cord-007440-7gcpk9x9	2005	After considering various alternatives of fulfilling the criteria established for a global approach to immunization, it has become clear that our only choice is the production of vaccines or other materials of biomedical importance in plants. Immunogenicity was tested in mice, which were either injected with or fed the plant-produced vaccine ( as compared to controls; high-titer antibodies against RSV were also induced. To express rabies vaccine in plants, we have used a recombinant alfalfa mosaic virus in spinach leaves. Research conducted by Dr. Kisung Ko, led to the production of a transgenic tobacco plant containing the heavy and light chains of human rabies antibody. The two chains recombined in the plants to produce a complete antirabies antibody, which was as effective as the original antibody in animals, before and after exposure to rabies (Table 4 ).
cord-010266-elhgew3x	1998	An example of the implications of these changes may be seen in the area of vaccines and vaccination which evinces the pressing need to review traditional ethical positions to take the maximum advantage of the potential for animal and human benefit inherent in this prophylactic approach to healthcare. Such an ethical problem is thrown up by the willingness of our communities to spend billions of dollars to provide therapeutic and prophylactic agents to control the spread and effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), while the disease would be eliminated were people to engage in safe, condom-protected, intercourse in their pre-or extramarital sexual relationships where the prospective partners had not been thoroughly tested for the presence of serum antibodies to the virus. Were we to have an effective orally deliverable contraceptive vaccine'' (pregnancy results from the infection of the female by a male spermatozoan) then ethical considerations will be required to determine the way in which such a powerful tool for population control might be used.
cord-010279-ytnv0map	2002	The preparation and application of the aziridine compound binary ethylenimine (BEI) and the necessary conditions for and controls of the inactivation process are described and discussed. The first report of a (bacterial) virus inactivation by ethylenimine, the basic aziridine substance, was published in 1955 by Raettig and Uecker Is. Hurst in 1957 x6 was of the opinion that vaccines prepared with AEI as inactivant were antigenically superior to vaccines inactivated with formaldehyde and would guarantee inactivation of the virus. In 1961 Uecker 22 reported the linearity of inactivation of bacterial viruses by ethylenimine derivatives and Graves and Arlinghaus described in 1967 the linearity of AEI inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus 23. Formaldehyde inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus as applied to vaccine preparation Binary ethylenimine as an inactivant for foot-and-mouth disease virus and its application for vaccine production
cord-252293-8286lsof	2018	
cord-252856-oc0zd11h	2016	The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) assembled high-profile leaders from global health organisations and vaccine manufactures for its 16th Annual General Meeting to work towards a common goal: providing quality vaccines for all people. DCVMN members presented their progress in developing novel vaccines against Dengue, HPV, Chikungunya, Cholera, cell-based influenza and other vaccines, demonstrating the commitment towards eliminating and eradicating preventable diseases worldwide through global collaboration and technology transfer. Combatting preventable diseases remains challenging, and collective efforts for improving multi-centre clinical trials, creating regional vaccine security strategies, fostering developing vaccine markets and procurement, and building trust in vaccines were discussed. DCVMN is the largest alliance of corporate manufacturers, supplying over 300 vaccine types in various presentations to immunisation programmes, and contributing significantly to global public health efforts to eradicate polio, eliminate and control the spread of known and emerging infectious diseases around the world.
cord-253477-gptjqti7	2019	title: Comparative protective immunity provided by live vaccines of Newcastle disease virus or avian metapneumovirus when co-administered alongside classical and variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in day-old broiler chicks Abstract This study reports on the simultaneous administration of live NDV or aMPV subtype B vaccines alongside two live IBV (Massachusetts-H120 and 793B-CR88) vaccines in day-old maternal-antibody positive commercial broiler chicks. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) are respiratory RNA viruses that primarily infect the tracheal epithelium of chickens [7] . Post challenge, high viral loads were present in the trachea (Fig. 2 For the kidney samples at 14 and 21 dpv, Groups B (IBV vaccinated) and C (NDV + IBV vaccinated) increased from 14 to 21 dpv (0.81 to 3.13 log REU and 1.15 to 1.42 log REU respectively) (Fig. 1) .
cord-253656-2x4y403o	2020	In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of CHO-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc fusion protein in mice, rabbits, and monkeys as a potential candidate for a COVID-19 vaccine. Most importantly, in less than 20 days and three injections of the S1-Fc fusion protein, two monkeys developed higher virus neutralizing titers than a recovered COVID-19 patient in a live SARS-CoV-2 infection assay. The sera were collected on Day 38 and evaluated by ELISA against SARS-CoV-2 S1-6His protein using HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG Fc-specific secondary antibodies. As shown in Table 1 and Fig. 5A , immunization of SARS-CoV-2 S1-Fc fusion protein with AD20Gold + as adjuvant also induced very high neutralizing activities with IC50 titers >3000 and IC90 titers around 440-501 in both rabbits on Day 27 after immunizations. Beside high levels of the anti-S1 antibodies elicited, higher neutralizing activities against live SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or pseudovirus from the anti-sera of macaques and rabbits.
cord-254620-xcblqg4z	2020	More detailed empirical case studies would be necessary to uncover the policy reasons for the presence or absence of mandates within NIPs. Nonetheless, it may be reasonable to infer that lower-income countries have fewer human and financial resources to undertake, administer, and enforce mandayWe were unable to verify the legal basis for mandatory immunization in Jordan. Survey participants in countries with mandatory immunization were asked about specific populations subject to mandates (i.e., age [children under 1 and 5 years of age and school-aged children -that yExcludes Canada and the USA due to subnational variation in those countries. However, it should be noted that these subnational jurisdictions appear also to have relatively broad mandates -Ontario and New Brunswick require immunization against 9 and 11 infectious diseases, respectively, for school entry, with similarthough varying -numbers for US states.
cord-255026-fdp6mies	2007	The experiences of an OIE-Collaborating Centre and of two EU project consortia are summarised on the diagnostic application of gel-based PCR, general PCR systems, phylogeny, molecular epidemiology, real-time PCR (TaqMan, Molecular Beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer), amplification without thermocycling (Invader), multiplex PCR, nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, automation and quality control, including internal controls.
cord-255549-i2o6rs29	2017	After decades of intense competition for high-value markets, collaboration with developing countries has become critical, and involvement of multiple manufacturers as well as publicand private-sector investments are essential, for developing new vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. Face-to-face panel discussions facilitated the dialogue around challenges, such as risks of viability to vaccine development and regulatory convergence, to improve access to sustainable vaccine supply. In 2016, 50 corporate members are working to provide high-quality vaccines, and contribute to global health initiatives, ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supply to countries, to advance eradication of polio and facilitate response to emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) or outbreaks like the Zika outbreak [1] . I. Danel, Deputy Director from PAHO, outlined achievements of public health goals in the Americas, including extension of the reach of national immunization programs, new vaccine introductions, strengthening of regulatory pathways and improving financing and forecasting mechanisms.
cord-255625-4r6ng57a	2020	
cord-255734-038xu4hq	2006	The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Spike-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that neutralize the virus have been developed [51, 52] and passive transfer of immune serum into naive mice protected them from infection with SARS-CoV [18] . Mice immunized with a plasmid containing the S protein produced anti-SARS-CoV IgG [64] and developed neutralizing antibodies and a T-cell mediated response resulting in a six-fold reduction in viral titer in the lungs [65] . Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets
cord-256784-wfaqim7d	2016	Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in September 2012 from a patient in Saudi Arabia who presented two months earlier with severe acute respiratory infection and acute renal failure [1] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS-CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines Effects of human anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibodies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralization escape and fitness Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara efficiently induces virus-neutralizing antibodies Systemic and mucosal immunity in mice elicited by a single immunization with human adenovirus type 5 or 41 vector-based vaccines carrying the spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus Exceptionally potent neutralization of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by human monoclonal antibodies
cord-257533-i85dyg8n	2020	title: Allocation criteria for an initial shortage of a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and necessary measures for global immunity Although healthcare systems around the world currently are fully absorbed with the day-today challenge of slowing down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ongoing research makes it very likely that a protective vaccine will be developed within a rather short period of time [1, 2] . Given the unprecedented public attention to the issue, these criteria must be medically adequate, socially fair, transparent, verifiable, and easily understandable for non-experts, in order to bridge thehopefully short but anyway relevant-initial shortage of vaccine supply without creating social discomfort or even unrest. As current data clearly show that COVID-19 mortality is strongly associated with age [7] , it should be the leading and also easily verifiable medical parameter for the distribution of the expected vaccine during an initial scarcity.
