Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 2585 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5212 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 62 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 771 Wikipedia 638 University 557 ISBN 460 Press 342 Philosophy 302 Kant 222 article 180 God 172 John 167 New 122 history 104 Party 94 philosophy 91 Library 89 York 85 United 85 Liberal 83 theory 76 County 75 find 75 book 75 Public 74 german 70 ethic 54 religion 54 Oxford 53 social 52 Law 48 category 48 World 48 Immanuel 47 Thomas 46 scientific 44 Cambridge 44 Aristotle 42 science 42 States 42 Science 41 Critique 40 October 40 International 40 Church 39 William 39 January 38 Friedrich 37 August 36 Revolution 36 London 36 April 35 War Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 51725 book 37942 article 27558 p. 26062 philosophy 20130 theory 17866 library 17318 history 15897 identifier 15332 ^ 15200 law 15035 page 14476 work 13874 catalogue 13580 science 13358 view 12989 century 12731 link 12621 time 12417 philosopher 12293 catalog 11370 religion 11270 world 11260 term 10240 ethic 10187 state 9391 life 9330 category 9004 system 8918 concept 8860 idea 8505 source 8298 knowledge 8290 text 8023 nature 7804 form 7786 language 7539 part 7362 object 7326 reason 7324 people 7289 b 7211 year 7087 right 6909 mind 6857 man 6817 art 6724 thing 6704 way 6639 statement 6629 example Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 48349 ^ 42160 University 32908 Wikipedia 28156 ISBN 25242 Kant 22072 Press 20306 Library 18559 New 17148 Philosophy 15673 pp 13830 John 13390 God 13100 de 9485 Retrieved 9144 York 8780 Cambridge 8387 Thomas 8243 Oxford 7987 ed 7682 Find 7548 William 7245 David 7173 United 6905 Public 6898 J. 6756 e 6735 National 6643 London 6331 Paul 6176 Immanuel 6144 Party 6123 January 6024 World 6020 Robert 6003 December 5942 James 5879 Social 5820 Science 5819 May 5741 English 5718 PDF 5685 al 5594 October 5475 April 5469 August 5430 b 5407 la 5368 March 5366 George 5300 July Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 45736 it 43518 he 15679 they 12989 we 12802 i 8910 you 6883 them 6882 him 5759 us 4922 itself 3107 himself 3105 themselves 3064 one 2904 she 1725 me 729 her 678 ourselves 449 oneself 357 myself 179 yourself 175 herself 116 em 87 на 78 bookshelf 51 ''s 46 mine 45 his 43 ours 42 tt 37 з 31 theirs 28 thee 27 ya 19 u 18 hg 16 au 15 na 15 je 13 yours 12 thyself 11 o 9 y 9 s 8 ой 8 p 7 dilthey 7 ce 6 ’s 6 Ой 6 ti Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 275526 be 55101 have 40042 find 19449 do 16096 see 14113 use 11634 retrieve 11323 make 10755 include 9035 write 8929 become 8821 know 7617 give 7463 say 7351 argue 7290 call 6852 take 6566 accord 6528 need 6489 publish 6470 edit 6453 relate 6135 die 5810 believe 5578 consider 5412 follow 5123 exist 5079 lead 5057 base 5035 think 5007 read 4859 learn 4835 hold 4581 apply 4522 describe 4515 come 4260 contain 4247 change 4041 develop 3942 create 3936 mean 3892 begin 3549 cite 3490 provide 3419 refer 3405 work 3332 state 3320 show 3315 require 3309 search Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 44027 not 20421 also 19795 other 14393 - 13999 more 13704 such 12777 only 11761 first 11152 political 10747 social 9370 early 9267 most 8805 many 8558 moral 8414 human 8209 free 7718 well 7483 modern 7303 religious 7125 non 6982 archived 6962 german 6940 so 6724 scientific 6600 as 6470 new 6318 however 6021 natural 5948 then 5796 even 5588 different 5476 good 5466 public 5445 later 5433 same 5292 great 5250 philosophical 5186 own 5034 main 4999 portal 4878 liberal 4870 legal 4715 personal 4547 economic 4536 often 4437 here 4437 american 4361 upload 4187 further 4179 possible Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2539 most 1541 good 1430 least 1082 high 1051 great 735 Most 713 early 693 large 324 old 139 close 136 late 133 bad 111 low 107 strong 99 big 86 simple 81 eld 80 small 78 young 64 fine 64 deep 57 long 53 manif 53 full 47 short 41 fit 34 pure 34 poor 31 rich 31 broad 30 wide 29 slight 29 near 27 innermost 27 clear 23 noble 21 easy 19 e 18 wealthy 18 happy 17 fast 17 bright 16 few 15 deadly 14 tall 13 weak 13 busy 12 heavy 12 Least 11 hard Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6728 most 671 well 431 least 28 highest 18 long 15 oldest 15 goethe 12 worst 11 early 5 hard 5 greatest 4 fast 2 qu’est 2 fromthe 2 fittest 2 close 1 šest 1 youngest 1 widest 1 vor 1 slowest 1 realism[5][3 1 orthodoxy,[citation 1 literatura[editovat 1 lest 1 largest 1 lang|he|text 1 hidest 1 hermeneutic[edit 1 furthest 1 fpsyg.2015.01352 1 eest 1 dybest 1 broadest 1 biological[citation 1 andmetest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2171 en.wikipedia.org 256 web.archive.org 183 books.google.com 178 wikidata.org 144 plato.stanford.edu 100 archive.org 51 doi.org 36 www.cambridge.org 26 data.bnf.fr 23 www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu 22 www.iep.utm.edu 21 www.jstor.org 20 www.academia.edu 18 fr.wikipedia.org 18 creativecommons.org 17 dx.doi.org 16 www.hkbu.edu.hk 16 www.britannica.com 15 www.gutenberg.org 15 korpora.zim.uni-duisburg-essen.de 14 www.youtube.com 14 viaf.org 14 brockhaus.de 13 www.researchgate.net 13 ssrn.com 13 gutenberg.spiegel.de 13 d-nb.info 11 www.wikidata.org 10 .. 9 www.nytimes.com 9 www.mtholyoke.edu 9 www.indiana.edu 8 www.newadvent.org 8 www.marxists.org 8 philpapers.org 8 ndpr.nd.edu 8 law.emory.edu 8 en.idi.org.il 7 www.worldcat.org 7 www.accesstoinsight.org 7 users.manchester.edu 7 ru.wikipedia.org 7 ja.wikipedia.org 7 ecommons.txstate.edu 7 de.wikipedia.org 7 books.google.es 7 aynrandlexicon.com 6 www.staff.uni-marburg.de 6 www.laits.utexas.edu 6 www.hartmaninstitute.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" 26 http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909393p 20 http://www.cambridge.org 15 http://www.academia.edu/24999390/Persistent_Misconceptions_about_Chinese_Legalism_ 15 http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/chinese-legalism/ 14 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_K%C3%B6nigsberg 11 http://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/kant-immanuel 10 http://www.cambridge.org/9780521363945 10 http://.. 9 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"> 9 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"> 7 http://www.indiana.edu/~p374/Legalism.pdf 7 http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=107399 7 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912"> 6 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/ 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=996506277 6 http://archive.org/details/groundingformet000kant/page/30 5 http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=126031 5 http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=107622 5 http://www.cambridge.org/us/knowledge/isbn/item2326741/?site_locale=en_US 5 http://www.britannica.com/biography/Immanuel-Kant 5 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"> 5 http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=996506277" 5 http://d-nb.info/gnd/118559796 4 http://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Property_proposal/L''Encyclopédie_philosophique_ID&oldid=807989945 4 http://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q9312&oldid=1337714153" 4 http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Kantian-ethics-and-economics.php 4 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nebula 4 http://www.pravenc.ru/text/1470269.html 4 http://www.philosovieth.de/kant-bilder/bilddaten.html 4 http://www.obalkyknih.cz/view_auth?auth_id=jn19990004171 4 http://www.medvik.cz/link/jn19990004171 4 http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q829984"> 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q77541206"> 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q6593009"> 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q6023365"> 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q56691875"> 4 http://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q3407324"> Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 34 stewards@wikimedia.org 5 rohlf@cua.edu 4 stevepq@hkbu.edu.hk 4 privacy@wikimedia.org 3 stevepq@hkbu.edu.hk 2 v.v.balanovskiy@gmail.com 2 themontrealreview@gmail.com 2 no-reply@cambridge.org 2 mccormick@csus.edu 2 gbnewby@pglaf.org 2 pomerleau@calvin.gonzaga.edu 2 h.d.burnham@staffs.ac.uk 1 wrap@warwick.ac.uk 1 v.v.balanovskiy@ya.ru 1 timjankowiak@gmail.com 1 tenn@owlnet.rice.edu 1 susanne.beyer@spiegel.de 1 strutype@uni-kassel.de 1 skovac@ifzg.hr 1 scanner-shenzhen-peter@archive.org 1 rozenfeld@issn.org 1 republisher4.yunnan@archive.org 1 rayjl@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu 1 praxis-beratung5@uni-kassel.de 1 permissions-en@wikimedia.org 1 newsletter@theartnewspaper.com 1 mclear@unl.edu 1 marian.david@uni-graz.at 1 l.pasternack@okstate.edu 1 kaycd@wofford.edu 1 julian.wuerth@vanderbilt.edu 1 joy@uvic.ca 1 info@theartnewspaper.com 1 info@rkd.nl 1 ehanson2@uccs.edu 1 donate@wikimedia.org 1 danielomarperez@hotmail.com 1 courtney.fugate@gmail.com 1 bibco@listserv.loc.gov 1 associate-mavanessa-cando@archive.org 1 associate-jannel-pelayre@archive.org 1 associate-chanchal-sutradhar@archive.org 1 andrew_brook@carleton.ca 1 alison.assiter@uwe.ac.uk 1 adriana.g@archive.org 1 abrook@ccs.carleton.ca 1 robert.hanna@colorado.edu 1 english@peopledaily.com.cn 1 englandalison.assiter@uwe.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2046 page was last 597 articles needing additional 177 articles needing clarification 166 article needs additional 163 god is not 147 articles needing page 115 wikipedia is not 88 god does not 76 book is usually 75 isbn do not 75 wikipedia find articles 73 article has multiple 65 pages needing cleanup 62 articles using small 61 philosophy related articles 54 articles needing factual 49 ^ see also 45 article does not 43 kant does not 40 articles needing expert 30 articles needing context 29 articles needing rewrite 29 god did not 29 god is dead 28 kant did not 26 law does not 26 pages using sister 23 pages needing factual 22 ^ see e.g. 22 article is about 21 article is part 20 articles needing translation 20 philosophy is not 19 articles needing cleanup 19 law is not 19 theory is not 18 science does not 16 god is omnipotent 15 articles needing attention 15 god is good 15 kant was also 15 science is not 15 theory does not 15 wikipedia does not 14 god is also 14 kant is not 14 theories are not 14 work has also 13 theory was not 12 articles needing examples Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 wikipedia is not biographies 9 kant has no interest 8 god is not omnipotent 7 theory was not pragmatic 6 science was not just 5 article has not yet 5 wikipedia is not disclaimer 4 god is not non 3 god is not complex 3 god is not ignorant 2 god are not open 2 god does not arbitrarily 2 god had no part 2 god is no longer 2 god is not existent 2 god is not great 2 god is not logically 2 god is not material 2 kant have no mind 2 kant is not interested 2 kant is not quite 2 kant is not so 2 law does not explicitly 2 law does not materially 2 law is no law 2 laws were not necessary 2 philosophies is not as 2 philosophy is not necessarily 2 science does not now 2 science is not metaphysical 2 theories are not mutually 2 theory make no contribution 2 views are not mutually 2 views were not universally 2 wikipedia is not compulsory 2 wikipedia is not readers 2 work was not strictly 2 works are not art 1 ^ making no commitment 1 article has no lead 1 article has no references 1 article is not terribly 1 article was not available 1 articles are not acceptable 1 articles are not merely 1 articles is not just 1 b are not simultaneous 1 b has no duty 1 book is not well 1 book was not actually Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 80587 www-marxists-org-2434 51221 web-archive-org-1573 51195 www-gutenberg-org-764 38388 en-wikipedia-org-3459 38011 en-wikipedia-org-6950 35677 web-archive-org-994 32842 en-wikipedia-org-517 32755 en-wikipedia-org-9836 32611 en-wikipedia-org-4876 31741 en-wikipedia-org-9972 31340 en-wikipedia-org-6591 30778 en-wikipedia-org-7185 30157 en-wikipedia-org-3145 29363 en-wikipedia-org-5593 29113 en-wikipedia-org-2068 28328 en-wikipedia-org-6569 28328 en-wikipedia-org-8971 27832 en-wikipedia-org-2670 27624 en-wikipedia-org-7177 27470 en-wikipedia-org-7016 26719 en-wikipedia-org-9242 26063 en-wikipedia-org-8777 25948 en-wikipedia-org-5564 25458 en-wikipedia-org-1429 25456 en-wikipedia-org-890 25131 en-wikipedia-org-2326 25129 en-wikipedia-org-3360 24743 en-wikipedia-org-3826 24508 en-wikipedia-org-3848 24350 en-wikipedia-org-8287 24347 en-wikipedia-org-4016 24089 en-wikipedia-org-7511 24014 en-wikipedia-org-7848 23827 en-wikipedia-org-7578 23811 web-archive-org-7599 23487 en-wikipedia-org-5884 23477 plato-stanford-edu-8185 23477 plato-stanford-edu-8778 23423 en-wikipedia-org-9119 23332 web-archive-org-4285 23122 en-wikipedia-org-4803 22962 en-wikipedia-org-2804 22915 en-m-wikipedia-org-1168 22884 en-wikipedia-org-2693 22696 en-wikipedia-org-1529 22668 en-wikipedia-org-9285 22532 en-wikiquote-org-7832 22093 en-wikipedia-org-3484 22091 en-wikipedia-org-9012 21799 en-wikipedia-org-5761 21593 en-wikipedia-org-2574 20640 en-wikipedia-org-9822 20148 en-wikipedia-org-6831 20056 en-wikipedia-org-899 19935 en-wikipedia-org-117 19863 en-wikipedia-org-5002 19736 en-wikipedia-org-5412 19628 en-wikipedia-org-9664 19569 en-wikipedia-org-7597 19436 en-wikipedia-org-9094 19416 en-wikipedia-org-326 19378 en-wikipedia-org-7005 19353 en-wikipedia-org-6583 19165 plato-stanford-edu-8917 19077 en-wikipedia-org-6973 19023 en-wikipedia-org-3015 18885 en-wikipedia-org-6553 18852 en-wikipedia-org-3982 18768 en-wikipedia-org-2205 18712 en-wikipedia-org-7884 18293 en-wikipedia-org-2155 18165 en-wikipedia-org-5313 18002 www-iep-utm-edu-1741 17943 en-wikipedia-org-8940 17929 en-wikipedia-org-2756 17849 en-wikipedia-org-4027 17781 en-wikipedia-org-2943 17608 en-wikipedia-org-358 17441 en-wikipedia-org-2151 17260 en-wikipedia-org-3378 17256 en-wikipedia-org-6482 17165 web-archive-org-6431 17135 en-wikipedia-org-8445 17104 es-wikipedia-org-4602 17054 en-wikipedia-org-6654 16671 en-wikipedia-org-1538 16557 en-wikipedia-org-8059 16432 en-wikipedia-org-2025 16345 en-wikipedia-org-4976 16101 en-wikipedia-org-2408 16048 en-wikipedia-org-6588 16026 en-wikipedia-org-8644 15702 en-wikipedia-org-1709 15643 en-wikipedia-org-7099 15643 www-iep-utm-edu-4983 15617 en-wikipedia-org-1362 15510 en-wikipedia-org-7935 15423 en-wikipedia-org-2932 15315 en-wikipedia-org-4118 15277 en-wikipedia-org-6247 15088 en-wikipedia-org-3985 15050 en-wikipedia-org-4588 15022 vi-wikipedia-org-8372 14936 en-wikipedia-org-2992 14799 en-wikipedia-org-6706 14790 en-wikipedia-org-7429 14745 en-wikipedia-org-2341 14743 en-wikipedia-org-97 14504 en-wikipedia-org-6136 14474 en-wikipedia-org-8623 14405 en-wikipedia-org-6488 14272 en-wikipedia-org-154 14149 en-wikipedia-org-4489 14148 en-wikipedia-org-2717 14143 en-wikipedia-org-3194 14099 en-wikipedia-org-3054 14010 en-wikipedia-org-4924 13971 en-wikipedia-org-5817 13787 en-wikipedia-org-9000 13777 en-wikipedia-org-4430 13725 en-wikipedia-org-9108 13721 en-wikipedia-org-7224 13650 en-wikipedia-org-2037 13549 en-wikipedia-org-424 13523 en-wikipedia-org-1175 13429 en-wikipedia-org-5144 13396 en-wikipedia-org-5753 13395 en-wikipedia-org-6294 13370 en-wikipedia-org-6249 13327 en-wikipedia-org-3806 13310 en-wikipedia-org-3704 13297 en-wikipedia-org-7297 13294 en-wikipedia-org-7976 13276 en-wikipedia-org-4706 13243 en-wikipedia-org-9286 13187 en-wikipedia-org-9351 13051 web-archive-org-6864 13042 en-wikipedia-org-3561 12944 en-wikipedia-org-4422 12879 en-wikipedia-org-1947 12871 en-wikipedia-org-8968 12829 en-wikipedia-org-2486 12750 en-wikipedia-org-7669 12617 en-wikipedia-org-9807 12617 en-wikipedia-org-9908 12588 en-wikipedia-org-9850 12486 en-wikipedia-org-4444 12482 en-wikipedia-org-9943 12418 en-wikipedia-org-7475 12408 en-wikipedia-org-7071 12360 en-wikipedia-org-8165 12327 en-wikipedia-org-9853 12322 en-wikipedia-org-3523 12319 rm-wikipedia-org-5365 12316 en-wikipedia-org-6259 12256 en-wikipedia-org-4457 12238 en-wikipedia-org-3889 12232 en-wikipedia-org-4979 12158 en-wikipedia-org-5085 12100 en-wikipedia-org-9370 11987 en-wikipedia-org-6771 11963 en-wikipedia-org-518 11940 en-wikipedia-org-5744 11858 en-wikipedia-org-5580 11845 en-wikipedia-org-9146 11836 en-wikipedia-org-65 11792 en-wikipedia-org-6278 11686 en-wikipedia-org-2287 11681 en-wikipedia-org-6211 11668 en-wikipedia-org-848 11621 en-wikipedia-org-6470 11598 en-wikipedia-org-3430 11576 en-wikipedia-org-6670 11551 en-wikipedia-org-4231 11437 en-wikipedia-org-1906 11398 en-wikipedia-org-1685 11393 en-wikipedia-org-1327 11306 sq-wikipedia-org-3712 11299 en-wikipedia-org-9723 11286 en-wikipedia-org-9354 11278 en-wikipedia-org-6201 11258 en-wikipedia-org-4082 11244 en-wikipedia-org-490 11192 en-wikipedia-org-8853 11157 en-wikipedia-org-5130 11148 en-wikipedia-org-4050 11148 en-wikipedia-org-6040 11097 en-wikipedia-org-3965 11066 en-wikipedia-org-2164 11061 en-wikipedia-org-1240 11061 www-iep-utm-edu-6876 10925 pure-rug-nl-8339 10890 en-wikipedia-org-1449 10886 en-wikipedia-org-3512 10846 en-wikipedia-org-5757 10792 en-wikipedia-org-7331 10786 en-wikipedia-org-7571 10728 en-wikipedia-org-7892 10718 en-wikipedia-org-2866 10697 en-wikipedia-org-1350 10682 en-wikipedia-org-1865 10657 en-wikipedia-org-2833 10586 en-wikipedia-org-3633 10487 en-wikipedia-org-5238 10421 en-wikipedia-org-5229 10418 en-wikipedia-org-3464 10415 en-wikipedia-org-3571 10395 en-wikipedia-org-4609 10388 en-wikipedia-org-6761 10227 en-wikipedia-org-965 10160 en-wikipedia-org-9932 10147 en-wikipedia-org-7727 10140 en-wikipedia-org-2966 10137 en-wikipedia-org-4060 10113 en-wikipedia-org-1452 10113 en-wikipedia-org-7220 10099 en-wikipedia-org-6244 10067 en-wikipedia-org-2429 10012 en-wikipedia-org-6685 9988 en-wikipedia-org-3412 9982 en-wikipedia-org-4436 9977 en-wikipedia-org-4511 9902 en-wikipedia-org-5720 9864 en-wikipedia-org-1247 9786 en-wikipedia-org-6302 9783 en-wikipedia-org-4520 9761 en-wikipedia-org-6783 9731 en-wikipedia-org-5178 9719 en-wikipedia-org-7566 9716 en-wikipedia-org-2134 9652 en-wikipedia-org-7934 9651 en-wikipedia-org-3489 9630 en-wikipedia-org-5608 9560 en-wikipedia-org-6199 9555 en-wikipedia-org-3858 9522 fr-wikipedia-org-5028 9506 en-wikipedia-org-3264 9505 en-wikipedia-org-591 9498 en-wikipedia-org-8466 9491 en-wikipedia-org-5399 9439 en-wikipedia-org-1093 9397 en-wikipedia-org-1896 9383 en-wikipedia-org-6937 9372 en-wikipedia-org-3008 9368 en-wikipedia-org-593 9350 en-wikipedia-org-4514 9342 en-wikipedia-org-7553 9339 en-wikipedia-org-3958 9336 en-wikipedia-org-1712 9313 en-wikipedia-org-2750 9296 en-wikipedia-org-817 9275 en-wikipedia-org-9116 9216 en-wikipedia-org-6710 9184 en-wikipedia-org-8451 9137 en-wikipedia-org-6752 9084 en-wikipedia-org-782 9057 en-wikipedia-org-2342 9034 en-wikipedia-org-8333 9030 en-wikipedia-org-4556 9015 en-wikipedia-org-1174 9006 en-wikipedia-org-9076 8996 en-wikipedia-org-5174 8903 en-wikipedia-org-7371 8892 en-wikipedia-org-9518 8856 en-wikipedia-org-7078 8824 en-wikipedia-org-9532 8803 en-wikipedia-org-6222 8764 en-wikipedia-org-5576 8714 en-wikipedia-org-4019 8648 en-wikipedia-org-67 8607 en-wikipedia-org-3990 8590 en-wikipedia-org-2882 8576 pt-wikipedia-org-2605 8514 en-wikipedia-org-5647 8482 en-wikipedia-org-759 8450 en-wikipedia-org-5951 8437 en-wikipedia-org-5712 8383 en-wikipedia-org-6051 8369 en-wikipedia-org-9027 8327 en-wikipedia-org-5099 8316 en-wikipedia-org-174 8283 en-wikipedia-org-2849 8217 en-wikipedia-org-547 8206 en-wikipedia-org-2072 8202 en-wikipedia-org-4252 8193 en-wikipedia-org-4403 8178 en-wikipedia-org-4429 8123 en-wikipedia-org-2911 8093 en-wikipedia-org-1326 8038 en-wikipedia-org-983 8018 en-wikipedia-org-9483 7987 en-wikipedia-org-3498 7967 en-wikipedia-org-7872 7964 en-wikipedia-org-4096 7963 en-wikipedia-org-2829 7960 en-wikipedia-org-2988 7949 foundation-wikimedia-org-7491 7927 en-wikipedia-org-3617 7896 en-wikipedia-org-3251 7865 en-wikipedia-org-3138 7856 en-wikipedia-org-4636 7814 en-wikipedia-org-2224 7808 en-wikipedia-org-3324 7807 en-wikipedia-org-911 7795 en-wikipedia-org-4726 7782 en-wikipedia-org-8248 7778 en-wikipedia-org-2823 7772 en-wikipedia-org-6497 7724 en-wikipedia-org-7504 7705 en-wikipedia-org-6808 7669 en-wikipedia-org-6137 7652 en-wikipedia-org-8175 7589 en-wikipedia-org-5250 7581 en-wikipedia-org-2581 7580 en-wikipedia-org-1331 7576 en-wikipedia-org-9802 7566 en-wikipedia-org-4131 7534 en-wikipedia-org-5771 7497 web-archive-org-7684 7458 en-wikipedia-org-2536 7458 en-wikipedia-org-7543 7455 en-wikipedia-org-4899 7434 web-archive-org-4820 7420 en-wikipedia-org-2162 7412 en-wikipedia-org-3020 7374 en-wikipedia-org-1728 7293 en-wikipedia-org-8825 7263 en-wikipedia-org-1777 7260 en-wikipedia-org-2163 7228 en-wikipedia-org-7676 7221 en-wikipedia-org-3198 7218 en-wikipedia-org-5368 7197 en-wikipedia-org-9546 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1365 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1408 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1434 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1574 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1723 7169 en-wikipedia-org-1821 7169 en-wikipedia-org-2516 7169 en-wikipedia-org-262 7169 en-wikipedia-org-2969 7169 en-wikipedia-org-3126 7169 en-wikipedia-org-36 7169 en-wikipedia-org-3803 7169 en-wikipedia-org-3937 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4049 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4295 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4322 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4423 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4828 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4832 7169 en-wikipedia-org-4970 7169 en-wikipedia-org-5003 7169 en-wikipedia-org-5018 7169 en-wikipedia-org-5146 7169 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Heading Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 Seen from Kant, Imanuel, 1724-1804 Biogr./Hist. data Německý filozof osvícenství, profesor metafyziky a logiky, domácí učitel a knihovník. Source Immanuela Kanta Základy k metafysice mravů NKC DNB, cit. 5. 2013 autoritní forma, datum narození, datum úmrtí, biografické údaje www(Wikipedia, die freie Enzyklopädie), cit. 5. 2013 biografické údaje More info Wikipedie (Immanuel Kant) Permalink http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000060656&local_base=AUT More info: © 2014 Ex Libris, NL CR als-wikipedia-org-801 am-wikipedia-org-7096 an-wikipedia-org-7066 api-semanticscholar-org-1274 Kantian non-conceptualism | Semantic Scholar There are perceptual states whose representational content cannot even in principle be conceptual. If that claim is true, then at least some perceptual states have content whose semantic structure and psychological function are essentially distinct from the structure and function of conceptual content. Citation Type Citation Type Sort by Most Influenced Papers Sort by Citation Count Beyond the Myth of the Myth: A Kantian Theory of Non-Conceptual Content Kant on Perceptual Content View 3 excerpts, cites methods and background Non-Conceptual Content and the Subjectivity of Consciousness State Versus Content: The Unfair Trial of Perceptual Nonconceptualism View 4 excerpts, cites background View 4 excerpts, cites background View 4 excerpts, cites background View 4 excerpts, cites background View 4 excerpts, cites background Kant and Nonconceptual Content Nonconceptual Content: From Perceptual Experience to Subpersonal Computational States Must conceptually informed perceptual experience involve non-conceptual content? api-semanticscholar-org-2213 api-semanticscholar-org-5594 Defining Race Scientifically | Semantic Scholar Semantic Scholar''s Logo Corpus ID: 143925406Defining Race Scientifically title={Defining Race Scientifically}, journal={Ethnicities}, Save to Library Citation Type Citation Type Cites Background Sort by Most Influenced Papers Sort by Citation Count Sort by Recency View 1 excerpt, cites background Unearthing Postracialism : A Critical Socio-Historical Survey and Analysis of the Scientific, Political and Ethical Critiques of ''Race'' SORT BYMost Influenced Papers Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der kritischen Philosophie The Journal of experimental medicine View 2 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background Save Save Save Save Save Bernasconi (ed.) Race and Anthropology Stay Connected With Semantic Scholar About Semantic Scholar Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License ACCEPT & CONTINUE ar-wikipedia-org-3495 كان إيمانويل كانت آخر فلاسفة عصر التنوير الذي بدأ بالمفكرين البريطانيين جون لوك وجورج بيركلي وديفيد هيوم. ثم نشر أعمالا رئيسية أخرى في شيخوخته، منها كتابه نقد العقل العملي الذي بحث فيه جانب الأخلاق والضمير الإنساني، وكتابه نقد الحكم الذي استقصى فيه فلسفة الجمال والغائية. ولد إمانويل كانت عام 1724 في مدينة كونيغسبرغ عاصمة مملكة بروسيا ذلك الوقت في القرن الثامن عشر، التي أصبحت تسمى اليوم كيلننغراد وتتبع لدولة روسيا. نُشرت محاضرات كانط عن علم الأنثروبولوجيا لأول مرة عام 1997 بالألمانية،[27] وتُرجمت «مقدمة حول أنثروبولوجيا كانط» إلى الإنجليزية ونشرتها جامعة كامبردج ضمن سلسلة نصوص تاريخ الفلسفة عام 2006.[28] شرح كانت هذه النظرية في كتابه الأشهر الذي صدر عام 1781 "نقد العقل المجرد" الذي يعتبره النقاد في كثير من الأحيان أهم مجلد فلسفي في علم الميتافيزيقيا ونظرية المعرفة. إيمانويل كانت على موقع MusicBrainz (الإنجليزية) إيمانويل كانت على جود ريدز. إيمانويل كانت على كورا. archive-org-1258 archive-org-1330 archive-org-2161 archive-org-3569 archive-org-3846 archive-org-3938 archive-org-418 Internet Archive BookReader The American Catholic quarterly review The American Catholic quarterly review The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser supports JavaScript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. You can also try one of the other formats of the book. archive-org-4925 archive-org-5027 : Immanuel Kant : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of two photographs. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Advanced Search Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for Book digitized by Google from the library of Oxford University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Identifier-ark plus-circle Add Review DOWNLOAD OPTIONS ABBYY GZ download DAISY download EPUB download FULL TEXT download ITEM TILE download KINDLE download PDF download TORRENT download download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 14 Files download 7 Original archive-org-5097 archive-org-582 archive-org-5910 archive-org-5968 archive-org-6320 archive-org-6351 archive-org-6417 archive-org-6925 archive-org-7325 archive-org-7390 archive-org-8445 archive-org-8648 archive-org-874 archive-org-9321 archive-org-9967 Encyclopedia of Catholicism : Flinn, Frank K : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building façade. An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of two photographs. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Item Preview Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for Internet Archive Each illustrated volume provides access to the theological concepts, personalities, historical events, institutions, and movements that helped shape the history of each religion and the way it is practiced Print version record Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Identifier-ark republisher4.yunnan@archive.org ttscribe21.hongkong.archive.org plus-circle Add Review Books for People with Print Disabilities Internet Archive Books ary-wikipedia-org-7585 arz-wikipedia-org-1100 assets-cambridge-org-9442 Descartes''s law of the conservation of the quantity of motion formed quantity of motion of the bodies in cases A and B are equal; for 1 times the quantity of motion is not conserved in cases of bodies in free fall and point of Kant''s Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces can In Chapter One, "Of the force of bodies in general," Kant considers can avoid the circularity of invoking moving force to explain motion, Kant are unsatisfactory, since rather than supporting the conservation of ''living forces,'' such cases actually prove the Cartesian estimation; (2) his difference to the case in favor of ''living forces.'' In §§ 58–70, Kant then the true measure of force in nature," Kant presents his own resolution Thoughts on the true estimation of living forces Kant''s Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces cannot be as the true measure of force in nature 121 ast-wikipedia-org-2453 authority-bibsys-no-2284 Field Value System control number 90066754 autid x90066754 handle http://hdl.handle.net/11250/463785 scn 90066754 isni 0000000122824025 viaf http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490 bibbi 19556 Status kat3 Authority type PERSON Created date Thu May 30 00:00:00 CEST 2013 Last update date Wed Feb 19 16:16:46 CET 2020 Deleted false Personal name Kant, Immanuel Dates associated with a name 1724-1804 386$m Nasjonalitet/regional gruppe 386$2 bs-nasj Personal name (See From Tracing) Kangde Personal name (See From Tracing) Kang-De Personal name (See From Tracing) K''ang-te ay-wikipedia-org-2343 az-wikipedia-org-6931 azb-wikipedia-org-6860 ایمانوئل کانت ویکی‌پدیا ایمانوئل کانت (آلمانجا: Immanuel Kant) — گؤرکملی آلمان فیلوسوفو، نوکلاسیک آلمان فلسفه‌سینین بانی‌سی، چاغداش آوروپا فلسفه تاریخی‌نین ان نفوذلو نماینده‌لریندن، باتی اوروپادا آیدینلانما چاغینین سوْن بؤیوک فیلوسوفلاریندان بیری. ↑ The application of the term "perceptual non-conceptualism" to Kant''s philosophy of perception is debatable (see Hanna, Robert. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Realism and Antirealism in Kant''s Moral Philosophy: New Essays. ↑ The Coherence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). ↑ Hanna, Robert, Kant, Science, and Human Nature. ↑ Biographies: Königsberg Professors – Manchester University: "His lectures on logic and metaphysics were quite popular, and he still taught theology, philosophy, and mathematics when Kant studied at the university. "Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. See also: Paul Saurette, The Kantian Imperative: Humiliation, Common Sense, Politics, University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. Kant, Theoretical Philosophy: 1755–1770, Cambridge University Press, p. ba-wikipedia-org-1001 bat-smg-wikipedia-org-2734 bcl-wikipedia-org-9467 be-tarask-wikipedia-org-5781 be-wikipedia-org-9011 Імануіл Кант — Вікіпедыя Імануіл Кант на Вікісховішчы Імануіл Кант (22 красавіка 1724 — 12 лютага 1804) — нямецкі філосаф эпохі Асветніцтва, з''яўляецца адным з найболей уплывовых мысляроў у гісторыі заходняй філасофіі. Біяграфія[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Светапогляд[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Публікацыі Канта[правіць | правіць зыходнік] 1781 Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Крытыка чыстага розуму) 1788 Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Крытыка практычнага розуму) 1790 Kritik der Urteilskraft (Крытыка разумовых здольнасцяў) 1797 Metaphysik der Sitten (Метафізіка маралі) Беларускія пераклады[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Літаратура[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Кант Імануіл // Культуралогія: Энцыклапедычны даведнік / Уклад. Спасылкі[правіць | правіць зыходнік] Імануіл Кант у Нямецкай нацыянальнай бібліятэцы Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі Вялікая каталанская · Вялікая нарвежская · Вялікая расійская · Бракгаўза і Ефрона · Яўрэйская Бракгаўза і Ефрона · Малы Бракгаўза і Ефрона · Праваслаўная · Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie · Britannica (11-th) · Britannica (онлайн) · Brockhaus · Notable Names Database · Treccani · Universalis · Universalis · Universalis bg-wikipedia-org-9215 bh-wikipedia-org-146 blackcentraleurope-com-1646 blogs-umass-edu-6415 bn-wikipedia-org-7277 books-google-com-1638 books-google-com-1777 books-google-com-2060 Immanuel Kant''s Werke: sorgfaltig revidirte Gesammtausgabe in zehn Bänden Immanuel Kant Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Immanuel Kant''s Werke: sorgfaltig revidirte Gesammtausgabe in ..., Volumes 3-4 By Immanuel Kant About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-2454 books-google-com-3762 books-google-com-4635 Immanuel Kant''s Werke: sorgfaltig revidirte Gesammtausgabe in zehn Bänden Immanuel Kant Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Immanuel Kant''s Werke: sorgfaltig revidirte Gesammtausgabe in ..., Volumes 3-4 By Immanuel Kant About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-6173 books-google-com-6384 books-google-com-6569 books-google-com-6594 Project for a Perpetual Peace: A Philosphical Essay Immanuel Kant Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Project for a Perpetual Peace: A Philosphical Essay By Immanuel Kant About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-7095 books-google-com-8402 Nietzsche: The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols: And Other Writings Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Cambridge University Press Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Nietzsche: The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols: And Other Writings By Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of Cambridge University Press. Page 9 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-845 Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Go to Google Play Now » Wiley, Feb 10, 1997 Philosophy 384 pages Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader Emmanuel Chuckwudi Eze is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Bucknell University, editor of Racist Enlightenment (Blackwell Publishers, 1996) and African Philosophy: An Anthology (Blackwell Publishers, forthcoming). He is Research Associate at the African Studies Centre, Cambridge University, 1996-97 and Diamond Distinguished Visitor in Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. Title Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader Editor Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze Philosophy / Eastern About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-9323 br-wikipedia-org-2510 bs-wikipedia-org-740 bxr-wikipedia-org-6816 Иммануил Кант — Wikipedia Иммануил Кант Иммануил Кант Наһа бараһан үдэр: Наһа бараһан газар: Иммануил Кант (германяар Immanuel Kant; 1724 оной 4 һарын 22 — 1804 оной 2 һарын 12) — Германай гүн ухаантан, зохёолшо байба. Кантын гүн ухаан[заһабарилха | үндэһэн бэшэгые заһабарилха] Юрэнхы ойлголто[заһабарилха | үндэһэн бэшэгые заһабарилха] Нэгэдэхи үе 1870-аад ониие хүрэтэрхи үе болоод энэ үедэ Кант онолой шэнжэлхэ ухаанай хубида туршалгын баримтые харгалзахагүйгөөр философиие ухаанаар болобсоруулжа үндэһэлжэ болоно гэжэ үзэһэн. «Иммануил Кант» үгүүлэл хадаа Википедидэ заатагүй байха 1000 эгээн шухала үгүүлэлнүүдэй нэгэн юм. — ISBN 978-953-6036-31-8 "https://bxr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Иммануил_Кант&oldid=50202" холбооһоо абагдаһан 4 һарын 22 түрэһэн 2 һарын 12 наһа бараһан 1804 ондо наһа бараһан Германиин гүн ухаантад 10 килобайтһаа бага заатагүй байха үгүүлэл Нюуса анги: Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных Википедия:Статьи с источниками из Викиданных Страницы, использующие волшебные ссылки ISBN Үндэһэн бэшэгые заһабарилха Тусхай хуудаһан Хуудаһан тухай мэдээлэл Хэблэхэ хубилбари ca-wikipedia-org-6392 catalogo-bne-es-7283 catalogue-bnf-fr-1838 Notice de personne "Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)" | BnF Catalogue général Bibliothèque nationale de France Réserver vos documents sur les sites Richelieu-Louvois (y compris les Cartes et plans), Opéra, Arsenal. 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Haut-de-jardin Lancer la recherche Recherche avancée Recherches ciblées Notices d''autorité Dans les univers Notice de personne Au format public Au format Intermarc Au format Unimarc Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) forme internationale Responsabilité(s) exercée(s) sur les documents : 1804-02-12, Königsberg, Allemagne 1804-02-12, Königsberg, Allemagne Notice n° : Notice n° : Fermer ce volet Ouvrir ce volet Voir la notice dans le catalogue actuel Notices bibliographiques liées Voir les notices liées en tant que : Voir toutes les notices liées (2792) Œuvres de l''auteur (23) Œuvres de l''auteur (Liste A-Z) Ajouter à mes notices Ajouter à mes notices Les notices sélectionnées ont bien été ajoutées dans votre espace personnel. > Voir mes notices dans mon espace personnel Haut de page cbk-zam-wikipedia-org-8355 ce-wikipedia-org-6407 ceb-wikipedia-org-2989 chnm-gmu-edu-2697 ci-nii-ac-jp-1381 ckb-wikipedia-org-7184 commons-wikimedia-org-2570 Category:Immanuel Kant Wikimedia Commons Category:Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant German philosopher Name in native language Immanuel Kant Educated at University of Königsberg Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren author ID: kant020 ► Kanthaus (Königsberg)‎ (12 F) Pages in category "Immanuel Kant" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. Immanuel Kant Creator:Immanuel Kant Media in category "Immanuel Kant" The following 54 files are in this category, out of 54 total. Bust of Emmanuel Kant.jpg Division de la filosofia según Immanuel Kant.png E. kant graffiti.jpg Gross Félix Kant-breviárium.jpg Immanuel Kant (par Pfenning).jpg Immanuel Kant transcendental idealism chart PL.svg Immanuel Kant signature.svg Kant Breitkopf-Fraktur.png Kant con Diderot y Rousseau.jpg Kant doerstling2.jpg Kant Erkenntnis.jpg Kant im Arbeitszimmer.jpg Kant in Sütterlin font.png Kant Lobeck autographs01.jpg Kant''s Prolegomena Frontispiece.png Kant, Emmanuel CIPA0720.jpg KANT.jpg KANT.jpg Kants Testament.jpg Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Immanuel_Kant&oldid=352203909" People of Königsberg Uses of Wikidata Infobox providing interwiki links commons-wikimedia-org-8640 Immanuel Kant Wikimedia Commons Jump to navigation Deutsch: Immanuel Kant war ein deutscher Philosoph. English: Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724–February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher, generally regarded as the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment, having a major impact on the Romantic and Idealist philosophies of the 19th century, and as one of history''s most influential thinkers. Español: Immanuel Kant (22 de Abril de 1724–12 de Febrero de 1804), filósofo alemán, fue uno de los pensadores más influyentes de todos los tiempos. Türkçe: Immanuel Kant (22 Nisan 1724–12 Şubat 1804), Alman filozof. Gallery[edit] Painted portrait of Immanuel Kant Portrait of Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant and guests Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=296032543" Category: Immanuel Kant Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 17:28. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy. cs-wikipedia-org-8336 cv-wikipedia-org-7751 cy-wikipedia-org-1366 cyclopedia-lcms-org-9762 d-nb-info-4439 da-wikipedia-org-3070 Selv om der måske ikke kan fortælles mange historier om Kants liv, har hans indflydelse på filosofien været kolossal, og hans værker læses og kommenteres flittigt ikke blot som historiske kuriositeter men som vægtige gennemgange af relevante problemstillinger i forhold til menneskets tænkning. Uden denne sammenfatning af mangefoldet ville vi umuligt kunne erkende noget (Kant kalder det syntese), men syntesen er ikke noget, der selv kan erkendes, da den er en betingelse for erkendelsen, og derfor er den transcendental. Hvis en anden person, derimod, handler ud fra ønsket om at hjælpe andre, men at hans handlinger ender med at skade andre mennesker, så har denne persons handlinger moralsk værdi, da hans motiv uanset konsekvenserne var at handle godt – og dette gør ham til et moralsk væsen; eller som Kant siger det: Intet andet er godt end den gode vilje, og den gode vilje er udelukkende god på grund af sin villen. data-bnf-fr-1397 de-wikipedia-org-5311 6. „Es soll sich kein Staat im Kriege mit einem andern solche Feindseligkeiten erlauben, welche das wechselseitige Zutrauen im künftigen Frieden unmöglich machen müssen: als da sind, Anstellung der Meuchelmörder (percussores), Giftmischer (venefici), Brechung der Kapitulation, Anstiftung des Verrats (perduellio) in dem bekriegten Staat etc."[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] „Denn wenn das Glück es so fügt: daß ein mächtiges und aufgeklärtes Volk sich zu einer Republik (die ihrer Natur nach zum ewigen Frieden geneigt sein muß) bilden kann, so gibt diese einen Mittelpunkt der föderativen Vereinigung für andere Staaten ab, um sich an sie anzuschließen, und so den Freiheitszustand der Staaten, gemäß der Idee des Völkerrechts, zu sichern, und sich durch mehrere Verbindungen dieser Art nach und nach immer weiter auszubreiten." Immanuel Kant: AA 000008VIII, 356[11] Über die Misshelligkeit zwischen der Moral und der Politik, in Absicht auf den ewigen Frieden[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] Über den Gemeinspruch: Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber nicht für die Praxis; Zum ewigen Frieden, ein philosophischer Entwurf. de-wikipedia-org-611 de-wikipedia-org-8303 dictionary-reference-com-3222 diq-wikipedia-org-8164 doi-org-1909 doi-org-2259 doi-org-2541 doi-org-2785 doi-org-2858 doi-org-3265 doi-org-7335 doi-org-7856 doi-org-7985 doi-org-8075 SAGE Reference The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism SAGE BooksExplore research monographs, classroom texts, and professional development titles. CQ PressDiscover trustworthy and timely resources in American government, politics, history, public policy, and current affairs. SAGE ReferenceStart your research with authoritative encyclopedias and handbooks in the social and behavioral sciences. SAGE VideoWatch cutting-edge streaming video that supports teaching, learning and research at all levels. Subject:Economic Thought, Political Theory & Thought (general) Sage Publications, Inc., https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781412965811.n161 "Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804)." In The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, edited by Hamowy, Ronald, 276-71. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. pp. Read next in SAGE Reference The SAGE Handbook of Political Sociology: Two Volume Set The SAGE Handbook of Comparative Politics The SAGE Handbook of Globalization SAGE Research Methods Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Knowledge has to offer. Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Knowledge has to offer. doi-org-9137 doi-org-9181 doi-org-933 donate-wikimedia-org-4393 We''re a non-profit that depends on donations to stay online and thriving, but 98% of our readers don''t give; they simply look the other way. 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Retrieved from "https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:LandingPage" dro-dur-ac-uk-5097 el-wikipedia-org-883 eml-wikipedia-org-7821 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Un dipént ed Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (22 d''avréll, 1724 12 ed febrèr, 1804) l''era un filôsof tudàssch. Hume l''era dré ch''al lavureva a la teorî dal skepticism, ch''la dgéva ch''an i sré gninta ch''al pré dèr ''na sicurazza al nôstri esperiänz. Incû la filosofî ''d Kant la sciama; filosofî créttica. La só ôvra pió cgnossó l''è la Créttica ''lda ragiån pûra (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) ch''l è stè publichè dal 1781. Al cminzéppi dal sécol XX äl teorî ''d Kant gnénn druvè da una nôva generaziån ''d filôsof tudàssch, chi dénn vétta a un grópp ciamè ''nôv kantisum, ch''l à ancåura incû di mondi d''l influänza. Estratto da "https://eml.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=67952" Nâ in dal 1724 Mort in dal 1804 Cme citêr cla pàgina ché Il testo è disponibile secondo la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. Informazioni su Wikipedia en-m-wikipedia-org-1168 Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation, and that perhaps this could be the culminating stage of world history.[33] The nature of Kant''s religious views continues to be the subject of scholarly dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he shifted from an early defense of an ontological argument for the existence of God to a principled agnosticism, to more critical treatments epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as "theological morals" and the "Mosaic Decalogue in disguise",[34] and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood"[35] and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith.[c] Beyond his religious views, Kant has also been criticized for the racism presented in some of his lesser-known papers, such as "On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy" and "On the Different Races of Man".[37][38][39][40] An advocate of scientific racism for much of his career, Kant''s views on race changed significantly in the last decade of his life, and he ultimately rejected racial hierarchies and European colonialism in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795).[41] en-m-wikipedia-org-2331 en-wikipedia-org-101 Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology It will automatically add you to Category:Epistemology task force members. Adding your name indicates that you are willing to work with others on the development of Wikipedia''s Epistemology articles, and be an involved member of the project. This task force is a community of Wikipedians who share an interest in Epistemology and who wish to improve the general quality of Wikipedia Epistemology articles, and how they are accessed. To improve the quality and range of Wikipedia articles on Epistemological topics: To-do list for Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology: edit · history · watch · refresh · Updated 2007-09-05 Suggest or edit an Epistemology article needing attention:Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Philosophy Monitor Recent changes to pages connected to Portal:Epistemology Monitor Recent changes to pages in Category Epistemology This message should be placed at the top of the talk pages of all epistemology articles, especially: Categories: Wikipedia pages with to-do lists en-wikipedia-org-1010 en-wikipedia-org-1011 en-wikipedia-org-1021 en-wikipedia-org-1022 Neopythagoreanism (or Neo-Pythagoreanism) was a school of Hellenistic philosophy which revived Pythagorean doctrines. Neopythagoreanism was influenced by Middle Platonism and in turn influenced Neoplatonism. The 1911 Britannica describes Neopythagoreanism as "a link in the chain between the old and the new" within Hellenistic philosophy. In the 1st century BCE Cicero''s friend Nigidius Figulus made an attempt to revive Pythagorean doctrines, but the most important members of the school were Apollonius of Tyana and Moderatus of Gades in the 1st century CE. In the 2nd century, Numenius of Apamea sought to fuse additional elements of Platonism into Neopythagoreanism, prefiguring the rise of Neoplatonism. Neopythagoreanism was an attempt to re-introduce a mystical religious element into Hellenistic philosophy (dominated by the Stoics) in place of what had come to be regarded as an arid formalism. Categories: Neopythagoreanism Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica en-wikipedia-org-1028 en-wikipedia-org-1029 Marcion preached that the god who sent Jesus into the world was a different, higher deity than the creator god of Judaism.[2] He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ.[3] He published the earliest extant fixed collection of New Testament books,[4] making him a vital figure in the development of Christian history.[citation needed] Church Fathers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Tertullian denounced Marcion as a heretic, and he was excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.[5] He published the first known canon of Christian scriptures,[6][7] which contained ten Pauline epistles (the Pastoral epistles weren''t included) and a shorter version of the Gospel of Luke (the Gospel of Marcion).[8] This made him a catalyst in the process of the development of the New Testament canon by forcing the proto-orthodox Church to respond to his canon.[9] en-wikipedia-org-1032 Christian Garve (7 January 1742 – 1 December 1798) was one of the best-known philosophers of the late Enlightenment along with Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelssohn. Works translated by Garve[edit] Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1039 en-wikipedia-org-1040 en-wikipedia-org-1047 Pre-established harmony Wikipedia Gottfried Leibniz''s theory of pre-established harmony (French: harmonie préétablie) is a philosophical theory about causation under which every "substance" affects only itself, but all the substances (both bodies and minds) in the world nevertheless seem to causally interact with each other because they have been programmed by God in advance to "harmonize" with each other. Leibniz''s term for these substances was "monads", which he described in a popular work (Monadology §7) as "windowless". Leibniz''s theory is best known as a solution to the mind–body problem of how mind can interact with the body. Although Leibniz says that each monad is "windowless," he also claims that it functions as a "mirror" of the entire created universe. External links[edit] Leibniz''s Philosophy of Mind from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Categories: Arguments in philosophy of mind Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Edit links en-wikipedia-org-1048 en-wikipedia-org-1064 en-wikipedia-org-1067 en-wikipedia-org-107 en-wikipedia-org-1075 Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India" was an Indian scholar, trader, and politician who was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895 and the first Asian to be a British MP[1][2] other than the Anglo-Indian MP David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was disenfranchised for corruption after nine months in office. In 1865, Naoroji directed and launch the London Indian Society, the purpose of which was to discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects.[10] In 1861 Naoroji founded The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe alongside Muncherjee Hormusji Cama.[11] In 1867 he also helped to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor organisations of the Indian National Congress with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the British public. en-wikipedia-org-1079 Find sources: "The Bodley Head" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Official website www.penguin.co.uk/company/publishers/vintage/bodley-head.html Also notable amongst Bodley Head''s pre-Great War books were the two volume sets: Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1910 and later editions, selling over fifty thousand copies), and Immanuel Kant, both by Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Herbert George Jenkins was a manager at the firm during the first decade of the twentieth century, before leaving to set up his own publishing house in 1912.[1] The Bodley Head became a private company in 1921. In 1926 it published the Book of Bodley Head Verse, an anthology edited by J. In the 1930s, "The Bodley Head" was used as a series title by Penguin Books. The firm was sold to Random House in 1987, who published children''s books under The Bodley Head name until 2008. Category:The Bodley Head books en-wikipedia-org-108 Czesław Znamierowski (1888–1967) was a Polish philosopher, jurist and sociologist.[1] He was Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Poznań and chaired its Department of Legal Theory and Philosophy of Law. Znamierowski is noted in Polish law for his contributions to social sciences (social ontology)[2] and jurisprudence, particularly the concept of legal system which is similar to H.L.A. Hart''s ideas, but was published almost forty years before Hart''s The Concept of Law.[3][4] In 1919, he graduated in law from University of Poznań''s Faculty of Law, and in 1922 completed his Doctor of Law (LLD) thesis under the supervision of Antoni Peretiatkowicz, who introduced Znamierowski to the field of jurisprudence and convinced him to specialize in the subject. His doctoral thesis in law was critical of Leon Petrażycki''s legal theory.[5] "Criticism of classical pragmatism: the unknown origins of Czesław Znamierowski''s theory and philosophy of law". en-wikipedia-org-1093 If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles can''t really change that in history, you can argue it is different today, but ehh, 5 works fine and it stops us from having everyone''s favorite tree branch.--Buridan (talk) 12:49, 16 September 2008 (UTC) the standard for inclusion in the template are quite clear, and libertarianism and until your list above gets above around 1000 items from widely recognized significant philosophy sources and departments, you aren''t going to be close to meeting the template level. Other than Absurdism, which was on the list before the back-and-forth started but got removed somewhere along the way, I don''t think any of the disputed items could reasonably be called a "school" of philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-1095 Tadeusz Czacki (28 August 1765 in Poryck, Volhynia – 8 February 1813 in Dubno) was a Polish historian, pedagogue and numismatist. Czacki played an important part in the Enlightenment in Poland. ^ (in Polish)Full text of the work External links[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Czacki&oldid=994287496" Hidden categories: Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles containing Polish-language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Latin-language text en-wikipedia-org-1096 en-wikipedia-org-1099 en-wikipedia-org-110 en-wikipedia-org-1102 en-wikipedia-org-1105 en-wikipedia-org-1108 en-wikipedia-org-1110 en-wikipedia-org-1117 Johann Georg Hamann (/ˈhɑːmən/; German: [ˈhaːman]; August 27, 1730 – June 21, 1788) was a German Lutheran philosopher from Königsberg known as "the Wizard of the North" who was one of the leader figures of post-Kantian philosophy. Initially he studied theology at the University of Königsberg,[10] but became a clerk in a mercantile house and afterward held many small public offices, devoting his leisure to reading philosophy.[11] His first publication was a study in political economy about a dispute on nobility and trade.[12] He wrote under the nom de plume of "the Magus of the North" (German: Magus im Norden).[11] Hamann was a believer in the Enlightenment until a mystical experience in London in 1758. en-wikipedia-org-1136 en-wikipedia-org-1145 Liberalism in Mexico was part of a broader nineteenth-century political trend affecting Western Europe and the Americas, including the United States, that challenged entrenched power.[1] Most Mexican liberals looked to European thinkers in their formulation of their ideology, which has led to a debate about whether those ideas were merely "Mexicanized" versions.[2] In Mexico, the most salient aspects of nineteenth-century liberalism were to create a secular state separated from the Roman Catholic Church, establish equality before the law by abolishing corporate privileges (fueros) of the church, the military, and indigenous communities. José María Luis Mora – Vicente Guerrero – Melchor Ocampo – Valentín Gómez Farías – Benito Juárez – Juan Álvarez – Guillermo Prieto – Miguel Lerdo de Tejada – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada – Ignacio Manuel Altamirano – Porfirio Díaz – José Yves Limantour – Justo Sierra – Francisco I. en-wikipedia-org-1153 en-wikipedia-org-1155 Quality (philosophy) Wikipedia Attribute or a property characteristic of an object in philosophy A quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object in philosophy.[1] In contemporary philosophy the idea of qualities, and especially how to distinguish certain kinds of qualities from one another, remains controversial.[1] it is the peculiar mark of substance that it should be capable of admitting contrary qualities; for it is by itself changing that it does so".[3] Aristotle described four types of qualitative opposites: correlatives, contraries, privatives and positives.[4] It could be thought that mass is intrinsic to an object, and thus a primary quality. Conceptions of quality as metaphysical and ontological[edit] Philosophy and common sense tend to see qualities as related either to subjective feelings or to objective facts. Pirsig examines concepts of quality in classical and romantic, seeking a Metaphysics of Quality and a reconciliation of those views in terms of non-dualistic holism. b) evaluates: the quality of all properties of an object, system or process en-wikipedia-org-1168 For instance, work by Joshua Knobe and Jesse Prinz (2008) suggests that people may have two different ways of understanding minds generally, and Justin Sytsma and Edouard Machery (2009) have written about the proper methodology for studying folk intuitions about consciousness. Extraverts are much more likely to be compatibilists,[40][41] particularly if they are high in "warmth."[42] Extraverts show larger biases and different patterns of beliefs in the Knobe side effect cases.[41][43] Neuroticism is related to susceptibility to manipulation-style free will arguments.[44] Emotional Stability predicts who will attribute virtues to others.[45][46][47] Openness to experience predicts non-objectivist moral intuitions.[48] The link between personality and philosophical intuitions is independent of cognitive abilities, training, education, and expertise.[49] Similar effects have also been found cross-culturally and in different languages including German[50] and Spanish. en-wikipedia-org-117 In painting, during the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, modernism was defined by Surrealism, late Cubism, Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, German Expressionism, and Modernist and masterful color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard as well as the abstractions of artists like Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky which characterized the European art scene. 1939[96] with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred."[97] Clement Greenberg sees modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts,[23] but with regard to music, Paul Griffiths notes that, while Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after World War II, "a new generation of composers—Boulez, Barraqué, Babbitt, Nono, Stockhausen, Xenakis" revived modernism".[98] In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally they were no longer producing major works. en-wikipedia-org-1170 Secular liberalism Wikipedia Secular liberalism Secular liberalism Secular liberalism stands at the other end of the political spectrum from religious authoritarianism, as seen in theocratic states and illiberal democracies. Secular liberals advocate separation of church and state in the formal constitutional and legal sense.[3] Secular liberal views typically see religious ideas about society, and religious arguments from authority drawn from various sacred texts, as having no special status, authority, or purchase in social, political, or ethical debates.[1] It is common for secular liberals to advocate the teaching of religion as a historical and cultural phenomenon, and to oppose religious indoctrination or lessons which promote religion as fact in schools.[2][3] Among those who have been labelled as secular liberals are prominent atheists like Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Ayaan Hirshi Ali, and Sam Harris.[2] Secular liberalism is sometimes connected with the Arab Spring protests. "Secular Liberalism as Consensus". "Secular liberalism misunderstood". en-wikipedia-org-1174 Because of the inadequacy of natural languages, people mistakenly think that they have such beliefs and desires.[2] Some eliminativists, such as Frank Jackson, claim that consciousness does not exist except as an epiphenomenon of brain function; others, such as Georges Rey, claim that the concept will eventually be eliminated as neuroscience progresses.[3][13] Consciousness and folk psychology are separate issues and it is possible to take an eliminative stance on one but not the other.[4] The roots of eliminativism go back to the writings of Wilfred Sellars, W.V. Quine, Paul Feyerabend, and Richard Rorty.[5][6][14] The term "eliminative materialism" was first introduced by James Cornman in 1968 while describing a version of physicalism endorsed by Rorty. en-wikipedia-org-1175 Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (/ˌmækiəˈvɛli/, also US: /ˌmɑːk-/; Italian: [nikkoˈlɔ mmakjaˈvɛlli]; 3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian Renaissance diplomat, philosopher and writer, best known for The Prince (Il Principe), written in 1513.[5] He has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science.[6] His experience showed him that politics have always been played with deception, treachery and crime.[9] He also notably said that a ruler who is establishing a kingdom or a republic, and is criticized for his deeds, including violence, should be excused when the intention and the result is beneficial.[10][11][12] Machiavelli''s Prince was much read as a manuscript long before it was published in 1532 and the reaction was mixed. Commentators such as Quentin Skinner and J.G.A. Pocock, in the so-called "Cambridge School" of interpretation, have asserted that some of the republican themes in Machiavelli''s political works, particularly the Discourses on Livy, can be found in medieval Italian literature which was influenced by classical authors such as Sallust.[52][53] en-wikipedia-org-1187 Benjamin Nathan Cardozo (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Cardozo to the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. Cardozo received the honorary degree of LL.D. from several colleges and universities, including: Columbia (1915); Yale (1921); New York (1922); Michigan (1923); Harvard (1927); St. John''s (1928); St. Lawrence (1932); Williams (1932); Princeton (1932); Pennsylvania (1932); Brown (1933); and Chicago (1933).[23] Constitutional law scholar Jeffrey Rosen noted in a The New York Times Book Review of Richard Polenberg''s book on Cardozo: Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York City New York Supreme Court Justices en-wikipedia-org-1190 en-wikipedia-org-1212 en-wikipedia-org-1213 en-wikipedia-org-1216 Structuralism was developed in post-war Paris as a response to the perceived contradiction between the free subject of philosophy and the determined subject of the human sciences.[21] It drew on the systematic linguistics of Saussure for a view of language and culture as a conventional system of signs preceding the individual subject''s entry into them.[22] In the study of linguistics the structuralists saw an objectivity and scientificity that contrasted with the humanist emphasis on creativity, freedom and purpose.[23] Michel Foucault challenged the foundational aspects of Enlightenment humanism.[40] He rejected absolute categories of epistemology (truth or certainty) and philosophical anthropology (the subject, influence, tradition, class consciousness), in a manner not unlike Nietzsche''s earlier dismissal of the categories of reason, morality, spirt, ego, motivation as philosophical substitutes for God.[41] Foucault argued that modern values either produced counter-emancipatory results directly, or matched increased "freedom" with increased and disciplinary normatization.[42] His anti-humanist skepticism extended to attempts to ground theory in human feeling, as much as in human reason, maintaining that both were historically contingent constructs, rather than the universals humanism maintained.[43] In The Archaeology of Knowledge, Foucault dismissed history as "humanist anthropology". en-wikipedia-org-1222 en-wikipedia-org-1228 en-wikipedia-org-1235 en-wikipedia-org-1240 Logic (from Greek: λογική, logikḗ, ''possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative'')[1][2][i] is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). There is no universal agreement as to the exact definition and boundaries of logic, hence the issue still remains one of the main subjects of research and debates in the field of philosophy of logic (see § Rival conceptions).[4][5][6] However, it has traditionally included the classification of arguments; the systematic exposition of the logical forms; the validity and soundness of deductive reasoning; the strength of inductive reasoning; the study of formal proofs and inference (including paradoxes and fallacies); and the study of syntax and semantics. Philosophical logic deals with formal descriptions of ordinary, non-specialist ("natural") language, that is strictly only about the arguments within philosophy''s other branches. en-wikipedia-org-1242 Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with SUDOC identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 223,299 total. 1980 Turkish coup d''état Hans von Aachen Aaron HaLevi ben Moses of Staroselye Aaron Aaronsohn Asbjørn Aarseth Aart van der Leeuw Jean Marie Charles Abadie Joseph Abadie Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda Categories: Pages with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-1244 en-wikipedia-org-1245 en-wikipedia-org-1247 Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents.[6] His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension (which occurs 39 days after Easter). Daniel Kehlmann''s 2005 novel Die Vermessung der Welt, translated into English as Measuring the World (2006), explores Gauss''s life and work through a lens of historical fiction, contrasting them with those of the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt. O''Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Carl Friedrich Gauss", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. O''Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Carl Friedrich Gauss", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. en-wikipedia-org-1254 en-wikipedia-org-1265 Development in philosophy that is characterised by coming from a Christian tradition St Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher of the Catholic Church Christian philosophy emerged with the aim of reconcile science and faith, starting from natural rational explanations with the help of Christian revelation. However, Boehner and Gilson claim that Christian philosophy is not a simple repetition of ancient philosophy, although they owe to Greek science the knowledge developed by Plato, Aristotle and the Neo-Platonists. They even claim that in Christian philosophy, Greek culture survives in organic form.[3] From the 16th century onwards, Christian philosophy, with its theories, started to coexist with independent scientific and philosophical theories. Adão Lara''s work indicates an important division of aspects of Christian philosophy in the Middle Ages: Fundamentally, Christian philosophical ideals are to make religious convictions rationally evident through natural reason. Philosophy and Christian Theology. Faith and Philosophy, in series, Knowing Christianity. Categories: Christian philosophy en-wikipedia-org-1267 en-wikipedia-org-1268 Liberal internationalism Wikipedia Liberal internationalism states that, through multilateral organizations such as the United Nations, it is possible to avoid the worst excesses of "power politics" in relations between nations. Examples of liberal internationalists include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair.[2] In the US, it is often associated with the American Democratic Party;[3] however, many neo-conservative thinkers in the United States have begun using similar arguments as liberal internationalists and, to the extent that the two ideologies have become more similar, it may show liberal internationalist thinking is spreading within the Republican Party.[4] Others argue that neoconservatism and liberal internationalism are distinctly different foreign policy philosophies and neoconservatives may only employ rhetoric similar to a liberal internationalist but with far different goals and methods of foreign policy intervention.[5] "Debating Liberal Internationalism". Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party en-wikipedia-org-127 The original position (OP), often referred to as the veil of ignorance, is a thought experiment developed by American philosopher John Rawls to discover the principles that should structure a society of free, equal and moral people.[1][2] Rawls claims that his Principles of Justice would be chosen by parties in the original position.[3] In Rawls''s theory the original position plays the same role that the "state of nature" does in the social contract tradition of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. John Harsanyi helped to formalize the concept in economics,[5][6] and argued that it provides an argument in favor of utilitarianism rather than an argument for a social contract, as rational agents consider expected outcomes, not maximin outcomes or the worst-case outcomes.[3] Harsanyi argued that a person in the original position would maximize their expected utility, rather than choosing minimax. Rawls argues that the representative parties in the original position would select two principles of justice: en-wikipedia-org-1271 In metaphysics, abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether the object that a term describes has physical referents. Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories. In ontology, abstract objects are considered problematic for physicalism and some forms of naturalism. Some, such as Ernst Mally,[5] Edward Zalta[6] and arguably, Plato in his Theory of Forms,[6] have held that abstract objects constitute the defining subject matter of metaphysics or philosophical inquiry more broadly. In modern philosophy, the distinction between abstract and concrete was explored by Immanuel Kant[7] and G. Gottlob Frege said that abstract objects, such as numbers, were members of a third realm,[9][10] different from the external world or from internal consciousness.[11] Abstract objects and causality[edit] Recently, there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract. Concrete and abstract thought in psychology[edit] Abstract object theory Categories: Abstract object theory en-wikipedia-org-1280 en-wikipedia-org-129 In religion, transcendence refers to the aspect of God''s nature and power which is wholly independent of the material universe, beyond all physical laws. In modern philosophy, Immanuel Kant introduced a new term, transcendental, thus instituting a new, third meaning. "I call all knowledge transcendental if it is occupied, not with objects, but with the way that we can possibly know objects even before we experience them."[5] Therefore, metaphysics, as a fundamental and universal theory, turns out to be an epistemology. In the central part of his Critique of Pure Reason, the "Transcendental Deduction of the Categories", Kant argues for a deep interconnection between the ability to have consciousness of self and the ability to experience a world of objects. Contemporary transcendental philosophy is developed by German philosopher Harald Holz with a holistic approach. A system of such concepts would be called transcendental philosophy." Kant, Immanuel. en-wikipedia-org-1290 en-wikipedia-org-1292 en-wikipedia-org-1296 Rose Rand, another philosopher in the Vienna Circle, noted, "Carnap''s conception of semantics starts from the basis given in Tarski''s work but a distinction is made between logical and non-logical constants and between logical and factual truth... From 1922 to 1925, Carnap worked on a book which became one of his major works, namely Der logische Aufbau der Welt (translated as The Logical Structure of the World, 1967), which was accepted in 1926 as his habilitation thesis at the University of Vienna and published as a book in 1928.[29] That achievement has become a landmark in modern epistemology and can be read as a forceful statement of the philosophical thesis of logical positivism. According to Carnap, philosophical propositions are statements about the language of science; they aren''t true or false, but merely consist of definitions and conventions about the use of certain concepts. Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, May 21–24, 1991. en-wikipedia-org-1297 en-wikipedia-org-1298 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. By making the aretaic turn in legal theory, virtue jurisprudence focuses on the importance of character and human excellence or virtue to questions about the nature of law, the content of the law, and judging. Accounts of the virtue of justice (in particular, Aristotle and Aquinas''s theories of natural justice) have implications for debates between natural lawyers and legal positivists over the nature of law. Criticisms of a virtue-centered theory of judging[edit] Virtue as the proper end of law[edit] The phrase "virtue jurisprudence" is usually applied in the context of contemporary Western philosophical thinking about law. Solum, Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue-Centered Theory of Judging, Metaphilosophy, Volume 34 Issue 1-2 Page 178 January 2003. Legal theory lexicon: virtue jurisprudence by Lawrence B. en-wikipedia-org-130 Saichō, a Buddhist monk who also journeyed to China, learned the practices of the Chinese Tendai sect and argued that the teachings of the Lotus Sutra should be the core of Japanese Buddhism. In addition, the thought of a school of the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism gave big influence to the political movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners of the late Tokugawa era. In the middle of the Edo period, Kokugaku, the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture, became popular against foreign ideas such as Buddhism or Confucianism. Kokugaku positively studied ancient Japanese thought and culture, including "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki" and "Man''yōshū", and they aimed at excavating original moral culture of Japan which was different from Confucianism and Buddhism. While the early modern Japanese thought developed in Confucianism and Buddhism, English Enlightenment and French human rights were prevalent after the Meiji Restoration had become rapidly affected by Western thought. en-wikipedia-org-1305 en-wikipedia-org-1306 en-wikipedia-org-1307 en-wikipedia-org-131 131{{cite web|url=http://www.equip.org/article/immanuel-kant/|title=Immanuel Kant|publisher=Christian Research Institute|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620130216/http://www.equip.org/article/immanuel-kant/|url-status=live}} However, as Kant was skeptical about some of the arguments used prior to him in defence of [[theism]] and maintained that human understanding is limited and can never attain knowledge about God or the [[soul]], various commentators have labelled him a philosophical [[agnostic]]."While this sounds skeptical, Kant is only agnostic about our knowledge of metaphysical objects such as God. And, as noted above, Kant''s agnosticism leads to the conclusion that we can neither affirm nor deny claims made by traditional metaphysics." Andrew Fiala, [[John Meiklejohn|J.M.D. Meiklejohn]], ''''Critique of Pure Reason'''' – Introduction, p. Although now uniformly recognized as one of the greatest works in the history of philosophy, this ''''Critique'''' disappointed Kant''s readers upon its initial publication.{{Cite book|last=Dorrien|first=Gary|title=Kantian Reason and Hegelian Spirit: The Idealistic Logic of Modern Theology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-0-470-67331-7|location=Malden, MA|pages=37}} The book was long, over 800 pages in the original German edition, and written in a convoluted style. en-wikipedia-org-1310 en-wikipedia-org-1313 The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of the scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known. Additionally, as pointed out by Carl Hempel (1905–1997), this simple view of the scientific method is incomplete; a conjecture can also incorporate probabilities, e.g., the drug is effective about 70% of the time.[5] Tests, in this case, must be repeated to substantiate the conjecture (in particular, the probabilities). The hypothetico-deductive approach contrasts with other research models such as the inductive approach or grounded theory. the hypothetico-deductive approach is included in a paradigm of pragmatism by which four types of relations between the variables can exist: descriptive, of influence, longitudinal or causal. Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003), Theory and Reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-30063-3 en-wikipedia-org-1322 en-wikipedia-org-1326 Mormons teach that scriptural statements on the unity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost represent a oneness of purpose, not of substance.[30] They believe that the early Christian church did not characterize divinity in terms of an immaterial, formless shared substance until post-apostolic theologians began to incorporate Greek metaphysical philosophies (such as Neoplatonism) into Christian doctrine.[31][32] Mormons believe that the truth about God''s nature was restored through modern day revelation, which reinstated the original Judeo-Christian concept of a natural, corporeal, immortal God,[33] who is the literal Father of the spirits of humans.[34] It is to this personage alone that Mormons pray, as He is and always will be their Heavenly Father, the supreme "God of gods" (Deuteronomy 10:17). en-wikipedia-org-1327 Robert Hooke FRS (/hʊk/; 28 July [O.S. 18 July] 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English scientist and architect, a polymath, recently called "England''s Leonardo",[2] who, using a microscope, was the first to visualize a micro-organism.[3] An impoverished scientific inquirer in young adulthood, he found wealth and esteem by performing over half of the architectural surveys after London''s great fire of 1666. He at one point records that one of these housekeepers gave birth to a girl, but doesn''t note the paternity of the child.[29] On 3 March 1703, Hooke died in London, and a chest containing £8,000 in money and gold was found in his room at Gresham College.[d] Although he had talked of leaving a generous bequest to the Royal Society which would have given his name to a library, laboratory and lectures, no will was found and the money passed to an illiterate cousin, Elizabeth Stephens.[30] He was buried at St Helen''s Bishopsgate, but the precise location of his grave is unknown. en-wikipedia-org-1331 Socrates established the importance of "seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well".[7] His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Socrates set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking, namely, to reflectively question common beliefs and explanations, carefully distinguishing beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those that—however appealing to our native egocentrism, however much they serve our vested interests, however comfortable or comforting they may be—lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant belief. According to Ennis, "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action."[27] This definition Ennis provided is highly agreed by Harvey Siegel,[28] Peter Facione,[23] and Deanna Kuhn.[29] en-wikipedia-org-1344 en-wikipedia-org-1345 Bazerman''s close readings of works by Newton and Compton as well as his analysis of the reading habits of physicists and others led to a greater understanding of the successes and failures of communication.[3]:623,4 For a depiction of the views of the more radical camp, see the section titled "Critique of Rhetoric of Science". The history of the rhetoric of science effectively begins with Thomas Kuhn''s seminal work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). By the 1980s, Stephen Toulmin''s work on argument fields published in his book titled The Uses of Argument (1958) came to prominence through rhetorical societies such as the Speech Communication Association which adopted a sociological view of science. A more recent trend in rhetorical studies involves participation in the broader new materialist movement in philosophy and science and technology studies.[14] This emerging area of inquiry investigates the role of rhetoric and discourse as an integral part of the Materialism of scientific practice. Prelli (1989) A Rhetoric of Science: Inventing Scientific Discourse, University of South Carolina Press en-wikipedia-org-1347 en-wikipedia-org-135 The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Akademie der Künste, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer.[1][2][3] In the 18th century, it was a French-language institution, and its most active members were Huguenots who had fled religious persecution in France. Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, Germany founded the Academy under the name of Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften ("Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences") upon the advice of Gottfried Leibniz, who was appointed president. As Frederick was crowned "King in Prussia" in 1701, creating the Kingdom of Prussia, the Academy was renamed Königlich Preußische Sozietät der Wissenschaften ("Royal Prussian Society of Sciences"). ^ Hans Aarsleff, "The Berlin Academy under Frederick the Great," History of the Human Sciences, May 1989, Vol. 2 Issue 2, pp 193-206 en-wikipedia-org-1350 Neuroscientists Gerald Edelman, António Damásio and others have outlined the connection between the body, individual structures in the brain and aspects of the mind such as consciousness, emotion, self-awareness and will.[20] Biology has also inspired Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela, Eleanor Rosch and Evan Thompson to develop a closely related version of the idea, which they call enactivism.[21] The motor theory of speech perception proposed by Alvin Liberman and colleagues at the Haskins Laboratories argues that the identification of words is embodied in perception of the bodily movements by which spoken words are made.[22][23][24][25][26] Despite mixed results regarding the researchers'' expectations, they maintain that the motor system is important in processing higher level representations such as the action goal.[43] In this study, participants showed strong approach effects in the "positive toward condition," which supports embodied cognition.[43] en-wikipedia-org-1352 A volume of excerpts of his seven books, edited by the classical scholar Marion Mills Miller, was also published by Putnam in 1920. Raymond was an art theorist who created the first comprehensive and systematic theory of the arts.[4] The New York Times said "In a spirit at once scientific and that of the true artist, he pierces through the manifestations of art to their sources, and shows the relations, intimate and essential, between painting, sculpture, poetry, music, and architecture." [5] To see his New York Times Obituary: http://www.esthetics.cc/articles/Raymond%20-%20Obituary%20in%20NYT%201929.pdf 1893 Genesis of Art Form (reissued 1909) (See review from 1893):http://www.esthetics.cc/articles/nytimes_review_genesis.html 1920 An Art Philosopher''s Cabinet (reissued 1926?) edited by Marion Mills Miller ^ An Art-Philosopher''s Cabinet, Marion Mills Miller, G.P. Putnam''s Sons, 1915, page ix of introduction ^ Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, [JAAC articles available to JSTOR subscribers] Thomas Munro, v.13 p.533-537 en-wikipedia-org-1353 en-wikipedia-org-1358 en-wikipedia-org-1361 Said Nursi (Ottoman Turkish: سعيد نورسی‎, Kurdish: Seîdê Nursî ,سەعید نوورسی‎[18][19]‎; 1877[1] – 23 March 1960), also spelled Said-i Nursî or Said-i Kurdî[20][21] and commonly known with the honorific Bediüzzaman (meaning "wonder of the age"), or simply Üstad (meaning "master")[22] was a Kurdish Sunni Muslim theologian who wrote the Risale-i Nur Collection, a body of Qur''anic commentary exceeding six thousand pages.[23][24] Believing that modern science and logic was the way of the future, he advocated teaching religious sciences in secular schools and modern sciences in religious schools.[23][24][25] Nursi inspired a religious movement[26][27] that has played a vital role in the revival of Islam in Turkey and now numbers several millions of followers worldwide.[28][29] His followers, often known as the "Nurcu movement" or the "Nur cemaati".[30] en-wikipedia-org-1362 Yogachara (IAST: Yogācāra; literally "yoga practice"; "one whose practice is yoga")[1] is an influential tradition of Buddhist philosophy and psychology emphasizing the study of cognition, perception, and consciousness through the interior lens of meditative and yogic practices.[2][3] It is also variously termed Vijñānavāda (the doctrine of consciousness), Vijñaptivāda (the doctrine of ideas or percepts) or Vijñaptimātratā-vāda (the doctrine of ''mere vijñapti), which is also the name given to its major epistemic theory. According to Dan Lusthaus, this tradition developed "an elaborate psychological therapeutic system that mapped out the problems in cognition along with the antidotes to correct them, and an earnest epistemological endeavor that led to some of the most sophisticated work on perception and logic ever engaged in by Buddhists or Indians."[2] The 4th-century Indian brothers, Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, are considered the classic philosophers and systematizers of this school, along with its other founder, Maitreya.[4] en-wikipedia-org-1365 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1366 Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting what words actually mean in everyday use. "Such ''philosophical'' uses of language, on this view, create the very philosophical problems they are employed to solve."[1] Ordinary language philosophy is a branch of linguistic philosophy closely related to logical positivism.[1] It is sometimes associated with the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and a number of mid-20th century philosophers who can be split into two main groups, neither of which could be described as an organized "school".[2] In its earlier stages, contemporaries of Wittgenstein at Cambridge University such as Norman Malcolm, Alice Ambrose, Friedrich Waismann, Oets Kolk Bouwsma and Morris Lazerowitz started to develop ideas recognisable as ordinary language philosophy. More recent philosophers with at least some commitment to the method of ordinary language philosophy include Stanley Cavell, John Searle and Oswald Hanfling. en-wikipedia-org-137 Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises[1] (German: [ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs]; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian School economist, historian, logician and sociologist. Mises was for economic non-interventionism[25] and was an anti-imperialist.[26] He referred to the Great War as such a watershed event in human history and wrote that "war has become more fearful and destructive than ever before because it is now waged with all the means of the highly developed technique that the free economy has created. They listened while he gave carefully prepared lectures from notes.[30][31] Among those who attended his informal seminar over the course of two decades in New York were Israel Kirzner, Hans Sennholz, Ralph Raico, Leonard Liggio, George Reisman and Murray Rothbard.[32] Mises''s work also influenced other Americans, including Benjamin Anderson, Leonard Read, Henry Hazlitt, Max Eastman, legal scholar Sylvester J. Political Economy, Public Policy, and Monetary Economics: Ludwig von Mises and the Austrian Tradition, (London/New York: Routledge, 2010) 354 pages, en-wikipedia-org-1375 en-wikipedia-org-1394 Category:Ethics Wikipedia Category:Ethics Jump to navigation Concepts in ethics Ethics theories Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethics. The main article for this category is Ethics. This category puts articles relevant to well-known ethical (right and wrong, good and bad) debates and decisions in one place including practical problems long known in philosophy, and the more abstract subjects in law, politics, and some professions and sciences. ► Philosophers of ethics and morality‎ (202 P) Pages in category "Ethics" Applied ethics Applied ethics Argumentation ethics Aristotelian ethics Communication ethics Ethical dilemma Discourse ethics Ethical decision Ethical movement Ethical socialism Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects research History of ethics Limitarianism (ethical) Machine ethics Meta-ethics Meta-ethics Organizational ethics Point of view (philosophy) Professional ethics Programming ethics Radical evil Research ethics consultation Secular ethics Virtue ethics Visual ethics Categories: Branches of philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools en-wikipedia-org-1400 One variant of classical republicanism is known as "civic humanism", a term first employed by the German scholar of late medieval and early modern Italian history, Hans Baron.[7] And although in certain cases and with certain scholars there is a subtle distinction between the two, they are for all intents and purposes interchangeable. However, Thomas Pangle (a student of Leo Strauss) has critiqued the inaccuracy of the "civic humanist" reconstruction, regarding it as a distortion of classical republicanism on the one hand and of Machiavelli''s political science on the other hand. ^ Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: 1958); J.G.A. Pocock, "Civic Humanism and its Role in Anglo-American Thought," in Politics, Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History (Chicago: 1989;1971); Quentin Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (Cambridge: 1998); Philip Pettit, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: 2000 ed.); Jean-Fabien Spitz, la liberte politique, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995. en-wikipedia-org-1406 en-wikipedia-org-1408 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1411 en-wikipedia-org-1416 en-wikipedia-org-1417 en-wikipedia-org-1424 Category:Social critics Wikipedia Category:Social critics Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Social critics" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 370 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Karl-Otto Apel James Baldwin James K. Martin Buber George Carlin Robert Crowley (printer) Adam Curtis Dick Charles Dickens Johann Gottlieb Fichte Charles Fourier Hans-Georg Gadamer Louise von Gall George Gerbner John Gray (philosopher) John MacLachlan Gray Dick Gregory Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Heidegger Youp van ''t Hek Edward S. Christopher Hitchens Ted Honderich Wilhelm von Humboldt David Hume William James Ted Kaczynski Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Christopher Lasch Edward Lipiński Karl Löwith Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_critics&oldid=627406990" Categories: Critics Navigation Learn to edit Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2014, at 12:16 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-1429 He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh[a] and to have spoken English as a second language.[3] His father, a schoolmaster, died in 1864 and he was raised in Wales by his mother and her shoemaker brother, whose Liberal politics and Baptist faith strongly influenced Lloyd George; the same uncle helped the boy embark on a career as a solicitor after leaving school. Uncertain of which wing to follow, Lloyd George moved a resolution in support of Chamberlain at a local Liberal Club and travelled to Birmingham to attend the first meeting of Chamberlain''s National Radical Union, but he had his dates wrong and arrived a week too early.[12]:53 In 1907, he told Herbert Lewis that he thought Chamberlain''s plan for a federal solution correct in 1886 and still thought so, that he preferred the unauthorised programme to the Whig-like platform of the official Liberal Party, and that "If Henry Richmond, Osborne Morgan and the Welsh members had stood by Chamberlain on an agreement as regards the disestablishment, they would have carried Wales with them".[12]:53 en-wikipedia-org-143 en-wikipedia-org-1430 en-wikipedia-org-1434 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1438 During his political career, he was a Member of the German Parliament, Parliamentary Secretary of State at the Foreign Office of Germany, European Commissioner for Trade, European Commissioner for Research, Science and Education and Member of the British House of Lords, after he was created a life peer in 1993. From 1974 to 1984, Dahrendorf was director of the London School of Economics, when he returned to Germany to become Professor of Social Science, Konstanz University (1984–86). Furthermore, he believes that traditional Marxism ignores consensus and integration in modern social structures.[21] Dahrendorf''s theory defined class not in terms of wealth like Marx, but by levels of authority.[24] Dahrendorf combines elements from both of these perspectives to develop his own theory about class conflict in post-capitalist society. In order to understand structural functionalism, we study three bodies of work: Davis and Moore, Parsons, and Merton.[26][27] Dahrendorf states that capitalism has undergone major changes since Marx initially developed his theory on class conflict. en-wikipedia-org-1440 The philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that explores issues in theory, research, and practice within the field of health sciences.[1] More specifically in topics of epistemology, metaphysics, and medical ethics, which overlaps with bioethics. Epistemology is a branch in the philosophy of medicine that is concerned with knowledge.[15] The common questions asked are "What is knowing or knowledge?", "How do we know what we know?", "What is it we know when we claim we know".[16] Philosophers differentiate theories of knowledge into three groups: knowledge of acquaintance, competence knowledge, and propositional knowledge. for instance: (1) the ontological revolution which made modern science, in general, possible, (2) Cartesian dualism which makes modern medicine, in particular, possible, (3) the monogenenic conception of disease which has informed clinical medicine for a century or so[22] and also the chemical and biological pathways which underlie the phenomena of health and disease in all organisms, (4) the conceptualization of entities such as ''placebos'' and ''placebo effects''. en-wikipedia-org-1449 There are various different ways that contemporary philosophers have tried to describe beliefs, including as representations of ways that the world could be (Jerry Fodor), as dispositions to act as if certain things are true (Roderick Chisholm), as interpretive schemes for making sense of someone''s actions (Daniel Dennett and Donald Davidson), or as mental states that fill a particular function (Hilary Putnam).[2] Some have also attempted to offer significant revisions to our notion of belief, including eliminativists about belief who argue that there is no phenomenon in the natural world which corresponds to our folk psychological concept of belief (Paul Churchland) and formal epistemologists who aim to replace our bivalent notion of belief ("either we have a belief or we don''t have a belief") with the more permissive, probabilistic notion of credence ("there is an entire spectrum of degrees of belief, not a simple dichotomy between belief and non-belief").[2][3] en-wikipedia-org-145 en-wikipedia-org-1452 According to Karl Potter, the Jain anekāntavāda doctrine emerged in a milieu that included Buddhists and Hindus in ancient and medieval India.[61] The diverse Hindu schools such as Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Samkhya-Yoga and Mimamsa-Vedanta, all accepted the premise of Atman that "unchanging permanent soul, self exists and is self-evident", while various schools of early Buddhism denied it and substituted it with Anatta (no-self, no-soul). Early Jain texts were not composed in Vedic or classical Sanskrit, but in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit language.[63] According to Matilal, the earliest Jain literature that present a developing form of a substantial anekantavada doctrine is found in Sanskrit texts, and after Jaina scholars had adopted Sanskrit to debate their ideas with Buddhists and Hindus of their era.[64] These texts show a synthetic development, the existence and borrowing of terminology, ideas and concepts from rival schools of Indian thought but with innovation and original thought that disagreed with their peers.[64] en-wikipedia-org-1456 According to Strawson, the book originated in lectures on the Critique of Pure Reason he began giving in 1959 at the University of Oxford.[2] The Bounds of Sense was first published in 1966 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. The Bounds of Sense has been praised by philosophers such as John McDowell,[6] Charles Parsons,[7] Roger Scruton,[8] and Howard Caygill.[9] Allais, writing in 2019, stated that the book "remains a classic work"; she also praised its style of writing. In 2016, The Bounds of Sense was discussed in the European Journal of Philosophy by Allais,[13] Henry Allison,[14] Quassim Cassam,[15] and Anil Gomes.[16] Allais expressed disagreement with Strawson''s interpretation of transcendental idealism.[13] Allison also criticized the work,[14] while Cassam wrote: "The realism that is implicit in The Bounds of Sense is much more explicit in Strawson''s later work but relies on problematic assumptions about the relationship between epistemology and metaphysics."[15] Gomes criticized Strawson''s argument that unity of consciousness requires experience of an objective world. en-wikipedia-org-1457 Category:Rationalists Wikipedia Category:Rationalists Jump to navigation Jump to search The main article for this category is Rationalism. This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. ► Critical rationalists‎ (20 P) ► René Descartes‎ (5 C, 20 P) ► Indian rationalists‎ (22 P) ► Baruch Spinoza‎ (8 C, 13 P) Pages in category "Rationalists" The following 69 pages are in this category, out of 69 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Felix Adler (professor) Gaston Bachelard Georges Canguilhem Edward Clodd René Descartes Gilles-Gaston Granger Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel James McDonald (writer) Felix Leopold Oswald George Santayana George H. Baruch Spinoza Edward N. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Rationalists&oldid=876153418" Categories: Philosophers by tradition Category Navigation Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2018, at 14:22 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-1458 Category:Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers This category is for articles with Trove identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers" Abraham Jacob van der Aa Diego Abad de Santillán Diego José Abad Ibn Abbas George Abbot (author) Edward Abbott (jurist) Francis Abbott George Abbott James Abbott (Indian Army officer) John Stevens Cabot Abbott Lemuel Francis Abbott Thomas Kingsmill Abbott William Abbott (Australian politician) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Gilbert Abbott à Beckett Abraham ben David Categories: Pages with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-1460 en-wikipedia-org-1461 Philosophy of business Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. The philosophy of business considers the fundamental principles that underlie the formation and operation of a business enterprise; the nature and purpose of a business, and the moral obligations that pertain to it. Fort, Timothy (2001) Ethics and Governance: Business as Mediating Institution, Oxford University Press USA, New York. (1968) "In defence of egoism", in Morality and Rational Self-interest, edited by David Gauthier, Prentice Hall, New York, 1970. (1759) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, in Adam Smith''s Moral and Political Philosophy, edited by H. (1981) "Neo-utilitarian Ethics and the Ordinal Representation Assumption", in Philosophy in economics, edited by J. (ed.) (2013): Handbook of the Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics. External links[edit] The journal "Philosophy for Business" edited by Geoffrey Klempner Applied philosophy Edit links en-wikipedia-org-1462 Using the Francke school of Halle (Saale) as a model, Theodor Gehr (died 1705), an official of Brandenburg-Prussia, founded a Pietist private school in Sackheim on 11 August 1698.[2] It became a royal school of Frederick I, King in Prussia, on 4 March 1701.[3] For 16,000 guilder in 1703, it acquired the hall of Obermarschall von Creytzen on Collegiengasse in eastern Löbenicht[4] and was designated the Collegium Fridericianum or Friedrichskolleg in honor of Frederick on 10 May.[3] The Pietist school was the first in Königsberg not to be affiliated with a parish church.[5] The school''s first director in 1702 was Heinrich Lysius (1670-1731) of Flensburg, pastor of Löbenicht Church. The school had three teachers and eighteen Abitur students volunteer during the War of the Sixth Coalition in 1813, with ten dying during the fighting, including three at Großgörschen.[4] Eight representatives of the 1848 Frankfurt Parliament were Friderizianer: Eduard von Simson, Georg Bernhard Simson, Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert, Ludwig Wilhelm zu Dohna-Lauck, Johann August Muttray, Gustav von Saltzwedel, Anton von Wegnern, and Johann Jacoby.[4] en-wikipedia-org-1467 Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini di Castiglione FRS (15 January 1708 in Castiglione del Valdarno – 11 October 1791 in Berlin[1]) was an Italian mathematician and astronomer. He graduated from the University of Pisa where he studied law and mathematics, earning a doctorate 3 March 1730.[3] On 8 January 1732 he was appointed as a sub-chancellor at the Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore, for a five year term. In 1763, Frederick the Great invited Salvemini to Berlin to teach mathematics to Prussian artillery officers.[1][6] Although he had been a corresponding member since 1755, in 1764 he was elected a full member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.[1] That same year Salvemini moved to Berlin.[1] In 1765, he received the position of First Astronomer ("Royal Astronomer") at the Berlin Observatory.[4] He remained in Berlin for the rest of his life.[4] Although he had a stroke in November 1787, he remained lucid and continued his work until his death.[1] en-wikipedia-org-1471 As mind-dependent objects, concepts that are typically viewed as constructs include the abstract objects designated by such symbols as 3 or 4, or words such as liberty or cold as they are seen as a result of induction or abstraction that can be later applied to observable objects or compared to other constructs. How much of what the observer perceives is objective is controversial, so the exact definition of constructs varies greatly across different views and philosophies. In the philosophy of science, particularly in reference to scientific theories, a hypothetical construct is an explanatory variable which is not directly observable. Thus, according to Cronbach and Meehl (1955), a useful construct of intelligence or personality should imply more than simply test scores. Concepts in the philosophy of science en-wikipedia-org-1483 Wikipedia''s portal for exploring content related to Science After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy", which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. After his work at Mount St. Helens brought him international recognition, Voight continued researching and guiding monitoring efforts at several active volcanoes throughout his career, including Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, Mount Merapi in Indonesia, and Soufrière Hills, a volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. en-wikipedia-org-1485 He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion, a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason. William Hasker writes that his "tetralogy on Christian doctrine, together with his earlier trilogy on the philosophy of theism, is one of the most important apologetic projects of recent times."[10] While Swinburne presents many arguments to advance the belief that God exists, he argues that God is a being whose existence is not logically necessary (see modal logic), but metaphysically necessary in a way he defines in his The Christian God. Other subjects on which Swinburne writes include personal identity (in which he espouses a view based on the concept of a soul), and epistemic justification. Richard Swinburne, "Natural Theology and Orthodoxy," in Turning East: Contemporary Philosophers and the Ancient Christian Faith, Rico Vitz, ed. en-wikipedia-org-149 Help:Authority control Wikipedia Wikipedia help page about authority control For editor information, see Wikipedia:Authority control. Wikipedia information page Authority control is a way of associating a unique identifier to articles on Wikipedia. When used, authority control data links can be found near the bottom of Wikipedia pages, linking to bibliographical records on worldwide library catalogs. Authority control enables researchers to search more easily for pertinent information on the subject of an article, without needing to disambiguate the subject manually. More generally, authority control is a method of creating and maintaining index terms for bibliographical material in a library catalogue. The abbreviations in the box represent the following: Virtual International Authority File (VIAF); Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN); Standard Name Identifier (ISNI); and Integrated Authority File (GND), Gemeinsame Normdatei in German. Main page: Module:Authority control Supported authority files on the English Wikipedia include, among others: Categories: Wikipedia information pages en-wikipedia-org-1490 Category:German nationalists Wikipedia Category:German nationalists Jump to navigation This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total. ► German nationalists by political party‎ (23 C) Pages in category "German nationalists" The following 113 pages are in this category, out of 113 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley Otto von Bismarck Clemens August Graf von Galen Carl Friedrich Goerdeler Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff Johann Gottfried Herder Peter von Heydebreck Ernst Jünger Friedrich Georg Jünger Hans Georg Klamroth Gerhard Krüger (politician) Börries von Münchhausen Karl-Heinz Priester Ernst Graf zu Reventlow Georg Ritter von Schönerer Arthur Seyss-Inquart Claus von Stauffenberg Adolf von Thadden Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_nationalists&oldid=952898627" Categories: German nationalism Category Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2020, at 16:55 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-1491 View source for Template:Philosophy of religion Wikipedia View source for Template:Philosophy of religion This page is currently semi-protected so that only established, registered users can edit it. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Template:Collapsible option (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Arguments (view source) (protected) Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/config (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected) Module:File link (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Template link general (view source) (protected) en-wikipedia-org-1502 en-wikipedia-org-1504 en-wikipedia-org-1505 List of Slovene philosophers Wikipedia List of Slovene philosophers Jump to navigation Wikipedia list article Lists of Slovenes Writers and poets in Hungary Slovene philosophy includes philosophers who were either Slovenes or came from what is now Slovenia. 1 Medieval philosophy 5.1 Post-World War II philosophy Medieval philosophy[edit] Renaissance[edit] Enlightenment[edit] Laical philosophy[edit] Neo-Scholasticists[edit] 20th-century philosophy[edit] 20th-century philosophy[edit] Post-World War II philosophy[edit] Phenomenologists[edit] Personalists[edit] Edvard Kovač (born 1950) Marxists[edit] Lacanians and critical theorists[edit] Human nature Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Social science Chinese naturalism Korean Confucianism Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Kantianism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Socialism Applied ethics Analytical Marxism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Ordinary language philosophy Scientific realism Contemporary utilitarianism Neo-Marxism Realism Realism Related lists Schools Natural law Natural law Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Slovene_philosophers&oldid=942046182" Lists of philosophers Hidden categories: Articles with short description Edit View history Learn to edit Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2020, at 07:07 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-1512 en-wikipedia-org-1515 David Prall Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. David Wight Prall (1886–1940) was a philosopher of art. Born on 5 October 1886 in Saginaw, Michigan, Prall received his PhD in philosophy from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1918. Prall was Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University (1920–21; 1930–40). Prall, David Wight (1886–1940), in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Edited by John R. Mathematics and art Theory of art Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Prall&oldid=986983840" Categories: Philosophers of art Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2018 All articles lacking in-text citations Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 4 November 2020, at 03:49 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-1516 en-wikipedia-org-1518 The sociology of scientific knowledge in its Anglophone versions emerged in the 1970s in self-conscious opposition to the sociology of science associated with the American Robert K. Merton''s was a kind of "sociology of scientists," which left the cognitive content of science out of sociological account; SSK by contrast aimed at providing sociological explanations of scientific ideas themselves, taking its lead from aspects of the work of Thomas S. The strong programme is particularly associated with the work of two groups: the ''Edinburgh School'' (David Bloor, Barry Barnes, and their colleagues at the Science Studies Unit at the University of Edinburgh) in the 1970s and ''80s, and the ''Bath School'' (Harry Collins and others at the University of Bath) in the same period. SSK has received criticism from theorists of the actor-network theory (ANT) school of science and technology studies. Science studies – interdisciplinarity research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts Sociology of scientific ignorance – Study of ignorance in science en-wikipedia-org-1522 en-wikipedia-org-1529 In a letter to his son Richard Burke dated 10 October, he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable".[86] On 4 November, Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke called for external forces to reverse the Revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. en-wikipedia-org-1531 en-wikipedia-org-1538 Philosophers in the 17th and 18th century questioned if time was real and absolute, or if it was an intellectual concept that humans use to understand and sequence events.[62] These questions lead to realism vs anti-realism; the realists believed that time is a fundamental part of the universe, and be perceived by events happening in a sequence, in a dimension.[70] Isaac Newton said that we are merely occupying time, he also says that humans can only understand relative time.[70] Relative time is a measurement of objects in motion.[70] The anti-realists believed that time is merely a convenient intellectual concept for humans to understand events.[70] This means that time was useless unless there were objects that it could interact with, this was called relational time.[70] René Descartes, John Locke, and David Hume said that one''s mind needs to acknowledge time, in order to understand what time is.[64] Immanuel Kant believed that we can not know what something is unless we experience it first hand.[71] en-wikipedia-org-154 Much of the historical debate about causes has focused on the relationship between communicative and other actions, between singular and repeated ones, and between actions, structures of action or group and institutional contexts and wider sets of conditions.[56] John Gaddis has distinguished between exceptional and general causes (following Marc Bloch) and between "routine" and "distinctive links" in causal relationships: "in accounting for what happened at Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, we attach greater importance to the fact that President Truman ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb than to the decision of the Army Air Force to carry out his orders."[57] He has also pointed to the difference between immediate, intermediate and distant causes.[58] For his part, Christopher Lloyd puts forward four "general concepts of causation" used in history: the "metaphysical idealist concept, which asserts that the phenomena of the universe are products of or emanations from an omnipotent being or such final cause"; "the empiricist (or Humean) regularity concept, which is based on the idea of causation being a matter of constant conjunctions of events"; "the functional/teleological/consequential concept", which is "goal-directed, so that goals are causes"; and the "realist, structurist and dispositional approach, which sees relational structures and internal dispositions as the causes of phenomena".[59] en-wikipedia-org-1540 Cognitivist theories hold that evaluative moral sentences express propositions (i.e., they are ''truth-apt'' or ''truth bearers'', capable of being true or false), as opposed to non-cognitivism. Most forms of cognitivism hold that some such propositions are true (including moral realism and ethical subjectivism), as opposed to error theory, which asserts that all are erroneous. Error theory, another form of moral anti-realism, holds that although ethical claims do express propositions, all such propositions are false. Non-cognitivist theories hold that ethical sentences are neither true nor false because they do not express genuine propositions. Yet another way of categorizing meta-ethical theories is to distinguish between centralist and non-centralist moral theories. Meta-ethical relativists, in general, believe that the descriptive properties of terms such as "good", "bad", "right", and "wrong" do not stand subject to universal truth conditions, but only to societal convention and personal preference. Ethical intuitionism is the view according to which some moral truths can be known without inference. en-wikipedia-org-1543 Property (philosophy) Wikipedia In logic and philosophy (especially metaphysics), a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness. It differs from the logical/mathematical concept of class by not having any concept of extensionality, and from the philosophical concept of class in that a property is considered to be distinct from the objects which possess it. A second hybrid view claims that properties have both a categorical(qualitative) and dispositional part, but that these are distinct ontological parts. Physicalism, idealism, and property dualism[edit] Main article: Property dualism Property dualism describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is constituted of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. Essential and accidental properties[edit] Determinate and determinable properties[edit] Properties and predicates[edit] Intrinsic and extrinsic properties[edit] Main article: Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy) Main article: Relation (philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-1545 en-wikipedia-org-1554 Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio[1] (Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare bekkaˈriːa, ˈtʃɛː-]; 15 March 1738 – 28 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist,[2] jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist[3] and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. He is well remembered for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology. According to John Bessler, Beccaria''s works had a profound influence on the Founding Fathers of the United States.[7] Catherine the Great publicly endorsed it, while thousands of miles away in the United States, founding fathers Thomas Jefferson and John Adams quoted it. Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of ''On Crimes and Punishments''. Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of ''On Crimes and Punishments''. "Cesare Beccaria''s influence on English discussions of punishment, 1764–1789". en-wikipedia-org-1556 Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Wikipedia Among other works written during Turgot''s intendancy were the Mémoire sur les mines et carrières, and the Mémoire sur la marque des fers, in which he protested against state regulation and interference and advocated free competition. Turgot owed his appointment as minister of the navy in July 1774 to Maurepas, the "Mentor" of Louis XVI, to whom he was warmly recommended by the abbé Very, a mutual friend. Turgot at once set to work to establish free trade in grain, but his edict, which was signed on 13 September 1774, met with strong opposition even in the conseil du roi. TURGOT...I present today one of the three greatest statesmen who fought unreason in France between the close of the Middle Ages and the outbreak of the French Revolution – Louis XI and Richelieu being the two other. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune. en-wikipedia-org-1559 en-wikipedia-org-1564 Sir Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett[a] FBA (1925–2011) was an English academic described as "among the most significant British philosophers of the last century and a leading campaigner for racial tolerance and equality."[5] He was, until 1992, Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. For Dummett, realism is best understood as semantic realism, i.e., as the view accepting that every declarative sentence in one''s language is bivalent (determinately true or false) and evidence-transcendent (independent of our means of coming to know which),[11][2] while anti-realism rejects this view in favour of a concept of knowable (or assertible) truth.[12] Historically, these debates had been understood as disagreements about whether a certain type of entity objectively exists or not. Dummett and Robin Farquharson published influential articles on the theory of voting, in particular conjecturing that deterministic voting rules with more than three issues faced endemic strategic voting.[18] The Dummett–Farquharson conjecture was proved by Allan Gibbard,[19] a philosopher and former student of Kenneth J. en-wikipedia-org-1565 According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived".[1] There has been considerable debate about what this term means within the academic community, particularly within fields such as philosophy, law, deontology, logic, political science, and religion. This is the understanding of people such as the author Ayn Rand who argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism.[5] However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or group rights.[6] Accordingly: These include the distinction between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights, between which the articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are often divided. Some examples of groups whose rights are of particular concern include animals,[7] and amongst humans, groups such as children[8] and youth, parents (both mothers and fathers), and men and women.[9] Rights ethics has had considerable influence on political and social thinking. en-wikipedia-org-1569 en-wikipedia-org-1574 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1577 en-wikipedia-org-1596 en-wikipedia-org-1601 Category:Biography with signature Wikipedia Category:Biography with signature This category is not shown on its member pages unless the appropriate user preference (appearance → show hidden categories) is set. It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This is a category containing articles which transclude uses of Template:Infobox person with a signature image. Pages in category "Biography with signature" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 3,590 total. Joseph Henry Allen Samuel Leeds Allen David Ames (colonel) Charles Lewis Anderson Richard Armstrong (Hawaii missionary) John Jacob Astor George Frederick Baer George William Bagby Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Biography_with_signature&oldid=958259056" Category en-wikipedia-org-1608 en-wikipedia-org-161 Daniel Jones (phonetician) Wikipedia Daniel Jones (12 September 1881 – 4 December 1967) was a London-born British phonetician who studied under Paul Passy, professor of phonetics at the École des Hautes Études at the Sorbonne (University of Paris). He became the first linguist in the western world to use the term phoneme in its current sense, employing the word in his article "The phonetic structure of the Sechuana Language".[1] Jones had made an earlier notable attempt at a pronunciation dictionary[2] but it was now that he produced the first edition of his famous English Pronouncing Dictionary,[3] a work which in revised form is still in print.[4] It was here that the cardinal vowel diagram made a first appearance.[5] ^ Daniel Jones, Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edition, Product Information. (1909), "The Pronunciation of English", Cambridge: CUP; rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002). Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1616 The argument from free will, also called the paradox of free will or theological fatalism, contends that omniscience and free will are incompatible and that any conception of God that incorporates both properties is therefore inconceivable. See the various controversies over claims of God''s omniscience, in particular the critical notion of foreknowledge.[1][2] These arguments are deeply concerned with the implications of predestination. Moses Maimonides formulated an argument regarding a person''s free will, in traditional terms of good and evil actions, as follows: In his book Mere Christianity, Lewis argues that God is actually outside time and therefore does not "foresee" events, but rather simply observes them all at once. Free will argument for the nonexistence of God[edit] ^ The Free will Argument for the Nonexistence of God by Dan Barker, Freedom From Religion Foundation [1] Archived 2018-10-13 at the Wayback Machine Categories: Arguments against the existence of God en-wikipedia-org-1618 en-wikipedia-org-162 en-wikipedia-org-1636 en-wikipedia-org-1639 en-wikipedia-org-1642 en-wikipedia-org-165 Category:Theorists on Western civilization Wikipedia Category:Theorists on Western civilization Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: Category:Mass media theorists This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Theorists on Western civilization" The following 84 pages are in this category, out of 84 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Whitney Davis Ludwig Feuerbach Francis Fukuyama William Gibson John Gray (philosopher) Victor Davis Hanson Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Thomas Hobbes Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Ludwig Klages Claude Lefort Claude Lévi-Strauss Karl Marx Thomas A. William H. Karl Popper John Roberts (historian) Francis Parker Yockey Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Theorists_on_Western_civilization&oldid=958156428" Categories: Western culture Historians of Europe Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2020, at 05:48 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-1657 en-wikipedia-org-1663 Index of ethics articles Wikipedia Index of ethics articles This Index of ethics articles puts articles relevant to well-known ethical (right and wrong, good and bad) debates and decisions in one place including practical problems long known in philosophy, and the more abstract subjects in law, politics, and some professions and sciences. It lists also those core concepts essential to understanding ethics as applied in various religions, some movements derived from religions, and religions discussed as if they were a theory of ethics making no special claim to divine status. Main article: Ethics ethical egoism Ethical Theory and Moral Practice Intrinsic value (ethics) Journal of Business Ethics Education Modern Moral Philosophy Rights Ethics Value (ethics) Applied ethics Applied ethics Animal ethics Engineering ethics Legal ethics Ethics of technology Ethical naturalism Ethical naturalism Ethical non-naturalism Ethical non-naturalism Ethics in religion Ethics in religion History of ethics Islamic ethics Islamic ethics en-wikipedia-org-1664 en-wikipedia-org-1671 Christian August Crusius Wikipedia Christian August Crusius (10 January 1715 – 18 October 1775) was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian. Philosophical work[edit] See also JE Erdmann''s History of Philosophy; Anton Marquardt, Kant und Crusius; and article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (1898).[1] Crusius, Christian August.Die philosophische Hauptwerke, edited by Giorgio Tonelli, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964 (four volumes). External links[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_August_Crusius&oldid=997568362" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links en-wikipedia-org-1681 Find sources: "Womanist theology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Womanist theology is a religious conceptual framework which reconsiders and revises the traditions, practices, scriptures, and biblical interpretation with a special lens to empower and liberate African-American women in America. Womanist theology associates with and departs from Feminist theology and Black theology specifically because it integrates the perspectives and experiences of African American and other women of color. The goals of womanist theology include interrogating the social construction of black womanhood in relation to the black community and to assume a liberatory perspective so African American women can live emboldened lives within the African American community and within the larger society. Womanist theology attempts to help black women see, affirm, and have confidence in the importance of their experience and faith for determining the character of the Christian religion in the African-American community. en-wikipedia-org-1682 en-wikipedia-org-1683 en-wikipedia-org-1684 en-wikipedia-org-1685 The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works.[5] OUP took on the project that became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century, and expanded to meet the ever-rising costs of the work.[6] As a result, the last hundred years has seen Oxford publish further English and bilingual dictionaries, children''s books, school textbooks, music, journals, the World''s Classics series, and a range of English language teaching texts. When the American War of Independence deprived Oxford of a valuable market for its Bibles, this lease became too risky a proposition, and the Delegates were forced to offer shares in the Press to those who could take "the care and trouble of managing the trade for our mutual advantage." Forty-eight shares were issued, with the university holding a controlling interest.[30] At the same time, classical scholarship revived, with works by Jeremiah Markland and Peter Elmsley, as well as early 19th-century texts edited by a growing number of academics from mainland Europe – perhaps the most prominent being August Immanuel Bekker and Karl Wilhelm Dindorf. en-wikipedia-org-1689 en-wikipedia-org-1693 Category:18th-century Prussian people Wikipedia Jump to navigation Jump to search ► 18th-century Prussian educators‎ (1 P) ► 18th-century Prussian military personnel‎ (2 C, 11 P) ► 18th-century Prussian women‎ (10 P) Pages in category "18th-century Prussian people" The following 28 pages are in this category, out of 28 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz Joachim von Blumenthal Sophie Caroline von Camas Hans Christoph Friedrich Graf von Hacke Christian Graf von Haugwitz Ferdinand von Schill Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt Sophie von Kameke Elisabeth von Staegemann Catharina von Wartenberg Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:18th-century_Prussian_people&oldid=950703840" Categories: Prussian people by century Categories: Prussian people by century 18th century in Prussia 18th-century German people 18th-century Polish people 18th-century people by nationality Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2020, at 12:20 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-170 Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context.[1] Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P", "knowing that P", "having a reason to A", and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified context. The main tenet of contextualist epistemology is that knowledge attributions are context-sensitive, and the truth values of "know" depend on the context in which it is used. Contextualism in epistemology then is a semantic thesis about how ''knows'' works in English, not a theory of what knowledge, justification, or strength of epistemic position consists in.[7] However, epistemologists combine contextualism with views about what knowledge is to address epistemological puzzles and issues, such as skepticism, the Gettier problem, and the Lottery paradox. The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism and Context, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press. en-wikipedia-org-1709 Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.[3] A leading transcendentalist,[4] he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. F. Skinner, David Brower, and Loren Eiseley, whom Publishers Weekly called "the modern Thoreau".[106] English writer Henry Stephens Salt wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau''s ideas in Britain: George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter, and Robert Blatchford were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt''s advocacy.[107] Mohandas Gandhi first read Walden in 1906 while working as a civil rights activist in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)[174] en-wikipedia-org-1712 980 – 1037)[19] and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail.[20] For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". That is, instead of translating sentences about physical objects into sense-data, such sentences were to be translated into so-called protocol sentences, for example, "X at location Y and at time T observes such and such."[41] The central theses of logical positivism (verificationism, the analytic–synthetic distinction, reductionism, etc.) came under sharp attack after World War II by thinkers such as Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty. (1969), The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.[page needed] en-wikipedia-org-1713 en-wikipedia-org-1716 Template:Social and political philosophy Wikipedia Social and political philosophy Philosophy of social science Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge] |state=collapsed: {{Social and political philosophy|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Social and political philosophy|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible |state=autocollapse: {{Social and political philosophy|state=autocollapse}} shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}}, a {{sidebar}}, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute shows the template in its expanded state if there are no other collapsible items on the page For the template on this page, that currently evaluates to collapsed. This is the Social and political philosophy template. This is the Social and political philosophy template. The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Social and political philosophy/doc. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_and_political_philosophy&oldid=964444345" Categories: Philosophy and thinking navigational boxes By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-172 en-wikipedia-org-1721 If this is correct, then by suggesting an alternative to a well-established physical theory, Goethe developed the problem of underdetermination a century before Duhem and Quine''s famous argument." (Mueller, 2016)[3] Hermann von Helmholtz says of this — ''And I for one do not know how anyone, regardless of what his views about colours are, can deny that the theory in itself is fully consequent, that its assumptions, once granted, explain the facts treated completely and indeed simply''. In the philosophy of science, underdetermination is often presented as a problem for scientific realism, which holds that we have reason to believe in entities that are not directly observable (such as electrons) talked about by scientific theories. A more general response from the scientific realist is to argue that underdetermination is no special problem for science, because, as indicated earlier in this article, all knowledge that is directly or indirectly supported by evidence suffers from it—for example, conjectures concerning unobserved observables. en-wikipedia-org-1722 en-wikipedia-org-1723 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1728 Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.[8] He is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.[22] He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism.[23] He was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association.[24] In 2006, Dennett received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[25] Leading libertarian philosophers such as Robert Kane have rejected Dennett''s model, specifically that random chance is directly involved in a decision, on the basis that they believe this eliminates the agent''s motives and reasons, character and values, and feelings and desires. en-wikipedia-org-1730 2d 356 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), applying New York''s faithless servant doctrine, the court held that a hedge fund''s employee engaging in insider trading in violation of his company''s code of conduct, which also required him to report his misconduct, must repay his employer the full $31 million his employer paid him as compensation during his period of faithlessness.[1][2][3][4] Accountants code of conduct[edit] In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, "Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations", the International Federation of Accountants[9][better source needed] provided the following working definition: "Principles, values, standards, or rules of behaviour that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations." "Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct". Media related to Codes of conduct at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-1734 en-wikipedia-org-174 The particles of chemical matter for which chemists and other natural philosophers of the early 19th century found experimental evidence were thought to be indivisible, and therefore were given by John Dalton the name "atom", long used by the atomist philosophy. Ajivika is a "Nastika" school of thought whose metaphysics included a theory of atoms or atomism which was later adapted in Vaiśeṣika school, which postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one''s experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence.[30] Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.[31] His traditional name Kanada means ''atom eater'',[32] and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text Vaiśeṣika Sūtra.[33] His text is also known as Kanada Sutras, or Aphorisms of Kanada.[34][35] en-wikipedia-org-1745 Taine based his analysis on the categories of what in English would be translated today as "nation", "environment" or "situation", and "time".[20][21] Armin Koller has written that in this Taine drew heavily from the philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, although this has been insufficiently recognised,[22] while the Spanish writer Emilia Pardo Bazán has suggested that a crucial predecessor to Taine''s idea was the Germaine de Staël''s work on the relationship between art and society.[23] Nationalist literary movements and post-modern critics alike have made use of Taine''s concepts, the former to argue for their unique and distinct place in literature[24] and the latter to deconstruct the texts with regards to the relationship between literature and social history. en-wikipedia-org-1747 en-wikipedia-org-1754 en-wikipedia-org-1755 en-wikipedia-org-177 The concept of information has different meanings in different contexts.[1] Thus the concept becomes related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, education, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy. Physical information exists beyond event horizons, since astronomical observations show that, due to the expansion of the universe, distant objects continue to pass the cosmological horizon, as seen from a present time, local observer point of view. The international standard on records management, ISO 15489, defines records as "information created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business".[16] The International Committee on Archives (ICA) Committee on electronic records defined a record as, "recorded information produced or received in the initiation, conduct or completion of an institutional or individual activity and that comprises content, context and structure sufficient to provide evidence of the activity".[17] Information communication represents the convergence of informatics, telecommunication and audio-visual media & content. Information and communication technologies en-wikipedia-org-1770 An aesthetic interpretation expresses a particular emotional or experiential understanding most often used in reference to a poem, or piece of literature, and may also apply to a work of visual art, or performance.[1] Aesthetic reading differs from efferent reading in that the former describes a reader coming to the text expecting to devote attention to the words themselves, to take pleasure in their sounds, images, connotations, etc. The aesthetic theory that says people may approach art with different but equally valid aims is called "pluralism." But the aim of some of interpretations is such that they claim to be true or false. Some students of the reading process advocate that a reader should attempt to identify what the artist is trying to accomplish and interpret the art in terms of whether or not the artist has succeeded. D. Hirsch) In this controversial view, there is a single correct interpretation consistent with the artist''s intention for any given art work. en-wikipedia-org-1771 Find sources: "Irving Singer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. Irving Singer (December 24, 1925 – February 1, 2015) was an American professor of philosophy who was on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 55 years and wrote over 20 books.