cord-006968-1gua1abq	2008	
cord-029965-bt87kai8	2020	The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the lungs, however, this virus can also affect other organs such as intestine, kidney, heart, and brain [1] [2] [3] . Studies reporting albuminuria and haematuria in the COVID-19 patients along with the detection of viral RNA from the urine samples further support the potential tropism of the SARS-CoV-2 for the renal tissues [4, 12] . Therefore, along with clinical management for pneumonia, potential intervention to protect the kidneys from the virus tropism and cytokine storm must be considered to minimize the mortalities associated with acute renal failure (Figure 1 ). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China
cord-254717-1hwdd7nq	2020	
cord-255560-c8s9f12f	2020	
cord-257099-8k28vkgf	2020	
cord-259106-nrg1960d	2020	
cord-259966-szkiilb1	2019	
cord-260256-aczn39lf	2020	Dear Editor: With the COVID-19 pandemic spreading in sub-Saharan Africa [1] , governments and health authorities are stepping up containment measures. In Sierra Leone, measurements taken include training of healthcare professionals, establishing testing facilities, information campaigns and a partial lockdown. In many ways, there are parallels with the early phase of the West African Ebola outbreak 2013-2016 -including a steep decrease in in-and outpatients across health facilities [2] . In Sierra Leone, which ranks amongst the countries with the highest maternal and child mortality rates worldwide, the rapid decrease of patients presenting to healthcare facilities in this evolving crisis might herald a massive indirect COVID-19-related death toll. Counting indirect crisis-related deaths in the context of a low-resilience health system: the case of maternal and neonatal health during the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone Stability issues of RT-PCR testing of SARS-CoV-2 for hospitalized patients clinically diagnosed with COVID-19
cord-261303-xjbz9fw9	2018	
cord-262454-bccrvapy	2020	With all that, we developed a protocol for early recognition and treatment of high-risk patients (in our population, age greater than 40 years because of generally poorer health standards, or with comorbidities) who would come to our outpatient network of emergency rooms with influenza-like symptoms: fever, cough, myalgia and headache, among others, and receive early treatment, provided to patients at the first doctor visit, using physician discretion from among HCQ, azithromycin, ivermectin, oseltamivir, zinc sulfate, nitazoxanide and prednisone (the last starting on day-6 of symptoms). On March 28, 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for remdesivir and HCQ for patients in both clinical trials and with severe hospitalized disease (31) . We found early outpatient use of HCQ and prednisone, both as individual prescriptions and used together, to lower the risk of hospitalization in symptomatic high-risk COVID-19 patients presenting for primary care at the emergency rooms of our large HMO in Brazil.
cord-263968-v9sncm4l	2020	
cord-264127-t7w407it	2020	
cord-264655-v0v7zsaw	2020	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world [1] , posing enormous health, economic, and social challenges to societies. Social distancing (e.g., cancellation of large gathering, school closures) is an essential part of public health measure for infection control [3] . In line with this, many social events and activities have been cancelled or scaled-down in many countries including Japan, wherein there is already a high number of reported COVID-19 cases [1] . First, communities may not have enough knowledge on whether maintaining, scaling-down, or cancelling social gatherings during the outbreak while minimising health risk. Cancelling social gatherings and scaling down elderly care services can put community-dwelling adults, especially older adults, at an increased risk and severity of social isolation. 3 Although recent technological advances may help detect and provide care for groups at high risk of social isolation, community-dwelling older adults may not have access to smartphones or internet services [5] .
cord-266313-b518n9dx	2020	China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). When we set our sights on the broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we found that a drug unlisted, remdesivir, has demonstrated strength in trials related to MERS-CoV and Ebola virus infection. This article starts from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of infection of the SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzes the feasibility of conducting trials and putting into clinical use of COVID-19 from the pharmacological characteristics and successful cases of remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analogues drug (Fig. 3B ) with extensive antiviral activity and effective treatment of lethal Ebola and Nipah virus infections in nonhuman primates [21] . The need of treatment on COVID-19 is urgent, so if the results of clinical trials prove it has the potential to benefit the treatment, according to China''s "Compassionate Use", remdesivir will be more immediately used in patients with severe illness.