cord-257792-m7nij17v	2016	In this study, the screening for the presence of SARS-specific T cells in a cohort of three SARS-recovered individuals at 9 and 11 years post-infection was carried out, and all memory T cell responses detected target the SARS-CoV structural proteins. As shown in Fig. 1 , higher frequencies of IFN␥producing SFUs were observed for in vitro-expanded PBMCs from SARS subject 1 compared to the healthy individual, suggesting the presence of SARS-specific memory T cells at 9 years post-infection. In another study looking at SARSspecific memory T cell responses in SARS-recovered individuals at 4 years post-infection, 28.75% of them presented T cell responses to M peptides [22] , further supporting the role of M protein in eliciting dominant cellular immunity during SARS-CoV infection. In SARS subject 1 at 6 years post-infection, a HLA-B*1525-restricted memory CD8 + T cell response targeting the N53 peptide, corresponding to residues 261-275 of N protein, was detected.
cord-258902-h0wrs01h	2020	title: Enhanced Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibodies by the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain Fc Fusion Protein in Mice The cell-cell fusion assay results correlated well with the virus neutralization potency and could be used for high-throughput screening of large panels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and vaccines without the requirement of live virus infection in BSL3 containment. Based on its highly homology to SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 RBD is corroborated to contain immune dominant epitopes capable of eliciting antibodies that can neutralize viral infection and block viral entry by competing hACE2 Pseudovirus neutralization assay was then performed by incubation of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus with serially diluted mice serum for 1h at 37 °C, followed by addition of the mixture into pre-seeded 293T-ACE2 cells. On day 0 (pre-immunization), day 13 and day 27, mouse sera were collected and analyzed for RBD binding, pseudovirus and live virus neutralization, and cell-cell fusion inhibition.
cord-259299-z3o4t7mz	1998	title: Protection of swine by live and inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinase-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that a genetically engineered variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A12 lacking the leader proteinase-coding region (A12-LLV2) was attenuated and induced an immune response that partially protected cattle from FMD. Animals vaccinated with chemically inactivated A12-LLV2 or wild-type (WT) virus in oil adjuvant developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies and were protected from FMD upon challenge. Intramuscular vaccination of BEI-inactivated virus in adjuvant (both induced high neutralizing antibody titers (Table I) and these animals had antibodies to the viral structural proteins as detected by RIP (Figure 1) . As expected all animals Figure 3 Immunoprecipitation of viral proteins with serum from swine vaccinated with live or BEI-inactivated A12-LLV2 in the absence of adjuvant.
cord-260145-grz0fe9l	2009	title: Altered pathogenicity, immunogenicity, tissue tropism and 3′-7 kb region sequence of an avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain after serial passage in embryos In this study, we attenuated a Chinese LX4-type nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain, CK/CH/LHLJ/04V, by serial passage in embryonated chicken eggs. At the age of 15 days, groups 1-4 were inoculated intranasally with 0.1 ml per chick containing 10 4.7 -10 4.8 median embryo infectious doses (EID 50 ) at passage level 3 of strains CH/CK/LHLJ/04V, CK/CH/LDL/04II, CK/CH/LXJ/02I and CK/CH/LSHH/03I. The CH/CK/LHLJ/04V strain was serially passaged 110 times by inoculating 9-day-old SPF chicken eggs by the allantoic cavity route as described previously [19] . Virus titrations were performed in 9-day-old embryonated chicken SPF eggs via the allantoic cavity route of inoculation, and titers were expressed as 50% (median) embryo infectious doses (EID 50 ) [9, 37] .
cord-260334-xo8ruswo	2019	Murine antisera with neutralising activity for the coronavirus causative of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were induced by immunisation of Balb/c mice with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein. To test the neutralising capacity of these antisera in vivo, susceptibility to MERS-CoV was induced in naive recipient Balb/c mice by the administration of an adenovirus vector expressing the human DPP4 receptor (Ad5-hDPP4) for MERS-CoV, prior to the passive transfer of the RBD-specific murine antisera to the transduced mice. The data gained indicate that this dual-route vaccination with novel formulations of the RBD-Fc, induced systemic and mucosal anti-viral immunity with demonstrated in vitro and in vivo neutralisation capacity for clinical strains of MERS-CoV. We have used this transduced mouse model to test the capacity of the antiserum derived from the dual route immunisation to neutralise MERS-CoV in vivo, by passive transfer prior to challenge with the EMC2012 strain and we have demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load in lung tissue in transduced mice.
cord-260667-5aurua6o	2013	
cord-260761-ngms51ie	2011	title: AIK-C measles vaccine expressing fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus induces protective antibodies in cotton rats When cotton rats immunized with MVAIK/RSV/G were challenged with RSV subgroup A, low levels of infectious virus were recovered from lung. Reverse genetics of the AIK-C live attenuated vaccine was performed and in this study, recombinant AIK-C MV vaccine strains encoding the RSV G or F protein were constructed, and immunogenicity and protective effects against RSV were investigated in cotton rats immunized with recombinant measles vaccines, expressing RSV G or F protein. Cotton rats were sacrificed 10 days after immunization with MVAIK/RSV/G and F, and samples of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, thymus, and nasal turbinate were obtained to detect the MV genome. The recombinant measles virus (MVAIK) triggered an immune response three weeks after vaccination in cotton rats. In non-immunized cotton rats, 10 5.4 and 10 4.5 PFU of infectious virus were recovered from 20 mg of lung tissue four days after the RSV challenge.
cord-261274-y74smbtd	2000	
cord-262542-vevsgkp6	2017	title: ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS with tPA elicited cellular immune responses as well as neutralising antibodies that were boosted to a significantly higher level by MVA MERS. Here, we report development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates that are based on two different viral vectors: Chimpanzee Adenovirus, Oxford University #1 (ChAdOx1) [26] and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) [27, 28] . Previously, we reported the ability of the strong early F11 promoter to enhance cellular immunogenicity of vaccine antigen candidates for malaria and influenza, as compared to utilising p7.5 or mH5 early/late promoters which resulted in a lower level of gene expression immediately after virus infection of target cells, but higher levels at a later stage [31] .
cord-262940-eyejnexx	2013	In the present study, we assembled IBV VLPs containing M and S proteins using a baculovirus expression system and we further evaluated the VLPs immune responses in mice and chickens. The results showed that, 2 weeks after the primary vaccination (day 14), both of VLPs and inactivated H120 groups could not detected serum IgG titers, and the differences between these and PBS groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05); but following the second immunization (day 28), the IgG titers of the VLPs and inactivated H120 groups increased (Fig. 6 ) and were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the PBS group. The results showed that VLPs and inactivated H120 groups had statistically significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers (P < 0.01) than the PBS group (Fig. 7) . Virus like particles (VLPs) and inactivated H120 groups had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers (P < 0.01) than the PBS group.
cord-263443-m98qisld	2020	title: Caregiver willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: cross sectional survey Purpose To investigate predictors associated with global caregivers'' intent to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, when the vaccine becomes available. A univariate and subsequent multivariate analysis found that increased intended uptake was associated with children that were older, children with no chronic illness, when fathers completed the survey, children up-to-date on their vaccination schedule, recent history of vaccination against influenza, and caregivers concerned their child had COVID-19 at the time of survey completion in the ED. Conclusions The majority of caregivers intend to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, though uptake will likely be associated with specific factors such as child and caregiver demographics and vaccination history. Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against 413 pandemic influenza: A systematic review Factors associated with parental 417 acceptance and refusal of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccine in Turkey
cord-263862-zzys31e9	2007	Therefore, this leads us to suggest that ALVAC can act as a Th1 polarizing adjuvant by inducing local inflammation [7] , resulting in DC maturation and chemokine production which in turn causes the recruitment of IFN-␥ secreting NK cells. Understanding the mechanism of adjuvant action of ALVAC, will allow more effective targeting of the desired immune response by taking advantage of the fact that ALVAC can be manipulated to encode a variety of immunomodulatory transgenes, e.g. GM-CSF [11] or IL-12 [12] that can further enhance the activation of NK cells or DCs. Six to eight week old female Balb/c ByJ mice (Charles River, Les Oncins, France) or 129/Sv, IFN-␣ receptor knockout and IFN-␥ receptor knockout (B + K Universal, Hull, UK) were used. In order to detect circulating IFN-␣ groups of Balb/c mice were immunised i.m. with 1/10th of the human dose of ALVAC and then bled at various time-points, and the levels of IFN-␣ in the serum were determined by ELISA.
cord-265757-8ces57rn	2009	The major items included: (1) to identify a group that will organize, prepare, maintain, and distribute proficiency panels and key reagents such as reference and control sera; (2) to encourage the development and identification of one or more reference laboratories that can serve as an anchor and resource for other laboratories; (3) to define a performance-based assay method that can serve as a reference point for evaluating laboratory differences; (4) to develop guidance on quality of other reagents, e.g., pertussis toxin and other antigens, and methods to demonstrate their suitability; (5) to establish an international working group to harmonize the criteria to evaluate the results obtained on reference and proficiency panel sera; (6) to create an inventory to determine the amount of appropriate and well-characterized sera that are available globally to be used as bridging reagents for vaccine licensure; and (7) to seek specific guidance from regulatory authorities regarding the expectations and requirements for the licensure of new multicomponent pertussis vaccines.