[1] He was the author of books on various topics, including cinema, love, sexuality, and the philosophy of George Santayana. "Irving Singer, MIT philosopher and author, retires after 55 years" (Press release). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. MIT philosophy: faculty: Irving Singer — main faculty biography Philosophy of Love in the Western World Session 1 on YouTube — Irving Singer course lecture, derived from the MIT OpenCourseWare project en-wikipedia-org-1773 Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism. Latin translations of Averroes'' work became widely available at the universities which were springing up in Western Europe in the 13th century, and were received by scholasticists such as Siger of Brabant and Boetius of Dacia, who examined Christian doctrines through reasoning and intellectual analysis.[1][2] The decline of Kalam or "Islamic scholastic theology" and Muʿtazila or "Islamic rationalism" has precluded a reception of Averroes in Islamic thought that would parallel that in Christian or Jewish philosophy. Nevertheless, a revival of rationalist traditions in medieval Islamic philosophy has been called for in modern Arab nationalism.[10] Averroes became something of a symbolic figure in the debate over the decline and proposed revitalization of Islamic thought and Islamic society in the later 20th century. en-wikipedia-org-1777 This page provides a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news about English Wikipedia. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP), an annual campaign in which Wikipedians across language projects and communities add photos to articles, has started (prizes!). WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia is looking for people who are interested in helping out in our project to get our articles into an audio format that can be used for any number of uses including, but not limited to, visually impaired or people who just prefer to listen to the article instead of reading it for whatever reason they choose. The January 2021 Backlog Drive is a one-month-long effort of the Guild of Copy Editors to reduce the backlog of articles that require copy editing; those carrying the {{copy edit}} tag (also {{awkward}}, {{copy edit section}}, {{inappropriate person}}, and {{copy edit inline}} and their redirects) or listed on the GOCE Requests page. en-wikipedia-org-1779 en-wikipedia-org-1781 en-wikipedia-org-1792 Continental philosophy includes German idealism, phenomenology, existentialism (and its antecedents, such as the thought of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche), hermeneutics, structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstruction, French feminism, psychoanalytic theory, and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as well as branches of Freudian, Hegelian and Western Marxist views.[3] It is difficult to identify non-trivial claims that would be common to all the preceding philosophical movements, but the primary differentiation is objectivity, or the belief that the universe has a material reality regardless of whether humans exist or not, rejected by the continental heavyweights like Hegel in the Counter-Enlightenment, while analytic philosophy is rejection of the latter.[clarification needed] From the early 20th century until the 1960s, continental philosophers were only intermittently discussed in British and American universities, despite an influx of continental philosophers, particularly German Jewish students of Nietzsche and Heidegger, to the United States on account of the persecution of the Jews and later World War II; Hannah Arendt, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Strauss, Theodor W. en-wikipedia-org-1794 en-wikipedia-org-1795 en-wikipedia-org-1796 In the 20th century, important contributions to the aesthetics of music were made by Peter Kivy, Jerrold Levinson, Roger Scruton, and Stephen Davies. Immanuel Kant, whose Critique of Judgment is generally considered the most important and influential work on aesthetics in the 18th century, argued that instrumental music is beautiful but ultimately trivial. Theodor Adorno was a prominent philosopher who wrote on the aesthetics of popular music. In 2007 musicologist and journalist Craig Schuftan published The Culture Club, a book drawing links between modernism art movements and popular music of today and that of past decades and even centuries. His story involves drawing lines between art, or high culture, and pop, or low culture.[8] A more scholarly study of the same topic, Between Montmartre and the Mudd Club: Popular Music and the Avant-Garde, was published five years earlier by philosopher Bernard Gendron. en-wikipedia-org-1797 en-wikipedia-org-1798 en-wikipedia-org-1814 en-wikipedia-org-1819 Garner and Rosen say that a common definition of "natural property" is one "which can be discovered by sense observation or experience, experiment, or through any of the available means of science." They also say that a good definition of "natural property" is problematic but that "it is only in criticism of naturalism, or in an attempt to distinguish between naturalistic and nonnaturalistic definist theories, that such a concept is needed."[4] R. M. Hare also criticised ethical naturalism because of its fallacious definition of the terms ''good'' or ''right'' explaining how value-terms being part of our prescriptive moral language are not reducible to descriptive terms: "Value-terms have a special function in language, that of commending; and so they plainly cannot be defined in terms of other words which themselves do not perform this function".[5] en-wikipedia-org-1821 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1825 Category:German idealism Wikipedia Category:German idealism Jump to navigation Jump to search The main article for this category is German idealism. This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. ► Books by Johann Gottlieb Fichte‎ (5 P) ► Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling‎ (2 C, 7 P) Pages in category "German idealism" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). German idealism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom German Romanticism Timeline of German idealism Transcendental idealism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_idealism&oldid=547737055" Categories: Idealism Philosophical movements German philosophy Personal tools Navigation Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2013, at 02:46 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-1834 Thomas Wizenmann Wikipedia Thomas Wizenmann (1759 – 1787) was a German philosopher of the Enlightenment, a critic of Kant and Mendelssohn during the Pantheism controversy.[1] He wrote Die Resultate der Jacobischer und Mendelsohnischen Philosophie kritisch erläutert von einem Freywilligen.[2] Wizenmann was a follower of F. H. Jacobi, a critic of Enlightenment Rationalism.[3] The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte. Harvard University Press. Moses Mendelssohn and the Enlightenment. Georges-Louis Leclerc Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui Jean-Louis de Lolme Jean-Jacques Rousseau Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-1843 The Marxist theory of historical materialism claims the history of the world is fundamentally determined by the material conditions at any given time – in other words, the relationships which people have with each other in order to fulfil basic needs such as feeding, clothing and housing themselves and their families.[26] Overall, Marx and Engels claimed to have identified five successive stages of the development of these material conditions in Western Europe.[27] Scholars working the field include Eric Voegelin,[36] William Hardy McNeill and Michael Mann.[37] With evolving technologies such as dating methods and surveying laser technology called LiDAR, contemporary historians have access to new information which changes how past civilizations are studied. Patrick Manning, Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003)[48] Luc-Normand Tellier, Canadian; Urban World History, PUQ, (2009), 650 pages; online edition ^ Patrick Manning, Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003); Ross E. Navigating World History: Historians Create a Global Past (2003), an important guide to the entire field excerpt and text search; online review en-wikipedia-org-1847 Aristotle was a prolific writer whose works cover many subjects including physics, biology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government. After retreating under criticism from modern natural philosophers, the distinctively Aristotelian idea of teleology was transmitted through Wolff and Kant to Hegel, who applied it to history as a totality.[citation needed] Although this project was criticized by Trendelenburg and Brentano as un-Aristotelian,[citation needed] Hegel''s influence is now often said to be responsible for an important Aristotelian influence upon Marx.[24] Postmodernists, in contrast, reject Aristotelianism''s claim to reveal important theoretical truths.[25] In this, they follow Heidegger''s critique of Aristotle as the greatest source of the entire tradition of Western philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-1849 Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. Shuddadvaita (Sanskrit: śuddhādvaita "pure non-dualism") is the "purely non-dual" philosophy propounded by Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 CE), the founding philosopher and guru of the Vallabha sampradāya ("tradition of Vallabha") or Puṣṭimārga ("The path of grace"), a Hindu Vaishnava tradition focused on the worship of Krishna. Vallabhacharya''s pure form (nondualist) philosophy is different from Advaita. Shuddhadvaita vāda of Vishnu swami popularized by Vallabhacharya The eight-syllable mantra, śri kṛṣṇaḥ śaraṇaṃ mama (Lord Krishna is my refuge), is passed onto new initiates in Vallabh sampradaya, and the divine name is said to rid the recipient of all impurities of the soul (doṣas) .[2][3] Vallabha cites the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad account, that Brahman desired to become many, and he became the multitude of individual souls and the world. Everything is Krishna''s Leela[edit] en-wikipedia-org-1853 en-wikipedia-org-1854 She has been a Member of the Riksdag, representing her home constituency of Jönköping County, since 2006, and leader of the Centre Party since 2011.[1] Lööf served as Minister for Enterprise from 2011 to 2014, in the Reinfeldt Cabinet. Before she became a minister and party leader, Annie Lööf was member of the Committee on Finance, the War Delegation and a vicepresident of the Committee on Justice and first Deputy House Leader for the Centre Party''s parliamentary group and member of the party''s executive board. On 29 September 2011 Lööf succeeded Maud Olofsson as Minister for Business and Enterprise. In 2017, Annie Lööf had the highest trust figures of any major political party leader in Sweden by Swedish voters.[15][16] en-wikipedia-org-186 Frederik van Leenhof (1 September 1647 – 13 October 1715)[1][2] was a Dutch pastor and philosopher active in Zwolle, who caused an international controversy because of his Spinozist work Heaven on Earth (1703). Whilst studying his religion and exploring modern ethics during his second period of writing (1700–04), Leenhof came into contact with the early Enlightenment, which originated in the Dutch Republic around 1650. Leenhof''s book Heaven on Earth, published simultaneously in Zwolle and Amsterdam in June 1703, is written completely in Spinozist (pantheist) thought, although he always denied being an adherent of the then hugely controversial Spinoza. Finally, the deadlock in the States of Overijssel was resolved in March 1709, when the majority ruled against the wish of Zwolle that Leenhof had to sign additional Articles of Satisfaction drafted by the synod to utterly repudiate Spinozism. en-wikipedia-org-1863 en-wikipedia-org-1865 According to Derrida and taking inspiration from the work of Ferdinand de Saussure,[15] language as a system of signs and words only has meaning because of the contrast between these signs.[16][14]:7, 12 As Richard Rorty contends, "words have meaning only because of contrast-effects with other words...no word can acquire meaning in the way in which philosophers from Aristotle to Bertrand Russell have hoped it might—by being the unmediated expression of something non-linguistic (e.g., an emotion, a sensed observation, a physical object, an idea, a Platonic Form)".[16] As a consequence, meaning is never present, but rather is deferred to other signs. Derrida''s theories on deconstruction were themselves influenced by the work of linguists such as Ferdinand de Saussure (whose writings on semiotics also became a cornerstone of structuralism in the mid-20th century) and literary theorists such as Roland Barthes (whose works were an investigation of the logical ends of structuralist thought). en-wikipedia-org-187 Aesthetic distance refers to the gap between a viewer''s conscious reality and the fictional reality presented in a work of art. If the author then jars the reader from the reality of the story, essentially reminding the reader they are reading a book, the author is said to have "violated the aesthetic distance." [1][2] The concept originates from Immanuel Kant''s Critique of Judgement, where he establishes the notion of disinterested delight which does not depend on the subject''s having a desire for the object itself, he writes, "delight in beautiful art does not, in the pure judgement of taste, involve an immediate interest. The term aesthetic distance itself derives from an article by Edward Bullough published in 1912. Violating the aesthetic distance[edit] Anything that pulls a viewer out of the reality of a work of fiction is said to be a violation of aesthetic distance. Many examples of violating the aesthetic distance may also be found in meta-fiction. In film, the aesthetic distance is often violated unintentionally. en-wikipedia-org-1870 His interests are Immanuel Kant, Baruch Spinoza, German idealism, 18th and 19th century philosophy.[3] Allison is perhaps best known for his 1983 book, Kant''s Transcendental Idealism, which proposed a new "epistemological" reading of the Critique of Pure Reason that was both radically different from standard interpretations and offered responses to many of the objections advanced by philosophers like Paul Guyer. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-188 Furthermore, some philosophers (starting with W.V.O. Quine) have questioned whether there is even a clear distinction to be made between propositions which are analytically true and propositions which are synthetically true.[2] Debates regarding the nature and usefulness of the distinction continue to this day in contemporary philosophy of language.[2] In 1951, Willard Van Orman Quine published the essay "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" in which he argued that the analytic–synthetic distinction is untenable.[14] The argument at bottom is that there are no "analytic" truths, but all truths involve an empirical aspect. Jerrold Katz, a one-time associate of Noam Chomsky, countered the arguments of "Two Dogmas" directly by trying to define analyticity non-circularly on the syntactical features of sentences.[22][23][24] Chomsky himself critically discussed Quine''s conclusion, arguing that it is possible to identify some analytic truths (truths of meaning, not truths of facts) which are determined by specific relations holding among some innate conceptual features of the mind/brain.[25] en-wikipedia-org-1883 Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (/ˈɛtiˌɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiˌæk/; French: [etjɛn bɔno də kɔ̃dijak]; 30 September 1714 – 2 August[3] or 3 August[4][5] 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind. In Paris, Condillac was involved with the circle of Denis Diderot, the philosopher who was co-contributor to the Encyclopédie. By advocating of a free market economy in contrast to the prevailing contemporary policy of state control in France, Condillac influenced classical liberal economics[10] A modern historian has compared[12] Condillac with Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and pre-evolutionary thinker Lord Monboddo, who had a similar fascination with abstraction and ideas. In France Condillac''s doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience. en-wikipedia-org-189 Bachelor''s degree awarded for undergraduate study in liberal arts, the sciences or both In colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal, and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study.[2] Students must pursue at least one major area of study and units from that subject are usually studied in each year, though sometimes students may choose to complete upper-level classes in the same year and as a result, can leave space for elective subjects from a different field. Canadian universities typically offer four-year Bachelor of Arts degrees. In Germany, university-level education usually happens in either a Universität (plural: Universitäten) or a Fachhochschule (plural: Fachhochschulen); both can be referred to as a Hochschule, which is the generic term in Germany for all institutions awarding academic degrees. en-wikipedia-org-1892 Find sources: "Cambridge University Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Its publishing includes more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. In 2015, Cambridge University Press formed a strategic content and technology partnership with Edmodo, the world''s most extensive e-learning platform for primary and secondary teachers and pupils, to bring premier educational content and technology to schools in the United Kingdom.[20] Main article: Cambridge University Press v. In 2019, the Press released a new concept in scholarly publishing through Cambridge Elements where authors whose works are either too short to be printed as a book or too long to qualify as a journal article can have them published within 12 weeks.[50] UC and Cambridge University Press Agree to Open Access Publishing Deal, retrieved 26 July 2019 Annual Report 2019, Cambridge University Press, retrieved 26 July 2019 Categories: Cambridge University Press en-wikipedia-org-1896 "The various articles of the Romish creed," he wrote, "disappeared like a dream".[9] He remained in Lausanne for five intellectually productive years, a period that greatly enriched Gibbon''s already immense aptitude for scholarship and erudition: he read Latin literature; travelled throughout Switzerland studying its cantons'' constitutions; and studied the works of Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, and Blaise Pascal. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. ^ Henry Edwards Davis, An Examination of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Chapters of Mr. Gibbon''s History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: J. en-wikipedia-org-1897 Richard Swinburne[3] put forward an inductive form of the argument in his book The Existence of God. He uses the argument from personal identity for mind-body dualism to show that we have a non-physical mental element to our minds. Peter Kreeft has put forward a deductive form of the argument from consciousness[7] based upon the intelligibility of the universe despite the limitations of our minds. Another Catholic philosopher, Edward Feser has promoted the Augustinian argument, including it in his book Five Proofs of the Existence of God. The first premise, assertion that non-physical mental states exist, implies a dualist view of mind. Therefore, one line of attack is to argue the case for physicalism about the human mind.[14] Moreland takes the arguments for the first premise and refers to classic defenses of dualism. P Moreland "Consciousness and The Existence of God" ^ Quoted from The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, The Argument from Consciousness, by J.P. Moreland, p. Categories: Arguments for the existence of God en-wikipedia-org-19 While God''s essence is inaccessible, a subordinate form of knowledge is available by way of mediation by divine messengers, known as Manifestations of God. The Manifestations of God reflect divine attributes, which are creations of God made for the purpose of spiritual enlightenment, onto the physical plane of existence.[6] All physical beings reflect at least one of these attributes, and the human soul can potentially reflect all of them.[7] Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá''í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, described God as inaccessible, omniscient, almighty, personal, and rational, and rejected pantheistic, anthropomorphic and incarnationist beliefs.[2] Although human cultures and religions differ on their conceptions of God and his nature, Bahá''ís believe they nevertheless refer to one and the same Being. The Bahá''í teachings state that God is too great for humans to create an accurate conception of. Names of God in the Bahá''í Faith en-wikipedia-org-1902 en-wikipedia-org-1904 en-wikipedia-org-1906 Although the senses were traditionally viewed as passive receptors, the study of illusions and ambiguous images has demonstrated that the brain''s perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input.[4] There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of hypothesis testing, analogous to science, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary.[4] en-wikipedia-org-1909 217 BC),[1] also widely known as Xunzi (Chinese: 荀子; pinyin: Xúnzǐ; Wade–Giles: Hsün-tzu, "Master Xun"), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher and writer who lived during the Warring States period and contributed to the Hundred Schools of Thought. Xunzi discusses figures ranging from Confucius, Mencius, and Zhuangzi, to Linguists Mozi, Hui Shi and Gongsun Long and "Legalists" Shen Buhai and Shen Dao.[4] He mentions Laozi as a figure for the first time in early Chinese history,[5] and makes use of Taoist terminology, though rejecting their doctrine.[6] Xunzi witnessed the chaos surrounding the fall of the Zhou dynasty and rise of the Qin state which upheld "doctrines focusing on state control, by means of law and penalties" (Chinese Legalism).[3] Like Shang Yang, Xunzi believed that humanity''s inborn tendencies were evil and that ethical norms had been invented to rectify people. en-wikipedia-org-191 In common usage, a physical object or physical body (or simply an object or body) is a collection of matter within a defined contiguous boundary in three-dimensional space.[citation needed] The boundary must be defined and identified by the properties of the material. In physics, an object is an identifiable collection of matter, which may be constrained by an identifiable boundary, and may move as a unit by translation or rotation, in 3-dimensional space. The common conception of physical objects includes that they have extension in the physical world, although there do exist theories of quantum physics and cosmology which may challenge[how?] this. For a rigid body, the boundary of an object may change over time by continuous translation and rotation. In some philosophies, like the idealism of George Berkeley, a physical body is a mental object, but still has extension in the space of a visual field. en-wikipedia-org-1913 en-wikipedia-org-1916 The Italian translation of Aristotle''s Nicomachean Ethics is often misattributed to Brunetto Latini: it is a work of Taddeo Alderotti instead. It was perhaps Latini who induced Dante to read Cicero and Boethius, after the death of Beatrice. Many of the characters in Dante''s Inferno are also mentioned in the legal and diplomatic documents Brunetto Latini wrote in Latin. There is a portrait of Latini in the Bargello in Florence, once reputed to be by Giotto, next but one to the side of Dante (between them is Corso Donati). "Restaging Sin in Medieval Florence: Augustine, Brunetto Latini, and the Streetscape of Dante''s Vita nuova." Italian Studies 73 (2018): 15-21. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-192 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:]]; see its history for attribution. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte.[5] He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually.[1][6] Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers.[3] Thorbecke''s relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics, and despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. J. Brandt-van der Veen: Thorbecke-Archief (3 volumes). Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1921 It comprises the legal and ritual Halakha, the collective body of Jewish laws, and exegesis of the written Law; and the non-legalistic Aggadah, a compendium of Rabbinic homilies of the parts of the Pentateuch not connected with Law. Biblical interpretation by the Tannaim and the Amoraim, which may be best designated as scholarly interpretations of the Midrash, was a product of natural growth and of great freedom in the treatment of the words of the Bible. But side by side with these elements of a natural and simple Bible exegesis, of value even today, the traditional literature contains an even larger mass of expositions removed from the actual meaning of the text. In the halakhic as well as in the haggadic exegesis the expounder endeavored not so much to seek the original meaning of the text as to find authority in some Bible passage for concepts and ideas, rules of conduct and teachings, for which he wished to have a biblical foundation. en-wikipedia-org-1932 en-wikipedia-org-1933 en-wikipedia-org-194 en-wikipedia-org-1947 He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.[46] In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College, University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.[59] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[60] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. Ambedkar as Free India''s First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956) en-wikipedia-org-1948 SAGE Publishing, formerly SAGE Publications, is an independent publishing company founded in 1965 in New York by Sara Miller McCune and now based in Newbury Park, California. SAGE was founded in 1965 in New York City by Sara Miller (later Sara Miller McCune)[6] with Macmillan Publishers executive George D. SAGE Publishing was a founding member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) when it was established in 2008.[11] In November 2013, OASPA reviewed SAGE''s membership after the Journal of International Medical Research accepted a false and intentionally flawed paper created and submitted by a reporter for the journal Science as part of a "sting" to test the effectiveness of the peer-review processes of open access journals (see Who''s Afraid of Peer Review?).[12] SAGE''s membership was reinstated at the end of the six month review period following changes to the journal''s editorial processes.[13] en-wikipedia-org-1959 en-wikipedia-org-196 In sociology, taste is an individual''s personal, cultural and aesthetic patterns of choice and preference. Taste is drawing distinctions between things such as styles, manners, consumer goods, and works of art and relating to these. But it was not before the beginning of the cultural sociology of early 19th century that the question was problematized in its social context, which took the differences and changes in historical view as an important process of aesthetical thought.[1] Although Immanuel Kant''s Critique of Judgement (1790) did formulate a non-relativistic idea of aesthetical universality, where both personal pleasure and pure beauty coexisted, it was concepts such as class taste that began the attempt to find essentially sociological answers to the problem of taste and aesthetics. Metaphysical or spiritual interpretations of common aesthetical values have shifted towards locating social groups that form the contemporary artistic taste or fashion. en-wikipedia-org-1962 International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Wikipedia Find sources: "International Alliance of Libertarian Parties" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Purpose Establish, maintain and promote worldwide right-libertarian political parties International Federation of Liberal Youth At the 2014 Libertarian National Convention in the United States, former chairman of the Libertarian National Committee Geoff Neale was appointed to help with the creation of an alliance of global libertarian parties. Australia Liberal Democratic Party United Kingdom Libertarian Party United States Libertarian Party List of libertarian political parties "Overview of the International Alliance of Libertarian Parties". International Meeting of Communist and Workers'' Parties International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations International Communist Party Liberal International Liberal International International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Alliance of Libertarian Parties en-wikipedia-org-1963 en-wikipedia-org-197 William Drennan, whose father Thomas Drennan had been secretary to Hutcheson, and who 1791 moved the formation of the Society of United Irishmen in Belfast and in Dublin, was a student and friend.[3] It is from Stewart that Drennan is said to have "imbibed the classical tradition of repubican theory, in its most famous English embodiment in the works of John Locke, and its contemporary reincarnation in the works of Richard Price and Joseph Priestley".[4] His memory is also honoured by the "Dugald Stewart Building" (erected 2011) for the University of Edinburgh to house its Philosophy Department, on Charles Street, off George Square. In 1793 he printed a textbook, Outlines of Moral Philosophy, which went through many editions; and in the same year he read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh his Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith. "From moral philosophy to political economy: the contribution of Dugald Stewart." in Philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment (1984), pp. en-wikipedia-org-1975 en-wikipedia-org-1984 en-wikipedia-org-1987 en-wikipedia-org-1989 Possible worlds · Modal realism · Counterfactuals · Counterpart theory · Principal principle · Humean supervenience · Lewis signaling game · The endurantism–perdurantism distinction But Lewis is most famous for his work in metaphysics, philosophy of language and semantics, in which his books On the Plurality of Worlds (1986) and Counterfactuals (1973) are considered classics. At Princeton, Lewis was a mentor of young philosophers, and trained dozens of successful figures in the field, including several current Princeton faculty members, as well as people now teaching at a number of the leading philosophy departments in the U.S. Among his most prominent students are Robert Brandom at the University of Pittsburgh, L.A. Paul at Yale, Cian Dorr and David Velleman at NYU, Peter Railton at Michigan, and Joshua Greene at Harvard. en-wikipedia-org-1994 en-wikipedia-org-1997 View source for Immanuel Kant Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-2001 Philosophy of geography is the subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological issues in geography, with geographic methodology in general, and with more broadly related issues such as the perception and representation of space and place. John Kirtland Wright (1891–1969), an American geographer notable for his cartography and study of the history of geographical thought, coined the related term geosophy in 1947, for this kind of broad study of geographical knowledge. A book series, also initially published by Rowman & Littlefield, and later by Cambridge Scholars Press, began in 2002 to publish the transactions of the Society for Philosophy and Geography''s annual meetings, organized by Gary Backhaus and John Murungi of Towson University.[2] In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. en-wikipedia-org-2002 en-wikipedia-org-2015 en-wikipedia-org-2018 en-wikipedia-org-2019 en-wikipedia-org-2024 en-wikipedia-org-2025 The Islamic Caliphate later guaranteed religious freedom under the conditions that non-Muslim communities accept dhimmi status and their adult males pay the punitive jizya tax instead of the zakat paid by Muslim citizens.[10] Though Dhimmis were not given the same political rights as Muslims, they nevertheless did enjoy equality under the laws of property, contract, and obligation.[11][12][13] Religious pluralism existed in classical Islamic ethics and Sharia, as the religious laws and courts of other religions, including Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism, were usually accommodated within the Islamic legal framework, as seen in the early Caliphate, Al-Andalus, Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Millet system.[14][15] In medieval Islamic societies, the qadi (Islamic judges) usually could not interfere in the matters of non-Muslims unless the parties voluntarily choose to be judged according to Islamic law, thus the dhimmi communities living in Islamic states usually had their own laws independent from the Sharia law, such as the Jews who would have their own Halakha courts.[16] en-wikipedia-org-2037 Murray Newton Rothbard (/ˈrɒθbɑːrd/; March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School,[1][2][3][4] economic historian[5][6] and political theorist.[7] Rothbard was the founder and leading theoretician of anarcho-capitalism, a staunch advocate of historical revisionism and a central figure in the 20th-century American libertarian movement. Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day".[36] Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic about God,[37][38] describing himself as a "mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew".[39] Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist, he was critical of the "left-libertarian hostility to religion".[40] In Rothbard''s later years, many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism, but he never did.[41] The New York Times obituary called Rothbard "an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention".[29] en-wikipedia-org-206 en-wikipedia-org-2066 en-wikipedia-org-2068 Critics of capitalism argue that it concentrates power in the hands of a minority capitalist class that exists through the exploitation of the majority working class and their labor, prioritizes profit over social good, natural resources and the environment, is an engine of inequality, corruption and economic instabilities, and that many are not able to access its purported benefits and freedoms, such as freely investing. Supporters argue that it provides better products and innovation through competition, promotes pluralism and decentralization of power, disperses wealth to people who are able to invest in useful enterprises based on market demands, allows for a flexible incentive system where efficiency and sustainability are priorities to protect capital, creates strong economic growth and yields productivity and prosperity that greatly benefit society. en-wikipedia-org-2072 In the 20th century, Willard Van Orman Quine, George Santayana, and other philosophers argued that the success of naturalism in science meant that scientific methods should also be used in philosophy. Another notable school of late modern philosophy advocating naturalism was German materialism: members included Ludwig Büchner, Jacob Moleschott, and Carl Vogt.[18][19] Arthur Newell Strahler states: "The naturalistic view is that the particular universe we observe came into existence and has operated through all time and in all its parts without the impetus or guidance of any supernatural agency."[30] "The great majority of contemporary philosophers urge that that reality is exhausted by nature, containing nothing ''supernatural'', and that the scientific method should be used to investigate all areas of reality, including the ''human spirit''." Philosophers widely regard naturalism as a "positive" term, and "few active philosophers nowadays are happy to announce themselves as ''non-naturalists''". en-wikipedia-org-2074 Category:Age of Enlightenment Wikipedia Category:Age of Enlightenment Wikimedia Commons has media related to Age of Enlightenment. This category groups topics regarding the Age of Enlightenment, as well as: Enlightenment as a cultural movement/period in Europe (second half of 18th century), including the associated period of Neo-Classicism in the arts. Pages in category "Age of Enlightenment" Age of Enlightenment List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment Template:Age of Enlightenment Counter-Enlightenment Education in the Age of Enlightenment Essay on the Origin of Languages Johann Adam von Ickstatt List of enlightened despots Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold Science in the Age of Enlightenment Scottish Enlightenment Spanish American Enlightenment Spanish Enlightenment literature Jacques-François de Villiers Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Age_of_Enlightenment&oldid=969818179" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2075 Outline of aesthetics Wikipedia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to aesthetics: Aesthetics – branch of philosophy and axiology concerned with the nature of beauty. 5 Theories of aesthetics and art movements What type of thing is an aesthetic?[edit] History of aesthetics (pre-20th-century) History of aesthetics[edit] History of aesthetics before the 20th century Concepts in aesthetics[edit] Theories of aesthetics and art movements[edit] Philosophers of art and aestheticians[edit] Outline of aesthetics at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Medieval Theories of Aesthetics article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy An history of aesthetics An history of aesthetics An history of aesthetics Aesthetics entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Art Perception Complete pdf version of art historian David Cycleback''s Aesthetics Pages using Sister project links with default search Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; en-wikipedia-org-2079 en-wikipedia-org-2083 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:]]; see its history for attribution. Piero Gobetti (Italian: [ˈpjɛːro ɡoˈbetti]; June 19, 1901, Turin – February 15, 1926, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was an Italian journalist, intellectual and radical liberal and anti-fascist. He used the journal to put into practice his idea of liberal anti-fascism and his conviction that the Italian people could learn to reject the insular nature of fascist culture by means of an education in European culture. Articles needing translation from Italian Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2085 en-wikipedia-org-2093 en-wikipedia-org-2094 Category:Epistemological theories Wikipedia Category:Epistemological theories Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemological theories. Epistemology Epistemology of science Social epistemology Epistemology literature Concepts in epistemology Epistemological theories Epistemological theories The main article for this category is Epistemology. Pages in category "Epistemological theories" The following 140 pages are in this category, out of 140 total. Constructivism (philosophy of science) Critical realism (philosophy of perception) Epistemological anarchism Epistemological idealism Epistemological particularism Epistemological pluralism Epistemological realism Epistemological solipsism Evolutionary epistemology Formative epistemology Hierarchical epistemology Internalism and externalism Justification (epistemology) Logical positivism Moral rationalism Naturalism (philosophy) Naturalized epistemology New realism (philosophy) Phenomenal conservatism Philosophy of mind Platonic epistemology Rational fideism Reformed epistemology Theory of forms Virtue epistemology Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemological_theories&oldid=970060638" Categories: Epistemology Philosophical theories Philosophical theories Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2098 en-wikipedia-org-21 Trevor Allan (legal philosopher) Wikipedia Notable works Law, Liberty and Justice: the legal foundations of British constitutionalism; The Sovereignty of Law: freedom, constitution and common law Trevor Robert Seaward Allan,[1] LLD FBA (born 9 May 1955) is Professor of Jurisprudence and Public Law at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Pembroke College. His books include Constitutional Justice: A Liberal Theory of the Rule of Law (OUP), Law, Liberty, and Justice: The Legal Foundations of British Constitutionalism (Clarendon Paperback), and the Sovereignty of Law: Freedom, Constitution, and Common Law (OUP).[5] Allan''s view is that the rule of law occupies a superior position to parliamentary sovereignty in the constitutional hierarchy. Trevor Robert Seaward, (born 9 May 1955), Professor of Jurisprudence and Public Law, University of Cambridge, since 2003; Fellow, Pembroke College, Cambridge, since 1985 | WHO''S WHO & WHO WAS WHO". Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Allan_(legal_philosopher)&oldid=986303045" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-210 Category:Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia Jump to navigation This category contains articles with Latin-language text. This category contains articles with Latin-language text. Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la) Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la) Pages in category "Articles containing Latin-language text" 6th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States) 8th Field Survey Squadron 8th Field Survey Squadron 15th Signal Brigade (United States) 17th Signal Battalion (United States) 19th Marine Regiment (United States) 30th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada) 30th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada) 30th Field Artillery Regiment (Canada) 32 Signal Regiment (Canada) 41 Signal Regiment 50th Field Artillery Regiment (The Prince of Wales Rangers), RCA 108th Field Artillery Regiment 187th Infantry Regiment (United States) 308th Cavalry Regiment (United States) 493rd Fighter Squadron 864th Engineer Battalion (United States) 864th Engineer Battalion (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text&oldid=980273927" Articles containing non-English-language text Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2103 Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy Wikipedia Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy WikiProject Philosophy / Philosophers (Rated Project-class) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Philosophy, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of content related to philosophy on Wikipedia. If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles Article | Category | Index | Outline | Portal | Project | Discussion · {{User WP Philosophy}} · {{User WP Continental Philosophy}} · {{User WP Analytic Philosophy}} Hi all, I''ve boldly updated your project''s peer review page (Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Peer review) by updating the instructions and archiving old reviews. RfC about stubbing an article[edit] Talk:Hellenistic philosophy[edit] I''ve collected a handful of articles with philosophy-related links to DAB pages where expert attention would be welcome. Categories: Project-Class Philosophy articles NA-importance Philosophy articles en-wikipedia-org-2106 en-wikipedia-org-2115 A cosmological argument, in natural theology, is an argument in which the existence of God is inferred from alleged facts concerning causation, explanation, change, motion, contingency, dependency, or finitude with respect to the universe or some totality of objects.[1][2] It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, or the causal argument. Metaphysical argument for the existence of God[edit] William Lane Craig, who popularised and is notable for defending the Kalam cosmological argument, argues that the infinite is impossible, whichever perspective the viewer takes, and so there must always have been one unmoved thing to begin the universe. ^ Scott David Foutz, An Examination of Thomas Aquinas'' Cosmological Arguments as found in the Five Ways Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Quodlibet Online Journal of Christian Theology and Philosophy "Cosmological Argument: Does the Universe Require a First Cause? "Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God". en-wikipedia-org-2120 en-wikipedia-org-2125 en-wikipedia-org-2134 Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory developed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant that is based on the notion that: "It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world, or indeed even beyond it, that could be considered good without limitation except a good will." The theory was developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, stating that an action can only be good if its maxim—the principle behind it—is duty to the moral law, and arises from a sense of duty in the actor. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant''s concept of the Kingdom of Ends requires that people act as if the principles of their actions establish a law for a hypothetical kingdom. Kant wished to move beyond the conception of morality as externally imposed duties, and present an ethics of autonomy, when rational agents freely recognise the claims reason makes upon them.[7] en-wikipedia-org-2135 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (US: /ˈpiːkoʊ ˌdɛlə mɪˈrændələ, -ˈrɑːn-/,[1][2] Italian: [dʒoˈvanni ˈpiːko della miˈrandola]; Latin: Johannes Picus de Mirandula; 24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.[3] He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance",[4] and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation".[5] He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. Campanini (eds.), The Great Parchment: Flavius Mithridates'' Latin Translation, the Hebrew Text, and an English Version, The Kabbalistic Library of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola – 1. Life of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola en-wikipedia-org-2140 McGreal, Ed., HarperCollins, 1992. Although the basic tenets of Kant''s [[transcendental idealism]] (i.e. that space and time are ''a priori'' forms of human perception rather than real properties, that human perception is entirely informed by "a priori" epistemic structures, and the claim that formal logic and transcendental logic coincide) have been falsified in modern science and logic,{{Cite book|last=Strawson|first=Peter|title=Bounds of Sense: Essay on Kant''s "Critique of Pure Reason"|id={{ASIN|0415040302|country=uk}}}}{{Cite web|title=Einstein on Kant|url=https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/significance_GR_geometry/Einstein_on_Kant.html#:~:text=Einstein%20wrote:,withstand%20the%20test%20of%20time.&text=However,%20if%20one%20does%20not,and%20norms%20of%20Kant%27s%20system.|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.pitt.edu|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030743/https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/significance_GR_geometry/Einstein_on_Kant.html#:~:text=Einstein%20wrote:,withstand%20the%20test%20of%20time.&text=However,%20if%20one%20does%20not,and%20norms%20of%20Kant%27s%20system.|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=Perrick|first=Michael|date=1985|title=Kant and Kripke on Necessary Empirical Truths|journal=Mind|volume=94|issue=376|pages=596–598|doi=10.1093/mind/XCIV.376.596|jstor=2254731|issn=0026-4423}} and don''t set any longer the intellectual agenda of contemporary philosophers, Kant is credited with having changed the framework within which modern philosophical inquiry has been carried at least up to the early nineteenth century. 266–88; revised and reprinted as Chapter III of [http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1 Kant''s System of Perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204136/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1 |date=14 April 2012 }}: An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy (Lanham: University Press of America, 1993). en-wikipedia-org-2147 en-wikipedia-org-2149 Curt John Ducasse Wikipedia Curt John Ducasse (French: [dykas]; 7 July 1881 – 3 September 1969) was a French-born American philosopher who taught at the University of Washington and Brown University.[3] He is most notable for his work in philosophy of mind and aesthetics. Ducasse served as the president of the Eastern division of the American Philosophical Association (1939–40) and president of the Philosophy of Science Association (1958–61).[3] Ducasse, The Philosophy of Art, (1929) Ducasse, Philosophy as a Science, (1941) "Peter Hare on the Philosophy of Curt John Ducasse". Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2151 Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.[1][2] Individualists promote the exercise of one''s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance[3] and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group[3] while opposing external interference upon one''s own interests by society or institutions such as the government.[3] Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate social forms.[4][5] Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[56] Henry David Thoreau was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe.[57] Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher and leading transcendentalist, who is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. en-wikipedia-org-2155 Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the United States and gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as Psychology of the Unconscious (subsequently republished as Symbols of Transformation). The Rubin Museum of Art in New York City displayed the original Red Book journal, as well as some of Jung''s original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 to 15 February 2010.[78] According to them, "During the period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung''s illuminations and illustrations to the text.[78] en-wikipedia-org-2157 Georg Friedrich Meier (26 March 1718 – 21 June 1777) was a German philosopher and aesthetician. In 1749, Meier authored Versuch eines neuen Lehrgebäudes von den Seelen der Thiere (Attempt of a new teaching structure from the souls of animals) which ascribed the same sensory perceptions to both animals and man.[4] He granted animals imagination, intelligence, judgement, memory, language, pleasure and displeasure. Media related to Georg Friedrich Meier at Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2162 Humor was perceived as irony and sarcasm.[11] The Confucian "Analects" itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog.[12] Early Daoist philosophical texts such as "Zhuangzi" pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun.[13] Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over the centuries. 90% of men and 81% of women, all college students, report having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner.[22] Humour and honesty were ranked as the two most important attributes in a significant other.[23] It has since been recorded that humour becomes more evident and significantly more important as the level of commitment in a romantic relationship increases.[24] Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to physical attractiveness are two major factors in the desire for future interaction.[21] Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse.[21] However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for a serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive.[21] en-wikipedia-org-2163 Among his 69 Ph.D. students in Göttingen were many who later became famous mathematicians, including (with date of thesis): Otto Blumenthal (1898), Felix Bernstein (1901), Hermann Weyl (1908), Richard Courant (1910), Erich Hecke (1910), Hugo Steinhaus (1911), and Wilhelm Ackermann (1925).[12] Between 1902 and 1939 Hilbert was editor of the Mathematische Annalen, the leading mathematical journal of the time. One who had to leave Germany, Paul Bernays, had collaborated with Hilbert in mathematical logic, and co-authored with him the important book Grundlagen der Mathematik (which eventually appeared in two volumes, in 1934 and 1939). Gordan, the house expert on the theory of invariants for the Mathematische Annalen, could not appreciate the revolutionary nature of Hilbert''s theorem and rejected the article, criticizing the exposition because it was insufficiently comprehensive. Hilbert published his views on the foundations of mathematics in the 2-volume work Grundlagen der Mathematik. David Hilbert''s Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics and Physics, 1891–1933. en-wikipedia-org-2164 His epistemology comprised an early form empiricism.[15] Aristotle criticized Plato''s metaphysics as being poetic metaphor, with its greatest failing being the lack of an explanation for change.[16] Aristotle proposed the four causes model to explain change material, efficient, formal, and final all of which were grounded on what Aristotle termed the unmoved mover.[15] His ethical views identified eudaimonia as the ultimate good, as it was good in itself.[17] He thought that eudaimonia could be achieved by living according to human nature, which is to live with reason and virtue,[17] defining virtue as the golden mean between extremes.[17] Aristole saw politics as the highest art, as all other pursuits are subservient to its goal of improving society.[18] The state should aim to maximize the opportunities for the pursuit of reason and virtue through leisure, learning, and contemplation.[19] Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great, who conquered much of the ancient Western world. en-wikipedia-org-2166 en-wikipedia-org-2171 All encyclopedic content on Wikipedia must be written from a neutral point of view (NPOV), which means representing fairly, proportionately, and, as far as possible, without editorial bias, all the significant views that have been published by reliable sources on a topic. Achieving what the Wikipedia community understands as neutrality means carefully and critically analyzing a variety of reliable sources and then attempting to convey to the reader the information contained in them fairly, proportionately, and as far as possible without editorial bias. While it is important to account for all significant viewpoints on any topic, Wikipedia policy does not state or imply that every minority view or extraordinary claim needs to be presented along with commonly accepted mainstream scholarship as if they were of equal validity. en-wikipedia-org-219 en-wikipedia-org-2191 Ambiguities tend to arise from either aesthetic considerations (for example the view that only pleasing concords may be harmonious) or from the point of view of musical texture (distinguishing between harmonic (simultaneously sounding pitches) and "contrapuntal" (successively sounding tones).[10] In the words of Arnold Whittall: While the entire history of music theory appears to depend on just such a distinction between harmony and counterpoint, it is no less evident that developments in the nature of musical composition down the centuries have presumed the interdependence—at times amounting to integration, at other times a source of sustained tension—between the vertical and horizontal dimensions of musical space.[10][page needed] Yet the evolution of harmonic practice and language itself, in Western art music, is and was facilitated by this process of prior composition, which permitted the study and analysis by theorists and composers of individual pre-constructed works in which pitches (and to some extent rhythms) remained unchanged regardless of the nature of the performance.[19] Main articles: Chord (music) and Consonance and dissonance en-wikipedia-org-2192 WikiProject Philosophy / Philosophers / Aesthetics / Metaphysics / Epistemology / Ethics / Social and political / Modern (Rated B-class, Top-importance) This article is within the scope of WikiProject Philosophy, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of content related to philosophy on Wikipedia. If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles WikiProject Germany (Rated C-class, Top-importance) WikiProject Russia / Science & education (Rated B-class, Mid-importance) WikiProject Biography / Politics and Government / Science and Academia (Rated B-class) This article is within the scope of WikiProject Biography, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia''s articles about people. WikiProject Politics (Rated B-class, High-importance) WikiProject International relations (Rated B-class, Mid-importance) WikiProject Religion (Rated B-class, Top-importance) en-wikipedia-org-2203 Universality (philosophy) Wikipedia Find sources: "Universality" philosophy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article also discusses Kantian and Platonist notions of "universal", which are considered by most philosophers to be separate notions. Main article: Moral universalism When used in the context of ethics, the meaning of universal refers to that which is true for "all similarly situated individuals."[3] Rights, for example in natural rights, or in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, for those heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and its conception of a human nature, could be considered universal. Universality about truth[edit] This is not to say that universality is limited to mathematics, since it is also used in philosophy, theology, and other pursuits.[citation needed] Universals in metaphysics[edit] Main article: Universal (metaphysics) en-wikipedia-org-2205 The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE.[5][6] Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes.[5][6] After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages[7] but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age.[8] The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy",[7][9] which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century[10] as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions.[11][12][13][14] The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape;[15][16][17] along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science."[18] en-wikipedia-org-2215 en-wikipedia-org-2219 en-wikipedia-org-2224 Some believe the best descriptor to be state consequentialism.[10] According to this reading, Mohist ethics makes moral evaluations based on how well the action, statement, etc., in question contributes to the stability of a state.[10] Such state-related goods include social order, material wealth, and population growth. Mozi opposed wars because they wasted life and resources while interfering with the fair distribution of wealth, yet he recognized the need for strong urban defenses so he could maintain the harmonious society he desired.[12] The "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to basic needs like shelter and clothing, and the "order" of Mohist consequentialism refers to Mozi''s stance against warfare and violence, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability.[13] Stanford sinologist David Shepherd Nivison, in The Cambridge History of Ancient China, writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more reproduction; more people, then more production and wealth ... en-wikipedia-org-2231 en-wikipedia-org-2233 en-wikipedia-org-2239 Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively.[3][4] Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whether psychology, as the study of individuals as information processing systems (see Donald Broadbent), is autonomous from what happens in the brain (even if psychologists largely agree that the brain in some sense causes behavior (see supervenience)); whether the mind is "hard-wired" enough for evolutionary investigations to be fruitful; and whether computational models can do anything more than offer possible implementations of cognitive theories that tell us nothing about the mind (Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). en-wikipedia-org-2242 en-wikipedia-org-2251 en-wikipedia-org-2255 en-wikipedia-org-2258 en-wikipedia-org-2270 Category:Moral philosophers Wikipedia Category:Moral philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: Category:Ethicists. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. Pages in category "Moral philosophers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 478 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Robert Merrihew Adams Francis Anderson (philosopher) James Balfour (philosopher) Daniel Bonevac Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) Michael Brady (philosopher) Peter Byrne (philosopher) Julio Cabrera (philosopher) Archibald Campbell (philosopher) Peter Carruthers (philosopher) Alan Carter (philosopher) John Martin Fischer Theodore George Thomas Gordon (philosopher) John Gray (philosopher) Elizabeth Harman (philosopher) Daniel M. Johann Friedrich Herbart Johann Christoph Hoffbauer Robert L. Robert L. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Moral_philosophers&oldid=994842151" Categories: Philosophers by field Category Main page Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 20:32 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-2279 en-wikipedia-org-2283 Category:All articles with unsourced statements Wikipedia Category:All articles with unsourced statements These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This is a category to help keep count of the total number of articles with the {{citation needed}} template. The tool Citation Hunt makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership. Pages in category "All articles with unsourced statements" 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States) 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States) 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements&oldid=983216779" Categories: Wikipedia articles with sourcing issues Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter en-wikipedia-org-2287 Gilbert Keith Chesterton KC*SG (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936) was an English writer,[2] philosopher, lay theologian, and literary and art critic. Senior ministers in the Liberal government had secretly profited from advanced knowledge of deals regarding wireless telegraphy, and critics regarded it as relevant that some of the key players were Jewish.[48] According to historian Todd Endelman, who identified Chesterton as among the most vocal critics, "The Jew-baiting at the time of the Boer War and the Marconi scandal was linked to a broader protest, mounted in the main by the Radical wing of the Liberal Party, against the growing visibility of successful businessmen in national life and their challenge to what were seen as traditional English values."[49] Ker, Ian (2003), The Catholic Revival in English Literature (1845–1961): Newman, Hopkins, Belloc, Chesterton, Greene, Waugh, University of Notre Dame Press en-wikipedia-org-2288 Philosopher Anjan Chakravartty argued that instrumental value is only legitimate when it produces good scientific theories compatible with the intrinsic truth of mind-independent reality. Dewey argued that ethical inquiry is of a piece with empirical inquiry more generally.… This pragmatic approach requires that we locate the conditions of warrant for our value judgments in human conduct itself, not in any a priori fixed reference point outside of conduct, such as in God''s commands, Platonic Forms, pure reason, or "nature," considered as giving humans a fixed telos [intrinsic end].[8] This fact-value distinction creates what philosophers label the is-ought problem: wants are intrinsically fact-free, good in themselves; whereas efficient tools are valuation-free, usable for good or bad ends.[15]:60 In modern North-American culture, this utilitarian belief supports the libertarian assertion that every individual''s intrinsic right to satisfy wants makes it illegitimate for anyone—but especially governments—to tell people what they ought to do.[16] en-wikipedia-org-2294 Several philosophers, in reaction to Immanuel Kant, sought to explain a priori knowledge without appealing to, as Paul Boghossian explains, "a special faculty…that has never been described in satisfactory terms."[3] One theory, popular among the logical positivists of the early 20th century, is what Boghossian calls the "analytic explanation of the a priori."[3] The distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions was first introduced by Kant. Taking these differences into account, Kripke''s controversial analysis of naming as contingent and a priori would, according to Stephen Palmquist, best fit into Kant''s epistemological framework by calling it "analytic a posteriori."[iii] Aaron Sloman presented a brief defence of Kant''s three distinctions (analytic/synthetic, apriori/empirical, and necessary/contingent), in that it did not assume "possible world semantics" for the third distinction, merely that some part of this world might have been different.[8] en-wikipedia-org-2298 en-wikipedia-org-2326 Nietzsche''s writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony.[43] Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favor of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and related theory of master–slave morality;[36][44][i] the aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;[36] the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power.[45] He also developed influential concepts such as the Übermensch and the doctrine of eternal return.[46][47] In his later work, he became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome cultural and moral mores in pursuit of new values and aesthetic health.[39] His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer,[20] composer Richard Wagner,[20] and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[20] en-wikipedia-org-2334 Dunoyer was an early member of the Société d''économie politique organized in 1842 by Pellegrino Rossi.[2] He was a member of the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques of the Institut de France. The latter relationship is discussed most fully by Leonard Liggio in "Charles Dunoyer and French Classical Liberalism". In his dissertation in book form online, economist David Hart cites Liggio as the person who motivated him to focus on Charles Dunoyer and his partner Charles Comte. "Charles Dunoyer and French Classical Liberalism". Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2336 Find sources: "Economic liberalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Economic liberalism is associated with free markets and private ownership of capital assets. It was first analyzed by Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) which advocated minimal interference of government in a market economy, although it did not necessarily oppose the state''s provision of basic public goods.[12] In Smith''s view, if everyone is left to his own economic devices instead of being controlled by the state, the result would be a harmonious and more equal society of ever-increasing prosperity.[1] This underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century and the subsequent demise of the mercantilist system. en-wikipedia-org-2338 en-wikipedia-org-234 English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio".[13] When discussing the award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart''s Rules, and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style. en-wikipedia-org-2341 Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life,[1] Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). Confucianism revolves around the pursuit of the unity of the individual self and the God of Heaven (Tiān 天), or, otherwise said, around the relationship between humanity and Heaven.[9][23] The principle of Heaven (Lǐ 理 or Dào 道), is the order of the creation and the source of divine authority, monistic in its structure.[23] Individuals may realise their humanity and become one with Heaven through the contemplation of such order.[23] This transformation of the self may be extended to the family and society to create a harmonious fiduciary community.[23] Joël Thoraval studied Confucianism as a diffused civil religion in contemporary China, finding that it expresses itself in the widespread worship of five cosmological entities: Heaven and Earth (Di 地), the sovereign or the government (jūn 君), ancestors (qīn 親) and masters (shī 師).[24] en-wikipedia-org-2342 In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. More recently, advocates for radical reform in justice systems have called for a public policy adoption of non-punitive, non-violent Restorative Justice methods, and many of those studying the success of these methods, including a United Nations working group on Restorative Justice, have attempted to re-define justice in terms related to peace. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. Many "idealist" thinkers about international relations – e.g. in the traditions of Kant and Karl Marx – have argued that the key to peace is the growth of some form of solidarity between peoples (or classes of people) spanning the lines of cleavage between nations or states that lead to war.[44] en-wikipedia-org-2345 en-wikipedia-org-2350 en-wikipedia-org-2353 en-wikipedia-org-2358 Template talk:Philosophy of religion Wikipedia Template talk:Philosophy of religion WikiProject Philosophy / Religion (Rated Template-class) If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles I think that Plantinga work on philosophy of religion is important enought to include him on this template. I have added some Russian philosophers represents of Russian religious philosophy who contributed to philosophy of religion.--Vojvodae please be free to write :) 21:05, 18 January 2010 (UTC) Could or Should New Thought be included in this Template?66.108.86.141 (talk) 03:25, 22 June 2011 (UTC) Intelligent design is not mentioned once in the main Philosophy of religion article, so I would question whether it merits inclusion as one of its core ''Concepts''. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion&oldid=941064232" Categories: Template-Class Philosophy articles Template-Class philosophy of religion articles NA-importance philosophy of religion articles en-wikipedia-org-2360 en-wikipedia-org-2365 en-wikipedia-org-2367 Anders Vilhelm Lundstedt (11 September 1882 – 20 August 1955) was a Swedish jurist and legislator, particularly known as a proponent of Scandinavian Legal Realism, having been strongly influenced by his compatriot, the charismatic philosopher Axel Hägerström. Like Hägerström, Karl Olivecrona and Alf Ross, he resists the exposition of rights as metaphysical entities, arguing that realistic legal analysis should dispense with them. Roger Cotterrell, ''Reading Juristic Theories In and Beyond Historical Context: The Case of Lundstedt''s Swedish Legal Realism'', in M. Lobban, eds, Law in Theory and History: New Essays on a Neglected Dialogue, Hart, Oxford, 2016. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2368 Reverend Thomas Kingsmill Abbott (26 March 1829 – 18 December 1913) was an Irish scholar and educator. Catalogue of Fifteenth Century Books in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, etc. Catalogue of the Irish manuscripts in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (1921) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2370 Traditional ethics prizes masculine cultural traits like "independence, autonomy, intellect, will, wariness, hierarchy, domination, culture, transcendence, product, asceticism, war, and death,"[2] and gives less weight to culturally feminine traits like "interdependence, community, connection, sharing, emotion, body, trust, absence of hierarchy, nature, immanence, process, joy, peace, and life."[2] Should women embody or use any traditionally masculine cultural traits they are seen as other or as an attempt to be more like men.[3] Traditional ethics has a "male" orientated convention in which moral reasoning is viewed through a framework of rules, rights, universality, and impartiality and becomes the standard of a society. This optimism was reflected in John Stuart Mill''s essay The Subjection of Women (1869).[4] Feminist approaches to ethics, were further developed around this period by other notable people like Catherine Beecher, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton with an emphasis on the gendered nature of morality, specifically related to ''women''s morality''.[5] en-wikipedia-org-2378 en-wikipedia-org-238 en-wikipedia-org-2381 Historic liberalism in New Zealand Wikipedia Historic liberalism in New Zealand Democratic liberalism Liberal parties This article gives an overview of historic liberalism in New Zealand. In New Zealand, the term "liberalism" has been used by a large variety of groups and organisations, but usually refers to a support for individual liberties and limited government. Some historians claim that liberalism was a dominant force in New Zealand until around 1936, citing the strong position of the Liberal Party. 1.3 New Zealand Party Liberal Party / United Party[edit] New Zealand Party[edit] 1983: Bob Jones, a wealthy property tycoon, founds the New Zealand Party to promote both economic and social liberalism. 1984: The New Zealand Party captures twelve percent of the vote, but no seats. Liberal leaders[edit] History of New Zealand Politics of New Zealand List of political parties in New Zealand ^ "ACT New Zealand // The Liberal Party". Social Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. en-wikipedia-org-2382 Liberalism in Nigeria Wikipedia Liberalism in Nigeria Find sources: "Liberalism in Nigeria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Democratic liberalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal This article gives an overview of liberalism in Nigeria. The closest that the political scene in Nigeria has come to any form of liberalism is the presence of progressive political parties; however, in the areas where progressive parties have ruled at the local or state levels, the "progressive" governments with such majorities have often engaged in initiatives or passed laws which may run against the idea of civil and personal liberties while focusing more on economic development. Furthermore, the liberal contingent is much more represented in the non-political civil rights activism and advocacy organizations in Nigeria. Liberal leaders[edit] Liberal thinkers[edit] Liberalism in Africa en-wikipedia-org-2383 en-wikipedia-org-2384 en-wikipedia-org-2387 en-wikipedia-org-2391 Category:History of ideas Wikipedia Category:History of ideas Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of ideas. The main article for this category is History of ideas. ► History of political thought‎ (6 C, 9 P) Pages in category "History of ideas" Intellectual history Action theory (philosophy) Altered state of consciousness Cambridge School (intellectual history) Copernican heliocentrism Charles Darwin History of encyclopedias History of human thought John Gray (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel History of atheism History of ethics History of European Ideas Identity (philosophy) Karl Christian Friedrich Krause Logical reasoning Magnificence (history of ideas) Mind–body problem Philosophy of mind Point of view (philosophy) Principle of sufficient reason Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Sentimentalism (literature) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_ideas&oldid=981517820" Categories: History by topic Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2393 The philosophers whom he has studied extensively are Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Marx, Lukács, and Heidegger. Rockmore is a strong critic of representationalism in epistemology.[1] This is the view that the mind has access to external reality via copies of that reality that the mind receives from the object.[2] It assumes a metaphysical realism, in which there is an external reality independent of the knower. He claims that Marx, in particular, was influenced by the thought of Kant, Schelling, Fichte, and Hegel. On Hegel''s Epistemology and Contemporary Philosophy. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2398 They introduced to the West the notion of the world as a kosmos, an ordered arrangement that could be understood via rational inquiry.[3] Coming from the eastern and western fringes of the Greek world, the pre-Socratics were the forerunners of what became Western philosophy as well as natural philosophy, which later developed into the natural sciences (such as physics, chemistry, geology, and astronomy).[3] Significant figures include: the Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, Anaxagoras, Democritus, and Pythagoras. According to one view, the series of thinkers located in Elea (sometimes referred to as the Eleatics, despite the fact that the precise nature of their relationships to one another is not well known) emphasized the doctrine of the One; this is often discussed in terms of the notion of monism.[15] Precisely what this means, however, is a matter for great debate.[15] Xenophanes (570-470 BC) declared a single divinity to be the eternal unity, permeating the universe, and governing it by his thought.[7] Parmenides (510-440 BC) affirmed the one unchanging existence to be alone true and capable of being conceived, and multitude and change to be an appearance without reality.[7] This doctrine was defended by his younger countryman Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC) in a polemic against the common opinion which sees in things multitude, becoming, and change. en-wikipedia-org-2401 en-wikipedia-org-2404 Sergios''s family returned to favor only after the restoration of the icons in 842.[11] Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of Armenian descent[c] while other scholars merely refer to him as a "Greek Byzantine".[12] Byzantine writers also report that Emperor Michael III (r. 800, and it was known that the Abbasids were interested in works of Greek science and philosophy.[40] However, specialists of this period of Byzantine history, such as Paul Lemerle, have shown that Photios could not have compiled his Bibliotheca in Baghdad because he clearly states in both his introduction and his postscript that when he learned of his appointment to the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of books that he read previously, "since the time I learned how to understand and evaluate literature" i.e. since his youth.[41] Moreover, the Abbasids were interested only in Greek science, philosophy and medicine; they did not have Greek history, rhetoric, or other literary works translated; nor did they have Christian patristic writers translated.[42] Yet the majority of works in Bibliotheca are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in Bibliotheca are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-2408 5 June] 1723[1] – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish[a] economist, philosopher as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment,[6] also known as ''''The Father of Economics''''[7] or ''''The Father of Capitalism''''.[8] Smith wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Anglo-American economist Ronald Coase has challenged the view that Smith was a deist, based on the fact that Smith''s writings never explicitly invoke God as an explanation of the harmonies of the natural or the human worlds.[69] According to Coase, though Smith does sometimes refer to the "Great Architect of the Universe", later scholars such as Jacob Viner have "very much exaggerated the extent to which Adam Smith was committed to a belief in a personal God",[70] a belief for which Coase finds little evidence in passages such as the one in the Wealth of Nations in which Smith writes that the curiosity of mankind about the "great phenomena of nature", such as "the generation, the life, growth, and dissolution of plants and animals", has led men to "enquire into their causes", and that "superstition first attempted to satisfy this curiosity, by referring all those wonderful appearances to the immediate agency of the gods. en-wikipedia-org-2409 en-wikipedia-org-2420 en-wikipedia-org-2422 en-wikipedia-org-2429 General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. Self-censorship is often practiced by film producers, film directors, publishers, news anchors, journalists, musicians, and other kinds of authors including individuals who use social media.[33] Flooding the public, often through online social networks, with false or misleading information is sometimes called "reverse censorship." American legal scholar Tim Wu has explained that this type of information control, sometimes by state actors, can "distort or drown out disfavored speech through the creation and dissemination of fake news, the payment of fake commentators, and the deployment of propaganda robots."[38] en-wikipedia-org-2438 en-wikipedia-org-245 Furthermore, some philosophers (starting with W.V.O. Quine) have questioned whether there is even a clear distinction to be made between propositions which are analytically true and propositions which are synthetically true.[2] Debates regarding the nature and usefulness of the distinction continue to this day in contemporary philosophy of language.[2] In 1951, Willard Van Orman Quine published the essay "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" in which he argued that the analytic–synthetic distinction is untenable.[14] The argument at bottom is that there are no "analytic" truths, but all truths involve an empirical aspect. Jerrold Katz, a one-time associate of Noam Chomsky, countered the arguments of "Two Dogmas" directly by trying to define analyticity non-circularly on the syntactical features of sentences.[22][23][24] Chomsky himself critically discussed Quine''s conclusion, arguing that it is possible to identify some analytic truths (truths of meaning, not truths of facts) which are determined by specific relations holding among some innate conceptual features of the mind/brain.[25] en-wikipedia-org-2450 The methodological solipsist believes that subjective impressions (empiricism) or innate knowledge (rationalism) are the sole possible or proper starting point for philosophical construction.[3] Often methodological solipsism is not held as a belief system, but rather used as a thought experiment to assist skepticism (e.g. Descartes'' Cartesian skepticism).[citation needed] The earliest reference to Solipsism may be imputed to a mistaken notion of the ideas in Hindu philosophy in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, dated to early 1st millennium BCE.[20] The Upanishad holds the mind to be the only god and all actions in the universe are thought to be a result of the mind assuming infinite forms.[21] After the development of distinct schools of Indian philosophy, Advaita Vedanta and Samkhya schools are thought to have originated concepts similar to solipsism.[citation needed] Actually, Brihadaranyaka (1.3.) mentions ''Prana'', which is what the true meaning is of the ancient Greek ''Psyche''. en-wikipedia-org-2452 Arthur Clive Heward Bell (16 September 1881 – 17 September 1964)[1] was an English art critic, associated with formalism and the Bloomsbury Group. He developed the art theory known as significant form. Soon after Bell met Roger Fry, he developed his art theory significant form. Bell''s book Art (1914) was the first publication of his theory, which he describes as "lines and colours combined in a particular way, certain forms, and relations of forms, that stir our aesthetic emotions."[10] This form can be seen in art created by many members of the Bloomsbury Group, an example being Interior at Gordon Square by Duncan Grant. "Index entry: Bell Arthur Clive H." Transcription of English and Welsh marriage registrations 1837–1983. "CLIVE BELL DEAD; ART CRITIC WAS 83; British Writer Championed Cezanne During 1920''s" The New York Times, 20 September 1964 (obituary) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2457 James Harrington (or Harington) (3 January 1611 – 11 September 1677) was an English political theorist of classical republicanism.[1] He is best known for his controversial publication The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656). Holy Cross Church in Milton Malsor contains a monument on the south wall of the chancel to Harrington''s mother, Dame Jane Harrington.[2] According to the memorial, she died on 30 March 1619, when James was 7 or 8 years old. ^ The Oceana and other Works of James Harrington, with an account of his Life by John Toland. J.G.A. Pocock, "Editorial and Historical Introductions", The Political Works of James Harrington (Cambridge: 1977), xi–xviii; 1–152. "Interregnum: the Oceana of James Harrington", chapter 6 in Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: a Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century, a reissue with a retrospect (Cambridge: 1987;1957); [pb: Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Harrington. Works by James Harrington at Project Gutenberg Free full-text works of James Harrington online en-wikipedia-org-2460 His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism, and because of the arguments they contain against the other Hellenistic philosophies they are also a major source of information about those philosophies. Sextus Empiricus''s three surviving works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτυπώσεις, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis, thus commonly abbreviated PH), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, Adversus Mathematicos (Πρὸς μαθηματικούς, Pros mathematikous , commonly abbreviated "AM" and known as Against Those in the Disciplines, or Against the Mathematicians). ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. ^ Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Trans. Mates, Benson, The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus''s Outlines of Pyrrhonism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. en-wikipedia-org-2461 Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (/ˌlɒməˈnɒsɒf/;[1] Russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов; November 19 [O.S. November 8] 1711 – April 15 [O.S. April 4] 1765) was a Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow to resume his studies there.[10] In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the St. Petersburg Academy.[11] He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the University of Marburg and then in Freiberg.[12] Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied chemistry, discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher, Robert Boyle, and even began writing poetry. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science", Physics Today (February 2012), vol. "Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science". en-wikipedia-org-2462 The principle of creative synthesis was first mentioned by Wilhelm Wundt in 1862.[1][2] He wanted to identify the different elements of consciousness and to see what laws govern the connections of these different elements. This relates to the fact that Wundt viewed the mind as "active, creative, dynamic, and volitional." Volitional acts are creative but they are not free. The sensory organs can be described endlessly in physics and other sciences, but these descriptions do not include explanations of the psychological qualities that are experienced. Wundt believed that creative synthesis was entwined with all acts of apperception. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. en-wikipedia-org-2463 en-wikipedia-org-2464 en-wikipedia-org-2465 The Constitution of People''s Republic of China (which applies only to mainland China, not to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), especially its Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens, claims to protect many civil liberties. Despite the adoption of this liberal constitution, often referred as the "Postwar Constitution" (戦後憲法, Sengo-Kenpō) or the "Peace Constitution" (平和憲法, Heiwa-Kenpō), the Japanese governing elites have struggled to usher in an inclusive, open and Pluralist society.[14] Even after the end of World War II and the departure of the Allied government of occupation in 1952, Japan has been the target of international criticism for failing to admit to war crimes, institutional religious discrimination and maintaining a weak freedom of the press, the treatment of children, minorities, foreigners, and women, its punitive criminal justice system, and more recently, the systematic bias against LGBT people.[15][16][17] The United States Constitution, especially its Bill of Rights, protects civil liberties. en-wikipedia-org-2472 Thomas Munro (art historian) Wikipedia Thomas Munro (art historian) Thomas Munro (15 February 1897 in Omaha, Nebraska – April 14, 1974 in Sarasota, Florida[1]) was an American philosopher of art and professor of art history at Western Reserve University. Editor (1945–64) of the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (1949) The Arts and Their Interrelations At Internet Archive (1963) Evolution in the Arts, and Other Theories of Culture History External links[edit] Mathematics and art Theory of art Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Munro_(art_historian)&oldid=992383723" American art historians Philosophers of art Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links en-wikipedia-org-2480 en-wikipedia-org-2486 René-Jean-Marie-Joseph Guénon[30] (15 November 1886 – 7 January 1951), also known as ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Yaḥyá [al-Mālikī, al-Ḥāmidī ash-Shādhilī], was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the domain of metaphysics having written on topics ranging from "sacred science"[31],[32],[33] to symbolism and initiation. An exposition of fundamental metaphysical principles: Introduction to the Study of the Hindu Doctrines which contains the general definition of the term "Tradition" (T always in capital) as Guénon defines it, Man and His Becoming According to the Vedanta, The Symbolism of the Cross, The Multiple States of Being, The Metaphysical Principles of the Infinitesimal Calculus, Oriental Metaphysics. These terms and words, although receiving a usual meaning and being used in many branches of human sciences, have, according to René Guénon, lost substantially their original signification (e.g. words such as "metaphysics", "initiation", "mysticism", "personality", "form", "matter").[84][non-primary source needed] He insisted notably on the danger represented by the perversion of the signification of words seen by him as essential for the study of metaphysics. en-wikipedia-org-2487 John Leslie Mackie FBA (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on metaethics, especially his defence of moral scepticism. He posthumously published The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God (1983), has been called "a tour de force" in contemporary analytic philosophy.[1] Many considered Mackie one of the best defenders of philosophical atheism. After being given a copy of Richard Dawkins''s The Selfish Gene as a Christmas present,[4] in 1978 Mackie wrote an article in the journal Philosophy praising the book and discussing how its ideas might be applied to moral philosophy.[14] The philosopher Mary Midgley responded in 1979 with "Gene-Juggling", an article arguing that The Selfish Gene was about psychological egoism rather than evolution.[15] This started a dispute between Mackie, Midgley, and Dawkins that was ongoing at the time of Mackie''s death. en-wikipedia-org-2489 en-wikipedia-org-2494 en-wikipedia-org-2500 en-wikipedia-org-2502 en-wikipedia-org-2508 en-wikipedia-org-2509 en-wikipedia-org-251 en-wikipedia-org-2513 The KB hosts several open access websites, including the "Memory of the Netherlands" (Geheugen van Nederland),[11] Digital Library for Dutch Literature[12] and Delpher, an archive of more than 100 million pages as of 2020.[13] AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-2514 en-wikipedia-org-2515 Alexander Robert Pruss (born January 5, 1973) is a Canadian mathematician, philosopher, Professor of Philosophy and the Co-Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. His best known book is The Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Reassessment (2006).[1][2][3] He is also the author of the books, Actuality, Possibility and Worlds (2011), and One Body: An Essay in Christian Sexual Ethics (2012), and a number of academic papers on religion and theology.[4] He maintains his own philosophy blog and contributed to the Prosblogion philosophy of religion blog. He has taught various courses, including graduate seminars on the philosophy of time, metaphysics, the cosmological and ontological arguments for the existence of God, modality, free will, and history of philosophy.[5] Pruss is a critic of David Lewis''s "extreme modal realism," and instead gives "a combined account" of Leibnizian and Aristotelian modality, which integrates the "this-worldly capacities" of the Aristotelian view and Leibniz''s account of possible worlds as thoughts in the mind of God.[7] en-wikipedia-org-2516 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-2523 It is limited to left-wing liberal and progressive parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in the Legislative Yuan (parliament). 1 Progressivism parties in Taiwan Progressivism parties in Taiwan[edit] The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a centre-left social liberal and progressive party in Taiwan. The New Power Party (NPP) is a social democratic and progressive party, who aims to rewrite the Constitution of Republic of China and to carry out Taiwanization.[1] The NPP won three seats in the 2020 legislative election. The modern liberal parties in Taiwan are mostly associated with Taiwanese nationalism, as well as liberal positions on social issues, such as support for abolishing the death penalty and LGBT rights. List of progressivism parties[edit] Democratic Progressive Party (1986– ) Green Party Taiwan (1996– ) Social Democratic Party (2015– ) Free Taiwan Party (2015– ) Formerly represented in progressive parties[edit] List of political parties in Taiwan en-wikipedia-org-2525 Berkeley, Condorcet, Diderot, Frederick the Great, Gibbon, Hume, des Maizeaux, Mandeville, Maupertuis, Toland, Vico, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau He is best known for his Historical and Critical Dictionary, whose publication began in 1697.[3] A Huguenot, Bayle fled to the Dutch Republic in 1681 because of religious persecution in France. The English translation of The Dictionary, by Bayle''s fellow Huguenot exile Pierre des Maizeaux, was identified by American President Thomas Jefferson to be among the one hundred foundational texts to form the first collection of the Library of Congress. Richard Popkin has advanced the view that Pierre Bayle was a skeptic who used the Historical and Critical Dictionary to criticise all prior known theories and philosophies. Bayle was critical of many influential rationalists, such as René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.[7] An Historical and Critical Dictionary, Volume 3 Pierre Bayle An Historical and Critical Dictionary, Volume 3 Pierre Bayle en-wikipedia-org-2528 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Netherlands Institute for Art History. AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History&oldid=991020262#Online_artist_pages" en-wikipedia-org-2535 en-wikipedia-org-2536 For his part, Christopher Lloyd puts forward four "general concepts of causation" used in history: the "metaphysical idealist concept, which asserts that the phenomena of the universe are products of or emanations from an omnipotent being or such final cause"; "the empiricist (or Humean) regularity concept, which is based on the idea of causation being a matter of constant conjunctions of events"; "the functional/teleological/consequential concept", which is "goal-directed, so that goals are causes"; and the "realist, structurist and dispositional approach, which sees relational structures and internal dispositions as the causes of phenomena".[14] Historians of the Annales School, founded in 1929 by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, were a major landmark in the shift from a history centered on individual subjects to studies concentrating in geography, economics, demography, and other social forces. Web Portal on Philosophy of History, Historiography and Historical Culture en-wikipedia-org-2538 This environment was in general a special attraction for young, ambitious and educated Greek people from the Ottoman Empire, contributing to their national enlightenment. The transmission of Enlightenment ideas into Greek thought also influenced the development of a national consciousness. The Greek Enlightenment concerned not only language and the humanities but also the sciences. Some scholars such as Methodios Anthrakites, Evgenios Voulgaris, Athanasios Psalidas, Balanos Vasilopoulos and Nikolaos Darbaris had a background in mathematics and the Physical Sciences and published scientific books into Greek for use in Greek schools. Adamantios Korais, witness of the French Revolution, Korais took his primary intellectual inspiration from the Enlightenment, and he borrowed ideas copiously from the philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Anna Tabaki, "Enlightenment", Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition, Editor Graham Speake, Volume vol.1 A-K, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, London-Chicago, 2000, pp. Greek Enlightenment en-wikipedia-org-254 en-wikipedia-org-2542 An obligation is a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for non-fulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social reasons. Obligation and morality[edit] Rationalists argue that people respond in this way because they have a reason to fulfill the obligation.[3] According to the sanction theory, an obligation corresponds to the social pressures one feels, and is not simply derived from a singlular relationship with another person or project. They have a moral responsibility to fulfill their obligations. Written obligations[edit] Political obligation[edit] Social obligation[edit] Social obligations refer to the things we as individuals accept because it is collectively accepted.[8] When people agree to a promise or an agreement, they are collectively consenting to the terms of that agreement or promise. en-wikipedia-org-2543 en-wikipedia-org-2554 File:Socrates.png Wikipedia File:Socrates.png The original uploader was Magnus Manske at English Wikipedia. Later versions were uploaded by Optimager at en.wikipedia. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. 2006-03-25 18:04 Magnus Manske 326×500×8 (64436 bytes) ''http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/01/21/article-0-170D4447000005DC-470_634x504.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rudreshnnchiradoni.blogspot.com/2013/01/tamara-ecclestone-reveals-qualities-of.html&usg=__MbrKeafRJIC_M2NLh1wNYU1aW1U=&h=504&w=634&sz=80&hl=el&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=ZuPIUfwoz12cxM:&tbnh=181&tbnw=219&ei=ivwCUdzFIYzasgb--oB4&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CF%2583%26hl%3Del%26sa%3DX%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1680%26bih%3D911%26tbs%3Dsimg:CAQSXgmskcytmJQrWxpKCxCwjKcIGjgKNggBEhC9Ar8Cb7kCugJZvAJY0AFaGiCrZt7EConidfe8RPSkhImDnHWlo4pQp7GbP2xppXBYXgwLEI6u_1ggaAAwhAMpQ8RW_1CfU%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1&ved=1t:3588,r:0,s:0,i:61&iact=rc&dur=309&sig=110520094255912008490&page=1&tx=127&ty=11''2'' Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Talk:Adam Smith Talk:Albert Camus Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Anti-communism Talk:Anti-realism Talk:Art Talk:Arthur Schopenhauer Talk:Artificial intelligence Talk:Augustine of Hippo Talk:Axiom Talk:Bertrand Russell Talk:Buddhist philosophy Talk:Capitalism Talk:Casuistry Talk:Chinese room Talk:Confucius Talk:Consequentialism View more links to this file. The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socrates.png" Talk Talk Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-2557 He is currently Noah Porter Professor Emeritus Philosophical Theology at Yale University.[2] A prolific writer with wide-ranging philosophical and theological interests, he has written books on aesthetics, epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and philosophy of education. In Faith and Rationality, Wolterstorff, Alvin Plantinga, and William Alston developed and expanded upon a view of religious epistemology that has come to be known as Reformed epistemology.[3] He also helped to establish the journal Faith and Philosophy and the Society of Christian Philosophers. While an undergraduate at Calvin College, Wolterstorff was greatly influenced by professors William Harry Jellema, Henry Stob, and Henry Zylstra, who introduced him to schools of thought that have dominated his mature thinking: Reformed theology and common sense philosophy. Wolterstorff builds upon the ideas of the Scottish common-sense philosopher Thomas Reid, who approached knowledge "from the bottom-up". en-wikipedia-org-2558 View source for Immanuel Kant Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-2567 Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de Bonald (2 October 1754 – 23 November 1840), was a French counter-revolutionary[1] philosopher and politician. Bonald was one of the leading writers of the theocratic or traditionalist school,[10][11] which included de Maistre, Lamennais, Ballanche and baron Ferdinand d''Eckstein.[12] His writings are mainly on social and political philosophy, and are based ultimately on one great principle, the divine origin of language. Bonald published one of the most violent anti-Semitic texts of the post-French Revolutionary period, Sur les juifs.[13] In it, the Philosophes are condemned for fashioning the intellectual tools used to justify Jewish emancipation during the Revolution. Sauvage, George (1907), "Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, Vicomte de Bonald" , in Herbermann, Charles (ed.), Catholic Encyclopedia, 2, New York: Robert Appleton Company (1911), "Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise", Encyclopædia Britannica, 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis de Bonald. en-wikipedia-org-2574 Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines, primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science, but also education, the humanities, technology, engineering, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), theology, sociology, linguistics, the arts, economics, and mathematics, covering the relations between creativity and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes, mental health, or artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity through education and training; the fostering of creativity for national economic benefit, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. Some evidence shows that when people use their imagination to develop new ideas, those ideas are heavily structured in predictable ways by the properties of existing categories and concepts.[44] Weisberg[45] argued, by contrast, that creativity only involves ordinary cognitive processes yielding extraordinary results. en-wikipedia-org-2581 In 19th-century France, radicalism had emerged as a minor political force by the 1840s as the extreme left of the day (in contrast to the socially-conservative liberalism of the Moderate Republicans and Orléanist monarchists and the anti-parliamentarianism of the Legitimist monarchists and Bonapartists). As social democracy emerged as a distinct political force in its own right, the differences that once existed between historical left-wing radicalism and conservative liberalism diminished. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the first use of the term radical in a political sense is generally ascribed to the English parliamentarian Charles James Fox, a leader of the left wing of the Whig party who dissented from the party''s conservative-liberalism and looked favourably upon the radical reforms being undertaken by French republicans, such as universal male suffrage. By the middle of the century, parliamentary Radicals joined with others in the Parliament of the United Kingdom to form the Liberal Party, eventually achieving reform of the electoral system. en-wikipedia-org-2590 en-wikipedia-org-2593 Find sources: "Pain" philosophy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Discussions in philosophy of mind concerning qualia has given rise to a body of knowledge called philosophy of pain,[1] which is about pain in the narrow sense of physical pain, and which must be distinguished from philosophical works concerning pain in the broad sense of suffering. Historical views of pain[edit] From the centrality of one''s own consciousness springs a fundamental problem of other minds, the discussion of which has often centered on pain. Pain and meaning[edit] Pain and theories of mind[edit] The experience of pain has been used by various philosophers to analyze various types of philosophy of mind, such as dualism, identity theory, or functionalism. Both of these phenomena, Lewis claims, are pain, and must be accounted for in any coherent theory of mind. en-wikipedia-org-2594 en-wikipedia-org-2596 en-wikipedia-org-2605 John Gardner FBA (23 March 1965 – 11 July 2019) was a Scottish legal philosopher. John Gardner attended Glasgow Academy from 1970 to 1982.[6][7] He won (in 1982) a place to study modern languages at New College but switched to law before his first term (in 1983) began.[4][1] Gardner held several visiting positions, including at Columbia (2000), Yale (2002–3, 2005), Princeton (2008), the Australian National University (2003, 2006, 2008), and most recently Cornell (2015).[8][7] A (non-practising) barrister since 1988, Gardner was elected an (Academic or Honorary) Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple (one of the Inns of Court) in 2003.[12][6] He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2013.[13] Master Gardner was a Professor of Law and Philosophy and Senior Research Fellow at All Souls, Oxford. John Gardner 1965 2019 University of Oxford Law Faculty obituary by Annalise Acorn (17 July 2019) en-wikipedia-org-2609 According to the Christian theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher "every event, even the most natural and usual, becomes a miracle as soon as the religious view of it can be the dominant".[16] The gospels record three sorts of miracles performed by Jesus: exorcisms, cures, and nature wonders.[24] In the Gospel of John the miracles are referred to as "signs" and the emphasis is on God demonstrating his underlying normal activity in remarkable ways.[25] In the New Testament, the greatest miracle is the resurrection of Jesus, the event central to Christian faith. en-wikipedia-org-2615 en-wikipedia-org-2617 The press was founded by Whitney Darrow, with the financial support of Charles Scribner, as a printing press to serve the Princeton community in 1905.[2] Its distinctive building was constructed in 1911 on William Street in Princeton.[3] Its first book was a new 1912 edition of John Witherspoon''s Lectures on Moral Philosophy.[4] The new press printed both local newspapers, university documents, The Daily Princetonian, and later added book publishing to its activities.[5] Beginning as a small, for-profit printer, Princeton University Press was reincorporated as a nonprofit in 1910.[6] Since 1911, the press has been headquartered in a purpose-built gothic-style building designed by Ernest Flagg. Princeton University Press''s Bollingen Series had its beginnings in the Bollingen Foundation, a 1943 project of Paul Mellon''s Old Dominion Foundation. ^ A History of Princeton University Press (2002) "The New Princeton University Press". Princeton University Press: Bollingen Series Princeton University Press: New in Print en-wikipedia-org-262 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-2627 John Miller Dow Meiklejohn (/ˈmiːkəldʒɒn/; 11 July 1836 – 5 April 1902) was a Scottish academic, journalist and author known for writing school books. Meiklejohn also wrote An Old Educational Reformer, Dr. Andrew Bell (Edinburgh, 1881), and he edited the Life and Letters (1883) of William Ballantyne Hodgson. Works by John Meiklejohn at Project Gutenberg Works by John Meiklejohn at Faded Page (Canada) Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2631 en-wikipedia-org-2633 en-wikipedia-org-2638 Charles Forbes René de Montalembert Wikipedia Charles Forbes René de Montalembert (15 April 1810 in London – 13 March 1870 in Paris) was a French publicist, historian and Count of Montalembert, Deux-Sèvres, and a prominent representative of Liberal Catholicism. Charles Forbes René de Montalembert who was born on 15 April 1810, was of French and Scots ancestry. Charles de Montalembert was under twenty-five at his father''s death in 1831 and therefore too young to take his seat as a peer, but he retained other rights. It was his last fall.[1] Montalembert became increasingly isolated, politically, for his support of religious freedom in education; and by the Church for his liberal views.[4] "Montalembert, Charles Forbes René, Comte de" . Works by or about Charles Forbes René de Montalembert at Internet Archive "Montalembert, Charles Forbes de" . Charles de Montalembert (1851) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-264 en-wikipedia-org-2644 The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia''s general notability guideline. Find sources: "Muscular liberalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Conservative liberalism Muscular liberalism is a form of liberalism advocated by former British Prime Minister David Cameron that describes his policy towards state multiculturalism.[1] Cameron delivered these principles during a speech on Radicalization and the causes of terrorism at European Union international conference on Security Policy in Munich to tackle growing terrorism so as to be less passive towards religious hate and whip against growing extremist activists through muscular liberalism. Peter Hoskin has expressed the opinion that "muscular liberalism" will be the new "ism" which Britain will follow to tackle growing religious terrorism and extremism, subsequently adapted by all European countries including Commonwealth Nations.[5] National Liberal Party European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance European Conservative Group en-wikipedia-org-2645 en-wikipedia-org-265 en-wikipedia-org-2664 Simmel was one of the first generation of German sociologists: his neo-Kantian approach laid the foundations for sociological antipositivism, asking what is society?—directly alluding to Kant''s what is nature?[3]—presenting pioneering analyses of social individuality and fragmentation. Simmel''s most famous works today are The Problems of the Philosophy of History (1892), The Philosophy of Money (1900), The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903), and Fundamental Questions of Sociology (1917), as well as Soziologie (1908), which compiles various essays of Simmel''s, including "The Stranger", "The Social Boundary", "The Sociology of the Senses", "The Sociology of Space", and "On The Spatial Projections of Social Forms". It gained wider circulation in the 1950s when it was translated into English and published as part of Kurt Wolff''s edited collection, The Sociology of Georg Simmel. 324 in Simmel: On individuality and social forms, edited by D. en-wikipedia-org-267 European Democratic Party Wikipedia Almost all MEPs of the European Democratic Party currently sit in the Renew Europe group, except for two MEPs of the PRO Romania party, who sit in the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. As of 2020, EDP member parties participate in the government of two countries : France with Democratic Movement and Slovenia with Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia, and Bavaria with Free Voters. European Democratic Party was initiated on 16 April 2004 and formally founded on 9 December 2004 in Brussels. François Bayrou of the French Democratic Movement (MoDem) and Francesco Rutelli, former leader of the Democracy is Freedom and Alliance for Italy parties, served as the two co-presidents until 2019. European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party European Democratic Party (EDP) Categories: European Democratic Party en-wikipedia-org-2670 The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war.[165][166] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset.[167] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific.[168] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, landings in Malaya,[168] Thailand and the Battle of Hong Kong.[169] en-wikipedia-org-2674 en-wikipedia-org-268 Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, first edition by Konrad Duden (1880) In 1880, he published the Vollständiges Orthographisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (Complete Orthographical Dictionary of the German Language); this seminal treatise was declared the official source for correct spelling in the administration of Prussia the same year. East German Duden (Leipzig)[edit] The first East German Duden appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany. Of note, there are a few semantic changes recorded in the East German Duden that evolved from contact with Russian. The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German Duden migrated from Der große Duden because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume Duden which has become the current standard. Duden 25th Edition, Volume 1 Articles containing German-language text Articles with German-language sources (de) en-wikipedia-org-2688 en-wikipedia-org-2690 Template:Philosophy of science Wikipedia Philosophy of science Problem of induction Scientific theory History and philosophy of science History of science This is the Philosophy of science template. This is the Philosophy of science template. For related templates, see WikiProject Philosophy. |state=collapsed: {{Philosophy of science|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Philosophy of science|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible |state=autocollapse: {{Philosophy of science|state=autocollapse}} shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}}, a {{sidebar}}, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute shows the template in its expanded state if there are no other collapsible items on the page For the template on this page, that currently evaluates to autocollapse. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy_of_science&oldid=953701705" Hidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected templates Template By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2693 As historian John Thornton remarked, "the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities".[32] Using the Canary Islands as a naval base, Europeans, at the time primarily Portuguese traders, began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa, performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean.[33] Although initially successful in this venture, "it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers, and the Portuguese [raiding] ships began to meet strong and effective resistance", with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors, whose boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems.[34] en-wikipedia-org-2696 An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge, taught and researched as part of higher education. Main article: Outline of performing arts Main article: Outline of the visual arts Main article: Outline of history Main article: Outline of literature Critical theory (outline) Main article: Outline of law Main article: Outline of philosophy Moral psychology, Descriptive ethics, Value theory Main article: Outline of theology Main article: Outline of economics Main article: Outline of geography Main articles: Politics and Outline of political science Main articles: Outline of psychology and List of psychology disciplines Main article: Outline of sociology Sociology of the history of science Main article: Outline of biology Main article: Outline of chemistry Main article: Outline of earth science Physical geography (outline) Main article: Outline of space science Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine History of computer science (outline) Computer engineering (outline) Psychology (outline) en-wikipedia-org-2707 en-wikipedia-org-2711 In the second half of the 5th century BC, particularly in Athens, "sophist" came to denote a class of mostly itinerant intellectuals who taught courses in various subjects, speculated about the nature of language and culture, and employed rhetoric to achieve their purposes, generally to persuade or convince others. Protagoras argued that "man is the measure of all things", meaning man decides for himself what he is going to believe.[17] The works of Plato and Aristotle have had much influence on the modern view of the "sophist" as a greedy instructor who uses rhetorical sleight-of-hand and ambiguities of language in order to deceive, or to support fallacious reasoning. This liberal attitude would naturally have made its way into the Athenian assembly as sophists began acquiring increasingly high-powered clients.[20] Continuous rhetorical training gave the citizens of Athens "the ability to create accounts of communal possibilities through persuasive speech".[21] This was important for the democracy, as it gave disparate and sometimes superficially unattractive views a chance to be heard in the Athenian assembly. en-wikipedia-org-2717 Charles Kahn states; "Down to the time of Plutarch and Clement, if not later, the little book of Heraclitus was available in its original form to any reader who chose to seek it out".[6] Laërtius comments on the notability of the text, stating; "the book acquired such fame that it produced partisans of his philosophy who were called Heracliteans".[17] Prominent philosophers identified today as Heracliteans include Cratylus and Antisthenes—not to be confused with the cynic.[47] The later Stoics understood the Logos as "the account which governs everything";[61] Hippolytus, a Church Fathers in the 3rd century AD, identified it as meaning the Christian "Word of God", such as in John 1:1, "In the beginning was the Word (logos) and the Word was God".[62] John Burnet viewed the relationship between Heraclitean logos and Johannine logos as fallacious, saying; "the Johannine doctrine of the logos has nothing to do with Herakleitos or with anything at all in Greek philosophy, but comes from the Hebrew Wisdom literature".[d][63] en-wikipedia-org-272 However, the term has been used by creationists in discussing the creation–evolution controversy.[7] For example, the Institute for Creation Research, in order to imply placement of evolution in the category of ''religions'', including atheism, fascism, humanism and occultism, commonly uses the words evolutionism and evolutionist to describe the consensus of mainstream science and the scientists subscribing to it, thus implying through language that the issue is a matter of religious belief.[4] The BioLogos Foundation, an organization that promotes the idea of theistic evolution, uses the term "evolutionism" to describe "the atheistic worldview that so often accompanies the acceptance of biological evolution in public discourse." It views this as a subset of scientism.[11][non-primary source needed] en-wikipedia-org-2725 en-wikipedia-org-2726 en-wikipedia-org-2727 Category:Logicians Wikipedia Category:Logicians Jump to navigation Jump to search Logic Philosophical logic Mathematical logic History of logic Logicians Logicians Logic literature Concepts in logic Wikimedia Commons has media related to Logicians. A logician is a person, such as a philosopher or a mathematician, whose topic of scholarly study is logic. See List of logicians for a manually compiled list. For more information, see List of logicians. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. ► Logicians by nationality‎ (35 C) Pages in category "Logicians" The following 76 pages are in this category, out of 76 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). List of logicians Johan van Benthem (logician) John Woods (logician) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Logicians&oldid=914754790" Categories: Logic Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Navigation Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-2730 en-wikipedia-org-2740 en-wikipedia-org-2747 The Hellenistic period followed the conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE), who had spread Ancient Greek culture throughout the Middle East and Western Asia, following the previous cultural period of Classical Greece. The eclectic nature of Platonism during this time is shown by its incorporation into Pythagoreanism (Numenius of Apamea) and into Jewish philosophy[7] (Philo of Alexandria). Aristippus the Younger, the grandson of the founder, argued that the reason pleasure was good was that it was evident in human behavior from the youngest age, because this made it natural and therefore good (the so-called cradle argument).[8] The Cyrenaics also believed that present pleasure freed one from anxiety of the future and regrets of the past, leaving one at peace of mind.[9] These ideas were taken further by Anniceris (fl. en-wikipedia-org-275 Born in Cuttack, in 1928 in Orissa, India, Professor Mohanty had a distinguished career where he stood first in all public examinations and in B.A. and M.A. examinations at the University of Calcutta. Professor Mohanty has been a past-president of the Indian Philosophical Congress, the Society for Asian and Comparative philosophy. N. Mohanty (edited with an Introduction by Tara Chatterjea) (Oxford University Press, 2009) The Philosophy of Edmund Husserl: A Historical Development (Yale Studies in Hermeneutics) (Yale University Press) Classical Indian Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2002) N. Mohanty and (edited by Bina Gupta) (Oxford University Press, 2001) All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2750 Esposito states that reforms in women''s rights affected marriage, divorce, and inheritance.[12] Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures, including the West, until centuries later.[20] The Oxford Dictionary of Islam states that the general improvement of the status of Arab women included prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing women''s full personhood.[21] "The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as part of her personal property."[12][22] Under Islamic law, marriage was no longer viewed as a "status" but rather as a "contract", in which the woman''s consent was imperative.[12][21][22] "Women were given inheritance rights in a patriarchal society that had previously restricted inheritance to male relatives."[12] Annemarie Schimmel states that "compared to the pre-Islamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress; the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work."[23] William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad, in the historical context of his time, can be seen as a figure who testified on behalf of women''s rights and improved things considerably. en-wikipedia-org-2756 Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[23] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. These additional books are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah (which later became chapter 6 of Baruch in the Vulgate), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, the Song of the Three Children, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Odes, including the Prayer of Manasseh, the Psalms of Solomon, and Psalm 151. en-wikipedia-org-2758 Opus Postumum Wikipedia Jump to navigation Critical philosophy Schopenhauer''s criticism Related Categories Opus Postumum was the last work by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who died in 1804. Although efforts to publish the manuscript were made in 1882, it was not until 1936–1938 that a German edition of the whole manuscript appeared. History of the manuscript[edit] Schultz then passed them onto Carl Christoph Schoen, who had married Kant''s niece. Schoen attempted to edit the text, but abandoned the project. References[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opus_Postumum&oldid=981150822" Categories: 1938 non-fiction books Books by Immanuel Kant German non-fiction books Edit Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2020, at 15:57 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-276 en-wikipedia-org-2762 In philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, naïve realism (also known as direct realism, perceptual realism, or common sense realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are.[1] When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with indirect realism.[2] In addition to indirect realism, naïve realism can also be contrasted with some forms of idealism, which claim that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas, and some forms of philosophical skepticism, which say that we cannot trust our senses or prove that we are not radically deceived in our beliefs;[4] that our conscious experience is not of the real world but of an internal representation of the world. Naïve realism in philosophy has also inspired work on visual perception in psychology. Other psychologists were heavily influenced by this approach, including William Mace, Claire Michaels,[17] Edward Reed,[18] Robert Shaw, and Michael Turvey. Gibson, "McDowell''s Direct Realism and Platonic Naturalism", Philosophical Issues Vol. 7, Perception (1996), pp. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Epistemological Problems of Perception en-wikipedia-org-2764 John Millar of Glasgow (22 June 1735 – 30 May 1801) was a Scottish philosopher, historian and Regius Professor of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow from 1761 to 1800. Born a son of the manse of the Kirk o'' Shotts, Shotts, Lanarkshire, John Millar was educated by an uncle and then on his father being transferred to the parish of Hamilton, at the Old Grammar School of Hamilton (renamed the Hamilton Academy in 1848.)[1][2] Continuing his studies at the University of Glasgow, he became one of the most important followers of Adam Smith, the founder of economic science. Millar''s Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, published in 1778, advanced the view that economic system determines all social relations, even those between the genders. In 1985 the John Millar Chair of Law at the University of Glasgow was established in his memory.[9] John Millar and the Scottish Enlightenment: Family Life and World History. en-wikipedia-org-2782 en-wikipedia-org-2795 en-wikipedia-org-2798 Martin Buber, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sigmund Freud, Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 – September 4, 1980) was a German-American philosopher, translator, and poet. Kaufmann was raised a Lutheran.[4] At age 11, finding that he believed neither in the Trinity nor in the divinity of Jesus, he converted to Judaism.[4] Kaufmann subsequently discovered that his grandparents were all Jewish.[4] In 1939 Kaufmann emigrated to the United States and began studying at Williams College.[2][4] Stanley Corngold records that there he "abandoned his commitment to Jewish ritual while developing a deeply critical attitude toward all established religions."[2] Kaufmann graduated from Williams College in 1941, then went to Harvard University, receiving an MA degree in Philosophy in 1942.[3] His studies were, however, interrupted by the war.[5] He enlisted with the US Army Air Force and would go on to serve as an interrogator for the Military Intelligence Service in Germany.[2] en-wikipedia-org-2800 en-wikipedia-org-2802 David Lyons (philosopher) Wikipedia David Lyons (born 1935) is an American moral, political and legal philosopher who is emeritus professor of philosophy and of law at Boston University. Lyons earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University where he studied under John Rawls. Moral Aspects of Legal Theory : Essays on Law, Justice and Political Responsibility. Ethics and the Rule of Law. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1984. In the Interest of the Governed; A Study in Bentham''s philosophy of utility and law. Philosophy of law Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2804 The term new age, along with related terms like new era and new world, long predate the emergence of the New Age movement, and have widely been used to assert that a better way of life for humanity is dawning.[37] It occurs commonly, for instance, in political contexts; the Great Seal of the United States, designed in 1782, proclaims a "new order of ages", while in the 1980s the Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev proclaimed that "all mankind is entering a new age".[37][need quotation to verify][38] The term has also appeared within Western esoteric schools of thought, having a scattered use from the mid-nineteenth century onward.[39] In 1864 the American Swedenborgian Warren Felt Evans published The New Age and its Message, while in 1907 Alfred Orage and Holbrook Jackson began editing a weekly journal of Christian liberalism and socialism titled The New Age.[40] The concept of a coming "new age" that would be inaugurated by the return to Earth of Jesus Christ was a theme in the poetry of Wellesley Tudor Pole (1884-1968) and of Johanna Brandt (1876-1964),[41] and then also appeared in the work of the British-born American Theosophist Alice Bailey (1880-1949), featuring prominently in such titles as Discipleship in the New Age (1944) and Education in the New Age (1954).[41] Carl Jung frequently wrote of the "new aeon/aion," denoting the shift from the "Platonic month" of Pisces to that of Aquarius. en-wikipedia-org-2805 Balthasar Bekker (20 March 1634 – 11 June 1698) was a Dutch minister and author of philosophical and theological works. Indeed, he questioned the devil''s very existence.[2] He applied the doctrine of accommodation to account for the biblical passages traditionally cited on the issue.[5] The book had a sensational effect and was one of the key works of the Early Enlightenment in Europe. (editors), The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers (2003), Thoemmes Press (two volumes), article Bekker, Balthasar, p. (editors), The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers (2003), Thoemmes Press (two volumes), article Walten, Eric, p. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2809 One ancient example is the philosophy of Yang Zhu (4th century BC), Yangism, who views wei wo, or "everything for myself", as the only virtue necessary for self-cultivation.[9] Ancient Greek philosophers like Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics were exponents of virtue ethics, and "did not accept the formal principle that whatever the good is, we should seek only our own good, or prefer it to the good of others."[8] However, the beliefs of the Cyrenaics have been referred to as a "form of egoistic hedonism",[10] and while some refer to Epicurus'' hedonism as a form of virtue ethics, others argue his ethics are more properly described as ethical egoism.[11] Sociologist Helmut Schoeck similarly considered envy the motive of collective efforts by society to reduce the disproportionate gains of successful individuals through moral or legal constraints, with altruism being primary among these.[25] In addition, Nietzsche (in Beyond Good and Evil) and Alasdair MacIntyre (in After Virtue) have pointed out that the ancient Greeks did not associate morality with altruism in the way that post-Christian Western civilization has done. en-wikipedia-org-2813 He advocates (and uses) information theory as a framework to study propensities in natural systems.[23] Ulanowicz attributes these criticisms of reductionism to the philosopher Karl Popper and biologist Robert Rosen.[24] The role of reduction in computer science can be thought as a (precise and unambiguous) mathematical formalization of the philosophical idea of "theory reductionism". The development of systems thinking has provided methods that seek to describe issues in a holistic rather than a reductionist way, and many scientists use a holistic paradigm.[49] When the terms are used in a scientific context, holism and reductionism refer primarily to what sorts of models or theories offer valid explanations of the natural world; the scientific method of falsifying hypotheses, checking empirical data against theory, is largely unchanged, but the method guides which theories are considered. en-wikipedia-org-2819 His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century.[2][3][4] In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigour. Because the lack of biographical information is unusual for the period (extensive biographies being available for most significant Greek mathematicians several centuries before and after Euclid), some researchers have proposed that Euclid was not a historical personage, and that his works were written by a team of mathematicians who took the name Euclid from Euclid of Megara (à la Bourbaki). Euclid''s Elements, with the original Greek and an English translation on facing pages (includes PDF version for printing). Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematics (Euclidean geometry) Euclid''s theorem en-wikipedia-org-2823 He is traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra,[3] a text dated to roughly between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE.[4] As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to classical economics.[5][6][7][8] His works were lost near the end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century.[6] Thomas Trautmann identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend):[9] According to the Buddhist legend, the Nanda kings who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.[10] Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka in Mahavamsa) was a Brahmin from Takkāsila (Takshashila). Chanakya Chandragupta (1977), retrieved 24 May 2017 en-wikipedia-org-2824 Seung[a] is a Korean American philosopher and literary critic. After the end of the Korean War, on the personal recommendation of President Syngman Rhee, Seung enrolled at Yale University on a full scholarship under the sponsorship of the American-Korean Foundation and resumed his undergraduate studies in 1954. In his career at the University of Texas at Austin, Seung published ten monographs, including books on Dante, Kant, Structuralism, Hermeneutics, Rawls, Plato, Nietzsche, Wagner, and Goethe. Kant''s Transcendental Logic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969). "Kant," in The Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by Mircea Eliade (New York: Free Press, 1987) Google books page for Hede study of Seung''s Dante Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2829 A thesis or dissertation[1] is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author''s research and findings.[2] In some contexts, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor''s or master''s course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts, the reverse is true.[3] The term graduate thesis is sometimes used to refer to both master''s theses and doctoral dissertations.[4] In the Latin American docta, the academic dissertation can be referred to as different stages inside the academic program that the student is seeking to achieve into a recognized Argentine University, in all the cases the students must develop original contribution in the chosen fields by means of several paper work and essays that comprehend the body of the thesis.[11] Correspondingly to the academic degree, the last phase of an academic thesis is called in Spanish a defensa de grado, defensa magistral or defensa doctoral in cases in which the university candidate is finalizing their licentiate, master''s, or PhD program. en-wikipedia-org-283 Han Fei is often considered to be the greatest representative of "Chinese Legalism" for his eponymous work the Han Feizi,[5] synthesizing the methods of his predecessors.[6] Han Fei''s ideas are sometimes compared with Niccolò Machiavelli[7] and his book is considered by some to be superior to the "Il Principe" of Niccolò Machiavelli both in content and in writing style.[8] It is said that Shu Han''s chancellor Zhuge Liang demanded emperor Liu Shan read the Han Feizi for learning the way of ruling.[9] Despite its outcast status throughout the history of imperial China, Han Fei''s political theory and the concept of Legalism as a whole continued to heavily influence every dynasty thereafter, and the Confucian ideal of a rule without laws was never to be realised.[6] In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.[1] Sima Qian''s Shi ji says that Han Fei studied together with future Qin chancellor Li Si under the Confucian philosopher Xunzi. en-wikipedia-org-2833 One of the central figures involved in this development was the German philosopher Gottlob Frege, whose work on philosophical logic and the philosophy of language in the late 19th century influenced the work of 20th-century analytic philosophers Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Humanistic views are challenged by biological theories of language which consider languages as natural phenomena.[73] Charles Darwin considered languages as species.[74] 19th century evolutionary linguistics was furthest developed by August Schleicher who compared languages to plants, animals and crystals.[75] In Neo-Darwinism, Richard Dawkins and other proponents of cultural replicator theories[76] consider languages as populations of mind viruses.[77] Noam Chomsky, on the other hand, holds the view that language is not an organism but an organ, and that linguistic structures are crystallised.[78] This is hypothesised as having been caused by a single mutation in humans[79], but Steven Pinker argues it is the result of human and cultural co-evolution.[80] en-wikipedia-org-2849 During high school (at the Lycée at Reims), he became aware of pataphysics (via philosophy professor Emmanuel Peillet), which is said to be crucial for understanding Baudrillard''s later thought.[6] He became the first of his family to attend university when he moved to Paris to attend the Sorbonne.[7] There he studied German language and literature,[8] which led him to begin teaching the subject at several different lycées, both Parisian and provincial, from 1960 until 1966.[6] While teaching, Baudrillard began to publish reviews of literature and translated the works of such authors as Peter Weiss, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann.[9] Baudrillard''s published work emerged as part of a generation of French thinkers including: Gilles Deleuze, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jacques Lacan who all shared an interest in semiotics, and he is often seen as a part of the post-structuralist philosophical school.