# pos

id: cord-259966-szkiilb1
pos: NNP
token:
  stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Summer-Games/Games-Rio-2016-Olympic-Games/Media-Guide-for-Rio-2016/IOC-Marketing-Report-Rio-2016.pdf

lemma:
  stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Summer-Games/Games-Rio-2016-Olympic-Games/Media-Guide-for-Rio-2016/IOC-Marketing-Report-Rio-2016.pdf


# ent

id: cord-261303-xjbz9fw9
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Lourdes World s largest mass bathing event influences the bacterial communities of Godavari a holy river of India Using mobile


id: cord-262454-bccrvapy
type: FAC
entity:
  Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute


id: cord-262454-bccrvapy
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Szente Fonseca Silvia Nunes Queiroz de Sousa Anastasio Wolkoff Alexandre Giandoni Moreira Marcelo Sampaio


id: cord-266313-b518n9dx
type: DNA
entity:
  beta coronavirus organization 5 untranslated region UTR replication enzyme coding region S gene E gene M gene N gene 3 UTR


id: cord-271004-gtmo5ixs
type: DNA
entity:
  2016 17 influenza vaccine Cross Sectional survey and surveillance for influenza viruses and MERS CoV


id: cord-276839-kxfxybq4
type: ORG
entity:
  Kayseri City Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases Kayseri City Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases Ministry of Health Provincial Health Directorate New


id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h
type: LAW
entity:
  the Law Concerning the Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients of Infections


id: cord-287159-bjccnp7u
type: ORG
entity:
  National Influenza Center Virology Department School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences


id: cord-302784-jkjdglns
type: GGP
entity:
  TB 1 7 10 12 However the prevalence of coexisting chronic diseases 63 17 27 among TB patients especially diabetes was higher than that reported internationally as well


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
type: TAXON
entity:
  coronavirus NL63 coronavirus HKU1 parainfluenza 1 parainfluenza 2 parainfluenza 3 parainfluenza 4 human metapneumovirus rhinovirus adenovirus


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pandemic date 2011 12 23 journal Travel Med Infect Dis DOI 10 1016 j tmaid 2011 11 002 sha 75879ef509b26eff47fac73ec584ee98a22c46a5 doc_id 314607 cord_uid bcocsjij Despite the high risk of acquiring respiratory infections


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza B respiratory syncytial virus other coronaviruses parainfluenza viruses human metapneumovirus adenovirus


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus NL63 coronavirus HKU1 parainfluenza 1 parainfluenza 2 parainfluenza 3 parainfluenza 4 human metapneumovirus rhinovirus adenovirus and human bocavirus The xTAG


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus parainfluenza virus adenoviruses coronaviruses bocavirus metapneumovirus and RSV 29 Rhinovirus shedding is commonly limited to 10e14 days


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: ORG
entity:
  the Singapore Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research T Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS CoV 2


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: ORG
entity:
  Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor Structural Analysis


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: DISEASE
entity:
  dyspnea respiratory distress hemoptysis gastrointestinal infection liver central nervous system and lung damage


id: cord-340942-oatf59k0
type: GGP
entity:
  Guararapes n 43 7 72 Olinda n 43 7 72 Paulista n 30 5 39 São Lourenço da Mata n 23 4 13 and Camaragibe n 16 2 87 The first 304 cases of COVID 19


id: cord-341187-jqesw4e8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Modeling Return of the Epidemic Impact of Population Structure Asymptomatic Infection Case Importation and Personal Contacts


id: cord-341101-5yvjbr5q
type: TAXON
entity:
  herpes simplex viruses coxsackie virus vesicular stomatitis virus VSV vaccinia virus sindbis virus parainfluenza 3 virus


id: cord-338136-nbtkl5cx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Vital Signs Update on Zika Virus Associated Birth Defects and Evaluation of All U S Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure U S Zika Pregnancy Registry Probable


# bib

id: cord-006968-1gua1abq
title: Travelers' risk of malaria by destination country: A study from Japan
author: Tada, Yuki
date: 2008-09-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7106141/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.08.002
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Country-specific information on the incidence of malaria in travelers provides the most reliable data on which to base the pre-travel risk assessment. Some such studies have been conducted among Western travelers; however, to our knowledge, there have been no reports on Japanese travelers. METHODS: Malaria cases that were diagnosed between April 1999 and December 2005 and were reported to the national infectious disease surveillance body were used as the numerators after grouped into countries of disease acquisition. The denominators, the numbers of Japanese travelers visiting individual countries were derived from the recipient countries and obtained through a Japanese organization. RESULTS: In addition to the well-documented high risks in sub-Saharan countries, our study showed that travelers to Papua New Guinea were exposed to a significantly high risk of malaria. In Asia, Myanmar had the highest risk. Generally, malaria incidence rates among Japanese travelers were lower than those previously reported on Western travelers. However, the rates were rather comparable to the data obtained recently. CONCLUSIONS: These malaria incidence data in travelers should be taken into consideration for pre-travel risk assessment. They need to be constantly updated, and at the same time, limitations in data interpretation that are inherent in various study methodologies should also be clarified.


id: cord-029965-bt87kai8
title: The kidney and COVID-19 patients – important considerations
author: Patel, Shailesh Kumar
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-029965-bt87kai8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029965-bt87kai8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395611/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101831
abstract: nan
summary:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the lungs, however, this virus can also affect other organs such as intestine, kidney, heart, and brain [1] [2] [3] . Studies reporting albuminuria and haematuria in the COVID-19 patients along with the detection of viral RNA from the urine samples further support the potential tropism of the SARS-CoV-2 for the renal tissues [4, 12] . Therefore, along with clinical management for pneumonia, potential intervention to protect the kidneys from the virus tropism and cytokine storm must be considered to minimize the mortalities associated with acute renal failure (Figure 1 ). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China


id: cord-257099-8k28vkgf
title: The epidemiology of reverse transmission of COVID-19 in Gansu Province, China
author: Fan, Jingchun
date: 2020-05-12
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920302209
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101741
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The transmission of COVID-19 is about to come under control within China, however, an emerging challenge to the Chinese authorities is reverse transmission due to COVID-19 patients/carriers evacuating from overseas to China. METHODS: We analysed the epidemiological characteristics of 311 Chinese citizens evacuated from Iran. All confirmed COVID-19 cases amongst the returnees were displayed by the spatial distribution pattern of the extent of COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: Characteristics that differed significantly amongst these returnees compared to the original infected cohorts in Gansu were mean age, occupation and sex. Differences observed between infected patients and non-patients amongst returnees were age, sex, race, occupation, the use of facemasks, and residential situation in Iran. The clinical features that were significantly related to infection were chill, shortness of breath, chest pain and nausea. Spatial distribution pattern analysis indicated that infected returnees had resided within Iranian provinces that had experienced high levels of COVID-19. The spatial distribution of the original homes of these returnees before departure for Iran demonstrated that returnees will largely return to northwest China, to regions that have only experienced low levels of infection within China. CONCLUSION: Blocking the reverse transmission of COVID-19 is critical in preventing a secondary outbreak of COVID-19.