cord-268519-t15yvy5s	2020	
cord-268971-4ue58ebz	2005	In the United States, most generalists do not have ready access to some pre-travel vaccines (typhoid and Japanese encephalitis since they would not frequently be used in a typical primary care practice, yellow fever due to certification requirements), and most pre-travel care is provided in specialty clinics mostly staffed by infectious disease physicians. 3 North American primary care providers not specifically trained in travel medicine would be more likely to limit their travel medicine advice to travelers going to settings where vaccination beyond hepatitis A is not needed. In addition, the American Committee on Clinical Tropical Medicine and Travelers, Health (http:// www.astmh.org/subgroup/acctmth.asp) provides a forum for education, certification, networking, and communication for practitioners of travel medicine. Notable differences, however, center on the use of both infectious disease specialists and nurses in North American pre-travel consultations rather than primary care physicians and on the non-union of aviation medicine and travel medicine in the United States.
cord-269759-1n1oo6wc	2020	
cord-270684-e7xnugdd	2020	
cord-271004-gtmo5ixs	2017	title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Hospital-Associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-controlstudy of hospitalized patients The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study
cord-273930-4asx0dq3	2020	As previously stated [1] COVID-19 may also present in them with a broad and changing spectrum of clinical disease, including cardiovascular conditions, as is the case of the pericarditis. During his hospital course, the patient presented severe chest pain that was difficult to relieve, requiring high doses of morphine, with the subsequent change to oxycodone with clinical improvement. Despite the use of PPE by the HCW, including those on training, as the case described, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is evident, and transmission may occur. Our case also presented with, a still considered novel, clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Although cardiovascular conditions have been reported widely in COVID-19 so far [3, 4] , there is a lack of cases presenting with pericarditis, especially without other significant complications. In the case of COVID-19, this consequence requires more detailed studies to understand their pathophysiology, but especially their clinical course and implications.
cord-275605-mbiojk39	2018	
cord-276839-kxfxybq4	2020	
cord-277353-qilq1q7h	2008	Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible.
cord-281551-0aj2zwx8	2020	A French paper reporting on the use of drug combinations in infected patients highlighted the possibility that hydroxychloroquine is effective in the treatment of COVID-19 patients [4] particularly in combination with azithromycin. For instance, teicoplanin was proposed as a potential treatment in COVID-19 patients and has already shown inhibitory effects on cell entry of Ebola virus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the past. However, it has to be acknowledged that in this and other cases, it is a long, expensive and time-consuming way, even if there is an accelerated avenue to expedite promising developments, from in vitro assays indicative of antiviral effects to the initiation steps of safety and efficacy assessments in humans, Finding compounds that can block the entry of the virus into the cell could be an important approach to find potential therapies for COVID-19. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
cord-284028-l0r7f9sr	2004	
cord-284477-3mspnc8q	2020	Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests. For example, Lebanon, a country that hosts an estimated 1.5 million Syrian refugees (distributed in makeshift camps and other dwellings) is currently facing a very severe economic crisis, civil unrest (decreased after the pandemic), and a COVID-19 outbreak. In that regard, the UNCHR has appealed for urgent funding to combat COVID-19 in refugee camps, but the results of this initiative remain to be seen [5] . The health of refugees is intimately linked to that of their hosting communities and beyond, which is more reason to protect the camps from COVID-19. First report of the plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) in Proteus mirabilis isolated from domestic and sewer waters in Syrian refugee camps coli isolated from domestic and sewer waters in Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon
cord-286029-rafcdzhm	2006	
cord-286654-sox98pp3	2015	
cord-287159-bjccnp7u	2017	
cord-288270-x1j0r9jk	2020	
cord-291025-u5z8zji3	2020	
cord-292513-7mhd4wzk	2020	
cord-295601-jdtmtjx5	2020	authors: Kabir, Mahvish; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Khan, Aisha; Ahmed, Haroon title: COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people Dear Editor, The current outbreak of COVID-19 is estimated to cost $1 trillion to world''s economy during year 2020. People in refugee camps are already fighting for basic necessities of life and are currently under high risk of acquiring COVID-19. These refugee camps are mainly monitored and run by UNHCR. Data analysis revealed that 15 top economies of the world are badly hit by this COVID-19 outbreak. This economic crunch will have an effect on donation programs of these countries in coming months. This will further worsen the situation for these displaced people including 37 million children living in these camps [5, 6] .