[22] In common with many post-structuralists, his arguments consistently draw upon the notion that signification and meaning are both only understandable in terms of how particular words or "signs" interrelate. en-wikipedia-org-2866 Blaise Pascal (/pæˈskæl/ pask-AL, also UK: /-ˈskɑːl, ˈpæskəl, -skæl/ -AHL, PASK-əl, -al, US: /pɑːˈskɑːl/ pah-SKAHL;[3][4][5][6][7] French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian. In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.[10] Following a religious experience in late 1654, he began writing influential works on philosophy and theology. John Ross writes, "Probability theory and the discoveries following it changed the way we regard uncertainty, risk, decision-making, and an individual''s and society''s ability to influence the course of future events."[19] However, Pascal and Fermat, though doing important early work in probability theory, did not develop the field very far. Pascal''s use of humor, mockery, and vicious satire in his arguments made the letters ripe for public consumption, and influenced the prose of later French writers like Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. en-wikipedia-org-2867 Philosophy of color Wikipedia This article may lend undue weight to realist theories of color, which, by cursory reading, are contradicted by science as old as Newton. Within the philosophy of color, there is a dispute between color realism, the view that colors are physical properties that objects possess, and color fictionalism, a species of error theory viewing colors according to which there are no such physical properties that objects possess.[1] Theories of color[edit] Color vision became an important part of contemporary analytic philosophy due to the claim by scientists like Leo Hurvich that the physical and neurological aspects of color vision had become completely understood by empirical psychologists in the 1980s. In The Red and the Real, Cohen argues for the position, with respect to color ontology that generalizes from his semantics to his metaphysics. Paul Churchland (of UCSD) has also commented extensively on the implication of color vision science on his version of reductive materialism. "Color realism: Toward a solution to the "hard problem"". en-wikipedia-org-2882 New Foundations, abstract objects, indeterminacy of translation (holophrastic indeterminacy, inscrutability of reference, ontological relativity, gavagai), radical translation, referential transparency, naturalized epistemology, meta-ontology, ontological/ideological commitment,[7] natural kind, semantic ascent, Quine''s paradox, Duhem–Quine thesis, Quine–Putnam indispensability thesis, semantic holism (confirmation holism, web of belief, hold come what may), extensionalism, problem of empty names, propositional attitude, two dogmas of empiricism, principle of charity, cognitive synonymy, observational statement, mathematical quasi-empiricism, Quine–McCluskey algorithm, Quine–Morse set theory, vivid designator, predicate functor logic, Quine quotation, Quine corners, Quine atom, Plato''s beard, existential generalization and universal instantiation, veridical vs. His major writings include the papers "On What There Is", which elucidated Bertrand Russell''s theory of descriptions and contains Quine''s famous dictum of ontological commitment, "To be is to be the value of a variable", and "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (1951) which attacked the traditional analytic-synthetic distinction and reductionism, undermining the then-popular logical positivism, advocating instead a form of semantic holism. en-wikipedia-org-2890 After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the works of the Peripatetic school were lost to the Latin West, but they were preserved in Byzantium and also incorporated into early Islamic philosophy. Aristotle and his disciples – Alexander, Demetrius, Theophrastus, and Strato, in an 1888 fresco in the portico of the National University of Athens Undoubtedly, Stoicism and Epicureanism provided many answers for those people looking for dogmatic and comprehensive philosophical systems, and the scepticism of the Middle Academy may have seemed preferable to anyone who rejected dogmatism.[21] Later tradition linked the school''s decline to Neleus of Scepsis and his descendants hiding the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus in a cellar until their rediscovery in the 1st century BC, and even though this story may be doubted, it is possible that Aristotle''s works were not widely read.[22] (2003), "The Peripatetic school", in Furley, David (ed.), From Aristotle to Augustine: Routledge History of Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30874-7. en-wikipedia-org-2893 en-wikipedia-org-29 CiNii (/ˈsaɪniː/)[1] is a bibliographic database service for material in Japanese academic libraries, especially focusing on Japanese works and English works published in Japan. The database was founded in April 2005 and is maintained by the National Institute of Informatics.[2] The service searches from within the databases maintained by the NII itself [NII Electronic Library Service (NII-ELS) and Citation Database for Japanese Publications (CJP)], as well as the databases provided by the National Diet Library of Japan, institutional repositories, and other organizations.[3] NCID BB13715590 for a 1997 edition of Mai tian li de shou wang zhe (麦田里的守望者), a Chinese translation of The Catcher in the Rye. Identifiers are also assigned to authors of books, and of journal articles, in two separate series (so an author may have a different identifier value in each). CiNii author ID (books) (P271) (see uses) CiNii book ID (P1739) (see uses) CiNii article ID (P2409) (see uses) CiNii author ID (articles) (P4787) (see uses) Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese-language text en-wikipedia-org-2904 Allen William Wood[1] (born October 26, 1942)[2] is an American philosopher specializing in the work of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism, with particular interests in ethics and social philosophy. Along with Paul Guyer, Wood is general editor of the Cambridge Edition of Kant''s Writings in English Translation,[19] having contributed to six volumes.[3] He has also edited Self and Nature in Kant''s Philosophy (1984),[20] Hegel: Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1991),[6] Kant: Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (2002),[8] Fichte: Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (2010),[21] and the Cambridge History of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century (1790-1870), with Songsuk Susan Hahn (2012).[22] Wood edited and produced his own translation to Kant''s Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals,[8] which is the book he always uses to introduce Kantian ethics to students, and the only text he teaches in general course on ethical theory.[18] He has suggested that "the first fifty times I read the Groundwork I did not understand it at all, but accepted many of the common errors, because they were easy to commit and had become hallowed by generations of misreading by others."[23] en-wikipedia-org-2910 Gaetano Filangieri (22 August 1753 – 21 July 1788) was an Italian jurist and philosopher. The first two books of his great work, La Scienza della legislazione, appeared in 1780. Il Museo artistico industriale in Napoli: relazione di Gaetano Filangieri, Naples, 1879 Chiesa e monastero di San Gaudioso in Napoli per Gaetano Filangieri, Naples 1888 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2911 Reprints of the first edition, intended for practical use rather than antiquary interest, were published until the 1870s in England and Wales, and a working version by Henry John Stephen, first published in 1841, was reprinted until after the Second World War. Legal education in England had stalled; Blackstone''s work gave the law "at least a veneer of scholarly respectability".[1] William Searle Holdsworth, one of Blackstone''s successors as Vinerian Professor, argued that "If the Commentaries had not been written when they were written, I think it very doubtful that the United States, and other English speaking countries would have so universally adopted the common law."[2] In the United States, the Commentaries influenced Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, James Wilson, John Jay, John Adams, James Kent and Abraham Lincoln, and remain frequently cited in Supreme Court decisions. en-wikipedia-org-2917 Zhang Dongsun (simplified Chinese: 张东荪; traditional Chinese: 張東蓀; Wade–Giles: Chang Tung-sun; 1886–1973), also known as Chang Tung-sheng, was a Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure. Zhang, Dongsun was born in 1886 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. In addition to the Second World War era, Zhang, Dongsun was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Tsinghua University in the 1930s and the 1940s. Rošker, Jana S., "Zhang Dongsun''s 張東蓀 (1886 1973) plural epistemology (duoyuan renshi lun多元認識論)," in Rošker, Jana S., "Searching for the Way – Theory of Knowledge in pre-Modern and Modern China," Hong Kong: Chinese University press, 2008 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-292 en-wikipedia-org-2930 Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Wikipedia Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Formation October 15, 1993; 27 years ago (1993-10-15) CALD has also opened its membership to like-minded individuals, and regularly engages with non-member political parties from Japan and South Korea with which it shares the same democratic values. The Democratic Party of Hong Kong is represented in CALD by Martin Lee and Sin Chung Kai. The third individual member of the CALD was Indonesia''s ex-President Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009). Taiwan Democratic Progressive Party in government Centre-left ^ "History : CALD | Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats". "PKB Becomes Full CALD Member : CALD | Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats". Member parties of international liberal organisations Canada: Liberal Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats en-wikipedia-org-2932 Aquinas articulated and defended, both as a philosopher and a theologian, the orthodox Christian view of God. God is the sole being whose existence is the same as His essence: "what subsists in God is His existence."[45] (Hence why God names himself "I Am that I Am" in Exodus 3:14.[46]) Consequently, God cannot be a body (that is, He cannot be composed of matter),[47] He cannot have any accidents,[48] and He must be simple (that is, not separated into parts; the Trinity is one substance in three persons).[49] Further, He is goodness itself,[36] perfect,[50] infinite,[51] omnipotent,[52] omniscient,[53] happiness itself,[54] knowledge itself,[55] love itself,[39] omnipresent,[56] immutable,[57] and eternal.[58] Summing up these properties, Aquinas offers the term actus purus (Latin: "pure actuality"). en-wikipedia-org-2937 en-wikipedia-org-2942 en-wikipedia-org-2943 Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis for example, Joshua 10:12 where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and Psalms 93:1 where the world is described as immobile.[48] Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis, co-author of the self-published Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right (2006).[49] These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. en-wikipedia-org-2946 en-wikipedia-org-2948 File:Nuvola apps kalzium.svg Wikipedia File:Nuvola apps kalzium.svg Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 128 × 128 pixels. Derivative works of this file: Nuvola Kalzium Recolor.svg GNU Lesser General Public License, version 2.1 or later Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 06:28, 10 May 2007 128 × 128 (31 KB) Bobarino {{Information |Description=Copied image from the {{w|Nuvola}} icon theme for KDE 3.x by [http://www.icon-king.com David Vignoni] |Source=self-made |Date=2007-5-6 |Author= Bobarino |other_versions=[[:Im 08:04, 6 May 2007 128 × 128 (36 KB) Bobarino {{Information |Description=Copied image from the {{w|Nuvola}} icon theme for KDE 3.x by [http://www.icon-king.com David Vignoni] |Source=self-made |Date=2007-5-6 |Author= User:Bobarino |other_versions=[[:Image:Nuvo More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Talk:Relationship between religion and science View more links to this file. View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" en-wikipedia-org-295 en-wikipedia-org-2955 How the use of this knowledge should be governed when providing a service to the public can be considered a moral issue and is termed professional ethics.[3] It is capable of making judgments, applying their skills, and reaching informed decisions in situations that the general public cannot because they have not attained the necessary knowledge and skills.[4] One of the earliest examples of professional ethics is the Hippocratic oath to which medical doctors still adhere to this day. Some professional organizations may define their ethical approach in terms of a number of discrete components.[5] Typically these include Honesty, Trustworthiness, Transparency, Accountability, Confidentiality, Objectivity, Respect, Obedience to the law, and Loyalty. On a theoretical level, there is debate as to whether an ethical code for a profession should be consistent with the requirements of morality governing the public. Retrieved October 20, 2006, from https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/professional-ethics/v-1 en-wikipedia-org-2956 en-wikipedia-org-2966 Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the more extreme position that reason is "the unique path to knowledge".[5] Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general,[6][7] with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes[8][9] (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands)[10][11] and Spinoza[12][13]–namely Cartesianism[14][15][16] and Spinozism.[17] It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists[18][19][20][21] like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the "Age of Reason" its name and place in history.[22] en-wikipedia-org-2969 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-297 Dr Edward Younkins, professor at Wheeling Jesuit University, described democratic capitalism as a "dynamic complex of economic, political, moral-cultural, ideological, and institutional forces", which serves to maximize social welfare within a free market economy.[7] Youkins states that the system of individual liberty inherent within democratic capitalism supports the creation of voluntary associations, such as labour unions.[7] As automated production expanded in the United States, demand for semi skilled workers increased.[11] Combined with the expansion of secondary education, this saw the development of a large working class.[11] The resulting strong economic growth and improved income equality allowed for greater social peace and universal suffrage.[11] Capitalism was viewed as a means of producing the wealth which maintained political freedom, while a democratic government ensured accountable political institutions and an educated labour force with its basic rights fulfilled.[11] en-wikipedia-org-2971 en-wikipedia-org-2974 John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, 13th Marquess of Groppoli, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 – 19 June 1902), better known as Lord Acton, was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer. Meanwhile, Acton became the editor of the Roman Catholic monthly paper, The Rambler, in 1859, upon John Henry (later Cardinal) Newman''s retirement from the editorship.[13] In 1862, he merged this periodical into the Home and Foreign Review. With all his capacity for study, he was a man of the world and a man of affairs, not a bookworm.[6] His only notable publications were a masterly essay in the Quarterly Review of January 1878 on "Democracy in Europe;" two lectures delivered at Bridgnorth in 1877 on "The History of Freedom in Antiquity" and "The History of Freedom in Christianity"—these last the only tangible portions put together by him of his long-projected "History of Liberty;" and an essay on modern German historians in the first number of the English Historical Review, which he helped to found (1886). "Review of Lectures on Modern History by the late Right Honourable John Edward Emerich, First Baron Acton; edited by J. en-wikipedia-org-2975 en-wikipedia-org-2988 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science (German: Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, published in 1783, two years after the first edition of his Critique of Pure Reason. In it, an abstract examination of the concepts of the sources of pure reason results in knowledge of the actual science of metaphysics. The Critique of Pure Reason, however, asserts that it is uncertain whether or not external objects are given, and we can only know their existence as a mere appearance. The concepts of substance/accident, cause/effect, and action/reaction (community) constitute a priori principles that turn subjective appearances into objective experiences. The principles that contain the reference of the pure concepts of the understanding to the sensed world can only be used to think or speak of experienced objects, not things in themselves. en-wikipedia-org-2992 Other influential anti-James histories written during the 1650s include: Sir Edward Peyton''s Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts (1652); Arthur Wilson''s History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I (1658); and Francis Osborne''s Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James (1658).[179] David Harris Willson''s 1956 biography continued much of this hostility.[180] In the words of historian Jenny Wormald, Willson''s book was an "astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author''s increasing hatred for his subject".[181] Since Willson, however, the stability of James''s government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism.[s] en-wikipedia-org-2995 en-wikipedia-org-2996 en-wikipedia-org-2997 Political philosophy in support of social progress and reform This article is about the political philosophy in support of social progress and reform. In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the Western world that progress was being stifled by vast economic inequality between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated laissez-faire capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic corporations, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems.[12] Progressivism has influenced various political movements. Imperialism was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported American imperialism while others opposed it.[21] In response to World War I, President Woodrow Wilson''s Fourteen Points established the concept of national self-determination and criticized imperialist competition and colonial injustices. en-wikipedia-org-3003 en-wikipedia-org-3006 en-wikipedia-org-3008 The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning "aesthetic, sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception"), which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel, sense" and related to αἴσθησις (aisthēsis, "sensation").[6][better source needed] Aesthetics in this central sense has been said to start with the series of articles on "The Pleasures of the Imagination" which the journalist Joseph Addison wrote in the early issues of the magazine The Spectator in 1712.[7] The term "aesthetics" was appropriated and coined with new meaning by the German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten in his dissertation Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus ("Philosophical considerations of some matters pertaining the poem") in 1735;[8] Baumgarten chose "aesthetics" because he wished to emphasize the experience of art as a means of knowing. Bourdieu examined how the elite in society define the aesthetic values like taste and how varying levels of exposure to these values can result in variations by class, cultural background, and education.[17] According to Kant, beauty is subjective and universal; thus certain things are beautiful to everyone.[18] In the opinion of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression and innovation. en-wikipedia-org-301 Thierry de Duve (born 1944) is a Belgian professor of modern art theory and contemporary art theory, and both teaches and publishes books in the field. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Lille III (France), the Sorbonne (France), MIT, and Johns Hopkins University, and was the Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Distinguished Visiting Professor in Contemporary Art in Penn''s History of Art Department. "Pictorial Nominalism; On Marcel Duchamp''s Passage from Painting to the Readymade" Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991. "Thierry De Duve Joins the Department of Art And Art History". Thierry de Duve page Archives de la critique d''art Thierry de Duve Theory of art Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3010 The Metaphysics of Morals (German: Die Metaphysik der Sitten) is a 1797 work of political and moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant. Published separately in 1797, the Doctrine of Right is one of the last examples of classical republicanism in political philosophy.[1] The Doctrine of Right contains the most mature of Kant''s statements on the peace project and a system of law to ensure individual rights. Translated by Anonymous (John Richardson), "Metaphysic of Morals divided into Metaphysical Elements of Law and of Ethics." 2 vols. Translated by John William Semple, "The Metaphysic of Ethics." Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1836; Reprint editions include 1871, ed. The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, full text of the introduction and part I of the Metaphysics of Morals. Book Review of Mary Gregor''s 1991 translation of the Metaphysics of Morals, by Steven Palmquist. en-wikipedia-org-3012 en-wikipedia-org-3013 en-wikipedia-org-3015 Buffon''s works, Histoire naturelle (1749–1789) and Époques de la nature (1778), containing well-developed theories about a completely materialistic origin for the Earth and his ideas questioning the fixity of species, were extremely influential.[46][47] Another French philosopher, Denis Diderot, also wrote that living things might have first arisen through spontaneous generation, and that species were always changing through a constant process of experiment where new forms arose and survived or not based on trial and error; an idea that can be considered a partial anticipation of natural selection.[48] Between 1767 and 1792, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, included in his writings not only the concept that man had descended from primates, but also that, in response to the environment, creatures had found methods of transforming their characteristics over long time intervals.[49] Charles Darwin''s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, published Zoonomia (1794–1796) which suggested that "all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament."[50] In his poem Temple of Nature (1803), he described the rise of life from minute organisms living in mud to all of its modern diversity.[51] en-wikipedia-org-3018 en-wikipedia-org-3020 He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism and the first modern proponent of anarchism.[2] Godwin is most famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, an early mystery novel which attacks aristocratic privilege. With his second wife, Mary Jane Clairmont, Godwin set up The Juvenile Library, allowing the family to write their own works for children (sometimes using noms de plume) and translate and publish many other books, some of enduring significance. Charles Gaulis Clairmont[24] ended up as Chair of English literature at Vienna University[25] and taught sons of the royal family; news of his sudden death in 1849 distressed Maximilian.[26] Mary Godwin (1797–1851) gained fame as Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein. en-wikipedia-org-3026 The Encyclopédistes (French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedist]) (also known in British English as Encyclopaedists,[1] or in U.S. English as Encyclopedists) were members of the Société des gens de lettres, a French writers'' society, who contributed to the development of the Encyclopédie from June 1751 to December 1765 under the editors Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d''Alembert. More than a hundred encyclopédistes have been identified.[2] They were not a unified group, neither in ideology nor social class.[3] Below some of the contributors are listed in alphabetical order, by the number of articles that they wrote, and by the identifying "signature" by which their contributions were identified in the Encyclopédie. Diderot had just finished the translation of A Medicinal Dictionary by Robert James when the publicist André le Breton charged him, on 16 October 1747, to resume the project of translating the English Cyclopaedia that Jean Paul de Gua de Malves could not successfully complete. Diderot undertook the history of ancient philosophy, wrote the Prospectus and the System of Human Knowledge, and, with D''Alembert, revised all the articles. en-wikipedia-org-3033 en-wikipedia-org-3045 (December 7, 1885 – February 8, 1957), was an American judicial philosopher and civil rights advocate, described as "possibly the most important First Amendment scholar of the first half of the twentieth century" by Richard Primus.[1] Chafee''s avid defense of freedom of speech led to Senator Joseph McCarthy calling him "dangerous" to America.[2] "Zechariah Chafee Jr., 71, Dead; Lawyer, Civil Liberties Champion; Member of Harvard Faculty 40 Years Defended Rights of Individuals and Press Thunderer on the Left Drafted Claims Law". The Zecharia Chafee Jr. Papers (Jan. 1987) (American Legal Manuscripts from the Harvard Law School Library; microform) Zechariah Chafee Jr.: Defender of Liberty and Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Zechariah Chafee Jr.: Defender of Liberty and Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Freedom''s Prophet: Selected Writings of Zechariah Chafee Jr., University Professor, Harvard Law School. University of Arkansas''s Free Speech Philosophers — Zechariah Chafee en-wikipedia-org-3054 Students who studied under Strauss, or attended his lecture courses at the University of Chicago, include George Anastaplo, Laurence Berns, Hadley Arkes, Seth Benardete, David Bolotin, Christopher Bruell, Allan Bloom, Werner Dannhauser, Murray Dry, Charles Butterworth, William Galston, Victor Gourevitch, Harry V. Jaffa,[112] Roger Masters,[113] Clifford Orwin, Thomas Pangle, Stanley Rosen, Abram Shulsky (Director of the Office of Special Plans),[99] Susan Sontag,[114] Warren Winiarski, and Paul Wolfowitz (who attended two lecture courses by Strauss on Plato and Montesquieu''s The Spirit of the Laws at the University of Chicago). ^ Peter Graf Kielmansegg, Horst Mewes, Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt (eds.), Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Émigrés and American Political Thought After World War II, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. ^ Peter Graf Kielmansegg, Horst Mewes, Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt (eds.), Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Émigrés and American Political Thought After World War II, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. Smith, Reading Leo Strauss: Politics, Philosophy, Judaism, University of Chicago Press, 2007, p. en-wikipedia-org-3060 Category:18th-century German philosophers Wikipedia Category:18th-century German philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. ► Immanuel Kant‎ (4 C, 27 P) ► Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling‎ (2 C, 7 P) Pages in category "18th-century German philosophers" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Johann Georg Heinrich Feder Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Wilhelm von Humboldt Karl Wilhelm Jerusalem Immanuel Kant Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:18th-century_German_philosophers&oldid=951285820" Categories: 18th-century philosophers by nationality German philosophers by century 18th-century German writers Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2020, at 12:09 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-3069 During this time he completed his first major philosophical work, Good in the Teaching of Tolstoy and Nietzsche: Philosophy and Preaching; two authors profoundly impacting Shestov''s thought. The positive central idea is that the human psyche, or soul, really believes in itself, and in nothing else".[2] Shestov deals with key issues such as religion, rationalism, and science in this highly approachable work, topics he would also examine in later writings such as In Job''s Balances.[3] Shestov''s own key quote from this work is probably the following: "...we need to think that only one assertion has or can have any objective reality: that nothing on earth is impossible. More recently, alongside Dostoyevsky''s philosophy, many have found solace in Shestov''s battle against the rational self-consistent and self-evident; for example Bernard Martin of Case Western Reserve University, who translated his works now found online [external link below]; and the scholar Liza Knapp,[6] who wrote The Annihilation of Inertia: Dostoevsky and Metaphysics. en-wikipedia-org-3070 en-wikipedia-org-3072 en-wikipedia-org-3075 The Christian Bible exercises "the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world."[1] In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan[17] In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm.[18] Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good.[19] French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an "unjustifiable reality. The international relations theories of realism and neorealism, sometimes called realpolitik advise politicians to explicitly ban absolute moral and ethical considerations from international politics, and to focus on self-interest, political survival, and power politics, which they hold to be more accurate in explaining a world they view as explicitly amoral and dangerous. en-wikipedia-org-3078 en-wikipedia-org-3081 Tidal locking results in the Moon rotating about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit Earth. When one of the bodies reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its rotation rate over the course of a complete orbit, it is said to be tidally locked.[2] The object tends to stay in this state when leaving it would require adding energy back into the system. In the special case where an orbit is nearly circular and the body''s rotation axis is not significantly tilted, such as the Moon, tidal locking results in the same hemisphere of the revolving object constantly facing its partner.[2][3][4] The exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, discovered in 2016 that orbits around Proxima Centauri, is tidally locked, expressing either synchronized rotation[19] or a 3:2 spin–orbit resonance like that of Mercury.[20] en-wikipedia-org-3096 Danish philosophy Wikipedia Danish philosophy Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Danish philosophy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Among Kierkegaard''s other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard''s views on the individual, and Rollo May, who helped create humanistic psychology. Human nature Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Marxism This Denmark-related article is a stub. This philosophy-related article is a stub. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles, in addition to a stub category. Philosophy stubs All stub articles en-wikipedia-org-3098 Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria Wikipedia Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria Find sources: "Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Liberal parties This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria. 2.1 From Liberal Party to Democratic Party 2.2 Progressive Liberal Party 2.3 People''s Liberal Party 2.5 Tonchevist Young Liberal Party After the restoration of democracy in 1990, some parties got a liberal character. From Liberal Party to Democratic Party[edit] 1884: A right-wing faction formed the ⇒ Progressive Liberal Party 1886: Another right-wing faction formed the ⇒ People''s Liberal Party 1887: A third faction formed the ⇒ Radoslav Liberal Party Progressive Liberal Party[edit] People''s Liberal Party[edit] 1904: A right-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Tonchevist Young Liberal Party Tonchevist Young Liberal Party[edit] Radical (Democratic) Party[edit] Liberal leaders[edit] en-wikipedia-org-310 Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam, also termed as Tasawwuf or Faqr according to its adherents. It has been suggested that Sufi thought emerged from the Middle East in the eighth century, but adherents are now found around the world.[1] According to Sufism, it is a part of the Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self and is the way which removes all the veils between divine and man. Sufi philosophy, like all other major philosophical traditions, has several sub-branches including metaphysics and cosmology as well as several unique concepts. A person''s baqaa, which literally means "permanency", is a term in Sufi philosophy which describes a particular state of life with God and is a manzil or abobe that comes after the station of fanaa. en-wikipedia-org-3101 en-wikipedia-org-3106 His most important intellectual contributions include Just and Unjust Wars (1977), a revitalization of just war theory that insists on the importance of "ethics" in wartime while eschewing pacifism; the theory of "complex equality", which holds that the metric of just equality is not some single material or moral good, but rather that egalitarian justice demands that each good be distributed according to its social meaning, and that no good (like money or political power) be allowed to dominate or distort the distribution of goods in other spheres;[5] and an argument that justice is primarily a moral standard within particular nations and societies, not one that can be developed in a universalized abstraction. The Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics (Harvard University Press, 1965) ISBN 0-674-76786-1 For an analysis of communitarianism see: Gad Barzilai, Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003) en-wikipedia-org-3119 Janusz Korwin-Mikke (Polish: [ˈjanuʂ ˈkɔrvʲin ˈmʲikkɛ]; born 27 October 1942) is a Polish far-right[1][2][3][4] politician, paleolibertarian[5][6][7] economist and publicist. In 2019 he was elected for deputy in the lower chamber of Polish Parliament (Sejm).[17] He is a self-declared monarchist who claims that democracy is "the most stupid form of government ever conceived".[18] Janusz Korwin-Mikke is a former professional contract bridge player. Other provocative statements include his claim that there is no written proof that Adolf Hitler was aware of the Holocaust.[29] On 15 April 2015, the Polish news outlet Wiadomości quoted Korwin-Mikke that the snipers that shot civilians and police officers during the Maidan protests were trained in Poland and that they acted on behalf of the CIA to provoke riots.[47] "Women ''weaker, less intelligent'' Polish MEP Korwin-Mikke". Janusz Korwin Mikke''s site (in Polish) Janusz Korwin-Mikke''s blog (in Polish) Janusz Korwin-Mikke''s official Facebook page (in Polish) en-wikipedia-org-312 en-wikipedia-org-3126 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-3129 en-wikipedia-org-313 Abstract object theory, exemplifying and encoding a property as two modes of predication, Platonized naturalism,[4] computational metaphysics Edward Nouri Zalta[6] (/ˈzɔːltə/; born March 16, 1952) is an American philosopher who is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University. Zalta is also the Principal Editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[7] Zalta''s most notable philosophical position is descended from the position of Alexius Meinong and Ernst Mally,[8] who suggested that there are many non-existent objects. Zalta, Senior Research Scholar, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3130 en-wikipedia-org-3135 A related philosophical problem is whether chemistry is the study of substances or reactions.[3] Atoms, even in a solid, are in perpetual motion and under the right conditions many chemicals react spontaneously to form new products. Several philosophers and scientists have focused on the philosophy of chemistry in recent years, notably, the Dutch philosopher Jaap van Brakel, who wrote The Philosophy of Chemistry in 2000, and the Maltese-born philosopher-chemist Eric Scerri, editor of the journal "Foundations of Chemistry" and author of Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry in Philosophy of Chemistry, 2004, among other articles. Scerri is especially interested in the philosophical foundations of the periodic table, and how physics and chemistry intersect in relation to it, which he contends is not merely a matter for science, but for philosophy.[8] en-wikipedia-org-3138 The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, was taught by Crates of Thebes, and he took up the Cynic ideals of continence and self-mastery, but applied the concept of apatheia (indifference) to personal circumstances rather than social norms, and switched shameless flouting of the latter for a resolute fulfillment of social duties.[72] Logic and physics were also part of early Stoicism, further developed by Zeno''s successors Cleanthes and Chrysippus.[73] Their metaphysics was based in materialism, which was structured by logos, reason (but also called God or fate).[74] Their logical contributions still feature in contemporary propositional calculus.[75] Their ethics was based on pursuing happiness, which they believed was a product of ''living in accordance with nature''.[76] This meant accepting those things which one could not change.[76] One could therefore choose whether to be happy or not by adjusting one''s attitude towards their circumstances, as the freedom from fears and desires was happiness itself.[77] en-wikipedia-org-3139 Chu Anping Wikipedia Following publication of his article entitled "The Party Dominates the World", he was attacked by Mao Zedong in the Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1957 and purged during the Anti-Rightist Movement. Career outline[edit] April 1, 1957 Chu was appointed Guangming Daily editor-in-chief. Disappearance[edit] In 1966 at the start of the Cultural Revolution, Chu was persecuted, then soon went missing. ^ Legacy of ''rightist'' editor Chu Anping remains controversial five decades after his disappearance South China Morning Post 23 March 2015 Missing person cases in China People''s Republic of China journalists People''s Republic of China philosophers Articles containing Chinese-language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 04:12 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-3145 The Second Congress of the Communist International opened in Petrograd''s Smolny Institute in July 1920, representing the last time that Lenin visited a city other than Moscow.[334] There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks'' seizure of power, and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies directly into socialist ones.[335] For this conference, he authored "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, a short book articulating his criticism of elements within the British and German communist parties who refused to enter their nations'' parliamentary systems and trade unions; instead he urged them to do so to advance the revolutionary cause.[336] The conference had to be suspended for several days due to the ongoing war with Poland,[337] and was relocated to Moscow, where it continued to hold sessions until August.[338] Lenin''s predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed.[339] en-wikipedia-org-3147 en-wikipedia-org-3154 en-wikipedia-org-3157 Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens Wikipedia Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (German: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels), subtitled or an Attempt to Account for the Constitutional and Mechanical Origin of the Universe upon Newtonian Principles,[a] is a work written and published anonymously by Immanuel Kant in 1755. Kant''s book ends with an almost mystical expression of appreciation for nature: "In the universal silence of nature and in the calm of the senses the immortal spirit''s hidden faculty of knowledge speaks an ineffable language and gives [us] undeveloped concepts, which are indeed felt, but do not let themselves be described."[3] ^ Immanuel Kant, Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, p.367; translated by Stephen Palmquist in Kant''s Critical Religion (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), p.320. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Natural_History_and_Theory_of_the_Heavens&oldid=964760421" Books by Immanuel Kant Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3162 Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It proved however difficult to address natural science topics with sociologist methods, as proven by the US science wars.[14] The use of a deconstructive approach (as for works on arts or religion) on natural sciences risked to endanger not only the "hard facts" of natural sciences, but as well the objectivity and positivist tradition of sociology itself.[14] The view on scientific knowledge production as a (at least partial) social construct was not easily accepted.[1] Latour and others identified a dichotomy crucial for modernity, the division between nature (things, objects) as being transcendent, allowing to detect them, and society (the subject, the state) as immanent as being artificial, constructed. en-wikipedia-org-3169 en-wikipedia-org-3173 John Henry Esling, FRSC (born 5 June 1949) is a Canadian linguist specializing in phonetics. Esling received a BA in History and Languages from Northwestern University in 1971, an MA in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1972, and a PhD in Phonetics from the University of Edinburgh in 1978.[3] His teachers at Michigan included J. Esling was President of the International Phonetic Association from 2011 to 2015. He served as its Secretary from 1995 to 2003, and edited the Journal of the International Phonetic Association from 2003 to 2011. He co-edited the 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association with Francis Nolan, and the 2011 18th edition of the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary with Peter Roach and Jane Setter.[1][2] Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3175 en-wikipedia-org-3178 Depending on the system of deontological ethics under consideration, a moral obligation may arise from an external or internal source, such as a set of rules inherent to the universe (ethical naturalism), religious law, or a set of personal or cultural values (any of which may be in conflict with personal desires). Immanuel Kant''s theory of ethics is considered deontological for several different reasons.[8][9] First, Kant argues that in order to act in the morally right way, people must act from duty (Pflicht).[10] Second, Kant argued that it was not the consequences of actions that make them right or wrong, but the motives of the person who carries out the action. Iain King''s 2008 book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time uses quasi-realism and a modified form of utilitarianism to develop deontological principles that are compatible with ethics based on virtues and consequences. en-wikipedia-org-3180 en-wikipedia-org-3182 Following Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Wolff also wrote in German as his primary language of scholarly instruction and research, although he did translate his works into Latin for his transnational European audience. Christian Wolff redefined philosophy as the science of the possible, and applied it in a comprehensive survey of human knowledge to the disciplines of his time. Theoretical philosophy had for its parts ontology or philosophia prima as a general metaphysics,[19] which arises as a preliminary to the distinction of the three special metaphysics[20] on the soul, world and God:[21][22] rational psychology,[23][24] rational cosmology,[25] and rational theology.[26] The three disciplines are called empirical and rational because they are independent of revelation. Unfortunately, the English version is a translation of Des Champs''s French edition instead of the original German of Wolff''s Vernünftige Gedanken. Wolff from Hegel''s Lectures on the History of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-3188 William Klaas Frankena (June 21, 1908 – October 22, 1994) was an American moral philosopher. A memorial essay by a member of the Michigan Philosophy Department states that "William Frankena contributed as widely to moral philosophy and its neighboring areas as anyone in that remarkable group that dominated English-speaking ethics from the end of World War II well into the 1980s. From metaethics, the history of ethics, and normative ethical theory, to moral education, moral psychology, and applied ethics, to religious ethics and the philosophy of education, the sweep and quality of his ethical philosophizing was simply extraordinary."[1] When Frankena retired and was awarded emeritus status in 1978, the University Regents stated that "he is renowned for his learning in the history of ethics, a subject about which he is generally believed in the profession to know more than anyone else in the world."[1] The July 1981 issue of The Monist is devoted to "The Philosophy of William Frankena."[3] en-wikipedia-org-3192 en-wikipedia-org-3194 One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing.[43] Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days'' Reform.[43] In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic.[43] The Hundred Days'' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.[44] Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912.[80] In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai.[81] Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan''s ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government. en-wikipedia-org-3198 A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.[6][7] Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design, van Leeuwenhoek was the first to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]).[8] Through his experiments, he was the first to relatively determine their size. After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world,[17] van Leeuwenhoek introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. By the end of his life, van Leeuwenhoek had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Van Leeuwenhoek''s microscopic discovery of microbial life en-wikipedia-org-3199 Category:University of Königsberg faculty Wikipedia Category:University of Königsberg faculty This page contains the names of people who were faculty members of University of Königsberg until 1945. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Faculty of the Albertina, Königsberg. Pages in category "University of Königsberg faculty" Julius Friedrich Heinrich Abegg Karl Ernst von Baer Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke Karl Friedrich Burdach David Caspari Gustav Friedrich Dinter Heinrich Wilhelm Dove Julius Heinrich Franz Paul Leopold Friedrich Karl von Gareis Wilhelm von Giesebrecht Carl Heinrich Hagen Hermann von Helmholtz Johann Friedrich Herbart Johann Friedrich Krause Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen Friedrich Julius Richelot Karl Wilhelm Ernst Joachim Schönborn Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert Johann Friedrich Schultz August Friedrich Schweigger Hermann von Struve Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:University_of_Königsberg_faculty&oldid=969899100" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-320 Susanne Katherina Langer (/ˈlæŋər/; née Knauth; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator and was well known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind. In her later years, Langer came to believe that the decisive task of her work was to construct a science and psychology based theory of the "life of the mind" using process philosophy conventions.[11] Langer''s final work, Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling represents the culmination of her attempt to establish a philosophical and scientific underpinning of aesthetic experience, relying on a three volume survey of a comprehensive set of relevant humanistic and scientific texts.[8] ^ a b Shelley, C 1998, ''Consciousness, Symbols and Aesthetics: A Just-So Story and its Implications in Susanne Langer''s ''Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling'', Philosophical Psychology, 11, 1, pp. en-wikipedia-org-3220 Inconsistent triad Wikipedia Find sources: "Inconsistent triad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An inconsistent triad consists of three propositions of which at most two can be true. Any inconsistent triad {A, B, C} gives rise to a trilemma {{A, B}, {B, C}, {C, A}}. Perception and objects[edit] The dialectical framework for the whole discussion of the problem in the philosophy of perception and the theoretical conception of perceptual experience is set out as an inconsistent triad.[1] The problem of evil[edit] Main article: Problem of evil The problem of evil is often given in the form of an inconsistent triad. God is omnipotent and omnibenevolent, and evil does not exist. God is omnipotent, but not omnibenevolent; thus, evil exists by God''s will. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references en-wikipedia-org-3233 en-wikipedia-org-324 He did not consider his "degenerative hypothesis" as racist and sharply criticized Christoph Meiners, an early practitioner of scientific racialism, as well as Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring, who concluded from autopsies that Africans were an inferior race.[19] Blumenbach wrote three other essays stating non-white peoples were capable of excelling in arts and sciences in reaction against racialists of his time.[20] At the same time, befitting the central idea of the science and medicine of dynamic polarity, it was also the physiological functional identity of what theorists of society or mind called "aspiration." "Blumenbach''s Bildungstrieb found quick passage into evolutionary theorizing of the decade following its formulation and in the thinking of the German natural philosophers (p. London/New York: Routledge, 2019; here particularly the essays by Thomas Junker: Blumenbach''s theory of human races and the natural unity of humankind and Nicolaas Adrianus Rupke: The origins of scientific racism and Huxley''s Rule en-wikipedia-org-3240 The concept of blind justice is a moral principle.[1] Examples of principles are, entropy in a number of fields, least action in physics, those in descriptive comprehensive and fundamental law: doctrines or assumptions forming normative rules of conduct, separation of church and state in statecraft, the central dogma of molecular biology, fairness in ethics, etc. As moral law[edit] Main article: Ethics Main article: Principle of legality Archimedes principle, relating buoyancy to the weight of displaced water, is an early example of a law in science. Principle of sufficient reason[edit] Main article: Principle of sufficient reason Principle of non-contradiction[edit] Principle of excluded middle[edit] Law (principle) ^ "The Ethics of Socrates." Archived 2018-05-01 at the Wayback Machine Philosophy. ^ "Principle of Sufficient Reason." Archived 2018-06-11 at the Wayback Machine Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ "Aristotle on Non-contradiction." Archived 2018-06-11 at the Wayback Machine Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ethical non-naturalism Philosophy of law en-wikipedia-org-3247 en-wikipedia-org-3251 At the age of four, Sarmiento was taught to read by his father and his uncle, José Eufrasio Quiroga Sarmiento, who later became Bishop of Cuyo.[9] Another uncle who influenced him in his youth was Domingo de Oro, a notable figure in the young Argentine Republic who was influential in bringing Juan Manuel de Rosas to power.[10] Though Sarmiento did not follow de Oro''s political and religious leanings, he learned the value of intellectual integrity and honesty.[10] He developed scholarly and oratorical skills, qualities which de Oro was famous for.[10][11] Fighting and war soon resumed, but, one by one, Quiroga vanquished the main allies of General Paz, including the Governor of San Juan, and in 1831 Sarmiento fled to Chile.[27] He did not return to Argentina for five years.[28] At the time, Chile was noted for its good public administration, its constitutional organization, and the rare freedom to criticize the regime. en-wikipedia-org-3252 The unity of science thesis is often associated with a framework of levels of organization in nature, where physics is the most basic, chemistry the level above physics, biology above chemistry, sociology above biology, and so forth. It has also been suggested (for example, in Jean Piaget''s 1918 work Recherche) that the unity of science can be considered in terms of a circle of the sciences, where logic is the foundation for mathematics, which is the foundation for mechanics and physics, and physics is the foundation for chemistry, which is the foundation for biology, which is the foundation for sociology, the moral sciences, psychology, and the theory of knowledge, and the theory of knowledge is based on logic.[1] "General system theory: a new approach to unity of science: 1. Hempel''s "General system theory and the unity of science" (pp. Logic, epistemology, and the unity of science. Aristotle''s theory of the unity of science. en-wikipedia-org-3256 Category:German anthropologists Wikipedia Category:German anthropologists Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthropologists from Germany. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. Pages in category "German anthropologists" The following 113 pages are in this category, out of 113 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Wilhelm Bleek Wilhelm Grimm Hans F. Wilhelm von Humboldt Johann Christian Gustav Lucae Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann Hermann Heinrich Ploss Johannes Quack Johannes Ranke Johann Schmeltz Emil Ludwig Schmidt Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist) Heinrich von Siebold Karl von den Steinen Max Karl Tilke Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_anthropologists&oldid=953534693" Categories: Anthropologists by nationality Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 101–200 pages Category Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2020, at 18:12 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-3257 The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Korsi; Old Norse: Kúrir; German: Kuren; Latvian: kurši; Russian: курши; Old East Slavic: кърсь; Lithuanian: kuršiai; Estonian: kuralased; Polish: Kurowie) were a Baltic[1] tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes. Curonian lands were conquered by the Livonian Order in 1266 and they eventually merged with other Baltic tribes participating in the ethnogenesis of Lithuanians and Latvians. It was common for the Curonians to carry out joint raids and campaigns together with Estonians (Oeselians).[citation needed] During the Livonian crusade, Curonians formed an alliance with the Semigallians, resulting in a joint attack against Riga in 1228. Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266, when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga. en-wikipedia-org-326 The problem of evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God.[1][2] The best known presentation is attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus by David Hume, who was responsible for popularizing it. The theory of karma refers to the spiritual principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause) influence the future of that individual (effect).[90] The problem of evil, in the context of karma, has been long discussed in Indian religions including Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, both in its theistic and non-theistic schools; for example, in Uttara Mīmāṃsā Sutras Book 2 Chapter 1;[91][92] the 8th-century arguments by Adi Sankara in Brahmasutrabhasya where he posits that God cannot reasonably be the cause of the world because there exists moral evil, inequality, cruelty and suffering in the world;[93][94] and the 11th-century theodicy discussion by Ramanuja in Sribhasya.[95] en-wikipedia-org-3264 In it, the First French Republic and Prussia had stipulated that the latter would ensure the Holy Roman Empire''s neutrality in all the latter''s territories north of the demarcation line of the river Main, including the British continental dominions of the Electorate of Hanover and the Duchies of Bremen-Verden. Most of the kingdom, aside from the Provinces of East Prussia, West Prussia, and Posen, became part of the new German Confederation, a confederacy of 39 sovereign states (including Austria and Bohemia) replacing the defunct Holy Roman Empire. The divided administration of Schleswig and Holstein then became the trigger for the Austro-Prussian War of 1866—also known as the Seven Weeks'' War. Prussia, allied with the Kingdom of Italy and various northern German states, declared war on the Austrian Empire. ^ Prussia allies in the Austro-Prussian War were: Anhalt, Bremen, Brunswick, Lauenburg, Lippe-Detmold, Lübeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck-Pyrmont. en-wikipedia-org-3272 Descriptive research Wikipedia Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. Rather it addresses the "what" question (what are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?).[1] The characteristics used to describe the situation or population are usually some kind of categorical scheme also known as descriptive categories. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used as the basis of a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. 1 Social science research 3 Descriptive versus design sciences Social science research[edit] Descriptive research is the exploration of the existing certain phenomena. Descriptive science[edit] Engel suggest that descriptive science in biology is currently undervalued and misunderstood: Descriptive versus design sciences[edit] ^ BioScience Volume 57, Issue 8 (September 2007) article Why Descriptive Science Still Matters by D.A. Grimaldi & M.S. Engel Descriptive science Descriptive science Descriptive science History and philosophy of science Categories: Descriptive statistics en-wikipedia-org-3274 In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence.[1] In book V of the Politics, the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) described two types of political revolution: Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. en-wikipedia-org-3275 While there were ethical intuitionists in a broad sense at least as far back as Thomas Aquinas, the philosophical school usually labelled as ethical intuitionism developed in Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries.[5] Early intuitionists like John Balguy, Ralph Cudworth, and Samuel Clarke were principally concerned with defending moral objectivism against the theories of Thomas Hobbes.[6] Later, their views would be revived and developed by Richard Price and pitted against the moral sense theory of Francis Hutcheson,[7] himself sometimes considered a sentimentalist intuitionist.[4] Immanuel Kant''s moral philosophy would be received in Britain as a German analog to Price,[8] though according to R. In the 19th century, ethical intuitionism was considered by most British philosophers to be a philosophical rival of utilitarianism, until Henry Sidgwick showed there to be several logically distinct theories, both normative and epistemological, sharing the same label.[10] For Sidgwick, intuitionism is about intuitive, i.e. non-inferential, knowledge of moral principles, which are self-evident to the knower.[11] The criteria for this type of knowledge include that they are expressed in clear terms, that the different principles are mutually consistent with each other and that there is expert consensus on them. en-wikipedia-org-3276 Sławomira Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz, PR (born February 14, 1943) is a Polish legal scholar, Professor emeritus of Jurisprudence at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. After attending Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (AMU), where she received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1971, studying under Zygmunt Ziembiński and Doctor of Sciences degree in 1982, she began her career as a Professor of Legal Theory and Philosophy at the AMU Faculty of Law and Administration, where she became a professor ordinarius (1995), chaired the AMU Department of Legal Theory and Legal Philosophy (1991−2013) and was later named AMU Deputy Rector (2005−2008).[3] In 1980 and 1983, Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz received the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Scholarship.[4] She was also a visiting professor at Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder) and University of Warsaw and President of the Polish Academy of Sciences'' Legal Studies Committee (2008−2011). Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3279 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal Wikipedia A liberal reformer influenced by the Age of Enlightenment, Pombal led Portugal''s recovery from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and modernized the kingdom''s administrative, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. In 1738, with his uncle''s assistance,[4] Pombal received his first public appointment as the Portuguese ambassador to Great Britain, where, in 1740, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[5]This author points out that Carvalho e Melo used his circulation among influential people to "investigate the causes, techniques, and mechanisms of British commercial and naval power."[6] In 1745, he served as the Portuguese ambassador to Austria. The need to grow a manufacturing sector in Portugal was made more imperative by the excessive spending of the Portuguese crown, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the expenditures on wars with Spain for South American territories, and the exhaustion of gold mines and diamond mines in Brazil.[9] Having become the Marquis of Pombal in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I''s death in 1777. en-wikipedia-org-3285 en-wikipedia-org-3295 Huang Zongxi (Chinese: 黃宗羲; September 24, 1610 – August 12, 1695), courtesy name Taichong (太冲), was a Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier during the latter part of the Ming dynasty into the early part the Qing.[1] When Huang Zunsu was traveling in custody to Beijing in 1626, he introduced his son to Liu Zongzhou, a noted philosopher of the Wang Yangming school. Huang Zongxi then became a devoted disciple of Liu and a proponent of the Wang Yangming school. It is usually regarded as the first great history of Chinese philosophy.[6] The work was later lauded by Liang Qichao as a new kind of historiography.[7] Social and political philosophy Huang Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3300 en-wikipedia-org-3308 en-wikipedia-org-3313 User talk:40.76.139.33 Wikipedia User talk:40.76.139.33 Jump to navigation Jump to search This user is currently blocked. The latest block log entry is provided below for reference: View full log No messages have been posted for this user yet. Post a message to 40.76.139.33. 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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:40.76.139.33" Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in Log in User page Create Navigation Main page Tools User contributions User logs Special pages Page information About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-3315 Category:Concepts in epistemology Wikipedia Category:Concepts in epistemology Jump to navigation Philosophy of science Epistemology literature Epistemological theories Epistemological concepts Epistemological concepts Logical concepts Metaphysical concepts Wikimedia Commons has media related to Concepts in epistemology. The main article for this category is Epistemology. See also: WP:WikiProject Philosophy/Resources ► Razors (philosophy)‎ (14 P) Pages in category "Concepts in epistemology" The following 177 pages are in this category, out of 177 total. Abstract object theory Action theory (philosophy) Becoming (philosophy) Cognitive closure (philosophy) Construct (philosophy) Distinction (philosophy) Exclusion principle (philosophy) Face-to-face (philosophy) Identity (philosophy) Intelligibility (philosophy) Meaning (philosophy) Objectivity (philosophy) Objectivity (philosophy) Philosophy of logic Mind in eastern philosophy Philosophy of mind Point of view (philosophy) Problem of induction Problem of other minds Regress argument Theory of mind Transcendence (philosophy) Transparency (philosophy) Truth-value link Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Concepts_in_epistemology&oldid=994845144" Categories: Philosophical concepts Hidden categories: Commons link from Wikidata Personal tools Category Edit links en-wikipedia-org-3316 en-wikipedia-org-332 Charles Hartshorne (/ˈhɑːrtsˌhɔːrn/; June 5, 1897 – October 9, 2000) was an American philosopher who concentrated primarily on the philosophy of religion and metaphysics, but also contributed to ornithology. Contemporary process philosophy arose in large measure from the work of Alfred North Whitehead, but with important contributions by William James, Charles Peirce, and Henri Bergson, while Hartshorne is identified as the seminal influence on process theology that emerged after World War Two. The key motifs of process philosophy are: empiricism, relationalism, process, and events. In Hartshorne''s process theology God and the world exist in a dynamic, changing relationship. ^ Douglas Martin, "Charles Hartshorne, Theologian, Is Dead; Proponent of an Activist God Was 103," The New York Times, October 13, 2000. Santiago Sia, Religion, Reason, and God: Essays in the Philosophies of Charles Hartshorne and A.N. Whitehead, Peter Lang Publisher, 2004, Dombrowski, Analytic Theism, Hartshorne, and the Concept of God (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). en-wikipedia-org-3324 You can join this project by adding your name on the participants list and placing the {{User WikiProject Law}} template on your user page. BobHouse884 (talk) 00:47, 4 March 2011 (UTC) undergraduate student, England, interests mainly Criminal Law, Human Rights, Jurisprudence CanonLawJunkie (talk) 18:50, 19 August 2010 (UTC) (Interested in United States constitutional law, though I don''t have much knowledge. Jrtayloriv (talk) 04:45, 4 February 2010 (UTC) -primarily interested in international, environmental, and human rights related law. See the top of an article''s Talk page to determine its importance to WP:LAW. (Note that the "Effective Date" article is currently Unassessed and is not listed as of interest to WikiProject Law. Articles added to Tasks page, but do not contain any Cleanup tags Just add {{WikiProject Law|class= |importance= }} to the top of the talk page of any law-related articles. en-wikipedia-org-3326 Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with ULAN identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 43,455 total. Giuseppe Abbati John White Abbott Louis Abel-Truchet Carl Friedrich Abel Hans Abel John Abel Robert Abel (animator) Julian Abele Abell Erika Abels d''Albert James William Abert William de Wiveleslie Abney Carl Abrahams Louis Abrahams (art patron) Herbert Abrams Ruth Abrams (artist) Achilles Painter Categories: Pages with ULAN identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3327 en-wikipedia-org-3330 Library of Congress Control Number Wikipedia Library of Congress Control Number Numbering system for catalog records at the Library of Congress The Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United States. Although most of the bibliographic information is now electronically created, stored, and shared with other libraries, there is still a need to identify each unique record, and the LCCN continues to perform that function. ^ "Search/Browse Help Number Searches: LC Catalog (Library of Congress)". External links[edit] Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) (bibliographic) (P1144) (see uses) Library of Congress authority ID (P244) (see uses) Library of Congress Name Authority File (NAF) Bibliographic Processing Cataloging Rules: Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-05-13) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Congress_Control_Number&oldid=991611512" Library of Congress Edit links en-wikipedia-org-3331 3 Negative liberty and authority: Hobbes and Locke According to Thomas Hobbes, "a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do" (Leviathan, Part 2, Ch. XXI; thus alluding to liberty in its negative sense). Anarcho-capitalist thinker Tibor Machan defends negative liberty as "required for moral choice and, thus, for human flourishing," claiming that it "is secured when the rights of individual members of a human community to life, to voluntary action (or to liberty of conduct), and to property are universally respected, observed, and defended." Negative liberty and authority: Hobbes and Locke[edit] Locke is a slightly more ambiguous case than Hobbes because although his conception of liberty was largely negative (in terms of non-interference), he differed in that he courted the republican tradition of liberty by rejecting the notion that an individual could be free if he was under the arbitrary power of another: Negative and positive rights en-wikipedia-org-3341 Maxim (philosophy) Wikipedia A maxim is a concise expression of a fundamental moral rule or principle, whether considered as objective or subjective contingent on one''s philosophy. In deontological ethics, mainly in Kantian ethics, maxims are understood as subjective principles of action. The maxim of an action is often referred to as the agent''s intention. In Kantian ethics, the categorical imperative provides a test on maxims for determining whether the actions they refer to are right, wrong, or permissible. In his Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant provided the following example of a maxim and of how to apply the test of the categorical imperative: Also, an action is said to have "moral worth" if the maxim upon which the agent acts cites the purpose of conforming to a moral requirement. ^ Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Maxim (Oxford University Press 2008) p. Maxims of Action en-wikipedia-org-3343 Burlamaqui''s treatise The Principles of Natural and Politic Law was translated into six languages (besides the original French) in 60 editions. Burlamaqui''s description of European countries as forming "a kind of republic the members of which, independent but bound by common interest, come together to maintain order and liberty" is quoted by Michel Foucault in his 1978 lectures at the Collège de France in the context of a discussion of diplomacy and the law of nations.[6] Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3347 en-wikipedia-org-3349 en-wikipedia-org-3351 Popper wrote about critical rationalism in his works, such as: The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934/1959),[1] The Open Society and its Enemies (1945),[2] Conjectures and Refutations (1963),[3] Unended Quest (1976),[4] and The Myth of the Framework (1994).[5] Ernest Gellner is another notable proponent of this philosophy.[6] (These include the classical rationalism of the Enlightenment, the verificationism of the logical positivists, or approaches to science based on induction, a supposed form of logical inference which critical rationalists reject, in line with David Hume.) For criticism is all that can be done when attempting to differentiate claims to knowledge, according to the critical rationalist. Argentine-Canadian philosopher of science Mario Bunge, who edited a book dedicated to Popper in 1964 that included a paper by Bartley,[13] appreciated critical rationalism but found it insufficient as a comprehensive philosophy of science,[14] so he built upon it (and many other ideas) to formulate his own account of scientific realism in his many publications.[15] en-wikipedia-org-3358 Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers This category is for articles with LCCN identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 553,893 total. 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 2nd Infantry Division (United States) 6th Marine Division (United States) 17th Airborne Division (United States) Categories: Pages with LCCN identifiers This page was last edited on 11 June 2020, at 10:27 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-336 en-wikipedia-org-3360 In the East, his teachings are more disputed and were notably attacked by John Romanides.[30] But other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant approbation of his writings, chiefly Georges Florovsky.[31] The most controversial doctrine associated with him, the filioque,[32] was rejected by the Orthodox Church.[33] Other disputed teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and predestination.[32] Nevertheless, though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint and has influenced some Eastern Church Fathers, most notably Gregory Palamas.[34] In the Orthodox Church his feast day is celebrated on 15 June.[32][35] Historian Diarmaid MacCulloch has written: "Augustine''s impact on Western Christian thought can hardly be overstated; only his beloved example Paul of Tarsus, has been more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through Augustine''s eyes."[36] en-wikipedia-org-3369 en-wikipedia-org-3373 Category:Cultural critics Wikipedia Category:Cultural critics Jump to navigation Jump to search The main article for this category is cultural critic. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. Pages in category "Cultural critics" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 229 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Cultural critic Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) George Carlin William Davies (political writer) Hans-Georg Gadamer George Gerbner Theo van Gogh (film director) John Gray (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) Adrian Johnston (philosopher) Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) David Marr (journalist) George S Paul Karl Polanyi Michael Polanyi Daniel Ross (philosopher) Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Paul Sartre Pierre Schaeffer Georg Simmel Georges Sorel Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cultural_critics&oldid=963425970" Categories: Critics Culture Category View history Navigation Wikimedia Commons Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-3378 Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, especially Spinoza, Leibniz, John Locke, Nicolas Malebranche, Antoine Arnauld, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet,[14] Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Noam Chomsky In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism. en-wikipedia-org-339 en-wikipedia-org-3394 Grosset & Dunlap is historically known for its photoplay editions and juvenile series books such as the Hardy Boys, Nancy Drew, The Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, Cherry Ames and other books from their long partnership with the Stratemeyer Syndicate (currently owned by Simon & Schuster). Grosset & Dunlap obtained permission from Little, Brown, to reprint Thornton Burgess''s many children''s books, and began issuing the Bedtime Stories series (20 books originally published 1913–1919, including such titles as The Adventures of Reddy Fox and The Adventures of Chatterer the Red Squirrel) in 1949. In the 1980s, Little, Brown, owned by Penguin, canceled their permission for Grosset & Dunlap to publish the Burgess books. In 1974, Filmways bought the company from American Financial Group (Bantam was sold separately).[12] During this time, Grosset & Dunlap acquired a new paperback publisher, Ace Books. Series books published by Grosset & Dunlap[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3395 The Critical project, that of exploring the limits and conditions of knowledge, had already produced the Critique of Pure Reason, in which Kant argued for a Transcendental Aesthetic, an approach to the problems of perception in which space and time are argued not to be objects. Kant''s discussions of schema and symbol late in the first half of the Critique of Judgement also raise questions about the way the mind represents its objects to itself, and so are foundational for an understanding of the development of much late 20th century continental philosophy: Jacques Derrida is known to have studied the book extensively. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, Translated by J. Immanuel Kant, Critique of the Power of Judgment, Edited by Paul Guyer, translated by Paul Guyer and Eric Mathews, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. en-wikipedia-org-3398 en-wikipedia-org-3402 History and philosophy of science Wikipedia Find sources: "History and philosophy of science" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1970), wherein philosophical questions about scientific theories and, especially, theory change are understood in historical terms, employing concepts such as paradigm shift. However, Kuhn was also critical of attempts fully to unify the methods of history and philosophy of science: "Subversion is not, I think, too strong a term for the likely result of an attempt to make the two fields into one. Index of philosophy of science articles History of science and technology ^ "The Relations Between the History and the Philosophy of Science," pp. ^ Lydia Patton, Philosophy, Science, and History, pp. History and philosophy of science History and philosophy of science History and philosophy of science en-wikipedia-org-3405 Consensus theory Wikipedia Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Consensus theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Consensus theory is a social theory that holds a particular political or economic system as a fair system, and that social change should take place within the social institutions provided by it. Consensus theory contrasts sharply with conflict theory, which holds that social change is only achieved through conflict. Consensus theory is concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in society. Social and political philosophy Philosophy of social science This sociology-related article is a stub. Categories: Social change Social theories Social theories Articles with disputed statements from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3407 en-wikipedia-org-3410 en-wikipedia-org-3412 Pantheism was popularized in Western culture as a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, in particular, his book Ethics.[7] A pantheistic stance was also taken in the 16th century by philosopher and cosmologist Giordano Bruno.[8] Ideas resembling pantheism existed in South and East Asian religions before the 18th century (notably Sikhism, Hinduism, Sanamahism, Confucianism, and Taoism). In the West, pantheism was formalized as a separate theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza.[9]:p.7 Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese descent raised in the Sephardi Jewish community in Amsterdam.[20] He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine, and was effectively excluded from Jewish society at age 23, when the local synagogue issued a herem against him.[21] A number of his books were published posthumously, and shortly thereafter included in the Catholic Church''s Index of Forbidden Books. en-wikipedia-org-3414 en-wikipedia-org-3416 Pope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March AD 492 to his death on 19 November 496.[2] He was probably the third and final bishop of Rome of Berber descent.[3] Gelasius was a prolific author whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.[4] His predecessor Felix III employed him especially in drafting papal documents. During the Acacian schism, Gelasius advocated the primacy of the See of Rome over the universal Church, both East and West, and he presented this doctrine in terms that became the model for successive Popes, who also claimed Papal supremacy because of their succession to the Papacy from the first Supreme Pontiff, Peter the Apostle.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-3418 Liberalism in South Korea Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberalism in South Korea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 4 Major liberal parties election results of South Korea Liberal parties in the American sense of the term tend to label themselves as "Democratic" or "Progressive" instead. There has been a tradition of liberal parties since 1955, often organized around persons. Liberal parties[edit] Democratic Party → National Congress for New Politics (1995–2000; Governing period: 1998–2000) United New Democratic Party (2007–2008; Governing period: 2007-2008) Kim Dae-jung (National Congress for New Politics→Millennium Democratic Party) (1998–2003) Major liberal parties election results of South Korea[edit] List of political parties in South Korea Political parties in South Korea Democratic Korea Party New Korea and Democratic Party New Korea and Democratic Party New Korea Party United New Democratic Party United New Democratic Party en-wikipedia-org-3426 en-wikipedia-org-3427 en-wikipedia-org-3429 en-wikipedia-org-3430 Bacon is now seen as part of his age: a leading figure in the beginnings of the medieval universities at Paris and Oxford but one joined in the development of the philosophy of science by Robert Grosseteste, William of Auvergne, Henry of Ghent, Albert Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham.[144] Lindberg summarised: Bacon, Roger (1911), Steele, Robert (ed.), Communium Naturalium, Vol. I, Pt. III & IV, Opera Hactenus Inedita Rogeri Baconi, No. III (in Latin and English), Oxford: Henry Frowde for the Clarendon Press Bacon, Roger (1913), Steele, Robert (ed.), Communium Naturalium, Vol. II: De Celestibus, Opera Hactenus Inedita Rogeri Baconi, No. IV (in Latin and English), Oxford: Henry Frowde for the Clarendon Press Bacon, Roger (1940), Steele, Robert (ed.), Communia Mathematica, Pt. I & II, Opera Hactenus Inedita Rogeri Baconi, No. XVI (in Latin and English), Oxford: John Jonson for the Clarendon Press en-wikipedia-org-3434 en-wikipedia-org-3439 Mrazović wrote and published Rukovodstvo k slavenstej grammatice: vo upotreblenik slaveno-serbskih narodnyh ucilisc (a Serbian grammar with correct syntax) in Vienna in 1794 for Serbian schools. The first book on logic in the Serbian language was written by Nikola Šimić,[2] Avram Mrazović''s friend, and was published in Budapest in two volumes, entitled "Logic" (Vol. I, 1808; Vol. II, 1809). Ten years later, Mrazović wrote the second book on logic in Serbian in a similar manner, entitled "Logic, or Reasoning", completed in 1826, the year he died. Works[edit] Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia: Аврам Мразовић Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3455 en-wikipedia-org-3459 Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[479] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed ten million times on YouTube in its first month[480] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[481] In December 2008 and in 2012, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year.[482] The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which Time described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[483] On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the UK Parliament in Westminster Hall, London. en-wikipedia-org-3460 The categorical imperative (German: kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. A moral maxim must imply absolute necessity, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being.[3] This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative, sometimes called the principle of universalizability: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."[1] According to Kant''s reasoning, we first have a perfect duty not to act by maxims that result in logical contradictions when we attempt to universalize them. Kant claims that the first formulation lays out the objective conditions on the categorical imperative: that it be universal in form and thus capable of becoming a law of nature. en-wikipedia-org-3464 An agnostic thinks it impossible to know the truth in matters such as God and the future life with which Christianity and other religions are concerned. Canon Bernard Iddings Bell (1886-1958), a popular cultural commentator, Episcopal priest, and author, lauded the necessity of agnosticism in Beyond Agnosticism: A Book for Tired Mechanists, calling it the foundation of "all intelligent Christianity."[71] Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one rigorously questioned the truths of the age, including the way in which one believed God.[72] His view of Robert Ingersoll and Thomas Paine was that they were not denouncing true Christianity but rather "a gross perversion of it."[71] Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God and religion.[73] Historically, a god was any real, perceivable force that ruled the lives of humans and inspired admiration, love, fear, and homage; religion was the practice of it. en-wikipedia-org-3466 A violent emphasis or a sudden acceleration of rhythmic movement would have destroyed those qualities of balance and completeness through which it retained until the present century its position of authority in the restricted repertoire of visual images."[2] Classicism, as Clark noted, implies a canon of widely accepted ideal forms, whether in the Western canon that he was examining in The Nude (1956), or the literary Chinese classics or Chinese art, where the revival of classic styles is also a recurring feature. Classicism is a force which is often present in post-medieval European and European influenced traditions; however, some periods felt themselves more connected to the classical ideals than others, particularly the Age of Enlightenment,[3] when Neoclassicism was an important movement in the visual arts. Classicism is a specific genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources and an emphasis on society. Thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled "classical" and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence. en-wikipedia-org-347 Template talk:Social and political philosophy Wikipedia Template talk:Social and political philosophy WikiProject Philosophy / Social and political (Rated Template-class) If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles I''m not sure either is a good idea, I''m just curious if that would help people who know the name but not the history of philosophy (ie, where the person would stand in the order). One problem for earlier thinkers is that in many cases their articles don''t even mention their contributions to political philosophy, or do so only obliquely: for example, Zhu Xi. I''ve generally avoided listing these for now. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Social_and_political_philosophy&oldid=907730507" Categories: Template-Class Philosophy articles Template-Class social and political philosophy articles NA-importance social and political philosophy articles Social and political philosophy task force articles en-wikipedia-org-3472 en-wikipedia-org-3475 en-wikipedia-org-3483 en-wikipedia-org-3484 Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the most direct in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.[45] Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"[46]), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.[47] en-wikipedia-org-3489 Tertullian''s writings cover the whole theological field of the time—apologetics against paganism and Judaism, polemics, polity, discipline, and morals, or the whole reorganization of human life on a Christian basis; they gave a picture of the religious life and thought of the time which is of great interest to the church historian. en-wikipedia-org-3492 A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. A capitalist free-market economy is an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. The economic mechanism involves a free market and the predominance of privately owned enterprises in the economy, but public provision of universal welfare services aimed at enhancing individual autonomy and maximizing equality. Social market economy[edit] One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but instead takes active regulatory measures.[16] The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies, as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the distribution of income growth. en-wikipedia-org-3494 He was a member of Northwestern University, the University of Chicago Law School and the faculty at UCLA School of Law in the school''s early years, from 1949 to 1952.[1] The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Pound as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century.[2] In 1937 Pound resigned as Dean of Harvard Law School to become a University Professor[12] and soon became a leading critic of the legal realists.[12][16] He proposed his ideas of government reform to Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek.[12] In 1934 Pound received an honorary degree from the University of Berlin, presented by the German ambassador to the United States.[17] Pound was among the famous American jurists to express a liking for Adolf Hitler.[18] en-wikipedia-org-3498 Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote that painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music, for its symbolic, highly intellectual purpose.[19][20] Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul Klee.[21][22] In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do. Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.[37][38] Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Cubism, and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.[39] en-wikipedia-org-3507 en-wikipedia-org-3511 en-wikipedia-org-3512 There are various different ways that contemporary philosophers have tried to describe beliefs, including as representations of ways that the world could be (Jerry Fodor), as dispositions to act as if certain things are true (Roderick Chisholm), as interpretive schemes for making sense of someone''s actions (Daniel Dennett and Donald Davidson), or as mental states that fill a particular function (Hilary Putnam).[2] Some have also attempted to offer significant revisions to our notion of belief, including eliminativists about belief who argue that there is no phenomenon in the natural world which corresponds to our folk psychological concept of belief (Paul Churchland) and formal epistemologists who aim to replace our bivalent notion of belief ("either we have a belief or we don''t have a belief") with the more permissive, probabilistic notion of credence ("there is an entire spectrum of degrees of belief, not a simple dichotomy between belief and non-belief").[2][3] en-wikipedia-org-3515 Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began, due in part to Debord''s contributions, to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. On 29 January 2009, fifteen years after his death, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, classified the archive of his works as a "national treasure" in response to a sale request by Yale University.[20][21] The Ministry declared that "he has been one of the most important contemporary thinkers, with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century."[22] Similarly, Debord once called his book, The Society of the Spectacle, "the most important book of the twentieth century".[citation needed] He continues to be a canonical and controversial figure particularly among European scholars of radical politics and modern art.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-352 How to report a problem with an article, or find out more information. How to copy Wikipedia''s information, donate your own, or report unlicensed use of your information. If you''re a member of the press looking to contact Wikipedia, or have a business proposal for us. Thank you for your interest in contacting Wikipedia. Edits are neither the responsibility of the Wikimedia Foundation (the organisation that hosts the site) nor of its staff and edits will not generally be made in response to an email request. Although Wikipedia was founded by Jimmy Wales, he is not personally responsible for our content. If you have questions about the concept of Wikipedia rather than a specific problem, the About Wikipedia page may help. The links on the left should direct you to how to contact us or resolve problems. Wikipedia quick introductions Page information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-3523 Germaine held a salon in the Swedish embassy, where she gave "coalition dinners", which were frequented by moderates such as Talleyrand and De Narbonne, monarchists (Feuillants) such as Antoine Barnave, Charles Lameth and his brothers Alexandre and Théodore, the Comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, Pierre Victor, baron Malouet, the poet Abbé Delille, Thomas Jefferson, the one-legged Minister Plenipotentiary to France Gouverneur Morris, Paul Barras, a Jacobin (from the Plain) and the Girondin Condorcets. Auguste Comte included Mme de Staël in his 1849 Calendar of Great Men. Her political legacy has been generally identified with a stout defence of "liberal" values: equality, individual freedom and the limitation of state power by constitutional rules.[99] "Yet although she insisted to the Duke of Wellington that she needed politics in order to live, her attitude towards the propriety of female political engagement varied: at times she declared that women should simply be the guardians of domestic space for the opposite sex, while at others, that denying women access to the public sphere of activism and engagement was an abuse of human rights. en-wikipedia-org-3537 The term "procedural knowledge" has narrower but related technical uses in both cognitive psychology and intellectual property law. The most common understanding in relation to the procedural and conceptual knowledge is of the contrast of ''knowing how'' and ''knowing that''.[32] Some see the distinction as a contrast between the tacit knowledge of technology and the explicit knowledge of science.[33] Conceptual knowledge allows us to explain why, hence the distinction of ''know how'' and ''know why''.[34] Conceptual knowledge is concerned with relationships among ''items'' of knowledge, such that when students can identify these links, it means them have ''conceptual understanding''. This example illustrates the difference between procedural knowledge and the ordinary notion of knowing how, a distinction which is acknowledged by many cognitive psychologists.[44] One advantage of procedural knowledge is that it can involve more senses, such as hands-on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc. en-wikipedia-org-3539 en-wikipedia-org-354 Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, David Hume, Spinoza, Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Goethe, Hamann, Kant, Mendelssohn He is notable for popularizing nihilism, a term coined by Obereit in 1787, and promoting it as the prime fault of Enlightenment thought particularly in the philosophical systems of Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Fichte and Friedrich Schelling.[1] He studied the works of Charles Bonnet closely, as well as the political ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire. His next important work, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term Glaube had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the Letters on Spinoza, but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, George Di Giovanni (1994)."The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill". en-wikipedia-org-3541 File:Immanuel Kant signature.svg Wikipedia File:Immanuel Kant signature.svg current 23:05, 21 April 2015 723 × 273 (20 KB) Conquistador {{Information |Description ={{en|1=Signature of Immanuel Kant.}} {{de|1=Autograph von Immanuel Kant.}} {{hr|1=Potpis Immanuela Kanta.}} |Source ={{derived from|Autograph-ImmanuelKant.png|display=50}} |Author =*Immanuel Kant *derivati... 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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_signature.svg" en-wikipedia-org-355 Kant''s antinomies Wikipedia Immanuel Kant''s antinomies, from the Critique of Pure Reason, are contradictions which he believed follow necessarily from our attempts to conceive the nature of transcendent reality. They are connected with (1) the limitation of the universe in respect of space and time, (2) the theory that the whole consists of indivisible atoms (whereas, in fact, none such exist), (3) the problem of free will in relation to universal causality, and (4) the existence of a necessary being.[1] The first two antinomies are dubbed "mathematical" antinomies, presumably because in each case we are concerned with the relation between what are alleged to be sensible objects (either the world itself, or objects in it) and space and time. The mathematical antinomies[edit] The first antinomy (of space and time)[edit] The second antinomy (of atomism)[edit] The dynamical antinomies[edit] The third antinomy (of spontaneity and causal determinism)[edit] The fourth antinomy (of necessary being or not)[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3552 en-wikipedia-org-3555 en-wikipedia-org-3556 en-wikipedia-org-356 en-wikipedia-org-3561 Hugo intended his book to awaken a concern for the surviving Gothic architecture left in Europe, however, rather than to initiate a craze for neo-Gothic in contemporary life.[46] In the same year that Notre-Dame de Paris appeared, the new French restored Bourbon monarchy established an office in the Royal French Government of Inspector-General of Ancient Monuments, a post which was filled in 1833 by Prosper Mérimée, who became the secretary of a new Commission des Monuments Historiques in 1837.[47] This was the Commission that instructed Eugène Viollet-le-Duc to report on the condition of the Abbey of Vézelay in 1840.[48] Following this, Viollet le Duc set to restore most of the symbolic buildings in France including Notre Dame de Paris,[49] Vézelay,[50] Carcassonne,[51] Roquetaillade castle,[52] the famous Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey on its peaked coastal island,[53] Pierrefonds,[54] and Palais des Papes in Avignon.[51] When France''s first prominent neo-Gothic church[f] was built, the Basilica of Saint-Clotilde,[g] Paris, begun in September 1846 and consecrated 30 November 1857, the architect chosen was, significantly, of German extraction, Franz Christian Gau, (1790–1853); the design was significantly modified by Gau''s assistant, Théodore Ballu, in the later stages, to produce the pair of flèches that crown the west end.[57] en-wikipedia-org-3564 en-wikipedia-org-3565 en-wikipedia-org-3569 en-wikipedia-org-3571 An agnostic thinks it impossible to know the truth in matters such as God and the future life with which Christianity and other religions are concerned. Canon Bernard Iddings Bell (1886-1958), a popular cultural commentator, Episcopal priest, and author, lauded the necessity of agnosticism in Beyond Agnosticism: A Book for Tired Mechanists, calling it the foundation of "all intelligent Christianity."[71] Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one rigorously questioned the truths of the age, including the way in which one believed God.[72] His view of Robert Ingersoll and Thomas Paine was that they were not denouncing true Christianity but rather "a gross perversion of it."[71] Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God and religion.[73] Historically, a god was any real, perceivable force that ruled the lives of humans and inspired admiration, love, fear, and homage; religion was the practice of it. en-wikipedia-org-3574 en-wikipedia-org-358 Critique of Pure Reason (German: Kritik der reinen Vernunft; 1781; second edition 1787) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics. The central problem of the Critique is therefore to answer the question: "How are synthetic a priori judgements possible?"[7] It is a "matter of life and death" to metaphysics and to human reason, Kant argues, that the grounds of this kind of knowledge be explained.[7] In order to answer criticisms of the Critique of Pure Reason that Transcendental Idealism denied the reality of external objects, Kant added a section to the second edition (1787) titled "The Refutation of Idealism" that turns the "game" of idealism against itself by arguing that self-consciousness presupposes external objects. en-wikipedia-org-3582 The type–token distinction is the difference between naming a class (type) of objects and naming the individual instances (tokens) of that class. The type–token distinction separates types (abstract descriptive concepts) from tokens (objects that instantiate concepts). In the sentence "the bicycle is becoming more popular" the word "bicycle" represents a type that is a concept; whereas in the sentence "the bicycle is in the garage" the word "bicycle" represents a token: a particular object. (The distinction in computer programming between classes and objects is related, though in this context, "class" sometimes refers to a set of objects (with class-level attribute or operations) rather than a description of an object in the set, as "type" would.) In other words: each letter form which appears in the text has to be shown as a particular instance ("token") of one and the same type which contains a reverse image of the printed letter. en-wikipedia-org-3593 The best-known thinkers in the movement, besides Kant, were Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and the proponents of Jena Romanticism (Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel).[2] August Ludwig Hülsen, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Gottlob Ernst Schulze, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Salomon Maimon, Friedrich Schleiermacher, and Arthur Schopenhauer also made major contributions. The main German Idealists, who had been theology students,[11] reacted against Kant''s stringent limits.[12] "It was Kant''s criticism of all attempts to prove the existence of God which led to the romantic reaction of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel."[13] "Kant sets out to smash not only the proofs of God but the very foundations of Christian metaphysics, then turns around and ''postulates'' God and the immortality of the soul, preparing the way for Fichte and idealism."[14] en-wikipedia-org-3594 Integrated Authority File Wikipedia International authority file for personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies Parts of this article (those related to Types of GND high-level entities) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Integrated Authority File GND: Screenshot of the The Integrated Authority File (German: Gemeinsame Normdatei; also known as the Universal Authority File) or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. The GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. Types of GND high-level entities[edit] Information pages about the GND from the German National Library Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Authority_File&oldid=993458488#GND" Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3597 Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NDL identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 52,999 total. Edward Abbey Abe River Daniel Abraham (author) David Abrahams (computer programmer) Peter Abrahams (American author) Abrahams Janet Abu-Lughod Categories: Pages with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-36 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-3604 Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Wikipedia Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Jump to navigation Pages in this category have a explicit link argument that is the same as the sitelink in Wikidata. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in category "Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 4,354 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 2009 Atlantic hurricane season Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve David Stern Dutch West India Company Meteorological history of Hurricane Gustav National Special Operations Force (Malaysia) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata&oldid=995955035" Tracking category for Sister project links Category en-wikipedia-org-3609 Roger Eliot Fry (16 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English painter and critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Fry was educated at Clifton College[4] and King''s College, Cambridge,[5] where he was a member of the Conversazione Society, alongside freethinking men who would shape the foundation of his interest in the arts, including John McTaggart and Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson. Ian , "Fry, Roger." Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Frances Spalding, Roger Fry: Art and Life, University of California Press, (1980) 112 paintings by or after Roger Fry at the Art UK site Roger Fry at Oxford Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2nd edition) en-wikipedia-org-3611 en-wikipedia-org-3612 The majority of opposition to absolute instrumental-based music came from composer Richard Wagner (notable for his operas) and the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. In his 1997 book How the Mind Works, Steven Pinker dubbed music "auditory cheesecake",[5] a phrase that in the years since has served as a challenge to the musicologists and psychologists who believe otherwise.[6] Among those to note this stir was Philip Ball in his book The Music Instinct [7] where he noted that music seems to reach to the very core of what it means to be human: "There are cultures in the world where to say ''I''m not musical'' would be meaningless," Ball writes, "akin to saying ''I''m not alive''." In a filmed debate, Ball suggests that music might get its emotive power through its ability to mimic people and perhaps its ability to entice us lies in music''s ability to set up an expectation and then violate it.[8] en-wikipedia-org-3617 In the work of Aristotle, eudaimonia (based on older Greek tradition) was used as the term for the highest human good, and so it is the aim of practical philosophy, including ethics and political philosophy, to consider (and also experience) what it really is, and how it can be achieved. In his Nicomachean Ethics (§21; 1095a15–22), Aristotle says that everyone agrees that eudaimonia is the highest good for human beings, but that there is substantial disagreement on what sort of life counts as doing and living well; i.e. eudaimon: Socrates is convinced that virtues such as self-control, courage, justice, piety, wisdom and related qualities of mind and soul are absolutely crucial if a person is to lead a good and happy (eudaimon) life. en-wikipedia-org-3624 June 13, 1965) was an Austrian Jewish and Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the I–Thou relationship and the I–It relationship.[2] Born in Vienna, Buber came from a family of observant Jews, but broke with Jewish custom to pursue secular studies in philosophy. In 1923, Buber wrote his famous essay on existence, Ich und Du (later translated into English as I and Thou),[3] and in 1925, he began translating the Hebrew Bible into the German language. From 1906 until 1914, Buber published editions of Hasidic, mystical, and mythic texts from Jewish and world sources. Buber is famous for his thesis of dialogical existence, as he described in the book I and Thou.[3] However, his work dealt with a range of issues including religious consciousness, modernity, the concept of evil, ethics, education, and Biblical hermeneutics.[29] en-wikipedia-org-3626 en-wikipedia-org-3633 Judith Pamela Butler[2] (born February 24, 1956) is an American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics, and the fields of third-wave feminist, queer,[3] and literary theory.[4] In 1993, they began teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, where they have served, beginning in 1998, as the Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and the Program of Critical Theory. The essay draws on the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and the feminism of Simone de Beauvoir, noting that both thinkers grounded their theories in "lived experience" and viewed the sexual body as a historical idea or situation.[22] Butler distinguishes "between sex, as biological facticity, and gender, as the cultural interpretation or signification of that facticity."[22] en-wikipedia-org-3634 en-wikipedia-org-3635 He had an academic career spanning five decades, and at the time of his death he held the Danforth Chair in Philosophy of Religion at Claremont Graduate University, California, and was Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Swansea University. His research interests included the philosophy of religion, ethics, philosophy and literature, Simone Weil, Søren Kierkegaard, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Phillips was perhaps best known for his publications in the philosophy of religion, but he has also published articles in ethics, philosophy and literature, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Welsh language publications in Welsh literature. He was editor of the journal Philosophical Investigations (Blackwells) and the Swansea Series in Philosophy (Palgrave), as well as the Claremont Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and Wittgensteinian Studies series. Kant and Kierkegaard on Religion (co-edited with Timothy Tessin) en-wikipedia-org-3644 en-wikipedia-org-3646 en-wikipedia-org-3649 en-wikipedia-org-3650 The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term ''artist'' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. Main article: Visual arts education With paper becoming common in Europe by the 15th century, drawing was adopted by masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing as an art in its own right rather than a preparatory stage for painting or sculpture.[9] For instance, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. US copyright definition of visual art[edit] Main article: Outline of visual arts en-wikipedia-org-3655 Liberal South East European Network Wikipedia The Liberal South East European Network (LIBSEEN) is a South East European alliance of liberal parties and think tanks in the region, founded in Skopje, North Macedonia, in 2008. Its main initiative is to gather liberal parties of Balkans together and implement liberal policies in their respective countries.[1] Most member organizations of LIBSEEN are also members of Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno Demokratska Stranka) Croatian People''s Party-Liberal Democrats (Hrvatska Narodna Stranka Liberalni Demokrati) European Democratic Party European People''s Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance Political groups of the European Parliament Member parties of international liberal organisations Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Croatia: HNS-LD, HSLS, IDS Pan-European political parties en-wikipedia-org-3657 Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Wikipedia Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Wikimedia Commons has media related to Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Pages in category "Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences" Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich Johann Georg Abicht Louis de Beausobre Karl Heinrich Emil Becker Carl Wilhelm Borchardt Hans von Euler-Chelpin Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey Georg von der Gabelentz Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Gerhard Jacob Paul von Gundling Karl von Hegel Emil Johann Lambert Heinricher Hermann von Helmholtz Johann Gottfried Herder Wilhelm von Humboldt Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi Johann Friedrich Klotzsch Johann Heinrich Lambert Max von Laue Johannes von Müller Franz Ernst Neumann Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers Johann Friedrich Pfaff Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Members_of_the_Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences&oldid=970569513" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 1 August 2020, at 02:47 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-3658 en-wikipedia-org-367 en-wikipedia-org-3670 If you are new to editing and instead just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the referencing for beginners help page. The policy on sourcing is Wikipedia:Verifiability, which requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations. Material such as an article, book, monograph, or research paper that has been vetted by the scholarly community is regarded as reliable, where the material has been published in reputable peer-reviewed sources or by well-regarded academic presses. Main page: Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons § Reliable sources Main page: Wikipedia:No original research § Primary, secondary and tertiary sources Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources, i.e., a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. Main page: Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) en-wikipedia-org-3671 en-wikipedia-org-3677 Category:Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NSK identifiers. This is a maintenance category, used for maintenance of the Wikipedia project. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 7,873 total. Hermann Josef Abs Rudolph Ackermann Louis Adamic John Adams Albert of Saxony (philosopher) Werner Andreas Albert Alice Cooper (band) Joseph Alsop Philip Alston Albrecht Altdorfer Categories: Pages with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3681 interpretations of quantum mechanics: mainly concerning issues with how to formulate an adequate response to the measurement problem and understand what the theory says about reality inter-theoretic relations: the relationship between various physical theories, such as thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Some theories, most notably special and general relativity, suggest that suitable geometries of spacetime, or certain types of motion in space, may allow time travel into the past and future. The term Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics was often used interchangeably with and as a synonym for Heisenberg''s uncertainty principle by detractors (such as Einstein and the physicist Alfred Landé) who believed in determinism and saw the common features of the Bohr–Heisenberg theories as a threat. Within the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics the uncertainty principle was taken to mean that on an elementary level, the physical universe does not exist in a deterministic form, but rather as a collection of probabilities, or possible outcomes. Philosophy of Physics: Space and Time. en-wikipedia-org-3682 Lewis offers slightly different forms of the argument in works such as Mere Christianity (1952), The Pilgrim''s Regress (1933; 3rd ed., 1943), Surprised by Joy (1955), and "The Weight of Glory" (1940). Unlike medieval versions of the argument from desire, Lewis does not appeal to a universal, ever-present longing for eternal happiness but to a specific type of ardent and fleeting spiritual longing that he calls "Joy." As John Beversluis argues,[8] Lewis seems to offer both deductive and inductive versions of the argument from desire. The inductive version of Lewis''s argument from desire can be stated as follows: S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire," in Gregory Bassham, ed., C. "The Argument from Desire," Faith and Philosophy, 5(1), 1988, pp. "Joy, the Call of God in Man: A Critical Appraisal of Lewis''s Argument from Desire." In C. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire." In Michael H. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire. en-wikipedia-org-3698 en-wikipedia-org-3703 en-wikipedia-org-3704 The Internet, facilitated by the development of search engines, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as Google Books, MIT''s release of its educational materials and the open PubMed Central library of the National Library of Medicine.[82][83] In general, the Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated.[84] In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the Britannica has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust.[85] Eventually, the Britannica turned to focus more on its online edition.[86] en-wikipedia-org-3710 Substantial form Wikipedia The concept of substantial forms dominates ancient Greek philosophy and medieval philosophy, but has fallen out of favour in modern philosophy.[1] Platonic forms[edit] Main article: Theory of Forms Aristotelian forms[edit] Main articles: Hylomorphism and Aristotle''s biology Both Platonic and Aristotelian forms appear in medieval philosophy. Medieval theologians, newly exposed to Aristotle''s philosophy, applied hylomorphism to Christianity, such as to the transubstantiation of the Eucharist''s bread and wine to the body and blood of Jesus. The Aristotelian conception of form was adopted by the Scholastics, to whom, however, its origin in the observation of the physical universe was an entirely foreign idea. Descartes, referring to substantial forms, says: Substantial forms, in the strictest sense for Leibniz, are primitive active forces and are required for his metaphysics.[5][6] In the Discourse on Metaphysics (§10): What Killed Substantial Form? Substantial Forms and the Rise of Modern Science Aristotle''s theory of universals (substantial form) en-wikipedia-org-3714 en-wikipedia-org-3717 The Proof of the Truthful[1] (Arabic: برهان الصديقين‎, romanized: burhān al-ṣiddīqīn,[2] also translated Demonstration of the Truthful[2] or Proof of the Veracious,[3] among others) is a formal argument for proving the existence of God introduced by the Islamic philosopher Avicenna (also known as Ibn Sina, 980–1037). Furthermore, through a series of arguments, he derived that the necessary existent must have attributes that he identified with God in Islam, including unity, simplicity, immateriality, intellect, power, generosity, and goodness.[5] Historian of philosophy Peter Adamson called the argument one of the most influential medieval arguments for God''s existence, and Avicenna''s biggest contribution to the history of philosophy.[4] It was enthusiastically received and repeated (sometimes with modification) by later philosophers, including generations of Muslim philosophers, Western Christian philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, and Jewish philosophers such as Maimonides. en-wikipedia-org-3719 en-wikipedia-org-3722 en-wikipedia-org-3724 en-wikipedia-org-3738 en-wikipedia-org-3741 en-wikipedia-org-3744 International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of public international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some of these approaches are based on domestic legal theory, others are interdisciplinary, while others have been developed expressly to analyse international law. Within the Realist approach, some scholars have proposed an "enforcement theory" according to which international legal norms are effective insofar as they "publicize clear rules, enhance monitoring of compliance, and institutionalize collective procedures for punishing violations, thereby enhancing the deterrent and coercive effects of a stable balance of power."[7] Thus, the role of reciprocity and sanctions is underlined. American Society of International Law, International Legal Theory, volumes 1–12 (1995–2006). en-wikipedia-org-3747 en-wikipedia-org-3749 From the founding of the Dutch Republic in the 16th century to beginning of the 19th century the main political conflict was between the liberal urban patriciate and the supporters of the House of Orange, from the lower class and orthodox variants of Protestantism.[2] The urban patriciate favoured religious tolerance. Liberalism also dominated the universities, the media and business.[4] The liberals supported a laissez-faire economy, free trade, civil rights and a gradual expansion of suffrage.[3] Thorbecke became Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1849, and would serve two more terms throughout his lifetime. The progressive liberal Freeminded Democratic League joined the new Doorbraak leftwing Labour Party. The party was led by the former leader of the Freeminded Democratic League, Pieter Oud. In the Dutch pillarized political system the liberals mainly appealed to urban, secular upper and middle class. Individual Liberal Parties[edit] From Liberal Union until People''s Party for Freedom and Democracy[edit] (League of) Free Liberals[edit] Liberal Party[edit] Liberal political parties in the Netherlands Liberal State Party Liberal State Party en-wikipedia-org-3751 en-wikipedia-org-3769 Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as the Arab and Mongol invasions of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as Manicheism and Mazdakism as well as various post-Islamic schools. The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. On the other hand, a relatively strong translation movement has been shaped in which the Iranian readers are provided by some of the important sources of contemporary philosophy in Persian including both the analytic and continental traditions. In the history of Islamic philosophy, there were a few Persian philosophers who had their own schools of philosophy: Avicenna, al-Farabi, Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra. en-wikipedia-org-3772 Verstehen, literary theory, literary criticism, intellectual history, human sciences, hermeneutic circle, Geistesgeschichte, facticity As a polymathic philosopher, working in a modern research university, Dilthey''s research interests revolved around questions of scientific methodology, historical evidence and history''s status as a science. He could be considered an empiricist,[17] in contrast to the idealism prevalent in Germany at the time, but his account of what constitutes the empirical and experiential differs from British empiricism and positivism in its central epistemological and ontological assumptions, which are drawn from German literary and philosophical traditions. ^ a b c d e f Wilhelm Dilthey, Selected Works, Volume IV: Hermeneutics and the Study of History, Princeton University Press, 2010, p. Dilthey, The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences, Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. Makkreel, Dilthey: Philosopher of the Human Studies, Princeton University Press, 1992, p. Makkreel, Rudolf A., Dilthey: Philosopher of the Human Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). en-wikipedia-org-3773 en-wikipedia-org-378 en-wikipedia-org-3784 en-wikipedia-org-3787 en-wikipedia-org-379 Philosophers who appeal to process rather than substance include Heraclitus, Karl Marx,[4] Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, Martin Heidegger, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, Alfred North Whitehead, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Thomas Nail, Alfred Korzybski, R. In his book Science and the Modern World (1925), Whitehead noted that the human intuitions and experiences of science, aesthetics, ethics, and religion influence the worldview of a community, but that in the last several centuries science dominates Western culture. For Whitehead''s ontology of processes as defining the world, the actual entities exist as the only fundamental elements of reality. This is in perfect agreement with the viewpoint of the Einstein theory of special relativity and with the Minkowski geometry of spacetime.[24] It is clear that Whitehead respected these ideas, as may be seen for example in his 1919 book An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge[25] as well as in Process and Reality. Commentary on Whitehead and on process philosophy[edit] Regarding Whitehead''s use of the term "occasions" in reference to "God", it is explained in Process and Reality Corrected Edition that en-wikipedia-org-3798 en-wikipedia-org-3803 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-3804 Liberalism and radicalism in Spain Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberalism and radicalism in Spain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2.9 Liberal Democratic Party 2.16 From Democratic Radical Party to Republican Union In the nineteenth century, liberalism was a major political force in Spain, but as in many other continental European countries care must be taken over the use of labels as this term was used with different meanings (this is discussed in the article on Radicalism (historical). 1808-12: Until 1839 the Spanish liberals were not organized in a well-established party, but formed their own factions. Democratic Progressive Party[edit] Liberal Democratic Party[edit] 1933: Due to the development into a conservative party, the liberal wing seceded as the ⇒ Radical Democratic Party. From Democratic Radical Party to Republican Union[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3806 Each of these is richly associated with mathematics.[93] Among the connections to the visual arts, mathematics can provide tools for artists, such as the rules of linear perspective as described by Brook Taylor and Johann Lambert, or the methods of descriptive geometry, now applied in software modelling of solids, dating back to Albrecht Dürer and Gaspard Monge.[94] Artists from Luca Pacioli in the Middle Ages and Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Dürer in the Renaissance have made use of and developed mathematical ideas in the pursuit of their artistic work.[93][95] The use of perspective began, despite some embryonic usages in the architecture of Ancient Greece, with Italian painters such as Giotto in the 13th century; rules such as the vanishing point were first formulated by Brunelleschi in about 1413,[6] his theory influencing Leonardo and Dürer. en-wikipedia-org-3808 en-wikipedia-org-382 In philosophy of science, confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism, is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but rather that only a set of statements (a whole theory) can be so. It is attributed to Willard Van Orman Quine who motivated his holism through extending Pierre Duhem''s problem of underdetermination in physical theory to all knowledge claims.[1][2] A related claim made by Quine, though contested by some (see Adolf Grünbaum 1962),[4] is that one can always protect one''s theory against refutation by attributing failure to some other part of our web of belief. One early advocate of partial confirmational holism is Adolf Grünbaum (1962).[4] Another is Ken Gemes (1993).[8] The latter provides refinements to the hypothetico-deductive account of confirmation, arguing that a piece of evidence may be confirmationally relevant only to some content parts of a hypothesis. ''Hypothetico-Deductivism, Content, and the Natural Axiomatization of Theories'', Philosophy of Science, vol. en-wikipedia-org-3826 Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (/ˈvɪtɡənʃtaɪn, -staɪn/ VIT-gən-s(h)tyne;[11] German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈvɪtɡn̩ˌʃtaɪn]; 26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.[12] From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge.[13] During his lifetime he published just one slim book (the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1921), one article ("Some Remarks on Logical Form", 1929), one book review and a children''s dictionary.[14][15] His voluminous manuscripts were edited and published posthumously. Peter Hacker argues that Wittgenstein''s influence on 20th-century analytical philosophy can be attributed to his early influence on the Vienna Circle and later influence on the Oxford "ordinary language" school and Cambridge philosophers.[258] en-wikipedia-org-3829 en-wikipedia-org-3830 This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. Philosophy[edit] The characteristic position of all the different Bhedābheda Vedānta schools is that the individual self (jīvātman) is both different and not different from the ultimate reality known as Brahman. Each thinker within the Bhedābheda Vedānta tradition has their own particular understanding of the precise meanings of the philosophical terms "difference" and "non-difference". Bhedābheda predates the positions of two other major schools of Vedānta. Bhedābheda ideas had an enormous influence on the devotional (bhakti) schools of India''s medieval period. Bhāskara (8th and 9th centuries), who founded the Aupādhika Bhedābheda school.[1] This Hindu philosophy-related article is a stub. This article about Hindu religious studies, scripture or ceremony is a stub. Hindu philosophy stubs en-wikipedia-org-3844 Although he is often characterized exclusively as an architect, as James Beck has observed,[1] "to single out one of Leon Battista''s ''fields'' over others as somehow functionally independent and self-sufficient is of no help at all to any effort to characterize Alberti''s extensive explorations in the fine arts." Although Alberti is known mostly for being an artist, he was also a mathematician of many sorts and made great advances to this field during the 15th century.[2] His two most important buildings are the churches of S. This was followed in 1450 by a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic church of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, the Tempio Malatestiano.[5] In Florence, he designed the upper parts of the facade for the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, famously bridging the nave and lower aisles with two ornately inlaid scrolls, solving a visual problem and setting a precedent to be followed by architects of churches for four hundred years.[7] In 1452, he completed De re aedificatoria, a treatise on architecture, using as its basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the archaeological remains of Rome. en-wikipedia-org-3845 en-wikipedia-org-3848 It was in the 19th century that the concept of "science" received its modern shape with new titles emerging such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics", and "physicist", among other technical fields and titles; institutions and communities were founded, and unprecedented applications to and interactions with other aspects of society and culture occurred.[6] The term scientist was coined by the naturalist-theologian William Whewell in 1834 and it was applied to those who sought knowledge and understanding of nature.[4][21] From the ancient world, starting with Aristotle, to the 19th century, the practice of studying nature was commonly referred to as "natural philosophy".[6][22] Isaac Newton''s book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), whose title translates to "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", reflects the then-current use of the words "natural philosophy", akin to "systematic study of nature". en-wikipedia-org-385 Object (philosophy) Wikipedia Find sources: "Object" philosophy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An object is a philosophy term often used in contrast to the term subject. For modern philosophers like Descartes, consciousness is a state of cognition that includes the subject—which can never be doubted as only it can be the one who doubts—and some object(s) that may be considered as not having real or full existence or value independent of the subject who observes it. Metaphysical frameworks also differ in whether they consider objects existing independently of their properties and, if so, in what way.[1] One approach to defining it is in terms of objects'' properties and relations. According to David Hume''s bundle theory, the answer is none; thus an object is merely its properties. Abstract object theory Abstract object theory en-wikipedia-org-3852 View that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other. ''Hard incompatibilism'' is a term coined by Derk Pereboom to designate the view that both determinism and indeterminism are incompatible with having free will and moral responsibility.[10] Like the hard determinist, the hard incompatibilist holds that if determinism were true, our having free will would be ruled out. en-wikipedia-org-3853 They included a world of constitutional republics by establishment of political community.[2] His classical republican theory was extended in Doctrine of Right (1797), the first part of Metaphysics of Morals.[3] At the end of the 20th century Kant''s political philosophy had been enjoying a remarkable renaissance in English-speaking countries with more major studies in a few years than had appeared in the preceding many decades.[4] Kant''s political philosophy has been described as liberal for its presumption of limits on the state based on the social contract as a regulative matter.[6] A distinctive feature of Kant''s political philosophy is his conviction that the university should be a model of creative conflict: the philosopher''s role within the university should be to "police" the higher faculties (which in his day were theology, law and medicine), making sure their teaching conforms to the principles of reason; likewise, the goal of perpetual peace in society can be achieved only when the rulers consult with philosophers on a regular basis.[10] en-wikipedia-org-3856 Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia''s Manual of Style. A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. The exterior view of the Mausoleum of Emperor Jahangir, located in Punjab, Pakistan The interior of the Spring Valley Mausoleum in Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places El Alia Cemetery, Mausoleum of the Late President, Algeria. National Hall, Mausoleum of the Late President William Tubman in Monrovia, Montserrado, Liberia. Camayanne Mausoleum and contains the tombs of Guinea national hero Samori Ture, Sekou Toure and Alfa Yaya. Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, mausoleum of General San Martín. Miles Mausoleum in Arlington National Cemetery Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mausoleums. Categories: Mausoleums en-wikipedia-org-3858 Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon,[4] Comte developed positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social disorder caused by the French Revolution, which he believed indicated imminent transition to a new form of society. On page 27 of the 1855 printing of Harriet Martineau''s translation of The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, we see his observation that, "If it is true that every theory must be based upon observed facts, it is equally true that facts can not be observed without the guidance of some theories. 28-29), Comte''s austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx. en-wikipedia-org-3859 en-wikipedia-org-387 en-wikipedia-org-3872 Later philosophers connected this plane to the idea of goodness, beauty, and then the Christian God. Various observers have also argued that the experience of beauty is evidence of the existence of a universal God. Depending on the observer, this might include artificially beautiful things like music or art, natural beauty like landscapes or astronomical bodies, or the elegance of abstract ideas like the laws of mathematics or physics. Christianity adopted this Neo-Platonic conception and saw it as a strong argument for the existence of a supreme God. In the early fifth century, for example, Augustine of Hippo discusses the many beautiful things in nature and asks "Who made these beautiful changeable things, if not one who is beautiful and unchangeable?"[1] This second aspect is what most people today understand as the argument from beauty. en-wikipedia-org-3881 Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2016 Wikipedia Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2016 It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles needing additional references from July 2016 (2016-07) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles needing additional references. Pages in category "Articles needing additional references from July 2016" 2nd Battalion, 377th Field Artillery Regiment 2013 Women''s Rugby League World Cup 2015 Summer European League of Legends Championship Series 2016 Hokkaido American Football Association season Absolutely the Best (Odetta album) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2016&oldid=727590699" Monthly clean-up category (Articles needing additional references) counter en-wikipedia-org-3886 Pietism · John Wesley · Great Awakenings · Holiness movement · Restoration Movement · Existentialism · Liberalism (Secular theology · Modernism in the Catholic Church) · Nouvelle théologie · Postliberal Theology · Postmodernism (Radical orthodoxy) · Neo-orthodoxy · Paleo-orthodoxy · Vatican II · Hermeneutics · Liberation theology · Christian anarchism · Christian Feminism (Asian feminist theology) · Queer Theology · Progressive Christianity · Theothanatology · Critical realism · Consequentialism (Situational ethics · Christian hedonism) · Transmodernism · Process theology · Open theism The effort to remove "superstitious" elements from Christian faith dates to intellectually reforming Renaissance Christians such as Erasmus (who compiled the first modern Greek New Testament) in the late 15th and early-to-mid 16th centuries, and, later, the natural-religion view of the Deists, which disavowed any revealed religion or interaction between the Creator and the creation, in the 17–18th centuries.[16] The debate over whether a belief in miracles was mere superstition or essential to accepting the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis within the 19th-century church, for which theological compromises were sought.[17][pages needed] Many liberals prefer to read Jesus'' miracles as metaphorical narratives for understanding the power of God.[18][better source needed] Not all theologians with liberal inclinations reject the possibility of miracles, but many reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation entails.[19] en-wikipedia-org-3889 The Earth completes one rotation for each day/night cycle, so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared with other forces; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time, such as large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean; or where high precision is important, such as long range artillery or missile trajectories. Though not obvious from this example, which considers northward motion, the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving eastward or westward (or in any other direction).