id: cord-259966-szkiilb1
author: Gautret, Philippe
date: 2019-11-09
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147789391930208X
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101504
title:
  International mass gatherings and travel-associated illness: A GeoSentinel cross-sectional, observational study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Travelers to international mass gatherings may be exposed to conditions which increase their risk of acquiring infectious diseases. Most existing data come from single clinical sites seeing returning travelers, or relate to single events. METHODS: Investigators evaluated ill travelers returning from a mass gathering, and presenting to a GeoSentinel site between August 2015 and April 2019, and collected data on the nature of the event and the relation between final diagnoses and the mass gathering. RESULTS: Of 296 ill travelers, 51% were female and the median age was 54 years (range: 1–88). Over 82% returned from a religious mass gathering, most frequently Umrah or Hajj. Only 3% returned from the Olympics in Brazil or South Korea. Other mass gatherings included other sporting events, cultural or entertainment events, and conferences. Respiratory diseases accounted for almost 80% of all diagnoses, with vaccine preventable illnesses such as influenza and pneumonia accounting for 26% and 20% of all diagnoses respectively. This was followed by gastrointestinal illnesses, accounting for 4.5%. Sixty-three percent of travelers reported having a pre-travel encounter with a healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS: Despite this surveillance being limited to patients presenting to GeoSentinel sites, our findings highlight the importance of respiratory diseases at mass gatherings, the need for pre-travel consultations before mass gatherings, and consideration of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal disease.


id: cord-260256-aczn39lf
author: Wehrens, Erik
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-260256-aczn39lf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260256-aczn39lf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920302052?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101727
abstract: nan
summary:
  Dear Editor: With the COVID-19 pandemic spreading in sub-Saharan Africa [1] , governments and health authorities are stepping up containment measures. In Sierra Leone, measurements taken include training of healthcare professionals, establishing testing facilities, information campaigns and a partial lockdown. In many ways, there are parallels with the early phase of the West African Ebola outbreak 2013-2016 -including a steep decrease in in-and outpatients across health facilities [2] . In Sierra Leone, which ranks amongst the countries with the highest maternal and child mortality rates worldwide, the rapid decrease of patients presenting to healthcare facilities in this evolving crisis might herald a massive indirect COVID-19-related death toll. Counting indirect crisis-related deaths in the context of a low-resilience health system: the case of maternal and neonatal health during the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone Stability issues of RT-PCR testing of SARS-CoV-2 for hospitalized patients clinically diagnosed with COVID-19

title:
  Primum non nocere: Potential indirect adverse effects of COVID-19 containment strategies in the African region


id: cord-261303-xjbz9fw9
title: From the “Madding Crowd” to mass gatherings-religion, sport, culture and public health
author: Ahmed, Qanta A.
date: 2018-06-04
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893918301315
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.06.001
abstract:
  Human behavior has long engaged in collective behavior assembling in crowds. The Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land has been recorded since the 4th century, while the Hajj, Islam's great pilgrimage, has existed for fourteen centuries, of which a body of literature devoted to the travelogues of the Hajj has been recorded for over ten centuries. Football is a sport played worldwide by more than 1.5 million teams and in 300,000 clubs. Most however play outside of the officially organized sphere: more than 4 percent of the global population plays football, including 270 million amateur players. Assembling for specific events is a uniquely human behavior, though the formal study of crowds did not begin until the mid-Twentieth Century. Today Mass Gathering Medicine focuses on the public health challenges to hosting events attended by a large enough number of people, at a specific site, for a defined period of time, likely to strain both the planning and response to the mass gathering of a community, state, or nation. All of us can recall attending a mass gathering, whether it be watching one's favorite rock group in performance or assembling for religious pilgrimage. Certainly, the event itself is transporting and transforming and the unison of behaviors and activities can be enormously enriching, uplifting and overwhelming, just as much as they may be at times dangerous and high risk. This review seeks to draw contrasts and comparisons between sporting gatherings and religious gatherings with a chief focus on Hajj, among the largest of all mass gatherings today. We will find there are some powerful similarities as well as stark differences. Each bequeaths a legacy which can inform the other and, as we make our observations, we join with you and the legions of other investigators who continue to remain fascinated and enthralled by mass gatherings which are among the most beloved and beholden events of modern humanity.


id: cord-262454-bccrvapy
author: Szente Fonseca, Silvia Nunes
date: 2020-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-262454-bccrvapy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262454-bccrvapy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920304026?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101906
summary:
  With all that, we developed a protocol for early recognition and treatment of high-risk patients (in our population, age greater than 40 years because of generally poorer health standards, or with comorbidities) who would come to our outpatient network of emergency rooms with influenza-like symptoms: fever, cough, myalgia and headache, among others, and receive early treatment, provided to patients at the first doctor visit, using physician discretion from among HCQ, azithromycin, ivermectin, oseltamivir, zinc sulfate, nitazoxanide and prednisone (the last starting on day-6 of symptoms). On March 28, 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for remdesivir and HCQ for patients in both clinical trials and with severe hospitalized disease (31) . We found early outpatient use of HCQ and prednisone, both as individual prescriptions and used together, to lower the risk of hospitalization in symptomatic high-risk COVID-19 patients presenting for primary care at the emergency rooms of our large HMO in Brazil.

title:
  Risk of Hospitalization for Covid-19 Outpatients Treated with Various Drug Regimens in Brazil: Comparative Analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: For the past few months, HMOs have faced crowded emergency rooms and insufficient hospital and intensive-care-unit beds, all from the worst pandemic of this century, COVID-19. METHODS: In a large HMO in Brazil, our approach was to allow treating physicians to prescribe antiviral medications immediately at presentation, and prednisone starting on day-6 of symptoms to treat pulmonary inflammation. We implemented this COVID-19 protocol for outpatients and studied 717 consecutive SARS-CoV-2-positive patients age 40 years or older presenting at our emergency rooms. RESULTS: Use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), prednisone or both significantly reduced hospitalization risk by 50-60%. Ivermectin, azithromycin and oseltamivir did not substantially reduce risk further. Hospitalization risk was doubled for people with type-2 diabetes or obesity, increased by two-thirds for people with heart disease, and by 75% for each decade of age over age 40. Similar magnitudes of reduced risk with HCQ and prednisone use were seen for mortality risk, though were not significant because of only 11 deaths among the 717 patients. No cardiac arrhythmias requiring medication termination were observed for any of the medications. CONCLUSIONS: This work adds to the growing literature of studies that have found substantial benefit for use of HCQ combined with other agents in the early outpatient treatment of COVID-19, and adds the possibility of steroid use to enhance treatment efficacy.