cord-266204-ipa017wz	2018	This has advanced the science beyond that of reductionist scientific approaches by revealing novel interactions between and within the immune system and other biological systems (beyond transcriptional level), which are critical to developing "downstream" adaptive humoral and cellular responses to infectious pathogens and vaccines. A decade ago, we described the idea of vaccinomics and adversomics, based on the immune response network theory [5, 6] , which utilizes immunogenetics/imunogenomics and systems biology approaches to understand the basis for inter-individual variations in vaccineinduced immune responses in humans, as well as the basis for adverse side effects from vaccines [7] . Published data reveal that innate and adaptive immunity is decreased with age, but the systems-level mechanisms for these findings are unclear [66, 68] , particularly in regard to influenza and other viral vaccine responses where the morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs are greater in older individuals [11] .
cord-266745-jit1xeqc	2010	title: Passive protection effect of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins on enterovirus 71 infected mice The results of the neutralization effect of specific IgY in EV71-challenged mice demonstrate that the EV71-specific IgY, either by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, was able to significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality in EV71 infected mice pups. This study was subjected to produce IgY against enterovirus 71 (anti-EV71 IgY) and evaluated the inhibition effects of specific IgY on EV71, including in vitro virus neutralization test and in vivo ICR mice model. In trial 1, we challenged 1-day-old mice with a mouse-adapted EV71 strain MP4 by intraperitoneally administering a dosage of 10 5 pfu per mouse, and treated with specific IgY of neutralization titer 64. This indicates that the orally fed specific IgY effectively neutralized the viral attack in the gastroenteric duct, thereby blocking the infection of virus in challenged mice.
cord-267712-mhx8e5y0	2012	Due to its potent capabilities in triggering cellular, humoral, and mucosal immunities in animals, even after a single administration, recombinant VSV has been studied as a vaccine vector not only for preventing vesicular stomatitis disease in livestock [4] , but a number of human pathogens including: Influenza virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, and Hepatitis C virus [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In vivo, however, VSV M protein mutant proved to be only moderately attenuated in experimental infections [16, 21] , whereas there is currently no information available if recombinant VSV with truncated G protein is safe or not when animals challenged with high dose of the mutant virus. Based on pathogenicity and capabilities to stimulate potent immune responses, we aimed to identify a suitable recombinant VSV vaccine vector and vaccine candidate for preventing vesicular stomatitis disease.
cord-268369-yj7m0n0f	2006	The influenza hemagglutinin protein (HA), the active ingredient in the current vaccine, can be expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system and purified rapidly. On the other hand, the recombinant protein-based approach involves production of viral antigens such as HA and NA in cell culture with recombinant DNA technology and utilization of the purified antigens as the active ingredients in the vaccine. The rHA influenza vaccines developed using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system has been tested in several Phase I and Phase II human clinical trials involving over 1200 subjects that demonstrated safety, immunogenicity and efficacy [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . On the other hand, most of RBCs were bound to the insect cells infected with baculovirus containing the HA gene derived from influenza strain A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) (Fig. 1b) .
cord-269448-1jikrn37	2008	The strong immunogenicity induced by Leishmune(®) vaccine was demonstrated by the 98% of FML-seroconversion, increase in absorbencies, the 82.7% DTH positive reactions and increase in skin test size diameters, the average increase in CD8+ total lymphocytes population in blood (27.1%), expected for QS21 saponin-containing vaccine, the sustained proportions of CD4+ T cells, and the average increased proportions of CD21+ B lymphocytes (42.3%). Six hundred healthy dogs from the canine visceral leishmaniasis endemic towns of Araç atuba, Andradina, Valparaíso, Guararapes, Bauru (São Paulo state) and Belo Horizonte, Nova Lima, Sete Lagoas (Minas Gerais state), Brazil, showing previous negative results in Leishmania-serology by the immunofluorescent assay [33] were selected for vaccination with three doses of Leishmune ® (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Campinas, SP, Brazil), in a 21-day interval, through the subcutaneous (sc) route [32] and a booster in month 12.
cord-270910-xb746mv5	2020	
cord-271076-436nxsua	2009	In Northern America, the spectacular spread of West Nile virus infection, another vector transmitted disease, in humans and horses, was rapidly followed by the development of several vaccines, including a DNA-based vaccine for horses. To prevent Nipah virus (Henipavirus) infection in pigs a vaccine has recently been developed but, unfortunately, in countries like Bangladesh, humans are directly infected by the reservoir, a fruit bat species. The changes following globalisation, climatic change [6, 7] , and the opening of previously closed ecosystems, have considerably modified the pattern of endemic (or enzootic) infections/diseases, and contributed to the emergence of new agents that are pathogenic for humans and domestic animals. It is even more true when facing a really emerging disease that moreover is zoonotic such as Nipah virus infection [27] for which no vaccine was available yet, because the causative agent was previously unknown; the only solution is once again to kill and destroy the infected and in-contact animals.
cord-271153-c0aw6jkz	2020	Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. By characterizing groups of countries by features other than disease burden, geography or demographics, the analysis seeks to support global efforts to address country needs in strengthening processes for vaccine decision-making and implementation; facilitating sharing of best practices amongst countries with similar characteristics; and providing evidence, system or advocacy support to help countries succeed within their specific context. Domains (Table 1) were identified as part of a framework of potential barriers and facilitators for adult vaccine decisionmaking: country characteristics, adult vaccine/aging policies and decision-making, health immunization systems, uptake, and stakeholders and champions.
cord-271514-sls3bsm0	2020	
cord-271650-biq0chyn	2000	title: Safety evaluation of a recombinant myxoma-RHDV virus inducing horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease Safety evaluation of a recombinant myxoma-RHDV virus inducing horizontal transmissible protection against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease In order to protect wild rabbits against both myxomatosis and RHD, we constructed a recombinant virus based on the naturally attenuated MV ®eld strain 6918 [24] , that expressed the RHDV VP60 protein [25] . Groups of eight wild rabbits (2 month old, weighing around 0.8 kg) free from MV and RHDV antibodies, were inoculated at the back by intradermic (i.d.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) route with dierent doses of the vaccine (10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 pfu of 6918VP60-T2 recombinant virus). Treated rabbits were inoculated (by s.c or i.d. route) with 10 4 pfu of 6918VP60-T2 virus, and clinical signs due to virus infection were compared with those induced in control rabbits, which were vaccinated but not treated with prednisolone (Fig 2, Table 3 ).
cord-271734-1cfhjuxi	2020	
cord-272292-k0ugjb6f	2006	The recombinant nucleocapsid (rN) protein of the coronavirus (CoV) responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, extracted from cell lysates containing 6 M urea, then purified by Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography. To identify the B-cell immunodominant epitopes of the rN protein in the mouse and monkey, the reactivities of antisera raised against purified rN proteins formulated in ISA-51/CpG were tested with a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides covering the entire N protein sequence. We also only observed that peptides corresponding to residues 336–350 were capable of stimulating IFN-γ production in T-cell cultures derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of macaques immunized with the rN protein emulsified in ISA/CpG adjuvant.
cord-273065-peqz7okh	2020	The repeated occurrence of recent deadly epidemics strongly reinforces the call for action against these viral diseases, and the need for developing effective vaccines, drugs, vector control tools and strong prevention programs. The recent outbreak of neurological disorders and neonatal malformations associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Latin America {5}, the yellow fever (YFV) epidemics in Angola and Brazil with importation to China [6] , the ever-expanding West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in the Americas [7] , the recent emergence in East Africa and global spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) [8] , as well as the ongoing and expanding dengue virus (DENV) pandemic in the tropics and subtropics [9] have reinforced the call for action in the fight against emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases. The vaccine showed high efficacy and good safety in seropositive persons in the 9-45 years age group, but a risk of severe dengue was observed in individuals who were naive for DENV infection at the time they were vaccinated.
cord-273526-ah0dvnxv	2017	Protollin-adjuvanted vaccines elicited enhanced serum protective hemagglutination inhibition titers, mucosal IgA responses, and H5N1-specific cell-mediated immunity that resulted in complete protection against a lethal challenge with a homologous virus as well as a heterologous clade 2 virus A/Indonesia/05/2005 (A/IN/05/05). Our findings suggest that nasal delivery of H5N1 vaccine with Protollin adjuvant can overcome the poor immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccines, induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, enhance protection against challenge with clade 1 and clade 2 H5N1 viruses and achieve significant antigen dose-sparing. Nasal delivery of split, inactivated influenza vaccine generally requires a mucosal adjuvant to induce strong protective immune responses [16] . The breadth of antibody response was also broadened by Protollin-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine, as they significantly increased serum HI titers against A/IN/05/05 virus compared to the vaccine alone group and fully protected mice against A/IN/05/05 virus challenge.
