Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 58 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1361 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 SARS 7 health 7 covid-19 5 public 5 China 5 COVID-19 4 Health 2 risk 2 February 2 Beijing 1 training 1 test 1 social 1 rate 1 prison 1 preventive 1 philippine 1 fear 1 emergency 1 distancing 1 datum 1 country 1 contact 1 communication 1 chinese 1 bracelet 1 behaviour 1 Wuhan 1 Singapore 1 Regulations 1 QPDO 1 Pakistan 1 PWUD 1 PPIE 1 PCR 1 Organization 1 Nipah 1 March 1 Kong 1 ICU 1 HPA 1 Government 1 Google 1 Gambling 1 France 1 European 1 Europe 1 Council 1 Communion 1 CHS Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1269 health 415 disease 345 case 266 pandemic 247 risk 246 service 242 measure 237 emergency 234 people 215 outbreak 212 patient 212 country 210 state 198 study 193 % 191 community 190 system 186 population 185 response 183 power 179 datum 177 time 173 infection 167 number 164 control 160 law 159 level 156 contact 154 individual 147 healthcare 142 rate 141 government 138 hospital 129 analysis 127 information 119 care 116 training 112 spread 112 capacity 105 symptom 101 test 100 influenza 99 author 98 research 96 right 95 policy 95 area 94 need 93 epidemic 89 result Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 338 Health 287 COVID-19 265 SARS 187 China 145 Public 94 UK 82 World 81 Government 81 CoV-2 62 Organization 62 Beijing 59 Europe 58 IHR 55 March 55 Kong 54 Regulations 53 Hong 52 Act 48 Council 47 EU 46 DOI 46 CHS 45 Disease 43 sha 40 ¼ 36 February 36 April 35 International 34 • 34 WHO 33 QPDO 33 National 33 Italy 33 Coronavirus 31 European 31 Australia 30 Wuhan 30 CDC 28 nan 28 e 28 States 28 Department 28 Africa 27 France 25 Pandemic 24 South 24 HPA 24 Committee 23 Emergency 23 Centre Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 310 it 273 we 153 they 55 them 27 you 24 i 14 us 13 themselves 11 he 8 one 7 she 7 itself 3 me 2 ourselves 2 him 1 yours 1 oneself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 3140 be 859 have 187 provide 182 include 158 use 140 do 132 report 125 increase 101 need 100 require 100 base 98 make 97 take 89 develop 79 reduce 78 follow 67 show 66 associate 62 suggest 60 support 60 find 59 give 58 relate 58 ensure 57 consider 55 work 54 identify 53 improve 52 address 49 see 49 become 47 lead 47 emerge 44 covid-19 43 declare 42 respond 41 compare 40 remain 40 control 40 accord 39 spread 39 protect 38 result 38 implement 38 go 38 decrease 38 assess 37 prevent 37 help 37 examine Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 860 public 374 not 207 more 204 also 198 such 198 other 177 social 161 high 161 - 139 covid-19 134 infectious 125 however 123 new 123 international 112 medical 109 global 102 national 96 many 96 legal 95 effective 90 important 89 local 88 well 86 only 85 basic 84 most 84 first 83 out 82 low 81 respiratory 77 key 77 human 71 mental 68 non 68 as 67 early 66 great 64 economic 62 severe 60 positive 60 general 59 acute 58 potential 56 significant 55 different 55 current 53 preventive 53 clinical 53 available 52 likely Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 most 17 least 16 high 14 Most 13 good 12 great 6 bad 3 low 3 late 3 large 2 strong 1 young 1 weak 1 short 1 quick 1 postt 1 poor 1 long 1 heavy 1 early 1 cord-285928-gl4jfb3z 1 big 1 -in Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 most 17 least 5 hard 3 worst 1 well Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 nicd.ac.za 1 doi.org 1 cdc.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://nicd.ac.za 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.024 1 http://cdc.gov/covid-datatracker Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 visvaldas.legkauskas@vdu.lt 1 dryogeshach@gmail.com 1 chancellor@gla.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 data were not 4 control is challenging 4 laws are also 2 case reporting mechanisms 2 cases were also 2 community needs assessments 2 covid-19 is likely 2 covid-19 is rapidly 2 data are available 2 data are publicly 2 diseases including sars 2 infection were also 2 people has not 2 power does not 2 study has several 2 system taking several 1 % reporting not 1 cases has repeatedly 1 cases reported worldwide 1 cases was close 1 cases was subsequently 1 cases were local 1 cases were now 1 cases were subsequently 1 china had many 1 china improved molecular 1 china is currently 1 china is only 1 community has actively 1 community have close 1 control is laxer 1 control was thus 1 countries are cautiously 1 countries are currently 1 countries are essential 1 countries are more 1 countries did not 1 countries have already 1 countries have also 1 countries have different 1 countries have higher 1 countries were slow 1 country is now 1 country was almost 1 covid-19 are heterogeneous 1 covid-19 are less 1 covid-19 have negatively 1 covid-19 have not 1 covid-19 is most 1 covid-19 is primarily Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 data were not available 1 data are not yet 1 data were not consistently 1 data were not independent 1 health is not as 1 laws are not only 1 measures was not yet 1 patient had no fever 1 people has not yet 1 people reporting no symptoms 1 powers is not unfettered 1 response is not something 1 study did not specifically 1 system has no incentive 1 systems do not currently 1 time is no exception A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-290173-r3ikazrt author = Acharya, Yogesh title = Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance'' date = 2020-03-02 keywords = Nipah summary = title: Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance'' Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance'' I agree; emerging infectious diseases remain the most suitable candidates to warrant the search for novel agents against them. Recent EBOLA crisis has highlighted the need for coordinated and better preparedness to tackle