id: cord-264655-v0v7zsaw
title: COVID-19: Active measures to support community-dwelling older adults
author: Kuwahara, Keisuke
date: 2020-03-20
txt: ./txt/cord-264655-v0v7zsaw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264655-v0v7zsaw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32205272/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101638
abstract: nan
summary:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world [1] , posing enormous health, economic, and social challenges to societies. Social distancing (e.g., cancellation of large gathering, school closures) is an essential part of public health measure for infection control [3] . In line with this, many social events and activities have been cancelled or scaled-down in many countries including Japan, wherein there is already a high number of reported COVID-19 cases [1] . First, communities may not have enough knowledge on whether maintaining, scaling-down, or cancelling social gatherings during the outbreak while minimising health risk. Cancelling social gatherings and scaling down elderly care services can put community-dwelling adults, especially older adults, at an increased risk and severity of social isolation. 3 Although recent technological advances may help detect and provide care for groups at high risk of social isolation, community-dwelling older adults may not have access to smartphones or internet services [5] .


id: cord-266313-b518n9dx
author: Cao, Yu-chen
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266313-b518n9dx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32247927/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647
summary:
  China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). When we set our sights on the broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we found that a drug unlisted, remdesivir, has demonstrated strength in trials related to MERS-CoV and Ebola virus infection. This article starts from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of infection of the SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzes the feasibility of conducting trials and putting into clinical use of COVID-19 from the pharmacological characteristics and successful cases of remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analogues drug (Fig. 3B ) with extensive antiviral activity and effective treatment of lethal Ebola and Nipah virus infections in nonhuman primates [21] . The need of treatment on COVID-19 is urgent, so if the results of clinical trials prove it has the potential to benefit the treatment, according to China''s "Compassionate Use", remdesivir will be more immediately used in patients with severe illness.

title:
  Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus infection that initially found at the end of 2019 has attracted great attention. So far, the number of infectious cases has increased globally to more than 100 thousand and the outbreak has been defined as a pandemic situation, but there are still no “specific drug” available. Relevant reports have pointed out the novel coronavirus has 80% homology with SARS. In the difficulty where new synthesized drug cannot be applied immediately to patients, “conventional drug in new use” becomes a feasible solution. The first medication experience of the recovered patients in the US has led remdesivir to be the “specific drug”. China has also taken immediate action to put remdesivir into clinical trials with the purpose of applying it into clinical therapeutics for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We started from the structure, immunogenicity, and pathogenesis of coronavirus infections of the novel coronavirus. Further, we analyzed the pharmacological actions and previous trials of remdesivir to identify the feasibility of conducting experiments on COVID-19.


id: cord-268519-t15yvy5s
author: Pothen, Lucie
date: 2020-06-12
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920302787
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101788
abstract: nan
title:
  Safety use of hydroxychloroquine and its combination with azithromycin in the context of Sars-CoV-2 outbreak: Clinical experience in a Belgian tertiary center


id: cord-268971-4ue58ebz
title: Travel medicine: an American view of the Australian perspective
author: Virk, Abinash
date: 2005-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-268971-4ue58ebz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268971-4ue58ebz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17292009/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.11.008
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the United States, most generalists do not have ready access to some pre-travel vaccines (typhoid and Japanese encephalitis since they would not frequently be used in a typical primary care practice, yellow fever due to certification requirements), and most pre-travel care is provided in specialty clinics mostly staffed by infectious disease physicians. 3 North American primary care providers not specifically trained in travel medicine would be more likely to limit their travel medicine advice to travelers going to settings where vaccination beyond hepatitis A is not needed. In addition, the American Committee on Clinical Tropical Medicine and Travelers, Health (http:// www.astmh.org/subgroup/acctmth.asp) provides a forum for education, certification, networking, and communication for practitioners of travel medicine. Notable differences, however, center on the use of both infectious disease specialists and nurses in North American pre-travel consultations rather than primary care physicians and on the non-union of aviation medicine and travel medicine in the United States.


id: cord-271004-gtmo5ixs
author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.
date: 2017-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271004-gtmo5ixs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29031867/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.004
summary:
  title: Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, kingdom of Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Hospital-Associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-controlstudy of hospitalized patients The critical care response to a hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: an observational study

title:
  Influenza is more common than Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among hospitalized adult Saudi patients

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Since the initial description of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. Here, we report the result of the surveillance activity in a general hospital in Saudi Arabia over a four year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All admitted patients with community acquired pneumonia from 2012 to 2016 were tested for MERS-CoV. In addition, testing for influenza viruses was carried out starting April 2015. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 2657 patients were screened for MERS-CoV and only 20 (0.74%) tested positive. From January 2015 to December 2016, a total of 1644 patients were tested for both MERS-CoV and influenza. None of the patients tested positive for MERS-CoV and 271 (16.4%) were positive for influenza. The detected influenza viruses were Influenza A (107, 6.5%), pandemic 2009 H1N1 (n = 120, 7.3%), and Influenza B (n = 44, 2.7%). Pandemic H1N1 was the most common influenza in 2015 with a peak in peaked October to December and influenza A other than H1N1 was more common in 2016 with a peak in August and then October to December. CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV was a rare cause of community acquired pneumonia and other viral causes including influenza were much more common. Thus, admitted patients are potentially manageable with Oseltamivir or Zanamivir therapy.


id: cord-273930-4asx0dq3
title: Pericarditis in a young internal medicine resident with COVID-19 in Colombia
author: Ortiz-Martínez, Yeimer
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-273930-4asx0dq3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273930-4asx0dq3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101863
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101863
abstract: nan
summary:
  As previously stated [1] COVID-19 may also present in them with a broad and changing spectrum of clinical disease, including cardiovascular conditions, as is the case of the pericarditis. During his hospital course, the patient presented severe chest pain that was difficult to relieve, requiring high doses of morphine, with the subsequent change to oxycodone with clinical improvement. Despite the use of PPE by the HCW, including those on training, as the case described, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk is evident, and transmission may occur. Our case also presented with, a still considered novel, clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Although cardiovascular conditions have been reported widely in COVID-19 so far [3, 4] , there is a lack of cases presenting with pericarditis, especially without other significant complications. In the case of COVID-19, this consequence requires more detailed studies to understand their pathophysiology, but especially their clinical course and implications.