cord-274110-nyyunoha	2010	A cDNA comprising the complete genome of West Nile Virus (WNV) was generated by chemical synthesis using published sequence data, independent of any preformed viral components. The synthetic WNV, produced by transfection of in vitro transcribed RNA into cell culture, exhibited undistinguishable biological properties compared to the corresponding animal-derived wild-type virus. Taking advantage of the rapid progression of gene synthesis technology (for review [24] ), we intended to adopt such a synthetic approach to produce a flavivirus cDNA system for the generation of a synthetic WNV seed virus for use in vaccine development. The production and characterization of the resulting West Nile Virus, which fully matched the sequence of the in silico designed viral genome, confirms the feasibility and accuracy of the synthetic flavivirus reverse genetic system. Cover slips with fixed cells were dried, rehydrated with phosphate-buffered saline and treated with a polyclonal mouse anti-WNV serum (1:50 dilution) obtained after immunization of mice with a formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccine preparation.
cord-274765-3wzht843	1999	The field isolate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was serially passaged in Vero cells. The cell passaged PEDV, designated KPEDV-9, was tested for its pathogenicity in the neonatal pigs, immunogenicity and safety in the pregnant sows. The results of this study supported that the attenuated virus derived from serial passage could be applied as vaccine for protecting suckling piglets against PEDV infection. In this study, we investigated the attenuation of PEDV through serial passages in Vero cell cultures and its prophylactic eect in pregnant sows. Nevertheless, when compared with the wild PEDV, the animals inoculated with the high passage level of virus did not show any severe signs of diarrhea or death in piglets, supporting attenuation. Development of an Elispot for the detection of antibody secreting cells against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in dierent tissues
cord-275337-c3qr15es	2009	Here we report the results of the largest virus neutralisation study published to date using the surrogate lentiviral pseudotypes rather than the live native or recombinant rabies virus with field serum samples from Tanzanian dogs. We further increase the utility of our pseudotype neutralisation assay for laboratories undertaking vaccine trials and serosurveillance in resource-limited, rabies endemic countries by exploring the use of lacZ as a reporter gene and incorporating the glycoproteins of a further three lyssavirus "Primary" refers to dogs that had never received a rabies vaccination prior to this study, "booster" refers to dogs that had previously received ≥1 rabies vaccination and "no record" means there was no vaccination history available or taken.
cord-275635-d50bxe7c	2015	To explore the possibility of developing a vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection, a recombinant swinepox virus (rSPV-SA) expressing a TGEV protective antigen has been constructed. Results from the passive immunity protection test of new born piglets demonstrated that the recombinant live-vector vaccine, rSPV-SA, could 100% protect piglets from the SPV infection, and there was no significant clinical symptom in the rSPV-SA treatment group during this experiment. Eight one-month-old swine (Large White) were randomly divided into four groups (2 pigs per group) and were immunized twice at 0 and 28 days with infectious rSPV-SA (1 × 10 8 PFU/ml in 2 ml of PBS), inactivated-TGEV (1 × 10 8 PFU/ml in 2 ml of PBS), wtSPV (1 × 10 8 PFU/ml in 2 ml of PBS) or PBS, each time via three routes: oral, nasal, and intraperitoneal. To explore whether mice or swine generated TGEV neutralizing antibodies, serum from the PBS, wtSPV, inactivated-TGEV and rSPV-SA treated mice and pig were collected at 0, 14, 21, 35, 42 days post-primary immunization (1:100-1:12,800 dilution in a 100 l volume).
cord-276009-p98wjtjb	2009	title: Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based west Nile vaccine elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses and protects mice against lethal challenge with the virulent west Nile virus strain LSU-AR01 These results suggest that VSV-vectored vaccines administered intranasally can efficiently induce protective humoral and cellular immune responses against WNV infections. The salient features of this vaccine study are: (1) A prime-boost intranasal vaccination approach with recombinant VSVs expressing the WNV E glycoprotein produced robust CD8 + IFN␥ + T cell responses; (2) This vaccine approach produced strong neutralizing titers against the WNV; (3) Vaccinated mice were protected against lethal challenge and they were free of neuronal necrosis, while unvaccinated mice There was no statistically significant difference observed between these two groups. These results suggest that a prime-boost VSV-vectored intranasal vaccine approach induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses that protect mice against WNV-induced neuronal necrosis.
cord-276209-5999g9gp	2020	Very soon thereafter, the causative agent was identified as the now-named SARS-CoV-2 virus-a betacoronavirus that had crossed the species barrier to infect humans. There is no question that a vaccine against this virus, and other as-yet-to-come coronaviruses, is imperative to protect human health and to quickly respond to future viral introductions, epidemics, and pandemics. These pathways, informed by science and the past history of successes and failures, are designed to maximize the chances of efficacy and safety. Further mutations could conceivably lead to issues of original antigenic sin with resultant disease enhancement after exposure or to vaccines that simply are not effective into the future. In addition to safety issues, I raise concern over ''''S-only" vaccine approaches for the mid-to long-term control of this RNA virus. We need a vaccine-and we need it as quickly as one can be developed-that demonstrates safety and efficacy in adequately powered studies.
cord-276907-b855tj7x	2019	Fortunately, at the current time, development of a norovirus vaccine that may offer efficacy in the context of low and middle income countries is proceeding with investment from the private sector, however an assessment of vaccine programmatic suitability and applicability to prequalification is needed, prior to Phase III trials to ensure the vaccine is appropriate for use in LMICs, assuming it is demonstrated to offer coverage over circulating genotypes within LMICs. Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea among all children below 5 years of age worldwide, causing 20-40% of severe diarrheal hospitalisations, and is associated with significant mortality, with the latest mortality estimates at 215,000 deaths in 2013 [24] .
cord-277054-eq4obbte	2009	
cord-277355-si3g5dih	2020	Although current studies on flaviviruses have shown that the flaviviral assembly process does not exhibit a necessary step occurring in the cell nucleus, it has been well demonstrated that many mosquito-borne flavivirus CPs partially localize in the cell nucleus [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] ; in the cytoplasm, in addition to localizing in the ER, DENV CP and ZIKV CP have also been demonstrated to accumulate on LDs [13, 16] , but the link between the functional importance and the subcellular distribution of CPs is still unclear. Interestingly, a study showed that a CD61-71 mutant had abolished ZIKV infectious virion production that was then restored by adaptive mutations (prM-E21K and NS2B-E27G) only in BHK21 cells but not in other cell lines (indicate complex interactions that apparently occur between structural and non-structural proteins during virus replication and/or assembly), making this live virus function like a single-round infectious particle (SRIP) in vivo and safely inducing strong immunity protection against vertical transmission in mice [33] .
cord-278598-3utk3k6z	2006	Recombinant IBVs based on the Beaudette strain expressing the Beaudette spike protein (Beau-R) or that from the virulent M41 strain (BeauR-M41(S)) were assessed for their potential as prototype vaccines for application to 18-day-old embryos. In Experiment 1, three birds from the CV1-vaccinated groups and five in each of Beau-R and BeauR-M41(S) in ovo-vaccinated groups were euthanized 6 days post hatch and their ciliary activity assessed. In Experiment 2 (vaccination dose for the Beaudette-based viruses was 10 4 EID 50 ) birds were challenged at 6 weeks post hatch with virulent M41 virus and the ciliary activity tested on days 5 and 7 post challenge (Fig. 4B) . In Experiment 2 (vaccination dose for the Beaudette-based viruses was 10 4 EID 50 ) birds were challenged at 6 weeks post hatch with virulent M41 virus and the ciliary activity tested on days 5 and 7 post challenge (Fig. 4B) .
cord-279364-j93f6eso	2020	The DCE was designed to examine the relative importance of vaccine characteristics (vaccine efficacy and safety), social normative influence reflected by the proportion of HCP colleagues intending to take SIV, and convenience in access to vaccine indicated by vaccination programme duration, vaccination location, vaccination arrangement procedure and service hours in determining influenza vaccination choice among HCP.