[8] However, the theory that the effect determines the rotation of draining water in a typical size household bathtub, sink or toilet has been repeatedly disproven by modern-day scientists; the force is negligibly small compared to the many other influences on the rotation.[9][10][11] en-wikipedia-org-3892 Namık Kemal (21 December 1840 – 2 December 1888) was an Ottoman democrat,[1][2][3] writer, intellectual, reformer, journalist, playwright, and political activist who was influential in the formation of the Young Ottomans and their struggle for governmental reform in the Ottoman Empire during the late Tanzimat period, which would lead to the First Constitutional Era in the Empire in 1876.[4] Kemal was particularly significant for championing the notions of freedom and fatherland[5] in his numerous plays and poems, and his works would have a powerful impact on the establishment of and future reform movements in Turkey, as well as other former Ottoman lands.[6] He is often regarded as being instrumental in redefining Western concepts like natural rights and constitutional government.[7] en-wikipedia-org-3897 In astronomy, cosmogony refers to the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System, or the Earth–Moon system.[1][2] The prevalent cosmological model of the early development of the universe is the Big Bang theory.[4] Sean M. Carroll, who specializes in theoretical cosmology and field theory, explains two competing explanations for the origins of the singularity, which is the center of a space in which a characteristic is limitless.[5] An example of this is when the black hole reaches a point of singularity and gravity, as the characteristic of this space becomes boundless. Before cosmogony had roots in scientific theories, creation myths were used to provide explanations for the origin story of the universe. Cosmogony can be distinguished from cosmology, which studies the universe at large, its existence and does not inquire directly into the source of its origins. en-wikipedia-org-3898 en-wikipedia-org-3911 en-wikipedia-org-3916 Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 – July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism,[9] who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States".[10] Sellars is well known as a critic of foundationalist epistemology—the "Myth of the Given" as he called it.[7] However, his philosophical works are more generally directed toward the ultimate goal of reconciling intuitive ways of describing the world (both those of common sense and traditional philosophy) with a thoroughly naturalist, scientific account of reality. Sellars''s death in 1989 was the result of long-term alcohol use.[20] A collection of essays devoted to ''Sellars and his Legacy'' was published by Oxford University Press in 2016 (James O''Shea, ed., Wilfrid Sellars and his Legacy), with contributions from Brandom, deVries, Kraut, Kukla, Lance, McDowell, Millikan, O''Shea, Rosenthal, Seibt, and Williams. en-wikipedia-org-3927 en-wikipedia-org-3928 en-wikipedia-org-3932 The Mathematics Genealogy Mission statement: "Throughout this project when we use the word "mathematics" or "mathematician" we mean that word in a very inclusive sense.[5] Thus, all relevant data from statistics, computer science, philosophy or operations research is welcome."[7] The genealogy information is obtained from sources such as Dissertation Abstracts International and Notices of the American Mathematical Society, but may be supplied by anyone via the project''s website.[3][8] The searchable database contains the name of the mathematician, university which awarded the degree, year when the degree was awarded, title of the dissertation, names of the advisor and second advisor, a flag of the country where the degree was awarded, a listing of doctoral students, and a count of academic descendants.[1] Some historically significant figures who lacked a doctoral degree are listed, notably Joseph-Louis Lagrange.[9] ^ Mission Statement, The Mathematics Genealogy Project Mathematics Genealogy Project ID (P549) (see uses) en-wikipedia-org-3937 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-3941 Cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false (they are truth-apt), which noncognitivists deny.[1] Cognitivism is so broad a thesis that it encompasses (among other views) moral realism (which claims that ethical sentences express propositions about mind-independent facts of the world), ethical subjectivism (which claims that ethical sentences express propositions about peoples'' attitudes or opinions), and error theory (which claims that ethical sentences express propositions, but that they are all false, whatever their nature). Ethical cognitivists hold that ethical sentences do express propositions: that it can be true or false, for example, that Mary is a good person, or that stealing and lying are always wrong. Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all. en-wikipedia-org-395 Königsberg Cathedral (Russian: Кафедральный собор в Калининграде, romanized: Kafedralny sobor v Kaliningrade; German: Königsberger Dom) is a Brick Gothic-style monument in Kaliningrad, Russia, located on Kneiphof island in the Pregel (Pregolya) river. It is the most significant preserved building of the former City of Königsberg, which was largely destroyed in World War II. After the Samland bishop Johann Clare had acquired the eastern part of Kneiphof island from the Teutonic Knights in 1322, he and his cathedral chapter had a new see built at the site and ensured its autonomy by a 1333 treaty with Grand Master Luther von Braunschweig. In 1640 a clock was built underneath the rebuilt spire, and from 1650 the famous Wallenrodt Library, donated by Martin von Wallenrodt, was situated underneath the gable roof. Tomb of Immanuel Kant at Königsberg Cathedral Wikimedia Commons has media related to Königsberg Cathedral. en-wikipedia-org-3952 en-wikipedia-org-3957 Westernization (US) or Westernisation (UK), also Europeanization/Europeanisation or occidentalization/occidentalisation (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, and philosophy. The process of Westernization comes when non-Western societies come under Western influence or adopt Western culture in different areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.[9] Lebanon.[27] Although Lebanon is geographically located in the Middle East north of Israel, Lebanon has almost 40% Christians who are heavily influenced both culturally and socially by Western countries (particularly France with whom they share historical ties dating as early as the Crusader''s state of County of Tripoli founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse that encompassed most of present-day Lebanon. en-wikipedia-org-3958 The first use of the term "anthropology" in English to refer to a natural science of humanity was apparently in Richard Harvey''s 1593 Philadelphus, a defense of the legend of Brutus in British history, which, includes the passage: "Genealogy or issue which they had, Artes which they studied, Actes which they did. Early anthropology was divided between proponents of unilinealism, who argued that all societies passed through a single evolutionary process, from the most primitive to the most advanced, and various forms of non-lineal theorists, who tended to subscribe to ideas such as diffusionism.[37] Most nineteenth-century social theorists, including anthropologists, viewed non-European societies as windows onto the pre-industrial human past. In other countries (and in some, particularly smaller, British and North American universities), anthropologists have also found themselves institutionally linked with scholars of folklore, museum studies, human geography, sociology, social relations, ethnic studies, cultural studies, and social work. en-wikipedia-org-3965 Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held to be as important for modern art as Leonardo da Vinci''s A Treatise on Painting for the Renaissance.[1][2][3] He and his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture in Germany. During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis in April 1914 Klee produced with Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong light and color stimulus of the North African countryside in the fashion of Paul Cézanne and Robert Delaunays'' cubistic form concepts. en-wikipedia-org-3969 en-wikipedia-org-3976 Category:Metatheory of science Wikipedia Category:Metatheory of science Jump to navigation The main article for this category is Philosophy of science. Problem of induction Scientific method Scientific theory Rationalism / Empiricism Social science Computer science Computer science Criticism of science History and philosophy of science History of science Rhetoric of science Science studies Philosophers of science by era Science portal Pages in category "Metatheory of science" The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Constructivism (philosophy of science) Contextual empiricism Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) Received view of theories Scientific realism Semantic view of theories Unified Science Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Metatheory_of_science&oldid=630259461" Categories: Metatheory Philosophy of science Philosophy of science Wikimedia Commons Edit links Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3977 Category:Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia Category:Articles with Internet Archive links Jump to navigation Pages in category "Articles with Internet Archive links" 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment 13th New Jersey Infantry Regiment 26th Maine Infantry Regiment 26th Maine Infantry Regiment 33rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 125th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States) Henry Larcom Abbot David Abbott (magician) Edwin Abbott (educator) George Frederick Abbott John Stevens Cabot Abbott Lyman Abbott William Louis Abbott Gilbert Abbott à Beckett Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links&oldid=954020533" Categories: Wikipedia external links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3982 Anarcho-capitalists claim that various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism.[7] However, anarcho-capitalism was developed in the 20th century and the first person to use the term anarcho-capitalism was Murray Rothbard.[8] Rothbard synthesized elements from the Austrian School, classical liberalism and 19th-century American individualist anarchists and mutualists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker while rejecting their labor theory of value and the anti-capitalist and socialist norms they derived from it.[9][10][11] Rothbard''s anarcho-capitalist society would operate under a mutually agreed-upon "legal code which would be generally accepted, and which the courts would pledge themselves to follow".[12] This legal code would recognize contracts, private property, self-ownership and tort law in keeping with the non-aggression principle.[12][13] However, Friedman believes that "utilitarian arguments are usually the best way to defend libertarian views".[42] Peter Leeson argues that "the case for anarchy derives its strength from empirical evidence, not theory"[clarification needed].[43] Hans-Hermann Hoppe uses "argumentation ethics" for his foundation of "private property anarchism"[44] which is closer to Rothbard''s natural law approach. en-wikipedia-org-3985 All subsequent phenomenology, in addition to and including Blumenberg, Carnap, Derrida, Farber, Fink, Gallagher, Gödel, Heidegger, Henry, Ingarden, Kołakowski, Köchler, Landgrebe, Mises, Levinas, Marcel, Marion, Merleau-Ponty, Ortega y Gasset, Patočka, Przywara, Putnam,[14] Reinach, Ricœur, Ryle,[15] Sartre, Scheler, Schütz, Sellars,[16] Stein, Stiegler, Strauss, Weyl, Willard, Wojtyła, Zahavi, Zubiri[17] In his habilitation thesis, On the Concept of Number (1886) and in his Philosophy of Arithmetic (1891), Husserl sought, by employing Brentano''s descriptive psychology, to define the natural numbers in a way that advanced the methods and techniques of Karl Weierstrass, Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor, Gottlob Frege, and other contemporary mathematicians. Paul Ricœur has translated many works of Husserl into French and has also written many of his own studies of the philosopher.[122] Among other works, Ricœur employed phenomenology in his Freud and Philosophy (1965).[123] en-wikipedia-org-399 en-wikipedia-org-3990 Jurisprudence, or legal theory, is the theoretical study of law. It espouses the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to aspects of legal systems.[4] It encompasses such theories of jurisprudence as "legal positivism", which holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from basic social facts;[5] and "legal realism", which argues that the real-world practice of law determines what law is, the law having the force that it does because of what legislators, lawyers, and judges do with it. The most internationally influential advocacy for a "sociological jurisprudence" occurred in the United States, where, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, Roscoe Pound, for many years the Dean of Harvard Law School, used this term to characterise his legal philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-3996 en-wikipedia-org-4009 An ideology (/ˌʌɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/) is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially as held for reasons that are not purely epistemic,[1][2] in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones."[3] Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.[4] There are many different kinds of ideologies, including political, social, epistemological, and ethical. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, offering some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. en-wikipedia-org-4011 Fa (Chinese: 法;Mandarin pronunciation: [fà]) is a concept in Chinese philosophy that covers ethics, logic, and law. It can be translated as "law" in some contexts, but more often as "model" or "standard." First gaining importance in the Mohist school of thought, the concept was principally elaborated in Legalism. In Han Fei''s philosophy, the king is the sole source of fa (law), taught to the common people so that there would be a harmonious society free of chance occurrences, disorder, and "appeal to privilege". Mohism and the School of Names[edit] To Mozi, a standard must stand "three tests" in order to determine its efficacy and morality.[3] The first of these tests was its origin; if the standard had precedence in the actions or thought of the semi-mythological sage kings of the Xia dynasty whose examples are frequently cited in classical Chinese philosophy. Categories: Concepts in Chinese philosophy Legalism (Chinese philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-4012 en-wikipedia-org-4014 In meta-ethics, expressivism is a theory about the meaning of moral language. More recent versions of expressivism, such as Simon Blackburn''s "quasi-realism",[11] Allan Gibbard''s "norm-expressivism",[12] and Mark Timmons'' and Terence Horgan''s "cognitivist expressivism" tend to distance themselves from the "noncognitivist" label applied to Ayer, Stevenson, and Hare.[13] What distinguishes these "new wave" expressivists is that they resist reductive analyses of moral sentences or their corresponding psychological states, moral judgments,[14] and they allow for moral sentences/judgments to have truth value.[2] Horgan and Timmons'' label "cognitivist expressivism" in particular captures the philosophical commitment they share with Blackburn and Gibbard to regard moral judgments as cognitive psychological states, i.e. beliefs, and moral sentences as vehicles for genuine assertions or truth-claims. Much of the current expressivist project is occupied with defending a theory of the truth of moral sentences that is consistent with expressivism but can resist the Frege-Geach objection (see below). en-wikipedia-org-4016 Arthur attended lectures by the prominent post-Kantian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte but quickly found many points of disagreement with his Wissenschaftslehre and he also found his lectures tedious and hard to understand.[67] He later mentioned Fichte only in critical, negative terms[67]—seeing his philosophy as a lower quality version of Kant''s and considering it useful only because Fichte''s poor arguments unintentionally highlighted some failings of Kantianism.[68] He also attended the lectures of the famous Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, whom he also quickly came to dislike.[69] His notes and comments on Schleiermacher''s lectures show that Schopenhauer was becoming very critical of religion and moving towards atheism.[70] He learned by self-directed reading; besides Plato, Kant and Fichte he also read the works of Schelling, Fries, Jacobi, Bacon, Locke, and much current scientific literature.[65] He attended philological courses by August Böckh and Friedrich August Wolf and continued his naturalistic interests with courses by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Paul Erman, Johann Elert Bode, Ernst Gottfried Fischer, Johann Horkel, Friedrich Christian Rosenthal and Hinrich Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein was also a friend whom he met at one of his mother''s parties in Weimar).[71] en-wikipedia-org-4019 Sir Edward Tylor had initially wanted to describe the phenomenon as spiritualism, but realised that such would cause confusion with the modern religion of Spiritualism, which was then prevalent across Western nations.[13] He adopted the term animism from the writings of German scientist Georg Ernst Stahl,[14] who had developed the term animismus in 1708 as a biological theory that souls formed the vital principle and that the normal phenomena of life and the abnormal phenomena of disease could be traced to spiritual causes.[15] Many anthropologists ceased using the term animism, deeming it to be too close to early anthropological theory and religious polemic.[19] However, the term had also been claimed by religious groups—namely indigenous communities and nature worshipers—who felt that it aptly described their own beliefs, and who in some cases actively identified as "animists."[33] It was thus readopted by various scholars, who began using the term in a different way,[19] placing the focus on knowing how to behave toward other beings, some of whom aren''t human.[17] As religious studies scholar Graham Harvey stated, while the "old animist" definition had been problematic, the term animism was nevertheless "of considerable value as a critical, academic term for a style of religious and cultural relating to the world."[34] en-wikipedia-org-4023 en-wikipedia-org-4026 Epiphenomenalism is a position on the mind–body problem which holds that physical and biochemical events within the human body (sense organs, neural impulses, and muscle contractions, for example) are causal with respect to mental events (thought, consciousness, and cognition). For instance, fear seems to make the heart beat faster, but according to epiphenomenalism the biochemical secretions of the brain and nervous system (such as adrenaline)—not the experience of fear—is what raises the heartbeat.[1] Because mental events are a kind of overflow that cannot cause anything physical, yet have non-physical properties, epiphenomenalism is viewed as a form of property dualism. Thomas Henry Huxley agreed with Descartes that behavior is determined solely by physical mechanisms, but he also believed that humans enjoy an intelligent life. How the brain causes a spiritual mind, according to Campbell, is destined to remain beyond our understanding forever (see New Mysterianism).[7] In 2001, David Chalmers and Frank Jackson argued that claims about conscious states should be deduced a priori from claims about physical states alone. en-wikipedia-org-4027 Though the democratic peace theory was not rigorously or scientifically studied until the 1960s, the basic principles of the concept had been argued as early as the 1700s in the works of philosopher Immanuel Kant and political theorist Thomas Paine. Some democratic peace researchers have been criticized for post hoc reclassifying some specific conflicts as non-wars or political systems as non-democracies without checking and correcting the whole data set used similarly. According to these authors, the theory can explain the empirical phenomena previously explained by the earlier dominant research program, realism in international relations; in addition, the initial statement that democracies do not, or rarely, wage war on one another, has been followed by a rapidly growing literature on novel empirical regularities (Ray 2003, Chernoff 2004, Harrison 2010). Supporters of realism in international relations in general argue that not democracy or its absence, but considerations and evaluations of power, cause peace or war. en-wikipedia-org-4043 Since 1986 he served as Professor of Political Theory at the University of Essex, where he founded and directed for many years the graduate programme in Ideology and Discourse Analysis, as well as the Centre for Theoretical Studies in the Humanities and the Social Sciences. Following several acrimonious publications in the early 2000s, Laclau wrote in On Populist Reason (2005) that Žižek had an impractical and confused approach to politics, describing him as "waiting for the martians".[9] Their disagreement escalated in the pages of Critical Inquiry in 2006, when in a spate of essays the two argued in an increasingly hostile manner about political action, Marxism and class struggle, Hegel, populism, and the Lacanian Real.[11][12] More recently in a 2014 interview with David Howarth, Laclau stated that his relationship with Žižek had deteriorated due to the latter adopting a "frantic ultra-Leftist stance, wrapped in a Leninism of kindergarten".[13] en-wikipedia-org-4049 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-405 en-wikipedia-org-4050 Surprising and counter-intuitive developments in formal logic and set theory early in the 20th century led to new questions concerning what was traditionally called the foundations of mathematics. Set-theoretic realism (also set-theoretic Platonism)[11] a position defended by Penelope Maddy, is the view that set theory is about a single universe of sets.[12] This position (which is also known as naturalized Platonism because it is a naturalized version of mathematical Platonism) has been criticized by Mark Balaguer on the basis of Paul Benacerraf''s epistemological problem.[13] A similar view, termed Platonized naturalism, was later defended by the Stanford–Edmonton School: according to this view, a more traditional kind of Platonism is consistent with naturalism; the more traditional kind of Platonism they defend is distinguished by general principles that assert the existence of abstract objects.[14] en-wikipedia-org-4051 The rasa theory has a dedicated section (Chapter 6) in the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra, an ancient scripture from the 1st millennium BCE attributed to Bharata Muni.[4] However, its most complete exposition in drama, songs and other performance arts is found in the works of the Kashmiri Shaivite philosopher Abhinavagupta (c. 1000 CE), demonstrating the persistence of a long-standing aesthetic tradition of ancient India.[2][5][6] According to the Rasa theory of the Natya Shastra, entertainment is a desired effect of performance arts but not the primary goal, and the primary goal is to transport the individual in the audience into another parallel reality, full of wonder and bliss, where he experiences the essence of his own consciousness, and reflects on spiritual and moral questions.[5][6][7] en-wikipedia-org-4054 en-wikipedia-org-4060 Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position "that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge" to the more extreme position that reason is "the unique path to knowledge".[5] Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general,[6][7] with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes[8][9] (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands)[10][11] and Spinoza[12][13]–namely Cartesianism[14][15][16] and Spinozism.[17] It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists[18][19][20][21] like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the "Age of Reason" its name and place in history.[22] en-wikipedia-org-4061 en-wikipedia-org-4068 en-wikipedia-org-4071 en-wikipedia-org-4073 en-wikipedia-org-4078 Find sources: "Korean philosophy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Some aspects of Shamanism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism were integrated into Korean philosophy. As the main influences on life in Korea, often Korean Shamanism, Korean Taoism, Korean Buddhism, Korean Confucianism and Silhak movements have shaped Korean life and thought. 5 North Korean post-1945 philosophy Main article: Korean Confucianism One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural exchange from China. Further information: Neo-Confucianism in Korea Western philosophy in Korea, 1890–1945[edit] North Korean post-1945 philosophy[edit] Main article: List of Korean philosophers Neo-Confucian philosophers[edit] Contemporary Korean philosophers[edit] List of Korean philosophers Categories: Korean philosophy en-wikipedia-org-4082 Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism, his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as Christian realism.[31][verification needed] He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944), "Man''s capacity for justice makes democracy possible; but man''s inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary." Niebuhr''s realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world. en-wikipedia-org-4084 Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda Wikipedia Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda (April 23, 1892 – December 22, 1979) was a prominent Brazilian jurist, judge, diplomat and professor of Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco. More than thirty years after his death, Pontes de Miranda is still one of the most cited Brazilian jurists. Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda''s biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (in Portuguese) 8 (Cláudio Manuel da Costa): Alberto de Oliveira ► 18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ► Luís Guimarães Filho ► 28 (Manuel Antônio de Almeida): Inglês de Sousa ► 34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ► José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Jr. José Américo de Almeida ► Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4085 File:DBP 250 Jahre Immanuel Kant 90 Pfennig 1974.jpg Wikipedia File:DBP 250 Jahre Immanuel Kant 90 Pfennig 1974.jpg Information from its description page there is shown below. DescriptionDBP 250 Jahre Immanuel Kant 90 Pfennig 1974.jpg Deutsch: Gedenkmarke zum 250sten Geburtstag von Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)(Philosoph) English: stamp for 250 years of birth of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)(Philosoph) Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 00:33, 28 October 2007 700 × 850 (526 KB) NobbiP == Beschreibung == {{Information |Description= ''''''Stamp description / Briefmarkenbeschreibung'''''' *{{de|Gedenkmarke zum 250sten Geburtstag von Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)(Philosoph)}} {{en|stamp for 250 years of birth of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)(Philosoph)} The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on pt.wikipedia.org Usage on pt.wikipedia.org Usage on pt.wikipedia.org Usage on pt.wikipedia.org Usage on pt.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_-_250_Jahre_Immanuel_Kant_-_90_Pfennig_-_1974.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-4089 Sandra Harding says that the "moral and political insights of the women''s movement have inspired social scientists and biologists to raise critical questions about the ways traditional researchers have explained gender, sex, and relations within and between the social and natural worlds."[26] Anne Fausto-Sterling is a prominent example of this kind of feminist work within biological science. Other feminist scholars, such as Ann Hibner Koblitz,[30] Lenore Blum,[31] Mary Gray,[32] Mary Beth Ruskai,[33] and Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram,[34] have criticized some gender and science theories for ignoring the diverse nature of scientific research and the tremendous variation in women''s experiences in different cultures and historical periods. en-wikipedia-org-4096 A thesis or dissertation[1] is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author''s research and findings.[2] In some contexts, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor''s or master''s course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts, the reverse is true.[3] The term graduate thesis is sometimes used to refer to both master''s theses and doctoral dissertations.[4] In the Latin American docta, the academic dissertation can be referred to as different stages inside the academic program that the student is seeking to achieve into a recognized Argentine University, in all the cases the students must develop original contribution in the chosen fields by means of several paper work and essays that comprehend the body of the thesis.[11] Correspondingly to the academic degree, the last phase of an academic thesis is called in Spanish a defensa de grado, defensa magistral or defensa doctoral in cases in which the university candidate is finalizing their licentiate, master''s, or PhD program. en-wikipedia-org-4098 en-wikipedia-org-4104 en-wikipedia-org-4108 en-wikipedia-org-4112 Vaisheshika or Vaiśeṣika (Sanskrit: वैशेषिक) is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India. Vaisheshika school is known for its insights in naturalism.[4][5] It is a form of atomism in natural philosophy.[6] It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one''s experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence.[7] Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces. Vaisheshika postulated that what one experiences is derived from dravya (substance: a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), guna (quality), karma (activity), samanya (commonness), vishesha (particularity) and nsamavaya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).[7][12] All objects of experience can be classified into six categories, dravya (substance), guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (generality), viśeṣa (particularity) and samavāya (inherence). en-wikipedia-org-4115 en-wikipedia-org-4118 In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed.[86] Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world to collect botanical samples. Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after.[86] In 1769 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society for his work.[124] He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health.[85][125] The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus''s main contribution to taxonomy—his work marks the starting point of consistent use of binomial nomenclature.[157] During the 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, Linnaeus also developed what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy; the system of scientific classification now widely used in the biological sciences. en-wikipedia-org-4123 en-wikipedia-org-4125 en-wikipedia-org-4128 They insisted on Mendelssohn telling them his views on Jesus and managed to get from him the statement, that, provided the historical Jesus had kept himself and his theology strictly within limits of orthodox Judaism, Mendelssohn "respected the morality of Jesus'' character."[9] Six years later, in October 1769, Lavater sent Mendelssohn his German translation of Charles Bonnet''s essay on Christian Evidences, with a preface where he publicly challenged Mendelssohn to refute Bonnet or if he could not then to "do what wisdom, the love of truth and honesty must bid him, what a Socrates would have done if he had read the book and found it unanswerable."[10] Mendelssohn answered in an open letter in December 1769: "Suppose there were living among my contemporaries a Confucius or a Solon, I could, according to the principles of my faith, love and admire the great man without falling into the ridiculous idea that I must convert a Solon or a Confucius."[11] The ongoing public controversy cost Mendelssohn much time, energy and strength. en-wikipedia-org-4131 Could you have a look at User_talk:Logologist#Enlightenment_Template: I think we need to decide on the notability criteria for inclusion in the template – is it European-wide notoriety (which probably limits the list quite severely) or country-wide (which might inflate it to ridiculuous proportions). Seriously though, there still remains a lot to be done: a list of major works, placing the template on the concepts pages, and also it might make more sense to sort people by dob rather than alphabetically, that would be very useful, although it would take some time. As far as I see it, the template''s main role is to provide an easy way of exploring various Enlightenment thinkers and concepts (and there is a plan to add a short list of main works, too), not to provide information that can be found in specific articles. However, the template will not be very useful if people have to navigate to each country page to get a sense of who some of the most notable Enlightenment figures were. en-wikipedia-org-4132 Burroughs as early as 1962 in his book The Ticket That Exploded, and later in The Electronic Revolution, published in 1970 in The Job. The foundation of memetics in its full modern incarnation was launched by Douglas Rushkoff''s Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture in 1995,[7] and was accelerated with the publication in 1996 of two more books by authors outside the academic mainstream: Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme by former Microsoft executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker-player Richard Brodie, and Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society by Aaron Lynch, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at Fermilab. (There had been a short-lived paper-based memetics publication starting in 1990, the Journal of Ideas edited by Elan Moritz.[10]) In 1999, Susan Blackmore, a psychologist at the University of the West of England, published The Meme Machine, which more fully worked out the ideas of Dennett, Lynch, and Brodie and attempted to compare and contrast them with various approaches from the cultural evolutionary mainstream, as well as providing novel, and controversial, memetics-based theories for the evolution of language and the human sense of individual selfhood. en-wikipedia-org-4135 For instance, the movement of a writer''s fingers on the keyboard and a reader''s eyes across the screen is irreducibly explained in reference to the goal of writing an intelligible sentence or of learning about the physical causal closure arguments, respectively.[citation needed] On the face of it, an exclusively non-teleological (descriptive) account of the neurological and biological features of hand movement and eye movement misses the point. Goetz and Taliaferro urge that this challenge is unjustified, partly because it would imply that the real cause of arguing for the physical causal closure is neurobiological activity in the brain, not (as we know it is) the purpose-based attempt to understand the world and explain it to others.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-4138 en-wikipedia-org-414 en-wikipedia-org-4140 Even as he served as a Titular Councillor, drafting legal protocols, in Catherine''s civil service, he lauded revolutionaries like George Washington, praised the early stages of the French Revolution, and found himself enamored of the Russian Freemason, Nicholas Ivanovich Novikov, whose publication The Drone offered the first public critiques of the government, particularly with regards to serfdom.[5] Novikov''s sharp satire and indignation inspired Radischev''s most famous work – Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow – in which he emulates Novikov''s harsh and passionate style. The Russian autocracy, however, managed to prevent A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow from being published until 1905, during which time it circulated through radical groups and was translated into several languages. Criticizing the history of arbitrary rule in Russia, Radischev called autocracy the system of governance "most contrary to human nature".[16] Under this system, government was better positioned to breach its social contract with the governed, creating an unjust and oppressed society. en-wikipedia-org-4143 Among the regulars in attendance at the salon—the coterie holbachique—were the following: Diderot, Grimm, Condillac, Condorcet, D''Alembert, Marmontel, Turgot, La Condamine, Raynal, Helvétius, Galiani, Morellet, Naigeon and, for a time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[18] The salon was also visited by prominent British intellectuals, amongst them Adam Smith, David Hume, John Wilkes, Horace Walpole, Edward Gibbon, David Garrick, Laurence Sterne; the Italian Cesare Beccaria; and the American Benjamin Franklin.[19][20] Despite his extensive contributions to the Encyclopédie, d''Holbach is better known today for his philosophical writings, all of which were published anonymously or under pseudonyms and printed outside France, usually in Amsterdam by Marc-Michel Rey. His philosophy was expressly materialistic and atheistic and is today categorised into the philosophical movement called French materialism. This book leads to an atheistic philosophy that I detest."[24] Christianity Unveiled was followed by others, notably La Contagion sacrée ,[b] Théologie portative[c] and Essai sur les préjugés.[d] D''Holbach was helped in these endeavours by Jacques-André Naigeon, who would later become his literary executor.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-4145 en-wikipedia-org-4149 Cogito, ergo sum[a] is a philosophical statement that was made in Latin by René Descartes, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am".[b] The phrase originally appeared in French as je pense, donc je suis in his Discourse on the Method, so as to reach a wider audience than Latin would have allowed.[1] It appeared in Latin in his later Principles of Philosophy. In 1644, Descartes published (in Latin) his Principles of Philosophy where the phrase "ego cogito, ergo sum" appears in Part 1, article 7: Fumitaka Suzuki writes "Taking consideration of Cartesian theory of continuous creation, which theory was developed especially in the Meditations and in the Principles, we would assure that ''I am thinking, therefore I am/exist'' is the most appropriate English translation of ''ego cogito, ergo sum''."[35] The phrase cogito, ergo sum is not used in Descartes''s Meditations on First Philosophy but the term "the cogito" is used to refer to an argument from it. en-wikipedia-org-4150 en-wikipedia-org-4152 Among indications of growing engagement with Voegelin''s work are the 305 page international bibliography published in 2000 by Munich''s Wilhelm Fink Verlag; the presence of dedicated research centers at universities in the United States, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom; the appearance of recent translations in languages ranging from Portuguese to Japanese; and the publishing of a 34 volume collection of his primary works by the University of Missouri Press and various primary and secondary works offered by the Eric-Voegelin-Archiv of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Wissenschaft, Politik und Gnosis, München 1959, englische Übers.: Science, Politics and Gnosticism, Regnery Publishing Inc., Washington DC, 1968 Voegelin, Eric (1989), Sandoz, Ellis; Weiss, Gilbert; Petropoulos, William (eds.), The Collected Works, Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 0-8071-1826-5. Cooper, Barry: Eric Voegelin and the Foundations of Modern Political Science, University of Missouri Press, 1999. Webb, Eugene: Eric Voegelin: Philosopher of History University of Washington Press, 1981. en-wikipedia-org-4156 en-wikipedia-org-4162 The Art Newspaper Wikipedia Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "The Art Newspaper" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Art Newspaper is a monthly print publication, with daily updates online, founded in 1990 and based in London and New York City. Anna Somers Cocks OBE founded The Art Newspaper for Umberto Allemandi''s publishing house in 1990. The Art Newspaper network[edit] The Art Newspaper (London, founded in 1990) The Art Newspaper France (Paris, founded in 2018). Currently operating as an online daily edition called The Art Newspaper Daily. The Art Newspaper Russia (Moscow, founded in 2012)[1] The Art Newspaper China (Beijing, founded in 2013[2] The Art Newspaper Israel (Tel Aviv, founded in 2019) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_Newspaper&oldid=991874980" en-wikipedia-org-4168 en-wikipedia-org-417 Keith DeRose (born April 24, 1962) is an American philosopher teaching at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut,[1] where he is currently Allison Foundation Professor of Philosophy. "The Ordinary Language Basis for Contextualism and the New Invariantism," The Philosophical Quarterly, 2005. Chignell, ed., God and the Ethics of Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2005). ^ Faculty Page at Yale University External links[edit] This biographical article about Universalism is a stub. This biographical article about a philosophy of religion scholar is a stub. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links en-wikipedia-org-4170 en-wikipedia-org-4173 Ethical pragmatists such as John Dewey believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science. Similarly, ethical pragmatists think that norms, principles, and moral criteria are likely to be improved as a result of inquiry. Much as it is appropriate for scientists to act as though a hypothesis were true despite expecting future inquiry to supplant it, ethical pragmatists acknowledge that it can be appropriate to practice a variety of other normative approaches (e.g. consequentialism, deontological ethics, and virtue ethics), yet acknowledge the need for mechanisms which allow people to advance beyond such approaches, a freedom for discourse which does not take any such theory as assumed.[2] Thus, aimed at social innovation, the practice of pragmatic ethics supplements the practice of other normative approaches with what John Stuart Mill called "experiments in living".[3][4][5] John Dewey and moral imagination: pragmatism in ethics. en-wikipedia-org-4180 en-wikipedia-org-4184 Most of his major works were published posthumously, including his lay sermons on Faith and The Witness of God, the essay "On the Different Senses of ''Freedom'' as Applied to Will and the Moral Progress of Man", Prolegomena to Ethics, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, and the "Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract". Green''s teaching was, directly and indirectly, the most potent philosophical influence in England during the last quarter of the 19th century, while his enthusiasm for a common citizenship, and his personal example in practical municipal life, inspired much of the effort made in the years succeeding his death to bring the universities more into touch with the people, and to break down the rigour of class distinctions.[6] His ideas spread to the University of St Andrews through the influence of David George Ritchie, a former student of his, who eventually helped found the Aristotelian Society. en-wikipedia-org-4192 en-wikipedia-org-4196 en-wikipedia-org-4197 The rise of Imperial Rome, like the Greek loss of independence under Philip and Alexander three centuries earlier, may have led to a sense of powerlessness and frustration among many people, which allowed a philosophy which emphasized self-sufficiency and inner-happiness to flourish once again.[60] Cynics could be found throughout the empire, standing on street corners, preaching about virtue.[61] Lucian complained that "every city is filled with such upstarts, particularly with those who enter the names of Diogenes, Antisthenes, and Crates as their patrons and enlist in the Army of the Dog,"[62] and Aelius Aristides observed that "they frequent the doorways, talking more to the doorkeepers than to the masters, making up for their lowly condition by using impudence."[63] The most notable representative of Cynicism in the 1st century AD was Demetrius, whom Seneca praised as "a man of consummate wisdom, though he himself denied it, constant to the principles which he professed, of an eloquence worthy to deal with the mightiest subjects."[64] Cynicism in Rome was both the butt of the satirist and the ideal of the thinker. en-wikipedia-org-4200 en-wikipedia-org-4208 en-wikipedia-org-4209 en-wikipedia-org-421 Numerous variants of the theory have been presented: historically, figures including Saint Augustine, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Søren Kierkegaard have presented various versions of divine command theory; more recently, Robert Merrihew Adams has proposed a "modified divine command theory" based on the omnibenevolence of God in which morality is linked to human conceptions of right and wrong. Paul Copan has argued in favour of the theory from a Christian viewpoint, and Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski''s divine motivation theory proposes that God''s motivations, rather than commands, are the source of morality. Semantic challenges to divine command theory have been proposed; the philosopher William Wainwright argued that to be commanded by God and to be morally obligatory do not have an identical meaning, which he believed would make defining obligation difficult. Saint Augustine offered a version of divine command theory that began by casting ethics as the pursuit of the supreme good, which delivers human happiness. en-wikipedia-org-4231 In Asia, examples include texts such as the Hindu Upanishads, the works of Daoism and Confucianism and Buddhist texts.[7] Greek philosophies like Pythagoreanism and Stoicism included religious elements and theories about deities, and Medieval philosophy was strongly influenced by the big three monotheistic Abrahamic religions. As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing (as per the logical positivists view) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless.[105] The collapse of logical positivism renewed interest in philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers like William Alston, John Mackie, Alvin Plantinga, Robert Merrihew Adams, Richard Swinburne, and Antony Flew not only to introduce new problems, but to re-open classical topics such as the nature of miracles, theistic arguments, the problem of evil, the rationality of belief in God, concepts of the nature of God, and many more.[106] en-wikipedia-org-424 The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law and global and regional institutions.[3] Actions by states and non-governmental organisations form a basis of public policy worldwide. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights.[11] The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.[6] From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century,[12] possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide and war crimes,[6] as a realisation of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society.[5] en-wikipedia-org-4245 Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (January 8, 1905 – November 9, 1997) was a German writer and philosopher. He was a major figure in logical empiricism, a 20th-century movement in the philosophy of science. After moving to Berlin, Hempel participated in a congress on scientific philosophy in 1929 where he met Rudolf Carnap and became involved in the Berlin Circle of philosophers associated with the Vienna Circle. In 1934, he received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin with a dissertation on probability theory, titled Beiträge zur logischen Analyse des Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffs (Contributions to the Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability). In 1989 the Department of Philosophy at Princeton University renamed its Three Lecture Series the ''Carl G. ^ "Theories in Science" – Michigan Technological University Hempel, Selected Philosophical Essays, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. Carl Gustav Hempel Papers, 1903-1997, ASP.1999.01 at the Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh. en-wikipedia-org-4246 In Experience Without Qualities: Boredom and Modernity, Elizabeth Goodstein traces the modern discourse on boredom through literary, philosophical, and sociological texts to find that as "a discursively articulated phenomenon...boredom is at once objective and subjective, emotion and intellectualization—not just a response to the modern world but also a historically constituted strategy for coping with its discontents."[3] In both conceptions, boredom has to do fundamentally with an experience of time and problems of meaning.[citation needed] This is typically assessed by the Boredom Proneness Scale.[14] Recent research has found that boredom proneness is clearly and consistently associated with failures of attention.[15] Boredom and its proneness are both theoretically and empirically linked to depression and similar symptoms.[16][17][18] Nonetheless, boredom proneness has been found to be as strongly correlated with attentional lapses as with depression.[16] Although boredom is often viewed as a trivial and mild irritant, proneness to boredom has been linked to a very diverse range of possible psychological, physical, educational, and social problems.[19] en-wikipedia-org-4248 en-wikipedia-org-4249 Chantal Mouffe (French: [muf]; born 17 June 1943)[1] is a Belgian political theorist, formerly teaching at University of Westminster.[2] She is best known for her contribution to the development—jointly with Ernesto Laclau, with whom she co-authored Hegemony and Socialist Strategy—of the so-called Essex School of discourse analysis,[3][4] a type of post-Marxist political inquiry drawing on Gramsci, post-structuralism and theories of identity, and redefining Leftist politics in terms of radical democracy. She currently holds a professorship at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster in the United Kingdom, where she directs the Centre for the Study of Democracy.[2] A prominent critic of deliberative democracy (especially in its Rawlsian and Habermasian versions), she is also known for her critical use of the work of Carl Schmitt, mainly the concept of "the political", in proposing a radicalization of modern democracy—what she calls "agonistic pluralism". Hegemony, Radical Democracy, and the Political, edited by James Martin, London: Routledge, 2013. Social and political philosophy en-wikipedia-org-4252 Some topics are covered by print encyclopedias only in short, static articles, but Wikipedia can include more information, provide more external links, and update more quickly. A Wikipedia article should not be a complete exposition of all possible details, but a summary of accepted knowledge regarding its subject.[1] Verifiable and sourced statements should be treated with appropriate weight. Non-disruptive statements of opinion on internal Wikipedia policies and guidelines may be made on user pages and within the Wikipedia: namespace, as they are relevant to the current and future operation of the project. Wikipedia articles should not exist only to describe the nature, appearance or services a website offers, but should also describe the site in an encyclopedic manner, offering detail on a website''s achievements, impact or historical significance, which can be kept significantly more up-to-date than most reference sources, since editors can incorporate new developments and facts as they are made known. Wikipedia does have many encyclopedia articles on topics of historical significance that are currently in the news, and can be updated with recently verified information. en-wikipedia-org-426 Category:Epistemologists Wikipedia Category:Epistemologists Jump to navigation Epistemology of science Social epistemology Epistemology literature Concepts in epistemology Epistemological theories Philosophers Social philosophers Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemologists. This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. ► Philosophers of science‎ (4 C, 482 P) Pages in category "Epistemologists" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 410 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Roger Bacon Michael Bergmann (philosopher) Jean-Michel Berthelot Martin Davies (philosopher) Gareth Evans (philosopher) Hans-Georg Gadamer Gilles-Gaston Granger John Gray (philosopher) John Greco (philosopher) Anil Gupta (philosopher) James Hall (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) Wilhelm von Humboldt David Kaplan (philosopher) Philip Kitcher Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemologists&oldid=970060615" Categories: Philosophers by field Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4269 en-wikipedia-org-4272 en-wikipedia-org-4277 Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people''s beliefs about morality.[citation needed] It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to. In other words, this is the division of philosophical or general ethics that involves the observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of describing the phenomenon. Those working on descriptive ethics aim to uncover people''s beliefs about such things as values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous. Lawrence Kohlberg: An example of descriptive ethics[edit] Kohlberg''s research can be classed as descriptive ethics to the extent that he describes human beings'' actual moral development. If, in contrast, he had aimed to describe how humans ought to develop morally, his theory would have involved prescriptive ethics. en-wikipedia-org-428 en-wikipedia-org-4283 en-wikipedia-org-4289 en-wikipedia-org-4290 en-wikipedia-org-4293 Template:Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Template:Immanuel Kant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Critique of Pure Reason Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Critique of Practical Reason Critique of Judgment Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason The Metaphysics of Morals Kantianism Kantian ethics Transcendental idealism Critical philosophy Categorical imperative Hypothetical imperative Political philosophy Arthur Schopenhauer Related topics Schopenhauer''s criticism German idealism Neo-Kantianism Related Categories ► Immanuel Kant ► Immanuel Kant Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Immanuel_Kant&oldid=980571854" Categories: Philosopher sidebar templates Navigation menu Personal tools Template Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Learn to edit Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2020, at 07:44 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-4295 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4296 en-wikipedia-org-4297 They play an important role in all aspects of cognition.[1][2] As such, concepts are studied by several disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logical and psychological structure of concepts, and how they are put together to form thoughts and sentences. Concepts are used as formal tools or models in mathematics, computer science, databases and artificial intelligence where they are sometimes called classes, schema or categories. In a physicalist theory of mind, a concept is a mental representation, which the brain uses to denote a class of things in the world. In this view, concepts are abstract objects of a category out of a human''s mind rather than some mental representations. Study of concepts and conceptual structure falls into the disciplines of linguistics, philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science.[9] Notable theories on the structure of concepts[edit] "Classical Theory of Concepts". en-wikipedia-org-430 en-wikipedia-org-4300 en-wikipedia-org-4308 en-wikipedia-org-4314 Attributed to American philosopher Edmund Gettier, Gettier-type counterexamples (called "Gettier-cases") challenge the long-held justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge. In his 1963 three-page paper titled "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?",[1] Gettier attempts to illustrate by means of two counterexamples that there are cases where individuals can have a justified, true belief regarding a claim but still fail to know it because the reasons for the belief, while justified, turn out to be false. Gettier''s paper used counterexamples (see also thought experiment) to argue that there are cases of beliefs that are both true and justified—therefore satisfying all three conditions for knowledge on the JTB account—but that do not appear to be genuine cases of knowledge. Linda Zagzebski shows that any analysis of knowledge in terms of true belief and some other element of justification that is independent from truth, will be liable to Gettier cases.[10] She offers a formula for generating Gettier cases: en-wikipedia-org-4317 Abstract object theory (AOT) is a branch of metaphysics regarding abstract objects.[1] Originally devised by metaphysician Edward Zalta in 1981,[2] the theory was an expansion of mathematical Platonism. AOT is a dual predication approach (also known as "dual copula strategy") to abstract objects[3][4] influenced by the contributions of Alexius Meinong[5][6] and his student Ernst Mally.[7][6] On Zalta''s account, there are two modes of predication: some objects (the ordinary concrete ones around us, like tables and chairs) exemplify properties, while others (abstract objects like numbers, and what others would call "non-existent objects", like the round square, and the mountain made entirely of gold) merely encode them.[8] While the objects that exemplify properties are discovered through traditional empirical means, a simple set of axioms allows us to know about objects that encode properties.[9] For every set of properties, there is exactly one object that encodes exactly that set of properties and no others.[10] This allows for a formalized ontology. en-wikipedia-org-4321 en-wikipedia-org-4322 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4325 en-wikipedia-org-4326 en-wikipedia-org-4340 en-wikipedia-org-4341 Alexander Mordecai Bickel (1924–1974) was an American legal scholar and expert on the United States Constitution. Bickel''s most distinctive contribution to constitutional law was to stress what he called "the passive virtues" of judicial decision-making – the refusal to decide cases on substantive grounds if narrower grounds exist to decide the case. In his book The Least Dangerous Branch, Bickel coined the term countermajoritarian difficulty to describe his view that judicial review stands in tension with democratic theory. List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Bickel Dies: Constitutional Law Expert". ^ a b c d Bickel, Alexander Mordecai in the Legal Dictionary of the Free Dictionary Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4343 Derek Antony Parfit FBA (/ˈpɑːrfɪt/; 11 December 1942 – 1[3][4][5][6] or 2[7][8] January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."[11] In Part I of Reasons and Persons Parfit discussed self-defeating moral theories, namely the self-interest theory of rationality ("S") and two ethical frameworks: common-sense morality and consequentialism. Applying total utilitarian standards (absolute total happiness) to possible population growth and welfare leads to what he calls the repugnant conclusion: "For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living."[14]:388 Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment: imagine a choice between two possible futures. en-wikipedia-org-4344 Book:Philosophy Wikipedia Jump to navigation The Wikimedia Foundation''s book rendering service has been withdrawn. Please upload your Wikipedia book to one of the external rendering services. You can still create and edit a book design using the Book Creator and upload it to an external rendering service: For help with downloading a single Wikipedia page as a PDF, see Help:Download as PDF. This is a Wikipedia book, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, imported by an external electronic rendering service, and ordered as a printed book. Edit this book: Book Creator · Wikitext [ About ] [ Advanced ] [ FAQ ] [ Feedback ] [ Help ] [ WikiProject ] [ Recent Changes ] Philosophy[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book:Philosophy&oldid=698940976" Categories: Wikipedia books (community books) Wikipedia books (books without custom colors) Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4347 en-wikipedia-org-4349 Peter Thomas Geach[a] FBA (1916–2013) was an English philosopher and professor of logic at the University of Leeds. His areas of interest were philosophical logic, ethics, history of philosophy, philosophy of religion and the theory of identity. Peter Geach was born in Chelsea, London, on 29 March 1916.[4] He was the only son of George Hender Geach and his wife Eleonora Frederyka Adolfina née Sgonina.[5] His father, who was employed in the Indian Educational Service, would go on to work as a professor of philosophy in Lahore and later as the principal of a teacher-training college in Peshawar.[6][7] Geach was elected a fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1965.[16] He was elected an honorary fellow of Balliol College in 1979.[16] He was awarded the papal cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice by the Holy See in 1999[17] for his philosophical work. (edited) Wittgenstein''s Lectures on Philosophical Psychology, 1946–47: Notes by P.T. Geach, K.J. Shah, and A.C. Jackson, 1989 en-wikipedia-org-4357 en-wikipedia-org-4358 If this claim (which Marx originally intended as a criticism of German Idealism and the more moderate Young Hegelians) is still more or less the case in the 21st century, as many Marxists would claim,[2] then Marxist theory is in fact the practical continuation of the philosophical tradition, while much of philosophy is still politically irrelevant. Marxist and Marx-influenced 20th century theory, such as (to name a few random examples) the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, the political writing of Antonio Gramsci, and the neo-Marxism of Fredric Jameson, must take Marx''s condemnation of philosophy into account, but many such thinkers also feel a strong need to remedy the perceived theoretical problems with orthodox Marxism. Indeed, Marx''s break with German Idealism involves a new definition of philosophy; Louis Althusser, founder of "Structural Marxism" in the 1960s, would define it as "class struggle in theory". en-wikipedia-org-436 en-wikipedia-org-4375 en-wikipedia-org-4376 He is a Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords, who in 2000 was created a life peer as Baron Mitford, of Redesdale in the County of Northumberland,[4] to enable him to return to the House after the majority of hereditary peers lost their seats under the House of Lords Act 1999; he is the youngest person ever created a life peer.[citation needed] John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1748–1830) John Thomas Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1805–1886; created Earl of Redesdale in 1877) Barons Redesdale, second creation (1902)[edit] Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale (1837–1916) David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958) Bertram Thomas Carlyle Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 3rd Baron Redesdale (1880–1962) John Power Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 4th Baron Redesdale (1885–1963) Clement Napier Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 5th Baron Redesdale (1932–1991) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2013 en-wikipedia-org-4389 The content of a Nachlass can be catalogued, edited, and in some cases published in book form. Klagge and Nordmann note a conflict that faces an editor choosing what to publish draft material from a Nachlass: to understand a scholar (in this case Wittgenstein) "as he would want to be understood, we should focus on the works that came closest to passing muster with him." Yet publication of draft material may perhaps assist in a deeper understanding of the published versions, and also help understand the process whereby the scholar created his or her works.[3] Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) left a Nachlass which contains over 200,000 pages of works in philosophy, theology, history, mathematics, science, politics, and physics in seven languages and remains largely unpublished today. This Nachlass, published posthumously by Musil''s widow, is included in both the German and in translated English publications of the work. en-wikipedia-org-4390 Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923−4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. (1984), published as Painting as an Art. In 1962, he published an article "A paradox in the theory of democracy",[2] in which Wollheim argued that a supporter of democracy faces a contradiction when he votes. His Art and its Objects was one of the twentieth century''s most influential texts on philosophical aesthetics in English. As well as for his work on the philosophy of art, Wollheim was known for his philosophical treatments of depth psychology, especially Sigmund Freud''s.[3] His posthumously-published autobiography of youth, Germs: A Memoir of Childhood,[4] with complementary essays, discloses a good deal about his family background and his life up to early manhood, providing valuable material for understanding his interests and sensibility. en-wikipedia-org-4394 The question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;[1][2] out of the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain. Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism,[3] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world. Indirect realism is broadly equivalent to the accepted view of perception in natural science that states that we do not and cannot perceive the external world as it really is but know only our ideas and interpretations of the way the world is.[4] Representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. en-wikipedia-org-4401 curprev 23:48, 16 December 2020‎ Darwin Naz talk contribs‎ 170,425 bytes +689‎ →‎Critique of Pure Reason: added sources undo Tag: Visual edit curprev 13:21, 26 November 2020‎ 86.6.148.125 talk‎ 169,848 bytes +109‎ →‎Influence: revised grammar and content undo Tag: Visual edit curprev 03:24, 22 October 2020‎ Drevolt talk contribs‎ 168,905 bytes −23‎ Altered part of lead sentence to reflect content of the body of the article; removed cn tag; paragraph still need substantial improvement undo curprev 07:23, 9 September 2020‎ Dicayes talk contribs‎ m 168,544 bytes +19‎ Reverted edits by 213.124.80.194 (talk) to last version by Citation bot undo Tag: Rollback curprev 07:25, 5 September 2020‎ Citation bot talk contribs‎ 168,544 bytes −48‎ Alter: pages. curprev 04:09, 2 September 2020‎ DanielFidelFerrer20 talk contribs‎ m 167,129 bytes +144‎ →‎Collected works in German undo Tag: Visual edit curprev 04:01, 2 September 2020‎ DanielFidelFerrer20 talk contribs‎ m 166,985 bytes +111‎ →‎External links undo Tag: Visual edit en-wikipedia-org-4403 Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his one-time university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Its realization did not come about until 1841, when Schelling''s appointment as Prussian privy councillor and member of the Berlin Academy, gave him the right, a right he was requested to exercise, to deliver lectures in the university.[29] Among those in attendance at his lectures were Søren Kierkegaard (who said Schelling talked "quite insufferable nonsense" and complained that he did not end his lectures on time),[30] Mikhail Bakunin (who called them "interesting but rather insignificant"), Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt[31][32] (who never accepted Schelling''s natural philosophy),[33] and Friedrich Engels (who, as a partisan of Hegel, attended to "shield the great man''s grave from abuse").[34] The opening lecture of his course was attended by a large and appreciative audience. en-wikipedia-org-4408 en-wikipedia-org-4414 en-wikipedia-org-4417 Christian humanism originated towards the end of the 15th century with the early work of figures such as Jakob Wimpfeling, John Colet, and Thomas More and would go on to dominate much of the thought in the first half of the 16th century with the emergence of widely influential Renaissance and humanistic intellectual figures like Jacques Lefèvre d''Étaples and especially Erasmus, who would become the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance.[7] These scholars committed much of their intellectual work to reforming the church and reviving spiritual life through humanist education, and were highly critical of the corruption they saw in the Church and ecclesiastical life. en-wikipedia-org-4422 Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban,[a] Kt PC QC (/ˈbeɪkən/;[5] 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. Another major link is said to be the resemblance between Bacon''s New Atlantis and the German Rosicrucian Johann Valentin Andreae''s Description of the Republic of Christianopolis (1619).[98] Andreae describes a utopic island in which Christian theosophy and applied science ruled, and in which the spiritual fulfilment and intellectual activity constituted the primary goals of each individual, the scientific pursuits being the highest intellectual calling—linked to the achievement of spiritual perfection. The Works of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England (new ed.). The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England (15 volumes). en-wikipedia-org-4423 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4429 Martha Craven Nussbaum (/ˈnʊsbɔːm/, born 1947) is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance".[20] Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom,[21] Harvey Mansfield,[22] and Judith Butler.[23] Other academic debates have been with figures such as John Rawls, Richard Posner, and Susan Moller Okin.[24][25][26][27] In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. en-wikipedia-org-4430 In the analysis of the Scientific Revolution this appears as a mainstream position, at least from the founding of the Royal Society to the emergence of Newton, and was sometimes labelled "Baconian", while not being inductivist or identifying with the views of Francis Bacon in a simple-minded way.[71] After his first visit to England in 1661, when he attended a meeting of the Gresham College group in April and learned directly about Boyle''s air pump experiments, Huygens spent time in late 1661 and early 1662 replicating the work. en-wikipedia-org-4436 This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner''s early experimental work with rats and pigeons, summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms[15] and Schedules of Reinforcement.[16] Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response, of which the canonical example was the rat''s lever-press. Modern-day clinical behavior analysis has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of relational frame theory (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a "post-Skinnerian account of language and cognition."[85][36][37][38] RFT also forms the empirical basis for acceptance and commitment therapy, a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as anxiety and obesity that consists of acceptance and commitment, value-based living, cognitive defusion, counterconditioning (mindfulness), and contingency management (positive reinforcement).[86][87][88][89][90][91] Another evidence-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the functional analytic psychotherapy known as behavioral activation that relies on the ACL model—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with depression. en-wikipedia-org-4437 Find sources: "Harald Høffding" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Harald Høffding (11 March 1843 – 2 July 1931) was a Danish philosopher and theologian. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4438 en-wikipedia-org-444 Non-cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that ethical sentences do not express propositions (i.e., statements) and thus cannot be true or false (they are not truth-apt). As with other anti-realist meta-ethical theories, non-cognitivism is largely supported by the argument from queerness: ethical properties, if they existed, would be different from any other thing in the universe, since they have no observable effect on the world. According to some non-cognitivist points of view, these sentences simply assume the false premise that ethical statements are either true or false. One might more constructively interpret these statements to describe the underlying emotional statement that they express, i.e.: I disapprove/do not disapprove of eating meat, I used to, he doesn''t, I do and she doesn''t, etc.; however, this interpretation is closer to ethical subjectivism than to non-cognitivism proper. "Non-Cognitivism in Ethics". en-wikipedia-org-4444 Sir Roger Vernon Scruton FBA FRSL (/ˈskruːtən/; 27 February 1944 – 12 January 2020) was an English philosopher and writer who specialised in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.[3][4] The magazine sought to provide an intellectual basis for conservatism, and was highly critical of key issues of the period, including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, egalitarianism, feminism, foreign aid, multiculturalism and modernism.[44] In the first edition, he wrote: "It is necessary to establish a conservative dominance in intellectual life, not because this is the quickest or most certain way to political influence, but because in the long run, it is the only way to create a climate of opinion favourable to the conservative cause."[34] To begin with, Scruton had to write most of the articles himself, using pseudonyms: "I had to make it look as though there was something there in order that there should be something there!"[44] He believes that the Review "helped a new generation of conservative intellectuals to emerge. en-wikipedia-org-4446 File:Immanuel Kant.jpg Wikipedia File:Immanuel Kant.jpg This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Usage on ast.wikipedia.org Usage on azb.wikipedia.org Usage on eml.wikipedia.org Usage on rue.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Usage on sv.wikipedia.org File change date and time 00:14, 22 November 2005 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-4450 Traditionally, philosophical investigations in value theory have sought to understand the concept of "the good". However, both moral and natural goods are equally relevant to goodness and value theory, which is more general in scope. John Dewey (1859-1952), in his book Theory of Valuation,[2] sees goodness as the outcome of ethic valuation, a continuous balancing of "ends in view". Another contribution of pragmatism to value theory is the idea of contributory goods with a contributory conditionality. Moreover, Kant saw a good will as acting in accordance with a moral command, the "Categorical Imperative": "Act according to those maxims that you could will to be universal law.[3]" but should not be confused with the Ethic of Reciprocity or Golden Rule, e.g. Mt. 7:12. Main article: Theory of value (economics) Silvio Gesell denied value theory in economics. Theory of value (economics) en-wikipedia-org-4454 Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (28 December 1717[1] – 21 July 1771) was one of the leading German political economists in the 18th century. Writing against the background of the European power struggle during the Seven Years'' War, Justi''s central aim was to create modern commercial monarchies in the larger states of the Holy Roman Empire that could equal the military strength, political standing and economic performance of England and France. Apart from measures supporting population growth and fostering competition (by reducing the power of guilds and corporations), Justi viewed the increase in private consumption (by abolishing sumptuary laws), the spread of manufactures and companies as well as the growth in external trade (with the help of government-sponsored trade companies and the abolition of prohibitions regarding the import and export of goods) as cornerstones for economic success. Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi: Schauplatz der Künste und Handwerke Social and political philosophy en-wikipedia-org-4457 In 1733, German writer Friedrich Lebrecht Goetz used it as a literary term in combination with noism (German: Neinismus).[23] In the period surrounding the French Revolution, the term was also a pejorative for certain value-destructive trends of modernity, namely the negation of Christianity and European tradition in general.[6] Nihilism first entered philosophical study within a discourse surrounding Kantian and post-Kantian philosophies, notably appearing in the writings of Swiss esotericist Jacob Hermann Obereit in 1787 and German philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi in 1799.[24] As early as 1824, the term began to take on a social connotation with German journalist Joseph von Görres attributing it to a negation of existing social and political institutions.[25] The Russian form of the word, nigilizm (Russian: нигилизм), entered publication in 1829 when Nikolai Nadezhdin used it synonymously with skepticism. From the period 1860–1917, Russian nihilism was both a nascent form of nihilist philosophy and broad cultural movement which overlapped with certain revolutionary tendencies of the era,[53] for which it was often wrongly characterized as a form of political terrorism.[54] Russian nihilism centered on the dissolution of existing values and ideals, incorporating theories of hard determinism, atheism, materialism, positivism, and rational egoism, while rejecting metaphysics, sentimentalism, and aestheticism.[55] Leading philosophers of this school of thought included Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev.[56] en-wikipedia-org-4468 en-wikipedia-org-447 Contemporary defenders of the argument from reason include Alvin Plantinga, Victor Reppert and William Hasker.[citation needed] In some versions of the argument from reason, Lewis extends the argument to defend a further conclusion: that human reason depends on an eternal, self-existent rational Being (God). On 2 February 1948, Oxford philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe read a paper to the Oxford Socratic Club criticizing the version of the argument from reason contained in the third chapter of Lewis''s Miracles. Lewis accepted the criticism and amended the argument, basing it on the concept of nonrational causes of belief (as in the version provided in this article). Philosophers such as Victor Reppert,[13] William Hasker[14] and Alvin Plantinga[15] have expanded on the argument from reason, and credit C.S. Lewis as an important influence on their thinking. en-wikipedia-org-4477 This concept is considered one of the two pillars of the old view of the philosophy of science, together with verifiability.[1] An application of inductionism can show how experimental evidence can confirm or inductively justify the belief in generalization and the laws of nature.[2] For example, in Prior Analytics, he proposed an inductive syllogism, which served to establish the primary and immediate proposition.[3] For scholars, this constitutes the principle of demonstrative science.[3] The Greek philosopher, however, did not develop a detailed theory of induction.[4] Some sources even state that the Aristotelian conceptualization of induction is different from its modern mainstream interpretations due to its position that inductive arguments are deductively valid.[5] Inductionism is also said to be based on Newtonian physics.[1] This is evident in Isaac Newton''s Rule of Reasoning in Philosophy, which articulated his belief that it is imperative to cover the unobservably small features of the world through a methodology that has a strong empirical base.[7] Here, the speculative hypothesis was replaced by induction from premises obtained through observation and experiment.[7] en-wikipedia-org-4489 Existentialism is associated with several 19thand 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite profound doctrinal differences.[6][4][7] Many existentialists regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.[8][9] A primary virtue in existentialist thought is authenticity.[10] Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher,[6][11][12] though he did not use the term existentialism.[13] He proposed that each individual—not society or religion—is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely, or "authentically".[14][15] The main idea of existentialism during World War II was developed by Jean-Paul Sartre under the influence of Dostoevsky and Martin Heidegger, whom he read in a POW camp and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.[16] en-wikipedia-org-449 Through his father''s lectures, Christian came under the influence of the political philosophy of Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, and continued the study of law at the University of Frankfurt (Oder) in 1675, completing his doctorate in 1679. In 1687 he made the daring innovation of lecturing in German instead of Latin and gave a lecture on the topic "How One Should Emulate the French Way of Life," referring to the French use of their native language not only in everyday life but in scholarship as well; according to scholar Klaus Luig, this event marks the real beginning of the Enlightenment in Germany. Institutes of Divine Jurisprudence: With Selections from Foundations of the law of Nature and Nations, edited, translated, and with an introduction by Thomas Ahnert, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2011. Thomas Ahnert, Religion and the Origins of the German Enlightenment: Faith and the Reform of Learning in the Thought of Christian Thomasius (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006) (Rochester Studies in Philosophy). en-wikipedia-org-4494 Norman Fiering, a specialist in the intellectual history of colonial New England, has described Francis Hutcheson as "probably the most influential and respected moral philosopher in America in the eighteenth century."[8] Hutcheson''s early Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, introducing his perennial association of "unalienable rights" with the collective right to resist oppressive government, was used at Harvard College as a textbook as early as the 1730s.[9] In 1761, Hutcheson was publicly endorsed in the annual semi-official Massachusetts Election Sermon as "an approved writer on ethics." [10] Hutcheson''s Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy was used as a textbook at the College of Philadelphia in the 1760s.[11] Francis Alison, the professor of moral philosophy at the College of Philadelphia, was a former student of Hutcheson who closely followed Hutcheson''s thought.[12] Alison''s students included "a surprisingly large number of active, well-known patriots," including three signers of the Declaration of Independence, who "learned their patriotic principles from Hutcheson and Alison." [13] Another signer of the Declaration of Independence, John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), relied heavily on Hutcheson''s views in his own lectures on moral philosophy.[14][15] John Adams read Hutcheson''s Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy shortly after graduating from Harvard.[16] Garry Wills argued in 1978 that the phrasing of the Declaration of Independence was due largely to Hutcheson''s influence,[17] but Wills''s work suffered a scathing rebuttal from Ronald Hamowy.[18] Wills'' view has been partially supported by Samuel Fleischacker, who agreed that it is "perfectly reasonable to see Hutcheson''s influence behind the appeals to sentiment that Jefferson put into his draft of the Declaration..."[19] en-wikipedia-org-4497 View source for Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-4498 Agnostic existentialism Wikipedia Agnostic existentialism Jump to navigation This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Agnostic existentialism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Like the Christian existentialist, the agnostic existentialist believes existence is subjective. Philosophy of religion Concepts in religion Personal god Existence of God Pascal''s wager Atheist''s Wager Agnostic Theories about religions Natural evil William James History of religion Religion Religion Religious language Religious language Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnostic_existentialism&oldid=895677443" Types of existentialism Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2019 All articles lacking sources Related changes This page was last edited on 5 May 2019, at 21:18 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-4500 en-wikipedia-org-451 Equity feminism is a form of liberal feminism that advocates the state''s equal treatment of women and men, without challenging inequalities perpetuated by employers, educational and religious institutions, and other elements of society.[1][2] The concept has been discussed since the 1980s.[2][3] Equity feminism has been defined and classified as a kind of classically liberal or libertarian feminism,[1] in contrast with social feminism,[4][5] difference feminism,[6] gender feminism,[7] and equality feminism.[3] Steven Pinker, an evolutionary and cognitive psychologist, linguist, and popular science author, identifies himself as an equity feminist, which he defines as "a moral doctrine about equal treatment that makes no commitments regarding open empirical issues in psychology or biology".[11] Anne-Marie Kinahan claims that most American women look to a kind of feminism whose main goal is equity.[14] Louis Schubert et al. claim "principles of equity feminism remain in the vision of the vast majority of women in the United States".[15] in March 1972 that would give both women and men the constitutional right to equity.[16] The ERA was the first real political step to creating a more equitable society in America. en-wikipedia-org-4511 Sabeel Rahman''s book Democracy Against Domination, which seeks to create a neorepublican framework for economic regulation grounded in the thought of Louis Brandeis and John Dewey and popular control, in contrast to both New Deal-style managerialism and neoliberal deregulation.[51][52] Philosopher Elizabeth Anderson''s Private Government traces the history of republican critiques of private power, arguing that the classical free market policies of the 18th and 19th centuries intended to help workers only lead to their domination by employers.[53][54] In From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth, political scientist Alex Gourevitch examines a strain of late 19th century American republicanism known as labour republicanism that was the producerist labour union The Knights of Labor, and how republican concepts were used in service of workers rights, but also with a strong critique of the role of that union in supporting the Chinese Exclusion Act.[55][56] en-wikipedia-org-4514 philosophical position that rejects revelation as a source of religious knowledge and asserts that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to establish the existence of a Supreme Being or creator of the universe.[3][4][5] In Natural History of Religion (1757) he contends that polytheism, not monotheism, was "the first and most ancient religion of mankind" and that the psychological basis of religion is not reason, but fear of the unknown.[33] Hume''s account of ignorance and fear as the motivations for primitive religious belief was a severe blow to the deist''s rosy picture of prelapsarian humanity basking in priestcraft-free innocence. In the United States, there is a great deal of controversy over whether the Founding Fathers were Christians, deists, or something in between.[36][37] Particularly heated is the debate over the beliefs of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.[38][39][40] Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book by E. en-wikipedia-org-452 en-wikipedia-org-4520 During the 20th century many theories addressed the issue, including the planetesimal theory of Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton (1901), the tidal model of James Jeans (1917), the accretion model of Otto Schmidt (1944), the protoplanet theory of William McCrea (1960) and finally the capture theory of Michael Woolfson.[1] In 1978 Andrew Prentice resurrected the initial Laplacian ideas about planet formation and developed the modern Laplacian theory.[1] None of these attempts proved completely successful, and many of the proposed theories were descriptive. The star formation process naturally results in the appearance of accretion disks around young stellar objects.[14] At the age of about 1 million years, 100% of stars may have such disks.[15] This conclusion is supported by the discovery of the gaseous and dusty disks around protostars and T Tauri stars as well as by theoretical considerations.[16] Observations of these disks show that the dust grains inside them grow in size on short (thousand-year) time scales, producing 1 centimeter sized particles.[17] en-wikipedia-org-4521 en-wikipedia-org-4522 en-wikipedia-org-4525 en-wikipedia-org-4529 The specific problem is: Needs better organization; relative emphasis of some pages over others needs to be adjusted, since it seems to put undue weight on some relatively minor topics and doesn''t mention other important ones Please help improve this article if you can. Epistemology or theory of knowledge – branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.[1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864).[2] Epistemology asks the questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?" Core topics of epistemology[edit] Epistemological theories[edit] History of epistemology[edit] The Epistemology Page by Keith DeRose. Epistemology: The Philosophy of Knowledge – an introduction at Groovyweb. Theory of Knowledge – an introduction to epistemology, exploring the various theories of knowledge, justification, and belief. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Epistemology, 2. en-wikipedia-org-453 Liberalism in Slovakia Wikipedia Liberalism in Slovakia Find sources: "Liberalism in Slovakia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Classical liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal internationalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Alliance of Liberals Alliance of Liberals Liberal International Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal Liberalism has never influenced politics in Slovakia.[citation needed] The neoliberal Alliance of the New Citizen (Aliancia Nového Občana, observer LI, member ELDR) campaigns on a relatively liberal platform. From Alliance of Democrats to Democratic Union of Slovakia[edit] 1994: The party merged with a second dissident group, the Alliance for Political Realism, into the Democratic Union of Slovakia (Demokratická Únia na Slovensku) Alliance of the New Citizen[edit] List of political parties in Slovakia Liberalism in Europe This liberalism-related article is a stub. Political history of Slovakia Liberalism stubs en-wikipedia-org-4530 en-wikipedia-org-454 en-wikipedia-org-4541 en-wikipedia-org-4542 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Wikipedia Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 (2018-08) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with unsourced statements. Pages in category "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018" 508th Air Refueling Squadron 1983 Australian Labor Party leadership spill 1987 Little League World Series June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill Advertisements in schools Alcohol (Barenaked Ladies song) Alexander Park Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2018&oldid=852739651" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter Clean-up categories from August 2018 View history en-wikipedia-org-4548 en-wikipedia-org-4551 en-wikipedia-org-4553 en-wikipedia-org-4556 Personally invited by Proxenus of Beotia (Anabasis 3.1.9), one of the captains in Cyrus''s mercenary army, Xenophon sailed to Ephesus to meet Cyrus the Younger and participate in Cyrus''s military campaign against Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Ionia. In his Lives of Eminent Philosophers, the Greek biographer Diogenes Laërtius (who writes many centuries later) reports how Xenophon met Socrates. Xenophon''s standing as a political philosopher has been defended in recent times by Leo Strauss, who devoted a considerable part of his philosophic analysis to the works of Xenophon, returning to the high judgment of Xenophon as a thinker expressed by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Michel de Montaigne, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Niccolò Machiavelli, Francis Bacon, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. The Long March: Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, edited by Robin Lane Fox. New Heaven, Connecticut; London: Yale University Press, 2004 (hardcover, en-wikipedia-org-4560 Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples'' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, religion, and disability;[1][2][3] and individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement. Social movements for civil rights[edit] Main article: Civil rights movements Civil and political rights organizations[edit] There are current organizations that exist to protect people''s civil and political rights in case they are infringed upon. The ACLU is a well known non profit organization that helps to preserve freedom of speech and work to change policy.[24] Another organization is the NAACP they focus on protecting the civil rights of minorities. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ~ an online multimedia encyclopedia presented by the King Institute at Stanford University, includes information on over 1000 civil rights movement figures, events and organizations en-wikipedia-org-4566 en-wikipedia-org-4567 en-wikipedia-org-4571 Category:History of ethics Wikipedia Category:History of ethics Jump to navigation Jump to search The main article for this category is History of ethics. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. ► History of bioethics‎ (4 C, 4 P) ► History of vegetarianism‎ (1 C, 5 P) Pages in category "History of ethics" The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). History of ethics History of ethics in Ancient Greece Moral rationalism Moral universalism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_ethics&oldid=981091104" Categories: Ethics History of philosophy Navigation menu Personal tools Category View history Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2020, at 06:56 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-4574 The Cyrenaics or Kyrenaics (Ancient Greek: Κυρηναϊκοί; Kyrēnaïkoí) were a sensual hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. It is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the Cyrenaic school were formulated by Aristippus.[1] Diogenes Laërtius, based on the authority of Sotion and Panaetius, provided a long list of books said to have been written by Aristippus. After the time of the younger Aristippus, the school broke up into different factions, represented by Anniceris, Hegesias, and Theodorus, who all developed rival interpretations of Cyrenaic doctrines, many of which were responses to the new system of hedonistic philosophy laid down by Epicurus.[6] By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Cyrenaic school was obsolete; Epicureanism had successfully beaten its Cyrenaic rivals by offering a system which was more sophisticated.[7] "Cyrenaic School of Philosophy" . en-wikipedia-org-4575 Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 Jump to navigation These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 (2011-10) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2011&oldid=490544500" Wikipedia articles needing page number citations Wikipedia articles needing page number citations Monthly clean-up category (Wikipedia articles needing page number citations) counter View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4577 Because eroticism is wholly dependent on the viewer''s culture and personal tastes pertaining to what, exactly, defines the erotic,[7][8] critics have often[how often?] confused eroticism with pornography, with the anti-pornography activist Andrea Dworkin saying, "Erotica is simply high-class pornography; better produced, better conceived, better executed, better packaged, designed for a better class of consumer."[9] This confusion, as Lynn Hunt writes, "demonstrate the difficulty of drawing… a clear generic demarcation between the erotic and the pornographic": indeed arguably "the history of the separation of pornography from eroticism… remains to be written".[10] Queer theory and LGBT studies consider the concept from a non-heterosexual perspective, viewing psychoanalytical and modernist views of eroticism as both archaic[20] and heterosexist,[21] written primarily by and for a "handful of elite, heterosexual, bourgeois men"[22] who "mistook their own repressed sexual proclivities"[23] as the norm.[24] en-wikipedia-org-458 en-wikipedia-org-4581 en-wikipedia-org-4586 Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text Wikipedia This category contains articles with Hebrew-language text. This category contains articles with Hebrew-language text. Category:Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he) Pages in category "Articles containing Hebrew-language text" 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup 2020–21 Israel State Cup Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text&oldid=980232170" Articles containing non-English-language text en-wikipedia-org-4588 He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures[c] and spoke at the annual London Quaker meet.[88] There, addressing relations between the British and the Indians – a topic he would tackle repeatedly over the next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness".[89] He visited Aga Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union.[90] In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by the Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi.[91][92] In his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, and Romain Rolland.[93][94] Visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore''s final foreign tour, and his dislike of communalism and nationalism only deepened.[61] en-wikipedia-org-4595 Contemporary philosophy of sex is sometimes informed by Western feminism. Issues raised by feminists regarding gender differences, sexual politics, and the nature of sexual identity are important questions in the philosophy of sex. History of the philosophy of sex[edit] Throughout much of the history of Western philosophy, questions of sex and sexuality have been considered only within the general subject of ethics. The Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love is a professional group within the membership of the American Philosophical Association. "Sexual Immorality Delineated," in Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston, eds., Philosophy and Sex, 2nd edition. A Philosophical Exchange," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. "Sexual Morality and the Concept of Using Another Person," in Thomas Mappes and Jane Zembaty, eds., Social Ethics, 4th edition. "Sexual Perversion," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love en-wikipedia-org-4599 In metaphysics and philosophy of language, the correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes (i.e., corresponds with) that world.[1] Correspondence theory is a traditional model which goes back at least to some of the ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle.[2][3] This class of theories holds that the truth or the falsity of a representation is determined solely by how it relates to a reality; that is, by whether it accurately describes that reality. A classic example of correspondence theory is the statement by the medieval philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas: "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus" ("Truth is the adequation of things and intellect"), which Aquinas attributed to the ninth-century Neoplatonist Isaac Israeli.[3][5][6] The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-460 Thank you for offering to contribute an image or other media file for use on Wikipedia. If you want to replace the existing file with an uncontroversial, improved version of the same work, please go to Commons and upload it there, not here on the English Wikipedia''s local wiki. Yes, I want to overwrite the existing file, and I will use this wizard to add a new description and new source information for it. 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Then, after uploading, open the image description page for editing and add your separate explanations for each additional article manually. en-wikipedia-org-4609 Among his most prominent students were the pragmatic philosopher Herbert Schnädelbach (theorist of discourse distinction and rationality), the political sociologist Claus Offe (professor at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin), the social philosopher Johann Arnason (professor at La Trobe University and chief editor of the journal Thesis Eleven), the social philosopher Hans-Herbert Kögler (Chair of Philosophy at the University of North Florida), the sociological theorist Hans Joas (professor at the University of Erfurt and at the University of Chicago), the theorist of societal evolution Klaus Eder, the social philosopher Axel Honneth (the current director of the Institute for Social Research), the political theorist David Rasmussen (professor at Boston College and chief editor of the journal "Philosophy & Social Criticism"), the environmental ethicist Konrad Ott, the anarcho-capitalist philosopher Hans-Hermann Hoppe (who came to reject much of Habermas''s thought),[16] the American philosopher Thomas McCarthy, the co-creator of mindful inquiry in social research Jeremy J. en-wikipedia-org-4617 In his best-known book, The Concept of Mind (1949), he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as ''behaviourist''."[9] Having studied the philosophers Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, Ryle suggested that the book instead "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."[10] Author Richard Webster endorsed Ryle''s arguments against mentalist philosophies, suggesting in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995) that they implied that "theories of human nature which repudiate the evidence of behaviour and refer solely or primarily to invisible mental events will never in themselves be able to unlock the most significant mysteries of human nature."[26] en-wikipedia-org-4625 en-wikipedia-org-4628 en-wikipedia-org-4631 en-wikipedia-org-4632 The Neo-Platonists and some early Christian philosophers argued about whether existence had any reality except in the mind of God.[citation needed] Some taught that existence was a snare and a delusion, that the world, the flesh, and the devil existed only to tempt weak humankind away from God. In Hindu philosophy, the term Advaita refers to its idea that the true self, Atman, is the same as the highest metaphysical Reality (Brahman). More specifically, what is identical in God, according to Aquinas, is God''s essence and God''s actus essendi.[6] At about the same time, the nominalist philosopher William of Ockham argued, in Book I of his Summa Totius Logicae (Treatise on all Logic, written some time before 1327), that Categories are not a form of Being in their own right, but derivative on the existence of individuals. en-wikipedia-org-4636 The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch,[6] chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate Koch Industries.[nb 1] In July 1976, the name was changed to the Cato Institute.[6][7] Cato was established to have a focus on public advocacy, media exposure and societal influence.[8] According to the 2017 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), Cato is number 15 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 10 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".[9] en-wikipedia-org-4637 Category:Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NLK identifiers. For more information, see Wikipedia:Authority control. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 30,582 total. George Abe Daniel Abraham (author) David Acheson (mathematician) Dan Ackerman Robert Allan Ackerman Paul Adam (French novelist) John Joseph Adams Adams Adams Richard Adams Andrew Adamson Peter Adamson (philosopher) Categories: Pages with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4638 Some philosophers and scholars argue that the objective and subjective conditions arising in today''s unique historical moment, an emerging planetary phase of civilization, creates a latent potential for the emergence of a cosmopolitan identity as global citizens and possible formation of a global citizens movement.[15] These emerging objective and subjective conditions in the planetary phase include improved and affordable telecommunications; space travel and the first images of our fragile planet floating in the vastness of space; the emergence of global warming and other ecological threats to our collective existence; new global institutions such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, or International Criminal Court; the rise of transnational corporations and integration of markets often termed economic globalization; the emergence of global NGOs and transnational social movements, such as the World Social Forum; and so on. en-wikipedia-org-4643 en-wikipedia-org-4646 View source for Template:Liberalism sidebar Wikipedia View source for Template:Liberalism sidebar You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. | list4title = [[List of liberal theorists|People]] | list6title = [[Liberalism by country|Regional variants]] Template:Liberalism sidebar (edit) Template:Liberalism sidebar/doc (edit) Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/config (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected) Module:List (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-465 His father was guillotined in 1794, but his mother, the former Countess Sophie de Rosen (Paris 10 Mar 1764 – Paris 31 Oct 1828) managed to escape to Switzerland, where she remained until the fall of Robespierre.[2] She then returned to Paris with her children – three older daughters and one son[citation needed]– and lived there quietly until 1796, when she married the Marc-René-Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d''Argenson, grandson of Louis XV''s minister of war.[2] On his grandfather''s death in 1804, Victor de Broglie became the third duc de Broglie.[2] The July Revolution of 1830 placed him in a difficult position; he knew nothing of the intrigues which placed Louis Philippe on the throne; the revolution accomplished, however, he was ready to uphold the fait accompli with characteristic loyalty, and on 9 August 1830 took office in the new government as President of the Council and Minister of Public Worship and Education. en-wikipedia-org-4656 en-wikipedia-org-4658 In metaphysics, conceptualism is a theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind.[2] Intermediate between nominalism and realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside the mind''s perception of them.[3] Conceptualism is anti-realist about abstract objects, just like immanent realism is (their difference being that immanent realism accepts there are mind-independent facts about whether universals are instantiated).[4] Conceptualism was either explicitly or implicitly embraced by most of the early modern thinkers, including René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, George Berkeley, and David Hume – often in a quite simplified form if compared with the elaborate scholastic theories.[8][9] en-wikipedia-org-466 Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence elaborates how the scriptures (Quran and hadith) should be interpreted from the standpoint of linguistics and rhetoric.[1] It also comprises methods for establishing authenticity of hadith and for determining when the legal force of a scriptural passage is abrogated by a passage revealed at a later date.[1] In addition to the Quran and hadith, the classical theory of Sunni jurisprudence recognizes two other sources of law: juristic consensus (ijmaʿ) and analogical reasoning (qiyas).[2] It therefore studies the application and limits of analogy, as well as the value and limits of consensus, along with other methodological principles, some of which are accepted by only certain legal schools (madhhabs).[1] This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of ijtihad, which refers to a jurist''s exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling on a particular question.[1] The theory of Twelver Shia jurisprudence parallels that of Sunni schools with some differences, such as recognition of reason (ʿaql) as a source of law in place of qiyas and extension of the notions of hadith and sunnah to include traditions of the imams.[3] en-wikipedia-org-4662 en-wikipedia-org-4665 In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things.[1] For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green. Platonic extreme realism: beauty is a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing. Taking a broader view, the main positions are generally considered classifiable as: extreme realism, nominalism (sometimes simply named "anti-realism" with regard to universals)[6], moderate realism, and idealism. Platonic realism holds universals to be the referents of general terms, such as the abstract, nonphysical, non-mental entities to which words such as "sameness", "circularity", and "beauty" refer. Other metaphysical theories may use the terminology of universals to describe physical entities. "The Problem of Universals" in Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings, Michael J. "On the Relation of Universals and Particulars" (link) en-wikipedia-org-4667 en-wikipedia-org-4675 If you are new to editing and instead just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the referencing for beginners help page. A "citation needed" tag is a request for another editor to verify a statement: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. The extra parameters available in the {{Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to. If you are not sure how to do this, then give it your best try and replace the "Citation needed" template with enough information to locate the source. If someone tagged your contributions with a "Citation needed" tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article''s talk page. Template:Citation needed span Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates Category:All articles with unsourced statements – list of all pages with {{citation needed}} en-wikipedia-org-4676 en-wikipedia-org-4682 He is regarded as one of the most influential scholars of religion in the early twentieth century and is best known for his concept of the numinous, a profound emotional experience he argued was at the heart of the world''s religions.[1] While his work started in the domain of liberal Christian theology, its main thrust was always apologetical, seeking to defend religion against naturalist critiques.[2] Otto eventually came to conceive of his work as part of a science of religion, which was divided into the philosophy of religion, the history of religion, and the psychology of religion.[2] They have been discussed by Orthodox Jewish theologians including Joseph Soloveitchik[17] and Eliezer Berkovits.[18] The Iranian-American Sufi religious studies scholar and public intellectual Reza Aslan understands religion as "an institutionalized system of symbols and metaphors [...] with which a community of faith can share with each other their numinous encounter with the Divine Presence."[19] Further afield, Otto''s work received words of appreciation from Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi.[15] Aldous Huxley, a major proponent of perennialism, was influenced by Otto; in The Doors of Perception he writes:[20] en-wikipedia-org-4684 en-wikipedia-org-4693 The term is also used in other contexts, such as in social scientific research, when participants are asked to affirm that they understand the research procedure and consent to it, or in sex, where informed consent means each person engaging in sexual activity is aware of any positive statuses (for sexually transmitted infections and/or diseases) they might expose themselves to. In the UK, the Personal Social Health and Economic Education Association (PSHEA) is working to produce and introduce Sex Ed lesson plans in British schools that include lessons on "consensual sexual relationships," "the meaning and importance of consent" as well as "rape myths".[24] In U.S., California-Berkeley University has implemented affirmative and continual consent in education and in the school''s policies.[25] In Canada, the Ontario government has introduced a revised Sex Ed curriculum to Toronto schools, including new discussions of sex and affirmative consent, healthy relationships and communication.[26] en-wikipedia-org-4695 en-wikipedia-org-4706 Modern developments in Vedanta include Neo-Vedanta,[12][13][14] and the growth of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.[15] All of these schools, except Advaita Vedanta and Neo-Vedanta, are related to Vaishavism and emphasize devotion, regarding Vishnu or Krishna or a related manifestation, to be the highest Reality.[16]:2–10[17]:1 While Advaita Vedanta attracted considerable attention in the West due to the influence of Hindu modernists like Swami Vivekananda, most of the other Vedanta traditions are seen as discourses articulating a form of Vaishnav theology.[18][19] The first translation of Upanishads, published in two parts in 1801 and 1802, significantly influenced Arthur Schopenhauer, who called them the consolation of his life.[188] He drew explicit parallels between his philosophy, as set out in The World as Will and Representation,[189] and that of the Vedanta philosophy as described in the work of Sir William Jones.[190] Early translations also appeared in other European languages.[191] Influenced by Śaṅkara''s concepts of Brahman (God) and māyā (illusion), Lucian Blaga often used the concepts marele anonim (the Great Anonymous) and cenzura transcendentă (the transcendental censorship) in his philosophy.[192] en-wikipedia-org-4718 en-wikipedia-org-472 en-wikipedia-org-4726 In simple terms, the functional approach sees religion as "performing certain functions for society"[7] Theories by Karl Marx (role of religion in capitalist and pre-capitalist societies), Sigmund Freud (psychological origin of religious beliefs), Émile Durkheim (social function of religions), and the theory by Stark and Bainbridge exemplify functional theories.[8] This approach tends to be static, with the exception of Marx'' theory, and unlike e.g. Weber''s approach, which treats of the interaction and dynamic processes between religions and the rest of societies.[9] The approach is expressed in Paul James''s argument that religion is a ''relatively bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses the nature of existence through communion with others and Otherness, lived as both taking in and spiritually transcending socially grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing''.[11] This avoids the dichotomy between the immanent and transcendental. Unlike the previous scholars, Evans-Pritchard did not propose a grand universal theory and he did extensive long-term fieldwork among "primitive" peoples, studying their culture and religion, among other among the Azande. en-wikipedia-org-4727 en-wikipedia-org-4733 Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals, which dates back at least to Plato, and is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars. David Armstrong, perhaps the most prominent contemporary realist, argues that such a trope-based variant of nominalism has promise, but holds that it is unable to account for the laws of nature in the way his theory of universals can.[citation needed] More fundamentally, Robert Pasnau has questioned whether any kind of coherent body of thought that could be called ''nominalism'' can be discerned in fourteenth century writing.[28] This makes it difficult, it has been argued, to follow the twentieth century narrative which portrayed late scholastic philosophy as a dispute which emerged in the fourteenth century between the via moderna, nominalism, and the via antiqua, realism, with the nominalist ideas of William of Ockham foreshadowing the eventual rejection of scholasticism in the seventeenth century.[27] en-wikipedia-org-4742 Democratic liberalism Wikipedia Find sources: "Democratic liberalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) Democratic liberalism Democratic liberalism Democratic liberalism aims to reach a synthesis of democracy which is the participation of the people in the power and liberalism, a political and/or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual.[1] It arose after World War I (with most major nations enacting universal suffrage) and its main question was how to get the population involved and interested in politics outside of elections. The Liberal Democrats want to protect civil liberties and oppose state intervention in personal affairs. In his Democratic Liberalism: The Politics of Dignity, Craig Duncan says: Liberal Democrats (British Political Party) Liberal socialism Liberal socialism Liberal socialism Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Liberal parties Liberal parties This liberalism-related article is a stub. Liberalism stubs en-wikipedia-org-475 Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical Wikipedia Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages with this error are automatically placed in Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical.[a] ^ Pages in the Book talk, Category talk, Draft talk, Education Program talk, File talk, Help talk, MediaWiki talk, Module talk, Portal talk, Talk, Template talk, User, User talk, and Wikipedia talk namespaces are not included in the error tracking categories. Pages in category "CS1 errors: missing periodical" 12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album) 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States) 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States) Media in category "CS1 errors: missing periodical" Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical&oldid=985887300" en-wikipedia-org-4755 en-wikipedia-org-4756 Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers This category is for articles with BNF identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 270,921 total. 8th Day (Jewish band) The 39 Steps (1935 film) 42nd Street (film) 1896 Summer Olympics 1980 Turkish coup d''état Philips van der Aa Hans von Aachen Johannes Aagaard Aalborg Symphony Orchestra Categories: Pages with BNF identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4761 en-wikipedia-org-4762 en-wikipedia-org-4766 en-wikipedia-org-4768 The school has been described by sinologists as an early form of psychological and ethical egoism.[1] The main focus of the Yangists was on the concept of xing (性), or human nature,[1] a term later incorporated by Mencius into Confucianism. Yangism has been described as a form of psychological and ethical egoism.[1] The Yangist philosophers believed in the importance of maintaining self-interest through "keeping one''s nature intact, protecting one''s uniqueness, and not letting the body be tied by other things."[5] Disagreeing with the Confucian virtues of li (propriety), ren (humaneness), and yi (righteousness) and the Legalist virtue of fa (law), the Yangists saw wei wo (為我), or "[everything] for myself," as the only virtue necessary for self-cultivation.[6] Individual pleasure is considered desirable, like in hedonism, but not at the expense of the health of individual.[7] The Yangists saw individual well-being as the prime purpose of life, and considered anything that hindered that well-being immoral and unnecessary.[7] en-wikipedia-org-4774 en-wikipedia-org-4775 en-wikipedia-org-4779 Field of inquiry that explores how evolutionary theory might bear on our understanding of ethics or morality. Descriptive evolutionary ethics consists of biological approaches to morality based on the alleged role of evolution in shaping human psychology and behavior. For instance, some proponents of normative evolutionary ethics have argued that evolutionary theory undermines certain widely held views of humans'' moral superiority over other animals. E. Moore, William James, and John Dewey roundly criticized such attempts to draw ethical and political lessons from Darwinism, and by the early decades of the twentieth century Social Darwinism was widely viewed as discredited.[3] A key issue in evolutionary psychology has been how altruistic feelings and behaviors could have evolved, in both humans and nonhumans, when the process of natural selection is based on the multiplication over time only of those genes that adapt better to changes in the environment of the species. en-wikipedia-org-4784 en-wikipedia-org-4785 It was in this turbulent period of De la Court''s life that he published almost all of his books about the political economy of Holland and the larger Dutch Republic. De la Court''s publishing activity had made him a well known protagonist of the republican "party" in contemporary Dutch politics. The book was an immediate bestseller in the Dutch Republic and went through eleven editions between 1662 and 1671. The Interest van Holland was not a philosophical disquisition, but a recipe book for political and economic success. Within the Dutch Republic the Interest van Holland became the de facto government manifesto of the republican oligarchy led by Johan de Witt until 1672. The text of the last English edition of the Interest can be downloaded from the website of the Liberty Fund: Pieter de la Court, The True Interest and Political Maxims, of the Republic of Holland (1662). Economic history of the Dutch Republic en-wikipedia-org-4788 Hindus following Dvaita Vedanta consider that the individual souls, known as jīvātmans, and the eternal metaphysical Absolute called Brahman in Hinduism exist as independent realities, and that these are distinct.[17][18] Such a philosophical system of Dvaita or dualism as it developed in the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, especially as set out in the Vedas and popularised by Madhvacharya in the 13th century has been influential on Hinduism.[19] Especially the influence of Madhva''s philosophy has been most prominent and pronounced on the Chaitanya school of Bengal Vaishnavism.[20] Madhva says that in the beginning there was only one God and that was Narayana or Vishnu and refused to accept any claims that other Hindu deities, such as Brahma or Shiva, might be equally the highest.[21] en-wikipedia-org-4790 Francesco Mario Pagano Wikipedia Francesco Mario Pagano (8 December 1748 – 29 October 1799) was an Italian jurist, author, thinker, and the founder of the Neapolitan school of law.[1] He is regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers.[2] A moderate reformist, he is seen as a forerunner of the Italian unification.[3] Pagano''s other juridical or philosophical works included Progetto di Costituzione della Repubblica napoletana, Sul processo criminale, Esame politico dell''intera legislazione romana, and Discorso sull''origine e natura della poesia. He also translated works from Greek and Latin, and wrote six tragedies (Gerbino, Agamennone, Corradino, Gli esuli tebani, Prometeo, and Teodosio) and one comedy (Emilia). Media related to Francesco Mario Pagano at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Francesco Mario Pagano at Wikiquote Works by or about Francesco Mario Pagano in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4792 en-wikipedia-org-4795 en-wikipedia-org-4803 Rationales for not believing in deities include arguments that there is a lack of empirical evidence,[18][19] the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified, and the argument from nonbelief.[18][20] Nonbelievers contend that atheism is a more parsimonious position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities;[1] therefore, they argue that the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.[21] Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies (e.g. secular humanism),[22][23] there is no ideology or code of conduct to which all atheists adhere.[24] en-wikipedia-org-4804 Apologetics (from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse.[1][2][3] Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists.[4] In 21st-century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology. Main article: Christian apologetics Several well-known Mormon apologetic organizations, such as the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (a group of scholars at Brigham Young University) and FairMormon (an independent, Mormon-run, not-for-profit group), have been formed to defend the doctrines and history of the Latter Day Saint movement in general and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in particular. Christian apologetics ^ Apologetics: A Justification of Christian Belief en-wikipedia-org-4812 en-wikipedia-org-4816 Miguel Reale (November 6, 1910 – April 14, 2006) was a Brazilian jurist, philosopher, academic, politician and poet. Known as one of the most important jurists of Brazil, he is considered the greatest Brazilian philosopher of law of all time. Reale graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of São Paulo (1934), where he was professor (1941) and rector (1949-1950, 1969-1973). In 2002 Reale, Ada Pellegrini Grinover, Maria Helena Diniz and Gofredo da Silva Teles Júnior actively participated in the important drafting of the Brazilian Civil Code.[1] The project was sanctioned by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, becoming the Law 10.406/2002. Organizer and president of the II Brazilian Congress of Legal and Social Philosophy (São Paulo, 1986) and the third and fourth Congresses (João Pessoa, Paraíba, 1988/1990). 18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ► 34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ► Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4817 en-wikipedia-org-4826 en-wikipedia-org-4828 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4830 en-wikipedia-org-4832 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4835 en-wikipedia-org-4840 en-wikipedia-org-4842 en-wikipedia-org-4867 While the Ilkhanate-Mongol Siege of Baghdad and the destruction of the House of Wisdom (Arabic: بيت الحكمة, romanized: Bayt al-Ḥikmah) effectively ended the Islamic Golden Age in 1258, it also paved the way for novel philosophical invention.[1] Such an example is the work of philosopher Abu''l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, specifically his Kitāb al-Muʿtabar ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); the book''s challenges to the Aristotelian norm in Islamic philosophy along with al-Baghdādī''s emphasis on "evident self-reflection" and his revival of the Platonic use of light as a metaphor for phenomena like inspiration all influenced the philosophy of Suhrawardi.[2] The philosopher and logician Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji further inspired Suhrawardi with his foundational works on mathematics and his creativity in reconstructing the Organon; Savaji''s two-part logic based on "expository propositions" (al-aqwāl al-šāreḥa) and "proof theory" (ḥojaj) served as the precursory model for Suhrawardi''s own "Rules of Thought" (al-Żawābeṭ al-fekr).[3] Among the three Islamic philosophers mentioned in Suhrawardi''s work, al-Baghdādī and Savaji are two of them. en-wikipedia-org-4868 en-wikipedia-org-487 Physicalists have traditionally opted for a "theory-based" characterization of the physical either in terms of current physics,[10] or a future (ideal) physics.[11] These two theory-based conceptions of the physical represent both horns of Hempel''s dilemma[12] (named after the late philosopher of science and logical empiricist Carl Gustav Hempel): an argument against theory-based understandings of the physical. One response to this problem is to abandon statement 2 in favour of the alternative possibility mentioned earlier in which supervenience-based formulations of physicalism are restricted to what David Chalmers (1996) calls "positive properties". even when they are prepared to admit with Eddington that physical stuff has, in itself, ''a nature capable of manifesting itself as mental activity'', i.e. as experience or consciousness".[51] Because experiential phenomena allegedly cannot be emergent from wholly non-experiential phenomena, philosophers are driven to substance dualism, property dualism, eliminative materialism and "all other crazy attempts at wholesale mental-to-non-mental reduction".[51] en-wikipedia-org-4872 en-wikipedia-org-4874 In Jewish philosophy and in Kabbalah, divine simplicity is addressed via discussion of the attributes (תארים‎) of God, particularly by Jewish philosophers within the Muslim sphere of influence such as Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Paquda, Yehuda Halevi, and Maimonides, as well by Raabad III in Provence. Furthermore, according to some[who?] [Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason?], as creatures our concepts are all drawn from the creation (the assumption of empiricism); it follows from this and divine simplicity that God''s attributes can only be spoken of by analogy, since it is not true of any created thing that its properties are identical to its being. Consequently, when Christian Scripture is interpreted according to the guide of divine simplicity, when it says that God is good for example, it should be taken to speak of a likeness to goodness as found in humanity and referred to in human speech. en-wikipedia-org-4875 en-wikipedia-org-4876 While arguing for the welfare of common soldiers, Robespierre urged new promotions to mitigate the domination of the officer class by the aristocratic and royalist École Militaire and the conservative National Guard.[l] Along with other Jacobins, he urged in the fifth issue of his magazine the creation of an "armée révolutionnaire" in Paris, consisting of at least 20,000 men,[146] to defend the city, "liberty" (the revolution), maintain order in the sections and educate the members in democratic principles; an idea he borrowed from Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[147] According to Jean Jaures, he considered this even more important than the right to strike.[citation needed][90] en-wikipedia-org-4881 Contributions Ricardian equivalence, labour theory of value, comparative advantage, law of diminishing returns, Ricardian socialism, Economic rent[1] David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, one of the most influential of the classical economists along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and James Mill.[2][3] Ricardo''s theory of international trade was reformulated by John Stuart Mill.[19] The term "comparative advantage" was started by J. Sraffa in 1930 and by Kenzo Yukizawa in 1974.[23] The new interpretation affords a totally new reading of Ricardo''s Principles of Political Economy and Taxation with regards to trade theory, although it does not change the mathematics of optimal resource allocation. ^ On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation London: John Murray, Albemarle-Street, by David Ricardo, 1817 (third edition 1821) – Chapter 6, On Profits: paragraph 28, "Thus, taking the former . en-wikipedia-org-4889 en-wikipedia-org-4894 Find sources: "Liberalism in China" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Liberal ideals like intellectual freedom, the separation of powers, civil society and the rule of law were reexamined in the light of the destruction wrought by the Communist party which had been so vociferous in denigrating them. In the 1990s the liberal wing of the remnant of the pro-democracy movement re-emerged following the Tiananmen crackdown, including figures like Qin Hui, Li Shenzhi, Zhu Xueqin, Xu Youyu, Liu Junning and many others. Chinese liberalism itself tends to divide into market liberalism, impressed by the US as a political model and adhering to the doctrines of Hayek and other neoliberals, and left-liberalism, more aligned with European social democracy and the welfare state. Wang Yang is viewed as a liberals in China''s ruling elite, representing a school of thought that advocates for gradual political liberalization.[3] en-wikipedia-org-4899 He saw the demand for the new movement—a movement of people called "skeptics" — as based on a lack of interest by the scientific community to address paranormal and fringe-science claims. It is closely associated with skeptical investigation or rational inquiry of controversial topics (compare list of topics characterized as pseudoscience) such as U.F.O.s, claimed paranormal phenomena, cryptids, conspiracy theories, alternative medicine, religion, or exploratory or fringe areas of scientific or pseudoscientific research.[29] The Comité Para was partly formed as a response to a predatory industry of bogus psychics who were exploiting the grieving relatives of people who had gone missing during the Second World War.[59] In contrast, Michael Shermer traces the origins of the modern scientific skeptical movement to Martin Gardner''s 1952 book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.[63] en-wikipedia-org-490 Though Hegel''s philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant''s, and Karl Marx''s theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant''s view of history—Marx declared that he was turning Hegel''s dialectic, which was "standing on its head", "the right side up again".[29] Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit.[30] By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism. John Rawls: Revitalized the study of normative political philosophy in Anglo-American universities with his 1971 book A Theory of Justice, which uses a version of social contract theory to answer fundamental questions about justice and to criticise utilitarianism. en-wikipedia-org-491 Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function.[1] In early Western thought, Plato''s idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form". This may be due to an over-extension of an essential-biological mode of thinking stemming from cognitive development.[25] Paul Bloom of Yale University has stated that "one of the most exciting ideas in cognitive science is the theory that people have a default assumption that things, people and events have invisible essences that make them what they are. In feminist theory and gender studies, gender essentialism is the attribution of fixed essences to men and women – this idea that men and women are fundamentally different continues to be a matter of contention.[32][33] Women''s essence is assumed to be universal and is generally identified with those characteristics viewed as being specifically feminine.[34] These ideas of femininity are usually biologized and are often preoccupied with psychological characteristics, such as nurturance, empathy, support, and non-competitiveness, etc. en-wikipedia-org-4911 en-wikipedia-org-4918 Petru Maior (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈpetru ˈmajor]; 1761 in Marosvásárhely (now Târgu Mureș, Romania) – 14 February 1821 in Budapest) was a Romanian writer who is considered one of the most influential personalities of the Age of Enlightenment in Transylvania (the Transylvanian School). The Buda Lexicon, a book published in 1825, included two texts by Petru Maior, Orthographia romana sive latino-valachica una cum clavi and Dialogu pentru inceputul linbei române, in which he introduced the letters ș for /ʃ/ and ț for /ts/, which have since been in use in the Romanian alphabet.[1] This biographical article about a Romanian academic is a stub. Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-492 Category:German ethicists Wikipedia Category:German ethicists Jump to navigation Jump to search This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:German philosophers. It includes philosophers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. Pages in category "German ethicists" The following 39 pages are in this category, out of 39 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Friedrich Eduard Beneke Johann Albert Fabricius Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Johann Gottfried Herder Hans-Hermann Hoppe Wilhelm von Humboldt Paul-Louis Landsberg Hermann Lotze Andreas Urs Sommer Andreas Suchanek Paul Tillich Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_ethicists&oldid=579474817" Categories: Ethicists Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2013, at 14:48 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-4924 To resolve this error, provide a value for |url= or remove |access-date=. When Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 templates contain |arxiv=, a test is done to see if the arXiv identifier conforms with the arXiv identifier scheme.[3] The identifier is checked for a valid number of digits in the article id; valid year and month values; and properly-placed hyphens, slashes, and dots. To resolve this error, ensure that the date is an actual date and that the date format follows the Wikipedia Manual of Style''s guidance on dates in the named parameter. This error occurs when any of these |-link= parameters contain a wikilink or a URL, or they contain any of the characters not permitted in Wikipedia article titles per WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS (except _ (underscore), used as a replacement for spaces, and #, used as a fragment identifier when linking to article sections). Articles are listed in this category when Module:Citation/CS1 identifies template |title= parameters that use place-holder titles. en-wikipedia-org-4937 en-wikipedia-org-4945 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. The focus of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics like uncertainty, induction, and belief revision garnering more attention than the analysis of knowledge, skepticism, and issues with justification. Carnegie Mellon University''s Philosophy Department hosts an annual summer school in logic and formal epistemology. Horacio Arló-Costa, Carnegie Mellon, Philosophy (Bayesian epistemology, epistemic logic, belief revision, conditionals, rational choice, normative and behavioral decision theory) Hendricks Copenhagen and Columbia, Philosophy (epistemic logic, formal learning theory, information processing and analysis of democracy) Franz Huber (formal epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophical logic) Isaac Levi Columbia, Philosophy (belief revision, decision theory, probability) en-wikipedia-org-4947 Comedy (from the Greek: κωμῳδία, kōmōidía) is a genre of fiction consisting of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. The term originated in Ancient Greece: in Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by political satire performed by comic poets in theaters.