id: cord-275605-mbiojk39
title: Clinical respiratory infections and pneumonia during the Hajj pilgrimage: A systematic review
author: Benkouiten, Samir
date: 2018-12-04
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.002
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.12.002
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The Islamic Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the world's largest annual mass gatherings. Inevitable overcrowding during the pilgrims' stay greatly increases the risk of acquiring and spreading infectious diseases, especially respiratory diseases. METHOD: The MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for all relevant papers published prior to February 2018 that evaluated the prevalence of clinical symptoms of respiratory infections, including pneumonia, among Hajj pilgrims, as well as their influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status. RESULTS: A total of 61 papers were included in the review. Both cohort- and hospital-based studies provide complementary data, and both are therefore necessary to provide a complete picture of the total burden of respiratory diseases during the Hajj. Respiratory symptoms have been common among Hajj pilgrims over the last 15 years. In cohorts of pilgrims, cough ranged from 1.9% to 91.5%. However, the prevalence rates of the most common symptoms (cough, sore throat, and subjective fever) of influenza-like illness (ILI) varied widely across the included studies. These studies have shown variable results, with overall rates of ILI ranging from 8% to 78.2%. These differences might result from differences in study design, study period, and rates of vaccination against seasonal influenza that ranged from 1.1% to 100% among study participants. Moreover, the definition of ILI was inconsistent across studies. In hospitalized Hajj pilgrims, the prevalence of pneumonia, that remains a major concern in critically ill patients, ranged from 0.2% to 54.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Large multinational follow-up studies are recommended for clinic-based syndromic surveillance, in conjunction with microbiological surveillance. Matched cohorts ensure better comparability across studies. However, study design and data collection procedures should be standardized to facilitate reporting and to achieve comparability between studies. Furthermore, the definition of ILI, and of most common symptoms used to define respiratory infections (e.g., upper respiratory tract infection), need to be precisely defined and consistently used. Future studies need to address potential effect of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine in the context of the Hajj pilgrimage.


id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h
title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan
author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu
date: 2008-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893908001038
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001
summary:
  Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible.

abstract:
  Surveillance of imported infectious diseases is important because of the need for early detection of outbreaks of international concern as well as information of risk to the travelers. This paper attempts to review how the Japanese surveillance system deals with imported infectious diseases and reviews the trend of these diseases. The cases of acquired infection overseas were extracted from the surveillance data in 1999–2008. The incidence and rate of imported cases of a series of infectious diseases with more than one imported case were observed by the year of diagnosis and place of acquired infection. During the period 10,030 cases that could be considered to be imported infectious diseases were identified. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The annual trends of these diseases always fluctuated but not every change was investigated. The study reveals that the situation of imported infectious diseases can be identified in the current Japanese surveillance system with epidemiologic features of both temporal and geographic distribution of cases of imported infectious diseases. However, further timely investigation for unusual increase in infectious diseases is needed.


id: cord-281551-0aj2zwx8
title: Repurposing antimalarials and other drugs for COVID-19
author: Schlagenhauf, Patricia
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-281551-0aj2zwx8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281551-0aj2zwx8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920301265
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658
abstract: nan
summary:
  A French paper reporting on the use of drug combinations in infected patients highlighted the possibility that hydroxychloroquine is effective in the treatment of COVID-19 patients [4] particularly in combination with azithromycin. For instance, teicoplanin was proposed as a potential treatment in COVID-19 patients and has already shown inhibitory effects on cell entry of Ebola virus, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in the past. However, it has to be acknowledged that in this and other cases, it is a long, expensive and time-consuming way, even if there is an accelerated avenue to expedite promising developments, from in vitro assays indicative of antiviral effects to the initiation steps of safety and efficacy assessments in humans, Finding compounds that can block the entry of the virus into the cell could be an important approach to find potential therapies for COVID-19. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)


id: cord-284028-l0r7f9sr
title: A loophole in international quarantine procedures disclosed during the SARS crisis
author: Lee, Chi-Wei
date: 2004-12-30
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893904001267
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.10.002
abstract:
  This study describes a loophole in the international quarantine system during the recent Asian severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Specifically, that of travelers disguising symptoms of respiratory tract infection at international airports, in order to board aircraft to return to their home countries—notwithstanding the infection risks this involves to others. High medical fees for treatment to non-residents in epidemic areas were found to be the main cause for this behaviour. This phenomenon revealed a loophole in the control mechanisms of international quarantine procedures, letting travelers carrying a highly contagious virus slip by undetected and causing possible multi-country outbreaks of communicable diseases. Clinical evidence collected from medical records at medical centers can highlight this oversight.


id: cord-284477-3mspnc8q
title: Refugees besieged: The lurking threat of COVID-19 in Syrian war refugee camps
author: Kassem, Issmat I.
date: 2020-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-284477-3mspnc8q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284477-3mspnc8q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101736
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101736
abstract: nan
summary:
  Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests. For example, Lebanon, a country that hosts an estimated 1.5 million Syrian refugees (distributed in makeshift camps and other dwellings) is currently facing a very severe economic crisis, civil unrest (decreased after the pandemic), and a COVID-19 outbreak. In that regard, the UNCHR has appealed for urgent funding to combat COVID-19 in refugee camps, but the results of this initiative remain to be seen [5] . The health of refugees is intimately linked to that of their hosting communities and beyond, which is more reason to protect the camps from COVID-19. First report of the plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) in Proteus mirabilis isolated from domestic and sewer waters in Syrian refugee camps coli isolated from domestic and sewer waters in Syrian refugee camps in Lebanon


id: cord-286029-rafcdzhm
title: The potential of targeted antibody prophylaxis in SARS outbreak control: A mathematic analysis()
author: Bogaards, Johannes Antonie
date: 2006-05-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893906000202
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.01.007
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-like viruses continue to circulate in animal reservoirs. If new mutants of SARS coronavirus do initiate another epidemic, administration of prophylactic antibodies to risk groups may supplement the stringent isolation procedures that contained the first SARS outbreak. METHOD: We developed a mathematical model to investigate the effects of hospital admission and targeted antibody prophylaxis on the reproduction number R, defined as the number of secondary cases generated by an index case, during different SARS outbreak scenarios. RESULTS: Assuming a basic reproduction number R(0)=3, admission of patients to hospital within 4.3 days of symptom onset is necessary to achieve outbreak control without the need to further reduce community-based transmission. Control may be enhanced by providing pre-exposure prophylaxis to contacts of hospitalized patients, and through contact tracing and provision of post-exposure prophylaxis. Antibody prophylaxis may also be employed to reduce R below one and thereby restrict outbreak size and duration. CONCLUSIONS: Patient isolation alone can be sufficient to control SARS outbreaks provided that the time from onset to admission is short. Antibody prophylaxis as supplemental measure generally allows for containment of higher R(0) values and restricts both the size and duration of an outbreak.


id: cord-286654-sox98pp3
title: The inevitable Hajj cough: Surveillance data in French pilgrims, 2012–2014
author: Gautret, Philippe
date: 2015-10-03
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893915001519
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.09.008
abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections are the most common infection affecting Hajj pilgrims, and the ‘‘Hajj cough’’ is considered by pilgrims almost de rigueur. METHODS: French pilgrims were recruited between January 2012–December 2014 and information on demographics, medical history, compliance with preventive measures and health problems during travel were collected. RESULTS: A total of 382 pilgrims were included with 39.3% aged ≥65 years and 55.1% suffering from a chronic disease, most frequently hypertension and diabetes. The prevalence of cough was 80.9% and a high proportion presented with associated sore throat (91.0%), rhinitis (78.7%) and hoarseness (63.0%). Myalgia was reported in 48.3% of cases and subjective fever in 47.3%. The incubation time of respiratory symptoms was 7.7 days (range 0–25 days) and 51.9% of pilgrims presenting with a cough during their stay were still symptomatic on return. Among pilgrims with a cough, 69.4% took antibiotics. The prevalence of cough was significantly higher among females than men, but age, chronic conditions and preventive measures had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: The Hajj cough is highly common, likely a result of crowded conditions at religious places. Pilgrims should be advised to carry symptomatic relief for the Hajj cough such as cough suppressant, soothing throat lozenges and paracetamol. Use of antibiotics should be discouraged.