these possible and inevitable public health ''tsunamis.'' Pandemic Emergency Finance FacilityÀ2017, 3 World Bank initiative for expediting funds to the crisis hit countries acknowledge rapid mobilization of resources for effective containment of these outbreaks. Beyond doubt, a lack of effective vaccination, antiviral agent, and treatment strategies are a public health emergency. Please cite this article as: Acharya Y, Re: Letter to the Editor of Public Health in response to ''Nipah virus infection: gaps in evidence and its public health importance doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.01.007 id = cord-334401-i5dz7ufc author = Adja, K.Y.C. title = Pandemics and social stigma: Who''s next? Italy''s experience with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-04 keywords = chinese summary = Italians were taking no precautions at that time and this worried the Chinese community who knew how serious the situation was and that it was fundamental to adopt non-pharmaceutical public health measures to mitigate the risk of COVID-19. Public Health 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 The behavior of the Chinese community may have played an important role in avoiding the spread of the virus, and had their conduct been taken as an example from the start, nobody knows what the history of the pandemic could have been. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.054 id = cord-298652-96l3h3ih author = Aragona, M. title = Negative impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health service access and follow-up adherence for immigrants and individuals in socio-economic difficulties date = 2020-08-06 keywords = February; March summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.055 id = cord-285928-gl4jfb3z author = Armitage, Richard title = Substance misuse during COVID-19: protecting people who use drugs date = 2020-05-13 keywords = PWUD summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.010 id = cord-258842-vuxzv6eu author = Bennett, B. title = Legal rights during pandemics: Federalism, rights and public health laws – a view from Australia date = 2009-02-26 keywords = Act; Health; Organization; public summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.019 id = cord-263057-1pty32l1 author = Bhopal, Sunil title = Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: Children''s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers We examined age-specific data on COVID-19 deaths which had been collated from official government sources for seven countries up to 8-19 May 2020 6 . We obtained estimated numbers of deaths from other causes from Global Burden of Disease estimates 7 except for influenza for which we examined official government statistical websites and extracted age-specific death counts for up to the last five years (2015-2019). For this time period, in these seven countries combined, 44 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 42,846 confirmed cases (this latter number is likely to be a massive underestimate; data were not available for France) in those aged 0-19 years (0-14 in USA). In children, at least in this wave of the pandemic and hopefully in the future, COVID-19 is a comparatively rare cause of death. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.047 id = cord-315217-sg6vnur0 author = Biana, Hazel T. title = The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines’ Fear Appeals date = 2020-04-20 keywords = fear summary = title: The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines'' Fear Appeals The Ethics of Scare: COVID-19 and the Philippines'' Fear Appeals COVID-19 took the world by surprise; and, as of early April 2020, the virus has already claimed more than 80000 lives and infected more than a million people around the globe. 7 Fear appeals have also permeated public health campaigns. While fear appeals and scare tactics have been used in clear and present public health emergencies like COVID-19, the ethics of such public health communication interventions needs to be scrutinized. 13 In a time of the uncertainties of a global health crisis like COVID-19, however, a utilitarian may question this suggestion''s moral acceptability. Effective and ineffective use of fear in health promotion campaigns A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. COVID19 -The need for Public Health in a time of emergency doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.017 id = cord-301426-i9a5g86x author = Bray, I. title = Covid-19 mortality: a multivariate ecological analysis in relation to ethnicity, population density, obesity, deprivation and pollution date = 2020-07-07 keywords = covid-19 summary = METHODS: An ecological analysis was used to estimate associations between these variables and age-standardised Covid-19 mortality rates at the local authority level. RESULTS: Ethnicity, population density and overweight/obesity were all found to have strong independent associations with Covid-19 mortality, at the local authority level. 9 We have conducted an ecological analysis to assess possible associations with a range of sociodemographic variables using routinely available data for local authorities e ethnicity, overweight and obesity, population density, deprivation and pollution. 9 Although it is widely reported that older people and men are at increased risk, these variables are not included in this analysis (because the mortality rates are age standardised and because we would not expect to see sufficient variation in the percentage of local authority populations who are men). Of the variables considered, we found that the strongest predictors of the rate of deaths involving Covid-19 at the local authority level were population density and ethnicity. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.056 id = cord-286361-wh6aaqlu author = Calman, K. title = Beyond the ‘nanny state’: Stewardship and public health date = 2009-01-09 keywords = Council; health summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.025 id = cord-263255-zdufwtn4 author = Cato, Susumu title = Social distancing as a public good under the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-13 keywords = distancing; social summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.005 id = cord-270278-d61n3v90 author = Choi, S.M.Y. title = Enhancing legal preparedness for the prevention and control of infectious diseases: Experience from severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong date = 2009-03-31 keywords = Kong; QPDO; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.004 id = cord-354318-gzdy25vv author = Cénat, Jude Mary title = US deportation policies in the time of COVID-19: A public health threat to the Americas date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Americas summary = title: US deportation policies in the time of COVID-19: A public health threat to the Americas By failing to promptly putting an end to deportations, the U.S Administration risks becoming the most influential factor in the spread of COVID-19 in some vulnerable countries in the Americas. In this time of pandemic, international solidarity, one of the strong pillars of global health, is more than necessary. In the present situation, it is important that the World Health Organization and the PAHO remain vigilant to LMICs in the Americas'' needs, and support them in better managing deportations in an effort to contain this new threat. The vulnerability of low-and middle-income countries facing the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Haiti PAHO prepares 8 Caribbean countries for laboratory diagnosis of new coronavirus [Internet]. COVID-19 and US deportation threat for the Americas 4 COVID-19 and US deportation threat for the Americas 4 doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.017 id = cord-283553-n06og3cw author = De Coninck, David title = nan date = 2020-05-13 keywords = public summary = However, there are several aspects related to the journalistic infrastructure on the one hand and on the reliance on news media as agents of information on the other that may (in)directly and inadvertently endanger the public''s health in several ways. The public''s reliance on news media coverage to convey accurate information (i.e. more than statistics) increases during times of uncertainty and crisis -especially in the current context with large shares of the population working or locked down in their homes 4 . A weakened journalistic infrastructure, during times where people heavily lean on news media to provide them with facts and opinions, bringing expertise and explanations to the table, will potentially lead to increased reporting of ''alternative'' or dubious content, which may result in the dissemination of 3 potentially ''dangerous'' views that jeopardize public health (e.g., faux COVID-19 treatments) 1 . The novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.011 id = cord-265996-97xxpe8m author = Din, M. title = Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus date = 2020-10-13 keywords = Pakistan summary = title: Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus Letter to the Editor Delays in polio vaccination programs due to COVID-19 in Pakistan: a major threat to Pakistan''s long war against polio virus The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have devastating impact over vaccination programs around the globe especially in underdeveloped countries. 2 The immunization campaigns have been paused or delayed in various countries as the local health-care authorities are putting all their efforts to control coronavirus. The WHO is ready to resume the vaccination plans but as Pakistan is witnessing an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases, with the next few weeks crucial, the resumption of polio vaccination campaigns might be delayed. The health-care experts in Pakistan, agree to resume the polio vaccination campaigns, otherwise the COVID-19 would destroy all the progress being carried out in the last thirty years against the polio virus. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.004 id = cord-281241-k1adcls8 author = Döhla, M. title = Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity date = 2020-04-18 keywords = SARS; test summary = Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. Objective: With the current SARS-CoV2 outbreak, countless tests need to be performed on potential symptomatic individuals, contacts and travellers. We therefore evaluated a rapid antibody IgG/IgMebased testing system in the community setting for its ability, specificity and sensitivity to reliably identify infected individuals. Thirty-nine randomly selected individuals at the centre were tested simultaneously using the SARS-CoV-2 rapid test and the gold standard RT-qPCR method (Altona Diagnostics). The rapid test used for evaluation is a qualitative IgG/IgM detection system to test for a current or past infection of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.009 id = cord-031747-tnprxtoh author = Galassi, F.M. title = Sinophobia as the disease and palaeopathology as the cure: response to Adja et al. date = 2020-09-11 keywords = China summary = Letter to the Editor Sinophobia as the disease and palaeopathology as the cure: response to Adja et al. 1 on the social and xenophobic stigma suffered by the Italian Chinese community after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, which later became a pandemic. 2 However, concur with the authors and additionally stress that an in-depth scrutiny of the past of diseases and their historical interaction with human populations can help people understand that such a xenophobic response is not something new. In light of the presented facts and wishing to corroborate the authors'' stance, we strongly believe that a comprehensive study of the history of medicine and palaeopathology, the science that examines diseases in past populations providing information on both chronic and infectious conditions, 5,6 can help biomedical scientists and the general public understand that such disease-related xenophobic events are nothing new and can be effectively tackled in their early stages. