of individuals'' risks of becoming infected and dying is a prerequisite 31 for people and communities to take responsibility and engage in prevention practices, both 32 for self and others; and also to reduce unnecessary anxieties and other unintended negative 33 outcomes. • Freely avail health services and equipment to assist risk-reducing practices Panel: Considerations and recommendations to communicate risk in the COVID-19 response • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes


id: cord-333532-vrfduv5a
title: COVID-19 Patients: Are Current Isolation Guidelines Effective Enough?
author: Patel, Kishan Pravin
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-333532-vrfduv5a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333532-vrfduv5a.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32417566/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.048
abstract: nan
summary:
  We believe the current isolation guidelines need to be revisited and clinicians should counsel COVID-19 patients to practice contact precautions for longer durations given new evidence suggesting the possibility of a fecaloral route of transmission. Furthermore, a recent case reported an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient who retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 despite being discharged after two negative consecutive respiratory nucleic acid tests at least 24 hours apart, raising concern for inadequate discharge protocol. With consideration of its high virulence, high infectivity, and the concern for a fecal-oral route of transmission, we suggest modifying guidelines to extend isolation and/or contact precautions in the best interest of patients, healthcare workers, and the global community as a whole. Key words: COVID 19; SARS CoV-2; Gastrointestinal; Isolation; Fecal-oral; transmission; precautions


id: cord-334401-i5dz7ufc
title: Pandemics and social stigma: Who''s next? Italy''s experience with COVID-19
author: Adja, K.Y.C.
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-334401-i5dz7ufc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334401-i5dz7ufc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.054
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.054
abstract: nan
summary:
  Italians were taking no precautions at that time and this worried the Chinese community who knew how serious the situation was and that it was fundamental to adopt non-pharmaceutical public health measures to mitigate the risk of COVID-19. Public Health 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 The behavior of the Chinese community may have played an important role in avoiding the spread of the virus, and had their conduct been taken as an example from the start, nobody knows what the history of the pandemic could have been.


id: cord-337096-ulc7mnwb
title: Japanese tactics for suppressing COVID-19 spread
author: Okazawa, Mitsushi
date: 2020-07-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726639/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.012
abstract:
  Abstract COVID-19 infection is overwhelming the world and death toll is steadily increasing. The first wave in Japan seemed to converge with lower death rate than that in most developed countries. In this letter, we describe how Japanese government suppressed the first wave of COPD-19 spread.


id: cord-339822-cewpqddk
title: Human rights and other provisions in the revised International Health Regulations (2005)
author: Plotkin, Bruce
date: 2007-09-27
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350607002685
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.001
abstract:
  In May 2005, the World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the revised International Health Regulations (2005), which have now entered into force for WHO Member States across the globe. These Regulations contain a broad range of binding provisions to address the risks of international disease spread in international travel, trade and transportation. Important elements include multiple provisions, whether denominated in terms of human rights or other terminology, that are protective of interests of individuals who may be subject to public health measures in this international context. With the vast (and increasing) numbers of persons undertaking international voyages and the global coverage of these revised Regulations, they are an important development in this area. This article describes a number of these key provisions and some of the related issues they present.


id: cord-344425-27q9x6hb
author: Mantica, Guglielmo
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-344425-27q9x6hb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344425-27q9x6hb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620302985?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.003
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Reply to D.G. Barten et al "Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear" We read with interest the reply letter of DG Barten et al 1 to our manuscript 2 and we do strongly agree with the Authors about some indirect effects of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as social distancing, reduction of working hours, and traffic movements as co-responsible for the reduced access to the emergency departments by non-COVID-19 patients. In this perspective, streamline the workflow in Emergency Departments and non-COVID Departments as well as effective communication by the health-care system of different countries becomes fundamental in order to provide patients with COVID-free pathways, thus reducing delay in diagnosis and treatment. Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear

title:
  Reply to D.G. Barten et al “Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear”


id: cord-346160-n9i0blv1
author: Gogoi, Mayuri
date: 2020-10-10
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620304388
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.019
title:
  Putting the voices and insights of migrants and diverse ethnic groups at the centre of our response to COVID-19

abstract:
  There is increasing evidence of inequities in COVID-19 infection, disease severity, and mortality across diverse ethnic groups. Despite calls to ensure ethnicity is integral to COVID-19 research, opportunities have been missed to engage with individuals from ethnic minority groups, and even more notably, recent migrants. There is an urgent need to strengthen patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) and participatory research, as well as collaboration with healthcare workers from diverse migrant and ethnic backgrounds. This will require addressing multiple barriers to involvement, and a commitment to community-centred research to address the acute needs of the populations hardest hit by the pandemic.