id: cord-287159-bjccnp7u
author: Yavarian, Jila
date: 2017-10-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29031546/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.007
title:
  Influenza virus but not MERS coronavirus circulation in Iran, 2013–2016: Comparison between pilgrims and general population

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The pilgrimage to Mecca and Karbala bring many Muslims to a confined area. Respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases transmitted during mass gatherings in Hajj, Umrah and Karbala. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and influenza virus infections among Iranian general population and pilgrims with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) returning from Mecca and Karbala during 2013–2016. METHODS: During 2013–2016, a total of 42351 throat swabs were examined for presence of influenza viruses and MERS-CoV in Iranian general population and pilgrims returning from Mecca and Karbala with SARI by using one step RT-PCR kit. RESULTS: None of the patients had MERS-CoV but influenza viruses were detected in 12.7% with high circulation of influenza A/H1N1 (47.1%). CONCLUSION: This study showed the prevalence of influenza infections among Iranian pilgrims and general population and suggests continuing surveillance, infection control and appropriate vaccination especially nowadays that the risk of influenza pandemic threatens the world, meanwhile accurate screening for MERS-CoV is also recommended.


id: cord-291025-u5z8zji3
author: Karami, Parisa
date: 2020-04-11
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920301332
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101665
title:
  Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: A case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings

abstract:
  This report highlights details on a pregnant case of COVID-19 who unfortunately did not survive. This 27-year-old woman at her 30 and 3/7 weeks’ gestation was referred to our center with fever, myalgia, and cough. The laboratory investigations showed leukopenia and lymphopenia as well as increased creatinine and CRP levels. The first chest X-ray (faint bilateral patchy opacities) and CT scan (some faint subpleural ground-glass opacities associated with pleural thickening) were not typical for initial COVID-19 pulmonary infection, however, the treatment for COVID-19 was started. Due to respiratory distress, she was intubated and put under mechanical ventilation. After a while, the fetus was born with Apgar score of 0 and did not react to the neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol. Finally, due to deterioration in the clinical and imaging findings, the patient was expired as a result of multi-organ failure. Following the death, autopsy was performed and the histopathologic evaluations of the lungs showed evidence of viral pneumonia (viral cytopathic effect and a mild increase in alveolar wall thickness) and ARDS (hyaline membrane). Also, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of maternal death with confirmed COVID-19 infection.


id: cord-295601-jdtmtjx5
title: COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people
author: Kabir, Mahvish
date: 2020-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-295601-jdtmtjx5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295601-jdtmtjx5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920301290
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101661
abstract: nan
summary:
  authors: Kabir, Mahvish; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Khan, Aisha; Ahmed, Haroon title: COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid COVID-19 pandemic and economic cost; impact on forcibly displaced people Dear Editor, The current outbreak of COVID-19 is estimated to cost $1 trillion to world''s economy during year 2020. People in refugee camps are already fighting for basic necessities of life and are currently under high risk of acquiring COVID-19. These refugee camps are mainly monitored and run by UNHCR. Data analysis revealed that 15 top economies of the world are badly hit by this COVID-19 outbreak. This economic crunch will have an effect on donation programs of these countries in coming months. This will further worsen the situation for these displaced people including 37 million children living in these camps [5, 6] .


id: cord-297954-87w2itin
author: Memish, Ziad A.
date: 2015-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-297954-87w2itin.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297954-87w2itin.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893915001131
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.06.012
summary:
  title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Contact screening showed positive test in 1 of 56 (1.8%) household contacts, and 3 of 250 (1.2%) HCWs. Summary Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. Since Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was described in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia [1] . Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study

title:
  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A cluster analysis with implications for global management of suspected cases

abstract:
  Since the initial description of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in September 2012, a total of 1038 cases of MERS-CoV including 460 deaths have been reported from Saudi Arabia. From August 24, 2013 to September 3, 2013, a total of 397 patients and contacts were tested for MERS-CoV. Of those tested, there were 18 (4.5%) MERS-CoV cases reported in Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah with one large cluster. In this report, we describe the outcome, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of this cluster of which 4 cases involved healthcare workers. Fourteen cases appeared to be linked to one cluster involving healthcare workers (HCWs), family and patient contacts. Of the 18 cases, five (including 2 HCWs) were community acquired, two were household contacts, and 11 were healthcare associated (including 4 HCWs). All except 4 cases were symptomatic and the case fatality rate was 39% (7 of 18). The outbreak resulted in human to human transmission of an estimated 6 cases. Contact screening showed positive test in 1 of 56 (1.8%) household contacts, and 3 of 250 (1.2%) HCWs.


id: cord-302735-zal2gr28
title: Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The unresolved paradox
author: Priyanka
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-302735-zal2gr28.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302735-zal2gr28.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303653
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101869
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-302735-zal2gr28 title: Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The unresolved paradox cord_uid: zal2gr28 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the aetiological agent 18 of coronavirus disease 2019 , has led to a global pandemic defying the 19 geographical borders and putting the lives of billions at risk. The commonly evident 20 symptoms include fever, altered sense of smell and/or taste, cough, sputum expectoration, 21 sore throat, dyspnoea, fatigue and myalgia; whereas the uncommon symptoms include 22 confusion, dizziness, headache, conjunctivitis, rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, hemoptysis, 23 chest pain, bronchial breath sounds, tachypnoea, crackles/rales on auscultation, cutaneous The transmission of respiratory pathogens have been associated with three primary modes 30 known as "contact," "droplet," and "airborne" transmission. These modes are also being 31 speculated in the context of SARS-CoV-2, but the existing research-based literature and the 32 consequent guidance from the leading public health agencies are still paradoxical. Viable 117 SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room 1 with COVID-19 patients. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2?


id: cord-302784-jkjdglns
author: Alotaibi, Badriah
date: 2019-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-302784-jkjdglns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302784-jkjdglns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.07.007
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.07.007
summary:
  title: Management of hospitalized drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the Hajj mass gathering: A cross sectional study This study documents the management of drug-sensitive TB patients during Hajj and explores the compliance of healthcare providers with the KSA TB management guidelines in the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Makkah during the mass gathering. The management of TB patients was documented using a specifically designed data collection form which included patients'' demographics data, underlying health conditions and TB risk factors as well as clinical data including various aspects of TB management such as patients'' screening, infection prevention and control (IPC), TB diagnosis and treatment and case notification and outcome. The result showed high level of compliance with the assessed TB management guidelines indices for systematic screening of TB suspects as well as IPC and surveillance, but low compliance scores were obtained for prompt TB diagnosis and use of standardized treatment regimen for drug-susceptible TB.