cord-297954-87w2itin	2015	title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Contact screening showed positive test in 1 of 56 (1.8%) household contacts, and 3 of 250 (1.2%) HCWs. Summary Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Since Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was described in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia [1] . Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study
cord-302735-zal2gr28	2020	key: cord-302735-zal2gr28 title: Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The unresolved paradox cord_uid: zal2gr28 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the aetiological agent 18 of coronavirus disease 2019 , has led to a global pandemic defying the 19 geographical borders and putting the lives of billions at risk. The commonly evident 20 symptoms include fever, altered sense of smell and/or taste, cough, sputum expectoration, 21 sore throat, dyspnoea, fatigue and myalgia; whereas the uncommon symptoms include 22 confusion, dizziness, headache, conjunctivitis, rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, hemoptysis, 23 chest pain, bronchial breath sounds, tachypnoea, crackles/rales on auscultation, cutaneous The transmission of respiratory pathogens have been associated with three primary modes 30 known as "contact," "droplet," and "airborne" transmission. These modes are also being 31 speculated in the context of SARS-CoV-2, but the existing research-based literature and the 32 consequent guidance from the leading public health agencies are still paradoxical. Viable 117 SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room 1 with COVID-19 patients. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2?
cord-302784-jkjdglns	2019	title: Management of hospitalized drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the Hajj mass gathering: A cross sectional study This study documents the management of drug-sensitive TB patients during Hajj and explores the compliance of healthcare providers with the KSA TB management guidelines in the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Makkah during the mass gathering. The management of TB patients was documented using a specifically designed data collection form which included patients'' demographics data, underlying health conditions and TB risk factors as well as clinical data including various aspects of TB management such as patients'' screening, infection prevention and control (IPC), TB diagnosis and treatment and case notification and outcome. The result showed high level of compliance with the assessed TB management guidelines indices for systematic screening of TB suspects as well as IPC and surveillance, but low compliance scores were obtained for prompt TB diagnosis and use of standardized treatment regimen for drug-susceptible TB.
cord-307460-v6xgkg1p	2020	
cord-307464-66eqh79t	2012	Influenza transmission; Susceptible-exposedinfectious-recovered (SEIR) disease-spread modeling; Public health aviation screening; Pandemic response; Points of entry Summary Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). We used a traditional Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model 20, 21 and an illustrative scheduled-flight dataset, to demonstrate how public health authorities could prioritize the allocation of responseresources in the U.S. at point of entry in response to a novel disease that was spreading rapidly outside of North America. To characterize possible patterns and rates of spread for an emerging infectious disease that could enter North America from various geographic points of origin, a prototypical novel pandemic influenza virus was simulated as an example of a human-to-human transmissible disease that is known to spread rapidly via air travel.
cord-310149-8idvf79g	2020	
cord-311011-xzfnzbcf	2020	
cord-311979-l1iw6449	2020	
cord-312691-ynh84b98	2016	
cord-313546-rlq4v0ca	2020	
cord-314421-j5psma9i	2020	
cord-314607-bcocsjij	2011	
cord-314609-83t1je92	2020	
cord-316097-608qex0d	2020	title: Asymptomatic coronavirus infection: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) A recent review in this journal showed that an increase in the rate of asymptomatic individuals with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) increased from 0% to 28.6% [1] . The increase in the number of cases is alarming and brought the fear of having viral transmission from asymptomatic individuals. The contribution of asymptomatic persons with MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 to the transmission is not well characterized. Those asymptomatic cases may play a role in the transmission and thus pose a significant infection control challenge. However, the contribution of asymptomatic cases in the transmission of these viruses is not well known and deserve further studies to examine the extent of occurrence and the role in transmission. Asymptomatic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: extent and implications for infection control: a systematic review Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany
cord-320893-bgn04zh3	2020	
cord-321720-5sfwyn9g	2020	
cord-323622-229kub7c	2020	
cord-324345-j43rpvwk	2010	
cord-325069-wxdkao69	2020	
cord-327063-ea7a1xfl	2020	The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] .