cord-279841-oq25o4qr	2005	
cord-279985-de0b27nq	2008	Kunjin replicon VLP vaccines encoding HIV-1 gag have also been shown to induce CD8 T cell immunity comparable to that seen after immunisation with recombinant vaccinia [11] . Here we describe the behaviour of four different Kunjin replicon VLP vaccines encoding SIV gag and show that only the Gag-pol vaccine (i) induced good levels of both effector memory and central memory T cell responses 10 weeks post-vaccination, comparable to those induced by the previously described HIV-1 gag Kunjin replicon VLP vaccine [11] , (ii) showed good levels of protection against challenge with A20 cells expressing SIV Gag ≈9 months post-vaccination, and (iii) displayed high levels of insert stability. In summary we describe here a Kunjin replicon SIV Gag-pol VLP vaccine, which showed high insert stability, good induction of effector and central memory responses, and good protection against a model challenge.
cord-281635-a6ia8kxf	1989	title: Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. For that reason, after several years of epidemiological studies, it was decided to develop and test an inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine with the aim of controlling diarrhoea in beef and dairy herds in Argentina. The results showed that the oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine tested was effective in the control of calf neonatal diarrhoea in Argentina. As shown in Figure 1 , compared with controls, vaccinated cows showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against rotavirus in serum, colostrum and milk until at least 30 days after calving.
cord-281676-yy5etfek	2011	Consistent with the reduced lung lesions and viremia, a significantly increased frequency of IFN-␥Table 1 Frequency of immune cells in pigs inoculated intranasally with mock (no vaccination and no challenge), unvaccinated (n = 9) or vaccinated with PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL (n = 9) and then challenged with PRRSV MN184. Evaluation of the frequency of various immune cells at both mucosal (lung and TBLN MNC) and systemic sites (PBMC) in vaccinated and virulent PRRSV challenged pigs is important for associating cytokine responses. In our study, a consistently reduced frequency of Tregs in the lungs, blood, and TBLN of pigs vaccinated intranasally with PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL was detected which was associated with reduced secretion of both the immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-␤. Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs
cord-282158-08u3x1z4	2013	This large-scale, randomized study in subjects ≥18 years of age assessed whether one dose of AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited immune response that met the US and European regulatory criteria. A single dose of the AS03-adjuvanted 3.75 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in the 18-64 years and >64 years age groups that met the CBER regulatory criteria at Day 21 ( Table 1 ). At Day 21, a single dose of the non-adjuvanted 15 g HA influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited HI immune responses in subjects 18-64 years and >64 years of age that met the CBER regulatory criteria (Table 1) . Data from this large, controlled study in adults 18 years of age and older demonstrated that a single dose of AS03-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine elicited strong HI immune responses 21 days later that met the CHMP and the more stringent CBER criteria for pandemic influenza vaccines.
cord-282314-9cua2jzg	2018	Abbreviations: Ark99, Arkansas 99; ArkDPI, Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry; ArkGA, Arkansas Georgia; CAS, chorioallantoic sac; C T , cycle threshold; EID 50 , 50% embryo infective dose; IBV, infectious bronchitis virus; MHV, murine hepatitis virus; nsp2, nonstructural protein 2; nsp3, nonstructural protein 3; P, passage; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of mean; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SPF, specific-pathogen free; US, United States; USDA, United States Department of Agriculture. In P60, SNPs were seen in S1 as well as S2 of the Table 2 S1 amino acid sequence comparison of ArkGA vaccine virus and viral RNA isolated from 5 choanal cleft palate swabs on days 7, 10, and 14 post-vaccination.
cord-282764-d9x1wii6	2006	title: Influence of intron and exon splicing enhancers on mammalian cell expression of a truncated spike protein of SARS-CoV and its implication for subunit vaccine development A truncated S protein of the TW1 strain, S(TR2) (88 kDa), carrying three S fragments (S74–253, S294–739, and S1129–1255) was investigated to study the influences of intron and exon splicing enhancers to improve S(TR2) protein expression in mammalian cells. Therefore, several different strategies for improving S TR2 protein expression in mammalian cells were investigated in this report, including intron addition and the application of exon splicing enhancers. The intron-dependent enhancement of S TR2 protein expression in CHO/dhFr− cells was further investigated by measuring total RNA level, in vivo RNA stability, and RNA elongation rate in this study. The results indicated that the intron-dependent S TR2 protein expression in mammalian cells correlated with a higher level of total RNA accumulation as determined by quantitative RT-PCR (Fig. 4A) .
cord-283475-28900qlr	2018	Vaccine production was increased and the frequency of campaigns were increased with most provinces conducting at least two or three province-wide campaigns each year; live vaccines in the fall and winter and killed In support of the 1985 United Nations resolution on Universal Childhood Immunization (UCI), ''''85-85" coverage goals were included in China''s ''''7th 5-year Plan for National Social and Economic Development, 1986-1990" setting targets of 85% percent coverage at province-level with BCG, DPT, OPV and measles by 12 months of age by 1988, and 85% coverage at county-level by 1990. In 1989, the National People''s Congress passed a law requiring health authorities at all levels implement a system of planned preventive immunizations that included issuing vaccination certificates to all children and establishing registers to monitor vaccination coverage at township levels and above.
cord-284882-8vil7k5l	2005	title: rOv-ASP-1, a recombinant secreted protein of the helminth Onchocercavolvulus, is a potent adjuvant for inducing antibodies to ovalbumin, HIV-1 polypeptide and SARS-CoV peptide antigens After a single immunization and one boost, rOv-ASP-1 exceeded the efficacy of alum or MPL + TDM adjuvants in terms of end-point total IgG or IgG1 and IgG2a anti-OVA titres. While conducting experiments designed to evaluate recombinant Onchocerca volvulus ASP-1 (rOv-ASP-1) as a possible vaccine candidate against onchocerciasis in humans, we vaccinated mice with the recombinant protein alone or with alum or Freund''s adjuvants and measured IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes that are broadly associated with Th2 and Th1 T cell responses, respectively. Having shown that rOv-ASP-1 acted as a better adjuvant than alum or MPL + TDM in stimulating production of antibodies to OVA, we then tested if the protein had similar adjuvant potency for antigens derived from human pathogens, namely SARS-CoV and HIV-1.
cord-285128-48l1w65p	2020	A replication incompetent adenoviral vector based on human adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) has been evaluated in several clinical trials. Clinical trials have not shown meaningful impact of pre-existing immunity to Ad26 on vaccine immunogenicity, even in the presence of Ad26 neutralizing antibody titers or Ad26-targeting T cell responses at baseline. For example, a seroprevalence study of the 51 human adenovirus serotypes known at the time showed that several serotypes from particularly subgroups B and D, including Ad26, were rare in a Belgian population (3) , suggesting that vectors (rAd) derived from these serotypes might be useful alternatives to Ad5-based vectors for vaccine development, since for Ad5-based vectors it was shown that their high prevalence hampered their clinical use (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . What is known about the effect of pre-existing immunity, including both natural immunity and repeat administration of the vector or the vaccine, on ''take'', safety or efficacy in any animal model or human studies using this vector?
cord-285613-hbd44euq	2009	Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market.
cord-288038-jdinf8od	2020	Vaccinating older adults at elevated risk of severe COVID-19 disease against vaccine preventable diseases may therefore not only help to reduce the strain on the healthcare system from those diseases during a pandemic, but also alleviate some of the potential COVID-19 mortality due to co-infecting pathogens [8] . Similarly, maintaining high vaccine coverage of existing PCV and live attenuated influenza vaccine programmes in children reduces the associated disease burden in older adults through herd effects, and will further enhance benefits for limiting COVID-19 risks. In summary, where already in routine use among older adults and/or adults at-risk, maintaining both seasonal influenza and PPV23 at high coverage have the potential to not only reduce the burden of the targeted diseases but also prevent a proportion of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, if they can be delivered while minimising the risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
cord-288309-6pw7t512	1990	J.; Niesters, H.G.M.; van der Zeijst, B.A.M. title: Sequence evidence for RNA recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus Nucleotide sequences of eight IBV isolates in a region of the genome suspected to contain recombination, were aligned and compared. To address the question of the frequency of recombination in the generation of new field isolates the nucleotide sequences in five windows of homologous sequences of the genomes of eight IBV strains have been compared. With the murine coronavirus MHV a high frequency of recombination was found both in vitro and in mouse brain after infection with a ts mutant of MHV strain A59 and wild type JHM-virus 18''19 Phylogenetic trees constructed from five different windows of the genomes of eight IBV strains were used to detect crossover events. Cloning and sequencing of genes encoding structural proteins of avian infectious bronchitis virus
cord-288938-4bheqtk5	2019	authors: Hönemann, M.; Martin, D.; Pietsch, C.; Maier, M.; Bergs, S.; Bieck, E.; Liebert, U.G. title: Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features AIM: The aim of the study was to compare laboratory confirmed influenza B cases during three consecutive years with respect to vaccination history, clinical symptoms and molecular virology. c o m / l o c a t e / v a c c i n e cross reactivity is observed [14, 15] , vaccine efficiency between the two lineages might be reduced in seasons in which the formulation of the trivalent influenza vaccine does not match the circulating strain due to antigenic differences [16, 17] . Sequence analysis of the whole hemagglutinin gene was performed for 16 Victoria and 76 Yamagata strains and consistently confirmed the results of the initial lineage determination.