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.058 id = cord-286290-85l99l13 author = Goddard, N.L. title = Lessons learned from SARS: The experience of the Health Protection Agency, England date = 2005-11-16 keywords = HPA; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.10.003 id = cord-346160-n9i0blv1 author = Gogoi, Mayuri title = Putting the voices and insights of migrants and diverse ethnic groups at the centre of our response to COVID-19 date = 2020-10-10 keywords = COVID-19; PPIE summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.019 id = cord-254904-4eduslpb author = Griffiths, S. title = Pandemics and epidemics: public health and gambling harms date = 2020-07-22 keywords = Gambling; Health summary = To facilitate mature debate, we needed to help public health, primary care and healthcare professionals see that gambling is not necessarily a harmless pastime, and to understand that gambling harms contribute to many of the social and economic inequalities that are determinants of health and well-being for individuals, their families and the communities in which they live. What we did not discuss was how you present a special issue of Public Health on what some are coming to see as an epidemic of gambling-related harms, when the world is experiencing a global pandemic. If we are to have the sort of mature discussion around building the public health response to gambling harms, this is an important time to start. Competing interests P.M. reports serving as an advisor to the Scottish Chief Medical Officer and the Scottish Government on the public health response to gambling harms. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.022 id = cord-347261-d6012uem author = Hatefi, Shahrokh title = COVID-19 in South Africa: lockdown strategy and its effects on public health and other contagious diseases date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Africa summary = title: COVID-19 in South Africa: lockdown strategy and its effects on public health and other contagious diseases African countries, with previous experiences on the outbreaks of other infectious disease and pandemic situations, including HIV, Malaria, and Ebola, have limited financial, physical, and medical resources. Although lockdown strategies across many countries have been effective for decreasing the spread rate of contagious viruses, there have been other negative impacts reported globally; these concerns become worse in countries across Africa, including South Africa. In South Africa, the government announced a national-wide lockdown to manage the pandemic situation and decrease the spread rate of the COVID-19 outbreak. With regard to the current global situation during the covid-19 pandemic, different concerns in the public health system of South African people have been raised. Second, the lockdown strategy, social distancing rules, and community containment measures for COVID-19 have negatively impacted the diagnosing and treatment of other contagious diseases, including HIV and Malaria [5, 6] . doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.033 id = cord-252218-jrgl0x06 author = Heerfordt, C. title = Has there been an increased interest in smoking cessation during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic? A Google Trends study date = 2020-04-20 keywords = Google summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.012 id = cord-279032-plj9kg42 author = Jin, Kaifeng title = Re: Can the summer temperature drop COVID-19 cases? date = 2020-08-15 keywords = covid-19 summary = Abstract The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. The temperatures may have influence on the spread of COVID-19, However, we believe that 2 government regulation and cooperation of public play a more important role. Even the situation in American is still worse, more young people do not want stay at 38 home anymore, Data from the American CDC shows that the average age of COVID-19 infection 39 in the United States was significantly reduced. In summary, we believe environment temperature may 48 affect viral activity (the source of infection), but government regulation and cooperation of public 49 play a more important role in blocking route of transmission and protecting susceptible population 50 [4] . Can the summer temperatures reduce COVID-19 cases? doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.041 id = cord-262577-70ifjvkf author = Kong, Q. title = Non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for outbreak of COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China date = 2020-04-24 keywords = February summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.005 id = cord-263719-a9mnjr3s author = Lee, A. title = Wuhan novel coronavirus (COVID-19): why global control is challenging? date = 2020-02-29 keywords = SARS; health summary = At this stage, the global spread of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease continues to grow, and the full extent and severity of this outbreak remains to be seen. 7 Once the pathogen has landed in a new country, the likelihood of contagion and spread is dependent on local transmission pathways and the strength of local health protection systems. 