cord-328056-y5x80tuw	2020	
cord-335007-27a3h2lo	2020	title: Self-reported symptoms from exposure to Covid-19 provide support to clinical diagnosis, triage and prognosis: An exploratory analysis We identify factors indicating COVID-19 positivity in non-hospitalized patients and prognosticators of moderate-to-severe disease. METHODS: Appeals conducted in April-June 2020 in social media, collaborating medical societies and patient advocacy groups recruited 20,476 participants ≥18 years who believed they had COVID-19 exposure. Volunteers consented on-line and reported height, weight, concomitant illnesses, medication and supplement use, residential, occupational or community COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and symptom severity on a 4-point scale. We build on these models using community-driven research to characterize symptoms indicative of a positive COVID-19 viral test result and identify risk factors for development of serious symptoms of COVID-19 infection outside the hospital setting. Anosmia and ageusia were the most likely symptoms indicative of a positive test results, and participants reporting either of these had more symptoms and of greater severity [8] .
cord-337713-uuo1oeyc	2020	
cord-338136-nbtkl5cx	2020	Reflecting on the findings of Petridou and colleagues, 1 describing imported ZIKV cases to the UK between 2016-2018, confirmed at the Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, we look back to the 2015-2017 Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic and reflect on some of the opportunities and limitations presented by data obtained from returning travellers in enhancing understanding of emerging infectious diseases. Given travellers'' well-defined temporal windows of potential exposure, improved recollections of risk behaviors, and access to well-resourced travel clinic laboratories, travel health data are uniquely positioned to provide insights into the pathogenesis of emergent infectious diseases. While travel health data has the opportunity to build on this foundation and provide novel insights about emerging infectious agents, the fastest progress will be made through meaningful bi-directional international partnerships built on respectful collaboration, commitments to capacity building, and cooperative efforts to bolster surveillance. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests.
cord-339444-f8lfob47	2020	
cord-340094-u3x4g8ul	2020	
cord-340942-oatf59k0	2020	METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. Here, we describe for the first time the clinical, epidemiological and demographic features of the first 557 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil, who were diagnosed between March 12 and April 22, 2020. Patient epidemiological information, demographic and clinical characteristics, including medical history, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, underlying co-morbidities, and date of disease onset were obtained from electronic medical records of the Pernambuco Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN) and analyzed. Regarding the distribution of COVID-19 cases in the different household income ranges (Fig. 1B) , we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in neighborhoods with greater purchasing power. Here, we described for the first time the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Pernambuco between 12 March and April 22, 2020.
cord-341101-5yvjbr5q	2020	While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. In general, studies showed no significant effect of CQ on CoVs including SARS-CoV and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) replication or clinical scores in mice and cats, respectively [105, 110] . There are very limited published clinical trials that studied the possible antiviral effect of CQ or HCQ in CoV and non-CoV infected patients (Table 5 ). Anti-malaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal model In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro
cord-341187-jqesw4e8	2020	title: Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 7 We investigate the impact of population structure, case importation, asymptomatic cases, and the number of contacts on a possible second wave of epidemic through mathematical modelling. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Epidemic model simulation has been used extensively to estimate essential epidemic parameters, In this study, we will build a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model [27] to simulate the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the impact of population structure, asymptomatic cases, case importation, and the number of contacts on the epidemic progression.
cord-353507-n01ce0x3	2020	title: Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Useful lessons from Vietnam Vietnam faces a high risk of a severe COVID-19 outbreak, as the country has a nearly 1,500 km border with China and a large population of nearly 100 million people. Despite limited resources of middle-income country, Vietnam has managed to take the control of the outbreak since the first cases were confirmed more than five months ago. Vietnam is one of the best countries conducting intensive surveillance and lockdown operation for all newly COVID-19-confirmed cases. People in the close contact with the confirmed case, named F1, must undertake testing and government-run quarantine. Multiples effective measures have been key to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam to date. An adaptive model of health system organization and responses helped Vietnam to successfully halt the Covid-19 pandemic: What lessons can be learned from a resource-constrained country