cord-289090-7x2752j4	2008	Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and group A Streptococcus are the leading causes of bacterial AOM worldwide. This review provides some insight into the microbiology of AOM in an era of antibiotic resistance and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. Acute otitis media-diagnosis and treatment in the era of antibiotic resistant organisms: updated clinical practice guidelines Can acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: a randomised double-blind efficacy study Association of clinical signs and symptoms with pneumococcal acute otitis media by serotype -implications for vaccine effect Acute otitis media due to penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
cord-290783-ipoelk4h	1985	This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. The situation in neonatal piglets is less clear, rotavirus infections are apparently common 6.t4-tt, w.hilst transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the prototype enteric coronavirus in swine, is an example of a seasonal cold-weather disease, probably related to both the thermal sensitivity of the virus ~ and the effect of cold-stress on converting subclinical to clinical infections ~8. It is apparent that the enhancement of lactogenic immunity through the vaccination of the dam provides a suitable mechanism by which neonatal pigs and calves can be protected against rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Antibody responses in serum, colostrum and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus
cord-291510-jh2fdks4	2020	Collectively, our results suggest that the recombinant strain, rH120-S1/YZ, may represent a promising vaccine candidate against QX-like IBVs. Infectious bronchitis (IB) was first described as a respiratory disease affecting chicks in the US in 1931 as an acute and highly contagious viral disease, and continues to cause major economic loss within the poultry industry worldwide [1] [2] [3] . Commercial attenuated live vaccines used against IBV in China include the H120, LDT3, and 4/91 strains [7] ; however, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the QX-like genotype is genetically distant from the strains described above, which may explain the poor cross-protectivity against infection in chickens immunized with these classical vaccines [18, 19] . The earliest death was observed at 3 dpi in the QX-like strain rIBYZ group, which virus was highly pathogenic to one-day-old SPF chickens; the final mortality of this group was 63.3% (Fig. 3A) . Preparation and protective efficacy of a chicken embryo kidney cell-attenuation GI-19/QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine
cord-292528-8kdhf123	2009	In addition, a number of studies have shown that the hemagglutinin (HA) molecules of avian H5 viruses are poorly immunogenic [1, 2] , where up to 90 g of antigen (6 times the normal dose of human influenza virus HA) was required to elicit potentially protective responses in a substantial number of subjects [2] . Intranasal administration of PIKA produced the most significant anti-influenza effect compared to s.c. or i.p. administration of the drug (Fig. 1D ) though the pul-monary viral titers in the treated mice were still significantly lower than the titers of the PBS control group (p = 0.0079). In summary, we have demonstrated that the inclusion of PIKA in two different formations of influenza vaccine can achieve substantial antigen-sparing with robust humoral immune responses, leading to potent pulmonary viral titer reduction in vivo.
cord-293234-ouykx6g5	2012	title: Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study INTRODUCTION: We estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in patients 18 years old or older during the 2010–2011 influenza season. Using a prospective case-case comparison approach, we have estimated seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) to prevent laboratory confirmed influenza-related hospitalizations in adults. When restricting the comparison, between cases and controls, by the presence of high-risk conditions, the differences that remained significant were age, 23-valent pneumococcal vaccination, and having been vaccinated with the previous or current season influenza vaccines (Table 2) . When restricted to those 60 years old or older, age and influenza vaccination with the previous or current seasonal influenza vaccine remained as significant differences between cases and controls ( Table 2 ).
cord-293360-nmttgxlq	2020	Specifically, the willingness to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2 depends on: (a) Availability, i.e. the actual existence of an effective vaccine and its country of origin; (b) Access to the vaccine, which could be limited by individual or governmental budgetary restrictions to finance preventive public health measures; (c) Perceived health risk, which depends on the intensity and severity of side effects and COVID-19 prevalence; (d) Information on benefits, risks and access pathways; (e) Previous experience with other vaccines and exposure to diseases, as this affects risk perception; and (f) Sociodemographic factors including age, education level, gender and more. [4] and Harrison [5] , a transparent educational and communicative campaign is needed, one that considers interaction between health policymakers in a way that allows people to value the personal and social benefit of being vaccinated against COVID-19, reducing hesitation.
cord-294302-hboc3xcz	2020	
cord-294789-07hto8qn	2020	
cord-294856-eeh2a0t8	2020	Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury.
cord-295191-xu26mvc3	2008	
cord-295850-nb6miso7	2005	title: Immune responses in Balb/c mice induced by a candidate SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine prepared from F69 strain The immunogenicity of a candidate-inactivated vaccine prepared from SARS-CoV F69 strain was evaluated in Balb/c mice. The present study was performed with the objective of determining the immunogenicity of a candidate-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine made from F69 strain in Balb/c mice. In test groups, anti-SARS-CoV specific IgM antibodies were induced by the inactivated vaccine. The results showed that SARS-CoV F69 strain inactivated vaccine could induce potent humoral immune responses in Balb/c mice. In present study, the specificity of serum antibodies induced by F69 strain inactivated vaccine was identified by Western blot assay. A convalescent serum of SARS patient was used, and the same positive result was obtained (lane 3, Fig. 4) , which further demonstrated the specificity of the antibodies induced with the inactivated vaccine produced from F69 strain.
cord-296469-h0ma163u	2016	Of the many things that need to be in place to prepare for and respond to the next influenza pandemic, vaccines -together with the capacity to mount a timely global vaccination effort -are paramount. But as we learned in the 2009 influenza pandemic, although our response time has improved, a significant shift in approach is needed if an effective vaccine is to be in place before the next pandemic emerges. Until such a universal influenza vaccine becomes available, global influenza vaccine production capacity needs to be ready to respond when the next pandemic emerges. Without a concomitant increase in global demand for seasonal influenza vaccine, the capacity that will produce the world''s pandemic vaccines that GAP has stimulated cannot be sustained [18] .
cord-297022-zs5m36cp	2007	Groll and Thomson''s evaluation of the effectiveness of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign used per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza. A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive; whereas the weekly proportion of tests positive was relatively consistent, a marked increase over time in the numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases paralleled an increase in the number of tests performed. Regardless, for evaluating universal influenza immunization program effectiveness, other established and available measures employed in previous studies describing the epidemiology of influenza should be used instead of laboratory data. In their evaluation of Ontario''s Universal Influenza Immunization Campaign, Groll and Thomson state that there is a lack of high-quality influenza outcome data in Ontario, so instead they examined the effectiveness of the program using per capita cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza [1] . A better measure of viral activity is the proportion of influenza tests positive (the number of cases of lab-confirmed influenza divided by the number of tests performed).
cord-298551-ua90xoak	2016	The hospital is a tertiary referral center with surgery and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with resources for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but only children resident in the catchment area were included in the study. The yearly incidence rates in different age groups varied considerably, with median (range) for children <5 years 59 (19Previously known risk factors were found in 312/922 (34% , Table 1 ), the most important being neuromuscular disease (131 cases) and chronic lung disease (40 cases). This is a report of children hospitalized for influenza A or B in a defined population in the northern Stockholm area 1998-2014, covering the pre-pandemic period, including the 2003-2004 outbreak, the 2009 pandemic, and four post-pandemic seasons. In contrast to the known effect of trivalent influenza vaccine (the only one used during the studied period except for the pandemic year) in healthy children >18 months, less is known about its effect in younger children and in those with risk factors.
cord-299323-riotkgj4	2020	The key documents examined were the U.S. Food & Drug Administration''s (FDA) Package Inserts (PIs), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s (CDC) Vaccine Information Statements (VISs), and the European Medicines Agency''s (EMA) Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs) and Package Leaflets (PLs). Although efforts by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) to harmonize technical requirements for registering drugs and biologics have produced a number of useful guidelines that are used around the world, such efforts have not been extended to the regulatory review process or product labeling [1] . This study compared vaccine prescribing information and patient information leaflet languages between FDA/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and EMA. The centralized route allows companies to submit a single Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) to EMA that leads to the product''s approval in all countries within the European Economic Area (i.e., the 27 member states of the EU plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway).