[1] The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance pitting two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. The figure of Punch derives from the Neapolitan stock character of Pulcinella.[16] The figure who later became Mr. Punch made his first recorded appearance in England in 1662.[17] Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy — often provoking shocked laughter — and are dominated by the anarchic clowning of Mr. Punch.[18] Appearing at a significant period in British history, professor Glyn Edwards states: "[Pulcinella] went down particularly well with Restoration British audiences, fun-starved after years of Puritanism. en-wikipedia-org-4948 en-wikipedia-org-4958 en-wikipedia-org-496 Dryghten, an Old English term for The Lord, is the term used by Patricia Crowther to refer to the universal pantheistic deity in Wicca.[6] Gerald Gardner had initially called it, according to the cosmological argument, the Prime Mover, a term borrowed from Aristotle, but he claimed that the witches did not worship it, and considered it unknowable.[3] It was referred to by Scott Cunningham by the term used in Neo-Platonism, "The One";[7] Many Wiccans whose practice involves study of the Kabbalah also regard the Gods and Goddesses they worship as being aspects or expressions of the ineffable supreme One. Some feminist Wiccans such as Starhawk use the term Star Goddess to describe the universal pantheistic deity that created the cosmos, and regard Her as a knowable Deity that can and should be worshipped.[8][9] Contrary to the popular notion that the term "Star Goddess" comes from the Charge of the Goddess, a text sacred to many Wiccans, it actually originates from the Anderson Feri Tradition of (non-Wiccan) Witchcraftof which Starhawk was an initiate. en-wikipedia-org-4968 en-wikipedia-org-4969 Ned Block described Siegel''s The Contents of Visual Experience as "one of the most significant books in philosophy of mind for many years."[6] James Genone hailed The Contents of Visual Experience as "an important contribution to the contemporary literature on the nature and structure of perception," and lauded Siegel for being one of the first recent philosophers to challenge the prevailing view that perceptual experiences have representational contents, suggesting that if Siegel is correct in her views, the result would be a sea change that would effect not only the philosophy of perceptual experiences, but also have broad implications for many other areas of philosophy.[4] In a series of peer reviewed articles,[7][8][9] and a monograph titled The Rationality of Perception (2017), Siegel argues that we can epistemically evaluate the subpersonal transitions that lead to a perceptual experience, just as we rationally evaluate the transitions that lead to an individual forming a belief. "Susanna Siegel, The Contents of Visual Experience, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780195305296". en-wikipedia-org-4970 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4976 The thirty-one years during which Huxley occupied the chair of natural history at the Royal School of Mines included work on vertebrate palaeontology and on many projects to advance the place of science in British life. D. Hooker, John Lubbock (banker, biologist and neighbour of Darwin), Herbert Spencer (social philosopher and sub-editor of the Economist), William Spottiswoode (mathematician and the Queen''s Printer), Thomas Hirst (Professor of Physics at University College London), Edward Frankland (the new Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution) and George Busk, zoologist and palaeontologist (formerly surgeon for HMS Dreadnought). Huxley, Thomas Henry (1863), Evidence as to Man''s place in nature, London: Williams & Norwood Huxley, Thomas Henry (1887), "On the reception of the ''Origin of Species''", in Darwin, Francis (ed.), Life & Letters of Charles Darwin, London: John Murray Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893–94), Collected essays: vol 3 Science and education, London: Macmillan en-wikipedia-org-4977 en-wikipedia-org-4978 The Weimarer Klassik movement lasted thirty-three years, from 1772 until 1805, and involved intellectuals such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller, and Christoph Martin Wieland; and then was concentrated upon Goethe and Schiller during the period 1788–1805. Following Goethe''s competition with and separation from Wieland and Herder, the movement Weimar Classicism is often described to have occurred only between Goethe''s first stay in Rome (1786) and the death of Schiller (1805), his close friend and collaborator, underrating especially Wieland''s influence on German intellectual and poetic life. Schiller was very prolific during this period, writing his plays Wallenstein (1799), Mary Stuart (1800), The Maid of Orleans (1801), The Bride of Messina (1803) and William Tell (1804). Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe[edit] Friedrich (von) Schiller[edit] Stephenson, R.H., ''The Cultural Theory of Weimar Classicism in the light of Coleridge''s Doctrine of Aesthetic Knowledge'', in Goethe 2000, ed. en-wikipedia-org-4979 Drescher explains, "we have no introspective access to whatever internal properties make the red gensym recognizably distinct from the green [...] even though we know the sensation when we experience it."[22] Under this interpretation of qualia, Drescher responds to the Mary thought experiment by noting that "knowing about red-related cognitive structures and the dispositions they engender—even if that knowledge were implausibly detailed and exhaustive—would not necessarily give someone who lacks prior color-experience the slightest clue whether the card now being shown is of the color called red." This does not, however, imply that our experience of red is non-mechanical; "on the contrary, gensyms are a routine feature of computer-programming languages".[23] The version of the theory of sense-data he defends takes what is before consciousness in perception to be qualia as mental presentations that are causally linked to external entities, but which are not physical in themselves. en-wikipedia-org-4985 Category:Liberalism Wikipedia Category:Liberalism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberalism. Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property. The main article for this category is Liberalism. Pages in category "Liberalism" Portal:Liberalism Portal:Liberalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Cultural liberalism Liberal democratic basic order Democratic liberalism History of liberalism History of pan-European liberalism Interest group liberalism Liberal conservatism Liberal international order Liberalism (international relations) Liberism Liberism National Liberal Club Perfectionist liberalism Secular liberalism Social Justice in the Liberal State Liberal socialism Liberal socialism Zombie liberalism Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4995 A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Laws enacted by legislatures are usually known as primary legislation. Democratic legislatures have six major functions: representation, deliberation, legislation, authorizing expenditure, making governments, and oversight.[1] In Westminster-style legislatures the executive (composed of the cabinet) can essentially pass any laws it wants, as it usually has a majority of legislators behind it, kept in check by the party whip, while committee-based legislatures in continental Europe and those in presidential systems of the Americas have more independence in drafting and amending bills.[2] Some political systems follow the principle of legislative supremacy, which holds that the legislature is the supreme branch of government and cannot be bound by other institutions, such as the judicial branch or a written constitution. Legislatures are made up of individual members, known as legislators, who vote on proposed laws. en-wikipedia-org-4998 Samuil Micu Klein (September 1745 – 13 May 1806) was a Romanian Greek-Catholic theologian, historian, philologist and philosopher, a member of the Enlightenment-era movement of Transylvanian School (Şcoala Ardeleană). Klein moved to Buda in 1804 to become the editor at the University of Buda press for the Romanian-language books, hoping that this would allow him to publish his historical works, a project which did not materialise because of his death just two years later.[5] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuil Micu-Klein. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5002 Peirce''s philosophy includes (see below in related sections) a pervasive three-category system: belief that truth is immutable and is both independent from actual opinion (fallibilism) and discoverable (no radical skepticism), logic as formal semiotic on signs, on arguments, and on inquiry''s ways—including philosophical pragmatism (which he founded), critical common-sensism, and scientific method—and, in metaphysics: Scholastic realism, e.g. John Duns Scotus, belief in God, freedom, and at least an attenuated immortality, objective idealism, and belief in the reality of continuity and of absolute chance, mechanical necessity, and creative love. This would be logic by the medieval definition taught for centuries: art of arts, science of sciences, having the way to the principles of all methods.[119] Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of inquiry in Aristotle''s work, in such loci as: the basic terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the founding description of sign relations in On Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference into three modes that are commonly translated into English as abduction, deduction, and induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the other three modes. en-wikipedia-org-5003 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5009 Bastiaan Cornelis van Fraassen (/væn ˈfrɑːsən/; born 1941) is a Dutch-American philosopher noted for his seminal contributions to philosophy of science and epistemology. He previously taught at Yale University, the University of Southern California, the University of Toronto and, from 1982 to 2008, at Princeton University, where he is now emeritus.[7] Since 2008, van Fraassen has taught at San Francisco State University, where he teaches courses in the philosophy of science, philosophical logic, and the role of modeling in scientific practice.[8][9] Before van Fraassen''s The Scientific Image, some philosophers had viewed scientific anti-realism as dead, because logical positivism was dead. He rejects the notion that the aim of science is to produce an account of the physical world that is literally true and instead maintains that its aim is to produce theories that are empirically adequate.[16] Van Fraassen has also studied the philosophy of quantum mechanics, philosophical logic, and Bayesian epistemology. en-wikipedia-org-5014 en-wikipedia-org-5018 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5020 Jean-Baptiste le Rond d''Alembert[1] (/ˌdæləmˈbɛər/;[2] French: [ʒɑ̃ batist lə ʁɔ̃ dalɑ̃bɛːʁ]; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. In July 1739 he made his first contribution to the field of mathematics, pointing out the errors he had detected in Analyse démontrée (published 1708 by Charles-René Reynaud) in a communication addressed to the Académie des Sciences. 167: "Unlike the French and English deists, and unlike the scientific atheists such as Diderot, d''Alembert, and d''Holbach, such English scientists as David Hartley and Joseph Priestley presented their scientific theories as evidence for their scriptural views." Jean d''Alembert: Science and the Enlightenment. Works by or about Jean le Rond d''Alembert at Internet Archive Select Eulogies of the Members of the French Academy, With Notes by Jean Le Rond d'' Alembert (1799) O''Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jean le Rond d''Alembert", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. en-wikipedia-org-5023 en-wikipedia-org-5029 en-wikipedia-org-5034 In this city he got a degree as lawyer: he had already finished his studies in Buenos Aires, but refused to make the oath under Rosas'' government.[7] Alberdi thought that the real problem in Argentina was not specifically Rosas, but the society that supported him. Alberdi''s book Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic) influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. Alberdi supported the project and wrote Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic), a draft for the new constitution. Urquiza, the new president of Argentina under the 1853 constitution, supported Alberdi''s work, and appointed him ambassador of the Argentine Confederation in Chile. The Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires were reunified in 1861, which ceased Alberdi''s work as ambassador. en-wikipedia-org-5051 For the Wikipedia template to link to bibcoded articles, see Template:bibcode Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems The bibcode (also known as the refcode) is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally developed to be used in SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA Astrophysics Data System who coined and prefer the term "bibcode".[1][2] The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column M. Some examples of bibcodes are: Bibcode:1924MNRAS..84..308E. "The ADS Data, help page". en-wikipedia-org-5053 Aztec philosophy Wikipedia Find sources: "Aztec philosophy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Aztecs had a well-developed school of philosophy, perhaps the most developed in the Americas and in many ways comparable to Ancient Greek philosophy, even amassing more texts than the ancient Greeks.[1] Aztec cosmology was in some sense dualistic, but exhibited a less common form of it known as dialectical monism. Aztec philosophy also included ethics and aesthetics. It has been asserted that the central question in Aztec philosophy was how people can find stability and balance in an ephemeral world.[2] Aztec philosophy saw the concept of Ometeotl as a unity that underlies the universe. Relation to Aztec religion[edit] There is a dearth of material from which Aztec philosophy can be studied with a majority of extant texts written after conquest by either Spanish colonists and missionaries, or Christianised Spanish educated natives. en-wikipedia-org-5058 An example of "beauty in method"—a simple and elegant proof of the Pythagorean theorem. Elegance is frequently used as a standard of tastefulness, particularly in visual design, decorative arts, literature, science, and the aesthetics of mathematics. In philosophy of science[edit] In the philosophy of science, there are two concepts referring to two aspects of simplicity: elegance (syntactic simplicity), which means the number and complexity of hypotheses, and parsimony (ontological simplicity), which is the number and complexity of things postulated.[4] In mathematics[edit] In engineering, a solution may be considered elegant if it uses a non-obvious method to produce a solution which is highly effective and simple. In chemistry, chemists might look for elegance in theory, method, technique and procedure. In pharmacy, elegance in formulation is important for quality as well as for effectiveness in dosage form design, a major component of pharmaceutics. "Definition of ELEGANCE". Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elegance&oldid=999270122" en-wikipedia-org-5066 en-wikipedia-org-5079 en-wikipedia-org-508 Roger Bacon wrote "If in other sciences we should arrive at certainty without doubt and truth without error, it behooves us to place the foundations of knowledge in mathematics."[10] Further information: Scientific method and Philosophy of science A scientific fact is a repeatable careful observation or measurement (by experimentation or other means), also called empirical evidence. Philosophers and scientists are careful to distinguish between: 1) states of affairs in the external world and 2) assertions of fact that may be considered relevant in scientific analysis. Scholars and clinical researchers in both the social and natural sciences have written about numerous questions and theories that arise in the attempt to clarify the fundamental nature of scientific fact.[21] Pertinent issues raised by this inquiry include: ^ "Facts possess internal structure, being complexes of objects and properties or relations" Oxford Companion to Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-5080 LibriVox is a group of worldwide volunteers who read and record public domain texts creating free public domain audiobooks for download from their website and other digital library hosting sites on the internet. It was founded in 2005 by Hugh McGuire to provide "Acoustical liberation of books in the public domain"[2] and the LibriVox objective is "To make all books in the public domain available, for free, in audio format on the internet".[3] LibriVox was started in August 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire, who set up a blog, and posed the question.[7][8] The first recorded book[9] was The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad. LibriVox is a volunteer-run, free content, Public Domain project. Once a volunteer has recorded his or her contribution, it is uploaded to the site, and proof-listened by members of the LibriVox community. ^ a b "The LibriVox Free Audiobook Collection", The Internet Archive. ^ "Librivox (free audio books)", Review January 09, 2009. en-wikipedia-org-5082 Although structural integrity, cost, the nature of building materials, and the functional utility of the building contribute heavily to the design process, architects can still apply aesthetic considerations to buildings and related architectural structures. Industrial Design: Designers need many aesthetic qualities to improve the marketability of manufactured products: smoothness, shininess/reflectivity, texture, pattern, curviness, color, simplicity, usability, velocity, symmetry, naturalness, and modernism. Nevertheless, aesthetically pleasing cities share certain traits: ethnic and cultural variety, numerous microclimates that promote a diversity of vegetation, sufficient public transportation, Public art and freedom of expression in the community in the forms of sculpture, graffiti and street art, a range of build-out (or zoning) that creates both densely and sparsely populated areas, scenic neighboring geography (oceans or mountains), public spaces and events such as parks and parades, musical variety through local radio or street musicians, and enforcement of laws that abate noise, crime, and pollution. en-wikipedia-org-5084 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Latvian Wikipedia article at [[:lv:Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka]]; see its history for attribution. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Lettische Nationalbibliothek]]; see its history for attribution. Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka The main building of the National Library of Latvia in Riga The massive union catalogue Seniespiedumi latviešu valodā (Ancient Prints in Latvian 1525–1855, published in Riga, 1999)[7] received the Spīdola Prize in 2000 and was awarded The Beautiful Book of the Year 99.[8] In 2005, the Letonikas grāmatu autoru rādītājs (1523-1919) (Index of the Authors of Lettonica Books (1523–1919)) was published,[9] providing information about versatile branches of science and representatives of various nations, Latvia being the main focus of their publications. Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Library of Latvia. en-wikipedia-org-5085 Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, India on 15 August 1872 in a Bengali family that was associated with the village of Konnagar in the Hooghly district of present-day West Bengal.[3] His father, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was then assistant surgeon of Rangpur in Bengal and later civil surgeon of Khulna, and a former member of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who had become enamoured with the then-new idea of evolution while pursuing medical studies in Edinburgh.[4][a] His mother Swarnalata Devi''s father Shri Rajnarayan Bose was a leading figure in the Samaj. He describes Sri Aurobindo''s philosophy as "an original synthesis of the Indian and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique fashion the great social, political and scientific achievements of the modern West with the ancient and profound spiritual insights of Hinduism. en-wikipedia-org-5086 en-wikipedia-org-5087 Supporters of internationalism are known as internationalists and generally believe that humans should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that governments should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes.[3] Those liberal conceptions of internationalism were harshly criticized by socialists and radicals at the time, who pointed out the links between global economic competition and imperialism, and would identify this competition as being a root cause of world conflict. One of the first international organisations in the world was the International Workingmen''s Association, formed in London in 1864 by working class socialist and communist political activists (including Karl Marx). Referred to as the First International, the organization was dedicated to the advancement of working class political interests across national boundaries, and was in direct ideological opposition to strains of liberal internationalism which advocated free trade and capitalism as means of achieving world peace and interdependence. en-wikipedia-org-5088 François Hotman (23 August 1524 – 12 February 1590) was a French Protestant lawyer and writer, associated with the legal humanists and with the monarchomaques, who struggled against absolute monarchy. Pierre, a zealous Catholic and a counsellor of the parlement of Paris, intended his son for the law, and sent him at the age of fifteen to the University of Orléans. The work of a practising lawyer was not to his taste; he turned to jurisprudence and literature, and in 1546 was appointed lecturer in Roman Law at the University of Paris. His most important work, the Franco-Gallia (1573), found favour neither with Catholics nor with Huguenots in its day (except when it suited their purposes); yet its vogue has been compared to that obtained later by Jean-Jacques Rousseau''s Contrat Social. Franco-Gallia (Large Print Edition): Or An Account of the Ancient Free State of France. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-509 These aspects may include the nature of suffering, its processes, its origin and causes, its meaning and significance, its related personal, social, and cultural behaviors[5], its remedies, management, and uses. Qualifiers, such as physical, mental, emotional, and psychological, are often used to refer to certain types of pain or suffering. Karl Popper, in The Open Society and Its Enemies, proposed a negative utilitarianism, which prioritizes the reduction of suffering over the enhancement of happiness when speaking of utility: "I believe that there is, from the ethical point of view, no symmetry between suffering and happiness, or between pain and pleasure. Examples of mental suffering: depression (mood) / hopelessness, grief, sadness / loneliness / heartbreak, disgust, irritation, anger, jealousy, envy, craving or yearning, frustration, anguish, angst, fear, anxiety / panic, shame / guilt, regret, embarrassment / humiliation, restlessness. en-wikipedia-org-5094 In modern politics, liberty is the state of being free within society from control or oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one''s way of life, behaviour, or political views.[2][3][4] In philosophy, liberty involves free will as contrasted with determinism.[5] In theology, liberty is freedom from the effects of "sin, spiritual servitude, [or] worldly ties".[6] The social contract theory, most influentially formulated by Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau (though first suggested by Plato in The Republic), was among the first to provide a political classification of rights, in particular through the notion of sovereignty and of natural rights. According to the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence, all men have a natural right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". The predominance of this view of liberty among parliamentarians during the English Civil War resulted in the creation of the liberal concept of freedom as non-interference in Thomas Hobbes'' Leviathan.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-5099 From its origins in the theatre of ancient Greece 2500 years ago, from which there survives only a fraction of the work of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, as well as many fragments from other poets; through its singular articulations in the works of Shakespeare, Lope de Vega, Jean Racine, and Friedrich Schiller to the more recent naturalistic tragedy of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg; Samuel Beckett''s modernist meditations on death, loss and suffering; Müller''s postmodernist reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change.[7][8] A long line of philosophers—which includes Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud, Benjamin,[9] Camus, Lacan, and Deleuze[10]—have analysed, speculated upon, and criticised the genre.[11][12][13] en-wikipedia-org-5102 en-wikipedia-org-5116 en-wikipedia-org-5118 The thing-in-itself (German: Ding an sich) is a concept introduced by Immanuel Kant. The concept led to much controversy among philosophers.[1] It is closely related to Kant''s concept of noumenon or the object of inquiry, as opposed to phenomenon, its manifestations. Kantian philosophy[edit] Initially Fichte embraced the Kantian philosophy, including a thing-in-itself, but the work of Schulze made him revise his position. In his "Critique of the Kantian Philosophy" appended to The World as Will and Representation (1818), Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with the critics that the manner in which Kant had introduced the thing-in-itself was inadmissible, but he considered that Kant was right to assert its existence and praised the distinction between thing-in-itself and appearance as Kant''s greatest merit.[4] As he wrote in volume 1 of his Parerga and Paralipomena, "Fragments of the History of Philosophy," §13: A unique position is taken by Philipp Mainländer, who hailed Kant for breaking the rules of his own philosophy to proclaim the existence of a thing-in-itself. en-wikipedia-org-5130 Kaliningrad (Russian: Калининград, IPA: [kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat]), historically German: Königsberg, Polish: Królewiec and Old Prussian: Twangste), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, the westernmost Oblast of Russia.[12] The city is situated on the Pregolya River, at the head of the Vistula Lagoon on the Baltic Sea, with a population of 489,359 residents,[13] up to 800,000 residents in the urban agglomeration.[14][15] Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region, and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. The settlement of modern-day Kaliningrad was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named Königsberg in honor of Czech King Ottokar II of Bohemia. en-wikipedia-org-5132 Blessed Antonio Francesco Davide Ambrogio Rosmini-Serbati (Italian pronunciation: [anˈtɔːnjo roˈzmiːni serˈbaːti]; Rovereto, 25 March 1797 – Stresa, 1 July 1855) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and philosopher. He founded the Rosminians, officially the Institute of Charity or Societas a charitate nuncupata, pioneered the concept of social justice, and was a key figure in Italian Liberal Catholicism.[1] Alessandro Manzoni considered Rosmini the only contemporary Italian author worth reading.[2] Contemplating the position of recent philosophy from John Locke to Georg Hegel, and having his eye directed to the ancient and fundamental problem of the origin, truth and certainty of our ideas, he wrote: "If philosophy is to be restored to love and respect, I think it will be necessary, in part, to return to the teachings of the ancients, and in part to give those teachings the benefit of modern methods" (Theodicy, a. "The Origins of "Social Justice" in the Natural Law Philosophy of Antonio Rosmini". en-wikipedia-org-5136 en-wikipedia-org-5144 Most modern philosophers of mind adopt either a reductive physicalist or non-reductive physicalist position, maintaining in their different ways that the mind is not something separate from the body.[15] These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences, especially in the fields of sociobiology, computer science (specifically, artificial intelligence), evolutionary psychology and the various neurosciences.[16][17][18][19] Reductive physicalists assert that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states.[20][21][22] Non-reductive physicalists argue that although the mind is not a separate substance, mental properties supervene on physical properties, or that the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations are indispensable, and cannot be reduced to the language and lower-level explanations of physical science.[23][24] Continued neuroscientific progress has helped to clarify some of these issues; however, they are far from being resolved. en-wikipedia-org-5146 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5154 Along with Russell, he led the turn away from idealism in British philosophy, and became well known for his advocacy of common sense concepts, his contributions to ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, and "his exceptional personality and moral character".[7] He was educated at Dulwich College[14] and in 1892 went up to Trinity College, Cambridge to study classics and moral sciences.[15] He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1898, and went on to hold the University of Cambridge chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic, from 1925 to 1939. Moore is best known today for his defence of ethical non-naturalism, his emphasis on common sense in philosophical method, and the paradox that bears his name. One of the most important parts of Moore''s philosophical development was his break from the idealism that dominated British philosophy (as represented in the works of his former teachers F. en-wikipedia-org-517 Advaita Vedānta emphasizes Jivanmukti, the idea that moksha (freedom, liberation) is achievable in this life in contrast to other Indian philosophies that emphasize videhamukti, or moksha after death.[21][22] The school uses concepts such as Brahman, Atman, Maya, Avidya, meditation and others that are found in major Indian religious traditions,[web 1][23][24] but interprets them in its own way for its theories of moksha.[25][26] Advaita Vedānta is one of the most studied and most influential schools of classical Indian thought.[27][28][29] Many scholars describe it as a form of monism,[30][31][32] while others describe the Advaita philosophy as non-dualistic.[33][34] Advaita is considered to be a philosophy or spiritual pathway rather than a religion, as it does not require those who follow it to be of a particular faith or sect.[35][36][37] en-wikipedia-org-5173 Bartosz Brożek (born 17 June 1977) is a Polish philosopher and jurist whose main research interests are in philosophy of law, philosophy of science, logic and cognitive science.[1] He is currently professor of jurisprudence at the Jagiellonian University and vice dean of the Faculty of Law and Administration, as well as a director of the Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Kraków.[2] Author or co-author of more than 20 book monographs (including Methods of Legal Reasoning from Springer, as well as The Legal Mind from Cambridge University Press[3]) and more than 70 scientific papers.[4] He holds PhDs in both law (2003) and philosophy (2007), habilitation in law (2008) and the title of full professor (2013).[5][6] Brożek, The Art of Legal Negotiations, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa 2012. B. Brożek, The Legal Mind, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019. Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5174 Cole,[10] Jean Hippolyte Colins de Ham [fr],[12] John Dewey,[10] Eugen Dühring,[11] Henry George,[11] François Huet [fr],[12] Peter Kropotkin,[13] John Locke,[14] John Stuart Mill,[10] William Ogilvie of Pittensear,[15] Thomas Paine,[16] Karl Polanyi,[17] Pierre-Joseph Proudhon,[18] Carlo Rosselli,[10] Adam Smith,[19] Thomas Spence,[15] Herbert Spencer[20] and Léon Walras.[21] Other important liberal socialist figures include Norberto Bobbio,[22] Guido Calogero [it],[23] Anthony Crosland,[24] Piero Gobetti,[25] Theodor Hertzka,[11] Leonard Hobhouse,[24] Oszkár Jászi,[26] John Maynard Keynes,[27] Josef Macek [cz],[15] Chantal Mouffe,[10] Franz Oppenheimer,[28] John Rawls[29] and R. en-wikipedia-org-5175 en-wikipedia-org-5178 The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the German Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation tied suffrage, protection of private property while they were strongly opposed to the creation of a welfare state, which they called state socialism. In the United States, the term social liberalism was used to differentiate it from classical liberalism or laissez-faire, which dominated political and economic thought for a number of years until the term branched off from it around the Great Depression and the New Deal.[29][30] In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely, John Bates Clark and Henry Carter Adams—influenced both by socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy towards labor unions. Other groups such as the European People''s Party, the Greens–European Free Alliance and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats also house some political parties with social-liberal factions. en-wikipedia-org-518 Even though the country is often rated comparably economically free, Sweden''s mixed economy remains heavily influenced by the legal framework and continual renegotiations of union contracts, a government-directed and municipality-administered system of social security, and a system of universal health care that is run by the more specialized and in theory more politically isolated county councils of Sweden.[citation needed] During the Great Depression, the welfare state was seen as a "middle way" between the extremes of communism on the left and unregulated laissez-faire capitalism on the right.[3] In the period following World War II, some countries in Western Europe moved from partial or selective provision of social services to relatively comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" coverage of the population. en-wikipedia-org-5191 en-wikipedia-org-5194 The Liberals served as the governing party of four Philippine presidents: Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, Diosdado Macapagal, and Benigno Aquino III. As early as February 2017, the leaders of the Liberal Party chose to focus on rebuilding the party by inviting sectoral membership of non-politicians.[16] The party has been inducting new members who are non-politicians since then, some of whom applied online through the party''s website, Liberal.ph.[17][18][19] Before the scheduled 2019 general elections, the LP formed the Oposisyon Koalisyon (Opposition Coalition or OK), an electoral coalition led by the party that also comprises members of the Magdalo Party-List, Akbayan Citizens Action Party, and Aksyon Demokratiko along with independent candidates.[20][21][22] The coalition hopes to drive a new political culture based on political leaders practicing "makiking, matuto, kumilos" (listen, learn, take action), each candidate emphasizing the need for government to listen to its citizens.[23] As part of the Liberal Party''s efforts to instill this new political culture, it launched Project Makining in October 2018, a modern, nationwide listening campaign using technology and driven by volunteers.[24][non-primary source needed] en-wikipedia-org-52 Category:Aesthetics Wikipedia Category:Aesthetics Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aesthetics. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. ► Branches of ancient Greek philosophy ► Philosophy of logic Pages in category "Aesthetics" The following 140 pages are in this category, out of 140 total. Aesthetics Aesthetics Outline of aesthetics Aesthetic absolutism Aesthetics of nature Ancient aesthetics Applied aesthetics Philosophy of architecture Art and emotion List of art critics The arts and politics Arts criticism Arts criticism Communication aesthetics Conceptual art Evolutionary aesthetics Feminist aesthetics History of aesthetics before the 20th century Indian aesthetics Index of aesthetics articles Marxist aesthetics Medieval aesthetics Metaphysical aesthetics Aesthetics of music Philosophy of music Relational art Arthur Schopenhauer''s aesthetics Theological aesthetics Theory of art Categories: The arts Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools en-wikipedia-org-5205 en-wikipedia-org-5207 en-wikipedia-org-5213 Like consciousness raising, some feminist methods affect the collective emotions of women, when things like political statistics are more of a structural result When knowledge is either constructed by experiences, or discovered, it needs to both be reliable and valid.[4] Strong feminist supporters of this are Nancy Hartsock, Hilary Rose, and finally Sandra Harding.[5] Feminist sociologists have made important contributions to this debate as they began to criticize positivism as a philosophical framework and, more specifically, its most acute methodological instrument—that of quantitative methods for its practice of detached and objective scientific research and the objectification of research subjects (Graham 1983b; Reinharz 1979). en-wikipedia-org-5217 Category:Social philosophers Wikipedia Category:Social philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search Philosophers Social philosophers ► Philosophers of education‎ (1 C, 217 P) ► Philosophers of love‎ (42 P) ► Philosophers of sexuality‎ (1 C, 63 P) ► Philosophers of social science‎ (3 C, 80 P) Pages in category "Social philosophers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 291 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Hans-Georg Gadamer Jean-Paul Gagnon John Gray (philosopher) Richard Gregg (social philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Peter Herrmann (social philosopher) Martin Hollis (philosopher) William James Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Karl Christian Friedrich Krause John Stuart Mill Kai Nielsen (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_philosophers&oldid=994842569" Categories: Philosophers by field Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 20:35 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-5219 Likewise, they do not necessarily make any commitments to the semantics, ontology, or epistemology of moral judgement; that is, not all descriptive relativists are meta-ethical relativists.[citation needed] Meta-ethical moral relativists believe not only that people disagree about moral issues, but that terms such as "good", "bad", "right" and "wrong" do not stand subject to universal truth conditions at all; rather, they are relative to the traditions, convictions, or practices of an individual or a group of people.[5] The American anthropologist William Graham Sumner was an influential advocate of this view. While British philosopher David Hume did not advocate for relativist views of morality per se and held nuanced opinions, his thinking has been widely influential in the development of relativism.[citation needed] Practically speaking, such critics will argue that meta-ethical relativism may amount to moral nihilism, or else incoherence.[23] en-wikipedia-org-5225 en-wikipedia-org-5226 Such statements may be meaningful in influencing emotions or behavior, but not in terms of conveying truth value, information or factual content.[1] Verificationism was a central thesis of logical positivism, a movement in analytic philosophy that emerged in the 1920s by the efforts of a group of philosophers who sought to unify philosophy and science under a common naturalistic theory of knowledge. Although Karl Popper''s falsificationism has been widely criticized by philosophers,[19] Popper has been the only philosopher of science often praised by many scientists.[12] Verificationists, in contrast, have been likened to economists of the 19th century who took circuitous, protracted measures to refuse refutation of their preconceived principles.[20] Still, logical positivists practiced Popper''s principles—conjecturing and refuting—until they ran their course, catapulting Popper, initially a contentious misfit, to carry the richest philosophy out of interwar Vienna.[11] And his falsificationism, as did verificationism, poses a criterion, falsifiability, to ensure that empiricism anchors scientific theory.[2] en-wikipedia-org-5228 en-wikipedia-org-5229 In 1966, British philosopher John Hick published Evil and the God of Love, in which he surveyed various Christian responses to the problem of evil, before developing his own.[36] In his work, Hick identified and distinguished between three types of theodicy: Plotinian, which was named after Plotinus, Augustinian, which had dominated Western Christianity for many centuries, and Irenaean, which was developed by the Eastern Church Father Irenaeus, a version of which Hick subscribed to himself.[37] Philip Irving Mitchell of the Dallas Baptist University notes that some philosophers have cast the pursuit of theodicy as a modern one, as earlier scholars used the problem of evil to support the existence of one particular god over another, explain wisdom, or explain a conversion, rather than to justify God''s goodness.[41] Sarah Iles Johnston argues that ancient civilizations, such as the ancient Mesopotamians, Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians held polytheistic beliefs that may have enabled them to deal with the concept of theodicy differently. en-wikipedia-org-5235 en-wikipedia-org-5237 Early modern philosophy Wikipedia Early modern philosophy Western philosophy The early modern period in history is roughly 1500–1789, but the label "early modern philosophy" is typically used to refer to a narrower period of time.[3] Late modern philosophy ^ Jeffrey Tlumak, Classical Modern Philosophy: A Contemporary Introduction, Routledge, 2006, p. xi: "[Classical Modern Philosophy] is a guide through the systems of the seven brilliant seventeenthand eighteenth-century European philosophers most regularly taught in college Modern Philosophy courses". 1: "Seven men have come to stand out from all of their counterparts in what has come to be known as the ''modern'' period in the history of philosophy (i.e., the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries): Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume and Kant". Early Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary, ed. Early Modern Philosophy: Mind, Matter, and Metaphysics, ed. External links[edit] This philosophy-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_philosophy&oldid=972682121" Categories: Early Modern philosophy en-wikipedia-org-5238 A 1906 editorial by a Unitarian minister in the Chattanooga Daily Times stated that Jesus, "who in exultant faith said ''I and the Father are one,'' was a Pandeist, a believer in the identification of the universe and all things contained therein with Deity."[71] A critique of Pandeism similar to Conway''s, as an ''unsightly'' combination of Greek and Latin, was made in a review of Weinstein''s discussion of Pandeism.[43] Towards the beginning of World War I, an article in the Yale Sheffield Monthly published by the Yale University Sheffield Scientific School commented on speculation that the war "means the death of Christianity and an era of Pandeism or perhaps even the destruction of all which we call modern civilization and culture."[72] The following year, early 19th-century German philosopher Paul Friedrich Köhler wrote that Pantheism, Pandeism, Monism and Dualism all refer to the same God illuminated in different ways, and that whatever the label, the human soul emanates from this God. en-wikipedia-org-5243 AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-5250 This guideline does not apply to links to non-English Wikipedia articles; these appear in the sidebar by default, and are either sourced from Wikidata or can be added to the page''s wikitext after External links. Wikipedia articles about any organization, person, website, or other entity should link to the subject''s official site, if any. Outside of citations,[5] external links to websites that require registration or a paid subscription to view should be avoided because they are of limited use to most readers. Links to dead URLs in a list of external links are of no use to Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia:External links/Noticeboard – a page to get help with questions about specific articles or websites ^ a b c d e f g This guideline does not restrict linking to websites that are being used as sources to provide content in articles. en-wikipedia-org-5257 File:Immanuel Kant (painted portrait).jpg Wikipedia File:Immanuel Kant (painted portrait).jpg This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: 21:28, 8 April 2008 200 × 264 (11 KB) Woody == Summary == {{Information |Description={{en| {{w|Immanuel Kant}}, Prussian philosopher.}} {{pt| {{wpt|Immanuel Kant}}, filósofo alemão.}} |Source=http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/History/Carnegie/kant/portrait.html |Date=18th century p 19:27, 26 June 2006 200 × 264 (5 KB) Ben-nb~commonswiki {{Information |Description=Immanuel Kant, Prussian philosopher |Source= |Date=18th century painting |Author= |Permission=PD-old |other_versions= }} More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant User:Gallina x/Gather lists/19635 – History of IDEAS User:Jkatz (WMF)/Gather lists/125 – Famous German Philosophers User:Jkatz (WMF)/Gather lists/125 – Famous German Philosophers User:MaynardClark/Wikipedia User:Soewinhan/Userbox Kant User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course/Philosophy Template:User Kant View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_(painted_portrait).jpg" en-wikipedia-org-526 After his death the material forming the basis of Fundamental Legal Conceptions was derived from two articles in the Yale Law Journal (1913) and (1917) that had been partially revised with a view to publication. Hohfeld''s contribution was to simplify; he created a very precise analysis which distinguished between fundamental legal concepts and then identified the framework of relationships between them. ^ Luca Fiorito and Massimiliano Vatiero (2011), "Beyond Legal Relations: Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld''s Influence on American Institutionalism". "Legal Analysis and Terminology", 29 Yale Law Journal 163 (1919). "A Review of Hohfeld''s Fundamental Legal Concepts", 16 Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 559 (1967). "A Paradigm of Philosophy: Hohfeld on Legal Rights", 14 American Philosophical Quarterly 41 (January 1977). The Legal Rights Debate in Analytical Jurisprudence from Bentham to Hohfeld, 1982 Wisconsin Law Review 975. Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb: Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, 23 Yale Law Journal 16 (1913) at HIIT.fi en-wikipedia-org-5266 The analogy has played a prominent role in natural theology and the "argument from design," where it was used to support arguments for the existence of God and for the intelligent design of the universe, in both Christianity and Deism. The 1859 publication of Charles Darwin''s theory of natural selection put forward an explanation for complexity and adaptation, which reflects scientific consensus on the origins of biological diversity.[2] This provides a counter-argument to the watchmaker analogy: for example, the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins referred to the analogy in his 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker giving his explanation of evolution. The most famous statement of this teleological argument using the watchmaker analogy was given by William Paley in his 1802 book Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity.[4] en-wikipedia-org-5267 In contrast, Karl Popper''s critical rationalism claimed that inductive justifications are never used in science and proposed instead that science is based on the procedure of conjecturing hypotheses, deductively calculating consequences, and then empirically attempting to falsify them. Medieval writers such as al-Ghazali and William of Ockham connected the problem with God''s absolute power, asking how we can be certain that the world will continue behaving as expected when God could at any moment miraculously cause the opposite.[10] Duns Scotus, however, argued that inductive inference from a finite number of particulars to a universal generalization was justified by "a proposition reposing in the soul, ''Whatever occurs in a great many instances by a cause that is not free, is the natural effect of that cause.''"[11] Some 17th-century Jesuits argued that although God could create the end of the world at any moment, it was necessarily a rare event and hence our confidence that it would not happen very soon was largely justified.[12] en-wikipedia-org-5272 Category:People from Königsberg Wikipedia Category:People from Königsberg Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Königsberg. This category includes people with strong links—either by birth or by association—to Königsberg. Pages in category "People from Königsberg" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 344 total. Julius Friedrich Heinrich Abegg Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach Karl-Hermann Flach Frederick Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick William II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck David Friedländer Ludwig Friedländer Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Werner Goldberg Adolf Hermann Hagen Ernst August Hagen Hermann August Hagen Karl Gottfried Hagen Heinrich August Hahn Hans von Sagan Kurt Hasse (cinematographer) Richard von Helmholtz Johann Gustav Hermes Eugen von Hippel Johann Jacoby Hinrich Lehmann-Grube Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:People_from_Königsberg&oldid=978554613" Categories: Königsberg Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5278 Find sources: "Liberalism in India" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of liberalism in India. In addition to Roy and Gomes, other contributors to political thought on freedom in 19th century India included Dadabhai Naoroji (1825–1917), Mahadeo Govind Ranade (1842–1901), Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866–1915), and Pherozeshah Mehta (1845–1915). He parted ways with the Indian National Congress in 1957 and formed the Swatantra Party which supported classical liberal principles and free enterprise.[2] For the next 14 years till his death in 1972 he waged a battle with Nehru''s Congress party to advance freedom. Liberal organisations in India[edit] This is a list of both past and present political parties with liberal views. Indian Liberal Party Prominent Indian liberals[edit] Contemporary Indian Liberals[edit] Categories: Liberalism in India en-wikipedia-org-528 An object created for principally or entirely functional, religious or other non-aesthetic reasons which has come to be appreciated as art (often later, or by cultural outsiders). This article is concerned with the terms and concept as used in and applied to the visual arts, although other fields such as aural-music and written word-literature have similar issues and philosophies. The term objet d''art is reserved to describe works of art that are not paintings, prints, drawings or large or medium-sized sculptures, or architecture (e.g. household goods, figurines, etc., some purely aesthetic, some also practical). There is an indefinite distinction, for current or historical aesthetic items: between "fine art" objects made by "artists"; and folk art, craft-work, or "applied art" objects made by "first, second, or third-world" designers, artisans and craftspeople. Media related to Art works at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-5284 en-wikipedia-org-5293 Sapere aude is the Latin phrase meaning "Dare to know"; and also is loosely translated as "Dare to know things", or even more loosely as "Dare to be wise" Originally used in the First Book of Letters (20 BC), by the Roman poet Horace, the phrase Sapere aude became associated with the Age of Enlightenment, during the 17th and 18th centuries, after Immanuel Kant used it in the essay, "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (1784). As a philosopher, Kant claimed the phrase Sapere aude as the motto for the entire period of the Enlightenment, and used it to develop his theories of the application of reason in the public sphere of human affairs. Moreover, in the essay The Baroque Episteme: the Word and the Thing (2013) Jean-Claude Vuillemin proposed that the Latin phrase Sapere aude be the motto of the Baroque episteme.[1] en-wikipedia-org-5294 Second-century philosopher and theologian Irenaeus, after whom the theodicy is named, proposed a two-stage creation process in which humans require free will and the experience of evil to develop. Another early Christian theologian, Origen, presented a response to the problem of evil which cast the world as a schoolroom or hospital for the soul; theologian Mark Scott has argued that Origen, rather than Irenaeus, ought to be considered the father of this kind of theodicy. John Hick published Evil and the God of Love in 1966, in which he developed a theodicy based on the work of Irenaeus. Evil & the Evidence For God: The Challenge of John Hick''s Theodicy. en-wikipedia-org-5302 en-wikipedia-org-531 Category:Articles with hCards Wikipedia Category:Articles with hCards Jump to navigation Articles which include mark-up for one or more hCard microformats. (Note: this category is not yet widely applied, and so under-represents the number concerned; see Category:Templates generating hCards for more.) ► Articles with hCards and Geo‎ (27 P) Pages in category "Articles with hCards" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 488,160 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). List of NCAA Division I men''s basketball players with 12 or more 3-point field goals in a game List of NCAA Division I men''s basketball career 3-point scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I women''s basketball career 3-point scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men''s basketball season 3-point field goal leaders 3MA (music group) 3rd Avenue (band) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_hCards&oldid=950781465" Articles with microformats Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2020, at 20:18 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-5313 Jacobin, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Religious Society of Friends, Montesquieu, Benjamin Franklin Paine largely saw Deane as a war profiteer who had little respect for principle, having been under the employ of Robert Morris, one of the primary financiers of the American Revolution and working with Pierre Beaumarchais, a French royal agent sent to the colonies by King Louis to investigate the Anglo–American conflict. Wealthy men, such as Robert Morris, John Jay and powerful merchant bankers, were leaders of the Continental Congress and defended holding public positions while at the same time profiting off their own personal financial dealings with governments.[50] Amongst Paine''s criticisms, he had written in the Pennsylvania Packet that France had " prefaced [their] alliance by an early and generous friendship," referring to aid that had been provided to American colonies prior to the recognition of the Franco-American treaties. en-wikipedia-org-532 Category:Kantian philosophers Wikipedia Category:Kantian philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Kantian philosophers" The following 63 pages are in this category, out of 63 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Johann Heinrich Abicht Marcia Baron John Bernard (bishop) Traian Brăileanu Ernst Cassirer Friedrich Karl Forberg John E. Traian Herseni Karl Jaspers Sandie Lindsay, 1st Baron Lindsay of Birker John McDowell Paul Natorp Nelson Thomas Potter Jr. John Rawls Paul Redding Karl Leonhard Reinhold Heinrich Rickert Karl Vorländer Paul Zarifopol Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kantian_philosophers&oldid=685524949" Categories: Kant scholars Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2015, at 10:09 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-5329 en-wikipedia-org-5330 en-wikipedia-org-5332 en-wikipedia-org-5335 Truthmaker theory is "the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists".[1] The basic intuition behind truthmaker theory is that truth depends on being. Truthmaker theory has been applied to various fields in metaphysics, often with the goal of exposing ontological cheaters: theorists who are committed to certain beliefs but do not or cannot account for the existence of a truthmaker for these beliefs. In Truth-Makers (1984), Kevin Mulligan, Peter Simons and Barry Smith introduced the truth-maker idea as a contribution to the correspondence theory of truth.[2] Logically atomic empirical sentences such as "John kissed Mary" have truthmakers, typically events or tropes corresponding to the main verbs of the sentences in question. A well-known account relies on the notion of possible worlds, conceived as actual abstract objects, for example as maximal consistent sets of propositions or of states of affairs.[27] A set of propositions is maximal if, for any statement p, either p or not-p is a member.[28] Possible worlds act as truthmakers for modal truths. en-wikipedia-org-5336 Semantic view of theories Wikipedia The semantic view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in "A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences"[1] as a reaction against the received view of theories popular among the logical positivists. Many varieties of the semantic view propose identifying theories with a class of set-theoretic models in the Tarskian sense,[2] while others specify models in the mathematical language stipulated by the field of which the theory is a member.[3] syntactic views of theories[edit] On the contrast between syntactic and semantic views, Bas van Fraassen writes: In this same book, van Fraassen, a key founder of the semantic view of theories, critiques the syntactic view in very strong terms: "The Semantic View of Theories: Models and Misconceptions" en-wikipedia-org-5337 en-wikipedia-org-5343 en-wikipedia-org-5344 "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (German: Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?) is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant''s opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of enlightenment as people''s inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage. Kant answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: "Enlightenment is man''s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity (Unmündigkeit)." He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one''s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. In this essay Kant argues that the role of the state and church must be such that it allows the individual to practice their public reason. en-wikipedia-org-5347 en-wikipedia-org-5352 Fideism (/ˈfiːdeɪɪzəm, ˈfaɪdi-/) is an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology). Historically, fideism is most commonly ascribed to four philosophers: Blaise Pascal, Søren Kierkegaard, William James, and Ludwig Wittgenstein; with fideism being a label applied in a negative sense by their opponents, but which is not always supported by their own ideas and works or followers.[3] A qualified form of fideism is sometimes attributed to Immanuel Kant''s famous suggestion that we must "deny knowledge in order to make room for faith".[4] Natural theologians may argue that Kierkegaard was a fideist of this general sort: the argument that God''s existence cannot be certainly known, and that the decision to accept faith is neither founded on, nor needs, rational justification, may be found in the writings of Søren Kierkegaard and his followers in Christian existentialism. en-wikipedia-org-5368 Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: referendum (plebiscite), initiative, and recall. Institutions specify the timeframe for a valid petition and the number of signatures required, and may require signatures from diverse communities to protect minority interests.[3] This form of direct democracy effectively grants the voting public a veto on laws adopted by the elected legislature, as in Switzerland.[5][6][7][8] On any political level citizens can propose changes to the constitution (popular initiative), or ask for an optional referendum to be held on any law voted by the federal, cantonal parliament and/or municipal legislative body.[23] There is much state and federal case law, from the early 1900s to the 1990s, that protects the people''s right to each of these direct democracy governance components (Magleby, 1984, and Zimmerman, 1999). Direct Democracy: The Politics Of Initiative, Referendum, And Recall. en-wikipedia-org-5376 A typical focus of new historicist critics, led by Stephen Orgel, has been on understanding Shakespeare less as an autonomous great author in the modern sense than as a means of reconstructing the cultural milieu of Renaissance theatre—a collaborative and largely anonymous free-for-all—and the complex social politics of the time.[4] In this sense, Shakespeare''s plays are seen as inseparable from the context in which he wrote (see contextualism, thick description). New historicism shares many of the same theories as with what is often called cultural materialism, but cultural materialist critics are even more likely to put emphasis on the present implications of their study and to position themselves in disagreement to current power structures, working to give power to traditionally disadvantaged groups. New historicism also has something in common with the historical criticism of Hippolyte Taine, who argued that a literary work is less the product of its author''s imaginations than the social circumstances of its creation, the three main aspects of which Taine called race, milieu, and moment. en-wikipedia-org-5395 en-wikipedia-org-5398 en-wikipedia-org-5399 Robert Sibbald (1641–1722) was appointed as the first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh, and he co-founded the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1681.[16] These developments helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and would put Scotland at the forefront of new thinking.[12] By the end of the century, the University of Edinburgh''s Medical School was arguably one of the leading centres of science in Europe, boasting such names as the anatomist Alexander Monro (secundus), the chemists William Cullen and Joseph Black,[17] and the natural historian John Walker.[18] By the 18th century, access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. en-wikipedia-org-5400 Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (Persian: نظام‌الملک‎, lit. Nizam al-Mulk was an excellent and clever vizier, he represented the majesty, splendor and hospitality of the Barmakids, historians and poets describe him as a great organizer and an ideal soldier and scholar.[27] Only thanks to him it was possible for the Seljuk Turks to establish a powerful empire in their new home.[28] Nizam was not only the leader of the Persian-dominated bureaucratic (divan), but was also an atabeg who served in the royal court (dadgar) and played an important role between the politically and culturally differences of the Iranians and Turks. He was also responsible for establishing distinctly Persian forms of government and administration which would last for centuries.[29] Because of his excellent tutorship and close friendship with Malik-Shah, he was usually called "father" by him.[16] He was even greatly respected by his ghulams, who, after the death of Nizam, took revenge on several of his rivals, such as Taj al-Mulk Abu''l Ghana''im.[16] en-wikipedia-org-5401 en-wikipedia-org-5407 en-wikipedia-org-5410 en-wikipedia-org-5412 It has been claimed that Paley was not a very original thinker and that the philosophical part of his treatise on ethics is "an assemblage of ideas developed by others and is presented to be learned by students rather than debated by colleagues."[18] Nevertheless, his book The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785) was a required text at Cambridge[18] and Smith (1954) says that Paley''s writings were "once as well known in American colleges as were the readers and spellers of William McGuffey and Noah Webster in the elementary schools."[19] Schneewind (1977) writes that "utilitarianism first became widely known in England through the work of William Paley."[20] en-wikipedia-org-5413 Find sources: "Philosophy of war" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Since the philosophy of war is often treated as a subset of another branch of philosophy (for example, political philosophy or the philosophy of law) it would be difficult to define any clear-cut schools of thought in the same sense that, e.g., Existentialism or Objectivism can be described as distinct movements. Another possible system for categorizing different schools of thought on war can be found in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (see external links, below), based on ethics. en-wikipedia-org-5415 He defines secularism as ''everything whose origin is merely human and therefore non-divine and whose metaphysical basis lies in this ontological hiatus between man and God''.[5] Secularism, Nasr argues, is an evil force that has caused science and knowledge to become desacralized. On the contrary, Shu-hsien argues, there is an overwhelming necessity for desacralization of knowledge within the domain of empirical science for the reason that the quest of certainty is no longer a viable objective.[40] For David Harvey, the Enlightenment thought sought demystification and desacralization of knowledge and social organization in order to free human beings from their bonds.[41] Svend Brinkmann independently argues on the need for desacralization of knowledge stating that ''if knowing is a human activity, it is always already situated somewhere – in some cultural, historical and social situation''.[42] David Burrell argues on the other hand that, in a world that is explicitly postmodern, scholars are more at ease with Nasr''s criticism of ''Enlightenment philosophical paradigm'' than ever before. en-wikipedia-org-5418 Ordoliberalism is the German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for the state to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential.[1] Ordoliberal ideals became the foundation of the creation of the post-World War II German social market economy and its attendant Wirtschaftswunder. The theory was developed from about 1930 to 1950 by German economists and legal scholars from the Freiburg School, such as Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm, Hans Grossmann-Doerth, and Leonhard Miksch. Whilst they both adhere to the idea of providing a moderate stance between socialism and capitalism, the ordoliberal social market model often combines private enterprise with government regulation to establish fair competition (although German network industries are known to have been deregulated),[15] whereas advocates of the third-way social democracy model have been known to oversee multiple economic deregulations. "Neoliberalism in Germany: Revisiting the Ordoliberal Foundations of the Social Market Economy". Siebert, Horst (28 May 2003), "Germany''s Social Market Economy: How Sustainable is the Welfare State?" (PDF), Paper presented at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University en-wikipedia-org-5422 Anders Chydenius (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ kʏˈděːnɪɵs]; 26 February 1729 – 1 February 1803) was a Finnish priest and a member of the Swedish Riksdag, and is known as the leading classical liberal of Nordic history. He was elected as an ecclesiastic member of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates in 1765–66, in which his Cap party seized the majority and government and championed Sweden''s first Freedom of the Press Act, the most liberal in the world along with those of Great Britain and the Seven United Provinces. Following Gustav III''s coup d''état in 1772, which meant the end of parliamentary rule for another century, Chydenius briefly returned to prominence and worked to increase civil liberties and economic freedom as part of Gustav''s doctrine of enlightened despotism, and contributed the abolishment of torture as means of interrogation, the limitation of capital punishment, and the legalisation of Jewish and Catholic immigration into Sweden. en-wikipedia-org-5426 en-wikipedia-org-543 en-wikipedia-org-5439 en-wikipedia-org-544 en-wikipedia-org-5443 en-wikipedia-org-5444 Hayashi Razan (林 羅山, 1583 – March 7, 1657), also known as Hayashi Dōshun,[1] was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher and writer, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four shōguns of the Tokugawa bakufu. The intellectual foundation of Razan''s life''s work was based on early studies with Fujiwara Seika (1561–1619), the first Japanese scholar who is known for a close study of Confucius and the Confucian commentators. In the elevated context his father engendered, Hayashi Gahō (formerly Harukatsu), worked on editing a chronicle of Japanese emperors compiled in conformance with his father''s principles. After Razan''s death, Gahō finished work his father had begun, including a number of other works designed to help readers learn from Japan''s history. In the 19th century, this scholar-bureaucrat found himself at a crucial nexus of managing political change, moving arguably "by the book" through uncharted waters with Razan''s well-settled theories as the only guide.[9] Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5454 Category:Theories of law Wikipedia Category:Theories of law Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theories of law. ► Legal positivism‎ (6 P) ► Theories of constitutional interpretation‎ (6 P) Pages in category "Theories of law" The following 68 pages are in this category, out of 68 total. Compact theory Compact theory (Canada) Dualism (law) Feminist legal theory First possession theory of property Labor theory of property Legal origins theory Legal realism Legalism (Chinese philosophy) Legalism (Chinese philosophy) Legalism (Western philosophy) Libertarian theories of law Prediction theory of law Rights Skepticism in law Strawman theory Universal law Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Theories_of_law&oldid=833949253" Categories: Political science theories Philosophical theories Philosophy of law Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools Views View history Navigation Tools Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-5455 This revolution consisted of two phases; the first being extremely mathematical in nature and the second phase starting in 1610 with the publication of a pamphlet by Galileo.[1] Beginning with the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus''s De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, contributions to the "revolution" continued until finally ending with Isaac Newton''s work over a century later. Copernicus did not only come up with a theory regarding the nature of the sun in relation to the earth, but thoroughly worked to debunk some of the minor details within the geocentric theory.[6] In his article about heliocentrism as a model, author Owen Gingerich writes that in order to persuade people of the accuracy of his model, Copernicus created a mechanism in order to return the description of celestial motion to a "pure combination of circles."[7] Copernicus''s theories made a lot of people uncomfortable and somewhat upset. Newton was a well known English physicist and mathematician who was known for his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.[18] He was a main figure in the Scientific Revolution for his laws of motion and universal gravitation. en-wikipedia-org-5456 Rudolf Karl Bultmann (German: [ˈbʊltman]; 20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of the New Testament at the University of Marburg. Bultmann contended that only faith in the kerygma, or proclamation, of the New Testament was necessary for Christian faith, not any particular facts regarding the historical Jesus.[13] Bultmann thus thought of his endeavor of "demythologizing the New Testament proclamation" as fundamentally an evangelism task, clarifying the kerygma, or gospel proclamation, by stripping it of elements of the first-century "mythical world picture" that had potential to alienate modern people from Christian faith: Bultmann saw theology in existential terms, and maintained that the New Testament was a radical text, worthy of understanding yet questioned in his time because of the prevailing Protestant conviction in a supernatural interpretation. en-wikipedia-org-5457 en-wikipedia-org-5459 en-wikipedia-org-5463 The University of Duisburg-Essen (German: Universität Duisburg-Essen) is a public research university in Duisburg and Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a member of the newly founded University Alliance Metropolis Ruhr.[3] It was founded in 1654 and re-established on 1 January 2003, as a merger of the Gerhard Mercator University of Duisburg and the University of Essen.[4] With its 12 departments and around 40,000 students, the University of Duisburg-Essen is among the 10 largest German universities.[3][5] Since 2014, research income has risen by 150 percent.[6] Natural science and engineering are ranked within the top 10 in Germany, and the humanities are formed in the top 20 to 30. 6.1.2.2 University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE)''s faculty partner institutions The program is funded by the State of North Rhine-Westfalia (NRW) and the Mercator Research Center Ruhr (MERCUR) with €800,000 over the next four years and an additional €1 million being added by the three participating members of the University Alliance.[12] University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE)''s faculty partner institutions[edit] "Research Explorer – German research institution: University of Duisburg-Essen". en-wikipedia-org-547 He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted immediate and uncompensated, as opposed to gradual and compensated, emancipation of slaves in the United States. Garrison co-founded The Liberator to espouse his abolitionist views, and in 1832 he organized out of its readers the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. At the age of 25, Garrison joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of Presbyterian Reverend John Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for attracting him to the cause.[4] For a brief time, he became associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that promoted the "resettlement" of free blacks to a territory (now known as Liberia) on the west coast of Africa. In addition to publishing The Liberator, Garrison spearheaded the organization of a new movement to demand the total abolition of slavery in the United States. ^ Henry Mayer, "All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery", (New York: St. Martin''s Press, 1998), 32. en-wikipedia-org-5483 en-wikipedia-org-5487 Coherence theory of truth Wikipedia In other words, the set of base concepts in a universe of discourse must form an intelligible paradigm before many theorists consider that the coherence theory of truth is applicable.[citation needed] H. Joachim (the philosopher credited with the definitive formulation of the theory, in his book The Nature of Truth, published in 1906), truth is a systematic coherence that involves more than logical consistency.[7] In this view, a proposition is true to the extent that it is a necessary constituent of a systematically coherent whole. The main problem for a coherence theory of truth, then, is how to specify just this particular set, given that the truth of which beliefs are actually held can only be determined by means of coherence.[citation needed] ^ a b c d e f g The Coherence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) ^ The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Cornelius (1962), "Coherence Theory of Truth", in Dagobert D. en-wikipedia-org-5490 Ethical non-naturalism Wikipedia Find sources: "Ethical non-naturalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This makes ethical non-naturalism a non-definist form of moral realism, which is in turn a form of cognitivism. Moore also stated that a reduction of ethical properties to a divine command would be the same as stating their naturalness. British epistemologists, following Moore, suggested that humans have a special faculty, a faculty of moral intuition, which tells us what is good and bad, right and wrong. Ethical intuitionists assert that, if we see a good person or a right action, and our faculty of moral intuition is sufficiently developed and unimpaired, we simply intuit that the person is good or that the action is right. "Moral Non-Naturalism" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-5493 en-wikipedia-org-5494 He admitted that joining the military intelligence service at age 19 was a mistake although he had a "dull" desk-job and did not remember informing on anyone.[7][8] While serving in the Internal Security Corps, Bauman first studied sociology at the Warsaw Academy of Political and Social Science. Bauman''s published work extends to 57 books and well over a hundred articles.[18] Most of these address a number of common themes, among which are globalisation, modernity and postmodernity, consumerism, and morality.[19][20][21] Drawing upon Hannah Arendt and Theodor Adorno''s books on totalitarianism and the Enlightenment, Bauman developed the argument that the Holocaust should not simply be considered to be an event in Jewish history, nor a regression to pre-modern barbarism. en-wikipedia-org-5496 On Vision and Colors (originally translated as On Vision and Colours; German: Ueber das Sehn und die Farben) is a treatise[1] by Arthur Schopenhauer that was published in May 1816 when the author was 28 years old. Schopenhauer tried to demonstrate physiologically that color is "specially modified activity of the retina.[5]" The initial basis for Schopenhauer''s color theory comes from Goethe''s chapter on physiological colors, which discusses three principal pairs of contrasting colors: red/green, orange/blue, and yellow/violet. When the activity of the retina is divided, the part of the retinal activity that is inactive and not stimulated into color can be seen as the ghostly complementary afterimage, which he and Goethe call a (physiological) spectrum. Instead of Newton''s division of sunshine into seven rays, Schopenhauer claimed that color was a division of the eye''s retina into two complementary parts. en-wikipedia-org-5497 Some modern day monotheistic religions include Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Bahá''í Faith, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Eckankar. Hard polytheism views the gods as being distinct and separate beings; an example of this would be certain schools of Hinduism as well as Hellenismos , Greek, Egyptian religions. Pantheism: The belief that the physical universe is equivalent to god, and that there is no division between a Creator and the substance of its creation.[12] like Advita Vedanta school of hindu philosophy Classical Deism is the belief that one God exists and created the world, but that the Creator does/do not alter the original plan for the universe, but presides over it in the form of Providence; however, some classical Deists did believe in divine intervention.[15] Deism typically rejects supernatural events (such as prophecies, miracles, and divine revelations) prominent in organized religion. en-wikipedia-org-5500 en-wikipedia-org-5503 en-wikipedia-org-5504 en-wikipedia-org-5528 en-wikipedia-org-5531 en-wikipedia-org-5533 en-wikipedia-org-5535 en-wikipedia-org-5542 en-wikipedia-org-5554 en-wikipedia-org-5564 F. Hegel • Ludwig Feuerbach • Charles Darwin • Charles Babbage[3] • Aristotle • Epicurus • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Baruch Spinoza • Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi[4] • Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz[5][6] • David Ricardo • Adam Smith • Adam Ferguson[7] • Friedrich Engels • Pierre-Joseph Proudhon • Constantin Pecqueur[8] • Henri de Saint-Simon • Robert Owen • William Thompson[9] • Charles Fourier • Baron d''Holbach[10] • Justus von Liebig[11] • Ludwig von Westphalen • Max Stirner • François-Noël Babeuf • Voltaire • Giambattista Vico • Maximilien Robespierre • William Shakespeare • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe • Claude Adrien Helvétius • François Guizot • Moses Hess en-wikipedia-org-5566 en-wikipedia-org-5567 Category:Continental philosophers Wikipedia Category:Continental philosophers Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Continental philosophers. Those who fall under the general category of continental philosophy. Jean-François Lyotard Jean-Luc Nancy Jean-Paul Sartre Leo Strauss Critical theory ► Derrida scholars‎ (8 P) ► Dilthey scholars‎ (1 P) ► Hegel scholars‎ (1 C, 21 P) ► Husserl scholars‎ (7 P) ► Levinas scholars‎ (9 P) Pages in category "Continental philosophers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 419 total. John Mueller Anderson Nancy Bauer (philosopher) Jean-Michel Berthelot Ernst Cassirer Ernst Cassirer Johann Martin Chladenius Colin Davis (philosopher) James Giles (philosopher) Karen Green (philosopher) Johann Georg Hamann Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Michel Henry Johann Friedrich Herbart Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Continental_philosophers&oldid=970185993" Categories: Continental philosophy Philosophers by tradition Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5570 Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. He has been a member of the American Philosophical Society since 1993, and of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters since 1993, and an Honorary Fellow of Harris Manchester College, Oxford since 1996, and of the School of Advanced Study, University of London since 2002 (Senior Distinguished Fellow 2002-3). In What Is Faith?, Kenny addresses "the question of whether belief in God, and faith in a divine world, is a reasonable or rational state of mind."[9] He criticises the idea, "common to theists like Aquinas and Descartes and to an atheist like Russell," that "Rational belief [is] either self-evident or based directly or indirectly on what is evident", which he terms "foundationalism" following Plantinga,[10] arguing that foundationalism is a self-refuting idea. en-wikipedia-org-5571 en-wikipedia-org-5574 Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی‎, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary[2] and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He attempted to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with, and understood from, the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy. The following year, he began to read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work into Persian.[11] Shariati introduced Fanon''s thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles. Completely contrary to Hegel and his philosophy of history, Shariati believed that it is not true that the civilized human is less consciousness than modern people[clarification needed] but rather there is a difference between them. An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati. en-wikipedia-org-5575 en-wikipedia-org-5576 As Prime Minister, it was Guizot''s ban on the political meetings (called the campagne des banquets or the Paris Banquets, which were held by moderate liberals who wanted a larger extension of the franchise)[3] of an increasingly vigorous opposition in January 1848 that catalyzed the revolution that toppled Louis Philippe in February and saw the establishment of the French Second Republic. In 1831 Casimir Périer formed a more vigorous and compact administration, terminated in May 1832 by his death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not until 11 October 1832 that a stable government was formed, in which Marshal Soult was first minister, Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie took the foreign office, Adolphe Thiers the home department, and Guizot the department of public instruction. en-wikipedia-org-5577 Born in Breslau in Silesia (modern-day southwest Poland), into a Jewish family, Cassirer studied literature and philosophy at the University of Marburg (where he completed his doctoral work in 1899 with a dissertation on René Descartes''s analysis of mathematical and natural scientific knowledge entitled Descartes'' Kritik der mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis [Descartes'' Critique of Mathematical and Scientific Knowledge]) and at the University of Berlin (where he completed his habilitation in 1906 with the dissertation Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit: Erster Band [The Problem of Knowledge in Philosophy and Science in the Modern Age: Volume I]).[6] "Cassirer as a thinker became an embodiment of Kantian principles, but also of much more, of an overall movement of spirit stretching from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, and on to Herder''s conception of history, Goethe''s poetry, Wilhelm von Humboldt''s study of the Kavi language, Schelling''s Philosophie Der Mythologie, Hegel''s Phenomenology of Spirit, and Vischer''s conception of the aesthetic symbol, among many others. en-wikipedia-org-5580 In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical,[1] or that the mind and body are distinct and separable.[2] Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.[1][2] Descartes clearly identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished this from the brain as the seat of intelligence.[8] Hence, he was the first to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today.[9] Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism. The central claim of what is often called Cartesian dualism, in honor of Descartes, is that the immaterial mind and the material body, while being ontologically distinct substances, causally interact. en-wikipedia-org-5583 According to James Heisig, the name "Kyoto School" was first used in 1932 by a student of Nishida and Hajime Tanabe. For example, Tanabe and Keiji Nishitani wrote on Christianity and Buddhism and identified common elements between the religions.[4] For this reason, some scholars classify the intellectual products of the school as "religious philosophy." Although Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki was closely connected to the Kyoto School and in some ways critical to the development of thought that occurred there — he personally knew Nishida, Tanabe, and Nishitani — he is not considered a true member of the group.[5] The Philosophy of the Kyoto School, edited by Fujita Masakatsu. "The Religious Philosophy of the Kyoto School: An Overview," by James Heisig. en-wikipedia-org-5592 Hume''s fork, in epistemology, is a tenet elaborating upon British empiricist philosopher David Hume''s emphatic, 1730s division between "relations of ideas" versus "matters of fact."[1][2] (Alternatively, Hume''s fork may refer to what is otherwise termed Hume''s law, a tenet of ethics.)[3] As phrased in Immanuel Kant''s 1780s characterization of Hume''s thesis, and furthered in the 1930s by the logical empiricists, Hume''s fork asserts that all statements are exclusively either "analytic a priori" or "synthetic a posteriori," which, respectively, are universally true by mere definition or, however apparently probable, are unknowable without exact experience.[2][4] en-wikipedia-org-5593 As the first baby boomer president, Clinton was the first chief executive since Calvin Coolidge who was not alive during World War II.[234] Authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward stated that Clinton''s innovative use of sound bite-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning were a major factor in his high public approval ratings.[235][236] When Clinton played the saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, he was described by some religious conservatives as "the MTV president".[237] Opponents sometimes referred to him as "Slick Willie", a nickname which was first applied to him in 1980 by Pine Bluff Commercial journalist Paul Greenberg;[238] Greenberg believed that Clinton was abandoning the progressive policies of previous Arkansas Governors such as Winthrop Rockefeller, Dale Bumpers and David Pryor.[238] The claim "Slick Willie" would last throughout his presidency.[239] Standing at a height of 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m), Clinton is tied with four others as the fifth-tallest president in the nation''s history.[240][241] His folksy manner led him to be nicknamed Bubba, especially in the South.[242] Since 2000, he has frequently been referred to as "The Big Dog" or "Big Dog".[243][244] His prominent role in campaigning for President Obama during the 2012 presidential election and his widely publicized speech at the 2012 Democratic National Convention, where he officially nominated Obama and criticized Republican nominee Mitt Romney and Republican policies in detail, earned him the nickname "Explainer-in-Chief".[245][246] en-wikipedia-org-5596 Beauty is studied as part of aesthetics, culture, social psychology and sociology. Classical philosophy and sculptures of men and women produced according to the Greek philosophers'' tenets of ideal human beauty were rediscovered in Renaissance Europe, leading to a re-adoption of what became known as a "classical ideal". Exposure to the thin ideal in mass media, such as fashion magazines, directly correlates with body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders among female viewers.[65][66] Further, the widening gap between individual body sizes and societal ideals continues to breed anxiety among young girls as they grow, highlighting the dangerous nature of beauty standards in society.[67] However, different nations have varying male beauty ideals; Eurocentric standards for men include tallness, leanness, and muscularity; thus, these features are idolized through American media, such as in Hollywood films and magazine covers.[68] Aesthetic beauty en-wikipedia-org-5603 en-wikipedia-org-5604 en-wikipedia-org-5608 Thomas Hobbes (/hɒbz/ HOBZ; sometimes known as Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury;[4] 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.[5][6] Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory.[7] In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy in general. Hobbes came back home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent, which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan.[19] However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a short treatise called The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic. en-wikipedia-org-5609 This article about ethics is a stub. Contractualism is a term in philosophy which refers either to a family of political theories in the social contract tradition (when used in this sense, the term is an umbrella term for all social contract theories that include contractarianism),[1] or to the ethical theory developed in recent years by T. Social contract theorists from the history of political thought include Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762), and Immanuel Kant (1797); more recently, John Rawls (1971), David Gauthier (1986) and Philip Pettit (1997). ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Contractarianism ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Contractualism Ethical non-naturalism Moral universalism Good and evil History of ethics Islamic ethics Social philosophy Social and political philosophy Philosophy of social science Political ethics This philosophy-related article is a stub. Categories: Ethics stubs Social theories Social theories Ethical theories Edit links en-wikipedia-org-5613 en-wikipedia-org-5615 Category:Philosophers of education Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of education Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Philosophers of education" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 217 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Hans-Georg Gadamer John Gray (philosopher) William Hare (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Johann Friedrich Herbart Martin Hollis (philosopher) René Hubert Wilhelm von Humboldt Philip Kitcher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause André Lalande (philosopher) David Lewis (philosopher) Friedrich Nietzsche Richard Stanley Peters Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold Daniel Ross (philosopher) Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Paul Sartre Friedrich Schiller Friedrich Schlegel Friedrich Schleiermacher Gottlob Ernst Schulze Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_education&oldid=955238771" Categories: Philosophy of education Social philosophers Philosophers by field Category Main page Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2020, at 18:19 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-5619 en-wikipedia-org-5621 en-wikipedia-org-5625 en-wikipedia-org-5626 en-wikipedia-org-5628 Charles Bernard Renouvier (French: [ʁənuvje]; January 1, 1815 – September 1, 1903) was a French philosopher. He considered himself a "Swedenborg of history" who sought to update the philosophy of Kantian liberalism and individualism for the socio-economic realities of the late nineteenth century, and influenced the sociological method of Émile Durkheim.[3][4][5] Renouvier was born in Montpellier and educated in Paris at the École Polytechnique. Philosophy[edit] Renouvier was the first French philosopher after Nicolas Malebranche to formulate a complete idealistic system, and had a vast influence on the development of French thought. Renouvier became an important influence upon the thought of American psychologist and philosopher William James. Brooks, The Eclectic Legacy: Academic Philosophy and the Human Sciences in Nineteenth-century France, University of Delaware Press, 1998, p. Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5631 Moral nihilism broadly today tends to take the form of an Error Theory: The view developed originally by J.L. Mackie in his 1977 book Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Error theory and nihilism broadly take the form of a negative claim about the existence of objective values or properties. However, holding nihilism does not necessarily imply that we should give up using moral or ethical language; some nihilists contend that it remains a useful tool[4] In fact Mackie and other contemporary defenders of Error Theory (Richard Joyce, etc) defend the use of moral or ethical talk and action even in knowledge of their fundamental falsity. Ethical language: false versus not truth-apt[edit] In his book Morality without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism (1999), Mark Timmons provides a reconstruction of Mackie''s views in the form of the two related arguments. The Nature of Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. en-wikipedia-org-5633 Carlo Alberto Rosselli (Rome, 16 November 1899 – Bagnoles-de-l''Orne, 9 June 1937) was an Italian Jewish political leader, journalist, historian, philosopher and anti-fascist activist, first in Italy and then abroad. Flag of Giustizia e Libertà, an Italian anti-fascist resistance movement founded and initially led by Rosselli. Rosselli helped lead the Italian anti-fascist supporters of the republican forces, criticizing the neutrality policy of France and Britain, especially as Italy and Germany sent arms and troops in support of the rebels. Carlo Rosselli only published a single book, "Liberal Socialism", in his life. Carlo Rosselli, Liberal Socialism. Italian Wikipedia article[circular reference] (1999), Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile, Harvard University Press, (in Italian) "Carlo Rosselli e l''altro socialismo" Links and Timeline (in Italian) Biography, information and other links on Giustizia e Libertà and Carlo Rosselli Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5638 Furthermore, some philosophers (starting with W.V.O. Quine) have questioned whether there is even a clear distinction to be made between propositions which are analytically true and propositions which are synthetically true.[2] Debates regarding the nature and usefulness of the distinction continue to this day in contemporary philosophy of language.[2] In 1951, Willard Van Orman Quine published the essay "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" in which he argued that the analytic–synthetic distinction is untenable.[14] The argument at bottom is that there are no "analytic" truths, but all truths involve an empirical aspect. Jerrold Katz, a one-time associate of Noam Chomsky, countered the arguments of "Two Dogmas" directly by trying to define analyticity non-circularly on the syntactical features of sentences.[22][23][24] Chomsky himself critically discussed Quine''s conclusion, arguing that it is possible to identify some analytic truths (truths of meaning, not truths of facts) which are determined by specific relations holding among some innate conceptual features of the mind/brain.[25] en-wikipedia-org-5644 en-wikipedia-org-5647 The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, are often grouped together as the "Copenhagen interpretation", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so designated.[3][4] Copenhagen-type ideas were never universally embraced, and challenges to a perceived Copenhagen orthodoxy gained increasing attention in the 1950s with the pilot-wave interpretation of David Bohm and the many-worlds interpretation of Hugh Everett III.[3][5][6] ...A quantum mechanical state being a summary of the observer''s information about an individual physical system changes both by dynamical laws, and whenever the observer acquires new information about the system through the process of measurement. According to this interpretation, the purpose of a quantum-mechanical theory is to predict the relative probabilities of various alternative histories (for example, of a particle). en-wikipedia-org-5651 en-wikipedia-org-5652 en-wikipedia-org-5653 en-wikipedia-org-5654 en-wikipedia-org-566 Evolutionary aesthetics Wikipedia Evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success History of evolutionary theory Evolutionary aesthetics refers to evolutionary psychology theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of Homo sapiens are argued to have evolved in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.[1] Based on this theory, things like color preference, preferred mate body ratios, shapes, emotional ties with objects, and many other aspects of the aesthetic experience can be explained with reference to human evolution.[2] 1 Aesthetics and evolutionary psychology Aesthetics and evolutionary psychology[edit] This universality suggests that art is related to evolutionary adaptations. It covers vocal communication in non-human animal species, theories of the evolution of human music, and cross-cultural human universals in musical ability and processing. Main article: Evolution of emotion Evolutionary psychology and culture en-wikipedia-org-5663 There he developed his doctrines still more boldly and completely in L''Homme machine, a hastily written treatise based upon consistently materialistic and quasi-atheistic principles.[3] La Mettrie''s materialism was in many ways the product of his medical concerns, drawing on the work of 17th-century predecessors such as the Epicurean physician Guillaume Lamy.[5] The ethical implications of these principles would later be worked out in his Discours sur le bonheur; La Mettrie considered it his magnum opus.[6] Here he developed his theory of remorse, i.e. his view about the inauspicious effects of the feelings of guilt acquired at early age during the process of enculturation. La Mettrie believed that man worked like a machine due to mental thoughts depending on bodily actions. La Mettrie most directly influenced Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, a prominent French physician. ^ a b c d e Aram Vartanian, La Mettrie''s L''Homme Machine: A Study in the Origins of an Idea (Princeton University Press, 1960), p. en-wikipedia-org-5664 en-wikipedia-org-5668 Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the Gelugpa school and the most outspoken proponent of the distinction, followed Candrakīrti in his rejection of Bhavaviveka''s arguments.[5] According to Tsongkhapa, the Svātantrikas do negate intrinsic nature ultimately, but "accept that things conventionally have intrinsic character or intrinsic nature."[6] Tsongkhapa, commenting on Candrakirti, says that he "refute[s] essential or intrinsic nature even conventionally."[7] For Tsongkhapa, as well as for the Karma Kagyu school, the differences with Bhavaviveka are of major importance.[8][page needed] Śāntarakṣita established Buddhism in Tibet, and his Yogācāra-Mādhyamika was the primary philosophic viewpoint until the 12th century, when the works of Candrakīrti were first translated into Tibetan.[3] In this synthesis, conventional truth or reality is explained and analysed in terms of the Yogacara system, while the ultimate truth is presented in terms of the Madhyamaka system.[9] While Śāntarakṣita''s synthesis reflects the final development of Indian Madhyamaka and post-dates Candrakīrti, Tibetan doxographers ignored the nuances of Śāntarakṣita''s synthesis, grouping his approach together with Bhāviveka''s, due to their usage of syllogistic reasonings to explain and defend Madhyamaka.[3] en-wikipedia-org-567 en-wikipedia-org-5671 en-wikipedia-org-5672 Functional contextualism serves as the basis of a theory of language known as relational frame theory[1] and its most prominent application, acceptance and commitment therapy.[2] It is an extension and contextualistic interpretation of B.F. Skinner''s radical behaviorism first delineated by Steven C. Contextualism is Pepper''s term for the philosophical pragmatism developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and others. This approach reveals a strong adherence to the root metaphor of contextualism and can be likened to the enterprise of history, in which stories of the past are constructed in an attempt to understand whole events. Functional contextualism[edit] This approach reveals a strong adherence to contextualism''s extremely practical truth criterion and can be likened to the enterprise of science or engineering, in which general rules and principles are used to predict and influence events. Functional contextualism: A pragmatic philosophy for behavioral science. Constructing a pragmatic science of learning and instruction with functional contextualism. en-wikipedia-org-5673 Category:University of Königsberg alumni Wikipedia Category:University of Königsberg alumni Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alumni of the University of Königsberg. This page contains the names of people who have studied at the University of Königsberg until 1945. Pages in category "University of Königsberg alumni" Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander Johann Georg Baiter Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal Friedrich Gustav von Bramann Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach Friedrich Ernst Dorn Erich von Drygalski Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell Friedrich von Gentz Rudolf von Gottschall Albrecht von Hagen Johann Theodor Jablonski Carl Julius Meyer von Klinggräff Hugo Erich Meyer von Klinggräff Julius von Mirbach George Adalbert von Mülverstedt Otto von Oehlschläger Johann Friedrich Reichardt Gustav von Saltzwedel Max von Schenkendorf Theodor von Schön Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert Eduard von Simson Herbert Arthur Stuart Karl Friedrich Eusebius Trahndorff Friedrich Heinrich Albert Wangerin Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:University_of_Königsberg_alumni&oldid=963461801" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata en-wikipedia-org-5678 The concept was originally coined by the Polish-American philosopher and sociologist Florian Znaniecki in his book Cultural Reality (1919) in English and later translated into Polish as kulturalizm. Znaniecki''s culturalism was based on philosophies and theories of Matthew Arnold (Culture and Anarchy), Friedrich Nietzsche (voluntarism), Henri Bergson (creative evolutionism), Wilhelm Dilthey (philosophy of life), William James, John Dewey (pragmatism) and Ferdinand C. Znaniecki''s philosophy favored the advantages of rational, systematic knowledge.[7] He also attempted to reconcile the threads of the phenomenological and pragmatic views to counter naturalism.[7] Aside from naturalism,[3][8][9] Znaniecki was critical of a number of then-prevalent philosophical viewpoints: intellectualism,[10] idealism,[8] realism,[8] and rationalism.[3] He was also critical of irrationalism and intuitionism.[10] His criticisms became the bases of a new theoretical framework in the form of culturalism.[8][9][11] Among the fundamental aspects of the philosophy of culturalism are two categories: value and action.[9] Elżbieta Hałas, who calls it an "antithesis to the intellectual dogmas of naturalism", identifies the following assumptions:[10] en-wikipedia-org-5686 en-wikipedia-org-5687 Category:CS1 German-language sources (de) Wikipedia Category:CS1 German-language sources (de) These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This is a tracking category for CS1 citations that use the parameter |language=de to identify a source in German. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and Module:Citation/CS1. Category:Articles containing German-language text Pages in category "CS1 German-language sources (de)" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 100,272 total. ...Baby One More Time (album) ...Baby One More Time (song) 1st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 3 Doors Down (album) Media in category "CS1 German-language sources (de)" German submarine SM UB-16.jpg German submarine SM UB-16.jpg German Type UB I submarine.jpg PINK Whatever You Want (Official Single Cover).png Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)&oldid=958291330" Category en-wikipedia-org-569 en-wikipedia-org-5694 Homer William Smith (January 2, 1895 – March 25, 1962) was an American physiologist and science writer known for his experiments on the kidney and philosophical writings on natural history and the theory of evolution. From 1928 until his retirement in 1961 he was the Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Laboratories at New York University School of Medicine.[8] Smith was a leader in the field of renal physiology.[9] His elegant experiments on the kidney in the 1930s proved beyond any doubt that it operated according to physical principles, both as a filter and a secretory organ, eliminating the last vestige of vitalism in physiology.[10] He used inulin (at the same time as A. As a memorial to Smith in 1963 the New York Heart Association created the Homer W. en-wikipedia-org-5698 en-wikipedia-org-5712 Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, FRS FRSE PC (25 October 1800 – 28 December 1859) was a British historian and Whig politician. He died of a heart attack on 28 December 1859, aged 59, leaving his major work, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second incomplete.[36] On 9 January 1860 he was buried in Westminster Abbey, in Poets'' Corner, near a statue of Addison.[11] As he had no children, his peerage became extinct on his death. The Liberal historian Lord Acton read Macaulay''s History of England four times and later described himself as "a raw English schoolboy, primed to the brim with Whig politics" but "not Whiggism only, but Macaulay in particular that I was so full of." However, after coming under German influence Acton would later find fault in Macaulay.[44] In 1880 Acton classed Macaulay (with Burke and Gladstone) as one "of the three greatest Liberals".[45] In 1883, he advised Mary Gladstone: en-wikipedia-org-5715 en-wikipedia-org-5720 Comtean positivism had viewed science as description, whereas the logical positivists posed science as explanation, perhaps to better realize the envisioned unity of science by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but the special sciences, too, for instance biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics.[26] The most widely accepted concept of scientific explanation, held even by neopositivist critic Karl Popper, was the deductive-nomological model (DN model).[27] Yet DN model received its greatest explication by Carl Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[27] Even philosophers disagreeing among themselves on which direction general epistemology ought to take, as well as on philosophy of science, agreed that the logical empiricist program was untenable, and it became viewed as self-contradictory.[38] The verifiability criterion of meaning was itself unverified.[38] Notable critics included Nelson Goodman, Willard Van Orman Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, J. en-wikipedia-org-5733 Category:Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia Category:Articles with LibriVox links Jump to navigation Articles with external links including {{Librivox author}} and {{Librivox book}}. Pages in category "Articles with LibriVox links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 7,631 total. John Stevens Cabot Abbott Thomas Kingsmill Abbott Adam Bede Adolphe Adam George Burton Adams Abigail Adams Andy Adams (writer) Arthur Henry Adams Brooks Adams Charles Follen Adams Charles Warren Adams Francis Adams (writer) Adams Henry Adams James Barton Adams John Adams John Quincy Adams Roger Adams Samuel Hopkins Adams William Henry Davenport Adams William Taylor Adams The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton The Alchemist (play) The Alchemist (short story) Alice Adams (novel) Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland James Allen (author) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links&oldid=958254837" Categories: Wikipedia external links View history Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5737 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5743 en-wikipedia-org-5744 An important question since the 1960s has revolved over whether Scotus''s thought heralded a change in thinking on the nature of ''being,'' a change which marked a shift from Aquinas and other previous thinkers; this question has been particularly significant in recent years because it has come to be seen as a debate over the origins of ''modernity.'' This line of argument first emerged in the 1960s among popular French philosophers who, in passing, singled out Duns Scotus as the figure whose theory of univocal being changed an earlier approach which Aquinas had shared with his predecessors.[50] Then, in 1990, the historian of philosophy Jean-Francois Courtine argued that, between the time of Aquinas in the mid-thirteenth century and Francisco Suárez at the turn of the seventeenth, a fundamentally new approach to being was developed, with Scotus taking a major part in its development.[51] During the 1990s, various scholars extended this argument to locate Scotus as the first thinker who succumbed to what Heidegger termed ''onto-theology''. en-wikipedia-org-5753 The Catholic Church, following the teachings of Paul the Apostle, Thomas Aquinas, and the First Vatican Council, affirms that God''s existence "can be known with certainty from the created world by the natural light of human reason".[4] Unwin, is to treat (particular versions of) theism and naturalism as though they were two hypotheses in the Bayesian sense, to list certain data (or alleged data), about the world, and to suggest that the likelihoods of these data are significantly higher under one hypothesis than the other.[31] Most of the arguments for, or against, the existence of God can be seen as pointing to particular aspects of the universe in this way. In article 3, question 2, first part of his Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas developed his five arguments for God''s existence. A Collection of Arguments for the Existence of God Categories: Arguments against the existence of God en-wikipedia-org-5754 If, however, you need a bird''s eye view of what Wikipedia has to offer, see its main contents pages below, which in turn list more specific pages. Wikipedia''s main navigation subsystems (overviews, outlines, lists, portals, glossaries, categories, and indices) are each divided into the following subject classifications: Wikipedia:Contents/Overviews lists overview articles from covered fields in a single page. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines is a comprehensive list of "Outline of __" pages, organized by subject. Wikipedia has "lists of lists" when there are too many items to fit on a single page, when the items can be sorted in different ways, or as a way of navigating lists on a topic (for example Lists of countries and territories or Lists of people). Wikipedia:Contents/Glossaries – A single-page list of glossaries Wikipedia:Contents/Portals – A single-page list of portals Category:Wikipedia indexes – alphabetical list of topic indexes en-wikipedia-org-5757 According to French Professor Patrick Laude, Schuon established himself – through his many books, articles and letters –, "as the principal spokesman of the intellectual current sometimes referred to in English speaking countries as perennialism",[30] or the Traditionalist School.[31] During his years in Lausanne and Bloomington he regularly received visits from "practitioners and representatives of diverse religions".[32] The metaphysicians and art specialists Ananda Coomaraswamy and Titus Burckhardt also became prominent advocates of this intellectual current.[46] According to the perennialist writer William Stoddart, "the central idea of the perennial philosophy is that Divine Truth is one, timeless and universal, and that the different religions are but different languages expressing that one Truth" – hence the title given by Schuon to his first book in French, De l''unité transcendante des religions.[47] For Professor Patrick Laude, a perennialist author is "one who claims the universality and primordiality of fundamental metaphysical principles and the perennity of the wisdom that actualizes these principles in man, as expressed in all great revelations and major teachings of sages and saints throughout the ages".[48] en-wikipedia-org-5761 Vissarion Belinsky, Jeremy Bentham, Jorge Luis Borges, Lord Byron, Catherine the Great, Emilie de Chatelet, Denis Diderot, Gustave Flaubert, Frederick the Great, William Godwin, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alexander Herzen, Kermani,[2] Christopher Hitchens,[3] Victor Hugo, Karl Marx, Napoleon, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Paine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Percy Bysshe Shelley, David Strauss,[4] Mary Wollstonecraft In August 1736, Frederick the Great, then Crown Prince of Prussia and a great admirer of Voltaire, initiated a correspondence with him.[73] That December, Voltaire moved to Holland for two months and became acquainted with the scientists Herman Boerhaave and ''s Gravesande.[74] From mid-1739 to mid-1740 Voltaire lived largely in Brussels, at first with the Marquise, who was unsuccessfully attempting to pursue a 60-year-old family legal case regarding the ownership of two estates in Limburg.[75] In July 1740, he traveled to the Hague on behalf of Frederick in an attempt to dissuade a dubious publisher, van Duren, from printing without permission Frederick''s Anti-Machiavel.[76] In September Voltaire and Frederick (now King) met for the first time in Moyland Castle near Cleves and in November Voltaire was Frederick''s guest in Berlin for two weeks,[77] followed by a meeting in September 1742 at Aix-la-Chapelle.[78] Voltaire was sent to Frederick''s court in 1743 by the French government as an envoy and spy to gauge Frederick''s military intentions in the War of the Austrian Succession.[79] en-wikipedia-org-5762 A Rechtsstaat is a "constitutional state" in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law.[2] It is closely related to "constitutionalism" while is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in that it also emphasizes what is just (i.e., a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity). The actual expression Rechtsstaat appears to have been introduced by Carl Theodor Welcker in 1813,[10][11] but it was popularised by Robert von Mohl''s book Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft nach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates ("German Policy Science according to the Principles of the Constitutional State"; 1832–33). Rechtsstaat, Fundamental Concept of Democracy – "The legislature is bound by the constitutional order, the executive and the judiciary by law and right." (Article 20(3) GG) Russian model of Rechtsstaat: a concept of the legal state[edit] en-wikipedia-org-5769 en-wikipedia-org-5770 en-wikipedia-org-5771 The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years.[2] Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.[3] In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. The great debate between defining notions of space and time as real objects themselves (absolute), or mere orderings upon actual objects (relational), began between physicists Isaac Newton (via his spokesman, Samuel Clarke) and Gottfried Leibniz in the papers of the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence. The second major family of solutions to this problem, and by far the one that has generated the most literature, finds the existence of the direction of time as relating to the nature of thermodynamics. en-wikipedia-org-5776 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-578 en-wikipedia-org-5782 en-wikipedia-org-5788 Category:Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NTA identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers" Abraham Jacob van der Aa Christianus Carolus Henricus van der Aa Christianus Robidé van der Aa Michel van der Aa Petrus van der Aa Pieter van der Aa Andreas Aagesen Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen Aaron ben Samuel of Hergershausen Aaron HaLevi ben Moses of Staroselye Richard Aaron Aaron Aaronsohn Asbjørn Aarseth Aart van der Leeuw Aziz Abaza Categories: Pages with NTA identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5789 Most of his major works were published posthumously, including his lay sermons on Faith and The Witness of God, the essay "On the Different Senses of ''Freedom'' as Applied to Will and the Moral Progress of Man", Prolegomena to Ethics, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, and the "Lecture on Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract". Green''s teaching was, directly and indirectly, the most potent philosophical influence in England during the last quarter of the 19th century, while his enthusiasm for a common citizenship, and his personal example in practical municipal life, inspired much of the effort made in the years succeeding his death to bring the universities more into touch with the people, and to break down the rigour of class distinctions.[6] His ideas spread to the University of St Andrews through the influence of David George Ritchie, a former student of his, who eventually helped found the Aristotelian Society. en-wikipedia-org-5792 en-wikipedia-org-5795 Milesian school Wikipedia The ideas associated with it are exemplified by three philosophers from the Ionian town of Miletus, on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. The Milesians conceived of nature in terms of methodologically observable entities, and as such was one of the first truly scientific philosophies. The Milesian school is not synonymous with the Ionian, which includes the philosophies of the Milesians plus distinctly different Ionian thinkers such as Heraclitus. Ionian School (philosophy) Pre-Socratic philosophy Ancient Greek schools of philosophy Ancient Greek schools of philosophy Metrodorus of Lampsacus Metrodorus of Lampsacus Theodorus of Cyrene Theodorus of Cyrene Demetrius of Amphipolis Crates of Athens Crates of Athens Diogenes of Tarsus Diogenes of Tarsus Philo of Alexandria Philo of Alexandria Zeno of Tarsus Zeno of Tarsus Apollodorus of Athens Apollodorus of Athens Heraclides of Tarsus Heraclides of Tarsus Dionysius of Cyrene Dionysius of Cyrene Edit links en-wikipedia-org-5798 According to constructivists, the world is independent of human minds, but knowledge of the world is always a human and social construction.[1] Constructivism opposes the philosophy of objectivism, embracing the belief that a human can come to know the truth about the natural world not mediated by scientific approximations with different degrees of validity and accuracy. The expression "constructivist epistemology" was first used by Jean Piaget, 1967, with plural form in the famous article from the "Encyclopédie de la Pléiade" Logique et connaissance scientifique or "Logic and Scientific knowledge", an important text for epistemology.[citation needed] He refers directly to the mathematician Brouwer and his radical constructivism. Kincheloe has published numerous social and educational books on critical constructivism (2001, 2005, 2008), a version of constructivist epistemology that places emphasis on the exaggerated influence of political and cultural power in the construction of knowledge, consciousness, and views of reality. en-wikipedia-org-5801 en-wikipedia-org-5804 This article is about explanatory power in the context of the philosophy of science. By that expression, he intended to state that a hard-to-vary explanation provides specific details that fit together so tightly that it is impossible to change any detail without affecting the whole theory. The philosopher and physicist David Deutsch offers a criterion for a good explanation that he considered to be possibly just as important to scientific progress as learning to reject appeals to authority and falsifiability. It can be argued that the criterion hard to vary is closely related to Occam''s razor: both imply logical consistency and a minimum of assumptions. The philosopher Karl Popper acknowledged it is logically possible to avoid falsification of a hypothesis by changing details to avoid any criticism, adopting the term an immunizing stratagem from Hans Albert.[3] Popper argued that scientific hypotheses should be subjected to methodological testing to select for the strongest hypothesis.[4] en-wikipedia-org-5805 en-wikipedia-org-5807 en-wikipedia-org-5815 Hobbes was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.[17] Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of fields, including history, geometry, physics of gases, theology, ethics, general philosophy, and political science. The three ''classic'' British empiricists in the early modern era were John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. Analytic philosophy was based on traditional British empiricism, updated to accommodate the new developments in logic pioneered by German mathematician Gottlob Frege. en-wikipedia-org-5817 The overriding theme of Dewey''s works was his profound belief in democracy, be it in politics, education, or communication and journalism.[5] As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the University of Michigan, "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous."[6] Dewey considered two fundamental elements—schools and civil society—to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. Dewey was also a major educational reformer for the 20th century.[3] A well-known public intellectual, he was a major voice of progressive education and liberalism.[10][11] While a professor at the University of Chicago, he founded the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, where he was able to apply and test his progressive ideas on pedagogical method.[12][13] Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other topics, including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, art, logic, social theory, and ethics. en-wikipedia-org-5823 Turkish philosophy Wikipedia Turkish philosophy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Turkish philosophy has long been affected by Islam and the country''s proximity to Greece and ancient Greek philosophy. Turkish Contributions to Philosophical Culture Aydın, Mehmet (1986) Human nature Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Social science Chinese naturalism Renaissance humanism Korean Confucianism Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Kantianism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Socialism Applied ethics Analytical Marxism Critical rationalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Scientific realism Contemporary utilitarianism Neo-Marxism Western Marxism Naturalism Naturalism Naturalism Naturalism Realism Realism Turkish Schools Natural law Natural law Women in philosophy This philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_philosophy&oldid=863571403" Categories: Turkish philosophy Philosophy stubs Hidden categories: All stub articles View history Page information Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018, at 16:43 (UTC). About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-5838 Notion (philosophy) Wikipedia Reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and relations A notion in logic and philosophy is a reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and relations. Notion is the common translation for Begriff as used by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in his Science of Logic (1812–16). Primitive notion[edit] A primitive notion is used in logic or mathematics as an undefined term or concept at the foundation of an axiomatic system to be constructed. However, in philosophy the term "primitive notion" has historical content. For apart from the most general notions of being, number, duration, etc which apply to everything that we can conceive, we have only the notion of extension that is specifically for the body, and from that flow the notions of shape and movement; and for the soul on its own we have only the concept of thought, which includes perceptions of the understanding and inclinations of the will. Clarke (2003) Descartes''s Theory of Mind, page 38 ^ Daniel Garber (1992) Descartes'' Metaphysical Physics, page 92 en-wikipedia-org-5843 Although the first known use of the term in English occurred in 1949 and there were several earlier uses of it,[1] including one by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the term "Counter-Enlightenment" is usually associated with Isaiah Berlin, who is often credited for re-inventing it. On the other hand, Johann Georg Hamann and his fellow philosophers believe that a more organic conception of social and political life, a more vitalistic view of nature, and an appreciation for beauty and the spiritual life of man have been neglected by the eighteenth century.[2] Everdell was the first to situate Rousseau as the "founder of the Counter-Enlightenment" in his 1971 dissertation and in his 1987 book, Christian Apologetics in France, 1730–1790: The Roots of Romantic Religion.[6] In his 1996 article, "the Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment: Rousseau and the New Religion of Sincerity", in the American Political Science Review (Vol. 90, No. 2), Arthur M. en-wikipedia-org-5847 en-wikipedia-org-5852 Category:Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers This category is for articles with NLG identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers" Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel Adam Smith (Kentucky) Patsy Adam-Smith Adolphe Adam William Adam (malacologist) William Adam (trumpeter) Louis Adamic Charles Baker Adams Francis Adams (writer) Francis Colburn Adams Henry Adams John Adams John Jay Adams Joseph Adams (physician) Friedrich Adler (writer) Jean-Louis van Aelbroeck Jacob Georg Agardh François Albert-Buisson Michel Albert Categories: Pages with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5859 Category:18th-century German writers Wikipedia Category:18th-century German writers Jump to navigation ► Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel‎ (4 C, 25 P) Pages in category "18th-century German writers" Jacob Georg Christian Adler Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz Georg Ludwig von Bar Christian Friedrich Baz Karl August von Bergen Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper Johann Friedrich Gmelin Johann Georg Gmelin Johann Christoph Gottsched Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm Johann Georg Hamann Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Johann Christoph Heilbronner Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link Johann Michael von Loën Johann Friedrich Mayer (theologian) Johann Christian Nehring Adolf Friedrich von Reinhard Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber Johann Friedrich Schultz Johann Georg Steigerthal Christoph Ludwig von Stille Georg von Welling Johann Christian Wernsdorf Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:18th-century_German_writers&oldid=950712201" Categories: 18th-century German people by occupation German writers by century By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5879 Duncan Pritchard Wikipedia Duncan Pritchard FRSE is the Chancellor''s Professor of Philosophy and the Director of Graduate Studies at the University of California, Irvine. He was previously Professor of Philosophy and Chair in Epistemology at the University of Edinburgh. He has studied the problem of scepticism, the epistemic externalism/internalism distinction; the rationality of religious belief; testimony; the relationship between epistemic and content externalism; virtue epistemology; epistemic value; modal epistemology; Wittgensteinian hinge epistemology; the history of scepticism; and epistemological contextualism.[1][2] Academic studies[edit] This is the retitled second edition of Knowledge]. He received the Philip Leverhulme Prize for his research in philosophy in 2007.[5] He received a Chair in Epistemology in 2007. External links[edit] http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/duncan-pritchard(3f3826b9-e53a-4413-850f-dd444d6ca802).html http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/obo/page/philosophy http://philosophy.uconn.edu/2016/08/19/duncan-pritchard-visiting-fall-2016 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5884 While the term "nondualism" is derived from Advaita Vedanta, descriptions of nondual consciousness can be found within Hinduism (Turiya, sahaja), Buddhism (emptiness, pariniṣpanna, nature of mind, rigpa), Sufism (Wahdat al Wujud, Fanaa, and Haqiqah) and western Christian and neo-Platonic traditions (henosis, mystical union). In Madhyamaka, Advaya refers to the fact that the two truths are not separate or different.,[139] as well as the non-dual relationship of saṃsāra (the round of rebirth and suffering) and nirvāṇa (cessation of suffering, liberation).[42] According to Murti, in Madhyamaka, "Advaya" is an epistemological theory, unlike the metaphysical view of Hindu Advaita.[54] Madhyamaka advaya is closely related to the classical Buddhist understanding that all things are impermanent (anicca) and devoid of "self" (anatta) or "essenceless" (niḥsvabhāvavā),[140][141][142] and that this emptiness does not constitute an "absolute" reality in itself.[note 14]. en-wikipedia-org-5894 en-wikipedia-org-590 en-wikipedia-org-5907 Category:Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Category:Immanuel Kant Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immanuel Kant. The main article for this category is Immanuel Kant. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. Pages in category "Immanuel Kant" The following 27 pages are in this category, out of 27 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Immanuel Kant Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant Pure practical reason Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Immanuel_Kant&oldid=936367671" Categories: German male writers Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia categories named after philosophers Wikipedia categories named after German writers Wikipedia categories named after Prussian people Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2020, at 11:18 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-591 After Plotinus there were three distinct periods in the history of neoplatonism: the work of his student Porphyry (third to early fourth century); that of Iamblichus (third to fourth century) and that school''s later continuation in Syria; and the period in the fifth and sixth centuries, when the Academies in Alexandria and Athens flourished.[2] In the Islamic cultural sphere, neoplatonic texts were available in Arabic and Persian translations, and notable thinkers such as al-Farabi, Solomon ibn Gabirol (Avicebron), Avicenna, and Moses Maimonides incorporated neoplatonic elements into their own thinking.[3] Thomas Aquinas had direct access to works by Proclus, Simplicius and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, and he knew about other Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus and Porphyry, through secondhand sources.[4] The mystic Meister Eckhart (c. Neoplatonism also had a strong influence on the perennial philosophy of the Italian Renaissance thinkers Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola, and continues through nineteenth-century Universalism and modern-day spirituality and nondualism. en-wikipedia-org-5923 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5924 Social liberalism Social liberalism David Gauthier FRSC (/ˈɡɔːtieɪ/; born 10 September 1932) is a Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract (contractarian) theory of morality, as developed in his 1986 book Morals by Agreement. Philosophy[edit] In addition to systematic work in moral theory, Gauthier is also interested in the history of political philosophy, especially Hobbes and Rousseau. The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969). Peter Vallentyne, ed., Contractarianism and Rational Choice: Essays on David Gauthier''s Morals by Agreement (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.) Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-593 The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning "aesthetic, sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception"), which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel, sense" and related to αἴσθησις (aisthēsis, "sensation").[6][better source needed] Aesthetics in this central sense has been said to start with the series of articles on "The Pleasures of the Imagination" which the journalist Joseph Addison wrote in the early issues of the magazine The Spectator in 1712.[7] The term "aesthetics" was appropriated and coined with new meaning by the German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten in his dissertation Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus ("Philosophical considerations of some matters pertaining the poem") in 1735;[8] Baumgarten chose "aesthetics" because he wished to emphasize the experience of art as a means of knowing. Bourdieu examined how the elite in society define the aesthetic values like taste and how varying levels of exposure to these values can result in variations by class, cultural background, and education.[17] According to Kant, beauty is subjective and universal; thus certain things are beautiful to everyone.[18] In the opinion of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression and innovation. en-wikipedia-org-5931 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Wikipedia Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Балтийский федеральный университет имени Иммануила Канта]]; see its history for attribution. The Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University of today is an educational, scientific, cultural and enlightenment centre of the westernmost region of Russia. Social and cultural services and tourism; Law; Services; Interpreting and translation studies; Applied mathematics and informatics; Marketing; Mathematical maintenance and administration of information systems; Tourism; Mathematics; Philosophy; Journalism; Transport management and logistics. Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (BFU) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant_Baltic_Federal_University&oldid=993605750" Categories: Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5935 Félix Somló Wikipedia Bódog (Felix) Somló[1] (Hungarian: [ˈfeːliks ˈʃomloː]; 1873–1920) was a Hungarian legal scholar of Jewish heritage. Along with Hans Kelsen and Georg Jellinek, he belonged to the range of Austrian Legal Positivists. "The Role of Bódog Somló in the Revival of Hungarian Legal Philosophy". Legal theory International legal theory Legal history Philosophy of law Legal system Legal system This article about a Hungarian scientist is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Félix_Somló&oldid=941722279" Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2020, at 07:18 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5936 The level of scholarship of a habilitation is considerably higher than for a doctoral dissertation in the same academic tradition in terms of quality and quantity, and must be accomplished independently, without direction or guidance of a faculty supervisor.