title:
  Management of hospitalized drug sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients during the Hajj mass gathering: A cross sectional study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: To document the management of drug-sensitive TB patients during the Hajj and assess compliance with the Saudi TB management guidelines. METHOD: The study was conducted in hospitals in Makkah during the 2016 and 2017 Hajj seasons. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on relevant indices on TB management and a scoring system was developed to assess compliance with guidelines. RESULTS: Data was collected from 31 TB cases, 65.4% (17/26) were Saudi residents. Sputum culture was the only diagnostic test applied in 67.7% (21/31) of patients. Most (96.8%, 30/31) confirmed TB cases were isolated, but only 12.9% (4/28) were tested for HIV and merely 37% (10/27) received the recommended four 1st-line anti-TB drugs. Guideline compliance scores were highest for infection prevention and control and surveillance (9.6/10) and identifying TB suspects (7.2/10). The least scores were obtained for treating TB (5.0/10) and diagnosing TB (3.0/10). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers training and supervision are paramount to improve their knowledge and skill and ensure their compliance with existing TB management guidelines. However, there may be a need for the introduction of an international policy/guideline for TB control and management during mass gatherings such as the Hajj to guide providers’ choices and facilitate monitoring.


id: cord-307460-v6xgkg1p
author: Hsu, Yu-Lung
date: 2020-06-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32544431/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101790
abstract: nan
title:
  Temperature and the difference in impact of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) between tropical and non-tropical regions in Taiwan


id: cord-307464-66eqh79t
title: A model-based tool to predict the propagation of infectious disease via airports
author: Hwang, Grace M.
date: 2012-01-13
txt: ./txt/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245113/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.12.003
summary:
  Influenza transmission; Susceptible-exposedinfectious-recovered (SEIR) disease-spread modeling; Public health aviation screening; Pandemic response; Points of entry Summary Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). We used a traditional Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model 20, 21 and an illustrative scheduled-flight dataset, to demonstrate how public health authorities could prioritize the allocation of responseresources in the U.S. at point of entry in response to a novel disease that was spreading rapidly outside of North America. To characterize possible patterns and rates of spread for an emerging infectious disease that could enter North America from various geographic points of origin, a prototypical novel pandemic influenza virus was simulated as an example of a human-to-human transmissible disease that is known to spread rapidly via air travel.

abstract:
  Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). Federal, state, and local public health responders must be able to plan for and respond to these events at aviation points of entry. The emergence of a novel influenza virus and its spread to the United States were simulated for February 2009 from 55 international metropolitan areas using three basic reproduction numbers (R(0)): 1.53, 1.70, and 1.90. Empirical data from the pH1N1 virus were used to validate our SEIR model. Time to entry to the U.S. during the early stages of a prototypical novel communicable disease was predicted based on the aviation network patterns and the epidemiology of the disease. For example, approximately 96% of origins (R(0) of 1.53) propagated a disease into the U.S. in under 75 days, 90% of these origins propagated a disease in under 50 days. An R(0) of 1.53 reproduced the pH1NI observations. The ability to anticipate the rate and location of disease introduction into the U.S. provides greater opportunity to plan responses based on the scenario as it is unfolding. This simulation tool can aid public health officials to assess risk and leverage resources efficiently.


id: cord-312691-ynh84b98
author: Mohd, Hamzah A.
date: 2016-09-24
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893916301260
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.09.008
title:
  Predictors of MERS-CoV infection: A large case control study of patients presenting with ILI at a MERS-CoV referral hospital in Saudi Arabia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: A case control study to better characterize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiological abnormalities associated with MERS-CoV infection in order to help with early identification of this syndrome from other respiratory infections. METHODS: Eighty patients admitted to a hospital in Riyadh, diagnosed with MERS-CoV infection based on RT-PCR were matched on age, sex, and the presence of a co-morbid condition on a basis of 1:2 to other patients admitted with respiratory symptoms and tested negative for MERS-CoV on RT-PCR. RESULTS: None of the reported MERS-CoV presenting symptoms was significantly associated with being infected with MERS-CoV. On the other hand, WBC count was significantly lower in patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection (median 5.7 vs 9.3, P: 0.0004). Neutrophil count was as well significantly lower in MERS-CoV patients (median 3.7 vs 6.7, P: 0.0001). Both AST, and ALT values were significantly higher in MERS-CoV infected group (AST median 42 vs 36, P: 0.03, and ALT median 33 vs 28, P: 0.003). Overall our MERS-CoV mortality rate was (10%) below the national figure of (40%). CONCLUSIONS: None of the presenting symptoms are specific for MERS-CoV infection. And out of all the investigations WBC, neutrophil counts, AST and ALT values have some predictive utility.


id: cord-314421-j5psma9i
title: The cancellation of mass gatherings (MGs)? Decision making in the time of COVID-19
author: Ahmed, Qanta A.
date: 2020-03-14
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920300995
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101631
abstract:
  Our recommendation, as experts who have monitored health hazards at the Hajj for over 15 years, especially if the situation with COVID-19 continues to escalate globally is that Hajj 2020 will be at risk of being suspended and a means for Muslims to fulfill their rights in the future either personally or even by proxy need to be announced. The same holds true for the Summer 2020 Olympics in Japan and for many other MGs and large gatherings. Decisions in the time of COVID-19 will be closely followed and will be a blueprint for other mass gatherings.


id: cord-314607-bcocsjij
author: Memish, Ziad A.
date: 2011-12-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197024/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.002
title:
  The prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in Makkah during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic

abstract:
  Despite the high risk of acquiring respiratory infections, healthcare workers who treat pilgrims at Hajj have not been studied in previous research on respiratory diseases during Hajj. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of different respiratory viruses among healthcare workers who treated pilgrims during Hajj 2009, the year of the influenza A H1N1 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was performed just before and after Hajj (25–29 November, 2009). Nasal and throat swabs were tested for 18 respiratory virus types and subtypes. A total of 184 healthcare workers were examined. Most were men (85%) with an average age of 41 years. Before the Hajj, rates of seasonal influenza vaccination were higher (51%) than rates of pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccination (22%). After the Hajj, participants reported high rates of maintaining hand hygiene (98%), cough etiquette (89%), and wearing a face mask (90%). Among all the viruses tested, only two were detected: rhinovirus was detected in 12.6% and Coronavirus 229E in 0.6%. Rhinovirus was detected in 21% of those who had respiratory symptoms during Hajj. Influenza A (including H1N1), influenza B. respiratory syncytial virus, other coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus were not detected. The finding of high rates of rhinovirus infection corresponds to their frequent occurrence in adults. None of the participants had influenza A H1N1 2009, possibly because it was also infrequent among the 2009 pilgrims.