cord-299952-xvtt8fz8	2010	title: A randomized controlled trial of low-dose recombinant human interferons α-2b nasal spray to prevent acute viral respiratory infections in military recruits To assess the efficacy and safety of a low-dose recombinant human interferon α-2b (rIFNα-2b) nasal spray in preventing acute viral respiratory infections in military population, we performed this randomized controlled trial. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of this new nasal spray in preventing acute respiratory infections in military population, we performed this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. In summary, this randomized controlled trial suggested that the recombinant human interferon ␣-2b nasal spray can be used to prevent common acute viral respiratory infections caused by Flu-A, Flu-B, PIV1-3 and ADV and was generally well tolerated among military recruits. The efficacy of preventing viral respiratory infections by the rIFN␣-2b nasal spray should be evaluated further in different population groups, such as children and the elderly, and more samples should be involved in the further study.
cord-301601-4vkag60z	2016	Recombinant measles vaccine candidates have been developed and express several heterologous virus protective antigens. The recent development of measles vaccine-based vectored vaccine candidates has been reviewed and some information on recombinant measles vaccines expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins has been shown and discussed. The live attenuated measles vaccine has been investigated for the recombinant virus vector besides the yellow fever vaccine. When considering a clinical usage of recombinant measles vaccine candidates expressing RSV antigen in young infants, growth inhibition of vaccine virus was supposed because of maternally conferred immunity. Recombinant measles viruses expressing single or multiple antigens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) induce cellular and humoral immune responses Broadly neutralizing immune responses against hepatitis C virus induced by vectored measles viruses and a recombinant envelope protein booster AIK-C measles vaccine expressing fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus induces protective antibodies in cotton rats Recombinant measles viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins induced virus-specific CTL responses in cotton rats
cord-302222-9ad0fw6z	2013	A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach.
cord-302265-97sxlkjp	2006	A putative protective protein from Plasmodium falciparum merozoites, MSA2, was expressed in two different ways on the cell surface of the Gram-positive food-grade bacterium, Lactococcus lactis. In a second display format, MSA2 was fused to the peptidoglycan-binding domain (Protein Anchor) of the lactococcal cell wall hydrolase AcmA and was non-covalently rebound to the surface of non-genetically modified, non-living high-binder L. lactis recombinants carrying covalently bound MSA2 were used to immunise rabbits through nasal and oral routes. lactis-pNG3043 for immunisation were prepared from overnight cultures (the latter strain was induced overnight with nisin A for MSA2-Cov expression) and stored in aliquots of 10 11 colony forming units (cfu) per ml growth medium containing 10% glycerol at −80 • C. lactis-pNG3041(MSA2-Cov) or 5 × 10 10 GEM particles with bound MSA2-nCov. Each dose was repeated for three successive days to obtain reproducible oral immunisation. lactis response was even more minimized in the rabbit orally immunised with the GEM particle vaccine (Fig. 5C ).
cord-303056-bdse9o26	2007	
cord-303200-hwvkvdlk	2007	
cord-304807-j2k1oel2	2019	
cord-307939-rydgncys	2018	The variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting willingness were being younger adults (aged 18–29 years: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97; aged 30–39 years: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), being farmers (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.96), being unemployed people (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), living in suburban areas (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.89–2.51), having ≥2 children in the family (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), perceived risk in China (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.48), perceived susceptibility to disease (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 2.73–3.58), perceived negative effect on daily life (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 2.07–2.64), and recent uptake of influenza vaccine (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.92–2.66). In the present study, we conducted a large population-based cross-sectional survey to estimate residents'' willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine and to identify its associated possible factors in the general adult population of Beijing at the end of the second epidemic wave.
cord-309999-izdl0f2i	2006	Additionally, three groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized with different doses of the purified inactivated SARS vaccine (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/time/monkey) on days 0 and 7, and the monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV GZ-01 strain. INTERPRETATION: The purified inactivated SARS vaccine could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, and protect the monkeys from the challenge of SARS-CoV. The results showed that both the purified and the unpurified SARS vaccines can induce high levels of SARS-CoV specific neutralizing antibodies in monkeys, thus demonstrating high immunogenicity. Our observations of immunogenicity in monkeys showed that the unpurified inactivated SARS vaccine induced almost the same level of neutralizing antibody as the purified vaccine. The results indicated that the purified inactivated SARS vaccine we developed could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, protect monkeys after a SARS-CoV challenge, and be administered safely in monkeys.
cord-310249-cvv77f10	1997	In canine parvovirus infected puppies we measured the levels of acute phase proteins and changes in leukocyte phenotypes and cell trafficking by flow cytometry. In this study we evaluated whether measuring levels of acute phase proteins and investigating changes in leukocyte phenotypes by flow cytometry would complement conventional clinical assessment of a vaccine efficacy study. The association of these parameters with the major clinical signs of parvovirus induced disease in vaccinated vs nonvaccinated animals is described for seropositive puppies given a CPV-2 vaccine followed by experimental infection with CPV-2b. Low but significant SAA values were observed in three vaccinates on sporadic days post-challenge, but these values did not coincide with clinical signs, virus shed or hematologic changes. Using cell specific antibodies and flow cytometric analysis, a mean of 88% of leukocytes in peripheral Days Post CPV-2 Challenge blood were positively identified as T-cells (CD4+ and CD@, pan-T), B-cells, monocytes, and neutrophils when compared to the absolute leukocyte count obtained conventionally.
cord-312517-b24zlaqt	2020	title: The Brighton collaboration standardized template for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) vaccines The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) has prepared a standardized template to describe the key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of nucleic acid vaccines. The Brighton Collaboration formed the Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG) in October 2008 to improve the ability of key stakeholders to anticipate potential safety issues and meaningfully assess or interpret safety data, thereby facilitating greater public acceptance when viral vector vaccines are licensed [2] . When completing information on adverse effects in Section 8, please provide as many details as possible based on the Brighton Collaboration Guidelines for collection, analysis and presentation of vaccine safety data in pre-and post-licensure clinical studies [13] .
cord-313911-lfn9ggg3	2006	LC16m8, an attenuated, replicating smallpox vaccine derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia, is currently licensed in Japan where it was safely used in over 50,000 children in the 1970s. LC16m8 is immunogenic after a single dose, and recent studies in two different animal models have demonstrated protective efficacy equivalent to that of the only FDA-licensed smallpox vaccine. In addition, plaque-purified LC16m8 and a construct of LC16m8 lacking the B5R gene were shown to have safety profiles comparable to that of MVA in the same animal models and to confer protective immunity in a mouse/intranasal vaccinia (Western Reserve [WR] strain) challenge study [47] . Since animal challenge studies were not conducted during the development of LC16m8 in the 1970s, alternative measures of immunity that had been used to characterize other smallpox vaccines [65, 66] were used to evaluate the efficacy of LC16m8 in early clinical trials in Japan.
cord-315437-h6xjudm0	2018	
cord-316295-x636ux34	2012	Abstract This paper summarizes results obtained by multiplex PCR screening of human clinical samples for respiratory viruses and corresponding data obtained after passaging of virus-positive samples in MDCK 33016PF cells. Using lower inoculum dilutions than those normally applied for preparations containing influenza virus (total dilution of the original sample of ∼104), the positive results for the different viruses turned negative already after 2 or 3 passages in MDCK 33016PF cells. In a similar way, samples with positive and questionable multiplex PCR results only for viruses other than influenza virus were also cultivated for 2 or 3 passages in MDCK 33016PF cells. Considering the selection of specimens, the high percentage of influenza-positive results is not surprising, but a significant number of samples (66/370 or 17.8%) also tested positive for other viruses, such as adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, metapneumovirus (HMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
cord-316839-wckqscvm	2009	Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of pneumonia, otitis media and arthritis in young dairy calves, and there is a critical need for improved preventative strategies for this pathogen. bovis-associated disease; for calves in the remaining 2 herds, the incidence risk for respiratory disease, otitis media and arthritis from 3 to 90 days of age was 0.64, 0.28 and 0.02, respectively. bovis has emerged as an increasingly important cause of respiratory disease, otitis media and arthritis in young calves less than 3 months of age [1, 2, 6, 7, 9] . bovis-associated disease (respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis) and mortality in dairy calves up to 90 days of age. bovis bacterin in proprietary oil-based adjuvant that had a conditional license for the prevention of respiratory disease in U.S. feeder and stocker calves at the time of the study (Texas Vet. Labs, Inc., San Angelo, TX), while the other group received a placebo (all vaccine components except antigen; control group).
cord-317347-by8albr9	2015	The delayed and/or lower antibody response combined with lower IgG avidity indices coincided with increased tracheal inflammation and depletion of tracheal epithelia cells and goblet cells upon IBV field strain challenge. Therefore, the ability of SPF chickens of different age to induce an IBV-specific antibody response and protect against challenge with an IBV field strain was measured. In order to measure IgG (IgY), IgA and IgM antibody levels in plasma and tears of chicken, an IBV-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed as previously described [20] . These data are consistent with a delay in the IgA plasma response to IBV in birds vaccinated at a younger age and a non-significant decline in mean IgA titers in the 1-day-old group. This would be consistent with a drop of presumably natural maternal IBV-specific IgM antibodies in these SPF chickens in the day 7 control age group.