8 High-income countries such as the United States and United Kingdom have well-developed health protection systems to detect and respond to communicable disease threats. The other component of well-developed health protection systems are strong infectious disease surveillance systems. The current concerns then regarding the 2019-nCoV outbreak must be for low-and middle-income countries where health protection systems tend to be weaker. In these settings, laboratory resources may be lacking, notification of infectious diseases are often not timely or complete, and their public health infrastructure is often weak. Global infectious disease surveillance and health intelligence doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.02.001 id = cord-294884-6l25y6fw author = Lee, Andrew title = COVID19 - The need for Public Health in a time of emergency date = 2020-04-08 keywords = health summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.027 id = cord-302272-ahwyfn1n author = Legkauskas, V. title = Recommendations for ‘responsible behaviour’ is not a sufficient policy tool in public health emergencies date = 2020-05-01 keywords = behaviour summary = Letter to the Editor Recommendations for ''responsible behaviour'' is not a sufficient policy tool in public health emergencies In response to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several countries including the USA, the UK, and Sweden initially relied on recommendations for ''responsible behaviour'' of their citizens in reducing the spread of infection. 1 Most countries (e.g., Italy, France, Denmark, Lithuania and so on) deemed unrealistic that the required majority of the population will be responsible enough to adhere to such recommendations voluntarily and imposed enforced restrictions of movement, including large fines for violation of social distancing regimes. 4 As these mortality comparisons suggest, recommendations for responsible behaviour alone is not a viable policy tool in public health emergencies such as pandemics of highly contagious and deadly diseases such as COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.026 id = cord-281645-vvucoiqd author = Li, L. title = The challenges of healthcare reforms in China date = 2010-12-17 keywords = China; Government summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.010 id = cord-276394-s9y11oep author = Liang, W. title = Hindsight: A re-analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing date = 2007-10-31 keywords = Beijing; SARS summary = Summary Objective To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Beijing using basic epidemiological principles omitted from the original analysis. Previously excluded cases were included for plotting on an epidemic curve, and basic spot mapping for distribution of cases was used from attack rates recalculated for age, gender, occupation, residential location, date of onset of illness and demographics. If a spot map of incidence density rates was used during the early phase of the outbreak, the inner city might have been identified as a major risk factor requiring rapid quarantining. 8 Re-analysis included an epidemic curve for ''probable'' SARS cases only and calculations of the Beijing population-based rate, stratified by age and sex, using the Fifth General Census of China (version 2000). The import phase of the Beijing epidemic occurred rapidly, between 1 and 10 March, with 14 cases admitted with an acute pneumonia of unknown cause without history taken for exposure to a case of respiratory illness or environmental contact. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.02.023 id = cord-344425-27q9x6hb author = Mantica, Guglielmo title = Reply to D.G. Barten et al “Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear” date = 2020-07-13 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Reply to D.G. Barten et al "Re: Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear" We read with interest the reply letter of DG Barten et al 1 to our manuscript 2 and we do strongly agree with the Authors about some indirect effects of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as social distancing, reduction of working hours, and traffic movements as co-responsible for the reduced access to the emergency departments by non-COVID-19 patients. In this perspective, streamline the workflow in Emergency Departments and non-COVID Departments as well as effective communication by the health-care system of different countries becomes fundamental in order to provide patients with COVID-free pathways, thus reducing delay in diagnosis and treatment. Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear Non-COVID-19 visits to emergency departments during the pandemic: the impact of fear doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.003 id = cord-354989-k0qktzor author = Mantica, Guglielmo title = NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: NON-COVID-19 VISITS TO EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC: THE IMPACT OF FEAR The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and the resulting infection, COVID-19, is posing an enormous threat and huge workload to emergency departments (EDs) worldwide 1 . The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health emergency that is impacting the behaviour of entire populations in response to a direct threat to both individuals and communities. We compared ED visits in two major referral hospitals in the North of Italy from the 21st February to 16th April with COVID-19 daily mortality data from the Italian Civil Protection Department 4 (see Figure 1 ). It emerges that the two curves almost mirror one another, with a meeting point on the 16th of March and the lowest peak of ED visits corresponding with the highest peak in the COVID-19 daily mortality trend. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.046 id = cord-308821-j4vylbhy author = Martin, R. title = The role of law in pandemic influenza preparedness in Europe date = 2009-03-04 keywords = Europe; European; Health; public summary = The individual nation states within Europe are signatories to the International Health Regulations 2005, but the capacity of states to undertake measures to control communicable disease is constrained by their obligations to comply with EU law. To assist in drawing together national responses to pandemic disease, the PHLawFlu project c was funded to develop public health law expertise across Europe, 2 and to examine the legal underpinning of pandemic disease preparedness across the EU and five further European states. In an attempt to identify the extent to which there is variation in public health legal powers and the consequences of such variation for public health in Europe, the PHLawFlu project is examining the role of national laws in the control of and protection against pandemic human influenza across Europe. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.01.002 id = cord-355869-r68fccx0 author = Ogle, H.L. title = Who must take responsibility for the health of the profession? Us date = 2020-07-19 keywords = health summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.018 id = cord-311636-8l7jlvvj author = Oikonomou, Evangelos title = Hospital attendance and admission trends for cardiac diseases during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in Greece date = 2020-08-18 keywords = covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.007 id = cord-337096-ulc7mnwb author = Okazawa, Mitsushi title = Japanese tactics for suppressing COVID-19 spread date = 2020-07-14 keywords = PCR summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.012 id = cord-352649-6yzddeua author = Opiniano, Gina A. title = Should Beach Travel in the Philippines Resume During the COVID-19 Outbreak? date = 2020-10-19 keywords = philippine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.005 id = cord-303414-fwamdr08 author = Oztig, Lacin Idil title = Human Mobility and COVID-19: A Negative Binomial Regression Analysis date = 2020-07-10 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002 id = cord-333532-vrfduv5a author = Patel, Kishan Pravin title = COVID-19 Patients: Are Current Isolation Guidelines Effective Enough? date = 2020-05-11 keywords = SARS summary = We believe the current isolation guidelines need to be revisited and clinicians should counsel COVID-19 patients to practice contact precautions for longer durations given new evidence suggesting the possibility of a fecaloral route of transmission. Furthermore, a recent case reported an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient who retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 despite being discharged after two negative consecutive respiratory nucleic acid tests at least 24 hours apart, raising concern for inadequate discharge protocol. With consideration of its high virulence, high infectivity, and the concern for a fecal-oral route of transmission, we suggest modifying guidelines to extend isolation and/or contact precautions in the best interest of patients, healthcare workers, and the global community as a whole. Key words: COVID 19; SARS CoV-2; Gastrointestinal; Isolation; Fecal-oral; transmission; precautions doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.048 id = cord-312646-hfv7ce3f author = Pfützner, Andreas title = Comment to Döhla et al., Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV- 2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity date = 2020-06-02 keywords = SARS summary = title: Comment to Döhla et al., Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity In this manuscript, a point-of-care rapid test for assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies (IgG/IgM) is evaluated for sensitivity and specificity to detect the viral infection. They found that the antibody rapid test only detects 36.4 % of the samples identified as positive by means of RT-PCR, and conclude that this POCT is not recommendable for community screenings. In case that recent reports are confirmed that people with past infections may become asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus [3] , the antibody tests may be the only way to differentiate PCR-positive subjects into two groups: i.) patients who are freshly infected and may soon develop clinical symptoms (negative IgG result) and ii.) patients who have developed antibodies and may now be asymptomatic virus spreaders (positive IgG result). Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.048 id = cord-339822-cewpqddk author = Plotkin, Bruce title = Human rights and other provisions in the revised International Health Regulations (2005) date = 2007-09-27 keywords = Health; Regulations summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.001 id = cord-346370-jdfsacds author = Sergi, Consolato M. title = The Facemask in Public and Healthcare Workers– A Need not a Belief date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS summary = Strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the coronavirus infectious curve, and the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated in crowded places, particularly in hospitals where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be adopted because of physical barriers. I If most people wear a mask in public at any time the transmission rate can easily decrease beneath 1.0, thus stopping the spread of the disease and limit the long-standing Lockdown measures 13 . It is important to emphasize that while a protective mask may reduce the likelihood of infection, it will not eliminate the risk, particularly when a disease has more than one route of transmission, as identified in SARS-Cov-2. While strict isolation and social distancing measures can flatten the infectious curve, the use of facemask needs to be encouraged and facilitated where the 6-feet social distancing cannot be implemented because of physical barriers. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.009 id = cord-332142-lk95akg5 author = Skovdal, Morten title = Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-23 keywords = risk summary = We argue that 30 correct understanding of individuals'' risks of becoming infected and dying is a prerequisite 31 for people and communities to take responsibility and engage in prevention practices, both 32 for self and others; and also to reduce unnecessary anxieties and other unintended negative 33 outcomes. • Freely avail health services and equipment to assist risk-reducing practices Panel: Considerations and recommendations to communicate risk in the COVID-19 response • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes • Avoid over-simplified ''one-size-fits-all'' risk messages • Distinguish between risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of severe COVID-19 disease • Target risk messages to people according to their levels of risk and capacity to adopt alternative prevention methods • Communicate the uncertainty of risk estimates and that new data may lead to changes doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015 id = cord-307520-8zmwh9ch author = Smith, L.E. title = Factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures in the UK: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.024 id = cord-255078-jfwzax5l author = Spantideas, Nikolaos title = Covid-19 And Holy Communion date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Communion summary = The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revived the long-standing discussion regarding the potential hazards of infectious disease transmission through the shared communion cup. It should be noted that all authors have focused their investigations on bacterial isolation from the chalice or the sacramental wine and none has investigated the viability and transmissibility of viral agents via the common communion cup. In summary, the common communion cup may theoretically serve as a vehicle of transmitting infection, but the potential risk of transmission is very small. Currently, available data do not provide any support for the suggestion that the practice of sharing a common communion cup can contribute to the spread of COVID-19 because SARS-CoV-2 transmission from a COVID-19 patient or asymptomatic carrier to other people has not been reported. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.012 id = cord-318737-b32tk5ze author = Stickley, Andrew title = COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people with anxiety and depressive symptoms: Findings from Japan date = 2020-10-10 keywords = covid-19; preventive summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.017 id = cord-324650-rsp72rx8 author = Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A. title = Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations date = 2020-08-18 keywords = rate summary = title: Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations In this paper, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and policy enactment to contain COVID-19 and potentially reduce mortalities. Delaying policy enactment led to a higher case fatality rate (p = 0.0013). A 10% delay time to act resulted in a 3.7% higher case fatality rate. This study found that delaying policies for international travel restrictions, public information campaigns, and testing policies increased the fatality rate. Tests also impacted the case fatality rate, and nations with 10% more cumulative tests per million people resulted in a 2.8% lower mortality rate. Here, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and the start of policy enactment to contain 29 and potentially reduce mortalities across 121 nations. Estimating case fatality rates of COVID-19 doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.008 id = cord-326852-gm98s8a3 author = Teo, Wan-Yee title = Implications for Border Containment Strategies when COVID-19 Presents Atypically date = 2020-07-24 keywords = Singapore; covid-19 summary = Conclusions An important global border control measure to implement quickly, will be to expand the symptom list to isolated sore throat, and/or a prior history of recent symptoms (resolved). Following the instructions on the information sheet from Singapore Global Network (a division in the Singapore Economic Development Board which broadens and deepens the overseas network of Singapore citizens) available online, 2 the patient and his family contacted the People''s Association (a government-supported statutory board to promote racial harmony and social cohesion in Singapore) to clarify the symptom of a resolved sore throat, and highlighted patient''s contact history with an Italy-returning medical student during a fencing sparring. Staff at People''s Association rapidly facilitated the patient to be picked up in a dedicated ambulance to National Center of Infection Disease, Singapore, where a chest x-ray done was normal, and the swab test was positive for COVID-19 (Day 8 of initial symptoms). doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.019 id = cord-328662-kpx73ki2 author = Van Hout, Marie Claire title = "COVID-19, health rights of prison staff and the bridge between prison and public health in Africa " date = 2020-06-25 keywords = prison summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.037 id = cord-259727-u2zj7zf6 author = Wallar, L. E. title = Development of a tiered framework for public health capacity in Canada date = 2016-07-31 keywords = health; public summary = These families were then organized by LEW and AP into a tiered public health capacity framework where capacity within each tier builds upon the capacities within the preceding tiers, and moves from the individual to the systems level. Here, we present this framework of public health capacity that identifies individual components and suggests how they relate to and support one another for the purpose of enhancing overall capacity in public health systems. This framework arranges the components of public health capacity from the individual to the systems level. As the Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology noted, "Capacity enhancement is a broad term which encompasses a number of areas: surveillance systems; Fig. 1 e Tiered framework of public health capacity and its components. The framework is based on government and governmentcommissioned SARS reports that reviewed the Canadian and Ontario public health systems with an emphasis on community public health outbreaks and emergencies. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.009 id = cord-288616-7i1kukmn author = Wan, Kelvin H. title = The end of cordon sanitaire in Wuhan: the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2020-05-14 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.007 id = cord-303861-qn8yifcd author = Wang, Chongjian title = Evaluating the effectiveness of an emergency preparedness training programme for public health staff in China date = 2008-05-31 keywords = emergency; training summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.006 id = cord-269575-hdqa12es author = Wei, B. title = Bridging the gap between education and practice in public health, with particular reference to less-developed provinces in China date = 2010-12-17 keywords = China; health summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.10.006 id = cord-297197-klr208kp author = Weizman, Yehuda title = Use of Wearable Technology to Enhance Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-01 keywords = SARS; bracelet summary = ABSTRACT Introduction As part of the COVID-19 outbreak response, numerous technology-based solutions have been created to enable contact tracing, track movements of the population and ensure social control. The bracelet would facilitate 3 functions; screening on a population level, digital contact tracing and real-time immunity status tracking. The bracelet would employ the IoT to transfer data over a network to an interactive web-based dashboard that tracks COVID-19 in real-time. If an individual then tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, the database could automatically trace back anyone they had come in contact with in the past 14 days using a GPS feature (described below). In this instance, the biometric bracelet''s GPS feature would continuously track movements of individuals within a geographical area and communicate back to the Covid-19 database platform saving input on the population whereabouts at each timepoint. As the coronavirus pandemic continues to spread, some Privacy Commissioners are lifting data restrictions for health officials to keep track of the outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.048 id = cord-283467-bgxc3ti8 author = Wu, Yan title = Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among contacts of individuals with COVID-19 in Hangzhou, China date = 2020-06-12 keywords = contact summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.016 id = cord-280800-g25z8xzt author = Yang, M. title = A joint infection control system is needed in mental health institutions during outbreaks of major respiratory infectious diseases date = 2020-10-22 keywords = China summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.003 id = cord-257325-pvf0uon3 author = Zeitoun, Jean-David title = Impact of Local Care Environment and Social Characteristics on Aggregated Hospital-Fatality Rate from COVID-19 in France: Nationwide Observational Study date = 2020-10-10 keywords = France; ICU summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.015 id = cord-351065-nyfnwrtm author = Zhang, Tenghao title = Integrating GIS technique with Google Trends data to analyse COVID-19 severity and public interest date = 2020-09-16 keywords = datum summary = title: Integrating GIS technique with Google Trends data to analyse COVID-19 severity and public interest Some studies suggest that health related issues can cause anxiety which may lead to increased public attention, typically manifested by online information search. Adams et al.''s (2020) GIS-based study points out the shortcomings of using unnormalized COVID-19 demographic data in choropleth mapping, and their use of the normalized data (confirmed cases per 100,000 people) presents a more accurate visualisation of pandemic severity. The COVID-19 case data were retrieved from the US health authority (https://cdc.gov/covid-datatracker). Public interest was captured by people''s Google search data in each state. 7 The data were acquired from the Google Trends service, which uses a normalized relative search volume The role of health anxiety in online health information search The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.005 id = cord-263659-9i5qws5h author = Zhao, Y. title = Basic public health services delivered in an urban community: a qualitative study date = 2010-12-08 keywords = Beijing; CHS; health; public summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.003 id = cord-293316-kip8mrjo author = de Sa, J. title = Risk communication and management in public health crises date = 2009-09-10 keywords = communication; risk summary = Since the turn of the century, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented a historically unprecedented number of emerging infectious disease outbreaks, and lessons drawn from their management have confirmed the critical importance of effective communications, specifically through formal channels such as WHO and in the public domain. Instant and global transmission of information has become a powerful ally, along with peer pressure, for WHO in ensuring that member states comply with new obligations to swiftly declare outbreaks considered to be of public health importance. There is now significant global attention and accompanying investment which should, the authors suggest, be used as an opportunity to improve strategic and operational communication capacity to respond not only to pandemic influenza but also to other public health threats. 4 Ultimately, the debate is centred on the boundary between the governance of risk communication and risk management, the former now being mandated through international laws, with the latter remaining, to a large degree, a national sovereignty responsibility. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.07.017