id: cord-316097-608qex0d
title: Asymptomatic coronavirus infection: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.
date: 2020-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-316097-608qex0d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316097-608qex0d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32114075/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101608
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Asymptomatic coronavirus infection: MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) A recent review in this journal showed that an increase in the rate of asymptomatic individuals with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) increased from 0% to 28.6% [1] . The increase in the number of cases is alarming and brought the fear of having viral transmission from asymptomatic individuals. The contribution of asymptomatic persons with MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 to the transmission is not well characterized. Those asymptomatic cases may play a role in the transmission and thus pose a significant infection control challenge. However, the contribution of asymptomatic cases in the transmission of these viruses is not well known and deserve further studies to examine the extent of occurrence and the role in transmission. Asymptomatic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: extent and implications for infection control: a systematic review Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany


id: cord-320893-bgn04zh3
author: Mubarak, Naeem
date: 2020-06-09
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920302763?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101786
abstract: nan
title:
  Religious tourism and mass religious gatherings — The potential link in the spread of COVID-19. Current perspective and future implications


id: cord-324345-j43rpvwk
title: SARS – My personal battle
author: Leong, Hoe Nam
date: 2010-11-19
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.10.007
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2010.10.007
abstract:
  It isn’t every day that a doctor becomes a patient. It is more peculiar when it occurs with an unknown mysterious epidemic respiratory illness that kills. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) gripped the world in 2003, spreading via air-links and throwing the global economy into disarray. As a practicing physician in Singapore, one of the first countries affected, I describe my first-hand account of my battle with this illness, how I acquired this illness in Singapore, and eventually quarantine in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.


id: cord-325069-wxdkao69
author: Khatri, Priyanka
date: 2020-03-20
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101636
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101636
title:
  YouTube as source of information on 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: a cross sectional study of English and Mandarin content

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The current 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is rapidly evolving. YouTube has been recognized as a popular source of information in previous disease outbreaks. We analyzed the content on YouTube about n-CoV in English and Mandarin languages. METHODS: YouTube was searched using the terms ‘2019 novel coronavirus’, ‘Wuhan virus’ and ‘武汉病毒’ (Mandarin for Wuhan virus) on 1st and 2nd February 2020. First 50 videos in each group were analyzed. Videos in other languages, duplicate videos, those without an audio and duration >15 min were excluded .72 videos in English and 42 in Mandarin were reviewed. 2 reviewers classified the videos as useful, misleading or news based on pre specified criterion. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated with kappa coefficient. Modified DISCERN index for reliability and medical information and content index (MICI) score were used for content analysis. RESULTS: These videos attracted cumulative 21,288,856 views. 67% of English and 50% Mandarin videos had useful information. The viewership of misleading Mandarin videos was higher than the useful ones. WHO accounted for only 4% of useful videos. Mean DISCERN score for reliability was 3.12/5 and 3.25/5 for English and Mandarin videos respectively. Mean cumulative MICI score of useful videos was low (6.71/25 for English and 6.28/25 for Mandarin). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube viewership during 2019 n-CoV outbreak is higher than previous outbreaks. The medical content of videos is suboptimal International health agencies are underrepresented. Given its popularity, YouTube should be considered as important platform for information dissemination.


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
author: Dhama, Kuldeep
date: 2020-08-02
txt: ./txt/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327063-ea7a1xfl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303264
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830
summary:
  The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARSand MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease. Further research exploring the SARS-CoV-2 associated zoonosis and mechanisms accounting for its initial transmission from animals to humans, will lead to sort out the spread of this virus as well as design and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present comprehensive manuscript presents an overview on COVID-19, an emerging SARS-CoV-2 infectious disease while focusing mainly on the events and circumstantial evidences with regards to this virus jumping the species barriers, sharing a few lessons learned from SARS-and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic spillover events (zoonosis), acquiring transmission ability to infect humans, and adopting appropriate preventive and control measures [42] .

title:
  SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus

abstract:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in China in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 215 countries/territories while killing nearly 0.62 million humans out of cumulative confirmed infected asymptomatic or symptomatic cases accounting to almost 15 million as of July 22, 2020, within a short period of just a few months. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of the animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter the COVID-19. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease.


id: cord-335007-27a3h2lo
author: Dreyer, Nancy A.
date: 2020-11-03
txt: ./txt/cord-335007-27a3h2lo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335007-27a3h2lo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893920304051?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101909
summary:
  title: Self-reported symptoms from exposure to Covid-19 provide support to clinical diagnosis, triage and prognosis: An exploratory analysis We identify factors indicating COVID-19 positivity in non-hospitalized patients and prognosticators of moderate-to-severe disease. METHODS: Appeals conducted in April-June 2020 in social media, collaborating medical societies and patient advocacy groups recruited 20,476 participants ≥18 years who believed they had COVID-19 exposure. Volunteers consented on-line and reported height, weight, concomitant illnesses, medication and supplement use, residential, occupational or community COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and symptom severity on a 4-point scale. We build on these models using community-driven research to characterize symptoms indicative of a positive COVID-19 viral test result and identify risk factors for development of serious symptoms of COVID-19 infection outside the hospital setting. Anosmia and ageusia were the most likely symptoms indicative of a positive test results, and participants reporting either of these had more symptoms and of greater severity [8] .

title:
  Self-reported symptoms from exposure to Covid-19 provide support to clinical diagnosis, triage and prognosis: An exploratory analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Symptomatic COVID-19 is prevalent in the community. We identify factors indicating COVID-19 positivity in non-hospitalized patients and prognosticators of moderate-to-severe disease. METHODS: Appeals conducted in April-June 2020 in social media, collaborating medical societies and patient advocacy groups recruited 20,476 participants ≥18 years who believed they had COVID-19 exposure. Volunteers consented on-line and reported height, weight, concomitant illnesses, medication and supplement use, residential, occupational or community COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and symptom severity on a 4-point scale. Of the 12,117 curated analytic population 2,279 reported a COVID-19 viral test result: 865 positive (COVID+) and 1,414 negative (COVID-). RESULTS: The triad of anosmia, ageusia and fever best distinguished COVID+ from COVID-participants (OR 6.07, 95% CI: 4.39 to 8.47). COVID+ subjects with BMI≥30, concomitant respiratory disorders or an organ transplant had increased risk of moderate-to- severe dyspnoea. Race and anti-autoimmunity medication did not affect moderate-to-severe dyspnea risk. CONCLUSIONS: The triad of anosmia, ageusia and fever differentiates COVID-19. Elevated risks of severe symptoms outside the hospital were most evident among the obese and those with pulmonary comorbidity. Race and use of medication for autoimmune disease did not predict severe disease. These findings should facilitate rapid COVID-19 diagnosis and triage in settings without testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04368065, EU PAS register EUPAS36240.