cord-318407-uy0f7f2o	2008	For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational.
cord-321901-zpi7uis1	2006	Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice
cord-322505-6q92742u	2017	We build a mathematical model to test whether a RTV can facilitate disease management in instances where reversion is likely to introduce the vector into the population or when the vector organism is already established in the host population, and the vector and vaccine share perfect cross-immunity. If cross-immunity between vaccine and vector exists, however, our results show that a RTV can substantially reduce the vaccination effort necessary to control or eradicate a pathogen only when continuously augmented with direct manual vaccination. Thus, if the vector organism has reached endemic levels in the population, has a larger R 0 than the pathogen, and imparts vaccine cross-immunity, the use of a RTV reduces the rate of direct vaccination required for prophylactic protection from a pathogen by a factor (4) Eq. Alternatively, if the vector organism is already circulating within the host population and vector infection imparts perfect vaccine cross-immunity, the benefits of a RTV are more modest, and require that autonomous vaccination be supplemented with continuous direct vaccination.
cord-323540-7b2mt1a8	2020	Therefore, the objective of this research was to estimate the individual''s willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and, at the same time, find the main factors that determine this valuation. The main results showed that the WTP depends on the preexistence of chronic disease ([Formula: see text]), knowledge of COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), being sick with COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]), perception of government performance ([Formula: see text]), employment status ([Formula: see text]), income ([Formula: see text]), health care ([Formula: see text]), adaptation to quarantine with children at home ([Formula: see text] and whether the person has recovered from COVID-19 ([Formula: see text]. In the second section, the potential attributes of the vaccine and the context of contagion risk were presented; that is, we described the contingent market and asked about the WTP and the protest responses of individuals who are not willing to pay due to economic or moral reasons (15 items).
cord-324911-6s7ubbxl	2019	
cord-325998-87l6nixc	2009	This study aims to evaluate the antiviral role of nucleic acid-based agonists for the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, and its protective role in respiratory influenza A virus infections. Intranasal pre-treatment of mice with Poly ICLC and LE Poly ICLC provided high level of protection against lethal challenge with a highly lethal avian H5N1 influenza (HPAI) strain (A/H5N1/chicken/Henan clade 2), and against lethal seasonal influenza A/PR/8/34 [H1N1] and A/Aichi/2 [H3N2] virus strains. Since TLR-3 activation by ds RNA results in induction of type I interferons, it follows that Poly ICLC, when delivered in liposomes to the endosomal membrane location, may strengthen the host antiviral defence against influenza virus by priming the interferon levels and, therefore, reversing the interferon knockdown by the viruses. The effect of poly ICLC and LE Poly ICLC on the TLR-3 expression in the lungs of mice intranasally pre-treated with these drugs were determined by RT-PCR (Fig. 1) .
cord-328698-eeg1k5a6	2020	Older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Older age, male gender, being a healthcare worker and individual perceived risk were associated with potential acceptance to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. In multivariable analysis, older age, male gender, fear about COVID-19, be healthcare workers and individual perceived risk remained associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. However, individuals who considered themselves at-risk for COVID-19 infection were more prone to accept to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. This observation suggests that in the pandemics context, individuals are more prone to participate in a clinical trial for a vaccine. However, a greater proportion of respondents to our survey declared they had been vaccinated against 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, so this observation may suggest that the respondents are more pro-vaccine than the general population in France, and more often healthcare workers.
cord-330406-a1tvcgqj	2005	Patient risk factors and/or practice vaccination protocols may therefore influence the occurrence and potential clustering of reported VAEs. The purpose of this study was to determine if practitioner-diagnosed adverse events occurring within 3 days of canine rabies vaccine administration are clustered in space and time. In time-and-space, a significant cluster of VAE was also identified; the spatial window was not altered but the cylindrical window was reduced compared to temporal analyses alone ( Table 1) Analyses of MHG populations with adjustments for patient covariates did not alter the space-time dimensions of the most likely cluster, although the adjustment for the number of concurrently administered vaccines caused the greatest reduction (3.3%) in the ratio of observed-to-expected cases ( Table 2 ). Supportive evidence for the contribution of cases by these hospitals was indicated when space-time cluster analysis, using a Poisson model with hospital-based populations and VAE rate data adjusted for number of concurrent vaccinations, identified a significant (P = 0.001) cluster of VAE involving the same 2 hospitals during a 6-month period of September 2002 through February 2003.
cord-331900-xtwqv4fk	2010	
cord-332358-0t4uxmj2	2004	The modified live virus vaccine, which was administered twice orally and then once intramuscularly resulted in gilts in all groups having similar TGEV serum neutralizing titers 35 days prior to farrowing. Analysis of serum samples taken from gilts at 14 days prior to farrowing showed that animals that had received the oral corn-based TGEV vaccine (groups A-C) had notably higher serum neutralization titers than those that had received no material at this stage (groups D and F). Although more oral administrations of the corn-based vaccine appeared to increase the neutralization titer, differences between the treatment groups (A-C) were not significant and none of the treatments induced a significantly stronger response than the intramuscular boost of modified live vaccine delivered to group E. The orally administered corn-based TGEV vaccine is effective in boosting the serum neutralizing titer response in animals previously sensitized to TGEV using the modified live virus vaccine.
cord-336730-hqgwj8vs	1997	
cord-339070-jnmogy7s	2011	In this study, we applied a standardized modeling strategy to the mortality and virology data from three Asian cities: subtropical Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and tropical Singapore, to estimate the disease burden of influenza in these cities. Mortality data for each city were obtained from Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (coded according to the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision, ICD-10), Guangzhou Department of Health (coded in ICD-10) and Singapore Registry of Births and Deaths (coded in ICD-9), respectively. The present study adopted a standardized modeling approach to show that the overall influenza burden was comparable between the two subtropical cities Guangzhou and Hong Kong, but lower in the tropical Singapore. Annual excess all-cause mortality rates associated with influenza (per 100,000 population) between Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Singapore, all-ages group.
cord-340686-uq0fsqh3	2011	title: Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs In the present study, mucosal adjuvanticity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) was evaluated in pigs administered a modified live PRRS virus vaccine (PRRS-MLV) intranasally. Importantly, an increased and early generation of PRRSV specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL compared to pigs inoculated with vaccine alone. An increased immunosuppressive cytokine response was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in the lungs of pigs receiving PRRS-MLV compared to pigs inoculated with PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL (Fig. 1D) . In addition, increased (but not significant) frequency of ␥␦ T cells in the lungs of PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL vaccinated pigs was detected at all the PID (Table 2D ).
cord-341626-04svm6le	2009	
cord-341970-pho6dksc	2006	
cord-342405-nsj9dh48	2020	title: India''s cost-effective COVID-19 vaccine development initiatives In addition, millions of people who live across over 30 world''s poorest countries will also expect the affordable low-cost vaccine. It''s currently collaborating with Codagenix to develop a vaccine, including live-attenuated vaccine against COVID-19. 6 Besides, it has a partnership with Codagenix, a New York based firm specialized on vaccines and the Oxford University to produce the COVID-19 vaccine. 10 What''s unique about India is that it has the expertise for low-cost per-unit vaccine production of vaccines. Due to the low cost vaccine making history, new products against COVID-19 will be of great use in over 30 low-income countries worldwide benefiting millions of people who cannot afford expensive vaccines. Few months ago, the WHO has praised India''s vaccine production capacity in a meeting of COVID-19. It''s time for the developing world to collaborate with India to produce and distribute the cost-effective COVID-19 vaccine as soon as possible.
cord-342831-4qfe8kok	2015	
cord-344316-mwnnmwnw	2020	
cord-345191-nabxpyw3	2020	
cord-345658-u9vgycib	2020	
cord-346032-188gnf8j	2007	title: Induction of T-cell response by a DNA vaccine encoding a novel HLA-A*0201 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus epitope The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (SARS-CoV N) is one of the major targets for SARS vaccine due to its high potency in triggering immune responses. The results of the T-cell stimulation assay demonstrated that the novel N-protein peptide revealed in the present study is able to trigger specific cytotoxic T-cell response in human PBMCs. The four most immunogenic peptides (N220, N223, N227 and N317) selected in the T2-cell binding assay and the human T-cell stimulation assay were further tested for their potency in triggering immune response against the SARS N-protein expressing cells in an animal model. A peptide sequence useful for inducing the cytotoxic T-cell response should be presented as endogenous peptide epitope through proteasome digestion and have a high binding affinity towards the human MHC class I molecules.
cord-348218-wyy4rvqb	2020	
cord-349309-7xsbpid7	2020	
cord-354818-yf5lvbs1	2020