id author title date pages extension mime words sentences flesch summary cache txt en-wikipedia-org-5843 Counter-Enlightenment - Wikipedia .html text/html 3842 365 58 Although the first known use of the term in English occurred in 1949 and there were several earlier uses of it,[1] including one by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the term "Counter-Enlightenment" is usually associated with Isaiah Berlin, who is often credited for re-inventing it. On the other hand, Johann Georg Hamann and his fellow philosophers believe that a more organic conception of social and political life, a more vitalistic view of nature, and an appreciation for beauty and the spiritual life of man have been neglected by the eighteenth century.[2] Everdell was the first to situate Rousseau as the "founder of the Counter-Enlightenment" in his 1971 dissertation and in his 1987 book, Christian Apologetics in France, 1730–1790: The Roots of Romantic Religion.[6] In his 1996 article, "the Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity", in the American Political Science Review (Vol. 90, No. 2), Arthur M. ./cache/en-wikipedia-org-5843.html ./txt/en-wikipedia-org-5843.txt