id: cord-338136-nbtkl5cx
title: Geographies of risk: Emerging infectious diseases and travel health data
author: Clemente, Nuria Sanchez
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-338136-nbtkl5cx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338136-nbtkl5cx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101806
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101806
abstract: nan
summary:
  Reflecting on the findings of Petridou and colleagues, 1 describing imported ZIKV cases to the UK between 2016-2018, confirmed at the Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, we look back to the 2015-2017 Zika virus (ZIKV) pandemic and reflect on some of the opportunities and limitations presented by data obtained from returning travellers in enhancing understanding of emerging infectious diseases. Given travellers'' well-defined temporal windows of potential exposure, improved recollections of risk behaviors, and access to well-resourced travel clinic laboratories, travel health data are uniquely positioned to provide insights into the pathogenesis of emergent infectious diseases. While travel health data has the opportunity to build on this foundation and provide novel insights about emerging infectious agents, the fastest progress will be made through meaningful bi-directional international partnerships built on respectful collaboration, commitments to capacity building, and cooperative efforts to bolster surveillance. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease requires that all authors sign a declaration of conflicting interests.


id: cord-339444-f8lfob47
author: Bigna, Jean Joel
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32980540/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101886
abstract: nan
title:
  Claims about the safety and efficacy of early treatment of COVID-19 with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin must be supported by real evidence


id: cord-340094-u3x4g8ul
author: D’Alò, Gian Loreto
date: 2020-09-02
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303665
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101870
abstract: nan
title:
  Microbial contamination of the surface of mobile phones and implications for the containment of the Covid-19 pandemic


id: cord-340942-oatf59k0
author: Magalhães, Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-340942-oatf59k0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340942-oatf59k0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971239/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101884
summary:
  METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. Here, we describe for the first time the clinical, epidemiological and demographic features of the first 557 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil, who were diagnosed between March 12 and April 22, 2020. Patient epidemiological information, demographic and clinical characteristics, including medical history, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, underlying co-morbidities, and date of disease onset were obtained from electronic medical records of the Pernambuco Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN) and analyzed. Regarding the distribution of COVID-19 cases in the different household income ranges (Fig. 1B) , we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in neighborhoods with greater purchasing power. Here, we described for the first time the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Pernambuco between 12 March and April 22, 2020.

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 successive patients with COVID-19 in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: South America is the current epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the epidemiological and clinical features of the disease have not been described in Brazil, the third most affected country in the world. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. RESULTS: The first COVID-19 cases occurred in the high income population. The age of infected patients ranged from 27 days to 97 years with a median of 47 years. The ratio of males to female in the SARS-CoV-2-infected group was 0.83:1. The most common symptom was cough (74.51%), followed by fever (66.79%), dyspnea (56.01%), sore throat (28.19%) and O(2) saturation <95% (24.42%). 86.44% of the lethal cases were patients older than 51 years. The median time from illness onset to diagnosis was 4.0 days (range 0–39 days) Severe patients diagnosed after 14 days of symptoms onset had higher viral load than patients with mild disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides important information about COVID-19 in the tropics and will assist physicians and health officials to face the current pandemics as SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread in the human population.


id: cord-341101-5yvjbr5q
author: Hashem, Anwar M.
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-341101-5yvjbr5q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341101-5yvjbr5q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32387694/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101735
summary:
  While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. In general, studies showed no significant effect of CQ on CoVs including SARS-CoV and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) replication or clinical scores in mice and cats, respectively [105, 110] . There are very limited published clinical trials that studied the possible antiviral effect of CQ or HCQ in CoV and non-CoV infected patients (Table 5 ). Anti-malaria drug chloroquine is highly effective in treating avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an animal model In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro

title:
  Therapeutic use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 and other viral infections: A narrative review

abstract:
  The rapidly spreading Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented serious challenge to the global public health community. The extremely rapid international spread of the disease with significant morbidity and mortality made finding possible therapeutic interventions a global priority. While approved specific antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking, a large number of existing drugs are being explored as a possible treatment for COVID-19 infected patients. Recent publications have re-examined the use of Chloroquine (CQ) and/or Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. In an attempt to explore the evidence that supports their use in COVID-19 patients, we comprehensively reviewed the previous studies which used CQ or HCQ as an antiviral treatment. Both CQ and HCQ demonstrated promising in vitro results, however, such data have not yet been translated into meaningful in vivo studies. While few clinical trials have suggested some beneficial effects of CQ and HCQ in COVID-19 patients, most of the reported data are still preliminary. Given the current uncertainty, it is worth being mindful of the potential risks and strictly rational the use of these drugs in COVID-19 patients until further high quality randomized clinical trials are available to clarify their role in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.


id: cord-341187-jqesw4e8
author: Yu, Xinhua
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-341187-jqesw4e8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341187-jqesw4e8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101858
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101858
summary:
  title: Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 7 We investigate the impact of population structure, case importation, asymptomatic cases, and the number of contacts on a possible second wave of epidemic through mathematical modelling. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Epidemic model simulation has been used extensively to estimate essential epidemic parameters, In this study, we will build a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model [27] to simulate the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the impact of population structure, asymptomatic cases, case importation, and the number of contacts on the epidemic progression.

title:
  Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Proactive interventions have halted the pandemic of coronavirus infected disease in some regions. However, without reaching herd immunity, the return of epidemic is possible. We investigate the impact of population structure, case importation, asymptomatic cases, and the number of contacts on a possible second wave of epidemic through mathematical modelling. METHODS: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. RESULTS: A larger percent of elderly people leads to higher number of hospitalizations, while a large percent of prior infection will effectively curb the epidemic. The number of imported cases and the speed of importation have small impact on the epidemic progression. However, a higher percent of asymptomatic cases slows the epidemic down and reduces the number of hospitalizations and deaths at the epidemic peak. Finally, reducing the number of contacts among young people alone has moderate effects on themselves, but little effects on the elderly population. However, reducing the number of contacts among elderly people alone can mitigate the epidemic significantly in both age groups, even though young people remain active within themselves. CONCLUSION: Reducing the number of contacts among high risk populations alone can mitigate the burden of epidemic in the whole society. Interventions targeting high risk groups may be more effective in containing or mitigating the epidemic.


id: cord-353507-n01ce0x3
title: Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Useful lessons from Vietnam
author: Dao, Thi Loi
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-353507-n01ce0x3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353507-n01ce0x3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303185
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101822
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic: Useful lessons from Vietnam Vietnam faces a high risk of a severe COVID-19 outbreak, as the country has a nearly 1,500 km border with China and a large population of nearly 100 million people. Despite limited resources of middle-income country, Vietnam has managed to take the control of the outbreak since the first cases were confirmed more than five months ago. Vietnam is one of the best countries conducting intensive surveillance and lockdown operation for all newly COVID-19-confirmed cases. People in the close contact with the confirmed case, named F1, must undertake testing and government-run quarantine. Multiples effective measures have been key to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam to date. An adaptive model of health system organization and responses helped Vietnam to successfully halt the Covid-19 pandemic: What lessons can be learned from a resource-constrained country