[5][6] In the sciences, publication of numerous (sometimes ten or more)[7] research articles is required during the habilitation period of about four to ten years. Livre-docência is a title (similar to Habilitation in Germany) granted to holders of doctorate degrees upon submission of a cumulative thesis followed by a viva voce examination. The habilitation is thus a qualification at a higher level than the German doctoral degree awarded during Promotion. Since 2006, in some federal states of Germany, there have been new restrictions by the federal laws regarding the degree of the doctoral thesis which allow only excellent candidates to enter the process of Habilitation. en-wikipedia-org-5940 en-wikipedia-org-5951 Ethics is called Nitisastra (Sanskrit: नीतिशास्त्र)[11] in ancient texts of Hinduism.[12] Ethics and virtue are a much debated[13] and an evolving concept in ancient scriptures of Hinduism.[14][15] Virtue, right conduct, ethics and morality are part of the complex concept Hindus call Dharma everything that is essential for people, the world and nature to exist and prosper together, in harmony.[16] As P.V. Kane, the author of the History of Dharmasastra said, the term "Dharma" does not have a synonym in English language. This faculty most crucially involves reflecting on the meaning of existence, which, as John Kelsay in the Encyclopedia of Ethics phrases, "ultimately points to the reality of God." Therefore, regardless of their environment, humans are believed to have a moral responsibility to submit to God''s will and to follow Islam (as demonstrated in the Qur''an and the Sunnah, or the sayings of Muhammad [Quran 7:172]).[38] Maimonides, in turn, influences Thomas Aquinas, a dominant figure in Catholic ethics and the natural law tradition of moral theology. en-wikipedia-org-5954 This article is not about "experience" in this sense, but is instead about the immediate perception of events. Mental experience involves the aspect of intellect and consciousness experienced as combinations of thought, perception, memory, emotion, will[citation needed] and imagination, including all unconscious cognitive processes. The term can refer, by implication, to a thought process.[clarification needed] Mental experience and its relation to the physical brain form an area of philosophical debate: some identity theorists originally argued that the identity of brain and mental states held only for a few sensations. These views of Kant are mirrored in the research of ideasthesia, which demonstrates that one can experience the world only if one has the appropriate concepts (i.e., the ideas) about the objects that are being experienced.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-5955 Dieter Henrich (born 5 January 1927) is a German philosopher. "Fichte''s Original Insight", Contemporary German Philosophy 1 (1982), 15–52 (translation of Henrich, Dieter (1966), "Fichtes ursprüngliche Einsicht", in: Subjektivität und Metaphysik. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNC identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5956 en-wikipedia-org-5962 en-wikipedia-org-5965 Adler, Francis Bacon, Plato, René Descartes, and John Locke.[1] After being discharged, he entered a graduate program for philosophy at the University of Chicago, even though he had never formally taken a class on the subject.[2][3] While he was there, he learned more about philosophy from Richard McKeon and Charles Hartshorne, and he received his PhD in 1951.[1] Peterson, Alston helped to found the journal Faith and Philosophy.[6] With Plantinga, Wolterstorff, and others, Alston was also responsible for the development of "Reformed epistemology" (a term that Alston, an Episcopalian, never fully endorsed), one of the most important contributions to Christian thought in the twentieth century.[7] Alston was president of the Western Division (now the Central Division) of the American Philosophical Association in 1979, the Society for Philosophy and Psychology, and the Society of Christian Philosophers, which he co-founded. Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991. en-wikipedia-org-5970 en-wikipedia-org-5976 en-wikipedia-org-5978 en-wikipedia-org-598 en-wikipedia-org-5980 en-wikipedia-org-5985 en-wikipedia-org-5992 en-wikipedia-org-5997 His grandfather Adriaan Helvetius introduced the use of ipecacuanha;[4] his father Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius was first physician to Marie Leszczyńska, queen of France. In 1758 Helvétius published his philosophical magnum opus, a work called De l''esprit (On Mind), which claimed that all human faculties are attributes of mere physical sensation, and that the only real motive is self-interest, therefore there is no good and evil, only competitive pleasures. "All men," Helvétius maintained, "have an equal disposition for understanding."[7] As one of the French Enlightenment''s many Lockean disciples, he regarded the human mind as a blank slate, but free not only from innate ideas but also from innate natural dispositions and propensities. His poetic ambitions resulted in the poem called Le Bonheur (published posthumously, with an account of Helvétius''s life and works, by Jean François de Saint-Lambert, 1773), in which he develops the idea that true happiness is only to be found in making the interest of one person that of all. en-wikipedia-org-5998 en-wikipedia-org-6000 Staszic was a keen observer of the proceedings of the Great Sejm, spending much time in Warsaw since the Sejm began its deliberations in 1788.[7] He continued publishing new books and pamphlets.[7] His Warnings for Poland, coming from the current European politics and natural laws, by the writer of the remarks upon the life of Jan Zamoyski (Przestrogi dla Polski z teraźniejszych politycznych Europy związków i z praw natury wypadające przez pisarza uwag nad życiem Jana Zamoyskiego, 1790), together with his previous Remarks, are considered among the most influential works of the Polish Enlightenment.[7] In Warnings, he criticised the magnates of Poland and Lithuania, monastic orders and serfdom, and supported the enfranchisement of the townsfolk.[6] Although he was not a participant of the Sejm, he was an influential onlooker, and through his widely read and discussed writings of the time is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of May 3, 1791.[8][9][10] en-wikipedia-org-6002 en-wikipedia-org-601 Among his translations, Gundissalinus worked on Avicenna''s Liber de philosophia prima and De anima, Ibn Gabirol''s Fons vitae, and al-Ghazali''s Summa theoricae philosophiae, in collaboration with the Jewish philosopher Abraham Ibn Daud and Johannes Hispanus.[1] As a philosopher, Gundissalinus crucially contributed to the Latin assimilation of Arabic philosophy, being the first Latin thinker in receiving and developing doctrines, such as Avicenna''s modal ontology or Ibn Gabirol''s universal hylomorphism, that would soon be integrated into the thirteenth-century philosophical debate. Born presumably in the Iberian Peninsula around 1115–1125, Gundissalinus received his education in Chartres, supposedly following the teaching of William of Conches and Thierry of Chartres.[2][3] Since 1148, Gundissalinus is in Castile: the capitular archives of Segovia refer to him as archdeacon of Cuéllar, a small town not far from Segovia, where he presumably spent around 14 years, regarding which almost no information is available.[4] Following Ibn Daud''s request to the archbishop of Toledo, John II, to start a series of translations into Latin of Avicenna''s Kitab al-Shifāʾ, Gundissalinus moved to Toledo in 1161–1162, where he worked with Ibn Daud on the translation of Avicenna''s De anima, realised before 1166.[5][6] en-wikipedia-org-6011 The term "Classical Realism" first appeared as a description of literary style, as in an 1882 criticism of Milton''s poetry.[1] Its usage relating to the visual arts dates back to at least 1905 in a reference to Masaccio''s paintings.[2] It originated as the title of a contemporary but traditional artistic movement with Richard Lack (1928–2009), who was a pupil of Boston artist R. In a separate vein, another major contributor to the revival of traditional drawing and painting knowledge is the painter and art instructor Ted Seth Jacobs (born 1927), who taught students at the Art Students League and the New York Academy of Art in New York City.[3] Their lineage is rooted in the Académie Julian, the Golden Age of Illustration in New York, and the School of Paris. Classical Realist painters have attempted to restore curricula of training that develop a sensitive, artistic eye and methods of representing nature that pre-date Modern Art. They seek to create paintings that are personal, expressive, beautiful, and skillful. en-wikipedia-org-6012 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6015 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6017 Religious philosophy is philosophical thinking that is influenced and directed as a consequence to teachings from a particular religion. There are also philosophical concepts and reasoning in religious teachings that were conceived independently from one another, however, are still similar and reflect analogous ideas.[6] For example, the argument and reasoning for the existence of an omniscient god or multiple gods can be found in several religions including Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Much of the opposition towards legislation of euthanasia is due to religious beliefs.[38][39][40][41] Individuals who express a belief in God as an entity who controls destiny were more opposed to legalisation of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide.[42][43] For example, religions such as Christian Science, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Hinduism, Islam, Jehovah''s Witness, Seventh-day Adventist generally do not allow for or practice euthanasia.[24][44] en-wikipedia-org-6019 en-wikipedia-org-6020 Nevertheless, in monotheism, the sentiment may arise in the context of theodicy (the problem of evil, the Euthyphro dilemma) or as a rejection or criticism of particular depictions or attributions of the monotheistic god in certain belief systems (as expressed by Thomas Paine, a deist). A historical proposition close to dystheism is the, deus deceptor, "evil demon" (dieu trompeur) of René Descartes'' Meditations on First Philosophy, which has been interpreted by Protestant critics as the blasphemous proposition that God exhibits malevolent intent. while] dystheism is the thesis that God exists but is not wholly good." However, many proponents of dystheistic ideas (including Elie Wiesel and David Blumenthal) do not offer those ideas in the spirit of hating God.[7] Their work notes God''s apparent evil or at least indifferent disinterest in the welfare of humanity, but does not express hatred towards him because of it. en-wikipedia-org-6026 en-wikipedia-org-6027 en-wikipedia-org-6035 The question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;[1][2] out of the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain. Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism,[3] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world. Indirect realism is broadly equivalent to the accepted view of perception in natural science that states that we do not and cannot perceive the external world as it really is but know only our ideas and interpretations of the way the world is.[4] Representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. en-wikipedia-org-6040 In the late 20th century, there was a resurgence of interest in Sade; leading French intellectuals like Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, and Michel Foucault[48] published studies of the philosopher, and interest in Sade among scholars and artists continued.[10] In the realm of visual arts, many surrealist artists had interest in the "Divine Marquis." Sade was celebrated in surrealist periodicals, and feted by figures such as Guillaume Apollinaire, Paul Éluard, and Maurice Heine; Man Ray admired Sade because he and other surrealists viewed him as an ideal of freedom.[47] The first Manifesto of Surrealism (1924) announced that "Sade is surrealist in sadism", and extracts of the original draft of Justine were published in Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution.[49] In literature, Sade is referenced in several stories by horror and science fiction writer (and author of Psycho) Robert Bloch, while Polish science fiction author Stanisław Lem wrote an essay analyzing the game theory arguments appearing in Sade''s Justine.[50] The writer Georges Bataille applied Sade''s methods of writing about sexual transgression to shock and provoke readers.[47] en-wikipedia-org-6043 Jakob Sigismund Beck (originally Jacob Sigismund Beck; 6 August 1761 – 29 August 1840) was a German philosopher. The son of a priest (of Liessau), he studied (after 1783) mathematics and philosophy at the University of Königsberg, where Christian Jakob Kraus, Johann Schultz, and Immanuel Kant were his teachers. ^ George Di Giovanni, Between Kant and Hegel: Texts in the Development of Post-Kantian Idealism, SUNY Press, 1985, pp. 19th-century German philosophers 19th-century German philosophers Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6051 German civil law: in Germany, Austria, Russia, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Greece, Portugal and its former colonies, Turkey, and East Asian countries including Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (Republic of China); Common law is practiced in Canada (excluding Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, most of the United Kingdom (England, Wales, and Northern Ireland), South Africa, Ireland, India (excluding Goa),[citation needed] Pakistan, Hong Kong, the United States (on state levels excluding Louisiana), Bangladesh, and many other places. Federal courts and 49 states use the legal system based on English common law, which has diverged somewhat since the mid-nineteenth century in that they look to each other''s cases for guidance on issues of first impression and rarely, if ever, look at contemporary cases on the same issue in the UK or the Commonwealth. en-wikipedia-org-6052 Many canonists, in the years preceding the Second Vatican Council, considered the justification and basis for canon law being a true legal system to be that the Catholic Church was established by Jesus Christ as a Communitas Perfecta, and as such was a true human society which had the right to make human law. Pope Benedict XVI, in his address of 21 January 2012 before the Roman Rota, taught that canonical laws can only be interpreted and fully understood within the Catholic Church in the light of her mission and ecclesiological structure.[20] In view of the decision to reform the existing Code, the Second Vatican Council, in the decree Optatam totius (§16), ordered that "the teaching of canon law...should take into account the mystery of the Church, according to the dogmatic constitution De Ecclesia...".[21] en-wikipedia-org-6054 en-wikipedia-org-606 Category:Articles containing French-language text Wikipedia This category contains articles with French-language text. This category contains articles with French-language text. Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr) ► Articles containing Cajun French-language text‎ (3 P) ► Articles containing Guadeloupean Creole French-language text‎ (4 P) ► Articles containing Guianese Creole French-language text‎ (1 P) ► Articles containing Réunion Creole French-language text‎ (1 P) ► Articles containing Saint Lucian Creole French-language text‎ (1 P) ► Articles containing Seselwa Creole French-language text‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Articles containing French-language text" 1st Infantry Regiment (France) 4th Foreign Regiment (France) 10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival 13th Flying Broom International Women''s Film Festival 29th International Istanbul Film Festival 31st Engineer Regiment (France) 31st Engineer Regiment (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) 32nd Infantry Division (France) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text&oldid=980228457" Articles containing non-English-language text en-wikipedia-org-6067 en-wikipedia-org-6070 Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.[1] Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. The following extract from The World Backwards gives some impression of the inter-connectedness of culture at the time: "David Burliuk''s knowledge of modern art movements must have been extremely up-to-date, for the second Knave of Diamonds exhibition, held in January 1912 (in Moscow) included not only paintings sent from Munich, but some members of the German Die Brücke group, while from Paris came work by Robert Delaunay, Henri Matisse and Fernand Léger, as well as Picasso. en-wikipedia-org-6071 After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the Bibliotheque du Roi to be national property and the institution was renamed the Bibliothèque Nationale. Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings on the Rue de Richelieu designed by Henri Labrouste. As of 2016[update], the BnF contained roughly 14 million books at its four Parisian sites (Tolbiac, i.e. Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand, and Richelieu, Arsenal and Opéra) as well as printed documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps and plans, scores, coins, medals, sound documents, video and multimedia documents, scenery elements..."[11] The library retains the use of the Rue de Richelieu complex for some of its collections. The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture. Bibliothèque-Musée de l''Opéra National de Paris École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne en-wikipedia-org-6072 Find sources: "Quassim Cassam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Quassim Cassam (born 31 January 1961)[1] is professor of philosophy at the University of Warwick. From 1986 to 2004 Cassam taught Philosophy at Oxford University, where he was a Fellow of Wadham College. Vices of the Mind: From the Intellectual to the Political, Oxford University Press (2019). Self-Knowledge for Humans, Oxford University Press (2014). (co-authored with John Campbell), Oxford University Press (2014). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quassim Cassam. Articles needing additional references from November 2019 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6075 en-wikipedia-org-6076 Category:German Lutherans Wikipedia Category:German Lutherans Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lutherans from Germany. Pages in category "German Lutherans" Jacob Friedrich von Abel Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1930) Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg Johann Jacob Bach Carl Ludwig von Bar Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin Rudolf von Bennigsen Otto von Bismarck Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick August von Clemm Georg von der Decken Johann Peter Eckermann Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer Wilhelm von Freeden Heinrich von Friedberg Hans-Peter Friedrich George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau Johann Peter Hebel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg Paul von Hindenburg Alexander von Humboldt Wilhelm von Humboldt Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg John George, Elector of Brandenburg Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_Lutherans&oldid=988369230" Categories: Lutheranism in Germany Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6084 Category:Political liberals (international relations) Wikipedia Category:Political liberals (international relations) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The main article for this category is Liberalism in international relations. Pages in category "Political liberals (international relations)" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Michael W. Doyle Francis Fukuyama Paul Hockenos Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Political_liberals_(international_relations)&oldid=478678242" Categories: International relations scholars Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Random article Contact us Help Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2012, at 22:18 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6086 en-wikipedia-org-6092 For information on using WorldCat links in Wikipedia articles, see Template:OCLC. WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 15,600 libraries in 107 countries[3] that participate in the OCLC global cooperative. In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program, making abbreviated records from a subset of WorldCat available to partner web sites and booksellers, to increase the accessibility of its subscribing member libraries'' collections.[9][10] As an alternative, WorldCat allows participating institutions to add direct links from WorldCat to their own catalog entries for a particular item, which enables the user to determine its real-time status.[21] However, this still requires users to open multiple Web pages, each pointing to a different online public access catalog with its own distinctive user interface design (which places item status in a different portion of the Web browser display), until they can locate a catalog entry that shows the item is currently available at a particular library. en-wikipedia-org-6096 en-wikipedia-org-6104 Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Чиче́рин) (May 26, 1828 – February 3, 1904) was a Russian jurist and political philosopher, who worked out a theory that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government to persevere with liberal reforms. By the time of the Russian Revolution, Chicherin was probably the most reputable legal philosopher and historian in Russia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6115 Rationalism holds that truth should be determined by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma, tradition or religious teaching. The Catholic Church also has taught that true faith and correct reason can and must work together, and, viewed properly, can never be in conflict with one another, as both have their origin in God, as stated in the Papal encyclical letter issued by Pope John Paul II, Fides et ratio ("[On] Faith and Reason"). Faith as underlying rationality: In this view, all human knowledge and reason is seen as dependent on faith: faith in our senses, faith in our reason, faith in our memories, and faith in the accounts of events we receive from others. The right tool for understanding the world outside of the Bible for Luther is none other than Reason which for Luther denoted science, philosophy, history and empirical observation. en-wikipedia-org-6123 en-wikipedia-org-6126 Compared to their Soviet counterparts, Western Marxists placed stronger emphasis on Marxism''s philosophical and subjective aspects, as well as the origins of Karl Marx''s thought in the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[a] and what they called the "Young Marx" (the more humanistic early works of Marx). Although some early figures such as György Lukács and Antonio Gramsci were prominent in political activities,[2] Western Marxism mainly found its adherents in academia, especially after the Second World War.[3] Prominent figures included Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse. After the Second World War, a French Western Marxism was constituted by theorists based around the journals Arguments, Les Temps Modernes and Socialisme ou Barbarie such as Lucien Goldmann, Henri Lefebvre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre.[1] en-wikipedia-org-6136 Marcus Tullius Cicero[a] (/ˈsɪsəroʊ/ SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlːijʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar and Academic Skeptic[3] who played an important role in the politics of the late Roman Republic and upheld optimate principles during the crisis that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.[4] His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome''s greatest orators and prose stylists.[5][6] He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC. en-wikipedia-org-6137 These theologians believe that God does not discriminate on the basis of biologically determined characteristics, such as sex and race.[26] Their major issues include the ordination of women, male dominance in Christian marriage, recognition of equal spiritual and moral abilities, reproductive rights, and the search for a feminine or gender-transcendent divine.[27][28][29][30][31] Christian feminists often draw on the teachings of more historical texts that reinforce that feminism does not go against Christianity but has always been in its texts.[32] She was a classics major at Scripps College, worked for the Delta Ministry in 1965 and taught at Howard University School of Religion from 1966 to 1976.[34] "Rosemary Ruether has written on the question of Christian credibility, with particular attention to ecclesiology and its engagement with church-world conflicts; Jewish-Christian relations…; politics and religion in America; and Feminism".[35] Ruether is said to be one of the major Christian feminist theologians of our time.[36] Her book Sexism and God-Talk is the earliest feminist theological assessment of Christian theology.[37] en-wikipedia-org-6138 en-wikipedia-org-6146 Category:Philosophers of sexuality Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of sexuality Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Philosophers of sexuality" The following 63 pages are in this category, out of 63 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). John Anderson (philosopher) Georges Bataille Gilles Deleuze Michel Foucault James Giles (philosopher) Alan H. Jacques Hassoun Jacques Lacan Gilles Lipovetsky Michel Onfray Paul B. Robert Reid-Pharr Michael Ruse George Santayana Jean-Paul Sartre Alan Soble Robert C. Michael Uebel Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_sexuality&oldid=597677160" Categories: Bioethicists Philosophers by field Philosophers of psychology Social philosophers Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2014, at 15:29 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6160 en-wikipedia-org-6165 Jarnołtowo Wikipedia Jump to navigation Village in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Jarnołtowo [jarnɔu̯ˈtɔvɔ] (German: Groß-Arnsdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.[1] German philosopher Immanuel Kant worked as a tutor in Groß-Arnsdorf between 1750 and 1754.[2] ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). Gumniska Wielkie Surzyki Wielkie Wielki Dwór This Ostróda County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Categories: Villages in Ostróda County Ostróda County geography stubs Hidden categories: CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Pages using infobox settlement with no map Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates All stub articles Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2019, at 17:38 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-6171 A prolific writer in several languages and famous lecturer with a large following of students, Petrażycki committed suicide in 1931.[1] However, Petrażycki''s contribution to legal sociology and legal theory continues to be debated within various fields of legal research and applied to the study of current legal problems.[2] Petrażycki''s theory of law is anti-statist and very critical of the legal positivism of his time, which he takes to task for being naive and lacking a truly scientific basis because of its focus on norms, rather than the experience of those norms. Timasheff, Georges Gurvitch, and Pitirim Sorokin, who each in various ways contributed to formulate a more distinctly sociological perspective, derived from and complementary to Petrażycki''s psychological theory.[3] Edoardo Fittipaldi, Everyday Legal Ontology: A Linguistic and Psychological Investigation within the Framework of Leon Petrażycki''s Theory of Law. Milan: LED 2012. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6176 Czech philosophy Wikipedia Czech philosophy, has often eschewed "pure" speculative philosophy,[1] emerging rather in the course of intellectual debates in the fields of education (e.g. Jan Amos Komenský), art (e.g. Karel Teige), literature (e.g. Milan Kundera), and especially politics (e.g. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Karel Kosík, Ivan Sviták, Václav Havel). A source drawing from literature, however, distinguished the Czech national philosophy from the speculative tradition of German thought, citing that it emerged from folk wisdom and peasant reasoning.[2] History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries. Czech Philosophy in the XXth Century. Czech Republic articles This philosophy-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czech_philosophy&oldid=992008409" Categories: Czech philosophy Hidden categories: Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Philosophy articles needing expert attention Philosophy articles needing expert attention By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6177 en-wikipedia-org-6178 en-wikipedia-org-6187 Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.[1] Political freedom was described as freedom from oppression[2] or coercion,[3] the absence of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions,[4] or the absence of life conditions of compulsion, e.g. economic compulsion, in a society.[5] Although political freedom is often interpreted negatively as the freedom from unreasonable external constraints on action,[6] it can also refer to the positive exercise of rights, capacities and possibilities for action and the exercise of social or group rights.[7] The concept can also include freedom from internal constraints on political action or speech (e.g. social conformity, consistency, or inauthentic behaviour).[8] The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state. en-wikipedia-org-6189 Category:Kantianism Wikipedia Category:Kantianism Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kantianism. The main article for this category is Kantianism. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "Kantianism" The following 32 pages are in this category, out of 32 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Kantianism Categorical imperative Category (Kant) Critique of the Kantian Philosophy Hypothetical imperative Kantian ethics Immanuel Kant Neo-Kantianism Arthur Schopenhauer''s criticism of Immanuel Kant''s schemata Transcendental apperception Transcendental idealism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kantianism&oldid=975676670" Categories: Immanuel Kant Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Main page Learn to edit Tools Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2020, at 20:25 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6193 In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The scientific method requires observations of natural phenomena to formulate and test hypotheses.[1] It consists of the following steps:[2][3] Scientific instruments were developed to aid human abilities of observation, such as weighing scales, clocks, telescopes, microscopes, thermometers, cameras, and tape recorders, and also translate into perceptible form events that are unobservable by the senses, such as indicator dyes, voltmeters, spectrometers, infrared cameras, oscilloscopes, interferometers, geiger counters, and radio receivers. However, in most fields of science it is possible to reduce the effects of observation to insignificance by using better instruments. Human observations are biased toward confirming the observer''s conscious and unconscious expectations and view of the world; we "see what we expect to see".[5] In psychology, this is called confirmation bias.[5] Since the object of scientific research is the discovery of new phenomena, this bias can and has caused new discoveries to be overlooked; one example is the discovery of x-rays. en-wikipedia-org-6195 en-wikipedia-org-6196 en-wikipedia-org-6199 Anthony of the U.S. women''s suffrage movement in the late 1800s, Saad Zaghloul in the 1910s culminating in Egyptian Revolution of 1919 against British Occupation, and Mahatma Gandhi in 1920s India in their protests for Indian independence against the British Raj. Martin Luther King Jr.''s and James Bevel''s peaceful protests during the civil rights movement in the 1960s United States contained important aspects of civil disobedience. According to Ashton Nichols, it is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.[8] A version was taken up by the author Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha.[8] Gandhi''s Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley''s nonviolence in protest and political action.[9] In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley''s Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India.[8][10] en-wikipedia-org-6201 Various academics have emphasised the idea that esotericism is a phenomenon unique to the Western world; as Faivre stated, an "empirical perspective" would hold that "esotericism is a Western notion".[19] As scholars such as Faivre and Hanegraaff have pointed out, there is no comparable category of "Eastern" or "Oriental" esotericism.[20] The emphasis on Western esotericism was nevertheless primarily devised[by whom?] to distinguish the field from a universal esotericism.[21] Hanegraaff has characterised these as "recognisable world views and approaches to knowledge that have played an important although always controversial role in the history of Western culture".[22] Historian of religion Henrik Bogdan asserted that Western esotericism constituted "a third pillar of Western culture" alongside "doctrinal faith and rationality", being deemed heretical by the former and irrational by the latter.[23] Scholars nevertheless recognise that various non-Western traditions have exerted "a profound influence" over Western esotericism, citing the prominent example of the Theosophical Society''s incorporation of Hindu and Buddhist concepts like reincarnation into its doctrines.[24] Given these influences and the imprecise nature of the term "Western", the scholar of esotericism Kennet Granholm has argued that academics should cease referring to "Western esotericism" altogether, instead simply favouring "esotericism" as a descriptor of this phenomenon.[25] Egil Asprem has endorsed this approach.[26] en-wikipedia-org-6207 en-wikipedia-org-6211 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German: [ˈdiːtʁɪç ˈbɔn.høː.fɐ] (listen); 4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a Lutheran pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, and key founding member of the Confessing Church. Apart from his theological writings, Bonhoeffer was known for his staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, including vocal opposition to Hitler''s euthanasia program and genocidal persecution of the Jews.[2] He was arrested in April 1943 by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel prison for one and a half years. It was around this time that Bonhoeffer published his best-known book, The Cost of Discipleship, a study on the Sermon on the Mount, in which he not only attacked "cheap grace" as a cover for ethical laxity, but also preached "costly grace." "The Value of Dietrich Bonhoeffer''s Theological-Ethical Reading of Søren Kierkegaard." European Journal of Science and Theology 13.1 (2017): 47-58 online. ^ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics, p. en-wikipedia-org-6215 en-wikipedia-org-6222 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Dante Alighieri]]; see its history for attribution. 1265 – 1321), was an Italian poet, writer and philosopher.[5] His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio,[6] is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.[7][8] Dante was instrumental in establishing the literature of Italy, and his depictions of Hell, Purgatory and Heaven provided inspiration for the larger body of Western art.[9][10] He is cited as an influence on Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton and Alfred Tennyson, among many others. en-wikipedia-org-6233 Category:People of the Age of Enlightenment Wikipedia Category:People of the Age of Enlightenment Jump to navigation Jump to search People associated with the Age of Enlightenment. This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. ► People of the American Enlightenment‎ (1 C, 6 P) ► People of the Scottish Enlightenment‎ (5 C, 90 P) Pages in category "People of the Age of Enlightenment" The following 13 pages are in this category, out of 13 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Denis Diderot Denis Fonvizin Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:People_of_the_Age_of_Enlightenment&oldid=796424905" Categories: Age of Enlightenment People by period Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017, at 19:09 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6236 en-wikipedia-org-6240 m Shankar Ramu‎ 01:14 +58‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB m Gary Fidelis‎ 01:14 +58‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB m Lim Chiow Chuan‎ 01:14 +58‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB m Tai Beng Hai‎ 01:14 +58‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB N Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tonye Irims‎ 01:14 +1,287‎ ‎Jack Frost talk contribs‎ Creating deletion discussion page for Tonye Irims. m Vivek Singh (field hockey)‎ 01:14 +60‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB m Mark Patterson (field hockey)‎ 01:14 +60‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB m Qazi Mohib‎ 01:14 +58‎ ‎Jevansen talk contribs‎ added Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Tag: AWB en-wikipedia-org-6242 en-wikipedia-org-6244 Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʃlaɪɐˌmaχɐ]; November 21, 1768 – February 12, 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity. While he preached every Sunday, Schleiermacher also gradually took up in his lectures in the university almost every branch of theology and philosophy: New Testament exegesis, introduction to and interpretation of the New Testament, ethics (both philosophic and Christian), dogmatic and practical theology, church history, history of philosophy, psychology, dialectics (logic and metaphysics), politics, pedagogy, aesthetics[7] and translation. From Leibniz, Lessing, Fichte, Jacobi and the Romantic school, Schleiermacher had imbibed a profound and mystical view of the inner depths of the human personality.[7] His religious thought found its expression most notably in The Christian Faith, one of the most influential works of Christian theology of its time. en-wikipedia-org-6247 A multi-country 2011 survey found support for this view among the "informed public" ranging from 30 to 80%.[28] Ronald Duska and Jacques Cory have described Friedman''s argument as consequentialist or utilitarian rather than pragmatic: Friedman''s argument implies that unrestrained corporate freedom would benefit the most people in the long term.[29] Duska argued that Friedman failed to differentiate two very different aspects of business: (1) the motive of individuals, who are generally motivated by profit to participate in business, and (2) the socially sanctioned purpose of business, or the reason why people allow businesses to exist, which is to provide goods and services to people.[30] So Friedman was wrong that making a profit is the only concern of business, Duska argued.[30] Among the many people management strategies that companies employ are a "soft" approach that regards employees as a source of creative energy and participants in workplace decision making, a "hard" version explicitly focused on control[92] and Theory Z that emphasizes philosophy, culture and consensus.[93] None ensure ethical behavior.[94] Some studies claim that sustainable success requires a humanely treated and satisfied workforce.[95][96][97] en-wikipedia-org-6248 Category:Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers This category is for articles with CANTIC identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers" Aino Aalto Giuseppe Cesare Abba Edwin Austin Abbey Richard Abel (cultural historian) Abraham ben David Peter Abrahams Academy of Arts, Berlin Claudio Achillini José de Acosta Jacob Adam Louis Adam Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Francis Adams Sr. Henry Adams Henry Carter Adams Herbert Adams (novelist) Adams John Adams John Adams (educationist) Categories: Pages with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6249 Although she rejected the labels "conservative" and "libertarian",[176] Rand has had continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism.[11] Jim Powell, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, considers Rand one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) of modern American libertarianism,[177] and David Nolan, one of the founders of the Libertarian Party, stated that "without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist".[178] In his history of the libertarian movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as "the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large"[157] and biographer Jennifer Burns referred to her as "the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right".[179] Economist and Ayn Rand student George Reisman wrote: "Ayn Rand...in particular, must be cited as providing a philosophical foundation for the case of capitalism, and as being responsible probably more than anyone else for the current spread of pro-capitalist ideas."[180] en-wikipedia-org-6250 Ethiopian philosophy Wikipedia Beginnings of Ethiopian philosophy[edit] Mature Ethiopian philosophy[edit] Zera Yacob had a disciple, Walda Heywat, who also wrote a philosophical treatise, systematising his master''s thought. He accorded more attention to the practical and educational problems, and he tried to connect Zera Yacob''s philosophy with the kind of wisdom expressed in the earlier sapiential literature. Teodros Kiros, "Zera Yacob and Traditional Ethiopian Philosophy," in Wiredu and Abraham, eds., A Companion to African Philosophy, 2004. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Classical Ethiopian Philosophy, Commercial Printing Press, 1985. Claude Sumner, "The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century," in Wiredu and Abraham, eds., A Companion to African Philosophy, 2004. Ethiopian Philosophy A blog devoted to Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat en-wikipedia-org-6257 There were many competing views within the neo-Confucian community, but overall, a system emerged that resembled both Buddhist and Taoist (Daoist) thought of the time and some of the ideas expressed in the I Ching (Book of Changes) as well as other yin yang theories associated with the Taiji symbol (Taijitu). Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy using metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as its framework. Neo-Confucianism was a heterogeneous philosophical tradition, and is generally categorized into two different schools. Neo-Confucianism in Korea[edit] Neo-Confucianism in Japan[edit] Neo-Confucianism in Vietnam[edit] Prominent neo-Confucian scholars[edit] Neo-Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming''s Youth (1472–1509). "Neo-Confucian Philosophy". Categories: Neo-Confucianism en-wikipedia-org-6259 Technoethics (TE) is an interdisciplinary research area that draws on theories and methods from multiple knowledge domains (such as communications, social sciences information studies, technology studies, applied ethics, and philosophy) to provide insights on ethical dimensions of technological systems and practices for advancing a technological society.[1] He recognized that "the technologist must be held not only technically but also morally responsible for whatever he designs or executes: not only should his artifacts be optimally efficient but, far from being harmful, they should be beneficial, and not only in the short run but also in the long term." He recognized a pressing need in society to create a new field called ''Technoethics'' to discover rationally grounded rules for guiding science and technological progress.[11] Technoethics and the Evolving Knowledge Society: Ethical Issues in Technological Design, Research, Development and Innovation. Technoethics and the Evolving Knowledge Society: Ethical Issues in Technological Design, Research, Development and Innovation. en-wikipedia-org-6260 Karl-Hermann Flach Wikipedia Find sources: "Karl-Hermann Flach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Karl-Hermann Flach (October 17, 1929 – August 25, 1973) was a German journalist of the Frankfurter Rundschau and a politician of the liberal Free Democrats (FDP). But in 1962 he left the party organisation for the Frankfurter Rundschau, a leading newspaper then considered liberal. Flach belonged to the left wing of his party and is considered an important contributor to social liberalism. German social liberals Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6278 The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists.[2][3] Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "tao."[2][4] Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize wu wei (action without intention), "naturalness", simplicity, spontaneity and the Three Treasures: 慈, "compassion", 儉, "frugality" and 不敢為天下先, "humility". en-wikipedia-org-6286 Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder Wikipedia Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel (31 January 1741 – 23 April 1796) was a German satirical and humorous writer. Sellner has produced an English translation of this work under the title On Improving the Status of Women.[3] Hippel was once called the fore-runner of Jean Paul, and had some resemblance to this author, in his constant digressions and in the interweaving of scientific matter in his narrative. ^ Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel (1979) On Improving the Status of Women, tr. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder. Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel: On Marriage. Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel: The Status of Women. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-629 en-wikipedia-org-6291 Category:Philosophers of mind Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of mind Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophers of mind. Philosophers in the philosophy of mind. ► Ancient Greek philosophers of mind‎ (6 P) Pages in category "Philosophers of mind" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 411 total. List of philosophers of mind Francis Bacon Thomas Baldwin (philosopher) Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) David Braine (philosopher) Thomas Brown (philosopher) Peter Carruthers (philosopher) David Charles (philosopher) Paul Churchland Rachel Cooper (philosopher) Donald Davidson (philosopher) Martin Davies (philosopher) Gareth Evans (philosopher) Thomas Gordon (philosopher) John Gray (philosopher) David Hartley (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) William James Mark Johnston (philosopher) Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Edward Francis Kelly Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_mind&oldid=952691097" Categories: Philosophers by field Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-6294 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[a] (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman. The most important of Goethe''s works produced before he went to Weimar were Götz von Berlichingen (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism. Homology, or as Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire called it "analogie", was used by Charles Darwin as strong evidence of common descent and of laws of variation.[39] Goethe''s studies (notably with an elephant''s skull lent to him by Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring) led him to independently discover the human intermaxillary bone, also known as "Goethe''s bone", in 1784, which Broussonet (1779) and Vicq d''Azyr (1780) had (using different methods) identified several years earlier.[40] While not the only one in his time to question the prevailing view that this bone did not exist in humans, Goethe, who believed ancient anatomists had known about this bone, was the first to prove its existence in all mammals. en-wikipedia-org-6297 en-wikipedia-org-6302 Usually the scenario posits the existence of a deceptive power that deceives our senses and undermines the justification of knowledge otherwise accepted as justified, and is proposed in order to call into question our ordinary claims to knowledge on the grounds that we cannot exclude the possibility of skeptical scenarios being true. History of skepticism in non-Western philosophy[edit] Ajñana (literally ''non-knowledge'') were the skeptical school of ancient Indian philosophy. While Jain philosophy claims that is it possible to achieve omniscience, absolute knowledge (Kevala Jnana), at the moment of enlightenment, their theory of anekāntavāda or ''many sided-ness'', also known as the principle of relative pluralism, allows for a practical form of skeptical thought regarding philosophical and religious doctrines (for un-enlightened beings, not all-knowing arihants). S. Harris, "Skepticism, Dogmatism and Speculation in the Critical Journal" (1985), in Between Kant and Hegel: Texts in the Development of Post-Kantian Idealism, Translated with Introductions by George di Giovanni and H. en-wikipedia-org-6304 Category:German political philosophers Wikipedia Category:German political philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:German philosophers. It includes philosophers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. ► Walter Benjamin‎ (2 C, 7 P) Pages in category "German political philosophers" The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Walter Benjamin Carl Joachim Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Hans-Hermann Hoppe Thomas von dem Knesebeck (the Elder) Thomas von dem Knesebeck (the Younger) Adam Müller Jan-Werner Müller Hans-Martin Sass Max Stirner Max Weber Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_political_philosophers&oldid=817235516" Categories: Political philosophers by nationality German philosophers Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories Personal tools Views View history Navigation Tools Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6305 en-wikipedia-org-6307 Category:Use dmy dates from June 2016 Wikipedia Category:Use dmy dates from June 2016 It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. Wikipedia articles (tagged in this month) that use dd mm yyyy date formats, whether by application of the first main contributor rule or by virtue of close national ties to the subject belong in Category:Use dmy dates. Pages in category "Use dmy dates from June 2016" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June) 2016 Uttarakhand Super League season Jack Abbott (footballer) Adam (1992 film) Adam Bede (film) Bill Adams (footballer, born 1921) Bill Adams (footballer, born 1921) Billy Adams (footballer, born 1919) Billy Adams (footballer, born 1919) Don Adams (footballer) James Adams (footballer, born 1908) James Adams (footballer, born 1908) The Adventurers (1951 film) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2016&oldid=969775075" en-wikipedia-org-6312 V. Dicey, was a British Whig jurist and constitutional theorist.[1] He is most widely known as the author of Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885).[2] The principles it expounds are considered part of the uncodified British constitution.[3] He became Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford, one of the first Professors of Law at the London School of Economics, and a leading constitutional scholar of his day. He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1863, subscribed to the Jamaica Committee around 1865, and was appointed to the Vinerian Chair of English Law at Oxford in 1882, a post he held until 1909.[3] In his first major work, the seminal Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, he outlined the principles of parliamentary sovereignty for which he is most known. See Dicey''s An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, p. en-wikipedia-org-6313 en-wikipedia-org-6317 Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion[edit] In 1724 Collins published his Discourse of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, with An Apology for Free Debate and Liberty of Writing prefixed. Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography''s article about Collins, Anthony. Works written by or about Anthony Collins at Wikisource Works by Anthony Collins at Project Gutenberg Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6326 en-wikipedia-org-6327 Yale University Press Wikipedia Main article: Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition Yale University Press is publishing the Future of American Democracy Series,[9] which "aims to examine, sustain, and renew the historic vision of American democracy in a series of books by some of America''s foremost thinkers", in partnership with the Future of American Democracy Foundation.[10] On September 22, 2000, Yale University Press announced a new Yale Nota Bene imprint that would "feature reprints of best-selling and classic Yale Press titles encompassing works of history, religion, science, current affairs, reference and biography, in addition to fiction, poetry and drama."[13] ^ The Future of American Democracy Series from the Yale University Press official website A World of Letters: Yale University Press, 1908-2008, New Haven and London, 2008. ^ The Lamar Series in Western History from the Yale University Press official website Yale University Press, London Categories: Yale University Press en-wikipedia-org-633 Neo-Confucian philosophy that developed in Japan during the Edo period Edo Neo-Confucianism, known in Japanese as Shushi-Gaku (朱子學, shushigaku), refers to the schools of Neo-Confucian philosophy that developed in Japan during the Edo period. Neo-Confucians such as Hayashi Razan and Arai Hakuseki were instrumental in the formulation of Japan''s dominant early modern political philosophy. Kokugaku advocates argued that the ancient Japanese were better representatives of Confucian virtues than the ancient Chinese were, and that there should be more intellectual focus on ancient Japanese classics and the indigenous religion of Shinto.[9] Although philosophical competitors, Kokugaku and Neo-Confucianism would co-exist as the dominant philosophical thought of Japan until the arrival of Western philosophy during the Meiji period. A leading direction in Edo Neo-Confucianism is the school of "principle" (Japanese: ri). Mishima Yukio, for example, wrote the treatise, "Wang Yang-ming doctrine as a revolutionary philosophy".[15] Japanese reformers have also commented on the influences of Edo Neo-Confucianism in Japan at several times. Yet others argue ideas of Edo Neo-Confucianism helped Japanese people to convert to Christianity. en-wikipedia-org-6333 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:]]; see its history for attribution. Denis Fonvizin was born in Moscow into a noble Russian Orthodox family, the first of eight children.[1][2][3] His mother Ekaterina Vasilievna Fonvizina (née Dmitrieva-Mamonova) (born 1718) belonged to the Smolensk Rurik branch on her father''s side and to the Grushetsky family on her mother''s side; she was a cousin-niece of Tsaritsa Agafya Grushetskaya and an aunt to Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov who was famously a lover of Catherine the Great.[4][5] Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Articles containing Russian-language text Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6350 en-wikipedia-org-6353 Tyrrell propounded a moderate Whiggism which interpreted England''s balanced and mixed constitution "as the product of a contextualized social compact blending elements of custom, history, and prescription with inherent natural law obligations".[12] However, Sidney emphasised the main themes of republicanism and based Whig ideology in the sovereignty of the people by proposing a constitutional reordering that would both elevate the authority of Parliament and democratise its forms. Whiggism took different forms in England and Scotland, even though from 1707 the two nations shared a single parliament.[17] While English whiggism had at its heart the power of parliament, creating for that purpose a constitutional monarchy and a permanently Protestant succession to the throne, Scottish Whigs gave a higher priority to using power for religious purposes, including maintaining the authority of the Church of Scotland, justifying the Protestant Reformation and emulating the Covenanters.[17] William Hutcheon, Whigs and Whiggism: political writings (new edition, 1971) en-wikipedia-org-6354 en-wikipedia-org-6362 en-wikipedia-org-637 Evgeny Bronislavovich Pashukanis (Russian: Евгений Брониславович Пашуканис; 23 February 1891[1] – September 1937) was a Soviet legal scholar, best known for his work The General Theory of Law and Marxism. The General Theory of Law and Marxism[edit] This theory was built on two pillars of Marxist thought: (1) in the organization of society the economic factor is paramount; legal and moral principles and institutions therefore constitute a kind of superstructure reflecting the economic organization of society; and (2) in the finally achieved state of communism, law and the state will wither away. B. Pashukanis, The General Theory of Law and Marxism, 1924). From 1925 to 1927, Pyotr Stuchka, another Soviet legal scholar, and Pashukanis compiled an Encyclopedia of State and Law and started a journal named Revolution of Law. In 1927, he was elected a full member of the Communist Academy, eventually becoming its vice-president. en-wikipedia-org-6382 en-wikipedia-org-6390 Developing her work on dependency, Fineman raises the question: if our bodily fragility, material needs, and the possibility of messy dependency they signify cannot be ignored in life, how can they be absent in our theories about equality, society, politics and law?'' Moving beyond gender and other identity categories, Fineman uses the concept of vulnerability to ''define the very meaning of what it means to be human.''[18] Woodruff Professor of Law and Director of the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, Martha Albertson Fineman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seC6hqnpkPU https://law.emory.edu/centers-and-programs/feminism-and-legal-theory-project-archives.html. "Formative Projects, Formative Influences: Of Martha Albertson Fineman and Feminist, Liberal, and Vulnerable Subjects", Emory Law Journal, Vol. 67, No. 6 (2018), pp. Martha Albertson Fineman – Emory University School of Law en-wikipedia-org-6392 Unlike the American legal realists, positivists believe that in many instances, the law provides reasonably determinate guidance to its subjects and to judges, at least in trial courts. With the empiricist and logical positivist theoretical influences borne in mind, the essence of legal positivism as a descriptive investigation of particular legal orders is revealed, which, as Peter Curzon wrote, "utilises in its investigations the inductive method (i.e., proceeding from observation of particular facts to generalisations concerning all such facts)".[7] During these investigations, matters of ethics, social policies and morality are eschewed; as Julius Stone wrote, it is concerned primarily with "an analysis of legal terms, and an enquiry into the logical interrelations of legal propositions". Further, law and its authority is considered as source-based; i.e., the validity of a legal norm depends not on the moral value attached thereto, but from the sources determined by a social community''s rules and conventions.[7] The source-based conception of law is reminiscent of the logical positivist Rudolf Carnap, who starkly rejected metaphysics on the basis that it attempts to interpret the nature of reality beyond the physical and experiential. en-wikipedia-org-64 en-wikipedia-org-6401 On May 10, 1821, Theophilos Kairis, one of the leading intellectuals of the Greek Revolution, declared the War of Independence by raising the Greek flag at the picturesque cliffside church of St George on the island of Andros: at this time, a famous heartfelt speech, or "Rhetoras", inspired shipowners and merchants to contribute funds and contribute ships to build a Greek Navy to combat the Ottoman Empire. Many of the orphans from the Greek War of Independence, especially from the massacre from the island of Psara would form the body of the Orphanotropheio, in which Kairis taught many of the ideas learned from Philhellenes from all over Europe. The "Orphantropheio", or orphan school, presented Kairis with the opportunity to introduce to the Greek education system a wide range of subjects ranging from comparative religion, astronomy, ship navigation, agriculture, applied mathematics, accounting, natural science, advanced mathematics, and Theosebism. en-wikipedia-org-6404 Wang Anshi [wǎŋ ánʂɨ̌]; Chinese: 王安石; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (Chinese: 介甫), was a Chinese politician, poet and prose writer during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor who attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies.[3][4] These reforms constituted the core concepts of the Song-Dynasty Reformists, in contrast to their rivals, the Conservatives, led by the Chancellor Sima Guang. Wang Anshi''s ideas are usually analyzed in terms of the influence the Rites of Zhou or Legalism had on him.[5] His economic reforms included increase currency circulation, breaking up of private monopolies, and early forms of government regulation and social welfare. Main article: New Policies (Song dynasty) The twentieth-century Chinese warlord Yan Xishan cited the reforms of Wang Anshi to justify his use of a limited form of local democracy in Shanxi. "Wang Anshi | Chinese author and political reformer | Britannica.com". en-wikipedia-org-6409 Subjective idealism made its mark in Europe in the 18th-century writings of George Berkeley, who argued that the idea of mind-independent reality is incoherent, concluding that the world consists of the minds of humans and of God. Subsequent writers have continuously grappled with Berkeley''s skeptical arguments. Immanuel Kant responded by rejecting Berkeley''s immaterialism and replacing it with transcendental idealism, which views the mind-independent world as existent but incognizable in itself. From the point of view of subjective idealism, the material world does not exist, and the phenomenal world is dependent on humans. As Berkeley wrote: "for the Existence of an Idea consists in being perceived".[3] This would separate everything as objective and subjective. Subjective idealism is featured prominently in the Norwegian novel Sophie''s World, in which "Sophie''s world" exists in fact only in the pages of a book.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-6412 en-wikipedia-org-6414 en-wikipedia-org-6422 en-wikipedia-org-6428 François Marie Charles Fourier (/ˈfʊrieɪ, -iər/;[2]French: [ʃaʁl fuʁje]; 7 April 1772 – 10 October 1837) was a French philosopher, an influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism. The influence of Fourier''s ideas in French politics was carried forward into the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune by followers such as Victor Considerant. In the movie Metropolitan, the one of the main characters, Tom Townsend mentions "I favor the socialist model developed by the 19th century french social critic Charles Fourier". The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier Selected Texts on Work, Love and Passionate Attraction. The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier Selected Texts on Work, Love and Passionate Attraction. "Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier", Journal of the History of Ideas, vol.43, No. 1. en-wikipedia-org-643 en-wikipedia-org-6437 Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with GND identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 347,044 total. 08/15 (film series) 10 Years (band) The 39 Steps (1935 film) Categories: Pages with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6445 Category:Metaphysics Wikipedia Category:Metaphysics Philosophy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metaphysics. The main article for this category is Metaphysics. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between possibility and actuality. ▼ Branches of philosophy ► Branches of ancient Greek philosophy ► Philosophy of logic ► Philosophy of mind‎ (18 C, 179 P) Pages in category "Metaphysics" Abstract object theory Action theory (philosophy) Identity (philosophy) Meaning (philosophy) Metaphysical Society Modal metaphysics Object (philosophy) Paradigm case argument The Philosophical Library Mind in eastern philosophy Philosophy of mind Philosophy of space and time Point of view (philosophy) Universal (metaphysics) Universality (philosophy) Will (philosophy) Will (philosophy) Will (philosophy) Categories: Branches of philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6448 Category:Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with MGP identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 13,064 total. Alberto Abadie Andrew Abbott Edith Abbott Ralph Abraham (mathematician) David Abrahams (mathematician) Peter Aczel Colin Adams (mathematician) Henry Adams Jeffrey Adams (mathematician) Edward Adelson Alexander Aigner Giovanni Alberti (mathematician) Alexei Borisovich Aleksandrov Howard Wright Alexander Alexander Alexander Categories: Pages with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6449 Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy A WikiProject is a group of pages in the "Wikipedia" article namespace which are devoted to the management of a specific topic or family of topics within Wikipedia; and, simultaneously, a group of editors who use those pages to collaborate on encyclopedic work. Watchlist and review New Philosophy articles. It will automatically add you to Category:WikiProject Philosophy members. You may also choose to place the Philosophy navigation banner on your user page as well by adding {{Philosophy/Nav}}. The overarching goal of WikiProject Philosophy is to find and identify all the notable ideas, people, and literature in the field of philosophy, formulate high quality articles about them, and make them available to the world. improve the quality and range of Wikipedia articles on philosophical topics. tagging all articles relevant to the project with the {{WikiProject Philosophy}} banner. · {{User WP Philosophy}} · {{User WP Continental Philosophy}} · {{User WP Analytic Philosophy}} en-wikipedia-org-6451 en-wikipedia-org-6453 In epistemology, descriptive knowledge (also known as propositional knowledge, knowing-that, declarative knowledge,[1][2] or constative knowledge)[3][4] is knowledge that can be expressed in a declarative sentence or an indicative proposition.[5] "Knowing-that" can be contrasted with "knowing-how" (also known as "procedural knowledge"), which is knowing how to perform some task, including knowing how to perform it skillfully.[1] It can also be contrasted with "knowing of" (better known as "knowledge by acquaintance"), which is non-propositional knowledge of something which is constituted by familiarity with it or direct awareness of it. The distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that was brought to prominence in epistemology by Gilbert Ryle who used it in his book The Concept of Mind.[7] For Ryle, the former differs in its emphasis and purpose, since it is primarily practical knowledge, whereas the latter focuses on indicative or explanatory knowledge.[8] Knowledge How. Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. This philosophy-related article is a stub. en-wikipedia-org-6457 en-wikipedia-org-6458 Anima mundi Wikipedia Jump to navigation The world soul (Greek: ψυχὴ κόσμου psychè kósmou; Latin: anima mundi) is, according to several systems of thought, an intrinsic connection between all living things on the planet, which relates to the world in much the same way as the soul is connected to the human body. Similar concepts also hold in systems of eastern philosophy in the Brahman-Atman of Hinduism, the Buddha-Nature in Mahayana Buddhism,[citation needed] and in the School of Yin-Yang, Taoism, and Neo-Confucianism as qi. This philosophy-related article is a stub. This article related to Latin words and phrases is a stub. Concepts in ancient Greek philosophy of mind Hidden categories: Articles with short description Articles with long short description Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers All stub articles Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 01:03 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-6463 William Henry Beveridge, 1st Baron Beveridge, KCB (5 March 1879 – 16 March 1963) was a British economist and Liberal politician who was a progressive and social reformer. His 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services (known as the Beveridge Report) served as the basis for the post-World War II welfare state put in place by the Labour government elected in 1945. William Beveridge was educated at Charterhouse, a leading public school near the market town of Godalming in Surrey, followed by Balliol College at the University of Oxford, where he studied Mathematics and Classics, obtaining a first class degree in both. Later in 1944, Beveridge, who had recently joined the Liberal Party, was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election to succeed George Charles Grey, who had died on the battlefield in Normandy, France, on the first day of Operation Bluecoat on 30 July 1944. en-wikipedia-org-6466 en-wikipedia-org-6469 en-wikipedia-org-647 en-wikipedia-org-6470 From the top, clockwise: Tiradentes Palace in the Administrative City, the seat of the Minas Gerais government; panorama of Avenida Afonso Pena with the Serra do Curral in the background; statue of the Monument to Civilization Mineira, in Rui Barbosa Square, with the Museum of Arts and Crafts; Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, part of the Pampulha Modern Ensemble; Mineirão stadium with the Lake Pampulha in the background and the Alta Vila Tower, on the border with the municipality of Nova Lima The Festival is so successful that its brand was already sold to other 21 regions in Brazil (Belém, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Campinas, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Goiás, Juiz de Fora, Manaus, Montes Claros, Poços de Caldas, Porto Alegre, Recife, Ribeirão Preto, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Uberlândia e Vale do Aço). en-wikipedia-org-6476 The development of the concept of the sublime as an aesthetic quality in nature distinct from beauty was first brought into prominence in the 18th century in the writings of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, and John Dennis, in expressing an appreciation of the fearful and irregular forms of external nature, and Joseph Addison''s synthesis of concepts of the sublime in his The Spectator, and later the Pleasures of the Imagination. His comments on the experience also reflected pleasure and repulsion, citing a "wasted mountain" that showed itself to the world as a "noble ruin" (Part III, Sec. 1, 390–91), but his concept of the sublime in relation to beauty was one of degree rather than the sharp contradistinction that Dennis developed into a new form of literary criticism. en-wikipedia-org-6482 Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, especially Spinoza, Leibniz, John Locke, Nicolas Malebranche, Antoine Arnauld, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet,[14] Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Noam Chomsky In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism. en-wikipedia-org-6483 Amazon Standard Identification Number Wikipedia Amazon Standard Identification Number An Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon organization.[1] Each product sold on Amazon.com is given a unique ASIN. For books with 10-digit International Standard Book Number (ISBN), the ASIN and the ISBN are the same.[2] The Kindle edition of a book will not use its ISBN as the ASIN, although the electronic version of a book may have its own ISBN. The ASIN forms part of the URL of a product detail page on Amazon''s website.[3] ^ "Amazon.ca Help: Product Identifiers". Affiliate-Program.Amazon.com. ^ "Find a Product''s ASIN Amazon Hacks [Book]". Amazon Game Studios Amazon Lab126 Amazon Books Amazon Prime Air History of Amazon List of Amazon products and services Amazon.com, Inc. Amazon.com, Inc. Categories: Amazon (company) Hidden categories: Articles with short description en-wikipedia-org-6488 In a second phase, beginning around 1907, he began working collaboratively in a variety of artistic media, including drama, the movement arts (developing a new artistic form, eurythmy) and architecture, culminating in the building of the Goetheanum, a cultural centre to house all the arts.[15] In the third phase of his work, beginning after World War I, Steiner worked to establish various practical endeavors, including Waldorf education,[16] biodynamic agriculture,[17] and anthroposophical medicine.[16] These include philosophers Albert Schweitzer, Owen Barfield and Richard Tarnas;[37] writers Saul Bellow,[129] Andrej Belyj,[130][131][132] Michael Ende,[133] Selma Lagerlöf,[134] Edouard Schuré, David Spangler,[citation needed] and William Irwin Thompson;[37] child psychiatrist Eva Frommer;[135] economist Leonard Read;[136] ecologist Rachel Carson;[137] artists Josef Beuys,[138] Wassily Kandinsky,[139][140] and Murray Griffin;[141] esotericist and educationalist George Trevelyan;[142] actor and acting teacher Michael Chekhov;[143] cinema director Andrei Tarkovsky;[7] composers Jonathan Harvey[144] and Viktor Ullmann;[145] and conductor Bruno Walter.[146] Olav Hammer, though sharply critical of esoteric movements generally, terms Steiner "arguably the most historically and philosophically sophisticated spokesperson of the Esoteric Tradition."[147] en-wikipedia-org-649 File:Immanuelkant.JPG Wikipedia Original file ‎(1,536 × 2,048 pixels, file size: 1.25 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. English: Immanuel Kant statue, in Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Andrevruas GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or later Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): The following other wikis use this file: This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. File change date and time 23:15, 23 May 2009 File source Digital still camera Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuelkant.JPG" en-wikipedia-org-6491 Rudolf Adam Makkreel is an American philosopher and Charles Howard Candler Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Emory University.[1] Makkreel''s work is concentrated on hermeneutics and aesthetics by developing ideas from the German philosophers Wilhelm Dilthey and Immanuel Kant. Makkreel is also the editor with Frithjof Rodi of Wilhelm Dilthey: Selected Works (Princeton University Press). Volume II: Understanding the Human World,Princeton University Press, 2010. Volume IV: Hermeneutics and the Study of History, Princeton University Press, 1996. Volume VI: Ethical and World-View Philosophy, Princeton University Press, 2019. A. (1992) Dilthey, Philosopher of the Human Studies, Princeton University Press, pp. External links[edit] Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6497 Rigorously trained Polish philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to psychology, the history of philosophy, the theory of knowledge, and especially mathematical logic.[3] Jan Łukasiewicz gained world fame with his concept of many-valued logic and his "Polish notation."[4] Alfred Tarski''s work in truth theory won him world renown.[5] An analogous position, shunning both positivism and metaphysical speculation, affined to the Scots but linked in some features to Kantian critique, was held in the period before the November 1830 Uprising by virtually all the university professors in Poland: in Wilno, by Dowgird; in Kraków, by Józef Emanuel Jankowski (1790–1847); and in Warsaw, by Adam Ignacy Zabellewicz (1784–1831) and Krystyn Lach Szyrma (1791–1866).[41] In the early nineteenth century, following a generation imbued with Enlightenment ideas, Poland passed directly to a maximalist philosophical program, to absolute metaphysics, to syntheses, to great systems, to reform of the world through philosophy; and broke with Positivism, the doctrines of the Enlightenment, and the precepts of the Scottish School of Common Sense.[42] en-wikipedia-org-65 Rosa Luxemburg (German: [ˈʁoːza ˈlʊksəmbʊʁk] (listen); Polish: Róża Luksemburg; also Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish Marxist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist and revolutionary socialist who became a naturalized German citizen at the age of 28. The recently published Letters of Rosa Luxemburg shed important light on her life in Germany.[16] As Irene Gammel writes in a review of the English translation of the book in The Globe and Mail: "The three decades covered by the 230 letters in this collection provide the context for her major contributions as a political activist, socialist theorist and writer". ''Since 4 August 1914, German Social-Democracy has been a stinking corpse'' – this statement will make Rosa Luxemburg''s name famous in the history of the international working class movement. en-wikipedia-org-6500 Neophytos Doukas or Dukas (Greek: Νεόφυτος Δούκας; 1760, Ano Soudena, Ottoman Empire – 1845, northwestern Greece) was a Greek priest and scholar, author of many books and translations from ancient Greek works, and one of the most important personalities of the modern Greek Enlightenment (Diafotismos) during the Ottoman occupation of Greece. Among many other works (over 70 books), he edited many ancient Greek authors, including Aristophanes, the Bibliotheca, Homer, Pindar, Euripides and Sophocles. Hidden categories: Articles containing Greek-language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6501 The VIAF concept was introduced at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress, hosted by the International Federation of Library Associations.[3] The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress (LC), the German National Library (DNB) and the OCLC on 6 August 2003.[4][5] The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007. AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-6502 en-wikipedia-org-6510 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6511 Secularism is most commonly defined as the separation of religion from civic affairs and the state.[1] The term has a broad range of meanings[2][3] and may connote anticlericalism, atheism, naturalism, or removal of religious symbols from public institutions.[4] Secularism emerged in the West with the establishment of reason over religious faith as human reason was gradually liberated from unquestioned subjection to the dominion of religion and superstition.[12] Secularism first appeared in the West in the Classical philosophy and politics of ancient Greece, disappeared for a time after the decline of the Classical world, but resurfaced after a millennium and a half in the Renaissance and the Reformation. In accord with the belief in the separation of church and state, secularists tend to prefer that politicians make decisions for secular rather than religious reasons.[20] In this respect, policy decisions pertaining to topics like abortion, contraception, embryonic stem cell research, same-sex marriage, and sex education are prominently focused upon by American secularist organizations such as the Center for Inquiry.[21][22] en-wikipedia-org-6514 Category:Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia Category:Webarchive template wayback links Jump to navigation Pages in category "Webarchive template wayback links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 399,569 total. .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum .270 Winchester Short Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum Media in category "Webarchive template wayback links" ANTM 1 Cast.PNG ANTM6.jpg ANTM6.jpg ANTM6.jpg (cast photo).jpg Daddys-Hone-by-Cliff-Richard.jpg FC-2L.jpg FC-2L.jpg Iowa State Marching Band (1909).jpg Logo-armee-de-lair.jpg Love monkey.svg P47d photo small.jpg Real chance of love cast.jpeg Spencerwood.jpg Strange Love logo.svg Tintin (1961 film).jpg Tough love 1 cast.jpg Triple-banded metal collar device.jpg Univision logo.png Vh1 tough love.png Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links&oldid=961302633" Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Category View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6519 Christine Marion Korsgaard, FBA (/ˈkɔːrzɡɑːrd/; born April 9, 1952) is an American philosopher and Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University whose main scholarly interests are in moral philosophy and its history; the relation of issues in moral philosophy to issues in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind, and the theory of personal identity; the theory of personal relationships; and in normativity in general. In 2002, she was the first woman to give the John Locke Lectures at the University of Oxford,[2] which turned into her recent book, Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity. She was a vegetarian for over 40 years and is now a vegan.[6] In 2018, Korsgaard authored Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to Other Animals which argues that Kantian ethics supports animal rights.[7] Korsgaard''s Web Page at Harvard University. Philosophers of ethics and morality en-wikipedia-org-6523 en-wikipedia-org-6537 en-wikipedia-org-6545 Template talk:Epistemology Wikipedia Template talk:Epistemology Jump to navigation Jump to search WikiProject Philosophy / Epistemology (Rated Template-class) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Philosophy, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of content related to philosophy on Wikipedia. If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles Bold links in lists..?[edit] Why are some of the links in the lists in bold..? Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Epistemology&oldid=458499293" Categories: Template-Class Philosophy articles NA-importance Philosophy articles Template-Class epistemology articles NA-importance epistemology articles Epistemology task force articles Personal tools Template Tools Page information This page was last edited on 1 November 2011, at 18:17 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-6553 Baruch (de) Spinoza[13] (/bəˈruːk spɪˈnoʊzə/;[14][15] Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; Portuguese: [ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]; born Baruch Espinosa;[16] later as an author and a correspondent Benedictus de Spinoza, anglicized to Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677[17][18][19][20]) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin.[12][21][22] One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment[23] and modern biblical criticism,[24] including modern conceptions of the self and the universe,[25] he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy.[26] Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza''s given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In 1670, Spinoza moved to The Hague where he lived on a small pension from Jan de Witt and a small annuity from the brother of his dead friend, Simon de Vries.[26] He worked on the Ethics, wrote an unfinished Hebrew grammar, began his Political Treatise, wrote two scientific essays ("On the Rainbow" and "On the Calculation of Chances"), and began a Dutch translation of the Bible (which he later destroyed).[26] en-wikipedia-org-6560 en-wikipedia-org-6569 Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation, and that perhaps this could be the culminating stage of world history.[33] The nature of Kant''s religious views continues to be the subject of scholarly dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he shifted from an early defense of an ontological argument for the existence of God to a principled agnosticism, to more critical treatments epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as "theological morals" and the "Mosaic Decalogue in disguise",[34] and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood"[35] and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith.[c] Beyond his religious views, Kant has also been criticized for the racism presented in some of his lesser-known papers, such as "On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy" and "On the Different Races of Man".[37][38][39][40] An advocate of scientific racism for much of his career, Kant''s views on race changed significantly in the last decade of his life, and he ultimately rejected racial hierarchies and European colonialism in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795).[41] en-wikipedia-org-6570 en-wikipedia-org-6572 In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.[1][2] The fibers from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[5] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus[6] and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view. Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view. en-wikipedia-org-6574 A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; Old French: deu, did, past participle of devoir; Latin: debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise. A duty may arise from a system of ethics or morality, especially in an honor culture. Many duties are created by law, sometimes including a codified punishment or liability for non-performance. Civic duty[edit] Legal duties[edit] Filial duty[edit] In most cultures, children are expected to take on duties in relation to their families. Michael Peletz discusses the concept of duty in his book Gender, Sexuality, and Body Politics in Modern Asia: In an arranged marriage relating to duty, it is expected that the wife will move in with the husband''s family and household to raise their children. Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica en-wikipedia-org-6575 Dvaita Vedanta (/ˈdvaɪtə vɪˈdɑːntə/; Sanskrit: द्वैत वेदान्त) is a sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy. Alternatively known as Bhedavāda, Tattvavāda, Bimbapratibimbavāda, Pūrnabrahmavāda and Svatantra-Advitiya-Brahmavāda, the Dvaita Vedanta sub-school was founded by the 13th-century scholar Madhvacharya.[1] The Dvaita Vedanta school believes that God (Vishnu, supreme soul) and the individual souls (jīvātman) exist as independent realities, and these are distinct, being said that Vishnu (Narayana) is independent, and souls are dependent on him. The first and the only independent reality (svatantra-tattva), states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu as Brahman.[9] Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to the monotheistic God in other major religions.[10] He is believed to be almighty, eternal,[11] always existing, everlasting, all-knowing, and compassionate.[12] The second reality is that of dependent (asvatantra-tattva) but equally real universe that exists with its own separate essence. en-wikipedia-org-6580 University of Oklahoma Press Wikipedia Find sources: "University of Oklahoma Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Founded in 1929 by the fifth president of the University of Oklahoma, William Bennett Bizzell, it was the first university press to be established in the American Southwest.[2] The OU Press is one of the leading presses in the region, and is primarily known for its titles on the American West and Native Americans, though the press publishes texts on other subjects as well, ranging from wildlife to ancient languages.[3] Tornadoes and severe weather are another focus. Clark Company (founded 1902) was a major printer of publications related to the history of the Western United States. ^ The Oklahoma University Press website, [1]. This University of Oklahoma-related article is a stub. This Oklahoma-related article is a stub. en-wikipedia-org-6582 Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (8 September 1864 – 21 June 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of social liberalism. Upon his graduation, Hobhouse remained at Oxford as a prize fellow at Merton College before becoming a full fellow at Corpus Christi.[2] Taking a break from academia between 1897 and 1907, Hobhouse worked as a journalist (including a stint with the Manchester Guardian) and as the secretary of a trade union.[2] In 1907, Hobhouse returned to academia, accepting the newly-created chair of sociology at the University of London, titled the Martin White Professor of Sociology, where he remained until his death in 1929.[2] Works written by or about Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse at Wikisource Works by Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse at Project Gutenberg Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6583 Origen is the main source of information on the use of the texts that were later officially canonized as the New Testament.[117][118] The information used to create the late-fourth-century Easter Letter, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the lists given in Eusebius''s Ecclesiastical History HE 3:25 and 6:25, which were both primarily based on information provided by Origen.[118] Origen accepted the authenticity of the epistles of 1 John, 1 Peter, and Jude without question[117] and accepted the Epistle of James as authentic with only slight hesitation.[119] He also refers to 2 John, 3 John, and 2 Peter[110] but notes that all three were suspected to be forgeries.[110] Origen may have also considered other writings to be "inspired" that were rejected by later authors, including the Epistle of Barnabas, Shepherd of Hermas, and 1 Clement.[120] "Origen is not the originator of the idea of biblical canon, but he certainly gives the philosophical and literary-interpretative underpinnings for the whole notion."[120] en-wikipedia-org-6584 Frederick Charles Beiser[1] (/ˈbaɪzər/; born November 27, 1949) is an American philosopher who is professor of philosophy at Syracuse University. In 1971, Beiser received a bachelor''s degree from Shimer College, a Great Books college then located in Mount Carroll, Illinois.[4][5][verification needed] He then studied at the Oriel College of the University of Oxford, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy, politics and economics in 1974.[1] He subsequently studied at the London School of Economics and Political Science from 1974 to 1975.[1] Beiser earned his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in philosophy from Wolfson College, Oxford, in 1980, under the direction of Charles Taylor and Isaiah Berlin.[1] His doctoral thesis was titled The Spirit of the Phenomenology: Hegel''s Resurrection of Metaphysics in the Phänomenologie des Geistes.[6] He also edited The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics (Cambridge University Press) in 1996. en-wikipedia-org-6587 Logical positivism was the first philosophy of science in the twentieth century and the forerunner of scientific realism, holding that a sharp distinction can be drawn between theoretical terms and observational terms, the latter capable of semantic analysis in observational and logical terms. Realism became the dominant philosophy of science after positivism.[2]:70 Bas van Fraassen in his book The Scientific Image (1980) developed constructive empiricism as an alternative to realism. Thus, it is argued that the best explanation—the only explanation that renders the success of science to not be what Hilary Putnam calls "a miracle"—is the view that our scientific theories (or at least the best ones) provide true descriptions of the world, or approximately so.[5] Pessimistic induction, one of the main arguments against realism, argues that the history of science contains many theories once regarded as empirically successful but which are now believed to be false. "Theory Status, Inductive Realism, And Approximate Truth: No Miracles, No Charades." International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(2), 159–178. en-wikipedia-org-6588 Johnson displayed signs of great intelligence as a child, and his parents, to his later disgust, would show off his "newly acquired accomplishments".[18] His education began at the age of three, and was provided by his mother, who had him memorise and recite passages from the Book of Common Prayer.[19] When Samuel turned four, he was sent to a nearby school, and, at the age of six he was sent to a retired shoemaker to continue his education.[20] A year later Johnson went to Lichfield Grammar School, where he excelled in Latin.[21] During this time, Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his later years, and which formed the basis for a posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome.[22] He excelled at his studies and was promoted to the upper school at the age of nine.[21] During this time, he befriended Edmund Hector, nephew of his "man-midwife" George Hector, and John Taylor, with whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life.[23] en-wikipedia-org-659 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6591 After Hannah Arendt''s death a number of her essays and notes have continued to be edited and published posthumously by friends and colleagues, including those that give some insight into the unfinished third part of The Life of the Mind.[181] The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age (1978),[275] is a collection of 15 essays and letters from the period 1943–1966 on the situation of Jews in modern times, to try and throw some light on her views on the Jewish world, following the backlash to Eichmann, but proved to be equally polarizing.[276][277] A further collection of her writings on being Jewish was published as The Jewish Writings (2007).[278][279] Other work includes the collection of forty, largely fugitive,[ak] essays, addresses, and reviews entitled Essays in Understanding 1930–1954: Formation, Exile, and Totalitarianism (1994),[280] that presaged her monumental The Origins of Totalitarianism,[186] in particular On the Nature of Totalitarianism (1953) and The Concern with Politics in Contemporary European Philosophical Thought (1954).[281] The remaining essays were published as Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953-1975 (2018).[282] Her notebooks which form a series of memoirs, were published as Denktagebuch in 2002.[283][284][285] en-wikipedia-org-6592 en-wikipedia-org-6594 Joseph Ernest Renan (French: [ʁənɑ̃]; 27 February 1823 – 2 October 1892)[2] was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar and critic.[3] A racist who believed in the superiority of White Europeans over all other people, he also wrote influential and pioneering historical works on the origins of early Christianity,[3] and espoused popular political theories especially concerning nationalism and national identity. At sixty years of age, having finished the Origins of Christianity, he began his History of Israel, based on a lifelong study of the Old Testament and on the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, published by the Académie des Inscriptions under Renan''s direction from the year 1881 till the end of his life. French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Ernest Renan en-wikipedia-org-6598 en-wikipedia-org-660 The Boston molasses disaster provided a strong impetus for the establishment of professional licensing and codes of ethics in the United States. One response was the development of formal codes of ethics by three of the four founding engineering societies. Many engineering professional societies have prepared codes of ethics. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: "We, the members of the IEEE, … do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. ^ ASME member H.F.J. Porter had proposed as early as 1892 that the engineering societies adopt uniform membership, education, and licensing requirements as well as a code of ethics. Professional Engineers Ontario Code of Ethics. Ethics Guidelines for Professional Conduct for Civil Engineers (PDF). Harris, C.E., M.S. Pritchard, and M.J. Rabins (2008).Engineering Ethics: Concept and Cases, Wadsworth Publishing, 4th edition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Code of Ethics en-wikipedia-org-6604 en-wikipedia-org-6608 It is a neo-conservative movement of various Chinese traditions and has been regarded as containing religious overtones; it advocates for certain Confucianist elements of society – such as social, ecological, and political harmony – to be applied in a contemporary context in synthesis with Western philosophies such as rationalism and humanism.[1] Its philosophies have emerged as a focal point of discussion between Confucian scholars in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States. Borrowing from the school of Wang Yangming, Xiong developed a metaphysical system for the new Confucian movement and believed Chinese learning was superior to Western learning. After the events of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, in which Confucianism was blamed for China''s weakness and decline in the face of Western aggression, a major Chinese philosopher of the time, Xiong Shili (1885–1968), established and re-constructed Confucianism as a response.[5] New Confucianism is a political, ethical, and social philosophy using metaphysical ideas from both Western Philosophy and Eastern. en-wikipedia-org-661 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6610 The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Spanish: Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The Spanish crown had mandated that "all new churches and other public buildings should be constructed in the neo-classic style, their design first approved by the Academy of San Fernando."[34] Madrid had a number of buildings constructed in neoclassic style; Charles III''s architect, Juan de Villanueva, designed a neoclassical building in 1785 to hold the Natural History Cabinet, but which became the Prado Museum to display paintings and sculpture. en-wikipedia-org-6611 For Sri Aurobindo intuition comes under the realms of knowledge by identity; he describes the psychological plane in humans (often referred to as mana in sanskrit) having two arbitrary natures, the first being imprinting of psychological experiences which is constructed through sensory information (mind seeking to become aware of external world). He finds this intuitive knowledge was common to older humans (Vedic) and later was taken over by reason which currently organises our perception, thoughts and actions resulting from Vedic to metaphysical philosophy and later to experimental science. Buddhism finds intuition to be a faculty in the mind of immediate knowledge and puts the term intuition beyond the mental process of conscious thinking, as the conscious thought cannot necessarily access subconscious information, or render such information into a communicable form.[16] In Zen Buddhism various techniques have been developed to help develop one''s intuitive capability, such as koans – the resolving of which leads to states of minor enlightenment (satori). en-wikipedia-org-6624 Category:Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NLI identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 46,786 total. Aart van der Leeuw Ibn Abbas William Wright Abbot David Abbott (magician) Edwin Abbott (educator) Thomas Kingsmill Abbott Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Gilbert Abbott à Beckett Carl Friedrich Abel Jacob Friedrich von Abel Ralph Abercromby Johann Joseph Abert Abraham ben David Categories: Pages with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6626 William Wollaston (/ˈwʊləstən/; 26 March 1659 – 29 October 1724) was a school teacher, Church of England priest, scholar of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, theologian, and a major Enlightenment era English philosopher. He led a cloistered life, but in terms of eighteenth-century philosophy and the concept of natural religion, he is ranked with British Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Wollaston''s work contributed to the development of two important intellectual schools: British Deism, and "the pursuit of happiness" moral philosophy of American Practical Idealism, a phrase which appears in the United States Declaration of Independence. Wollaston''s idea of a Natural religion without revelation briefly inspired and revived the movement known as Deism in England. John Clarke (1750): A Preface containing A General Account of the Life, Character, and Writings of the Author, from the 1750 edition of The Religion of Nature Delineated. en-wikipedia-org-6627 en-wikipedia-org-6628 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Christian Daniel Rauch]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|de|Christian Daniel Rauch}} to the talk page. Christian Daniel Rauch (2 January 1777 – 3 December 1857) was a German sculptor. Media related to Christian Daniel Rauch at Wikimedia Commons Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6630 In philosophy, identity, from Latin: identitas ("sameness"), is the relation each thing bears only to itself.[1][2] The notion of identity gives rise to many philosophical problems, including the identity of indiscernibles (if x and y share all their properties, are they one and the same thing?), and questions about change and personal identity over time (what has to be the case for a person x at one time and a person y at a later time to be one and the same person?). The philosophical concept of identity is distinct from the better-known notion of identity in use in psychology and the social sciences. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Identity, First published Wed 15 Dec 2004; substantive revision Sun 1 Oct 2006. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Identity, First published Wed 15 Dec 2004; substantive revision Sun 1 Oct 2006. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Identity over time. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Personal identity. Categories: Identity (philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-664 Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a materialist interpretation of history, dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform. Karl Marx is regarded as the father of social conflict theory,[citation needed] which is a component of the four major paradigms of sociology. These conflicts would be then reflected in society and Ward assumed there had been a "perpetual and vigorous struggle" among various "social forces" that shaped civilization.[6][7] Ward was more optimistic than Marx and Gumplowicz and believed that it was possible to build on and reform present social structures with the help of sociological analysis. C. Wright Mills has been called the founder of modern conflict theory.[12] In Mills''s view, social structures are created through conflict between people with differing interests and resources. en-wikipedia-org-6645 Wikipedia is an online open-content collaborative encyclopedia; that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups working to develop a common resource of human knowledge. None of the contributors, sponsors, administrators or anyone else connected with Wikipedia in any way whatsoever can be responsible for the appearance of any inaccurate or libelous information or for your use of the information contained in or linked from these web pages. There is no agreement or understanding between you and Wikipedia regarding your use or modification of this information beyond the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA) and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL); neither is anyone at Wikipedia responsible should someone change, edit, modify or remove any information that you may post on Wikipedia or any of its associated projects. Categories: Wikipedia disclaimers Hidden categories: Wikipedia fully-protected project pages en-wikipedia-org-6646 Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (born Gaspar Melchor de Jove y Llanos, 5 January 1744 – 27 November 1811) was a Spanish neoclassical statesman, author, philosopher and a major figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain. In the capital Jovellanos was a respected member of the literary and scientific societies; he was commissioned by the Society of Friends of the Country (Madrid''s economic society) in 1787 to write his most well-known and influential work, Informe en el expediente de ley agraria ("A report on the dossier of the Agrarian Law"), a project which he completed in 1794, and published in 1795. In turn, his writings influenced Alexander von Humboldt''s thinking and writing on land issues in Mexico.[2] Jovellanos also influenced thinking about agrarian land reform in Mexico in the late period of President Porfirio Díaz''s regime by Andrés Molina Enríquez, who was the intellectual father of the article that empowered the State to expropriate land and other resources following the Mexican Revolution Constitution of 1917 [3] en-wikipedia-org-665 Post-modern thought marks a feminist group shift away from dominant, positivistic ideals of objectivity and universal understanding.[13] Instead, it acknowledges a diversity of unique human perspectives, none of which can claim absolute knowledge authority.[8] Post-Modern feminism has thus been critiqued for having a relativist-stance, where ongoing power relations between key identities have been often neglected attention.[13] It is possible to see this political stance in direct opposition to the "emancipatory aspirations" of women.[8] However, Saba Mahmood[18] would argue this critique is in some ways oppositional to global understandings of female desire, where the idea of ''freedom'' is an essential, conditionally oppressive component to western feminism which may wrongly assume that women of eastern countries dominated by male power are victims needing to be liberated. en-wikipedia-org-6654 Under this definition, conservatives are seen as defending the established institutions of their time.[6] According to Quintin Hogg, the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959: "Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself".[7] Despite the lack of a universal definition, certain themes can be recognised as common across conservative thought. In 1973, British psychologist Glenn Wilson published an influential book providing evidence that a general factor underlying conservative beliefs is "fear of uncertainty."[176] A meta-analysis of research literature by Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway in 2003 found that many factors, such as intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure, contribute to the degree of one''s political conservatism and its manifestations in decision-making.[175][177] A study by Kathleen Maclay stated these traits "might be associated with such generally valued characteristics as personal commitment and unwavering loyalty". en-wikipedia-org-6664 en-wikipedia-org-6666 In one of his books published in 1909 he showed the Pareto distribution of how wealth is distributed, he believed "through any human society, in any age, or country".[11] He maintained cordial personal relationships with individual socialists, but always thought their economic ideas were severely flawed. Pareto''s later years were spent in collecting the material for his best-known work, Trattato di sociologia generale (1916) (The Mind and Society, published in 1935). 1917), published in English by Harcourt, Brace in a four-volume edition edited by Arthur Livingston under the title The Mind and Society (1935), Pareto developed the notion of the circulation of elites, the first social cycle theory in sociology. Pareto seems to have turned to sociology for an understanding of why his abstract mathematical economic theories did not work out in practice, in the belief that unforeseen or uncontrollable social factors intervened. en-wikipedia-org-6670 Our thought cannot grasp the One as long as any other image remains active in the soul [...] To this end, you must set free your soul from all outward things and turn wholly within yourself, with no more leaning to what lies outside, and lay your mind bare of ideal forms, as before of the objects of sense, and forget even yourself, and so come within sight of that One. Carabine notes that Plotinus'' apophasis is not just a mental exercise, an acknowledgement of the unknowability of the One, but a means to ecstasis and an ascent to "the unapproachable light that is God."[web 10] Pao-Shen Ho, investigating what are Plotinus'' methods for reaching henosis,[note 7] concludes that "Plotinus'' mystical teaching is made up of two practices only, namely philosophy and negative theology."[27] According to Moore, Plotinus appeals to the "non-discursive, intuitive faculty of the soul," by "calling for a sort of prayer, an invocation of the deity, that will permit the soul to lift itself up to the unmediated, direct, and intimate contemplation of that which exceeds it (V.1.6)."[web 8] Pao-Shen Ho further notes that "for Plotinus, mystical experience is irreducible to philosophical arguments."[27] The argumentation about henosis is preceded by the actual experience of it, and can only be understood when henosis has been attained.[27] Ho further notes that Plotinus''s writings have a didactic flavour, aiming to "bring his own soul and the souls of others by way of Intellect to union with the One."[27] As such, the Enneads as a spiritual or ascetic teaching device, akin to The Cloud of Unknowing,[28] demonstrating the methods of philosophical and apophatic inquiry.[29] Ultimately, this leads to silence and the abandonment of all intellectual inquiry, leaving contemplation and unity.[30] en-wikipedia-org-6673 Category:Articles with short description Wikipedia Category:Articles with short description Jump to navigation See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions This category is for articles with short descriptions defined on Wikipedia by {{short description}} (either within the page itself or via another template). ► Articles with short description added by PearBOT 5‎ (44,611 P) ► Short description with empty Wikidata description‎ (81,111 P) Pages in category "Articles with short description" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 2,555,223 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). .hack (video game series) .sch (file extension) (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase 3 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names album) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_short_description&oldid=973538851" Categories: Article namespace categories Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Pages with short description Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6677 Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, David Hume, Spinoza, Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Goethe, Hamann, Kant, Mendelssohn He is notable for popularizing nihilism, a term coined by Obereit in 1787, and promoting it as the prime fault of Enlightenment thought particularly in the philosophical systems of Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Fichte and Friedrich Schelling.[1] He studied the works of Charles Bonnet closely, as well as the political ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire. His next important work, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term Glaube had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the Letters on Spinoza, but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, George Di Giovanni (1994)."The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill". en-wikipedia-org-668 en-wikipedia-org-6685 The eccentric Titan Ringlet[2] in the Columbo Gap of Saturn''s C Ring (center) and the inclined orbits of resonant particles in the bending wave[3][4] just inside it have apsidal and nodal precessions, respectively, commensurate with Titan''s mean motion. The system was discovered in the citizen science project Exoplanet Explorers, using K2 data.[50] K2-138 could host co-orbital bodies (in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance).[51] Resonant chain systems can stabilize co-orbital bodies[52] and a dedicated analysis of the K2 light curve and radial-velocity from HARPS might reveal them.[51] Follow-up observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope suggest a sixth planet continuing the 3:2 resonance chain, while leaving two gaps in the chain (its period is 41.97 days). Diagram of the orbits of Pluto''s small outer four moons, which follow a 3:4:5:6 sequence of near resonances relative to the period of its large inner satellite Charon. en-wikipedia-org-6696 Philosophy of culture Wikipedia British poet and critic Matthew Arnold viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal. According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms.[7] In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. en-wikipedia-org-6699 en-wikipedia-org-67 Nineteenthand twentieth-century hermeneutics emerged as a theory of understanding (Verstehen) through the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher (Romantic hermeneutics[20] and methodological hermeneutics),[21] August Böckh (methodological hermeneutics),[22] Wilhelm Dilthey (epistemological hermeneutics),[23] Martin Heidegger (ontological hermeneutics,[24] hermeneutic phenomenology,[25][26][27] and transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology),[28] Hans-Georg Gadamer (ontological hermeneutics),[29] Leo Strauss (Straussian hermeneutics),[30] Paul Ricœur (hermeneutic phenomenology),[31] Walter Benjamin (Marxist hermeneutics),[32] Ernst Bloch (Marxist hermeneutics),[33][32] Jacques Derrida (radical hermeneutics, namely deconstruction),[34][35] Richard Kearney (diacritical hermeneutics), Fredric Jameson (Marxist hermeneutics),[36] and John Thompson (critical hermeneutics). New hermeneutic is the theory and methodology of interpretation to understand Biblical texts through existentialism. Italian philosopher Gianni Vattimo and Spanish philosopher Santiago Zabala in their book Hermeneutic Communism, when discussing contemporary capitalist regimes, stated that, "A politics of descriptions does not impose power in order to dominate as a philosophy; rather, it is functional for the continued existence of a society of dominion, which pursues truth in the form of imposition (violence), conservation (realism), and triumph (history)."[67] en-wikipedia-org-6706 Until modern Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) and Jewish emancipation, Jewish philosophy was preoccupied with attempts to reconcile coherent new ideas into the tradition of Rabbinic Judaism, thus organizing emergent ideas that are not necessarily Jewish into a uniquely Jewish scholastic framework and world-view. Hiwi is generally considered to be the very first "Jewish" philosopher to subject the Pentateuch to critical analysis.[12] Hiwi is viewed by some scholars as an intellectually conflicted man torn between Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Gnostic Christianity, and Manichaean thought.[13][14] Isaac Abravanel was born and raised in Lisbon; a student of the Rabbi of Lisbon, Yosef ben Shlomo Ibn Yahya.[36] Rabbi Yosef was a poet, religious scholar, rebuilder of Ibn Yahya Synagogue of Calatayud, well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of Jewish philosophy. Renaissance Jewish philosophy and philosophers[edit] Judaism as Philosophy: Studies in Maimonides and the Medieval Jewish Philosophers of Provence. en-wikipedia-org-6710 In Hinduism, dharma signifies behaviours that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible,[10][note 1] and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living".[11] In Buddhism, dharma means "cosmic law and order",[10][12] as applied to the teachings of Buddha [10][12] and can be applied to mental constructs or what is cognised by the mind.[12] In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for "phenomena".[13][note 2] Dharma in Jainism refers to the teachings of Tirthankara (Jina)[10] and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings. In the earliest texts and ancient myths of Hinduism, dharma meant cosmic law, the rules that created the universe from chaos, as well as rituals; in later Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and the Epics, the meaning became refined, richer, and more complex, and the word was applied to diverse contexts.[15] en-wikipedia-org-6711 en-wikipedia-org-6714 en-wikipedia-org-6724 en-wikipedia-org-6752 Craig is a critic of metaphysical naturalism,[115] New Atheism,[116] and prosperity theology,[117] as well as a defender of Reformed epistemology.[118] He also states that a confessing Christian should not engage in homosexual acts.[119][120][121][122] Craig maintains that the theory of evolution is compatible with Christianity.[123][124] Craig is not convinced that the "current evolutionary paradigm is entirely adequate" to explain the emergence of biological complexity, and he is inclined to think that God had to periodically intervene to produce this effect.[125][126] He is a fellow of the Discovery Institute''s Center for Science and Culture[127] and was a fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design.[128] In his debate with Paul Helm, Craig explains that he would call himself an "Arminian" "in the proper sense."[87] Furthermore, he has explained himself as a Wesleyan or Wesleyan-Arminian.[129] en-wikipedia-org-6754 This identification of liberty and equality became problematic during the Jacobin period, when equality was redefined (for instance by François-Noël Babeuf) as equality of results, and not only judicial equality of rights.[2] Thus, Marc Antoine Baudot considered that French temperament inclined rather to equality than liberty, a theme which would be re-used by Pierre Louis Roederer and Alexis de Tocqueville, while Jacques Necker considered that an equal society could only be found on coercion.[2] This opposition between liberals and socialists was mirrored in rival historical interpretations of the Revolution, liberals admiring 1789, and socialists 1793.[2] The July Revolution of 1830, establishing a constitutional monarchy headed by Louis-Philippe, substituted ordre et liberté (order and liberty) to the Napoleonic motto Liberté, Ordre public.[2] Despite this apparent disappearance of the triptych, the latter was still being thought in some underground circles, in Republican secret societies, masonic lodges such as the "Indivisible Trinity," far-left booklets or during the Canuts Revolt in Lyon.[2] In 1834, the lawyer of the Society of the Rights of Man (Société des droits de l''homme), Dupont, a liberal sitting in the far-left during the July Monarchy, associated the three terms together in the Revue Républicaine which he edited: en-wikipedia-org-6761 Within Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity states that God is a single being that exists, simultaneously and eternally, as a perichoresis of three hypostases (i.e. persons; personae, prosopa): the Father (the Source, the Eternal Majesty); the Son (the eternal Logos ("Word"), manifest in human form as Jesus and thereafter as Christ); and the Holy Spirit (the Paraclete or advocate). Arians rejected the term "homoousios" (consubstantial) as a term describing the Father and Son, viewing such term as compromising the uniqueness and primacy of God,[18] and accused it of dividing the indivisible unit of the divine essence.[19] Unitarians trace their history back to the Apostolic Age, arguing, as do Trinitarians and Binitarians, that their Christology most closely reflects that of the early Christian community and Church Fathers.[20] en-wikipedia-org-6771 Before its abolition, the territory of the Kingdom of Prussia included the provinces of West Prussia; East Prussia; Brandenburg; Saxony (including much of the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt and parts of the state of Thuringia in Germany); Pomerania; Rhineland; Westphalia; Silesia (without Austrian Silesia); Schleswig-Holstein; Hanover; Hesse-Nassau; and a small detached area in the south called Hohenzollern, the ancestral home of the Prussian ruling family. During the period of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed Prussian nobility, from which the Junkers would evolve to take a major role in the militarization of Prussia and, later, Germany.[15] In the Soviet occupation zone, which became East Germany (officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt, with the remaining parts of the Province of Pomerania going to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. en-wikipedia-org-6772 After this incident, Schopenhauer took the opportunity to demonstrate that Hegel''s writings are, as he says, "a pseudo-philosophy that cripples all mental powers, suffocates real thinking and substitutes by means of the most outrageous use of language the hollowest, the most devoid of sense, the most thoughtless, and, as the outcome confirms, the most stupefying jumble of words", a claim which he normally considered too self-evident for support of arguments. The first section is an introduction in which Schopenhauer provides his account of the question posed by the Royal Danish Society and his interpretation of the history of western ethics. In the second section, Schopenhauer embarks on a criticism of Kant''s foundation of ethics. For Schopenhauer, this was the only merit of Kant''s Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. According to Schrödinger, Schopenhauer had solved one of the two fundamental problems of ethics: "But let me say once more: I was not trying to show forth the motives that lead to ethical action, here to exhibit a new ''foundation for morality''. en-wikipedia-org-6776 Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, comte de Tracy (French: [dɛstyt də tʁasi]; 20 July 1754 – 9 March 1836) was a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher who coined the term "ideology". The title page of A Commentary and Review of Montesquieu''s Spirit of Laws (1811),[3] an English translation by Thomas Jefferson of Destutt de Tracy''s Commentaire sur l''esprit des lois de Montesquieu (1806) [Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat Condorcet, marquis de] Condorcet: and Two Letters of [Claude Adrien] Helvetius, on the Merits of the Same Work, Philadelphia, Penn.: [Thomas Jefferson]; (PDF), Thomas Jefferson, transl., No. 98, Market Street: printed by William Duane., OCLC 166602192CS1 maint: location (link). ^ Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de, A Treatise on Political Economy, trans. ^ "Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de Tracy, 1754–1836 Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", The History of Economic Thought Website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antoine Destutt de Tracy. en-wikipedia-org-6779 Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Find sources: "António Castanheira Neves" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) António Castanheira Neves (born 8 November 1929 in Tábua) is a Portuguese legal philosopher and a professor emeritus at the law faculty of the University of Coimbra. According to Castanheira Neves, law can only be understood through legal problems (roughly, legal cases), which have to be solved within the legal system (including a necessary connection to morality). His opposition to positivism, to natural law and to the several theories of legal syllogism would make him one of the first and most accomplished advocates of interpretivism. Matter of fact / matter of law, or the methodological problem of legality. en-wikipedia-org-6780 Prince Ilia Chavchavadze (Georgian: ილია ჭავჭავაძე; 8 November 1837 – 12 September 1907) was a Georgian public figure, journalist, publisher, writer and poet who spearheaded the revival of the Georgian national movement in the second half of the 19th century and played a major role in the creation of Georgian civil society during the Russian rule of Georgia. In his articles Chavchavadze discussed number of topics, among them : national issues, literature, education, theater, politics, economics, current issues and events happening not just in Georgia, but around the world and especially in Europe. His views about self-government, judicial system, social issues, human rights, women rights, economics, education and civic activism were modern and contributed much to the creation of Georgian sense of national identity, formation of civil society and also to social and political discussions of his time. en-wikipedia-org-6781 en-wikipedia-org-6783 While, e.g., Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham) had already observed an optical effect and developed a state of the art theory of the refraction of light, he was less interested to produce images with it (compare Hans Belting 2005); the society he lived in was even hostile (compare Aniconism in Islam) toward personal images.[66] Western artists and philosophers used the Arab findings in new frameworks of epistemic relevance.[67] E.g. Leonardo da Vinci used the camera obscura as a model of the eye, René Descartes for eye and mind and John Locke started to use the camera obscura as a metaphor of human understanding per se.[68] The modern use of the camera obscura as an epistemic machine had important side effects for science.[69][70] While the use of the camera obscura has dwindled, for those who are interested in making one it only requires a few items including: a box, tracing paper, tape, foil, a box cutter, a pencil and a blanket to keep out the light.[71] en-wikipedia-org-6787 en-wikipedia-org-6788 en-wikipedia-org-6792 Justus Henning Böhmer (January 29, 1674 in Hanover – August 23, 1749 in Halle) was an outstanding German jurist, ecclesiastical jurist, Professor of the University of Halle and also Geheimer Rat, count palatine and chancellor of the Duchy of Magdeburg. A huge amount of further significant and notable works on civil and church law as well as expertises were penned by him, and were publicised by his son Georg Ludwig Böhmer after Justus Henning''s death in the collected edition "Exercitationes ad pandectas" some years later. Three of his sons, Johann Samuel Friedrich von Böhmer (1704–1772), Karl August von Böhmer (1707–1748) and Georg Ludwig Böhmer (1715–1797) were also important German jurists, whereas the fourth son, Philipp Adolf Böhmer (1716–1789) was a professor of medicine and anatomy and also personal physician of King Frederick William II of Prussia (1744–1797). More images about Justus Henning Böhmer in the library of the University of Halle: [25] en-wikipedia-org-680 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. On August 21, 1770, he traveled from Berlin and acted as respondent when Kant presented his Inaugural dissertation at the University of Königsberg for the post of ordinary professor. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6807 en-wikipedia-org-6808 Charles noted that his father was upset by a piece in the Westminster Review calling for the radicals to break with the Whigs and give working men the vote "before he knew it was not [Martineau''s], and wasted a good deal of indignation, and even now can hardly believe it is not hers".[24] In early December 1836 Charles Darwin called on Martineau and may have discussed the social and natural worlds she was writing about in her book Society in America, including the "grandeur and beauty" of the "process of world making" she had seen at Niagara Falls.[24] He remarked in a letter, Martineau edited a volume of Letters on the Laws of Man''s Nature and Development, published in March 1851. en-wikipedia-org-6810 Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir[3] (1837–1890) was a Russian neo-Kantian philosopher of German-Greek descent who wrote primarily in German.[4] His book Denken und Wirklichkeit (Thought and Reality) exerted a "lasting impact" on the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche.[5][6] In an attempt to reach a broader readership, Spir wrote directly in French his Esquisses de philosophie critique (Outlines of critical philosophy), published for the first time in 1877.[18] A new edition was published forty years after his death, in 1930, with an introduction by the French philosopher and professor at the Sorbonne Léon Brunschvicg. Recht und Unrecht: Eine Erörterung der Principien, Leipzig, J.G. Findel.(2nd ed., 1883, Italian translation by Cesare Goretti: La Giustizia, Milano, Lombarda, 1930; French translation: Principes de justice sociale, Genève: Éditions du Mon-Blanc (Hélène Claparède-Spir ed., Préf. en-wikipedia-org-6811 en-wikipedia-org-6816 Sebastian Gardner Wikipedia Jump to navigation Thesis Sartre''s critique of Freud: irrationality and the philosophy of psychoanalysis (1987) Kant, nineteenth-century German philosophy, aesthetics Sebastian Angus Gardner (born 19 March 1960) is a British philosopher and Professor of Philosophy in the University College London. He taught first at Birkbeck College, London and, since 1998, at UCL.[3] He has written extensively on Freud and psychoanalysis, on Kant, and on post-Kantian philosophy, including Fichte, Schelling, and Nietzsche. Irrationality and the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis, Cambridge University Press, 1993 doi:10.1093/mind/110.439.753. ^ https://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/people/permanent-academic-staff/sebastian-gardner External links[edit] Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 12 August 2020, at 17:55 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6817 en-wikipedia-org-6822 European Party for Individual Liberty Wikipedia European Party for Individual Liberty (EPIL) The European Party for Individual Liberty (EPIL) is a right-libertarian European political party established in Utrecht in September 2013 by The Utrecht Declaration and Covenant of European Classical Liberal and Libertarian Parties.[1][2] To affirm the supremacy of individual freedom limited only by that of another person and inclusive of the full right to property, and their belief in a society based on the spontaneous order emerging from the cooperation of free citizens and their voluntary groups, under the rule of their freely entered agreements and contracts. Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party European Democratic Party European Green Party European People''s Party Party of the European Left European Party for Individual Liberty European Party for Individual Liberty European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance National parties by European organisation Political groups of the European Parliament European Neighbourhood Policy Categories: European Parliament party groups Pan-European political parties en-wikipedia-org-6826 Following Hobbes''s notion of "trains of thought"[16] where one idea naturally follows another in the mind, Locke developed further the concept of knowledge as the perception of relations between ideas.[17] These relations included mathematical relations, scientific relations such as co-existence and succession, and the relations of identity and difference. Part of our knowledge he argued must be due to the modifying nature of our own minds which imposes on perception not only the forms of space and time but also the categories of relation which he understood to be a priori concepts contained within the understanding. Kant took a more analytical view of the concept of relation and his categories of relation were three namely, community, causality and inherence.[19]:113 These can be compared with Hume''s three kinds of association in that, firstly, community depicts elements conjoined in time and space, secondly causality compares directly with cause and effect, and thirdly inherence implies the relation of a quality to its subject and plays an essential part in any consideration of the concept of resemblance. en-wikipedia-org-6827 en-wikipedia-org-683 The historical philosophical views of what beauty, the arts, and sensory experiences are, relate to the idea of aesthetics. Aesthetics looks at styles of production.[3] In particular, feminists argue that despite seeming neutral or inclusive, the way people think about art and aesthetics is influenced by gender roles.[2] Feminist aesthetics is a tool for analyzing how art is understood using gendered issues.[4] A person''s gender identity affects the ways in which they perceive art and aesthetics because of their subject position and the fact that perception is influenced by power.[5] The ways in which people see art is also influenced by social values such as class and race.[6] One''s subject position in life changes the way art is perceived because of people''s different knowledge''s about life and experiences.[5] In the way that feminist history unsettles traditional history, feminist aesthetics challenge philosophies of beauty, the arts and sensory experience.[7] Instead, a feminist is less likely to view the object as a disinterested interpreter, and intellectualize the sensation (Hilde Hein).[7] Morse[9] discusses how art is a social institution. Their relationship to feminist aesthetics is relevant because they expose gender and ethnic bias, as well as corruption in the art, film and pop culture worlds. en-wikipedia-org-6831 He became increasingly worried about the disunity of the states and the weakness of the central government after the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783.[32] He believed that "excessive democracy" caused social decay, and was particularly troubled by laws that legalized paper money and denied diplomatic immunity to ambassadors from other countries.[33] He was also profoundly concerned about the inability of Congress to capably conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.[34] As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired."[35] He committed to an intense study of law and political theory, and was heavily influenced by Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France.[36] He especially sought out works on international law and the constitutions of "ancient and modern confederacies" such as the Dutch Republic, the Swiss Confederation, and the Achaean League.[37] He came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by virtue of its size; with so many distinct interests competing against each other, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of majority rule.[38] Additionally, navigation rights to the Mississippi River highly concerned Madison. en-wikipedia-org-6836 Ramanuja, the 11–12th century philosopher and the main proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy contends that the Prasthanatrayi ("The three courses"), namely the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Brahma Sutras are to be interpreted in a way that shows this unity in diversity, for any other way would violate their consistency. Vedanta Desika defines Vishishtadvaita using the statement, Asesha Chit-Achit Prakaaram Brahmaikameva Tatvam: Brahman, as qualified by the sentient and insentient modes (or attributes), is the only reality. The philosophy itself is considered to have existed long before Ramanuja''s time.[2] Ramanuja continues along the line of thought of his predecessors while expounding the knowledge expressed in the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Bhagavad Gita. Tattva: The knowledge of the 3 real entities namely, jiva (living souls; the sentient); ajiva (the nonsentient) and Ishvara (Vishnu-Narayana or Parahbrahman, Supreme-self and the cause of all manifestations and in-dwelling giver of grace based on Karma). en-wikipedia-org-6840 en-wikipedia-org-6844 Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles to complete, independent publications. Bibliographies are a primary tool in academic research for students, faculty and researchers.[1] Within Wikipedia, well crafted bibliographies provide editors with a readily available list of sources that can be used to support creation and expansion of articles on related topics. The primary goal of this project is to improve bibliographies and expand their scope within Wikipedia by establishing a consistent article structure; by ensuring bibliographies follow Wikipedia policies, guidelines and manuals of style; and by identifying topics needing bibliographic coverage and encouraging editors to build those bibliographies. This section contains an essay on style, consisting of the advice and/or opinions of one or more WikiProjects on how to format and present article content within their area of interest.This information is not a formal Wikipedia policy or guideline, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community. en-wikipedia-org-6864 en-wikipedia-org-6885 en-wikipedia-org-6889 We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood."[4] Paternalism towards adults is sometimes thought of as treating them as if they were children.[5] Impure paternalism occurs when the class of people whose liberty or autonomy is violated by some measure is wider than the group of persons thereby protected.[3] Criteria for effective paternalism[edit] ^ Dworkin, Gerald, "Paternalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. From Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia, edited by Christopher Berry Gray, Garland Pub. Co., 1999, vol. Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6893 en-wikipedia-org-6898 The Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia (CANTIC) is an authority union catalogue within the Union Catalogue of Universities of Catalonia (CCUC), that it is led by the Biblioteca de Catalunya. At a meeting held on 16 September 2002, the Advisory Commission of Cataloguing, the advisory body of the Biblioteca de Catalunya in terms of cataloguing, talked about the need of creating a list of authorities in Catalonia. It was decided to establish a subcommittee to study the technical feasibility of the project and to prepare the requirements and functionality of the list of name and title authorities, taking into account the real needs of the Catalan Library System. The Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia was created following the Catalan Library System Act, Llei 4/1993 "La Biblioteca de Catalunya supervisa, valida i unifica en un sol llistat el catàleg d''autoritats"[4] en-wikipedia-org-6905 Moral particularism Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. A criticism of moral particularism is that it is inherently irrational. Ethics without principles, Oxford: Oxford University Press. "Moral Particularism and the Role of Imaginary Cases". European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy. External links[edit] "Moral particularism", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Moral Particularism", in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Normative ethics Normative ethics Kantian ethics Pragmatic ethics Virtue ethics Applied ethics Applied ethics Business ethics Engineering ethics Legal ethics Sexual ethics Ethics of technology Moral realism Moral realism Ethical naturalism Ethical non-naturalism Ethical subjectivism Christian ethics Ethics in religion Feminist ethics History of ethics Islamic ethics Jewish ethics Social philosophy This article about ethics is a stub. Categories: Ethical theories Ethics stubs en-wikipedia-org-6906 The Metaphysics of Morals (German: Die Metaphysik der Sitten) is a 1797 work of political and moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant. Published separately in 1797, the Doctrine of Right is one of the last examples of classical republicanism in political philosophy.