id: cord-346370-jdfsacds
title: The Facemask in Public and Healthcare Workers– A Need not a Belief
author: Sergi, Consolato M.
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-346370-jdfsacds.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346370-jdfsacds.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32405099/
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.009
summary:
  Strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the coronavirus infectious curve, and the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated in crowded places, particularly in hospitals where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be adopted because of physical barriers. I If most people wear a mask in public at any time the transmission rate can easily decrease beneath 1.0, thus stopping the spread of the disease and limit the long-standing Lockdown measures 13 . It is important to emphasize that while a protective mask may reduce the likelihood of infection, it will not eliminate the risk, particularly when a disease has more than one route of transmission, as identified in SARS-Cov-2. While strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the infectious curve, the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be implemented because of physical barriers.

abstract:
  Abstract Since the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of data has invaded our lives, and the conflicting findings have caused us to be frantic about the correct course action. Strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the coronavirus infectious curve, and the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated in crowded places, particularly in hospitals where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be adopted because of physical barriers.


id: cord-347261-d6012uem
author: Hatefi, Shahrokh
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-347261-d6012uem.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347261-d6012uem.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0033350620302717
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.033
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: COVID-19 in South Africa: lockdown strategy and its effects on public health and other contagious diseases African countries, with previous experiences on the outbreaks of other infectious disease and pandemic situations, including HIV, Malaria, and Ebola, have limited financial, physical, and medical resources. Although lockdown strategies across many countries have been effective for decreasing the spread rate of contagious viruses, there have been other negative impacts reported globally; these concerns become worse in countries across Africa, including South Africa. In South Africa, the government announced a national-wide lockdown to manage the pandemic situation and decrease the spread rate of the COVID-19 outbreak. With regard to the current global situation during the covid-19 pandemic, different concerns in the public health system of South African people have been raised. Second, the lockdown strategy, social distancing rules, and community containment measures for COVID-19 have negatively impacted the diagnosing and treatment of other contagious diseases, including HIV and Malaria [5, 6] .

title:
  COVID-19 in South Africa: lockdown strategy and its effects on public health and other contagious diseases


id: cord-351065-nyfnwrtm
title: Integrating GIS technique with Google Trends data to analyse COVID-19 severity and public interest
author: Zhang, Tenghao
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-351065-nyfnwrtm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351065-nyfnwrtm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620304091?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.005
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Integrating GIS technique with Google Trends data to analyse COVID-19 severity and public interest Some studies suggest that health related issues can cause anxiety which may lead to increased public attention, typically manifested by online information search. Adams et al.''s (2020) GIS-based study points out the shortcomings of using unnormalized COVID-19 demographic data in choropleth mapping, and their use of the normalized data (confirmed cases per 100,000 people) presents a more accurate visualisation of pandemic severity. The COVID-19 case data were retrieved from the US health authority (https://cdc.gov/covid-datatracker). Public interest was captured by people''s Google search data in each state. 7 The data were acquired from the Google Trends service, which uses a normalized relative search volume The role of health anxiety in online health information search The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping


id: cord-354318-gzdy25vv
title: US deportation policies in the time of COVID-19: A public health threat to the Americas
author: Cénat, Jude Mary
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-354318-gzdy25vv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354318-gzdy25vv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620301797?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.017
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: US deportation policies in the time of COVID-19: A public health threat to the Americas By failing to promptly putting an end to deportations, the U.S Administration risks becoming the most influential factor in the spread of COVID-19 in some vulnerable countries in the Americas. In this time of pandemic, international solidarity, one of the strong pillars of global health, is more than necessary. In the present situation, it is important that the World Health Organization and the PAHO remain vigilant to LMICs in the Americas'' needs, and support them in better managing deportations in an effort to contain this new threat. The vulnerability of low-and middle-income countries facing the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Haiti PAHO prepares 8 Caribbean countries for laboratory diagnosis of new coronavirus [Internet]. COVID-19 and US deportation threat for the Americas 4 COVID-19 and US deportation threat for the Americas 4


id: cord-354989-k0qktzor
title: NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR
author: Mantica, Guglielmo
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-354989-k0qktzor.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354989-k0qktzor.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350620301517?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.046
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and the resulting infection, COVID-19, is posing an enormous threat and huge workload to emergency departments (EDs) worldwide 1 . The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health emergency that is impacting the behaviour of entire populations in response to a direct threat to both individuals and communities. We compared ED visits in two major referral hospitals in the North of Italy from the 21st February to 16th April with COVID-19 daily mortality data from the Italian Civil Protection Department 4 (see Figure 1 ). It emerges that the two curves almost mirror one another, with a meeting point on the 16th of March and the lowest peak of ED visits corresponding with the highest peak in the COVID-19 daily mortality trend.