[1] The Doctrine of Right contains the most mature of Kant''s statements on the peace project and a system of law to ensure individual rights. Translated by Anonymous (John Richardson), "Metaphysic of Morals divided into Metaphysical Elements of Law and of Ethics." 2 vols. Translated by John William Semple, "The Metaphysic of Ethics." Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1836; Reprint editions include 1871, ed. The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, full text of the introduction and part I of the Metaphysics of Morals. Book Review of Mary Gregor''s 1991 translation of the Metaphysics of Morals, by Steven Palmquist. en-wikipedia-org-6909 Paleolibertarianism is a political philosophy and variety of right-libertarianism developed by American anarcho-capitalist theorists Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell that combines traditional conservative cultural values and social philosophy with a libertarian opposition to government intervention.[1] According to Rockwell, the paleolibertarian movement hearkens back to such thinkers as "Ludwig von Mises, Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garrett, and the entire interwar Old Right that opposed the New Deal and favored the Old Republic"[2] and distinguished themselves from neo-libertarians, Beltway libertarianism (a pejorative term used by hardline libertarians to describe libertarians who have gained traction in the Beltway, i.e. Washington, D.C.), left-libertarianism and lifestyle libertarianism.[2][3] According to Rockwell, paleolibertarianism "made its peace with religion as the bedrock of liberty, property, and the natural order". en-wikipedia-org-6914 en-wikipedia-org-6921 en-wikipedia-org-6923 Essence (Latin: essentia) is a polysemic term, used in philosophy and theology as a designation for the property or set of properties that make an entity or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity. In the history of Western philosophy, essence has often served as a vehicle for doctrines that tend to individuate different forms of existence as well as different identity conditions for objects and properties; in this logical meaning, the concept has given a strong theoretical and common-sense basis to the whole family of logical theories based on the "possible worlds" analogy set up by Leibniz and developed in the intensional logic from Carnap to Kripke, which was later challenged by "extensionalist" philosophers such as Quine. In his dialogues Plato suggests that concrete beings acquire their essence through their relations to "Forms"—abstract universals logically or ontologically separate from the objects of sense perception. en-wikipedia-org-6935 en-wikipedia-org-6937 Alain Badiou was a student at the Lycée Louis-Le-Grand and then the École Normale Supérieure (1955–1960).[3] In 1960, he wrote his diplôme d''études supérieures [fr] (roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) on Spinoza for Georges Canguilhem (the topic was "Demonstrative Structures in the First Two Books of Spinoza''s Ethics", "Structures démonstratives dans les deux premiers livres de l''Éthique de Spinoza").[4] He taught at the lycée in Reims from 1963 where he became a close friend of fellow playwright (and philosopher) François Regnault,[5] and published a couple of novels before moving first to the faculty of letters of the University of Reims (the collège littéraire universitaire)[6] and then to the University of Paris VIII (Vincennes-Saint Denis) in 1969.[7] Badiou was politically active very early on, and was one of the founding members of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU). en-wikipedia-org-694 William Leonard Rowe (/roʊ/ July 26, 1931 – August 22, 2015) was a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialized in the philosophy of religion. His work played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s".[1] He was noted for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.[2] Rowe described his conversion from Christian fundamentalist to, ultimately, an atheist as a gradual process, resulting from "the lack of experiences and evidence sufficient to sustain my religious life and my religious convictions." He said that his examination of the origins of the Bible caused him to doubt its being divine in nature, and that he then began to look and pray for signs of the existence of God. The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe''s Evidential Argument from Evil. Rowe on philosophy of religion. en-wikipedia-org-6945 Its original formulation can be found in David Hume''s A Treatise of Human Nature: "There is no object, which implies the existence of any other if we consider these objects in themselves".[4] Jessica Wilson provides the following contemporary formulation: "[t]here are no metaphysically necessary connections between wholly distinct, intrinsically typed, entities".[5] Hume''s intuition motivating this thesis is that while experience presents us with certain ideas of various objects, it might as well have presented us with very different ideas. It can be used, for example, as an argument against nomological necessitarianism, the view that the laws of nature are necessary, i.e. are the same in all possible worlds.[7][8] To see how this might work, consider the case of salt being thrown into a cup of water and subsequently dissolving.[9] This can be described as a series of two events, a throwing-event and a dissolving-event. en-wikipedia-org-6950 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/;[2] 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer,[3] anti-colonial nationalist,[4] and political ethicist,[5] who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India''s independence from British rule,[6] and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-co-operation with complete independence for the country as its goal.[127] After his support for the World War I with Indian combat troops, and the failure of Khilafat movement in preserving the rule of Caliph in Turkey, followed by a collapse in Muslim support for his leadership, some such as Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh questioned his values and non-violent approach.[105][128] While many Hindu leaders championed a demand for immediate independence, Gandhi revised his own call to a one-year wait, instead of two.[127] en-wikipedia-org-6956 Find sources: "Permissive society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A permissive society is a society in which some social norms become increasingly liberal,[1] especially with regard to sexual freedom.[2] This usually accompanies a change in what is considered deviant. The most cited example is the social revolution and sexual revolution of the late 1960s in Europe and America, giving rise to more liberal attitudes toward artistic freedom, homosexuality and drugs, which had its origins in blowback against repressive authoritarian regimes such as the Nazis, as described by the Bloomsbury Group. Though liberals view permissiveness as a positive, social conservatives claim that it weakens the moral and sociocultural structures necessary for a civilized and valid society. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 en-wikipedia-org-6959 An alphabetical index for articles about Philosophy To find topics by core area, field, major philosophical tradition, or time periods, see the subheadings further below. List of schools of philosophy Philosophy articles[edit] Index of philosophy articles (A–C) Index of philosophy articles (D–H) Index of philosophy articles (I–Q) Index of philosophy articles (R–Z) Index of social and political philosophy articles Index of philosophy of law articles Index of philosophy of language articles Index of philosophy of mind articles Index of philosophy of religion articles Index of philosophy of science articles Index of ancient philosophy articles Index of medieval philosophy articles Index of modern philosophy articles Index of contemporary philosophy articles Index of analytic philosophy articles Index of continental philosophy articles Index of Eastern philosophy articles Lists of philosophers[edit] List of social and political philosophers List of Korean philosophers Outlines of philosophy[edit] Main article: Outline of philosophy List of years in philosophy en-wikipedia-org-6961 en-wikipedia-org-6966 en-wikipedia-org-697 Every cove of the seashore, every point, every island and prominent rock has its guardian spirit.[1] All are potentially of the malignant type, to be propitiated by an appeal to knowledge of the supernatural.[5] Traditional Korean belief posits countless demons inhabit the natural world; they fill household objects and are present in all locations. In these later traditions Satanael is often depicted as the leader of the fallen angels while his conceptual rival Azazel is portrayed as a seducer of Adam and Eve.[20] While historical Judaism never recognized any set of doctrines about demons,[21] scholars[who?] believe its post-exilic concepts of eschatology, angelology, and demonology were influenced by Zoroastrianism.[22][23] Some, however, believe these concepts were received as part of the Kabbalistic tradition.[24] While many people believe today Lucifer and Satan are different names for the same being, not all scholars subscribe to this view.[25] en-wikipedia-org-6973 Madhyamaka ("Middle way" or "Centrism"; Sanskrit: मध्यमक; Chinese: 中觀見; pinyin: Zhōngguān Jìan; Tibetan: dbu ma pa) also known as Śūnyavāda (the emptiness doctrine) and Niḥsvabhāvavāda (the no svabhāva doctrine) refers to a tradition of Buddhist philosophy and practice founded by the Indian philosopher Nāgārjuna (c. Nagarjuna''s arguments entertain certain abhidharmic standpoints while refuting others."[95] One example can be seen in Nagarjuna''s Ratnavali which makes supports the study of a list of 57 moral faults which he takes from an Abhidharma text named the Ksudravastuka.[97] Abhidharmic analysis figures prominently in Madhyamaka treatises, and authoritative commentators like Candrakīrti emphasize that Abhidharmic categories function as a viable (and favored) system of conventional truths they are more refined than ordinary categories, and they are not dependent on either the extreme of eternalism or on the extreme view of the discontinuity of karma, as the non-Buddhist categories of the time did. en-wikipedia-org-6974 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Baldus de Ubaldis (Italian: Baldo degli Ubaldi; 1327 – 28 April 1400) was an Italian jurist, and a leading figure in Medieval Roman Law. Contents A member of the noble family of the Ubaldi (Baldeschi), Baldus was born at Perugia in 1327, and studied civil law there under Bartolus de Saxoferrato, being admitted to the degree of doctor of civil law at the early age of seventeen. J. Canning, The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis (Cambridge University Press, 1987) Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6980 en-wikipedia-org-6989 en-wikipedia-org-6991 Evidence and rules are used to decide questions of fact that are disputed, some of which may be determined by the legal burden of proof relevant to the case. Scientific evidence consists of observations and experimental results that serve to support, refute, or modify a scientific hypothesis or theory, when collected and interpreted in accordance with the scientific method. In philosophy, the study of evidence is closely tied to epistemology, which considers the nature of knowledge and how it can be acquired. Empirical evidence (in science)[edit] In law, the production and presentation of evidence depends first on establishing on whom the burden of proof lies. After deciding who will carry the burden of proof, evidence is first gathered and then presented before the court: Conclusions drawn from evidence may be subject to criticism based on a perceived failure to fulfill the burden of proof. en-wikipedia-org-6994 Category:Philosophy of science Wikipedia Category:Philosophy of science Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of science. The main article for this category is Philosophy of science. ► Philosophy of science by discipline‎ (8 C, 9 P) ► Philosophy of science events‎ (2 P) ► Philosophy of science works‎ (7 C) Pages in category "Philosophy of science" Philosophy of science Index of philosophy of science articles History and philosophy of science British Society for the Philosophy of Science Center for Philosophy of Science Centre for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Leeds Commensurability (philosophy of science) Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge Empirical limits in science Feminist philosophy of science Idealization (science philosophy) International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science International Union of History and Philosophy of Science Limiting case (philosophy of science) Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of Science Association Problem of induction en-wikipedia-org-6995 en-wikipedia-org-6996 en-wikipedia-org-7005 Nationalism holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity[2] and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power (popular sovereignty).[1][3] It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics of culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or the government), religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history,[4][5] and to promote national unity or solidarity.[1] Nationalism seeks to preserve and foster a nation''s traditional cultures and cultural revivals have been associated with nationalist movements.[6] It also encourages pride in national achievements and is closely linked to patriotism.[7][8][page needed] Nationalism is often combined with other ideologies such as conservatism (national conservatism) or socialism (left-wing nationalism).[2] en-wikipedia-org-7011 en-wikipedia-org-7014 Cosmism entailed a broad theory of natural philosophy, combining elements of religion and ethics with a history and philosophy of the origin, evolution, and future existence of the cosmos and humankind. Many ideas of the Russian cosmists were later developed by those in the transhumanist movement.[2] Victor Skumin argues that the Culture of Health will play an important role in the creation of a human spiritual society into the Solar System.[3][4][5] Among the major representatives of Russian cosmism was Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1828–1903), an advocate of radical life extension by means of scientific methods, human immortality, and resurrection of dead people.[6] Other cosmists included Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945), who developed the notion of noosphere, and Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), pioneer of "heliobiology" (study of the sun''s effect on biology).[7][8][9] A minor planet, 3113 Chizhevskij, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978, is named after him.[10] The outstanding Russian palaeontologist and sci-fi writer Ivan Yefremov also was a cosmist. en-wikipedia-org-7015 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Impediment (canon law) Canonical form (Latin Church) Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of canon law Person (canon law) Canon Law Society of America Faculties of canon law 1200 – 6 or 7 November 1271)[1] was an Italian canonist of the thirteenth century, born at Susa (Segusio), in the ancient Diocese of Turin. Summa super titulis Decretalium (Strasburg, 1512; Cologne, 1612; Venice, 1605), also known as Summa archiepiscopi or Summa aurea; written while he was Archbishop of Embrun, a work on Roman and canon law, which won for its author the title Monarcha juris, lumen lucidissimum Decretorum. Hostiensis on papal plenitudo potestatis[edit] This view of papal authority in temporal matters also applied to the kingdoms of non-Christians. Canon law jurists 13th-century Roman Catholic bishops en-wikipedia-org-7016 In post-Antique Catholic Europe the first distinctive artistic style to emerge that included painting was the Insular art of the British Isles, where the only surviving examples are miniatures in Illuminated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells.[36] These are most famous for their abstract decoration, although figures, and sometimes scenes, were also depicted, especially in Evangelist portraits. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. en-wikipedia-org-7017 en-wikipedia-org-7020 en-wikipedia-org-7022 Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks."[2] It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. He manually entered all of the text until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more available, making book scanning more feasible.[8] Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenberg''s finances. Michael Hart said in 2004, "The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: ''To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks''".[2] His goal was "to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible".[3] Likewise, a project slogan is to "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy",[21] because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage just as public libraries began to do in the late 19th century.[22][23] en-wikipedia-org-7023 en-wikipedia-org-7024 en-wikipedia-org-7027 Liberalism and radicalism in France Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberalism and radicalism in France" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Economic liberalism in France was long associated more with the Orléanists and with Opportunist Republicans (whose heir was the Democratic Republican Alliance), rather than the Radical Party, leading to the use of the term radical to refer to political liberalism. In 1978 both the Republican Party (successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Christian-democratic Centre of Social Democrats, of the Union for French Democracy, an alliance of non-Gaullist centre-right forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as Liberal Democracy and re-shaped as a free-market libertarian party, left the federation in 1998 and was later merged, along with the Radical Party, into the liberal-conservative Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans) in 2002. 2016: The UDI joins the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. en-wikipedia-org-703 en-wikipedia-org-7031 Normative science Wikipedia In more general philosophical terms, normative science is a form of inquiry, typically involving a community of inquiry and its accumulated body of provisional knowledge, that seeks to discover good ways of achieving recognized aims, ends, goals, objectives, or purposes.[5][6] Many political debates revolve around arguments over which of the many "good ways" shall be selected.[7] For example, when presented as scientific information, words such as ecosystem health, biological integrity, and environmental degradation are typically examples of normative science because they each presuppose a policy preference and are therefore a type of policy advocacy.[4][8] "Science, scientists, and policy advocacy". "Descriptive and normative sciences". "The use of science in environmental policy: a case study of the Regional Forest Agreement process in Western Australia". "Normative science?" Transactions of the Charles S. Scientific theory History and philosophy of science en-wikipedia-org-7032 en-wikipedia-org-7035 Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.[1] Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. In Isaac Newton''s view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space.[3] Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity, which led to the concept that space and time can be viewed as a single construct known as spacetime. Before Albert Einstein''s work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. The History of Theories of Space in Physics. en-wikipedia-org-7036 en-wikipedia-org-7037 en-wikipedia-org-7046 en-wikipedia-org-7047 The Mutazilites, compelled to defend their principles against the orthodox Islamic faith, looked for support to the doctrines of philosophy, and thus founded a rational theology, which they designated " ''Ilm-al-Kalam" (Science of the Word); and those professing it were called Motekallamin. From the ninth century onward, owing to Caliph al-Ma''mun and his successor, Greek philosophy was introduced among the Arabs, and the Peripatetic school began to find able representatives among them; such were Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Roshd, all of whose fundamental principles were considered as heresies by the Motekallamin. One of the most important early Jewish philosophers influenced by Islamic philosophy is Saadia Gaon (892-942). The works of the Peripatetics —Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina (Avicenna)—on the one side, and the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity"—a transformed Kalam founded on Neoplatonic theories—on the other side, exercised considerable influence upon Jewish thinkers of that age. en-wikipedia-org-7055 In science and history, consilience (also convergence of evidence or concordance of evidence) is the principle that evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions. (As a result, to disprove evolution, most or all of these independent lines of evidence would have to be found to be in error.[2]) The strength of the evidence, considered together as a whole, results in the strong scientific consensus that the theory is correct.[6] In a similar way, evidence about the history of the universe is drawn from astronomy, astrophysics, planetary geology, and physics.[2] The concept that all the different areas of research are studying one real, existing universe is an apparent explanation of why scientific knowledge determined in one field of inquiry has often helped in understanding other fields. en-wikipedia-org-7057 en-wikipedia-org-7060 en-wikipedia-org-7062 en-wikipedia-org-7064 en-wikipedia-org-7065 Wikipedia is an online free-content encyclopedia project helping to create a world in which everyone can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. Wikipedia''s articles provide links designed to guide the user to related pages with additional information. Anyone with Internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles, except in limited cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism. "Wikipedia" is a registered trademark of the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which has created a family of free-content projects that are built by user contributions. Guidelines and information pages are available to help users and researchers do this effectively, as is an article that summarizes third-party studies and assessments of the reliability of Wikipedia. For specific discussion not related to article content or editor conduct, see the Village pump, which covers such subjects as milestone announcements, policy and technical discussion, and information on other specialized portals such as the help, reference and peer review desks. en-wikipedia-org-7070 Beza succeeded Calvin as a spiritual leader of the Republic of Geneva, which was originally founded by John Calvin himself. After Clément Marot''s death in 1544, John Calvin asked Beza to complete his French metrical translations of the Psalms. In defense of Calvin and the Genevan magistrates, Beza published, in 1554, the work De haereticis a civili magistratu puniendis (translated into French in 1560).[2] Until 1580, Beza was not only moderator of the Company of Pastors, but also the real soul of the great institution of learning at Geneva which Calvin had founded in 1559, consisting of a gymnasium and an academy. As Calvin''s successor, Beza was very successful, not only in carrying on his work but also in giving peace to the Church at Geneva. Beza''s Greek New Testament[edit] Works by Theodore Beza at Post-Reformation Digital Library The Life of John Calvin by Beza en-wikipedia-org-7071 In philosophy, idealism is a diverse group of metaphysical views which all assert that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable or inseparable from human perception and/or understanding, that it is in some sense mentally constituted, or that it is otherwise closely connected to ideas.[1] In contemporary scholarship, traditional idealist views are generally divided into two groups. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality.[5] In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE,[6] based its "mind-only" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God''s ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.[32] en-wikipedia-org-7074 en-wikipedia-org-7075 en-wikipedia-org-7078 In the Bahá''í Faith, faith is meant, first, conscious knowledge, and second, the practice of good deeds,[citation needed] ultimately the acceptance of the divine authority of the Manifestations of God.[11] In the religion''s view, faith and knowledge are both required for spiritual growth.[11] Faith involves more than outward obedience to this authority, but also must be based on a deep personal understanding of religious teachings.[11] Judaism recognizes the positive value of Emunah[75] (generally translated as faith, trust in God) and the negative status of the Apikorus (heretic), but faith is not as stressed or as central as it is in other religions, especially compared with Christianity and Islam.[76] It could be a necessary means for being a practicing religious Jew, but the emphasis is placed on true knowledge, true prophecy and practice rather than on faith itself. en-wikipedia-org-7082 en-wikipedia-org-7096 en-wikipedia-org-7099 The world''s colonial population at the time of the First World War totalled about 560 million people, of whom 70% were in British possessions, 10% in French possessions, 9% in Dutch possessions, 4% in Japanese possessions, 2% in German possessions, 2% in American possessions, 2% in Portuguese possessions, 1% in Belgian possessions and 1/2 of 1% in Italian possessions. The impacts of colonisation are immense and pervasive.[39] Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of virulent diseases, unequal social relations, detribalization, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the creation of new institutions, abolitionism,[40] improved infrastructure,[41] and technological progress.[42] Colonial practices also spur the spread of colonist languages, literature and cultural institutions, while endangering or obliterating those of native peoples. Once independence from European control was achieved, civil war erupted in some former colonies, as native populations fought to capture territory for their own ethnic, cultural or political group.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-7104 en-wikipedia-org-7106 Category:Natural philosophers Wikipedia Category:Natural philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search Natural philosophers Wikiquote has quotations related to: Category:Natural philosophers Look up natural philosopher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natural philosophers. The main article for this category is Natural philosophers. This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. ► Irish natural philosophers‎ (4 P) Pages in category "Natural philosophers" The following 89 pages are in this category, out of 89 total. Anne de La Vigne Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johannes van Heeck Hippo (philosopher) Johannes Kepler Johannes Magirus Johann Chrysostom Magnenus Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud Robert Payne (natural philosopher) Johann Wilhelm Ritter Jean-Baptiste Robinet Francis Wollaston (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Natural_philosophers&oldid=947974595" Categories: Natural philosophy Philosophers by field Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Category Navigation Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-7112 Liberalism in Ukraine Wikipedia Liberalism in Ukraine Find sources: "Liberalism in Ukraine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Economic liberalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Liberal internationalism Secular liberalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Liberal International Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal This article gives an overview of liberalism in Ukraine. 2 Liberal leaders Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party[edit] 1905: Inspired by the ideas of Michailo Drahomanov, sympathizers of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party in Ukraine formed the liberal Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party (Ukrajin''ska Radikal''no-Demokratyčna Partija). Liberal leaders[edit] List of political parties in Ukraine Liberalism in Europe This liberalism-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Ukraine&oldid=961532081" Categories: Liberalism in Ukraine Liberalism by country Liberalism stubs All articles needing additional references en-wikipedia-org-7115 en-wikipedia-org-7119 As an example of efforts in recent times, the German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) (who himself drew on ancient Greek sources) adopted German terms like Dasein to articulate the topic.[3] Several modern approaches build on such continental European exemplars as Heidegger, and apply metaphysical results to the understanding of human psychology and the human condition generally (notably in the existentialist tradition). The nature of "being" has also been debated and explored in Islamic philosophy, notably by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra.[15] A modern linguistic approach which notices that Persian language has exceptionally developed two kinds of "is"es, i.e. ast ("is", as a copula) and hast (as an existential "is") examines the linguistic properties of the two lexemes in the first place, then evaluates how the statements made by other languages with regard to being can stand the test of Persian frame of reference. en-wikipedia-org-7120 After a spell as Lloyd George''s parliamentary private secretary, he was a Government minister in the latter stages of the First World War. In later life the police''s handling of a case in which he and factory worker Irene Savidge were acquitted of indecent behaviour aroused much political and public interest. Lloyd George, who became Chancellor in 1908, valued Money''s ability to develop innovative ideas;[21] in 1911 he thanked him specifically for his "magnificent service" in relation to the new national insurance scheme and the following year contributed an introduction to his study of the Act and its purpose, published as Insurance Versus Poverty.[22] In 1912 Money was active also in following up the sinking of the RMS Titanic, soliciting from the President of the Board of Trade (Sydney Buxton) an early breakdown of the number of passengers saved by class and gender. en-wikipedia-org-7125 In most regards, Croce was a liberal, although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals, including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile.[3] Croce was President of PEN International, the worldwide writers'' association, from 1949 until 1952. In 1928, Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism.[13] He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles.[13] Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Meuccio Ruini, as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime, and covertly helped them get published.[13] Croce''s house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists, and after the war, Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years.[13] en-wikipedia-org-7130 Category:CS1: long volume value Wikipedia Category:CS1: long volume value It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. No changes are required to remove pages from this category, but some values of |volume= may fit better in other parameters. Pages in category "CS1: long volume value" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 59,725 total. 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2nd Commando Regiment (Australia) Media in category "CS1: long volume value" The following 18 files are in this category, out of 18 total. en-wikipedia-org-7132 en-wikipedia-org-7147 With the death of the Duke of Alençon-Anjou in 1584, by which Henry was brought within sight of the throne of France, the period of Mornay''s greatest political activity began, and after the death of Henry I, Prince of Condé, in 1588, his influence became so great that he was popularly styled the "Huguenot pope". Haag, La France protestante, article "Mornay"; Article "Du Plessis-Mornay" by T. Social and political philosophy Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7154 Category:Philosophy stubs Wikipedia Category:Philosophy stubs Jump to navigation Please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation. This category is for stub articles relating to Philosophy. When possible, please assign one of the following sub-stubs rather than {{philo-stub}}, or select from the sub-categories listed below. Philosophical concepts {{philo-concept-stub}} Philosophy of language {{lang-philo-stub}} Philosophy of law {{law-philo-stub}} Philosophy of politics {{poli-philo-stub}} Philosophy of religion {{reli-philo-stub}} Philosophy of science {{science-philo-stub}} ► Philosophical literature stubs‎ (4 C) ► Philosophy organization stubs‎ (82 P) ► Philosopher stubs‎ (3 C, 210 P) ► Philosophy of religion stubs‎ (137 P) ► Chinese philosophy stubs‎ (3 C, 32 P) ► Philosophy stub templates‎ (27 P) Pages in category "Philosophy stubs" Template:Philo-stub Template:Philo-concept-stub Template:Lang-philo-stub Template:Law-philo-stub Template:Poli-philo-stub Template:Science-philo-stub Anti-nesting principle Context principle Critical philosophy Existential phenomenology Legalism (Western philosophy) Linguistic philosophy Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophy_stubs&oldid=943037243" Categories: Philosophy Stub categories Top-level stub categories Philosophy Wikipedia administration en-wikipedia-org-7159 Constructive realism Wikipedia Constructive realism is a branch of philosophy, specifically the philosophy of science. "Traditional convictions regarding science (such as universalism, necessity and eternal validity) are currently in doubt. Within the philosophy of measurement, Jane Loevinger [1] described the relation between a construct (scientific model or construction of reality) and the reality itself. Now referred to as "Construct Realism", recognized chiefly in philosophy of measurement (psychometrics), Loevinger''s view is expressed in the following quote in the context of real human traits (cognitive and/or behavioral patterns that tend to occur together): "That the distinction made here between traits and constructs is free of metaphysical implications is seen by comparing it to the familiar distinction between parameter and statistic. The distinction between trait and construct can be dispensed with no better than the distinction between parameter and statistic." Objective Tests As Instruments of Psychological Theory. Scientific theory History and philosophy of science en-wikipedia-org-7165 en-wikipedia-org-7168 en-wikipedia-org-7169 en-wikipedia-org-717 In 1908 Bullough married Enrichetta Angelica Marchetti (daughter of the actor Eleonora Duse), with whom he would have a son and a daughter.[13] He was elected to a Drosier Fellowship at Gonville and Caius College in 1912,[14] and in the same year published his noted theoretical paper, "''Psychical Distance'' as a Factor in Art and an Aesthetic Principle". He served for four years, finally as a Lieutenant of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.[22] After the war he returned to Caius, where he had been re-elected to a fellowship in January 1915.[23] He published in the British Journal of Psychology two more papers on aesthetic theory, "The Relation of Aesthetics to Psychology" (1919) and "Mind and Medium in Art" (1920), and a review of experimental work (1921).[24] In 1920, he was appointed College Lecturer in modern languages and University Lecturer in German,[25] and he edited the anthology Cambridge Readings in Italian Literature.[26] en-wikipedia-org-7177 From this it follows that the objects of experience are mere "appearances", and that the nature of things as they are in themselves is consequently unknowable to us.{{cite book|last1=Durant|first1=Will|last2=Durant|first2=Ariel|title=The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution|date=1967|publisher=MJF Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq2ffQUf1GIC|isbn=978-1-56731-021-4|pages=571, 574|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220055815/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq2ffQUf1GIC|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=A little history of philosophy|author=Nigel Warburton|publisher=Yale University Press|chapter-url={{Google books|SGL4QPwDTVsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=134|chapter=Chapter 19: Rose-tinted reality: Immanuel Kant|isbn=978-0-300-15208-1|year=2011}} In an attempt to counter the [[Philosophical skepticism|skepticism]] he found in the writings of philosopher [[David Hume]], he wrote the ''''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'''' (1781/1787),There are two relatively recent translations: Although now uniformly recognized as one of the greatest works in the history of philosophy, this ''''Critique'''' disappointed Kant''s readers upon its initial publication.{{Cite book|last=Dorrien|first=Gary|title=Kantian Reason and Hegelian Spirit: The Idealistic Logic of Modern Theology|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-0-470-67331-7|location=Malden, MA|pages=37}} The book was long, over 800 pages in the original German edition, and written in a convoluted style. en-wikipedia-org-7181 It was used by Donna Haraway as an extension of the feminist approaches of "successor science" suggested by Sandra Harding, one which "offers a more adequate, richer, better account of a world, in order to live in it well and in critical, reflexive relation to our own as well as others'' practices of domination and the unequal parts of privilege and oppression that makes up all positions."[24] This situation partially transforms science into a narrative, which Arturo Escobar explains as, "neither fictions nor supposed facts." This narrative of situation is historical textures woven of fact and fiction, and as Escobar explains further, "even the most neutral scientific domains are narratives in this sense," insisting that rather than a purpose dismissing science as a trivial matter of contingency, "it is to treat (this narrative) in the most serious way, without succumbing to its mystification as ''the truth'' or to the ironic skepticism common to many critiques."[25] en-wikipedia-org-7185 Criticism of Christianity and Christians goes back to the Apostolic Age, with the New Testament recording friction between the followers of Jesus and the Pharisees and scribes (e.g. Matthew 15:1–20 and Mark 7:1–23).[460] In the 2nd century, Christianity was criticized by the Jews on various grounds, e.g. that the prophecies of the Hebrew Bible could not have been fulfilled by Jesus, given that he did not have a successful life.[461] Additionally, a sacrifice to remove sins in advance, for everyone or as a human being, did not fit to the Jewish sacrifice ritual; furthermore, God is said to judge people on their deeds instead of their beliefs.[462][463] One of the first comprehensive attacks on Christianity came from the Greek philosopher Celsus, who wrote The True Word, a polemic criticizing Christians as being unprofitable members of society.[464][465][466] In response, the church father Origen published his treatise Contra Celsum, or Against Celsus, a seminal work of Christian apologetics, which systematically addressed Celsus''s criticisms and helped bring Christianity a level of academic respectability.[467][466] en-wikipedia-org-7188 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carle Vernet. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with DSI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers Wikipedia articles with NGV identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7190 en-wikipedia-org-7199 en-wikipedia-org-7207 A judgment is the comparison of a subject or thing with a predicate or attribute [also called a "mark"]. For example, in the judgment "the sun is luminous," I attempt a clarification by inserting the predicate "star," which then becomes an immediate predicate, intermediate between the subject "sun" and the mediate predicate "luminous." The comparison of a subject with a remote, mediate predicate occurs through three judgments: Kant declared that the primary, universal rule of all affirmative ratiocination is: A predicate of a predicate is a predicate of the subject (grammar). The primary, universal rule of all negative ratiocination is: Whatever is inconsistent with the predicate of a subject is inconsistent with the subject. If one judgment can be immediately discerned from another judgment without the use of a middle term, then the inference is not a ratiocination. Kant claimed that the fourth figure is based on the insertion of several immediate inferences that each have no middle term. en-wikipedia-org-7210 Category:Philosophy of religion Wikipedia Category:Philosophy of religion Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of religion. See also: Category:Religious philosophy Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions." These sorts of philosophical discussion are ancient, and can be found in the earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy. The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in that it seeks to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather than examining the problems brought forth by a particular belief system. It is sometimes distinguished from "religious philosophy", the philosophical thinking that is inspired and directed by religion, such as Christian philosophy and Islamic philosophy. The main article for this category is Philosophy of religion. ► Philosophy of religion literature‎ (2 C, 64 P) Pages in category "Philosophy of religion" Philosophy of religion Index of philosophy of religion articles Problem of religious language en-wikipedia-org-7216 en-wikipedia-org-722 en-wikipedia-org-7220 According to Karl Potter, the Jain anekāntavāda doctrine emerged in a milieu that included Buddhists and Hindus in ancient and medieval India.[61] The diverse Hindu schools such as Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Samkhya-Yoga and Mimamsa-Vedanta, all accepted the premise of Atman that "unchanging permanent soul, self exists and is self-evident", while various schools of early Buddhism denied it and substituted it with Anatta (no-self, no-soul). Early Jain texts were not composed in Vedic or classical Sanskrit, but in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit language.[63] According to Matilal, the earliest Jain literature that present a developing form of a substantial anekantavada doctrine is found in Sanskrit texts, and after Jaina scholars had adopted Sanskrit to debate their ideas with Buddhists and Hindus of their era.[64] These texts show a synthetic development, the existence and borrowing of terminology, ideas and concepts from rival schools of Indian thought but with innovation and original thought that disagreed with their peers.[64] en-wikipedia-org-7224 Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. Rushworth Kidder states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as ''the science of the ideal human character'' or ''the science of moral duty''".[5] Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures".[6] The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with ''morality'' ... State consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism,[27] is an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the basic goods of a state.[27] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, as "a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare".[28] Unlike utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... en-wikipedia-org-7226 en-wikipedia-org-7232 Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in category "Articles with Project Gutenberg links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 13,293 total. 1886 St. Croix River log jam Charles Conrad Abbott George Frederick Abbott John Stevens Cabot Abbott George Burton Adams Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Kendall Adams Charles Warren Adams Francis Adams (writer) Henry Adams John Adams John Greenleaf Adams John Quincy Adams John Turvill Adams John Wolcott Adams William Davenport Adams William Henry Davenport Adams William Taylor Adams Adventure (novel) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links&oldid=949793999" Categories: Wikipedia external links Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 10,001–20,000 pages CatAutoTOC generates Large category TOC en-wikipedia-org-7245 Filmer''s early published works did not receive much attention, while Patriarcha circulated only in manuscript.[8] Anarchy of a Limited and Mixed Monarchy (1648) was an attack on a treatise on monarchy by Philip Hunton, who had maintained that the king''s prerogative was not superior to the authority of the Houses of Parliament. Nine years after the publication of Patriarcha, at the time of the Revolution which banished the Stuarts from the throne, John Locke singled out Filmer among the advocates of Divine Right and attacked him expressly in the first part of the Two Treatises of Government. Rogers, Robert Filmer, George Lawson, John Bramhall & Edward Hyde Clarendon (eds.), Leviathan: Contemporary Responses to the Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Patriarcha and other political works of Sir Robert Filmer, edited by Peter Laslett (B. en-wikipedia-org-7246 en-wikipedia-org-7248 en-wikipedia-org-7253 en-wikipedia-org-7254 en-wikipedia-org-7255 en-wikipedia-org-7260 en-wikipedia-org-7279 en-wikipedia-org-7297 Communism (from Latin communis, ''common, universal'')[1][2] is a philosophical, social, political and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money[3][4] and the state.[5][6] Along with social democracy, communism became the dominant political tendency within the international socialist movement by the 1920s.[8] The emergence of the Soviet Union as the world''s first nominally communist state led to communism''s widespread association with Marxism–Leninism and the Soviet economic model.[1][a][9] Almost all communist governments in the 20th century espoused Marxism–Leninism or a variation of it.[10] Some economists and intellectuals argue that in practice the model was a form of state capitalism,[11][12][13] or a non-planned administrative or command economy.[14][15] en-wikipedia-org-7298 Environmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans'' place within it.[1] It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as "What do we mean when we talk about nature?" "What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or in itself?" "How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change?" "How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology and development?" and "What is our place in the natural world?" Environmental philosophy includes environmental ethics, environmental aesthetics, ecofeminism, environmental hermeneutics, and environmental theology.[2] Some of the main areas of interest for environmental philosophers are: These include issues related to the depletion of finite resources and other harmful and permanent effects brought on to the environment by humans, as well as the ethical and practical problems raised by philosophies and practices of environmental conservation, restoration, and policy in general. en-wikipedia-org-730 en-wikipedia-org-7306 en-wikipedia-org-7309 en-wikipedia-org-731 en-wikipedia-org-7310 John Rawls defends the proposed idea that political conception of justice is ultimately based on not only the values those are expected to follow, but most importantly, the common good of an individual. Political ethics deals not mainly with ideal justice, however, but with realizing moral values in democratic societies where citizens (and philosophers) disagree about what ideal justice is. In a pluralist society, how if at all can governments justify a policy of progressive taxation, affirmative action, the right to abortion, universal healthcare, and the like?[15] Political ethics is also concerned with moral problems raised by the need for political compromise, whistleblowing, civil disobedience, and criminal punishment. "Democratic Dirty Hands," in Political Ethics and Public Office (Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. Ruling Passions: Political Offices and Democratic Ethics (Princeton University Press, 2002). Political Ethics and Public Office (Harvard University Press, 1987). Political Ethics and Public Office (Harvard University Press, 1987). en-wikipedia-org-7312 en-wikipedia-org-732 Category:German agnostics Wikipedia Category:German agnostics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agnostics from Germany. Pages in category "German agnostics" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Gunther von Hagens Hermann von Helmholtz David Hilbert Jürgen von der Lippe Richard David Precht Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_agnostics&oldid=996000688" Categories: Agnostics by nationality Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 00:28 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-7320 Ethical subjectivism Wikipedia The specific problem is: clarification is needed on how it relates to--but is a distinct concept from--moral relativism. Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.[2] The latter view, as put forward by Protagoras, holds that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are subjects in the world.[3] However, there are also universalist forms of subjectivism such as ideal observer theory (which claims that moral propositions are about what attitudes a hypothetical ideal observer would hold). ^ "George Hourani is one such philosopher who claims this by referring to Divine Command theory as ''theistic subjectivism''.".The Ethics and Metaphysics of Divine Command Theory en-wikipedia-org-7321 en-wikipedia-org-7324 en-wikipedia-org-7328 en-wikipedia-org-7331 The rule of law is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "[t]he authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes."[2] The term rule of law is closely related to constitutionalism as well as Rechtsstaat and refers to a political situation, not to any specific legal rule.[3][4][5] In the following century, the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford employed it in arguing against the divine right of kings.[6] John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone, with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and private restrictions upon liberty. en-wikipedia-org-7339 en-wikipedia-org-7344 en-wikipedia-org-7359 en-wikipedia-org-7360 en-wikipedia-org-7368 View source for Template:Metaphysics Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. * [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg W. | group2 = Theories * [[Abstract object theory]] Module:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/config (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-737 Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers This category is for articles with VIAF identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 727,722 total. 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 2nd Infantry Division (United States) 6th Marine Division (United States) 7 Seconds (band) 9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) Categories: Pages with VIAF identifiers Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7371 Social liberalism and social conservatism are not mutually exclusive either, in fact some parties espouse socially liberal economic policies, while maintaining more socially conservative or traditionalist views on society: examples of this include Finland''s Centre Party (see also Nordic agrarian parties) and Ireland''s Fianna Fáil, both members of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In Sierra Leone, the People''s Movement for Democratic Change (member ALN, observer DUA) can be considered as a liberal party. In the Flemish community, Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (member LI, ALDE), comprising both market and social liberals, is one of the dominant parties. In Germany, the Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, member LI, ALDE) is a centre-right liberal party. In Poland, the Democratic Party (member ALDE) was a centre-liberal party. Turkey: Liberal Democratic Party (member LI) en-wikipedia-org-7385 en-wikipedia-org-7396 Category:Philosophers of religion Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of religion Jump to navigation This category are often contrasted with Religious philosophers. See also: Category:Critics of religions. Atheist''s Wager Theories about religions Natural evil Philosophers ► Philosophers of Judaism‎ (3 C, 133 P) Pages in category "Philosophers of religion" List of philosophers of religion Robert Merrihew Adams Robert Merrihew Adams John Anderson (philosopher) Michael Bergmann (philosopher) David Braine (philosopher) Peter Byrne (philosopher) Friedrich August Carus Thomas Davidson (philosopher) Brian Davies (philosopher) William Desmond (philosopher) Paul Draper (philosopher) Herbert Henry Farmer Peter Forrest (philosopher) Frederick Robert Tennant Thomas Gordon (philosopher) Gary Habermas John Haldane (philosopher) James Hall (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel William James William James Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Karl Christian Friedrich Krause Sean McGrath (philosopher) George F. Moore (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_religion&oldid=987568451" Categories: Philosophers by field By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7397 Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher, and writer. An early example in Mary Collyer''s Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line with An Enquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit on the "moral sense".[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book material, and makes use of the Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) of Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."[37][38] The eponymous hero of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Samuel Richardson has been described as embodying the "Shaftesburian model" of masculinity: he is "stoic, rational, in control, yet sympathetic towards others, particularly those less fortunate."[39] A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768) by Laurence Sterne was intended by its author to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition founded by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists and Shaftesbury relied.[40] en-wikipedia-org-7400 en-wikipedia-org-7401 "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (German: Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?) is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant''s opening paragraph of the essay is a much-cited definition of a lack of enlightenment as people''s inability to think for themselves due not to their lack of intellect, but lack of courage. Kant answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: "Enlightenment is man''s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity (Unmündigkeit)." He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one''s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. In this essay Kant argues that the role of the state and church must be such that it allows the individual to practice their public reason. en-wikipedia-org-7409 en-wikipedia-org-7421 en-wikipedia-org-7426 Naudé was later able to put into practice all the ideas he put forth in Advice, when he was given the opportunity to build and maintain the Bibliothèque Mazarine, the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin. At the age of twenty, Naudé published his first book Le Marfore ou Discours Contre les Lisbelles.[3] The work would bring him to the attention of Henri de Mesme, président à mortier of the Paris Parlement. Mazarin had brought with him to Paris a collection numbering over 5,000 volumes.[5] Like Naudé, he believed in an open library to be used by the public for the public good. The fastest way was to absorb entire libraries into the collection, advice that Naudé included in his book. Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1627, 1644, 1676; translated by John Evelyn, 1661), full of sound and liberal views on librarianship and considered as a founding stone of library science; Gabriel Naudé (1627; 1644, 2nd edition, reprinted 1876). en-wikipedia-org-7429 James interacted with a wide array of writers and scholars throughout his life, including his godfather Ralph Waldo Emerson, his godson William James Sidis, as well as Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, Josiah Royce, Ernst Mach, John Dewey, Macedonio Fernández, Walter Lippmann, Mark Twain, Horatio Alger, G. James wrote that humans had many instincts, even more than other animals.[60] These instincts, he said, could be overridden by experience and by each other, as many of the instincts were actually in conflict with each other.[60] In the 1920s, however, psychology turned away from evolutionary theory and embraced radical behaviorism.[60] It all began in 1884 when William James published an article titled "What Is an Emotion?"[65] The article appeared in a philosophy journal called Mind, as there were no psychology journals yet. In 1975, Harvard University Press began publication of a standard edition of The Works of William James. en-wikipedia-org-7433 It is based on ontological and theological notions of perfection.[2] Contemporary Thomist scholars are often in disagreement on the metaphysical justification for this proof.[citation needed] According to Edward Feser, the metaphysics involved in the argument has more to do with Aristotle than Plato; hence, while the argument presupposes realism about universals and abstract objects, it would be more accurate to say Aquinas is thinking of Aristotelian realism and not Platonic realism per se. However, in the second article, St. Thomas has already asserted that the only way to prove the existence of God is from his effects, and it is only possible to conduct this proof based on the nature of causality.[10] Therefore, the fourth way is not a probabilistic argument.[7] It does not merely say that because degree is observed in things, it is likely that God exists as an "exemplar in this order" (the order of things that are good, true, and be). en-wikipedia-org-7442 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7444 en-wikipedia-org-7459 Strong social constructivism as a philosophical approach tends to suggest that "the natural world has a small or non-existent role in the construction of scientific knowledge".[3] According to Maarten Boudry and Filip Buekens, Freudian psychoanalysis is a good example of this approach in action.[4] However, Boudry and Buekens do not claim that ''bona fide'' science is completely immune from all socialisation and paradigm shifts,[5] merely that the strong social constructivist claim that all scientific knowledge is constructed ignores the reality of scientific success.[4] Social constructivism has been studied by many educational psychologists, who are concerned with its implications for teaching and learning. Studies on increasing the use of student discussion in the classroom both support and are grounded in theories of social constructivism. André Kukla (2000), Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science, London: Routledge D., Social Constructivism, Moral Reasoning and the Liberal Peace: From Kant to Kohlberg, Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois 2005 en-wikipedia-org-7461 Susanne Bobzien FBA (born 1960) is a German-born philosopher[1] whose research interests focus on philosophy of logic and language, determinism and freedom, and ancient philosophy.[2] She currently is senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and professor of philosophy at the University of Oxford.[3] Bobzien currently holds the position of senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and is professor of philosophy at Oxford University.[3] In this book and in her articles "The Inadvertent Conception and Late Birth of the Free-Will Problem" and "Did Epicurus discover the Free-Will Problem?" Bobzien argues that the problem of determinism and free-will, as conceived in contemporary philosophy, was not considered by Aristotle, Epicurus or the Stoics, as was previously thought, but only in the 2nd century CE and as the result of a conflation of Stoic and Aristotelian theory.[9][11] Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7465 This passage is cited by James Buchanan in his 1857 Modern Atheism under its forms of Pantheism, Materialism, Secularism, Development, and Natural Laws, who however goes on to state: Spelling without hyphen sees scattered use in the later 20th century, following Harvey Cox''s 1966 Secular City: "Thus the hidden God or deus absconditus of biblical theology may be mistaken for the no-god-at-all of nontheism."[7] Usage increased in the 1990s in contexts where association with the terms atheism or antitheism was unwanted. The 1998 Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics states, "In the strict sense, all forms of nontheisms are naturalistic, including atheism, pantheism, deism, and agnosticism."[8] Nontheistic traditions of thought have played roles[1] in Buddhism,[10] Christianity,[11][12] Hinduism,[13] Jainism, Taoism, Creativity, Dudeism, Raëlism[14] Humanistic Judaism,[15] Laveyan Satanism, The Satanic Temple,[16] Unitarian Universalism,[17][18] and Ethical Culture.[19] en-wikipedia-org-7468 en-wikipedia-org-7475 Reason is the capacity of consciously making sense of things, applying logic, and adapting or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.[1] It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.[2] Reason is sometimes referred to as rationality.[3] The proposal that reason gives humanity a special position in nature has been argued to be a defining characteristic of western philosophy and later western modern science, starting with classical Greece. Reason is for Plotinus both the provider of form to material things, and the light which brings individuals souls back into line with their source.[16] Such neo-Platonist accounts of the rational part of the human soul were standard amongst medieval Islamic philosophers, and under this influence, mainly via Averroes, came to be debated seriously in Europe until well into the renaissance, and they remain important in Iranian philosophy.[15] en-wikipedia-org-7478 en-wikipedia-org-7484 Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with BNE identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 85,260 total. Hans von Aachen Diego Abad de Santillán Manuel Abad y Lasierra Diego José Abad Iñaki Abad Giuseppe Cesare Abba James Abbe Edwin Austin Abbey George Abbott Jacob Abbott Paul Abbott Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Jean Mohamed Ben Abdeljlil Eduardo Abela Categories: Pages with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7485 List of metaphysicians Wikipedia List of metaphysicians Jump to navigation Wikipedia list article This is a list of metaphysicians, philosophers who specialize in metaphysics. See also Lists of philosophers. See also: Index of metaphysics articles John of St. Thomas Alfred North Whitehead Donald Cary Williams Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Metaphysicians born after 1900 C.E.[edit] Robert Merrihew Adams David Malet Armstrong Peter F. Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre David Lewis Peter van Inwagen Peter van Inwagen Abstract object theory Abstract object Physical object Philosophy of mind Philosophy of space and time Philosophy portal Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_metaphysicians&oldid=997856429" Categories: Lists of philosophers Hidden categories: Articles with short description Related changes Page information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-7488 en-wikipedia-org-749 en-wikipedia-org-7490 en-wikipedia-org-7493 en-wikipedia-org-7499 en-wikipedia-org-75 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Othmar Spann (1 October 1878 – 8 July 1950) was a conservative Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist whose radical anti-liberal and anti-Socialist views, based on early 19th century Romantic ideas expressed by Adam Müller et al. In 1933 the Austro-Hungarian social philosopher Karl Polanyi wrote that Spann had given Fascism its first comprehensive philosophical system,[2] and that his idea of anti-individualism[n 1] had become its guiding principle. Othmar Spann and the Ideology Austrian Corporate State (PDF). Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7504 However, in 2004 he changed his position, and stated that he now believed in the existence of an Intelligent Creator of the universe,[7] shocking colleagues and fellow atheists.[7] In order to further clarify his personal concept of God, Flew openly made an allegiance to Deism,[7][8] more specifically a belief in the Aristotelian God,[7][8] and dismissed on many occasions a hypothetical conversion to Christianity, Islam or any other religion.[7][8] He stated that in keeping his lifelong commitment to go where the evidence leads, he now believed in the existence of a God.[8][9] In October 2004 (before the December publication of the Flew–Habermas interview), in a letter written to the internet atheist advocate Richard Carrier of the Secular Web Flew stated that he was a deist, and wrote "I think we need here a fundamental distinction between the God of Aristotle or Spinoza and the Gods of the Christian and the Islamic Revelations."[45] Flew also said: "My one and only piece of relevant evidence [for an Aristotelian God] is the apparent impossibility of providing a naturalistic theory of the origin from DNA of the first reproducing species... en-wikipedia-org-7506 Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. Find sources: "Simplicity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Simon suggests, something is simple or complex depending on the way we choose to describe it.[1] In some uses, the label "simplicity" can imply beauty, purity, or clarity. The concept of simplicity is related to the field of epistemology and philosophy of science (e.g., in Occam''s razor). In human lifestyles, simplicity can denote freedom from excessive possessions or distractions, such as having a simple living style. The concept of simplicity has been related to in[clarification needed] the field of epistemology[clarification needed] and philosophy of science.[clarification needed] simplicity (in Scientific Theory) p. Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Philosophy articles needing expert attention Philosophy articles needing expert attention Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 en-wikipedia-org-7508 A hypothetical imperative (German: hypothetischer Imperativ) is originally introduced in the philosophical writings of Immanuel Kant. Hypothetical imperatives tell us how to act in order to achieve a specific goal and the commandment of reason applies only conditionally, e.g. In Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant divides hypothetical imperatives into two subcategories: the rules of skill and the counsels of prudence. This assumes, then, that actions done with the best intentions are using the hypothetical imperative to discern and make decisions that are "most moral good". Hypothetical imperatives also can only be acted upon if there is a personal investment in the action done and the ends produced. The Categorical Imperative: A Study in Kant''s Moral Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. Immanuel Kant (1785), Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, 4:413, 4:416. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2017 en-wikipedia-org-7511 His Midlothian Campaign of 1879–80 was an early example of many modern political campaigning techniques.[1][2] After the 1880 general election, Gladstone formed his second ministry (1880–1885), which saw the passage of the Third Reform Act as well as crises in Egypt (culminating in the Fall of Khartoum) and Ireland, where his government passed repressive measures but also improved the legal rights of Irish tenant farmers. In 1844 Gladstone broke with his father when, as President of the Board of Trade, he advanced proposals to half duties on foreign sugar not produced by slave labour, in order to "secure the effectual exclusion of slave-grown sugar" and to encourage Brazil and Spain to end slavery.[23] Sir John Gladstone, who opposed any reduction in duties on foreign sugar, wrote a letter to The Times criticizing the measure.[24] Looking back late in life, Gladstone named the abolition of slavery as one of ten great achievements of the previous sixty years where the masses had been right and the upper classes had been wrong.[25] en-wikipedia-org-7523 University of Minnesota Press Wikipedia Founded in 1925, the University of Minnesota Press is best known for its books in social theory and cultural theory, critical theory, race and ethnic studies, urbanism, feminist criticism, and media studies. The University of Minnesota Press also publishes a significant number of translations of major works of European and Latin American thought and scholarship, as well as a diverse list of works on the cultural and natural heritage of the state and the upper Midwest region. The University of Minnesota Press''s catalog of academic journals totals ten publications:[3] This University of Minnesota-related article is a stub. This article about a United States publishing company is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota_Press&oldid=998114682" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7529 en-wikipedia-org-753 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Impediment (canon law) Person (canon law) Faculties of canon law Another central concern in the work of Lombardía is the need to complement the traditional view of canon law as a discipline with a perspective based on the freedoms and rights of members of the Catholic Church. This concern led him to develop a theory of the fundamental rights of the members of the church, which is one of the influences of the second title of the current 1983 Code of Canon Law. In his later years Lombardía was especially devoted himself to the study of State Ecclesiastical Law. Publications[edit] en-wikipedia-org-7534 en-wikipedia-org-7536 On his return to Paris, Chamfort produced a successful comedy, The Young Indian Girl (La Jeune Indienne, 1764), following it with a series of epistles in verse, essays and odes. The writings of Chamfort include comedies, political articles, literary criticisms, portraits, letters, and verses. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sébastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7538 Kingdom of Ends Wikipedia The Kingdom of Ends (German: Reich der Zwecke) is a thought experiment centered on the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The Kingdom of Ends is a hypothetical state of existence that is derived from Kant''s categorical imperative. A Kingdom of Ends is composed entirely of rational beings, whom Kant defines as those capable of moral deliberation (though his definition expands in other areas) who must choose to act by laws that imply an absolute necessity. Though the term is usually translated as ''Kingdom of Ends'', the German word Reich is perhaps more appropriately translated as ''realm''. This systematic whole is the Kingdom of Ends. People can only belong to the Kingdom of Ends when they become subject to these universal laws. Morality, therefore, is acting out of reverence for all universal laws which make the Kingdom of Ends possible. Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text en-wikipedia-org-7539 Michael Polanyi FRS[1] (/poʊˈlænji/; Hungarian: Polányi Mihály; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British[2] polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy. The contributions which Polanyi made to the social sciences include an understanding of tacit knowledge, and the concept of a polycentric spontaneous order to intellectual inquiry were developed in the context of his opposition to central planning. Polanyi cites the example of Copernicus, who declared that the Earth revolves around the Sun. He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth''s true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via "the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth."[13] His writings on the practice of science influenced Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend. A Classified and Partially Annotated Bibliography of Michael Polanyi, the Anglo-Hungarian Philosopher of Science. en-wikipedia-org-7541 en-wikipedia-org-7543 Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Hobbes, Polybius, René Descartes, Nicolas Malebranche, Jean Bodin, John Locke, 18th-century English constitution David Hume, Thomas Paine, Rousseau, Edmund Burke, United States Constitution and political system, G.W.F. Hegel, Alexis de Tocqueville, Émile Durkheim, Hannah Arendt, Adam Ferguson, Jean de Sismondi, Prosper de Barante[1] His mother, Marie Françoise de Pesnel, who died when Charles was seven, was an heiress who brought the title of Barony of La Brède to the Secondat family.[5] After the death of his mother he was sent to the Catholic College of Juilly, a prominent school for the children of French nobility, where he remained from 1700 to 1711.[6] His father died in 1713 and he became a ward of his uncle, the Baron de Montesquieu.[7] He became a counselor of the Bordeaux Parliament in 1714. en-wikipedia-org-7551 List of schools of philosophy Wikipedia List of schools of philosophy Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikipedia list article Alexandrian school Analytic philosophy Anarchist schools of thought Australian realism Budapest School Christian philosophy Critical realism Eretrian school Frankfurt School Idealism Ionian School Kyoto School Legal positivism Legal realism Lwów–Warsaw school Marburg School Megarian school Neo-Kantianism Neo-Scholasticism Nyaya School Oxford Franciscan school Peripatetic school Platonic idealism Platonic realism Pluralist school Port-Royal schools Praxis school Realism School of Names School of Salamanca School of the Sextii Scottish common sense realism Social liberalism Speculative realism Traditionalist School Transcendental idealism Vedanta Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_schools_of_philosophy&oldid=991567518" Categories: Philosophical schools and traditions Hidden categories: Articles with short description Personal tools Navigation Main page Special pages Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 19:04 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-7552 Sport and philosophy in ancient Greece[edit] Contemporary philosophy of sport[edit] Important questions in philosophy of sport are concerned with the social virtues of sport, the aesthetics of sporting performances and display, the epistemology of individual and team strategy and techniques, sporting ethics, the logic of rules in sport, metaphysics of sport as a component of human nature or instinct, etc.[6] However, some writers have composed a philosophy of sport in terms of the body, art and its intersections with generation X sports, such as bouldering, surfing, skateboarding.[7] Issues in philosophy of sport[edit] Ethical issues in philosophy of sport predominantly center on athlete behavior in relation to rules of the game, other athletes, spectators, external factors such as socioeconomic issues among supporters and communities, and issues of doping. Sport, Ethics & Philosophy (Routledge) en-wikipedia-org-7553 Liberal Muslims see themselves as returning to the principles of the early Ummah ethical and pluralistic intent of the Quran.[5] They distance themselves from some traditional and less liberal interpretations of Islamic law which they regard as culturally based and without universal applicability.[citation needed] The reform movement uses monotheism (tawhid) "as an organizing principle for human society and the basis of religious knowledge, history, metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics, as well as social, economic and world order".[6] This liberal interpretation of Islam should open space for new perspectives on the religion and social change in Muslim societies.[citation needed] His analysis finds several "insistent calls for social justice" in the Qur''an . Abu Zayd''s critical approach to classical and contemporary Islamic discourse in the fields of theology, philosophy, law, politics, and humanism, promoted modern Islamic thought that might enable Muslims to build a bridge between their own tradition and the modern world of freedom of speech, equality (minority rights, women''s rights, social justice), human rights, democracy and globalisation.[40] en-wikipedia-org-7557 en-wikipedia-org-7559 Sometimes such material will be tagged first with a "citation needed" template to give editors time to find and add sources before it is removed, but often editors will simply remove it because they question its veracity. This tutorial will show you how to add inline citations to articles, and also briefly explain what Wikipedia considers to be a reliable source. While editing a page that uses the most common footnote style, you will see inline citations displayed between ... tags. To use it, simply click on Cite at the top of the edit window, having already positioned your cursor after the sentence or fact you wish to reference. The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates en-wikipedia-org-7566 Schmitt''s work has attracted the attention of numerous philosophers and political theorists, including Giorgio Agamben, Hannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin, Susan Buck-Morss, Jacques Derrida, Jürgen Habermas, Waldemar Gurian, Jaime Guzmán, Reinhart Koselleck, Friedrich Hayek,[7] Chantal Mouffe, Antonio Negri, Leo Strauss, Adrian Vermeule,[8] and Slavoj Žižek, among others. The book''s title derives from Schmitt''s assertion (in chapter 3) that "all significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts"—in other words, that political theory addresses the state (and sovereignty) in much the same manner as theology does God. A year later, Schmitt supported the emergence of totalitarian power structures in his paper "Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus" (roughly: "The Intellectual-Historical Situation of Today''s Parliamentarianism", translated as The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy by Ellen Kennedy). en-wikipedia-org-7569 en-wikipedia-org-7571 The metaphysics and epistemology of living a satisfactory life begins with the hypothesis that man is an "organism-environment" solving problems in and, more importantly, through a necessary exchange with others.[6][9] Therefore, attention must always be paid to organizing acts as aspects or entities within a reciprocal, co-constitutive, and ethical exchange, whether it be in co-operative buying and selling; teaching and learning;[10] marital trans-actions; or in any social situation (one could conclude, in-person or online). In 1949, Dewey and Bentley offered that their sophisticated pragmatic approach starts from the perception of "man" as an organism that is always transacting within its environment; that it is sensible to think of our selves as an organism-environment seeking to fulfill multiple necessary conditions of life "together-at-once".[34] It is a philosophy purposefully designed to correct the "fragmentation of experience" found in the segmented approaches of Subjectivism, Objectivism, Constructivism and Skepticism.[1] These are instants or aspects of problem-solving in a transactionalist''s approach to examining consequences and outcomes in the process of living a good life. en-wikipedia-org-7573 His chief work is the Traité de l''argumentation – la nouvelle rhétorique (1958), with Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, translated into English as The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver (1969). Upon completing the study, Perelman considered its conclusion untenable since value judgments form an integral part of all practical reasoning and decision-making, and to claim that these judgments lack any logical basis was to deny the rational foundations of philosophy, law, politics, and ethics. The New Rhetoric and its later developments have been foundational for argumentation theory in the last thirty years, and Perelman''s work has influenced studies ranging from justice and reason to social psychology and political geography. The German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer cites Perelman''s work on rhetoric as an influence on the hermeneutical philosophy he presented in Truth and Method, his masterpiece.[14] en-wikipedia-org-7575 The term "liberal naturalism" was introduced in 2004 by Mario De Caro & David Macarthur[1] and, independently, by Gregg Rosenberg.[2] This form of naturalism has been ascribed to Immanuel Kant.[3] For a liberal naturalist many things in our everyday world that are not explicable (or not fully explicable) by science are, nonetheless, presupposed by science—e.g. tables, persons, artworks, institutions, rational norms and values. So, rather than tailoring their ontology to the posits of the successful sciences, as scientific naturalists do, liberal naturalists recognise the prima facie irreducible reality of everyday objects that are part of what Wilfrid Sellars called "the manifest image".[4] Naturalism in Question (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, April 2004), p. Mind, Value and Reason (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998), ch. (eds.), Naturalism in Question (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004/2008). (eds.), Naturalism and Normativity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010) Edit links en-wikipedia-org-7576 en-wikipedia-org-7578 Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.[81] The Scientific Revolution, Technological Revolution and the Industrial Revolution brought such discoveries as imaging technology, major innovations in transport, such as the airplane and automobile; energy development, such as coal and electricity.[82] With the advent of the Information Age at the end of the 20th century, modern humans live in a world that has become increasingly globalized and interconnected. These can be a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.[347][348] Ethnicity is separate from the concept of race, which is based on physical characteristics, although both are socially constructed.[349] Assigning ethnicity to certain population is complicated as even within common ethnic designations there can be a diverse range of subgroups and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level.[350] Also there is no generally accepted definition on what constitutes an ethnic group.[351] Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the social identity and solidarity of ethno-political units. en-wikipedia-org-759 It included the ideas of self-determination, the primacy of the individual and the nation as opposed to the state and religion as being the fundamental units of law, politics and economy. John Stuart Mill (United Kingdom, 1806–1873) is one of the first champions of modern "liberalism." As such, his work on political economy and logic helped lay the foundation for advancements in empirical science and public policy based on verifiable improvements. Herbert Spencer (United Kingdom, 1820–1903), philosopher, psychologist, and sociologist, advanced what he called the "Law of equal liberty" and argued against liberal theory promoting more activist government, which he dubbed "a new form of Toryism." He supported a state limited in its duties to the defense of persons and their property. en-wikipedia-org-7590 Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989) Alison Assiter (born 23 October 1949),[1] FRSA, FAcSS[2] is the Professor of Feminist Theory at the University of the West of England.[3] In the early 2000s, Assiter was the dean of the Faculty of Economics and Social Science at UWE Bristol,[5] and the London School of Economics visiting professor of sociology in January 2006.[6] Assiter''s book Kierkegaard, Eve and Metaphors of Birth was described as "an important contribution to the general subject matter of realizable well-being"[7] and "illuminating and thought-provoking".[8] It has also been reviewed by Times Higher Education.[9] Journal articles[edit] Feminist Theory. Assiter, Alison (12 November 2012), "Code Pink, multiculturalism and relativism", openDemocracy, 50.50 inclusive democracy, London.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Retrieved 15 July 2013. "Book Review: Alison Assiter, Kierkegaard, Metaphysics and Political Theory: Unfinished Selves". "Kierkegaard, Eve and Metaphors of Birth, by Alison Assiter". This feminism-related article is a stub. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7597 Nicolaus Copernicus (/koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs, kə-/;[2][3][4] Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik;[b] German: Niclas Koppernigk, modern: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe. He was a bitter opponent of the Teutonic Order,[g] and its Grand Master once referred to him as "the devil incarnate".[h] In 1489 Watzenrode was elected Bishop of Warmia (Ermeland, Ermland) against the preference of King Casimir IV, who had hoped to install his own son in that seat.[22] As a result, Watzenrode quarreled with the king until Casimir IV''s death three years later.[23] Watzenrode was then able to form close relations with three successive Polish monarchs: John I Albert, Alexander Jagiellon, and Sigismund I the Old. He was a friend and key advisor to each ruler, and his influence greatly strengthened the ties between Warmia and Poland proper.[24] Watzenrode came to be considered the most powerful man in Warmia, and his wealth, connections and influence allowed him to secure Copernicus'' education and career as a canon at Frombork Cathedral.[22][i] en-wikipedia-org-76 en-wikipedia-org-7610 Joseph Green (merchant) Wikipedia Joseph Green (merchant) Jump to navigation Joseph Green (1727 – 27 June 1786) was an English merchant who became the "best friend"[1] of Immanuel Kant. Green was born in Kingston upon Hull. Around 1752 Green hired Robert Motherby who also came from Hull as his assistant. Around 1764 Green met Kant and became a close member of his circle of friends. Kant went often to Green''s house outside of Königsberg in Juditten. Green''s death in 1786 deeply affected Kant. "Meet Mr Green". (How gay was Kant?)" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Green_(merchant)&oldid=984117201" Categories: Immanuel Kant Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2020, at 08:22 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-7636 en-wikipedia-org-7646 Australian philosophy Wikipedia Australian philosophy Jump to navigation Australian philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the people of Australia and of its citizens abroad.[1][2][3][4] Schools[edit] ^ Monash University A History of Australasian Philosophy A Companion to Philosophy in Australia & New Zealand. ^ James Franklin, (2003), Corrupting the Youth: A history of philosophy in Australia, "Why does Australia have an outsized influence on philosophy?". External links[edit] D. Khlentzos, ''Realism'' in A Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand Black Swans: The formative influences in Australian philosophy Human nature Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Social science Chinese naturalism Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism New Confucianism Applied ethics Analytical Marxism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Contemporary utilitarianism Neo-Marxism Related lists Natural law Natural law Women in philosophy Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_philosophy&oldid=992920778" Categories: Australian philosophy History of Australia Related changes Page information Edit links en-wikipedia-org-7658 His only known work is the philosophical poem De rerum natura, a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, and which usually is translated into English as On the Nature of Things. De rerum natura was a considerable influence on the Augustan poets, particularly Virgil (in his Aeneid and Georgics, and to a lesser extent on the Eclogues) and Horace.[3] The work was almost lost during the Middle Ages, but was rediscovered in 1417 in a monastery in Germany[4] by Poggio Bracciolini and it played an important role both in the development of atomism (Lucretius was an important influence on Pierre Gassendi)[5] and the efforts of various figures of the Enlightenment era to construct a new Christian humanism. en-wikipedia-org-7663 It was popularized by Emil du Bois-Reymond, a German physiologist, in his 1872 address "Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens" ("The Limits of Science.")[1] Lepenies was repeating the criticism, first leveled in 1874 by du Bois-Reymond''s rival Ernst Haeckel, that the "seemingly humble but actually presumptuous Ignorabimus is the Ignoratis of the infallible Vatican and of the ''Black International'' which it heads."[10] Haeckel overstated his charge: du Bois-Reymond had never supported the Catholic Church,[11] and far from professing humility he reminded his audience that while our knowledge was indeed bounded by mysteries of matter and mind, within these limits "the man of science is lord and master; he can analyze and synthesize, and no one can fathom the extent of his knowledge and power."[12] ^ a b "wissen" refers to the term "wissenschaft" and educator Wilhelm von Humboldt''s concept of "bildung." That is, education incorporates science, knowledge, and scholarship, an association of learning, and a dynamic process discoverable for oneself; and learning or becoming is the highest ideal of human existence. en-wikipedia-org-7667 en-wikipedia-org-7669 By the early 21st century, scholars had located 37 editions of Patanjali''s Yoga Sutras published between 1874 and 1992, and 82 different manuscripts, from various locations in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe and the United States, many in Sanskrit, some in different North and South Indian languages.[159][160] The numerous historical variants show that the text was a living document and it was changed as these manuscripts were transmitted or translated, with some ancient and medieval manuscripts marked with "corrections" in the margin of the pages and elsewhere by unknown authors and for unclear reasons. Bryant''s The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary; Introduction en-wikipedia-org-767 File:Kant Kaliningrad.jpg Wikipedia File:Kant Kaliningrad.jpg Replica by Harald Haacke of the original sculpture by Christian Daniel Rauch that disappeared in 1945 during the Second World War. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. Derivative works of this file: Kaliningrad collage.jpg EnglishStatue of Immanuel Kant in Kaliningrad (Königsberg), Russia. Replica by Harald Haacke of the original by Christian Daniel Rauch lost in 1945. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 01:56, 13 March 2006 677 × 1,024 (666 KB) AndreasToerl~commonswiki Statue of Immanuel Kant in Kaliningrad, Russia Taken by myslef in July 2004 The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): View more global usage of this file. File change date and time 19:53, 23 January 2016 File source Digital still camera Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kant_Kaliningrad.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-7671 Category:1804 deaths Wikipedia Category:1804 deaths Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1804 deaths. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Category:1804 deaths Pages in category "1804 deaths" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 445 total. Maria Anna Adamberger George Ainslie (British Army officer, died 1804) Richard Pepper Arden, 1st Baron Alvanley Marie Louis Amand Ansart, Marquis de Marisquelles Jean-Louis de Boubers John Caldwell (Kentucky politician) Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford John Campbell (British Army officer, died 1804) George Evans, 4th Baron Carbery Charles Thomas Carter John Howe, 4th Baron Chedworth Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet Jean-François-Henri Collot Thomas Vesey, 1st Viscount de Vesci Louis Jean Desprez Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien William Fawcett (British Army officer) Louis-Joseph Francœur Charles Grignion the Younger Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1804_deaths&oldid=945310791" Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7673 Dinicu Golescu (usual rendition of Constantin Radovici Golescu; 7 February 1777 – 5 October 1830), a member of the Golescu family of boyars, was a Wallachian Romanian man of letters, mostly noted for his travel writings and journalism. Viewing European culture as more advanced, he managed, despite his middle age and the considerable difficulties he had in expressing himself, to convey a message of change. One of the founding members of the Bucharest Literary Society (1827), Golescu contributed to the issuing of the first Romanian-language newspaper to be published outside the country, Fama Lipschii pentru Daţia (1827, Leipzig; its title translated as "The Fame of Leipzig for Dacia"). Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7676 Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down.[3] The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index".[4] Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire Internet and provide "universal access to all knowledge."[5] The Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage in 2009, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems'' California campus.[22] As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month.[23] en-wikipedia-org-7680 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7683 en-wikipedia-org-7690 Critical philosophy Wikipedia Critical philosophy Critical philosophy The basic task of philosophers, according to this view, is not to establish and demonstrate theories about reality, but rather to subject all theories—including those about philosophy itself—to critical review, and measure their validity by how well they withstand criticism. "Critical philosophy" is also used as another name for Kant''s philosophy itself. The principal three sources on which the critical philosophy is based are the three critiques, namely Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement, published between 1781 and 1790 and mostly concerned, respectively, with metaphysics, ethics and aesthetics. Critical idealism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant This philosophy-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_philosophy&oldid=977923586" Philosophy stubs Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7695 en-wikipedia-org-7714 en-wikipedia-org-7715 German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers. The most prominent German idealists in the movement, besides Kant, were Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814), Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) who was the predominant figure in nineteenth century German philosophy, and the proponents of Jena Romanticism; Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), Novalis (1772–1801), and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829).[7] August Ludwig Hülsen, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Gottlob Ernst Schulze, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Salomon Maimon, Friedrich Schleiermacher, and Arthur Schopenhauer also made major contributions. en-wikipedia-org-7723 Category:Metaphysicians Wikipedia Category:Metaphysicians Jump to navigation Philosophers Social philosophers The main article for this category is List of metaphysicians. This is the category for philosophers who study the field of metaphysics and its various subfields: ontology, etc.. ► Philosophers of cosmology‎ (11 P) Pages in category "Metaphysicians" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 391 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Michael Bergmann (philosopher) Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) David Braine (philosopher) Thomas Brown (philosopher) David Charles (philosopher) William Lane Craig Donald Davidson (philosopher) Gareth Evans (philosopher) David John Farmer Graeme Forbes (philosopher) Hans-Georg Gadamer John Gray (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) William James Mark Johnston (philosopher) Kanada (philosopher) David Kaplan (philosopher) Philip Kitcher Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Metaphysicians&oldid=994842309" Categories: Philosophers by field Category Wikimedia Commons Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7727 Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled or harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and radio, as well as the existence of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face to rank countries in levels of press freedom. It says it uses the tools of journalism to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding missions, and a network of foreign correspondents, including local working journalists in countries around the world. Fifty years earlier, at a time of civil war, John Milton wrote his pamphlet Areopagitica (1644).[20] In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk abroad without a keeper, but unoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing, it would be viewed later a significant milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom.[20] en-wikipedia-org-7729 en-wikipedia-org-7737 en-wikipedia-org-7744 Category:Epistemology Wikipedia Category:Epistemology Jump to navigation main topic epistemology Philosophy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemology. The main article for this category is Epistemology. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, scope, and limitations of knowledge. Pages in category "Epistemology" Epistemology Index of epistemology articles Absolute (philosophy) Abstract object theory Action theory (philosophy) Anamnesis (philosophy) Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society Becoming (philosophy) Defeasible reasoning Disagreements (epistemology) Epistemological psychology Face-to-face (philosophy) Feminist philosophy of science Formal epistemology Identity (philosophy) Meaning (philosophy) Metaphor in philosophy Mind–body problem Neutrality (philosophy) Object (philosophy) Philosophy of logic Mind in eastern philosophy Philosophy of mind Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Philosophy of testimony Plato''s Problem Point of view (philosophy) Presupposition (philosophy) Principle of sufficient reason Private language argument Probability interpretations Problem of universals Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemology&oldid=978198672" Categories: Branches of philosophy Theoretical philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Personal tools en-wikipedia-org-7747 Many common templates address problems with article citations and references, or their lack—because reliable sourcing is the lifeblood of Wikipedia articles and at the core of all of Wikipedia''s content policies and guidelines, such as notability, verifiability, neutral point of view, and no original research. If the issue flagged by the maintenance template is that the article contains no references, a citation needed template used might be {{Unreferenced}} – typically placed by the code you would see when wikitext (source) editing: {{Unreferenced|date=January 2021}}. For example: Neutrality-related templates such as {{COI}} (associated with the conflict of interest guideline) or {{POV}} (associated with the neutral point of view policy) strongly recommend that the tagging editor initiate a discussion (generally on the article''s talk page) to support the placement of the tag. For example, if an article is flagged as lacking citations to reliable, secondary sources, written by third-parties to the topic, and a user seeing the maintenance templates discovers that such sources appear not to exist, that usually means the article should be deleted. en-wikipedia-org-7749 Exploratory thought is an academic term used in the field of psychology to describe reasoning that neutrally considers multiple points of view and tries to anticipate all possible objections to, or flaws in, a particular position, with the goal of seeking truth. The opposite of exploratory thought is confirmatory thought, which is reasoning designed to construct justification supporting a specific point of view. Both terms were coined by social psychologist Jennifer Lerner and psychology professor Philip Tetlock in the 2002 book Emerging Perspectives in Judgment and Decision Making.[1] The authors argue that most people, most of the time, make decisions based on gut feelings and poor logic, and reason through issues primarily to provide justification, to themselves and to others, of what they already believe. ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) en-wikipedia-org-7757 en-wikipedia-org-7761 A Rechtsstaat is a "constitutional state" in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law.[2] It is closely related to "constitutionalism" while is often tied to the Anglo-American concept of the rule of law, but differs from it in that it also emphasizes what is just (i.e., a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity). The actual expression Rechtsstaat appears to have been introduced by Carl Theodor Welcker in 1813,[10][11] but it was popularised by Robert von Mohl''s book Die deutsche Polizeiwissenschaft nach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates ("German Policy Science according to the Principles of the Constitutional State"; 1832–33). Rechtsstaat, Fundamental Concept of Democracy – "The legislature is bound by the constitutional order, the executive and the judiciary by law and right." (Article 20(3) GG) Russian model of Rechtsstaat: a concept of the legal state[edit] en-wikipedia-org-777 Niklas Luhmann (/ˈluːmən/; German: [ˈluːman]; December 8, 1927 – November 6, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and a prominent thinker in systems theory, who is considered one of the most important social theorists of the 20th century.[4] Luhmann is probably best known to North Americans for his debate with the critical theorist Jürgen Habermas over the potential of social systems theory. Although Luhmann first developed his understanding of social systems theory under Parsons'' influence, he soon moved away from the Parsonian concept. In fact Luhmann himself replied to the relevant criticism by stating that "In fact the theory of autopoietic systems could bear the title Taking Individuals Seriously, certainly more seriously than our humanistic tradition" (Niklas Luhmann, Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System, Cardozo Law Review, vol. Luhmann''s systems theory is not without its critics; his definitions of "autopoietic" and "social system" differ from others. en-wikipedia-org-7770 en-wikipedia-org-7774 He wrote about 18,000 articles on subjects including physiology, chemistry, botany, pathology, and political history, or about 25% of the entire encyclopaedia, all done voluntarily.[1] In the generations after the Encyclopédie''s, mainly due to his aristocratic background, his legacy was largely overshadowed by the more bohemian Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and others, but by the mid-20th century more scholarly attention was being paid to him. "Jaucourt, Encyclopédie, article Traite des nègres" (in French). James Doolittle, "Jaucourt''s Use of Source Material in the Encyclopédie", Modern Language Notes. Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7783 Starting in 1871, Frege continued his studies in Göttingen, the leading university in mathematics in German-speaking territories, where he attended the lectures of Rudolf Friedrich Alfred Clebsch (1833–72; analytic geometry), Ernst Christian Julius Schering (1824–97; function theory), Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–91; physical studies, applied physics), Eduard Riecke (1845–1915; theory of electricity), and Hermann Lotze (1817–81; philosophy of religion). His Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens [Concept-Script: A Formal Language for Pure Thought Modeled on that of Arithmetic], Halle a/S: Verlag von Louis Nebert, 1879 marked a turning point in the history of logic. A volume of English translations of Frege''s philosophical essays first appeared in 1952, edited by students of Wittgenstein, Peter Geach (1916–2013) and Max Black (1909–88), with the bibliographic assistance of Wittgenstein (see Geach, ed. van Heijenoort (ed.), From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931, Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967, pp. en-wikipedia-org-7790 The Stuff of Thought: Language As a Window Into Human Nature Cover of the first edition The Stuff of Thought: Language As a Window Into Human Nature is a 2007 book by experimental psychologist Steven Pinker. In the book Pinker "analyzes how our words relate to thoughts and to the world around us and reveals what this tells us about ourselves".[1] Put another way, Pinker "probes the mystery of human nature by examining how we use words".[2] The book became a New York Times best seller. For example, a common-place statement such as "If you could pass the salt, that would be great" functions both as a request (though formally not a request) and as a means of being polite or non-offensive (through not directing the audience to overt demands). Steven Pinker''s Harvard Department of Psychology website Books by Steven Pinker Center for Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers en-wikipedia-org-7794 en-wikipedia-org-7796 en-wikipedia-org-7801 Jan-Werner Müller is one of the leading theorists of constitutional patriotism, having written more than 10 publications in two languages on the topic.[20] Building upon his predecessors, Müller advocates for constitutional patriotism as a unification option, especially in diverse, liberal democracies.[21] His ideas center on political attachment, democratic legitimacy and citizenship in a context that rejects nationalism, and addresses multicultural states, such as the European Union.[21] He provides some of the only extensive analysis on Sternberger and Habermas'' original theories, and has developed and improved accessibility of the idea to the English-speaking world. en-wikipedia-org-7804 en-wikipedia-org-7807 en-wikipedia-org-7809 School of Names Wikipedia Birth places of notable Chinese philosophers from Hundred Schools of Thought in Zhou Dynasty. Warring States era philosophers Deng Xi, Yin Wen, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long were all associated with the School of Names.[5] ^ Fraser, Chris, "School of Names", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Needham, Joseph (1956), Science and Civilisation in China, 2 History of Scientific Thought, ISBN 0-521-05800-7 Hansen, Chad (2000), "The School of Names: Linguistic Analysis in China", A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. (2011), Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy, Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1603846158 External links[edit] Media related to School of Names at Wikimedia Commons Chinese philosophy This philosophy-related article is a stub. Categories: School of Names Movements in ancient Chinese philosophy en-wikipedia-org-782 His Prison Notebooks are considered a highly original contribution to 20th-century political theory.[6] Gramsci drew insights from varying sources – not only other Marxists but also thinkers such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Vilfredo Pareto, Georges Sorel and Benedetto Croce. Gramsci also attempted to break from the economic determinism of traditional Marxist thought, and so is sometimes described as a neo-Marxist.[7] He held a humanistic understanding of Marxism, seeing it as a "philosophy of praxis" and an "absolute historicism" that transcends traditional materialism and traditional idealism. The inscription reads "In this building in 1922–1923 worked the eminent figure of international communism and the labor movement and founder of the Italian Communist Party ANTONIO GRAMSCI." In a pre-prison article entitled "The Revolution against Das Kapital", Gramsci wrote that the October Revolution in Russia had invalidated the idea that socialist revolution had to await the full development of capitalist forces of production.[50] This reflected his view that Marxism was not a determinist philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-7820 Different varieties of coherentism are individuated by the specific relationship between a system of knowledge and justified belief, which can be interpreted in terms of predicate logic, or ideally, proof theory.[6] In modern philosophy, the coherence theory of truth was defended by Baruch Spinoza,[1] Immanuel Kant,[1] Johann Gottlieb Fichte,[1] Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,[8] and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[1] and Harold Henry Joachim (who is credited with the definitive formulation of the theory).[9] (However, Spinoza and Kant have also been interpreted as defenders of the correspondence theory of truth.)[10] In contemporary philosophy, several epistemologists have significantly contributed to and defended the theory, primarily Brand Blanshard (who gave the earliest characterization of the theory in contemporary times) and Nicholas Rescher.[1] In late modern philosophy, epistemic coherentist views were held by Schlegel[11] and Hegel,[12] but the definitive formulation of the coherence theory of justification was provided by F. en-wikipedia-org-7825 The Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) is a free online database of the Getty Research Institute using a controlled vocabulary, which by 2018 contained over 300,000 artists and over 720,000 names for them, as well as other information about artists.[1] Names in ULAN may include given names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages, and names that have changed over time (e.g., married names). The Trust, which already managed the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), began the project in response to requests from Getty projects for controlled vocabularies of artists'' names.[4] The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community and editorial work of the Getty Vocabulary Program.[4] en-wikipedia-org-7826 Template talk:Liberalism sidebar Wikipedia This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Liberalism sidebar template. This template includes many articles that have more to do with politics in general than liberalism in particular. In the main article Liberalism there are links to the articles I would like to delete from the template. Liberalism has recently turned blue and, conservatism, especially the christian democrats in Europe, started to use yellow. So if you don''t want to make this box a copy of the article "Contributions to liberal theory", it would be better to leave all the names out.--213.243.157.96 12:48, 22 October 2005 (UTC) I removed American Liberalism from the template, as it is the wrong article with a confusing name. If you still disagree, please familiarize yourself with the definitions of "right-libertarianism," "left-libertarianism," and "liberalism" before responding.JoshuaChen (talk) 03:06, 10 January 2017 (UTC) Template-Class liberalism articles en-wikipedia-org-7828 en-wikipedia-org-7829 Liberalism in Peru Wikipedia Liberalism in Peru Democratic liberalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Liberal Network for Latin America Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal Find sources: "Liberalism in Peru" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of liberalism in Peru. 2.3 Liberal Party 2.3 Liberal Party 4 Liberal thinkers From time to time there existed more or less liberal parties. The Popular Action (Acción Popular) and the Union for Peru (Unión por el Perú) are nowadays more or less liberal parties. Democratic Party[edit] 1900: a faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Party. Liberal Party[edit] Union for Peru[edit] Liberal leaders[edit] p.m. Liberal thinkers[edit] List of political parties in Peru Liberalism in Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean Liberalism in South America This liberalism-related article is a stub. Liberalism stubs en-wikipedia-org-7844 Form of nationalism compatible with progressive values of freedom, tolerance, equality and individual rights Thus, a "civic nation" is defined by not language or culture but political institutions and liberal principles, which its citizens pledge to uphold. In theory, a civic nation or state does not aim to promote one culture over another.[5] German philosopher Jürgen Habermas argued that immigrants to a liberal-democratic state need not assimilate into the host culture but only accept the principles of the country''s constitution (constitutional patriotism).[5] Ernest Renan is often thought to be an early civic nationalist.[7] Philosopher Hans Kohn was one of the first to differentiate civic nationalism from ethnic nationalism in his 1944 publication The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background.[8] Membership of the civic nation is considered voluntary, as in Renan''s classical definition in "Qu''est-ce qu''une nation?" of the nation as a "daily referendum" characterized by the "will to live together".[citation needed] Civic-national ideals influenced the development of representative democracy in countries such as the United States and France (see the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789). Liberal Nationalism (Tamir) en-wikipedia-org-7848 Racism is a relatively modern concept, arising in the European age of imperialism, the subsequent growth of capitalism, and especially the Atlantic slave trade,[1][7] of which it was a major driving force.[8] It was also a major force behind racial segregation especially in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and South Africa under apartheid; 19th and 20th century racism in Western culture is particularly well documented and constitutes a reference point in studies and discourses about racism.[9] Racism has played a role in genocides such as the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, and the genocide of Serbs, as well as colonial projects including the European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia as well as the Soviet deportations of indigenous minorities.[10] Indigenous peoples have been—and are—often subject to racist attitudes. en-wikipedia-org-785 Category:Philosophers of law Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of law Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophers of law. Pages in category "Philosophers of law" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 205 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Robert Alexy Trevor Allan (legal philosopher) John Austin (legal philosopher) John Hart Ely David Enoch (philosopher) Carl Joachim Friedrich John Gardner (legal philosopher) Robert P. Jan Glastra van Loon Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Hans Kelsen Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher) Hans Köchler David Lyons (philosopher) Michael S. Michael Oakeshott Francesco Mario Pagano Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_law&oldid=952897412" Categories: Philosophy of law Political philosophers Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Navigation Learn to edit Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2020, at 16:47 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-7851 Philosophy of psychiatry Wikipedia The philosophy of psychiatry explores philosophical questions relating to psychiatry and mental illness. The philosopher of science and medicine Dominic Murphy identifies three areas of exploration in the philosophy of psychiatry. The first concerns the examination of psychiatry as a science, using the tools of the philosophy of science more broadly. The third area concerns the links and discontinuities between the philosophy of mind and psychopathology.[1] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Philosophy of science Problem of induction Scientific theory History and philosophy of science History of science Science portal American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology American Psychiatric Association Anti-psychiatry Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of psychiatry Controversies about psychiatry This philosophy of science-related article is a stub. This psychiatry-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_psychiatry&oldid=803890012" Categories: Philosophy of science Philosophy stubs Psychiatry stubs en-wikipedia-org-7854 en-wikipedia-org-7856 en-wikipedia-org-7862 en-wikipedia-org-7867 en-wikipedia-org-7872 Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science (German: Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten können) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, published in 1783, two years after the first edition of his Critique of Pure Reason. In it, an abstract examination of the concepts of the sources of pure reason results in knowledge of the actual science of metaphysics. The Critique of Pure Reason, however, asserts that it is uncertain whether or not external objects are given, and we can only know their existence as a mere appearance. The concepts of substance/accident, cause/effect, and action/reaction (community) constitute a priori principles that turn subjective appearances into objective experiences. The principles that contain the reference of the pure concepts of the understanding to the sensed world can only be used to think or speak of experienced objects, not things in themselves. en-wikipedia-org-7875 The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent of any political order (termed the "state of nature" by Thomas Hobbes).[4] In this condition, individuals'' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience. Prominent 17thand 18th-century theorists of social contract and natural rights include Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel von Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) and Immanuel Kant (1797), each approaching the concept of political authority differently. According to other social contract theorists, when the government fails to secure their natural rights (Locke) or satisfy the best interests of society (called the "general will" by Rousseau), citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey, or change the leadership through elections or other means including, when necessary, violence. en-wikipedia-org-7877 File:Kant doerstling2.jpg Wikipedia File:Kant doerstling2.jpg This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This photographic reproduction is therefore also considered to be in the public domain in the United States. EnglishImmanuel Kant with friends, including Christian Jakob Kraus, Johann Georg Hamann, Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel and Karl Gottfried Hagen Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 00:15, 5 February 2006 1,575 × 995 (969 KB) FranksValli Kant and Friends at Table, Painting by Emil Doerstling, c. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Portal:Philosophy Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kant_doerstling2.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-7878 en-wikipedia-org-7879 en-wikipedia-org-788 en-wikipedia-org-7882 Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (Grenoble, 14 March 1709 – 2 April 1785 in Paris), sometimes known as Abbé de Mably, was a French philosopher, historian, and writer, who for a short time served in the diplomatic corps. "had just published a treatise comparing Roman institutions of government with French ones and celebrating the progress of civilization...Conversing with Mably, Condillac, [and friends he had met at Lyon''s reading club] Parisot, Bordes, and their friends, Rousseau found himself in a stimulating intellectual milieu, and the studies he had put himself through in Chambéry suddenly came to life."[1] Mably''s complete works were published in 15 volumes in 1794–1795, with an obituary/biography by Gabriel Brizard. List of 18 published works by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Œuvres complètes de l''abbé Mably, 19 vol., Toulouse (Sens) & Nîmes (Gaude) edition, (1791) Collection complète des œuvres de l''abbé Mably, 15 vols. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7884 Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the divine,[4] sacred things,[5] faith,[6] a supernatural being or supernatural beings[7] or "some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life".[8] Religious practices may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration (of deities and/or saints), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. en-wikipedia-org-7892 More specifically, ontological arguments are commonly conceived a priori in regard to the organization of the universe, whereby, if such organizational structure is true, God must exist. Graham Oppy, who elsewhere expressed that he "see[s] no urgent reason" to depart from the traditional definition,[2] defined ontological arguments as those which begin with "nothing but analytic, a priori and necessary premises" and conclude that God exists. Craig argues that an argument can be classified as ontological if it attempts to deduce the existence of God, along with other necessary truths, from his definition. In Chapter 2 of the Proslogion, Anselm defines God as a "being than which no greater can be conceived."[1] While Anselm has often been credited as the first to understand God as the greatest possible being, this perception was actually widely described among ancient Greek philosophers and early Christian writers.[19][20] He suggests that even "the fool" can understand this concept, and this understanding itself means that the being must exist in the mind. The Existence and Nature of God: The Ontological Argument. "Anselm: Ontological Arguments for God''s Existence". en-wikipedia-org-7893 Though he was well versed in the new logic and dialectical rhetoric of the university, John''s views imply a cultivated intelligence well versed in practical affairs, opposing to the extremes of both nominalism and realism a practical common sense. Frivolities of courtiers and footprints of philosophers: being a translation of the first, second, and third books and selections from the seventh and eighth books of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury. Hosler, John of Salisbury: Military Authority of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, Leiden, Brill, 2013, 240 p. ^ a b c Guilfoy, Kevin, "John of Salisbury", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7896 en-wikipedia-org-790 Hendrik Wyermars (early June 1685 – 27 September 1757) was a Dutch radical Enlightenment thinker from Amsterdam who in 1710 published a philosophical book defending the eternity of the world and rejecting the literal version of the Creation story from the book of Genesis. A lengthy review of Wyermars''s book by the German scholar Christoph August Heumann in the Acta philosophorum for 1716 gave Wyermars an international reputation as a Spinozist.[7] The first modern scholarly article on Wyermars was written in 1974 by the Flemish researcher Hubert Vandenbossche (1945-2016).[8] Jonathan Israel included Wyermars in his study on the Radical Enlightenment (2001), describing him as an "incisive, challenging thinker" who embodied "a new kind of vernacular, non-academic, philosophical materialism" that was disseminated through coffee houses, discussion groups and easily accessible writings.[9] In 2015 Wyermars''s book was republished in an annotated and modernized Dutch version with an introduction summarizing the current state of scholarship on Wyermars.[10] en-wikipedia-org-7903 en-wikipedia-org-7916 en-wikipedia-org-7924 Gomes became internationally renowned as an eminent economist and political scientist due to his principal works which were published while he was incumbent in the Cortes Gerais.[4] His view was that economics was inseparable from politics, and as such, he devoted a large part of his life to its study.[8] In 1861, Gomes wrote his first work; a 34-page treatise on the subject in French entitled "De la question du cotton en Angleterre et dans les possessions portugaises d'' Afrique Occidentale" (The issue of cotton in England and the Portuguese possessions of West Africa).[9] This work earned him recognition in Europe as an eminent economist.[8] Gomes'' other notable works included a biography written in Portuguese of the brigadiers Henrique Carlos Henriques and Joaquim Xavier Henriques, and in French of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal (1869).[2] He cherished his mother-tongue, Konkani, and made significant contributions towards a revised edition of Arte da lingoa Canarim (Art of the Canarim language), the Konkani grammar by the 16th-century English Jesuit, Fr. Thomas Stephens.[1] He also wrote an unpublished Konkani grammar dedicated to the Portuguese civil servant and Konkani revivalist Joaquim Heliodoró da Cunha Rivara.[9] en-wikipedia-org-7926 en-wikipedia-org-793 en-wikipedia-org-7931 Category:Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia Category:Short description is different from Wikidata Jump to navigation It is not shown on its member pages, unless the corresponding user preference (appearance → show hidden categories) is set. The main page for this category is WP:Short description. This category contains articles with short descriptions that do not match the description field on Wikidata. Pages in category "Short description is different from Wikidata" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 1,795,703 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 3 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names album) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata&oldid=991100198" Categories: WikiProject Short descriptions Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Articles with short description Wikipedia categories tracking Wikidata differences Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7934 The Los Angeles Times reported: "A new lawsuit alleges that university officials failed to properly respond to complaints that John Searle, an 84-year-old renowned philosophy professor, sexually assaulted his 24-year-old research associate last July and cut her pay when she rejected his advances."[14][15] The case brought to light several earlier complaints against Searle, on which Berkeley allegedly had failed to act.[16] Neil Gross, for example, argues that Searle''s views on society are more or less a reconstitution of the sociologist Émile Durkheim''s theories of social facts, social institutions, collective representations, and the like. Searle also places language at the foundation of the construction of social reality while Lawson believes that community formation necessarily precedes the development of language and therefore there must be the possibility for non-linguistic social structure formation.[51][52][53] The debate is ongoing and takes place additionally through regular meetings of the Centre for Social Ontology at the University of California, Berkeley and the Cambridge Social Ontology Group at the University of Cambridge.[54] en-wikipedia-org-7935 This was the first evidence that anything other than the planets orbited the Sun.[15] Around this time (1704), the term "Solar System" first appeared in English.[16] In 1838, Friedrich Bessel successfully measured a stellar parallax, an apparent shift in the position of a star created by Earth''s motion around the Sun, providing the first direct, experimental proof of heliocentrism.[17] Improvements in observational astronomy and the use of uncrewed spacecraft have since enabled the detailed investigation of other bodies orbiting the Sun. The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G2 main-sequence star that contains 99.86% of the system''s known mass and dominates it gravitationally.[18] The Sun''s four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. en-wikipedia-org-7940 en-wikipedia-org-7946 en-wikipedia-org-7948 While the term "proposition" may sometimes be used in everyday language to refer to a linguistic statement which can be either true or false, the technical philosophical term, which differs from the mathematical usage, refers exclusively to the non-linguistic meaning behind the statement. Since propositions are defined as the sharable objects of attitudes and the primary bearers of truth and falsity, this means that the term "proposition" does not refer to particular thoughts or particular utterances (which are not sharable across different instances), nor does it refer to concrete events or facts (which cannot be false).[1] Propositional logic deals primarily with propositions and logical relations between them. These types can include variables, operators, function symbols, predicate (or relation) symbols, quantifiers, and propositional constants.[3] (Grouping symbols such as delimiters are often added for convenience in using the language, but do not play a logical role.) Symbols are concatenated together according to recursive rules, in order to construct strings to which truth-values will be assigned. en-wikipedia-org-7949 Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle (French: [fɔ̃tənɛl]; 11 February 1657 – 9 January 1757),[1] also called Bernard Le Bouyer de Fontenelle, was a French author and an influential member of three of the academies of the Institut de France, noted especially for his accessible treatment of scientific topics during the unfolding of the Age of Enlightenment. His father, François le Bovier de Fontenelle, was a lawyer who worked in the provincial court of Rouen and came from a family of lawyers from Alençon.[2] He trained in the law but gave up after one case, devoting his life to writing about philosophers and scientists, especially defending the Cartesian tradition.[3] In spite of the undoubted merit and value of his writings, both to the laity and the scientific community, there is no question of his being a primary contributor to the field. There have been several collected editions of Fontenelle''s works, the first being printed in 3 vols. en-wikipedia-org-7957 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7964 Arts criticism Wikipedia Arts criticism is the process of describing, analyzing, interpreting, and judging works of art.[1] It is distinct from art criticism (which focuses on visual arts) due to its broader remit.[citation needed] The disciplines of arts criticism can be defined by the object being considered rather than the methodology (through analysis of its philosophy): buildings (architecture criticism), paintings (visual art criticism), performances (dance criticism, theatre criticism), music (music journalism), visual media (film criticism, television criticism), or literary texts (literary criticism).[2][3] The academic criticism will be of a more vigorous and analytical nature than the journalistic, the journalistic may even focus on entertaining the reader at the expense of detail about the art under discussion.[citation needed] "Home: The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Visual art criticism (Feminist) This art-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arts_criticism&oldid=983109721" Edit links en-wikipedia-org-7965 University of Pennsylvania Press Wikipedia Parent company University of Pennsylvania Areas of special interest include American history and culture; ancient, medieval, and Renaissance studies; anthropology; landscape architecture; studio arts; human rights; Jewish studies; and political science. The Press currently resides at 3905 Spruce Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania Press academic journals University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania Press University of Pennsylvania Press University of Pennsylvania Press University of Pennsylvania Press Penn Press Log University of Pennsylvania This article about a university or college in Pennsylvania is a stub. This article about a United States publishing company is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&oldid=964552580" Categories: University of Pennsylvania Press Book publishing companies based in Pennsylvania University presses of the United States Pennsylvania school stubs United States publishing company stubs Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7966 Category:Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with PLWABN identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 64,355 total. Michel van der Aa Johannes Aavik Bruno Abakanowicz Edward Abbey Edwin Austin Abbey George Abbott Jacob Abbott Abdul Basit ''Abd us-Samad Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat Abraham ben David Ben Abraham Daniel Abraham (author) John Abraham Nicolas Abraham Peter Abrahams Peter Abrahams (American author) Categories: Pages with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7976 Subsequent Confucian philosophers during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), including Mencius and Xunzi, likewise centered their philosophies on secular, humanistic concerns, like the nature of good governance and the role of education, rather than ideas founded on the state or folk religions of the time. Contrary to a still widely held interpretation that originated in Voigt''s celebrated contemporary, Jacob Burckhardt,[33] and which was adopted wholeheartedly – especially by modern thinkers calling themselves "humanists" –[34] most specialists today do not characterize Renaissance humanism as a philosophical movement, nor in any way as anti-Christian or even anti-clerical. "Renaissance humanism" is the name later given to a tradition of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti—"humanists".[7] It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. en-wikipedia-org-7977 Karl Olivecrona (25 October 1897, in Norrbärke – 1980) was a Swedish lawyer and legal philosopher. He studied law at Uppsala from 1915 to 1920 and was a pupil of Axel Hägerström, the spiritual father of Scandinavian legal realism. One of the internationally best-known Swedish legal theorists, Olivecrona was a professor of procedural law and legal philosophy at Lund University. His most striking work on legal theory, the first edition of his book Law as Fact (of 1939, almost entirely different in content from the similarly titled 1971 work), stressed the importance of a monopoly of force as the fundamental basis of law. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7989 en-wikipedia-org-7993 en-wikipedia-org-7995 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7997 en-wikipedia-org-7999 en-wikipedia-org-8 Green liberalism Wikipedia 1.1 Green Liberal Democrats Green Liberal Democrats[edit] Sir Ed Davey MP related the environmental impact of the Liberal Democrats in the coalition years, establishing a Green Investment Bank (subsequently sold off by the Tory government) Wera Hobhouse MP updated the Green approach to Air pollution and Sir Vince Cable MP, leader of the Liberal Democrats, and Honorary Professor of Economics at Nottingham University, the venue for the 2018 GLD conference, had the task of reviewing how the concept of Sustainable Development withstood the ravages of time. The Liberal Party of Canada under Stéphane Dion placed the environment at the front of its political agenda, proposing an ecotax and tax shift called the Green Shift. Green Liberal Party of Switzerland Liberal Party (Norway) Green Liberal Democrats United Kingdom. Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Categories: Green liberalism en-wikipedia-org-80 Liberalism in Portugal Wikipedia Liberalism in Portugal Find sources: "Liberalism in Portugal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Democratic liberalism Liberal parties From Democratic Group to New Progressive Party[edit] Portuguese Republican Party[edit] 1872: Revolutionary and radical liberals establish the Portuguese Republican Party (Partido Republicano Português) 1911: Liberal and moderate factions of the Portuguese Republican Party (Partido Republicano Português) form the Republican National Union (União Nacional Republicano) which secedes. 1919: A faction joins the conservative Republican Liberal Party and the liberals form the Radical Party (Portugal) Popular Portuguese Party (Partido Português Popular) Social Democratic Party[edit] The Social Democratic Party was a full right member of the Liberal International, from 1985 until 1996. Liberal Social Movement[edit] Iniciativa Liberal[edit] List of political parties in Portugal Liberalism in Europe Categories: Liberalism in Portugal en-wikipedia-org-8001 en-wikipedia-org-8003 John Austin (legal philosopher) Wikipedia John Austin (legal philosopher) John Austin (3 March 1790 – 1 December 1859) was an English legal theorist, who influenced British and American law with an analytical approach to jurisprudence and a theory of legal positivism.[1] Austin opposed traditional approaches of "natural law", arguing against any need for connections between law and morality. To do this, he believed it was necessary to purge human law of all moralistic notions and to define key legal concepts in strictly empirical terms. Drawing heavily on the thought of Jeremy Bentham, Austin was the first legal thinker to work out a fully developed positivistic theory of law. More precisely, laws are general commands issued by a sovereign to members of an independent political society, and backed up by credible threats of punishment or other adverse consequences ("sanctions") in the event of non-compliance. Quotations related to John Austin (legal philosopher) at Wikiquote Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)&oldid=995880946" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8005 en-wikipedia-org-8015 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 Wikipedia Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 (2020-12) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with unsourced statements. Pages in category "Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020" 3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States) 504th Infantry Regiment (United States) 504th Infantry Regiment (United States) 528th Sustainment Brigade (United States) 1899 Porto plague outbreak 1900 United States presidential election 1900 United States presidential election 1921–22 Torquay United F.C. season 1927 college football season Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020&oldid=991422239" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter Clean-up categories from December 2020 en-wikipedia-org-8022 Good is generally considered to be the opposite of evil, and is of interest in the study of morality, ethics, religion and philosophy. A sense of moral judgement and a distinction "right and wrong, good and bad" are cultural universals.[1] Medieval Christian philosophy was founded on the work of the Bishop Augustine of Hippo and theologian Thomas Aquinas who understood evil in terms of Biblical infallibility and Biblical inerrancy, as well as the influences of Plato and Aristotle in their appreciation of the concept of the Summum bonum. John Rawls''s book A Theory of Justice prioritized social arrangements and goods based on their contribution to justice. Main article: Good and evil In religion, ethics, and philosophy, "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy. As a religious concept, basic ideas of a dichotomy between good and evil has developed so that today: Objectivist theory of good and evil Good and evil en-wikipedia-org-8032 In 1824, shortly before its merger with West Prussia, the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people.[17] Of that number, according to Karl Andree, Germans were slightly more than half, while 280,000 (~26%) were ethnically Polish and 200,000 (~19%) were ethnically Lithuanian.[18] As of 1819 there were also 20,000 strong ethnic Curonian and Latvian minorities as well as 2,400 Jews, according to Georg Hassel.[19] Similar numbers are given by August von Haxthausen in his 1839 book, with a breakdown by county.[20] However, the majority of East Prussian Polish and Lithuanian inhabitants were Lutherans, not Roman Catholics like their ethnic kinsmen across the border in the Russian Empire. Only in Southern Warmia (German: Ermland) Catholic Poles – so called Warmiaks (not to be confused with predominantly Protestant Masurians) – comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (~81%) in county Allenstein (Polish: Olsztyn) in 1837.[20] Another minority in 19th century East Prussia, were ethnically Russian Old Believers, also known as Philipponnen – their main town was Eckersdorf (Wojnowo).[21][22][23] en-wikipedia-org-8034 The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland''s last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism.[1] Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanisław August Poniatowski; and in the field of advanced learning: the Commission of National Education established by the Sejm in 1773; the Society for Elementary Books; as well as the Corps of Cadets (Knight''s military school) among others. en-wikipedia-org-8037 en-wikipedia-org-8044 This page provides help with the most common questions about Wikipedia. You can also search all Wikipedia''s help pages using the search box below, or browse the Help menu or the Help directory. The Readers'' FAQ and our about page contain the most commonly sought information about Wikipedia. The Simplified Manual of Style and Cheatsheet can remind you of basic wiki markup. If you spot a problem with an article, you can fix it directly, by clicking on the "Edit" link at the beginning of that page. See the "edit an article" section of this page for more information. Manual of Style directory: pages related to the style manual of Wikipedia articles. Wiki markup: for the syntax used by Wikipedia to format a page. Editing Wikipedia: has general help for editors. Ask for help on your talk page (a volunteer will visit you there) Help page en-wikipedia-org-8047 en-wikipedia-org-805 en-wikipedia-org-8054 en-wikipedia-org-8056 en-wikipedia-org-8057 Indonesian philosophy is expressed in the living languages found in Indonesia (approximately 587 languages) and its national language Indonesian, comprising many diverse schools of thought with influences from Eastern and Western origins, and indigenous philosophical themes. The philosophy of Indonesian people lies within their pepatah-petitih, adat houses, adat ceremonies and rites, old myths, in their dress ornaments, their dances, the music they play, in their weapons, their social system, and so on" (Sumardjo 2003:113). There are seven schools of thought developing in Indonesia.[4] The categorization of schools is first based on the originality that a certain school contains (like "ethnic school"), secondly based on the influence of great world philosophies that a particular school absorbs and adapts to Indonesian philosophy (such as "Chinese school," "Indian school," "Islamic school," "Christian school," and "Western school"), and lastly based on a historical chronology (such as "the post-Soeharto school''). en-wikipedia-org-8059 While the concept of an intelligence behind the natural order is ancient, a rational argument that concludes that we can know that the natural world has a designer, or a creating intelligence which has human-like purposes, appears to have begun with classical philosophy.[4] Religious thinkers in Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity also developed versions of the teleological argument. The argument from intelligent design appears to have begun with Socrates, although the concept of a cosmic intelligence is older and David Sedley has argued that Socrates was developing an older idea, citing Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, born about 500 BC, as a possible earlier proponent.[11][12][13] The proposal that the order of nature showed evidence of having its own human-like "intelligence" goes back to the origins of Greek natural philosophy and science, and its attention to the orderliness of nature, often with special reference to the revolving of the heavens. en-wikipedia-org-806 Category:Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with ICCU identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers" Antonio Abati Giuseppe Cesare Abba Claudio Abbado Giuseppe Abbati Antonio Maria Abbatini Edward Abbey Giuseppe Abbiati Charles Greeley Abbot John Stevens Cabot Abbott Carl Friedrich Abel Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel Wilhelm Abel John Abercrombie (physician) Antonio Abetti Paul Abraham Francesco Accolti Elio Filippo Accrocca Antonio Acqua Claudio Acquaviva Categories: Pages with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8061 en-wikipedia-org-8064 Spanish philosophy Wikipedia Spanish philosophy is the philosophical tradition of the people of territories that make up the modern day nation of Spain and of its citizens abroad. Although Spanish philosophical thought had a profound influence on philosophical traditions throughout Latin America, political turmoil within Spain throughout the 20th century diminished the influence of Spanish philosophy in international contexts.[1] Within Spain during this period, fictional novels written with philosophical underpinnings were influential, leading to some of the first modernist European novels, such as the works of Miguel de Unamuno and Pío Baroja.[2] View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Испанская философия]]; see its history for attribution. Human nature Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Marxism This Spain-related article is a stub. This philosophy-related article is a stub. Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-8067 Mansfield is the author and co-translator of studies of and/or by major political philosophers such as Aristotle, Edmund Burke, Niccolò Machiavelli, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Thomas Hobbes, of Constitutional government, and of Manliness (2006). Mansfield''s father, Harvey Mansfield Sr., had been editor of the American Political Science Review, and was the Ruggles Professor Emeritus of Public Law and Government at Columbia University at the time of his death in 1988 at the age of 83.[5] Mansfield has been at Harvard since his own student days in 1949, having joined the faculty in 1962. "Harvey Mansfield on Donald Trump and Political Philosophy," Conversations with Bill Kristol, December 19, 2016.[28] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Harvey Mansfield, Noted American Author and Political Theorist, to Deliver the 2007 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities", press release, National Endowment for the Humanities, March 22, 2007. en-wikipedia-org-8069 en-wikipedia-org-8086 This group includes Chinese religion overall, which further includes Ancestral Worship, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism and so-called popular salvationist organisations (such as Yiguandao and Weixinism), as well as elements drawn from Mahayana Buddhism that form the core of Chinese Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism at large. Chinese salvationist religions have influenced the rise of Korean and Japanese new religions—for instance, respectively, Jeungsanism and Tenriism; these movements draw upon indigenous traditions but are heavily influenced by Chinese philosophy and theology. East Asian religions include many theological stances, including polytheism, nontheism, henotheism, monotheism, pantheism, panentheism and agnosticism.[3] East Asian religions have many Western adherents, though their interpretations may differ significantly from traditional East Asian religious thought and culture. Syncretism is a common feature of East Asian religions, often making it difficult to recognise individual faiths.[7][8] Further complications arise from the inconsistent use of many terms. en-wikipedia-org-8087 The ideas Wollstonecraft ingested from the sermons at Newington Green pushed her towards a political awakening.[32] She later published A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790), a response to Burke''s denunciation of the French Revolution and attack on Price; and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), extending Price''s arguments about equality to women: Tomalin argues that just as the Dissenters were "excluded as a class from education and civil rights by a lazy-minded majority", so too were women, and the "character defects of both groups" could be attributed to this discrimination.[33] Price appears 14 times in the diary of William Godwin, Wollstonecraft''s later husband.[34] Sixty thousand copies of this pamphlet were sold within days; and a cheap edition was issued which sold twice as many copies.[35] It commended Shelburne''s proposals for the colonies, and attacked the Declaratory Act.[36] Amongst its critics were Adam Ferguson,[37] William Markham, John Wesley, and Edmund Burke; and Price rapidly became one of the best known men in England. en-wikipedia-org-8094 en-wikipedia-org-8100 An early example of moral universalism can be found in Judaism: the Seven Laws of Noah (Hebrew: שבע מצוות בני נח‎, Sheva Mitzvot B''nei Noach),[7][8][9] a set of imperatives which, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a binding set of universal moral laws for the "sons of Noah" – that is, all of humanity.[7][8][9][10][11][12] The Seven Laws of Noah include prohibitions against worshipping idols, cursing God, murder, adultery, bestiality, sexual immorality, theft, eating flesh torn from a living animal, as well as the obligation to establish courts of justice.[7][8][9][10][11][13][14] The Jewish sages expanded the concept of universal morality within the Seven Laws of Noah and added several other laws beyond the seven listed in the Talmud and Tosefta,[7][9][10] such as prohibitions against committing incest, cruelty to animals, pairing animals of different species, grafting trees of different kinds, castration, emasculation, homosexuality, pederasty, and sorcery among others,[7][9][10][15][16] with some of the sages going so far as to make a list of 30 laws.[7][9] The Talmud expands the scope of the Seven Laws of Noah to cover about 100 of the 613 Jewish commandments.[17] Non-cognitivism: A meta-ethical theory according to which moral issues are not subject to rational determination. en-wikipedia-org-8105 International Standard Serial Number an ISSN, 2049-3630, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code. An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine.[1] The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. The use of ISSN-L facilitates search, retrieval and delivery across all media versions for services like OpenURL, library catalogues, search engines or knowledge bases. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to the publisher or its location. "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace". "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace". ISO 3297: International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) en-wikipedia-org-8108 en-wikipedia-org-8110 en-wikipedia-org-8115 María Zambrano Alarcón (22 April 1904, in Vélez-Málaga – 6 February 1991, in Madrid) was a Spanish essayist and philosopher associated with the Generation of ''36 movement. María Zambrano Alarcón was born on 22 April 1904 in Vélez-Málaga, Spain, daughter of Blas José Zambrano García de Carabante, friend and collaborator of Antonio Machado, and Araceli Alarcón Delgado. Zambrano studied under and was influenced by José Ortega y Gasset and went on to teach metaphysics at Madrid University and at the Instituto Cervantes from 1931 to 1936. In 1981 she was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities in its first edition, and in 1983 Malaga University named her Doctor honoris causa. María querida (Dearest Maria), a film directed by José Luis García Sánchez in 2004, is about her life. Caballero Rodríguez, Beatriz, María Zambrano: A Life of Poetic Reason and Political Commitment (Wales University Press, 2017). en-wikipedia-org-8116 en-wikipedia-org-8121 en-wikipedia-org-8125 en-wikipedia-org-8126 This article is about the word or prefix Meta. For information on the website for the coordination of all the Wikimedia Foundation projects, see Wikipedia:Meta. The use of the prefix in this sense occurs occasionally in scientific English terms derived from Greek. In epistemology, and often in common use, the prefix metais used to mean about (its own category). The earliest form of the word "meta" is the Mycenaean Greek me-ta, written in Linear B syllabic script.[4] The Greek preposition is cognate with the Old English preposition mid "with", still found as a prefix in midwife. Early use in English[edit] The book, which deals with self-reference and strange loops, and touches on Quine and his work, was influential in many computer-related subcultures and may be responsible for the popularity of the prefix, for its use as a solo term, and for the many recent coinages which use it.[7] Hofstadter uses meta as a stand-alone word, as an adjective and as a directional preposition ("going meta," a term he coins for the old rhetorical trick of taking a debate or analysis to another level of abstraction, as when somebody says "This debate isn''t going anywhere"). en-wikipedia-org-8136 Category:German logicians Wikipedia Category:German logicians Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Logicians from Germany. This is a non-diffusing subcategory of Category:German philosophers. It includes philosophers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. Pages in category "German logicians" The following 58 pages are in this category, out of 58 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Wilhelm Traugott Krug Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Paul Lorenzen Paul Natorp Karl-Georg Niebergall Karl von Prantl Arthur Schopenhauer Ernst Schröder Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart Wilhelm Esser Wilhelm Windelband Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_logicians&oldid=833692968" Categories: German mathematicians German philosophers Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-8138 Geoffrey Bennington (born 1956) is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of French and Professor of Comparative Literature at Emory University in Georgia, United States, and Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland,[1] as well as a member of the International College of Philosophy in Paris. He is a literary critic and philosopher, best known as an expert on deconstruction and the works of Jacques Derrida and Jean-François Lyotard. Bennington has also written two monographs on Lyotard, Writing the Event and Late Lyotard, and has also written extensively on Rousseau and Kant, developing original accounts of the "paradox of the legislator" in the former and "interrupted teleology" in the latter. ISBN 0-226-04262-6) Jacques Derrida and Geoffrey Bennington, 1993 "Geoffrey Bennington Faculty Page at European Graduate School (Biography and bibliography)". Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8139 en-wikipedia-org-8142 Category:Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Jump to navigation Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 2nd Infantry Division (United States) 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich 3 (American band) 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States) 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf (group) 5ive (American band) 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking 6th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) 6th Marine Division (United States) 7 Seconds (band) 9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen 10 Years (band) 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend 14 Bis (band) 17th Airborne Division (United States) Categories: Pages with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-8147 Caspar Rudolph Ritter von Jhering[1] (also Ihering) (22 August 1818 – 17 September 1892) was a German jurist.[2] He is best known for his 1872 book Der Kampf ums Recht (The Struggle for Law), as a legal scholar, and as the founder of a modern sociological and historical school of law. After graduating as a doctor juris, Jhering established himself in 1844 in Berlin as privatdocent for Roman law, and delivered public lectures on the Geist des römischen Rechts, the theme that may be said to have constituted his life''s work. That year, he had read a lecture in Vienna before an admiring audience, published under the title of Der Kampf ums Recht (1872; Eng. trans., The Struggle for Law, 1879). In October 2018 Rudolf von Jhering was commemorated by scholars of Roman law from various countries. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8155 It is an attempt at developing logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and modeled.[citation needed] The term "systemics" was coined in the 1970s by Mario Bunge and others, as an alternative paradigm for research related to general systems theory and systems science.[1] Systems theory "Une histoire de la ''systémologie générale'' de Ludwig von Bertalanffy Généalogie, genèse, actualisation et postérité d''un projet herméneutique", Doctoral Thesis (1138 pages), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804157 Frederic Vester (2008), The Art of interconnected thinking: Tools and concepts for a new approach to tackling complexity; Munich, MCB. Complex systems World-systems theory Systems theory in anthropology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in political science This science article is a stub. Categories: Systems theory Systems science Systems science Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2009 en-wikipedia-org-8156 As set out in Historied Thought, Constructed World (California, 1995), Margolis holds that philosophy is concerned principally with three things: Margolis acknowledges that the historized "nature" of the human—and therefore of truth, of judgment, of reality, and the rest is not his own discovery, but criticizes most previous versions of historicism as falling victim to some theological or teleological yearning, as in Hegel''s Geist, Marx''s utopianism, or Heidegger''s history of being. The Philosophy of Interpretation, Edited by Joseph Margolis and Tom Rockmore. Edited by Joseph Margolis and Tom Rockmore Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. ^ Joseph Margolis (ed.), Philosophy Looks at the Arts, Temple University Press, 1987, p. ^ Joseph Margolis, Pragmatism''s Advantage: American and European Philosophy at the End of the Twentieth Century, Stanford University Press, 2010, p. Interpretation, Relativism, and the Metaphysics of Culture: Themes in the Philosophy of Joseph Margolis. en-wikipedia-org-8165 Roberto Mangabeira Unger (/ˈʌŋɡər/; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician.[3] He has developed his views and positions across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.[4] In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.[5] His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil''s Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.[6][7][8] His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.[9][10][11] For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. en-wikipedia-org-8169 en-wikipedia-org-817 Core beliefs of classical liberals did not necessarily include democracy nor government by a majority vote by citizens because "there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law".[21] For example, James Madison argued for a constitutional republic with protections for individual liberty over a pure democracy, reasoning that in a pure democracy a "common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole [...] and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party".[22] The changing economic and social conditions of the 19th century led to a division between neo-classical and social (or welfare) liberals, who while agreeing on the importance of individual liberty differed on the role of the state. en-wikipedia-org-8175 His dates are uncertain; according to doxographer Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BC,[10] which would put his year of birth near 540 BC, but in the dialogue Parmenides Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. This line begins with Xenophenes and goes through Parmenides, Melissus of Samos, Zeno of Elea, Leucippus, Democritus, Protagoras, Nessas of Chios, Metrodorus of Chios, Diogenes of Smyrna, Anaxarchus, and finally Pyrrho.[15] Guthrie (1979), A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 2, The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus, pp. (1979), A History of Greek Philosophy – The Presocratic tradition from Parmenides to Democritus, Cambridge University Press. en-wikipedia-org-8181 Simmonds attended one of the first comprehensive schools in Britain[citation needed] in Cumberland before going to study law at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1970. At Corpus, Nigel Simmonds was Director of Studies in Law and Dean of College. He is the author of ''A Debate Over Rights'' (Oxford, 2000), ''Central Issues in Jurisprudence'' (2008) and ''Law as a Moral Idea'' (2007). This United Kingdom law-related biographical article is a stub. Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8182 en-wikipedia-org-8187 Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Wikipedia Andrzej Stanisław Kostka Załuski (2 December 1695 – 16 December 1758) was a priest (bishop) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He is perhaps most famous as co-founder (together with his brother Józef Andrzej Załuski, bishop of Kiev) of Załuski Library, one of the largest 18th-century collections of books in the world.[1] He also sponsored the seminary in Pułtusk. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrzej Stanisław Załuski. Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Andrzej Stanisław Załuski This article about a Polish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8189 en-wikipedia-org-8190 en-wikipedia-org-8197 en-wikipedia-org-8202 en-wikipedia-org-8207 en-wikipedia-org-8210 en-wikipedia-org-822 en-wikipedia-org-8226 en-wikipedia-org-8230 en-wikipedia-org-8232 en-wikipedia-org-8233 Category:History of philosophy Wikipedia Category:History of philosophy Jump to navigation History of Philosophy Modern philosophy Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of philosophy. The main article for this category is History of philosophy. Philosophy portal ► History of philosophy by period‎ (1 C) ► Lists related to the history of philosophy‎ (4 P) Pages in category "History of philosophy" Action theory (philosophy) Roger Bacon History of the concept of creativity History of ethics John Gray (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Identity (philosophy) Intellectual history International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science Karl Christian Friedrich Krause Logical positivism Logical reasoning Mind–body problem Philosophy of mind Point of view (philosophy) History of philosophy in Poland Principle of sufficient reason Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Sublime (philosophy) Transcendence (philosophy) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_philosophy&oldid=970185556" Categories: Cultural history Philosophy History of ideas Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools View history en-wikipedia-org-8234 Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador Wikipedia Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador Economic liberalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Liberal internationalism Secular liberalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal This article gives an overview of political liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador. It is limited to liberal and radical parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had representation in parliament. 4 Liberal leaders Liberalism has been one of the dominant political forces in Ecuador since the late 19th century. From Liberal Party to Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party[edit] Liberal leaders[edit] Liberal actions[edit] Liberal Revolution of 1895 Liberalism in Countries of Latin America and the Caribbean Liberalism in South America This Ecuador-related article is a stub. This liberalism-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador&oldid=892167558" Liberalism and radicalism by country Liberalism stubs en-wikipedia-org-8235 Andrew Brook (born March 17, 1943) is a Canadian philosopher, author and academic particularly known for his writings on Immanuel Kant and the interplay between philosophy and cognitive science. Brook is Chancellor''s Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Carleton University, former President of the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society, and former President of the Canadian Philosophical Association. He subsequently co-authored Knowledge and Mind with Robert Stainton (MIT Press, 2000) and has edited several books on consciousness and cognitive science. Brook emphasizes in the book that Kant had something to offer contemporary psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind. Reviewing the book, Stevenson wrote in The Philosophical Quarterly, "I venture the judgement that this will be recognized as one of the most important books ever on Kant [10] However, Eric Watkins in the Journal of the History of Philosophy raised concerns about the literature Brook cited and the more controversial interpretations: "Brook neglects almost entirely the relevant German scholarship on Kant''s theory of mind, in the form of work by G. en-wikipedia-org-8239 Cultural liberalism Wikipedia This article is about the liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms. For the variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights, see Social liberalism. Find sources: "Cultural liberalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cultural liberalism is a liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms and in the words of Henry David Thoreau is often expressed as the right to "march to the beat of a different drummer".[1] Because cultural liberalism expresses the social dimension of liberalism, it is often referred to as social liberalism, especially in countries such as the United States. Cultural liberalism Cultural liberalism Cultural liberalism en-wikipedia-org-8243 Geolibertarians are generally influenced by the Georgist single tax movement of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, but the ideas behind it pre-date Henry George and can be found in different forms in the political writings of John Locke, the early agrarian socialism of English True Levellers or Diggers such as Gerrard Winstanley, the French Physiocrats (especially Quesnay and Turgot), British classical economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo, French liberal economists Jean-Baptiste Say and Frédéric Bastiat, American Revolutionary writers Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine, English Radical land reformer Thomas Spence, American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker, as well as British classical liberal philosophers John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. American economist and political philosopher Fred Foldvary coined the term geo-libertarianism in a so-titled article appearing in Land&Liberty.[6][7] In the case of geoanarchism, the most radically decentralized and scrupulously voluntarist form of geolibertarianism, Foldvary theorizes that ground rents would be collected by private agencies and persons would have the opportunity to secede from associated geocommunities—thereby opting out of their protective and legal services—if desired.[8] en-wikipedia-org-8248 Alvin Carl Plantinga[a] (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of philosophy of religion, epistemology (particularly on issues involving epistemic justification), and logic. He has delivered the Gifford Lectures two times and was described by Time magazine as "America''s leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God".[5] William Lane Craig wrote in his work Reasonable Faith that he considers Plantinga to be the greatest Christian philosopher alive.[6] In 2014, Plantinga was the 30th most-cited contemporary author in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[7] A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was awarded the Templeton Prize in 2017.[8] Some of Plantinga''s most influential works include God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in Warranted Christian Belief (2000) that was simplified in Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015).[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-8263 en-wikipedia-org-8266 en-wikipedia-org-8270 Category:Philosophers of logic Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of logic Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Philosophers of logic" The following 106 pages are in this category, out of 106 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Karl-Otto Apel Robert Audi Michael R. Arthur Danto Donald Davidson (philosopher) Michael Dummett Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Carl Gustav Hempel David Lewis (philosopher) John Stuart Mill David Miller (philosopher) Michael Polanyi Karl Popper Arthur Prior Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold Karl Leonhard Reinhold Friedrich Schleiermacher Arthur Schopenhauer Carl Stumpf Alfred Tarski Alfred North Whitehead Robert Anton Wilson John Worrall (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_logic&oldid=994842458" Categories: Philosophy of logic Philosophers by field Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 20:34 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-8273 en-wikipedia-org-8280 Harvard University Press Wikipedia Find sources: "Harvard University Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Related publishers, imprints, and series[edit] HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the Harvard Guide to American History.[7] The John Harvard Library book series is published under the Belknap imprint. Its 2011 publication Listed: Dispatches from America''s Endangered Species Act by Joe Roman[8] received the 2012 Rachel Carson Environment Book Award from the Society of Environmental Journalists.[9] Main category: Harvard University Press books "New director for Harvard University Press". Harvard University Press: A History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Harvard University Pressat Wikipedia''s sister projects Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University_Press&oldid=998426250" Categories: Harvard University Press Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8281 Transcendental theology Wikipedia Jump to navigation Transcendental theology is a term invented by Immanuel Kant to describe a method of discerning theological concepts.[1] Kant divided transcendental theology into "ontotheology" and "cosmotheology", both of which he also invented, "in order to distinguish between two competing types of ''transcendental theology''".[2] "Transcendental theology aims either at inferring the existence of a Supreme Being from a general experience, without any closer reference to the world to which this experience belongs, and in this case it is called cosmotheology; or it endeavours to cognize the existence of such a being, through mere conceptions, without the aid of experience, and is then termed ontotheology."[1] The problem of transcendental theology as developed by Kant is that human reason is not capable of proving God''s existence[citation needed]. This philosophy of religion-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_theology&oldid=987265780" Immanuel Kant Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:19 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-8287 Arthur attended lectures by the prominent post-Kantian philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte but quickly found many points of disagreement with his Wissenschaftslehre and he also found his lectures tedious and hard to understand.[67] He later mentioned Fichte only in critical, negative terms[67]—seeing his philosophy as a lower quality version of Kant''s and considering it useful only because Fichte''s poor arguments unintentionally highlighted some failings of Kantianism.[68] He also attended the lectures of the famous Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, whom he also quickly came to dislike.[69] His notes and comments on Schleiermacher''s lectures show that Schopenhauer was becoming very critical of religion and moving towards atheism.[70] He learned by self-directed reading; besides Plato, Kant and Fichte he also read the works of Schelling, Fries, Jacobi, Bacon, Locke, and much current scientific literature.[65] He attended philological courses by August Böckh and Friedrich August Wolf and continued his naturalistic interests with courses by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Paul Erman, Johann Elert Bode, Ernst Gottfried Fischer, Johann Horkel, Friedrich Christian Rosenthal and Hinrich Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein was also a friend whom he met at one of his mother''s parties in Weimar).[71] en-wikipedia-org-829 Find sources: "Perpetual peace" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Kant''s essay in some ways resembles modern democratic peace theory, though it also differs significantly from it. In "A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace", part IV of Principles of International Law (1786–89), Jeremy Bentham proposed that disarmament, arbitration, and the renunciation of colonies would produce perpetual peace,[4] thus relying merely on Kant''s preliminary articles and on none of the three main points; contrary to the modern theorists, he relied on public opinion, even against the absolute monarchy in Sweden. "The Idea of a Democratic Zone of Peace: Origins in the Enlightenment" <"Archived copy". "A Plan for an Universal and Perpetual Peace". ^ Utrecht University ''Perpetual Peace Project'' . "Perpetual peace: essays on Kant''s cosmopolitan ideal". Kant''s Project for a Perpetual Peace. Kant''s "Perpetual Peace" read in English (W. en-wikipedia-org-8298 en-wikipedia-org-83 en-wikipedia-org-8303 Template:Philosophy of religion Wikipedia Template:Philosophy of religion Philosophy of religion Natural evil Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge] {{Philosophy of religion sidebar}} exists as an alternative template to be used in articles listed as title articles in that sidebar. Please ensure that it is kept updated with any content changes made here. |state=collapsed: {{Philosophy of religion|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Philosophy of religion|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible |state=autocollapse: {{Philosophy of religion|state=autocollapse}} shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}}, a {{sidebar}}, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute shows the template in its expanded state if there are no other collapsible items on the page For the template on this page, that currently evaluates to collapsed. The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Philosophy of religion/doc. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy_of_religion&oldid=994777090" en-wikipedia-org-8305 Commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of antisemitic language and themes in his work, especially in his writing on the Boer War. Later, he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the redistribution of income by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies. Hobson wrote that "Jewish financiers", whom he saw as "parasites", manipulated the British government that danced to their "diabolical tune".[12][13] According to history professor Norman Etherington, the section on financiers in Imperialism seems irrelevant to Hobson''s economic discourse, and was probably included since Hobson truly believed it.[14] Hobson was innovative in tying between 1898 and 1902 the concept of modernity, empire, and Jews together; according to Hobson, the international financiers influenced the government partially through Jewish press ownership in South Africa and London.[15] en-wikipedia-org-8318 Formalism (art) Wikipedia In painting, formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape, texture, and other perceptual aspects rather than content, meaning, or the historical and social context. The historical origin of the modern form of the question of aesthetic formalism is usually dated to Immanuel Kant and the writing of his third Critique where Kant states: "Every form of the objects of sense is either figure (Gestalt) or play (Spiel). Nick Zangwill has defined formalism in art as referring to those properties "that are determined solely by sensory or physical properties—so long as the physical properties in question are not relations to other things and other times."[3] The philosopher and architect Branko Mitrovic has defined formalism in art and architecture as "the doctrine that states that the aesthetic qualities of works of visual art derive from the visual and spatial properties."[4] Uses in art history[edit] Art history en-wikipedia-org-8323 This guide presents the typical layout of Wikipedia articles, including the sections an article usually has, ordering of sections, and formatting styles for various elements of an article. Further information: Help:Section and Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Article titles, headings, and sections Because of the diversity of subjects it covers, Wikipedia has no general standard or guideline regarding the names or order of section headings within the body of an article. You can use the {{Main}} template to generate a "Main article" link, in Wikipedia''s "hatnote" style. However, bulleted lists are typical in the reference, further-reading, and external links sections towards the end of the article. Contents: A bulleted list of internal links to related Wikipedia articles. As a general rule, the "See also" section should not repeat links that appear in the article''s body.[12] For how to generate and format these sections, see Help:Footnotes, Help:Shortened footnotes, and Wikipedia:Citing sources (particularly § How to create the list of citations). en-wikipedia-org-8333 Richard Cobden (3 June 1804 – 2 April 1865) was an English manufacturer, Radical and Liberal MP, associated with two major free trade campaigns, the Anti-Corn Law League and the Cobden–Chevalier Treaty. la Roquette, "is not alone a misfortune for England (UK), but a cause of mourning for France and humanity." Drouyn de Lhuys, the French minister of foreign affairs, made his death the subject of a special despatch, desiring the French ambassador to express to the government "the mournful sympathy and truly national regret which the death, as lamented as premature, of Richard Cobden had excited on that side of the English Channel." "He is above all," he added, "in our eyes the representative of those sentiments and those cosmopolitan principles before which national frontiers and rivalries disappear; whilst essentially of his country, he was still more of his time; he knew what mutual relations could accomplish in our day for the prosperity of peoples. en-wikipedia-org-8334 Recorded works can also store information about the release date and country, the CD ID, cover art, acoustic fingerprint, free-form annotation text and other metadata. As of September 2020[update], MusicBrainz contained information on roughly 1.7 million artists, 2.6 million releases, and 23 million recordings.[2] End-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as ALAC, FLAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. Since 2003,[11] MusicBrainz''s core data (artists, recordings, releases, and so on) are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data (essentially every original content contributed by users and its elaborations), is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license.[12] The relational database management system is PostgreSQL. The BBC online music editors would also join the MusicBrainz community to contribute their knowledge to the database.[15] On 28 July 2008, the beta of the new BBC Music site was launched, which publishes a page for each MusicBrainz artist.[16][17] en-wikipedia-org-8335 en-wikipedia-org-8339 Category:Enlightenment philosophers Wikipedia Category:Enlightenment philosophers Jump to navigation Philosophers from the broad period in Western history known as the Age of Enlightenment. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enlightenment philosophers. This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Enlightenment philosophers" The following 122 pages are in this category, out of 122 total. René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d''Argenson James Burnett, Lord Monboddo Johann Georg Heinrich Feder Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Gottfried Herder Henry Home, Lord Kames Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Jean-Louis de Lolme John Millar (philosopher) Étienne-Gabriel Morelly Samuel von Pufendorf Jean-Jacques Rousseau Johann Friedrich Schultz Christian Wolff (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Enlightenment_philosophers&oldid=970832392" Categories: Enlightenment philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2020, at 17:50 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-8341 Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 – 4 April 1918) was a German Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century".[3] Cohen edited and published Friedrich Albert Lange''s final philosophical work, Logische Studien (Leipzig, 1877), and edited and wrote several versions of a long introduction and critical supplement to Lange''s Geschichte des Materialismus.[4] Cohen''s most famous Jewish works include: Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums (Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism, 1919),[6] Deutschtum und Judentum, Die Naechstenliebe im Talmud, and Die Ethik des Maimonides. Excerpts have been published in English translation: Reason and Hope: Selections from the Jewish Writings of Hermann Cohen. ^ Metzler Philosophical Lexikon, article on Hermann Cohen "Hermann Cohen," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. en-wikipedia-org-8343 (actual name: Hieronim Konarski; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish pedagogue, educational reformer, political writer, poet, dramatist, Piarist priest and precursor of the Enlightenment in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1730 he returned to Poland and began work on a new edition of Polish law, the Volumina legum. Konarski died, aged 72, in Warsaw, Poland. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stanisław Konarski. ^ Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1505–1764 (History of Poland 1505–1764), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN), Warszawa 1986, Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8351 en-wikipedia-org-8354 Empirical evidence is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.[1] The term comes from the Greek word for experience, ἐμπειρία (empeiría). After Immanuel Kant, in philosophy, it is common to call knowledge gained by means of empirical evidence a posteriori knowledge (in contrast to a priori knowledge). This stands in contrast to the rationalist view under which reason or reflection alone is considered evidence for the truth or falsity of some propositions.[2] Empirical evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation, in the form of recorded data, which may be the subject of analysis (e.g. by scientists). In science, empirical evidence is required for a hypothesis to gain acceptance in the scientific community. Theory-dependence of observation means that, even if there were agreed methods of inference and interpretation, scientists may still disagree on the nature of empirical data.[5] en-wikipedia-org-8356 In 1822, the British Parliament passed the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act.[14] In 1824, the first animal rights society was founded in England by Richard Martin, Arthur Broome, Lewis Gompertz and William Wilberforce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which later became the RSPCA.[15] The same year, Gompertz published Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, one of the first books advocating for what will be more than a century later known as veganism.[16] In 1835, Britain passed the first Cruelty to Animals Act.[17] In 1866, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded by New Yorker Henry Bergh.[18] In 1875, Frances Power Cobbe established the National Anti-Vivisection Society in Britain.[19] In 1892, English social reformer Henry Stephens Salt published Animal Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress.[20] en-wikipedia-org-8359 en-wikipedia-org-8360 en-wikipedia-org-8366 en-wikipedia-org-8374 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-8379 en-wikipedia-org-8384 Moral nihilism broadly today tends to take the form of an Error Theory: The view developed originally by J.L. Mackie in his 1977 book Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. Error theory and nihilism broadly take the form of a negative claim about the existence of objective values or properties. However, holding nihilism does not necessarily imply that we should give up using moral or ethical language; some nihilists contend that it remains a useful tool[4] In fact Mackie and other contemporary defenders of Error Theory (Richard Joyce, etc) defend the use of moral or ethical talk and action even in knowledge of their fundamental falsity. Ethical language: false versus not truth-apt[edit] In his book Morality without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism (1999), Mark Timmons provides a reconstruction of Mackie''s views in the form of the two related arguments. The Nature of Morality: An Introduction to Ethics. en-wikipedia-org-8395 en-wikipedia-org-84 For example, Frederick the Great was tutored in the ideas of the French Enlightenment in his youth, and maintained those ideas in his private life as an adult, but in many ways was unable or unwilling to effect enlightened reforms in practice.[7] Other rulers such as the Marquis of Pombal, prime minister of Portugal, used the ideas and practices of the Enlightenment not only to achieve reforms but also to enhance autocracy, crush opposition, suppress criticism, advance colonial economic exploitation, and consolidate personal control and profit.[citation needed] In some countries the initiative came not from rulers but from senior officials such as the Marquis of Pombal, who was Joseph I of Portugal''s Secretary of State.[18] For a brief period in Denmark Johann Friedrich Struensee attempted to govern in terms of Enlightenment principles. ^ Charles Ingrao, "The Problem of ''Enlightened Absolutism and the German States," Journal of Modern History Vol. 58, Supplement: Politics and Society in the Holy Roman Empire, 1500–1806 (Dec., 1986), pp. en-wikipedia-org-8400 en-wikipedia-org-8401 en-wikipedia-org-8417 en-wikipedia-org-8421 en-wikipedia-org-8427 William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was a classical liberal American social scientist. Sumner wrote widely within the social sciences, with numerous books and essays on American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University: Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. ^ William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883), 44–45. Barnes, Harry Elmer, "Two Representative Contributions of Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. G., "William Graham Sumner", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 6 (May, 1910), pp. "Pauperism and Poverty: Henry George, William Graham Sumner, and the Ideological Origins of Modern American Social Science". en-wikipedia-org-8428 Karl Ameriks Wikipedia Ameriks (born 1947) is an American philosopher. He is the Emeritus McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Education and career[edit] Ameriks co-edits the series Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Kant''s Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982; expanded ed., 2000) Kant and the Historical Turn: Philosophy as Critical Interpretation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006) American philosophy External links[edit] Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8430 Wieland''s tastes had changed; the writings of his early Swiss years — Der geprüfte Abraham (The Trial of Abraham''s Faith, 1753), Sympathien (1756), Empfindungen eines Christen (1757) — were still in the manner of his earlier writings, but with the tragedies, Lady Johanna Gray (1758), and Clementina von Porretta (1760) — the latter based on Samuel Richardson''s Sir Charles Grandison — the epic fragment Cyrus (first five cantos, 1759), and the "moral story in dialogues", Araspes und Panthea (1760), Wieland, as Gotthold Lessing said, "forsook the ethereal spheres to wander again among the sons of men." In Cyrus, he had been inspired by the deeds of Frederick the Great to write a poem exhibiting the ideal of a hero. en-wikipedia-org-8434 The Sautrāntika or Sutravadin (Sanskrit, Suttavāda in Pali; Chinese: 經量部\ 說經部; pinyin: jīng liàng bù\ shuō jīng bù; Japanese: 経量部, romanized: Kyou Ryou Bu) were an early Buddhist school generally believed to be descended from the Sthavira nikāya by way of their immediate parent school, the Sarvāstivādins.[1] While they are identified as a unique doctrinal tendency, they were part of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya lineage of monastic ordination.[2] The Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu wrote the famous Abhidharma work Abhidharmakośakārikā which presented Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma tenets, he also wrote a "bhāṣya" or commentary on this work, which presented critiques of the Vaibhāṣika tradition from a Sautrāntika perspective.[13] The Abhidharmakośa was highly influential and is the main text on Abhidharma used in Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism up until today. en-wikipedia-org-8436 Leslie John Green (born 1956) is a Scottish-Canadian scholar in the analytic philosophy of law, or jurisprudence as it is often called by academic lawyers. Born in Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland in 1956, and educated at Queen''s University, Canada, and at Nuffield College, Oxford, he completed his dissertation—which culminated in a book, The Authority of the State—under professors Charles Taylor and later Joseph Raz. Like Raz, he has been an expositor and defender of the tradition of legal positivism and wrote the introduction and new supplementary materials for the third edition of H.L.A. Hart''s classic work The Concept of Law. In 2006, Green was elected to the Professorship of Philosophy of Law at Oxford University, which includes a Fellowship at Balliol College. At the same time, Green took up a part-time appointment as Professor and Distinguished University Fellow in the Philosophy of Law at Queen''s University. Leslie Green''s Oxford faculty page en-wikipedia-org-844 The categorical imperative (German: kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. A moral maxim must imply absolute necessity, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being.[3] This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative, sometimes called the principle of universalizability: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."[1] According to Kant''s reasoning, we first have a perfect duty not to act by maxims that result in logical contradictions when we attempt to universalize them. Kant claims that the first formulation lays out the objective conditions on the categorical imperative: that it be universal in form and thus capable of becoming a law of nature. en-wikipedia-org-8441 en-wikipedia-org-8445 Robert Wisnovsky, a scholar of Avicenna attached to the McGill University, says that "Avicenna was the central figure in the long history of the rational sciences in Islam, particularly in the fields of metaphysics, logic and medicine" but that his works didn''t only have an influence in these "secular" fields of knowledge alone, as "these works, or portions of them, were read, taught, copied, commented upon, quoted, paraphrased and cited by thousands of post-Avicennian scholars — not only philosophers, logicians, physicians and specialists in the mathematical or exact sciences, but also by those who specialized in the disciplines of ʿilm al-kalām (rational theology, but understood to include natural philosophy, epistemology and philosophy of mind) and usūl al-fiqh (jurisprudence, but understood to include philosophy of law, dialectic, and philosophy of language)."[106] In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics. en-wikipedia-org-8451 1489 – 27 May 1525) was a German preacher and radical theologian of the early Reformation whose opposition to both Martin Luther and the Roman Catholic Church led to his open defiance of late-feudal authority in central Germany. By this time, Müntzer was not simply following Luther''s teachings; he had already begun to study the works of the mystics Henry Suso and Johannes Tauler, was seriously wondering about the possibility of enlightenment through dreams and visions, had thoroughly explored the early history of the Christian church, and was in correspondence with other radical reformers such as Karlstadt. He arranged for the printing of his German Church Service; the Protestation or Proposition by Thomas Müntzer from Stolberg in the Harz Mountains, now pastor of Allstedt, about his teachings; and On the Counterfeit Faith, in which he set out his belief that the true faith came from inner spiritual suffering and despair. en-wikipedia-org-8454 Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent.[1] Compatibilists believe freedom can be present or absent in situations for reasons that have nothing to do with metaphysics.[2] They say causal determinism does not exclude the truth of possible future outcomes.[3] Alternatives to strictly naturalist physics, such as mind–body dualism positing a mind or soul existing apart from one''s body while perceiving, thinking, choosing freely, and as a result acting independently on the body, include both traditional religious metaphysics and less common newer compatibilist concepts.[14] Also consistent with both autonomy and Darwinism,[15] they allow for free personal agency based on practical reasons within the laws of physics.[16] While less popular among 21st century philosophers, non-naturalist compatibilism is present in most if not almost all religions.[17] en-wikipedia-org-8457 Important sources of Jewish ethical law include Maimonides'' Mishneh Torah (12th century) and Joseph Karo and Moses Isserles''s Shulkhan Arukh (16th century), especially the section of that code titled "Choshen Mishpat." A wide array of topics on ethics are also discussed in medieval responsa literature. In the 20th and 21st centuries, liberal Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis have fostered novel approaches to Jewish ethics, for example in the writings of Eugene Borowitz and David Teutsch. Central virtues and principles in Jewish ethics[edit] Main article: Jewish business ethics In Judaism, extramarital sex is widely frowned upon.[34][35][36] Jewish ethics across denominations agrees that adultery and incestual relationships (Leviticus 18:6–23) are prohibited.[37] Main article: Jewish medical ethics Jewish war ethics are developed by Maimonides in his "Laws of Kings and their Wars," part of his Mishneh Torah. Further reading on Jewish ethics[edit] Categories: Jewish ethical law en-wikipedia-org-8462 en-wikipedia-org-8463 Luce Irigaray (born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst and cultural theorist who examined the uses and misuses of language in relation to women.[3] Irigaray''s first and most well known book, published in 1974, was Speculum of the Other Woman (1974), which analyzes the texts of Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant through the lens of phallocentrism. Irigaray, Luce (1996), "This sex which is not one", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue (eds.), Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. Irigaray, Luce (1997), "This sex which is not one", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.), The second wave: a reader in feminist theory, New York: Routledge, pp. ^ Luce Irigaray, "Women on the Market", in: This Sex Which Is Not One, Cornell University Press, 1985, p. en-wikipedia-org-8465 In philosophical methodology, there are (at least) two important and interrelated features of Strawson''s work that are worthy of note.[6] The first is the project of a ''descriptive'' metaphysics, and the second is his notion of a shared conceptual scheme, composed of concepts operated in everyday life. That golden age had no greater philosopher than Sir Peter Strawson."[7] In its obituary, The Times of London described him as a "philosopher of matchless range who made incisive, influential contributions to problems of language and metaphysics."[8] The author went on to say: Few scholars achieve lasting fame as dramatically as did the philosopher Sir Peter Strawson. By 1950 Strawson, then a Fellow of University College, Oxford, was already a respected tutor and a promising member of the group of younger Oxford dons whose careful attention to the workings of natural languages marked them out as ''linguistic'' philosophers. "Propositions, Concepts and Logical Truths" (Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 7, 1957) en-wikipedia-org-8466 It lays out ten ideals: Free inquiry as opposed to censorship and imposition of belief; separation of church and state; the ideal of freedom from religious control and from jingoistic government control; ethics based on critical intelligence rather than that deduced from religious belief; moral education; religious skepticism; reason; a belief in science and technology as the best way of understanding the world; evolution; and education as the essential method of building humane, free, and democratic societies.[28] All three types of Humanism (and all three of the American Humanist Association''s manifestos) reject deference to supernatural beliefs; promoting the practical, methodological naturalism of science, but also going further and supporting the philosophical stance of metaphysical naturalism.[32] The result is an approach to issues in a secular way. en-wikipedia-org-8469 The capacity of artworks to arouse emotions such as fear is a subject of philosophical and psychological research.[1] It raises problems such as the paradox of fiction in which one responds with sometimes quite intense emotions to art, even whilst knowing that the scenario presented is fictional (see for instance the work of Kendall Walton). This problem was first raised by David Hume, and was revived in current discussion by Richard Moran, Kendall Walton and Tamar Gendler (who introduced the term in its current usage in a 2000 article by the same name).[2] Some forms of artwork seem to be dedicated to the arousal of particular emotions. For instance horror films seek to arouse feelings of fear or disgust; comedies seek to arouse amusement or happiness, tragedies seek to arouse sympathy or sadness, and melodramas try to arouse pity and empathy. en-wikipedia-org-8471 en-wikipedia-org-8477 en-wikipedia-org-848 For comparison, an estimated 1,680,000,000 people died from infectious diseases in the 20th century.[13] Nuclear warfare breaking out in August 1988, when nuclear arsenals were at peak level, and the aftermath thereof could have reduced the human population from 5,150,000,000 by 1,850,000,000 to 3,300,000,000 within a period of about one year, according to a projection that did not consider "the most severe predictions concerning nuclear winter".[14] This would have been a proportional reduction of the world''s population exceeding the reduction caused in the 14th century by the Black Death, and comparable in proportional terms with the plague''s impact on Europe''s population in 1346–53. en-wikipedia-org-8485 en-wikipedia-org-8494 en-wikipedia-org-8496 en-wikipedia-org-8505 en-wikipedia-org-8519 Category:1724 births Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1724 births. Pages in category "1724 births" Sir John Alleyne, 1st Baronet Sir Thomas Alston, 5th Baronet John Angus (minister) John Ashburnham, 2nd Earl of Ashburnham William Baylies (physician) Richard Hamilton, 4th Viscount Boyne Christoph Franz von Buseck Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, 1st Prince of Leiningen John Tuchet, 8th Earl of Castlehaven Friedrich Karl Kasimir von Creutz Charles Joseph Devillers Joseph Yorke, 1st Baron Dover Francis William Drake Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Johann Ignaz von Felbiger William Gilpin (priest) John Henniker, 1st Baron Henniker John Hunter (British politician) Johann Nepomuk Karl, Prince of Liechtenstein Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Frederick William von Kleist Friedrich von Knauss Jean-Joseph de Laborde William Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1724_births&oldid=945171313" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8527 en-wikipedia-org-8529 en-wikipedia-org-853 en-wikipedia-org-8530 en-wikipedia-org-8531 en-wikipedia-org-8541 A Kantian category is a characteristic of the appearance of any object in general, before it has been experienced (a priori). Aristotle had claimed that the following ten predicates or categories could be asserted of anything in general: substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, affection (passivity), place, time (date), position, and state. The Categories of Aristotle and Kant are the general properties that belong to all things without expressing the peculiar nature of any particular thing. An object in general does not have all of the Categories as predicates at one time. A general object, that is, every object, has attributes that are contained in Kant''s list of Categories. Kant created a table of the forms of such judgments as they relate to all objects in general.[9] The table of categories[edit] en-wikipedia-org-8542 The last event mentioned in his Histories seems to be the construction of the Via Domitia in southern France in 118 BC, which suggests the writings of Pseudo-Lucian may have some grounding in fact when they state, "[Polybius] fell from his horse while riding up from the country, fell ill as a result and died at the age of eighty-two". In the twelfth volume of his Histories, Polybius defines the historian''s job as the analysis of documentation, the review of relevant geographical information, and political experience. The Histories or The Rise of the Roman Empire by Polybius: "Polybius (1), Greek historian, c. Cultural Politics in Polybius''s Histories. Polybius on the Writing of History. en-wikipedia-org-8543 Ernest Sosa (born June 17, 1940) is an American philosopher primarily interested in epistemology.[1] Since 2007 he has been Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University, but he spent most of his career at Brown University. Sosa is a past president of the American Philosophical Association and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.[3] He edits the philosophical journals Noûs[5] and Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.[6] In 2005 he delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford,[7] which formed the basis of his 2007 book. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8549 en-wikipedia-org-8552 en-wikipedia-org-8556 en-wikipedia-org-8562 en-wikipedia-org-8581 en-wikipedia-org-8583 en-wikipedia-org-8587 en-wikipedia-org-8599 en-wikipedia-org-8601 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-8604 Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness". The relation is created between the original subject and a new term that represents the property expressed by the original predicate. The logical functioning of the second object Y-ness consists solely in the truth-values of those propositions that have the corresponding abstract property Y as the predicate. The object of thought introduced in this way may be called a hypostatic object and in some senses an abstract object and a formal object. The abstraction of hypostasis takes the concrete physical sense of "taste" found in "honey is sweet" and gives it formal metaphysical characteristics in "honey has sweetness". Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Abstract object theory Abstract object Abstract object en-wikipedia-org-8607 Template:Age of Enlightenment Wikipedia Template:Age of Enlightenment Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge] |state=collapsed: {{Age of Enlightenment|state=collapsed}} to show the template collapsed, i.e., hidden apart from its title bar |state=expanded: {{Age of Enlightenment|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i.e., fully visible shows the template collapsed to the title bar if there is a {{navbar}}, a {{sidebar}}, or some other table on the page with the collapsible attribute shows the template in its expanded state if there are no other collapsible items on the page For the template on this page, that currently evaluates to collapsed. This template includes collapsible groups/sections. For example: {{Age of Enlightenment |topics}} Georges-Louis Leclerc Georges-Louis Leclerc Guillaume Thomas François Raynal Guillaume Thomas François Raynal Jean-Louis de Lolme Jean-Louis de Lolme Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Andrzej Stanisław Załuski The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Age of Enlightenment/doc. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Age_of_Enlightenment&oldid=963274312" Categories: Age of Enlightenment Philosophy and thinking templates Template en-wikipedia-org-8610 en-wikipedia-org-8623 I. Lewis'' main arguments in Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge (1929) was that science does not merely provide a copy of reality but must work with conceptual systems and that those are chosen for pragmatic reasons, that is, because they aid inquiry. In the early 20th century, Symbolic interactionism, a major perspective within sociological social psychology, was derived from pragmatism, especially the work of George Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley, as well as that of Peirce and William James.[35] The classical pragmatism of John Dewey, William James, and Charles Sanders Peirce has influenced research in the field of public administration. Together with authors such as Juergen Habermas, Hans Joas, Sami Pihlstroem, Mats Bergmann, Michael Esfeld, and Helmut Pape, he belongs to a group of European pragmatists who make use of Peirce, James, Dewey, Rorty, Brandom, Putnam, and other representatives of American pragmatism in continental philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-863 en-wikipedia-org-8631 en-wikipedia-org-8643 File:German 5 DM 1974 D Silver Coin Immanuel Kant.jpg Wikipedia File:German 5 DM 1974 D Silver Coin Immanuel Kant.jpg This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Berlin-George Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 01:04, 5 June 2013 2,399 × 1,162 (292 KB) Berlin-George User created page with UploadWizard The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): The following other wikis use this file: Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_5_DM_1974_D_Silver_Coin_Immanuel_Kant.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-8644 This is not an absolute guideline; for example, the study of "music" in the Quadrivium liberal arts university curriculum that was common in medieval Europe was an abstract system of proportions that was carefully studied at a distance from actual musical practice.[2] However, this medieval discipline became the basis for tuning systems in later centuries, and it is generally included in modern scholarship on the history of music theory.[3] Etymologically, music theory is an act of contemplation of music, from the Greek θεωρία, a looking at, viewing, contemplation, speculation, theory, also a sight, a spectacle.[5] As such, it is often concerned with abstract musical aspects such as tuning and tonal systems, scales, consonance and dissonance, and rhythmic relationships, but there is also a body of theory concerning practical aspects, such as the creation or the performance of music, orchestration, ornamentation, improvisation, and electronic sound production.[6] A person who researches, teaches, or writes articles about music theory is a music theorist. Music theory considers melody, rhythm, counterpoint, harmony, form, tonal systems, scales, tuning, intervals, consonance, dissonance, durational proportions, the acoustics of pitch systems, composition, performance, orchestration, ornamentation, improvisation, electronic sound production, etc.[34] en-wikipedia-org-865 en-wikipedia-org-8655 en-wikipedia-org-8656 en-wikipedia-org-8668 AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-8676 en-wikipedia-org-8678 en-wikipedia-org-8681 Kraemer highlighted a link between arguments of religious experience and self-righteousness (perception of superiority over those who do not receive providence).[6] In Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion, New Atheist author Sam Harris assigns great value to religious experiences, but denies that facts about the cosmos can rationally be inferred from them, highlighting how different religions would give incompatible interpretations of the experiences.[7] A Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article by Mark Webb suggests two responses to the argument: postulate a common core to the experiences that is then described with different details, or accept the experiences of one''s own tradition as accurate while rejecting those of others as inaccurate.[8] ^ Polkinghorne, Belief in God in an Age of Science "the surveys conducted by the distinguished biologist Alister Hardy" Swinburne references David Hay Religious Experience Today (1990) chapters 5, 6 and Appendix William Alston, Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience, Cornell University Press: 1991 ( en-wikipedia-org-8683 en-wikipedia-org-8685 Karl Nickerson Llewellyn (May 22, 1893 – February 13, 1962) was a prominent American jurisprudential scholar associated with the school of legal realism. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Llewellyn as one of the twenty most cited American legal scholars of the 20th century.[1] She went on to become dean of University of Miami School of Law. Llewellyn died in Chicago of a heart attack on February 13, 1962. Compared with traditional jurisprudence, known as legal formalism, Llewellyn and the legal realists proposed that the facts and outcomes of specific cases composed the law, rather than logical reasoning from legal rules. 1989: The Case Law System in America, edited and with an introduction by Paul Gewirtz, University of Chicago Press. 2011: The Theory of Rules, edited and with and Introduction by Frederick Schauer, University of Chicago Press (A lost treatise rediscovered decades after Llewellyn''s death.) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-870 en-wikipedia-org-8706 en-wikipedia-org-8709 Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.[1][2] The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[3] Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.[3] However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.[4] In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.[5] Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press. ^ a b "holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. ^ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Media related to Holism at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-8710 en-wikipedia-org-8712 en-wikipedia-org-8714 en-wikipedia-org-8715 Quietism in philosophy sees the role of philosophy as broadly therapeutic or remedial.[citation needed] Quietist philosophers believe that philosophy has no positive thesis to contribute, but rather that its value is in defusing confusions in the linguistic and conceptual frameworks of other subjects, including non-quietist philosophy.[1] By re-formulating supposed problems in a way that makes the misguided reasoning from which they arise apparent, the quietist hopes to put an end to humanity''s confusion, and help return to a state of intellectual quietude.[citation needed] Contemporary discussion of quietism can be traced back to Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose work greatly influenced the ordinary language philosophers. One of the early ''ordinary language'' works, Gilbert Ryle''s The Concept of Mind, attempted to demonstrate that dualism arises from a failure to appreciate that mental vocabulary and physical vocabulary are simply different ways of describing one and the same thing, namely human behaviour. en-wikipedia-org-8717 Action theory (philosophy) Wikipedia Action theory (philosophy) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, jurisprudence, and philosophy of mind, and has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle''s Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book). Philosophical action theory, or the philosophy of action, should not be confused with sociological theories of social action, such as the action theory established by Talcott Parsons. In the simple theory (see Donald Davidson), the desire and belief jointly cause the action. Michael Bratman has raised problems for such a view and argued that we should take the concept of intention as basic and not analyzable into beliefs and desires. The Philosophy of Action, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Philosophy of Action: A Contemporary Introduction, London, Routledge. Action theory Categories: Action (philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-8729 Valentin de Foronda Wikipedia In November 1799, De Foronda wrote a letter to the then Spanish Secretary of State Mariano Luis de Urquijo, another Basque, concerning the financial crushing of the "Banco de San Carlos", a precursor to the present-day Bank of Spain, where he had invested the proceeds of sale of his land and farms. Sidney Smith from Duke University, (US), 40 pages in pdf format, Valentin de Foronda, Diplomático y Economista: Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentin_de_Foronda&oldid=967894144" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2020, at 23:45 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-8734 en-wikipedia-org-8736 Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with BIBSYS identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 68,174 total. Andreas Leigh Aabel Johannes Aagaard Hans Aall Bjørn Aamodt Andreas Aarflot Hans Aarnes Jacob Abbott Categories: Pages with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8740 en-wikipedia-org-8741 Naturphilosophie (German for "nature-philosophy") is a term used in English-language philosophy to identify a current in the philosophical tradition of German idealism, as applied to the study of nature in the earlier 19th century. Always controversial, some of Schelling''s ideas in this direction are still considered of philosophical interest, even if the subsequent development of experimental natural science had a destructive impact on the credibility of the theories of his followers in Naturphilosophie.[2] Later Friedrich Schlegel theorised about a particular German strand in philosophy of nature, citing Jakob Böhme, Johannes Kepler and Georg Ernst Stahl, with Jan Baptist van Helmont as an edge case.[5] Frederick Beiser instead traces Naturphilosophie as developed by Schelling, Hegel, Schlegel and Novalis to a crux in the theory of matter, and identifies the origins of the line they took with the vis viva theory of matter in the work of Gottfried Leibniz.[6] en-wikipedia-org-8742 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-8776 en-wikipedia-org-8777 It is the second-largest denomination of Christianity (after Catholicism) with a total of 800 million to 1 billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians.[1][2][a] It originated with the 16th-century Reformation,[b] a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic Church.[4] Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and matters of church polity and apostolic succession.[5] They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works, the Bible as being the sole highest authority (sola scriptura) (scripture alone) rather than also with sacred tradition, and morals specific to Christians.[6] The "five solae" summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Catholic Church.[7] en-wikipedia-org-8785 Yet we already have a wide variety of genres to choose from in order to study the manuscripts from a philosophical perspective: The many maxims in "The Teaching of Ptahhotep", the earliest preserved manuscript of this vizier of the fifth dynasty is from the 19th century BCE, in which he also argues that you should "follow your heart"; "The Teaching of Ani", written by a humble middle-class scribe in the 13th century BCE, which gives advice to the ordinary man; "The Satire of the Trades" by Khety, who tries to convince his son Pepy to "love books more than your mother" as there is nothing "on earth" like being a scribe; the masterpiece "The Dispute Between a Man and His Ba" of the 19th century BCE – in which a man laments "the misery of life," while his ba (personality/soul) replies that life is good, that he should rather "ponder life" as it is a burial that is miserable – recently discussed by Peter Adamson and Chike Jeffers in their "Africana Philosophy" podcast series. en-wikipedia-org-8787 en-wikipedia-org-879 This makes quasi-realism a form of non-cognitivism or expressivism.[1] Quasi-realism stands in opposition to other forms of non-cognitivism (such as emotivism[clarification needed] and universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism and ethical subjectivism). Thus, Blackburn''s theory of quasi-realism provides a coherent account of ethical pluralism. Attempts have been made to derive from it a comprehensive theory of ethics, such as Iain King''s quasi-utilitarianism in his book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time (2008).[4] Blackburn buttresses these arguments by further examples of quasi-realism in our understanding of the world beyond ethics.[6] Quasi-realism captures in some important ways the structure of our ethical experience of the world and why we can assert claims such as "It is wrong to be cruel to children" as if they were facts even though they do not share the properties of facts; namely the inference of independent truth-values. en-wikipedia-org-8790 en-wikipedia-org-8793 en-wikipedia-org-8796 Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud''s death in 1939.[1] Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related psychological attributes making up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. Freud''s theory and work with psychosexual development led to Neo-Analytic/ Neo-Freudians who also believed in the importance of the unconscious, dream interpretations, defense mechanisms and the integral influence of childhood experiences but had objections to the theory as well. The most important theorists are Erik Erikson (Psychosocial Development), Anna Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Karen Horney, and including the school of object relations. Psychoanalytic theory is a major influence in Continental philosophy and in aesthetics in particular. "Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality". en-wikipedia-org-8801 Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (German: [ˈluːtvɪç ˈfɔʏɐbax];[3][4] 28 July 1804 – 13 September 1872) was a German philosopher and anthropologist best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity that strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including Charles Darwin, Karl Marx,[5] Sigmund Freud,[6] Friedrich Engels,[7] Richard Wagner,[8] and Friedrich Nietzsche.[9] An associate of Left Hegelian circles, Feuerbach advocated atheism and anthropological materialism.[1] Many of his philosophical writings offered a critical analysis of religion. In part I of his book Feuerbach developed what he calls the "true or anthropological essence of religion." Treating of God in his various aspects "as a being of the understanding", "as a moral being or law", "as love" and so on. ^ a b c Harvey, Van A., "Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. en-wikipedia-org-8803 en-wikipedia-org-8809 en-wikipedia-org-8813 en-wikipedia-org-8821 en-wikipedia-org-8824 In addition to marking a distinct movement in traditional and analytic epistemology, social epistemology is associated with the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies (STS). In 1936, Karl Mannheim turned Karl Marx''s theory of ideology (which interpreted the "social" aspect in epistemology to be of a political or sociological nature) into an analysis of how the human society develops and functions in this respect. The basic view of knowledge that motivated the emergence of social epistemology as it is perceived today can be traced to the work of Thomas Kuhn and Michel Foucault, which gained acknowledgment at the end of the 1960s. On this background, ongoing work in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and the history and philosophy of science (HPS) was able to assert its epistemological consequences, leading most notably to the establishment of the strong programme at the University of Edinburgh. en-wikipedia-org-8825 Figure illustrating the fields that contributed to the birth of cognitive science, including linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophy, anthropology, and psychology[1] Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology.[3] The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. In the last fifty years or so, more and more researchers have studied knowledge and use of language as a cognitive phenomenon, the main problems being how knowledge of language can be acquired and used, and what precisely it consists of.[11] Linguists have found that, while humans form sentences in ways apparently governed by very complex systems, they are remarkably unaware of the rules that govern their own speech. en-wikipedia-org-8828 The philosophy of motion is important in the study of theories of change in natural systems and is closely connected to studies of space and time in philosophy. This tiny random motion serves to bring atoms into contact and begin the cascade that leads to the organization of matter as it is perceived by us, introducing an element of uncertainty allowing for the existence of individual choice, an essential concept in Epicure''s philosophy. Achieving a coherent understanding of motion has been, and continues to be, of importance in understanding the nature of space and time in modern science.[according to whom?] The main philosophical debate has been between absolute and relational conceptions of motion.[6] The philosophy of movement is also a subfield of contemporary philosophy related to process philosophy and defined by the study of social, aesthetic, scientific, and ontological domains from the perspective of the primacy of movement.[7] This includes philosophers such as Erin Manning and Thomas Nail. en-wikipedia-org-8833 In the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas – influenced by Augustine – proposed a similar theodicy based on the view that God is goodness and that there can be no evil in him. Augustine also influenced John Calvin, who supported Augustine''s view that evil is the result of free will and argued that sin corrupts humans, requiring God''s grace to give moral guidance. This helped him develop a response to the problem of evil from a theological (and non-Manichean) perspective,[10] based on his interpretation of the first few chapters of Genesis and the writings of Paul the Apostle.[11] In City of God, Augustine developed his theodicy as part of his attempt to trace human history and describe its conclusion.[12] In God, Power and Evil: A Process Theodicy, published in 1976, David Ray Griffin criticised Augustine''s reliance on free will and argued that it is incompatible with divine omniscience and omnipotence. en-wikipedia-org-8835 Martín Sarmiento or Martiño Sarmiento, also Father Sarmiento (born Pedro José García Balboa; March 9, 1695 in Villafranca del Bierzo, El Bierzo – December 7, 1772 in Madrid) was a Spanish scholar, writer and Benedictine monk, illustrious representative of the Enlightenment. Sarmiento thought that Galician should be taught in schools and priests should know it in order to confess people. Memorias para la historia de la poesía y poetas españoles, (1741-1745), first edition, Madrid, 1775. Manuel María (2016) Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8839 en-wikipedia-org-884 The critical legal studies movement emerged in the mid-1970s as a network of leftist law professors in the United States who developed the realist indeterminacy thesis in the service of leftist ideals. Duncan Kennedy, a Harvard law professor who along with Unger was one of the key figures in the movement, has said that, in the early days of critical legal studies, "just about everyone in the network was a white male with some interest in 60s style radical politics or radical sentiment of one kind or another. In addition, CLS has had a practical effect on legal education, as it was the inspiration and focus of Georgetown University Law Center''s alternative first year curriculum, (Termed "Curriculum B", known as "Section 3" within the school). Law and Critique is one of the few UK journals that specifically identifies itself with critical legal theory. ^ "Critical Legal Theory", Cornell Law School> Retrieved 2017-08-10. en-wikipedia-org-8840 en-wikipedia-org-8843 List of ethicists including religious or political figures recognized by those outside their tradition as having made major contributions to ideas about ethics, or raised major controversies by taking strong positions on previously unexplored problems. All are known for an ethical work or problem, but a few are primarily authors or satirists, or known as a mediator, politician, futurist or scientist, rather than as an ethicist or philosopher. John Arthur Abraham ibn Daud Frank Herbert John Peters Humphrey author of UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights Thomas Henry Huxley Francis Jeffrey Immanuel Kant Metaphysic of Ethics H. Richard Niebuhr John Joseph O''Connor Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel David Friedrich Strauss William George Ward Index of ethics articles Index of ethics articles List of ethics topics Normative ethics Virtue ethics Applied ethics Ethical non-naturalism Good and evil Charles Taylor Descriptive ethics History of ethics Ethics lists Edit links en-wikipedia-org-8846 en-wikipedia-org-8847 en-wikipedia-org-8851 en-wikipedia-org-8853 In the May 13, 2015 issue of The Atlantic, Susan Price notes that even though Kant''s first work in 1747 cites Émilie Du Châtelet, a philosopher who was a "...scholar of Newton, religion, science, and mathematics", "her work won''t be found in the 1,000-plus pages of the new edition of The Norton Introduction to Philosophy." [10] The Norton Introduction does not name a female philosopher until the book begins to cover the mid-20th century. Anzaldúa (1947-2004) as precursors to the field.[86] Latina philosophers who practice in the United States and publish widely in Spanish and English include: Maria Lugones (1948-) [87], and Susana Nuccetelli (1954) from Argentina; and Ofelia Schutte (1944) from Cuba[88]; Linda Martín Alcoff (1955) from Panama (editor of "Stories of Women in Philosophy")[68]; and Giannina Braschi (1953) from Puerto Rico[89]. en-wikipedia-org-8855 en-wikipedia-org-886 View source for Immanuel Kant Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8860 en-wikipedia-org-888 Aenesidemus (book) Wikipedia Aenesidemus is a German book published anonymously by Professor Gottlob Ernst Schulze of Helmstedt in 1792. Schulze attempted to refute the principles that Karl Leonhard Reinhold established in support of Immanuel Kant''s Critique of Pure Reason (1781). Its complete title, in English translation, was Aenesidemus or Concerning the Foundations of the Philosophy of the Elements Issued by Professor Reinhold in Jena Together with a Defense of Skepticism against the Pretensions of the Critique of Reason (German: Aenesidemus oder über die Fundamente der von dem Herrn Professor Reinhold in Jena gelieferten Elementar-Philosophie. Schulze''s skepticism[edit] Kant, however, was guilty of begging the question in that he presupposed that the thing-in-itself exists and causally interacts with observing subjects. Kant and Reinhold claimed that the reality of objects can be known from the representations in the mind of the observing subject. External links[edit] Books about Immanuel Kant en-wikipedia-org-8889 Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with MBA identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 127,033 total. 2nd South Carolina String Band 3rd Avenue (band) 7 Seconds (band) 8-Ball (band) 10 Years (band) Categories: Pages with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8896 en-wikipedia-org-8898 en-wikipedia-org-890 Hume''s compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom.[16] His views on philosophy of religion, including his rejection of miracles and the argument from design for God''s existence, were especially controversial for their time. For over 60 years, Hume was the dominant interpreter of English history.[32]:120 He described his "love for literary fame" as his "ruling passion"[17] and judged his two late works, the so-called "first" and "second" enquiries, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, as his greatest literary and philosophical achievements.[17] He would ask of his contemporaries to judge him on the merits of the later texts alone, rather than on the more radical formulations of his early, youthful work, dismissing his philosophical debut as juvenilia: "A work which the Author had projected before he left College."[33] Despite Hume''s protestations, a consensus exists today that his most important arguments and philosophically distinctive doctrines are found in the original form they take in the Treatise. en-wikipedia-org-8906 Gupta (/ˈɡʊptə/; born 1949) is an Indian-American philosopher who works primarily in logic, epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[1] His most recent book, Conscious Experience: A Logical Inquiry, was published by Harvard University Press in 2019.[2] Gupta has recently applied the informal ideas of revision theory to problems arising in the philosophy of perception.[9] In Empiricism and Experience, Gupta proposes a novel empiricist account of the logical relation between perceptual experience and knowledge.[10][11][12] He argues that this empiricism has significant advantages over the traditional versions of the view.[15] Among other features, Gupta''s empiricism does not require the acceptance of an anti-realism about commonsense and theoretical objects, and it does not rely on the analytic-synthetic distinction to do any substantive work. On Gupta-Belnap Revision Theories of Truth, Kripkean Fixed Points, and the Next Stable Set. Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 7: 345–360. en-wikipedia-org-8908 The theological veto is the concept in philosophy of religion that philosophy and logic are impious and that God, not reason, is sovereign.[1][page needed] This concept is held as true by some theists, especially religious fundamentalists. In this view, natural reason is so profoundly hostile to the divine that holding it above faith is tantamount to worshiping a sinful creature as an idol. Even the use of reason on behalf of faith is rejected under the theological veto, as it shows faithlessness. Rejecting the theological veto[edit] There are several reasons put forth by those who reject the theological veto. One way to reject the theological veto is to assert that one cannot isolate reason from faith. This argument asserts that even the theological veto itself must be consistent with itself and inconsistent with reason. This philosophy of religion-related article is a stub. Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 en-wikipedia-org-8915 James Burnett, Lord Monboddo Wikipedia James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (baptised 25 October 1714; died 26 May 1799), was a Scottish judge, scholar of linguistic evolution, philosopher and deist. In the era after Monboddo was appointed to Justice of the high court, he organised "learned suppers" at his house on 13 St John Street,[7] off the Canongate in Edinburgh''s Old Town, where he discussed and lectured about his theories. In 1772 in a letter to James Harris, Monboddo articulated that his theory of language evolution (Harris 1772) was simply a part of the manner that man had advanced from the lower animals, a clear precedent of evolutionary thought. Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Burnett, Lord Monboddo Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Burnett, Lord Monboddo. "Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo (bap. Works by James Burnett, Lord Monboddo at Open Library en-wikipedia-org-8918 en-wikipedia-org-8923 Liberalism in Moldova Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberalism in Moldova" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Republic of Moldova. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, principally those with a history of representation in parliament. 2.1 Towards the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova 2.3 Towards the Liberal Party (2005) 2.3 Towards the Liberal Party (2005) Towards the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova[edit] 1993: The National Liberal Party (PNL) is established. 2006: The National Liberal Party is re-founded. 2011: The PAMN is absorbed by the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. Towards the Democratic Party of Moldova[edit] Towards the Liberal Party (2005)[edit] 2005: The PR adopts the name Liberal Party (PL). Timeline of liberal parties in Romania This liberalism-related article is a stub. Categories: Liberalism in Moldova en-wikipedia-org-8926 Liberalism and radicalism in Chile Wikipedia Liberalism and radicalism in Chile Find sources: "Liberalism and radicalism in Chile" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of liberal and radical parties in Chile. 2.5 Liberal Democratic Party (1892) 2.5 Liberal Democratic Party (1892) 2.7 United Liberal Party Liberal Party[edit] 1885: An anti-government faction formed the ⇒ Independent Liberal Party 1891: The faction supporting President Balmaceda in the 1891 civil war formed a second ⇒ Liberal Democratic Party. 1931: Another faction formed the ⇒ United Liberal Party 1863: A radical faction of the ⇒ Liberal Party formed the Radical Party (Partido Radical) 1946: A moderate faction formed the ⇒ Radical Democratic Party Independent Liberal Party[edit] Liberal Democratic Party (1892)[edit] Liberal Democratic Party (1892)[edit] United Liberal Party[edit] Radical Democratic Party[edit] Left Radical Party[edit] en-wikipedia-org-8928 en-wikipedia-org-8929 Against his positivist contemporaries, Windelband argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with the natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies. History and philosophy of science Philosophers of science Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-893 en-wikipedia-org-8940 Anselm has been called "the most luminous and penetrating intellect between St Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas"[111] and "the father of scholasticism",[37] Scotus Erigena having employed more mysticism in his arguments.[95] Anselm''s works are considered philosophical as well as theological since they endeavor to render Christian tenets of faith, traditionally taken as a revealed truth, as a rational system.[139] Anselm also studiously analyzed the language used in his subjects, carefully distinguishing the meaning of the terms employed from the verbal forms, which he found at times wholly inadequate.[140] His worldview was broadly Neoplatonic, as it was reconciled with Christianity in the works of St Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysius,[3][d] with his understanding of Aristotelian logic gathered from the works of Boethius.[142][143][37] He or the thinkers in northern France who shortly followed him—including Abelard, William of Conches, and Gilbert of Poitiers—inaugurated "one of the most brilliant periods of Western philosophy", innovating logic, semantics, ethics, metaphysics, and other areas of philosophical theology.[144] en-wikipedia-org-8945 en-wikipedia-org-8953 The fundamental liberal ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the separation of church and state, the right to due process and equality under the law are widely accepted as a common foundation of liberalism. The first period liberalism in Georgia is closely associated with the leader of intellectual movement named "Tergdaleulebi" prince Ilia Chavchavadze.[1] Ilia Chavchavadze was a Georgian public figure, journalist, publisher, writer and poet who spearheaded the revival of the Georgian national movement in the second half of the 19th century and played a major role in the creation of Georgian civil society during the Russian rule of Georgia. Two Georgian political parties Republican and Free Democrats are members of Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. en-wikipedia-org-8960 en-wikipedia-org-8967 It abides within every bit of the creation[1] as symbolized by the symbol Ik Onkar.[2] The One is indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who surrenders their egoism and meditates upon that Oneness.[3] The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. Sikh philosophy enunciates the belief that the limits of Time and Space are known only to God. Answers to the questions of "When did the Universe come into existence?" or "How big is this Universe?" are beyond human understanding. God, as stated in SatGuru Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, is Akal Murat, the Eternal Being;It is beyond time and ever the same.[18] "Saibhan(g)", another attribute to God means that no one else but God created the creation. "Different Names of GOD incorporated in Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji". en-wikipedia-org-8968 The first history of Romanian philosophy was published in 1922 by Marin Ştefănescu, proving that philosophical thinking in Romania had reached the level of self-reflexivity; in other words, it had become conscious of itself. Thus, the authors say: "At the peak of its evolution between the two world wars, Romanian philosophy had the following characteristic features: it was closely related to literature, in the sense that most Romanian philosophers were also important writers; it showed excessive preoccupation with the issue of Romanian identity; it was involved in Romania''s historical, political and ideological debates, fueling attitudes in favour of or against Westernization and modernization; it synchronized quickly with Western philosophical thinking; and it was (and still is) lacking in ethical thought." (Marta Petreu, Mircea Flonta, Ioan Lucian Muntean, "Romania, philosophy in" from the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2004) en-wikipedia-org-8970 a school of Islamic philosophy Avicennism is a school of Islamic philosophy which was established by Avicenna. He developed his philosophy throughout the course of his life after being deeply moved and concerned by the Metaphysics of Aristotle and studying it for over a year. According to Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, there are two kind of Avicennism: Islamic or Iranian Avicennism, and Latin Avicennism.[1][2] According to Nasr, the Latin Avicennism was based on the former philosophical works of Avicenna. This school followed the Peripatetic school of philosophy and tried to describe the structure of reality with a rational system of thinking. Therefore, philosophy in the eastern Islamic civilization providing became close to gnosis and tried to provide a vision of a spiritual universe. 1141), who argued that philosophy in the Greek tradition would be used to justify false beliefs and dilute the prophetic character of Islam. Contemporary Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy Natural philosophy (physics) en-wikipedia-org-8971 Beginning in 1948, he wrote for the journal Critique, edited by French philosopher Georges Bataille.[2] The following year, he went on a visit to Italy, where he wrote the first 300 pages of his novel Noaptea de Sânziene (he visited the country a third time in 1952).[2] He collaborated with Carl Jung and the Eranos circle after Henry Corbin recommended him in 1949,[24] and wrote for the Antaios magazine (edited by Ernst Jünger).[22] In 1950, Eliade began attending Eranos conferences, meeting Jung, Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn, Gershom Scholem and Paul Radin.[71] He described Eranos as "one of the most creative cultural experiences of the modern Western world."[72] en-wikipedia-org-8973 These three stages are found succeeding one another throughout the whole realm of thought and being, from the most abstract logical process up to the most complicated concrete activity of organized mind in the succession of states or the production of systems of philosophy. Hegel''s philosophy of the State, his theory of history, and his account of absolute mind are perhaps the most often-read portions of his philosophy due to their accessibility. In relation to other States it develops international law; and in its general course through historical vicissitudes it passes through what Hegel calls the "Dialectics of History". The Leftists accentuated the anti-Christian tendencies of Hegel''s system and developed schools of materialism, socialism, rationalism, and pantheism. Hegelianism also inspired Giovanni Gentile''s philosophy of actual idealism and fascism, the concept that people are motivated by ideas and that social change is brought by the leaders. en-wikipedia-org-8975 en-wikipedia-org-8978 The word "matter" is derived from the Latin word māteria, meaning "wood", or "timber", in the sense "material", as distinct from "mind" or "form".[1] The image of wood came to Latin as a calque from the Greek philosophical usage of hyle (ὕλη). He developed Socrates'' ideal form into a theory which aimed to explain existence through the composition of matter and form. The theory of matter and form came to be known as Hylomorphism. From a philosophical viewpoint, the term "matter" still is used to distinguish the material aspects of the universe from those of the spirit.[2] The rise of modern chemistry and physics marked a return to the atomic theories of Leucippus. Ernan Mc Mullin (ed.), The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1965. Ernan Mc Mullin (ed.), The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1978. en-wikipedia-org-8980 en-wikipedia-org-8984 Camp in this sense has been suggested to have possibly derived from the French term se camper, meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion".[6][7] Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class homosexual men.[8] The concept of camp was described by Christopher Isherwood in 1954 in his novel The World in the Evening, and then in 1964 by Susan Sontag in her essay and book Notes on "Camp".[9] Dusty Springfield is a camp icon.[20] In public and on stage, Springfield developed a joyful image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" mascara.[20][21][22][23][24] Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve, and pasted them together according to her own taste.[25][26] Her ultra-glamorous look made her a camp icon and this, combined with her emotive vocal performances, won her a powerful and enduring following in the gay community.[24][26] Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul and the "Queen of Mods".[22][27] More recently South Korean rapper Psy, known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals, has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style.[28][29] en-wikipedia-org-8988 It is after the reign of Locke, of Shaftesbury, of Trenchard, of Collins; it is under the reign of d''Alembert, of Diderot, of Saint-Lambert, of Duclos, that we believe in vampires, and that the Rev. Father Dom Augustin Calmet, priest, Benedictine of the congregation of St. Vannes and St. Hydulphe, abbot of Senones, Abbey with rents of hundred thousand francs, neighbor of two other abbeys of the same income,[3] printed and reprinted the history of vampires, with the approval of the Sorbonne, signed by Marcilli! In the meanwhile he had prepared two other works closely connected with Biblical exegesis: (1) Histoire de l''Ancien et du Nouveau Testament et des Juifs (Paris, 1718), which went through several editions, and was translated into English (London, 1740), German (Augsburg, 1759) and Latin (ib., 1788); (2) Dictionnaire historique, critique, chronologique, géographique et littéral de la Bible (Paris, 1720, two vols. en-wikipedia-org-899 It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education,[4] chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences.[5][failed verification] It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism.[6] Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century.[61] Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg (1770–1835), Allan Cunningham (1784–1842) and John Galt (1779–1839).[62] One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement, Lord Byron, was brought up in Scotland until he inherited his family''s English peerage.[63] en-wikipedia-org-8991 en-wikipedia-org-9000 These coup-proofing strategies may include the strategic placing of family, ethnic, and religious groups in the military; creation of an armed force parallel to the regular military; and development of multiple internal security agencies with overlapping jurisdiction that constantly monitor one another.[33] Research shows that some coup-proofing strategies reduce the risk of coups occurring.[34][35] However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness,[36][37][38] and limits the rents that an incumbent can extract.[39] A 2016 study shows that the implementation of succession rules reduce the occurrence of coup attempts.[40] Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting.[40] According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in a region.[41] A 2017 study finds that countries'' coup-proofing strategies are heavily influenced by other countries with similar histories.[42] A 2018 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders.[43] A 2019 study in Conflict Management and Peace Science found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing measures than other authoritarian regimes; the authors argue that this is because "personalists are characterized by weak institutions and narrow support bases, a lack of unifying ideologies and informal links to the ruler".[44] en-wikipedia-org-9002 en-wikipedia-org-9005 en-wikipedia-org-9012 Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist[5] who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).[3][6] His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[7][8] He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world''s most famous equation".[9] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[10] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so.[79][80] During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. en-wikipedia-org-9019 en-wikipedia-org-9027 Analytic philosophy is characterized by an emphasis on language, known as the linguistic turn, and for its clarity and rigor in arguments, making use of formal logic and mathematics, and, to a lesser degree, the natural sciences.[2][3][4] It also takes things piecemeal, "an attempt to focus philosophical reflection on smaller problems that lead to answers to bigger questions."[5][6] As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing (as per the logical positivists) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless.[35] The demise of logical positivism renewed interest in philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers like William Alston, John Mackie, Alvin Plantinga, Robert Merrihew Adams, Richard Swinburne, and Antony Flew not only to introduce new problems, but to re-study classical topics such as the nature of miracles, theistic arguments, the problem of evil, (see existence of God) the rationality of belief in God, concepts of the nature of God, and many more.[36] en-wikipedia-org-9030 en-wikipedia-org-9036 en-wikipedia-org-9051 en-wikipedia-org-9052 en-wikipedia-org-9053 en-wikipedia-org-9056 en-wikipedia-org-9060 en-wikipedia-org-9064 en-wikipedia-org-9072 Feminist metaphysics Wikipedia Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989) ► Feminist philosophy Where metaphysics tries to explain what is the universe and what it is like, feminist metaphysics questions how metaphysical answers have supported sexism.[1] Feminist metaphysics overlaps with fields such as the philosophy of mind and philosophy of self.[1] Feminist metaphysicians such as Sally Haslanger,[2] Ásta,[3] and Judith Butler[4] have sought to explain the nature of gender in the interest of advancing feminist goals. Philosophers such as Robin Dembroff[5] and Talia Mae Bettcher[6] have sought to explain the genders of transgender and non-binary people. Sveinsdóttir, Ásta Kristjana (2010-11-12), "The Metaphysics of Sex and Gender", Feminist Metaphysics, Springer Netherlands, pp. The Phenomenal Woman: Feminist Metaphysics and the Patterns of Identity. Feminist Metaphysics Explorations in the Ontology of Sex, Gender and the Self. Categories: Feminist philosophy Feminist theory Feminist theory Feminist theory en-wikipedia-org-9074 en-wikipedia-org-9076 In section 1, Nietzsche expresses his dissatisfaction with modernity, listing his dislikes for the contemporary "lazy peace," "cowardly compromise," "tolerance," and "resignation."[3] This relates to Arthur Schopenhauer''s claim that knowledge of the inner nature of the world and life results in "perfect resignation, which is the innermost spirit of Christianity."[4] The Jews were not decadents, themselves—they are the "very opposite." Rather, according to Nietzsche, they have "the most powerful national will to live, that has ever appeared on earth."[27] However, "they have simply been forced into appearing" as decadents, in order to "put themselves at the head of all décadent movements (—for example, the Christianity of Paul—), and so make of them something stronger than any party frankly saying Yes to life."[26] Unlike past ages, his contemporaries know that sham and unnatural concepts such as "God," "moral world–order," "sinner," "Redeemer," "free will," "beyond," "Last Judgment," and "immortal soul" are consciously employed in order to provide power to the church and its priests.[40] "The very word ''Christianity'' is a misunderstanding," Nietzsche explains:[41] en-wikipedia-org-9079 There is also a distinction in ethics and action theory, largely made popular by Bernard Williams (1979, reprinted in 1981),[2] concerning internal and external reasons for action. Since this result is supposed to clash with our intuitions that the subject is justified in their beliefs in spite of being systematically deceived, some take the new evil demon problem as a reason for rejecting externalist views of justification.[8] Externalism and internalism in semantics is closely tied to the distinction in philosophy of mind concerning mental content, since the contents of one''s thoughts (specifically, intentional mental states) are usually taken to be semantic objects that are truth-evaluable. Brink, David (1989) "Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics", New York: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 3, pp. Kornblith, Hilary (ed.) (2001) Epistemology: Internalism and Externalism, Blackwell Press. "Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology". "Internalism and Externalism in the Philosophy of Mind and Language". en-wikipedia-org-908 en-wikipedia-org-9086 Category:German classical liberals Wikipedia Category:German classical liberals From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. ► German libertarians‎ (1 C, 18 P) Pages in category "German classical liberals" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Alexander von Humboldt Wilhelm von Humboldt Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:German_classical_liberals&oldid=993798853" Categories: European classical liberals Classical liberals by nationality Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 15:35 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-9089 The French philosopher Henri Bergson coined the term open society (French: société ouverte) in 1932.[1][2] The idea was further developed during World War II by the Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper.[3][4] Popper saw the classical Greeks as initiating the slow transition from tribalism towards the open society, and as facing for the first time the strain imposed by the less personal group relations entailed thereby.[8] Political freedoms and human rights are claimed to be the foundation of an open society.[by whom?] Popper''s theory that knowledge is provisional and fallible implies that society must be open to alternative points of view. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, 2 vols. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One (1945), 1 and 174–75. Media related to Open Society at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-9092 en-wikipedia-org-9094 Catherine read three sorts of books, namely those for pleasure, those for information, and those to provide her with a philosophy.[85] In the first category, she read romances and comedies that were popular at the time, many of which were regarded as "inconsequential" by the critics both then and since.[85] She especially liked the work of German comic writers such as Moritz August von Thümmel and Christoph Friedrich Nicolai.[85] In the second category fell the work of Denis Diderot, Jacques Necker, Johann Bernhard Basedow and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[86] Catherine expressed some frustration with the economists she read for what she regarded as their impractical theories, writing in the margin of one of Necker''s books that if it was possible to solve all of the state''s economic problems in one day, she would have done so a long time ago.[86] For information about particular nations that interested her, she read Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d''Anville''s Memoirs de Chine to learn about the vast and wealthy Chinese empire that bordered her empire; François Baron de Tott''s Memoires de les Turcs et les Tartares for information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean khanate; the books of Frederick the Great praising himself to learn about Frederick just as much as to learn about Prussia; and the pamphlets of Benjamin Franklin denouncing the British Crown to understand the reasons behind the American Revolution.[86] In the third category fell the work of Voltaire, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, Ferdinando Galiani, Nicolas Baudeau and Sir William Blackstone.[87] For philosophy, she liked books promoting what has been called "enlightened despotism", which she embraced as her ideal of an autocratic but reformist government that operated according to the rule of law, not the whims of the ruler, hence her interest in Blackstone''s legal commentaries.[87] en-wikipedia-org-9095 en-wikipedia-org-91 For instance, the total view in population ethics and related theories, have been claimed to imply longtermism, defined by the Global Priorities Institute at the University of Oxford as "the view that the primary determinant of the differences in value of the actions we take today is the effect of those actions on the very long-term future".[21] On this basis, Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that the prevention of existential risks to humanity is an important global priority in order to preserve the value of the many lives that could come to exist in the future.[22] Others who have endorsed the asymmetry between bringing into existence happy and miserable lives have also supported a longtermist approach and focused on the prevention of risks of scenarios of future suffering, especially those where suffering would prevail over happiness or where there might be astronomical amounts of suffering.[23][24][25] Longtermist ideas have been taken up and are put into practice by several organizations associated with the effective altruism community, such as the Open Philanthropy Project and 80,000 Hours, as well as by philanthropists like Dustin Moskovitz and Ben Delo.[26][27][28] en-wikipedia-org-9108 Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. Rushworth Kidder states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as ''the science of the ideal human character'' or ''the science of moral duty''".[5] Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures".[6] The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with ''morality'' ... State consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism,[27] is an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the basic goods of a state.[27] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, as "a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare".[28] Unlike utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... en-wikipedia-org-911 Pascal''s wager was based on the idea of the Christian God, though similar arguments have occurred in other religious traditions. Voltaire''s critique concerns not the nature of the Pascalian wager as proof of God''s existence, but the contention that the very belief Pascal tried to promote is not convincing. Nevertheless, Pascal concludes that the religion founded by Mohammed can on several counts be shown to be devoid of divine authority, and that therefore, as a path to the knowledge of God, it is as much a dead end as paganism.[29] Judaism, in view of its close links to Christianity, he deals with elsewhere.[30] What such critics are objecting to is Pascal''s subsequent advice to an unbeliever who, having concluded that the only rational way to wager is in favor of God''s existence, points out, reasonably enough, that this by no means makes him a believer. "Pascal''s Wager about God". Pascal''s Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God. Oxford University Press, 2007. en-wikipedia-org-9113 Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel''s philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain, transforming Hegel''s ideas into a strictly materialist form, setting the grounds for the development of a science of society. 19th-century British philosophy came increasingly to be dominated by strands of neo-Hegelian thought, and as a reaction against this, figures such as Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore began moving in the direction of analytic philosophy, which was essentially an updating of traditional empiricism to accommodate the new developments in logic of the German mathematician Gottlob Frege. In the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand, the overwhelming majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as "analytic" departments.[15] The term generally refers to a broad philosophical tradition[16][17] characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences.[18][19][20] en-wikipedia-org-9116 Ethical vegetarian concerns have become more widespread in developed countries, particularly because of the spread of factory farming, more open and graphic documentation of what human meat-eating entails for the animal,[11] and environmental consciousness. Some authors argue that by far the best thing we can do to slow climate change is a global shift towards a vegetarian or vegan diet.[33] A 2017 study published in the journal Carbon Balance and Management found animal agriculture''s global methane emissions are 11% higher than previously estimated.[34] In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a warning to humanity calling for, among other things, "promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods."[35] A 2019 report in The Lancet recommended that global meat consumption be reduced by 50 percent to mitigate climate change.[36] en-wikipedia-org-9119 Plato (/ˈpleɪtoʊ/ PLAY-toe;[2] Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn, pronounced [plá.tɔːn] in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the history of Ancient Greek and Western philosophy, along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle.[a] Plato has also often been cited as one of the founders of Western religion and spirituality.[4] The so-called Neoplatonism of philosophers like Plotinus and Porphyry greatly influenced Christianity through Church Fathers such as Augustine. A modern scholar who recognized the importance of the unwritten doctrine of Plato was Heinrich Gomperz who described it in his speech during the 7th International Congress of Philosophy in 1930.[115] All the sources related to the ἄγραφα δόγματα have been collected by Konrad Gaiser and published as Testimonia Platonica.[116] These sources have subsequently been interpreted by scholars from the German Tübingen School of interpretation such as Hans Joachim Krämer or Thomas A. en-wikipedia-org-9125 en-wikipedia-org-9141 en-wikipedia-org-9146 American speakers with a completed merger pronounce the two historically separate vowels with the exact same sound (especially in the West, northern New England, West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, and the Upper Midwest), but other speakers have no trace of a merger at all (especially in the South, the Great Lakes region, southern New England, and the Mid-Atlantic and New York metropolitan areas) and so pronounce each vowel with distinct sounds (listen).[39] Among speakers who distinguish between the two, the vowel of cot (usually transcribed in American English as /ɑ/), is often a central [ɑ̈] (listen) or advanced back [ɑ̟], while /ɔ/ is pronounced with more rounded lips and/or phonetically higher in the mouth, close to [ɒ] (listen) or [ɔ] (listen), but with only slight rounding.[40] Among speakers who do not distinguish between the two, thus producing a cot–caught merger, /ɑ/ usually remains a back vowel, [ɑ], sometimes showing lip rounding as [ɒ]. en-wikipedia-org-9154 Critique of Practical Reason 1788 German edition The Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft) is the second of Immanuel Kant''s three critiques, published in 1788. It follows on from Kant''s Critique of Pure Reason and deals with his moral philosophy. The second Critique exercised a decisive influence over the subsequent development of the field of ethics and moral philosophy, beginning with Johann Gottlieb Fichte''s Doctrine of Science and becoming, during the 20th century, the principal reference point for deontological moral philosophy. Kant insists that the Critique can stand alone from the earlier Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, although it addresses some criticisms leveled at that work. The moral law, in Kant''s view, is equivalent to the idea of freedom. In the second Critique, he finds an antinomy of pure practical reason whose resolution is necessary in order to further our knowledge. (in Italian) Immanuel Kant in Italia resources about the Critique of Practical Reason en-wikipedia-org-9160 en-wikipedia-org-917 Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus Wikipedia Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus Jump to navigation An inscription Fiat iustitia pereat mundus on the sculpture The Scales of Justice in Kolín. Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus is a Latin phrase, meaning "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[1] An alternative phrase is Fiat iustitia, ruat caelum with means "Let justice be done, though the heavens may fall."[5] A famous use is by Immanuel Kant, in his 1795 Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (German: Zum ewigen Frieden. 190 192) reversed it in "Fiat iustitia, ne pereat mundus" (=Let Justice be done, so that the world won''t perish), declaring it as the motto of the "utilitaristic economists". ^ https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-775 ^ https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-775 ^ http://law.snu.ac.kr/page_en/about.php ^ http://law.snu.ac.kr/page_en/about.php Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_iustitia,_et_pereat_mundus&oldid=996326870" Hidden categories: Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing German-language text Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 22:45 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-9170 en-wikipedia-org-9171 Although the details of the origin and development of Zurvanism remain murky (for a summary of the three opposing opinions, see Ascent and acceptance below), it is generally accepted that Zurvanism was a branch of greater Zoroastrianism (Boyce 1957:157–304); that the doctrine of Zurvan was a sacerdotal response to resolve a perceived inconsistency in the sacred texts (Zaehner, 1955, intro; See development of the "twin brother" doctrine below); and that this doctrine was probably introduced during the second half of the Achaemenid era (Henning, 1951; loc. The 13th century Zoroastrian Ulema-i Islam ([Response] to Doctors of Islam), a New Persian apologetic text, is unambiguously Zurvanite and is also the last direct evidence of Zurvan as a First Principle. One view (Zaehner, 1939; Duchesne-Guillemin, 1956; Zaehner 1955, intro) considers Zurvanism to have developed out of Zoroastrianism as a reaction to the liberalization of the late Achaemenid-era form of the faith. It was during the reign of Sassanid Emperor Shapur I (241–272) that Zurvanism appears to have developed as a cult and it was presumably in this period that Greek and Indic concepts were introduced to Zurvanite Zoroastrianism. en-wikipedia-org-9177 en-wikipedia-org-9180 Philosophical Thought[edit] Economic thought[edit] Antonio Genovesi was influenced by the new Italian cultural landscape, and tried through studies and experimentation to describe the concept of public happiness, to be obtained by freeing mankind from its state of "obscurity". "Antonio Genovesi – Italian philosopher and economist". Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9186 en-wikipedia-org-919 en-wikipedia-org-9192 Eschatological verification Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Philosophy of religion article index Eschatological verification describes a process whereby a proposition can be verified after death. The term is most commonly used in relation to God and the afterlife, although there may be other propositions such as moral propositions which may also be verified after death. This is an attempt to explain how a theist expects some form of life or existence after death and an atheist does not. However, if the atheist is right, they will simply both be dead and nothing will be verified. To some extent it is therefore wrong to claim that religious language cannot be verified because it can (when you''re dead). This article about epistemology of religion is a stub. Philosophy of religion stubs en-wikipedia-org-92 A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[1] An implementation of the Handle System,[2][3] DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a non-paywalled version of a title and redirects the user to that instead of the publisher''s version.[29][30] Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably https://oadoi.org/ in October 2016[31] (later Unpaywall). The DOI system is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9.[35] The Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26324, Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System met the ISO requirements for approval. "Digital object identifier (DOI) becomes an ISO standard". ISO 26324: Digital Object Identifier System (DOI) en-wikipedia-org-9207 en-wikipedia-org-9208 Cosmology (philosophy) Wikipedia Philosophical cosmology, philosophy of cosmology or philosophy of cosmos is a discipline directed to the philosophical contemplation of the universe as a totality, and to its conceptual foundations. It draws on several branches of philosophy—metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of physics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and on the fundamental theories of physics.[1] The term cosmology was used at least as early as 1730, by German philosopher Christian Wolff, in Cosmologia Generalis. The first type has a long tradition in the history of philosophy, proposed by thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes and Leibniz, and criticized by thinkers like David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Bertrand Russell, while the latter has been formulated by philosophers like Richard Swinburne. In his Aesthetics, philosopher José Vasconcelos explains his theory on the evolution of the universe and the restructuring of its cosmic substance, in the physical, biological and human orders. cosmological theories en-wikipedia-org-9215 Index of aesthetics articles Wikipedia Index of aesthetics articles This is an alphabetical index of articles about aesthetics. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Abstract art Aesthetic Realism Arts and Crafts Movement Beuron Art School Black Arts Movement Feminist art movement Feminist art movement in the United States Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Institutional theory of art Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism List of art movements Luminism (American art style) Naturalism (arts) Neo-conceptual art Neo-Gothic art movement Northwest School (art) Norwich School (art movement) Postmodern art Realism (arts) Relational Art Style (visual arts) Symbolism (arts) The Art Movements The Art Movements The arts and politics Mathematics and art Theory of art Visual arts Culture and the arts en-wikipedia-org-922 View source for Immanuel Kant Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-9220 en-wikipedia-org-9237 en-wikipedia-org-9240 en-wikipedia-org-9242 Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco–American relations. Franklin described the experiment in the Pennsylvania Gazette on October 19, 1752,[64][65] without mentioning that he himself had performed it.[66] This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the Philosophical Transactions.[67] Joseph Priestley published an account with additional details in his 1767 History and Present Status of Electricity. Among his associates in France was Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau—a French Revolutionary writer, orator and statesman who in early 1791 would be elected president of the National Assembly.[162] In July 1784, Franklin met with Mirabeau and contributed anonymous materials that the Frenchman used in his first signed work: Considerations sur l''ordre de Cincinnatus.[163] The publication was critical of the Society of the Cincinnati, established in the United States. en-wikipedia-org-9247 en-wikipedia-org-9251 en-wikipedia-org-9254 en-wikipedia-org-926 en-wikipedia-org-9267 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-9275 en-wikipedia-org-928 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:]]; see its history for attribution. Bobbio studied philosophy of law with Gioele Solari [it]; he later taught this subject in Camerino, Siena, Padua, and ultimately back in Turin as Solari''s successor in 1948; from 1972 to 1984, he had a chair in the newly created faculty of political science in Turin. To celebrate the centenary of Norberto Bobbio''s birth, a committee was established, constituted by more than a hundred Italian and international public institutions and intellectual figures, which formulated a wide-ranging programme of activities to promote dialogue and reflection on the thought and figure of Bobbio, and on the future of democracy, culture and civilisation.[3] Celebrations were officially opened on 10 January 2009 at the University of Turin. en-wikipedia-org-9283 en-wikipedia-org-9285 Numerous archaeological finds, including meeting places, monuments and artifacts, have contributed to modern knowledge about Mithraism throughout the Roman Empire.[8] The iconic scenes of Mithras show him being born from a rock, slaughtering a bull, and sharing a banquet with the god Sol (the Sun). However, according to Hopfe, "All theories of the origin of Mithraism acknowledge a connection, however vague, to the Mithra/Mitra figure of ancient Aryan religion."[22] Reporting on the Second International Congress of Mithraic Studies, 1975, Ugo Bianchi says that although he welcomes "the tendency to question in historical terms the relations between Eastern and Western Mithraism", it "should not mean obliterating what was clear to the Romans themselves, that Mithras was a ''Persian'' (in wider perspective: an Indo-Iranian) god."[145] en-wikipedia-org-9286 Topics of metaphysical investigation include existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility.[4] Metaphysics is considered one of the four main branches of philosophy, along with epistemology, logic, and ethics.[5] While metaphysics may, as a special case, study the entities postulated by fundamental science such as atoms and superstrings, its core topic is the set of categories such as object, property and causality which those scientific theories assume. In a broad sense, process metaphysics is as old as Western philosophy, with figures such as Heraclitus, Plotinus, Duns Scotus, Leibniz, David Hume, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, Charles Renouvier, Karl Marx, Ernst Mach, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Émile Boutroux, Henri Bergson, Samuel Alexander and Nicolas Berdyaev. en-wikipedia-org-9289 en-wikipedia-org-9290 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Wikipedia Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Балтийский федеральный университет имени Иммануила Канта]]; see its history for attribution. The Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University of today is an educational, scientific, cultural and enlightenment centre of the westernmost region of Russia. Social and cultural services and tourism; Law; Services; Interpreting and translation studies; Applied mathematics and informatics; Marketing; Mathematical maintenance and administration of information systems; Tourism; Mathematics; Philosophy; Journalism; Transport management and logistics. Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (BFU) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant_Baltic_Federal_University&oldid=993605750" Categories: Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9297 Liberalism and centrism in Estonia Wikipedia Liberalism and centrism in Estonia Find sources: "Liberalism and centrism in Estonia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Democratic liberalism Liberal parties This article gives an overview of liberalism and centrism in Estonia. 1.5 Estonian Liberal Democratic Party / Estonian Reform Party The Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond) is a free market liberal party. From Estonian Progressive People''s Party to National Centre Party[edit] 1905: Jaan Tõnisson founded the Estonian Progressive People''s Party (Eesti Rahvameelne Eduerakond) Radical Democratic Party[edit] Radical Socialist Party / Estonian Labour Party[edit] From Popular Front to Estonian Centre Party[edit] 2004: A faction leaves and joins various parties (see Social Liberals). Estonian Liberal Democratic Party / Estonian Reform Party[edit] 1990: Liberals formed the Estonian Liberal Democratic Party (Eesti Liberaal-Demokraatlik Erakond) Estonian Coalition Party[edit] Progressive Party[edit] Liberal leaders[edit] Liberalism in Europe en-wikipedia-org-9307 en-wikipedia-org-9308 en-wikipedia-org-9309 en-wikipedia-org-9320 Guyer (/ˈɡaɪ.ər/; born January 13, 1948) is an American philosopher and a leading scholar of Immanuel Kant and of aesthetics. In addition to his work on Kant, Guyer has published on many other figures in the history of philosophy, including Locke, Hume, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and others. His three-volume work A History of Modern Aesthetics was published by Cambridge University Press in February 2014.[3] Guyer was President of the American Society for Aesthetics in 2011–13.[4] Guyer was also President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in 2011–12. "Guyer''s university page". Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9321 In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is an epistemological position first articulated by British philosopher Michael Dummett which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. Because it encompasses statements containing abstract ideal objects (i.e. mathematical objects), anti-realism may apply to a wide range of philosophic topics, from material objects to the theoretical entities of science, mathematical statement, mental states, events and processes, the past and the future.[5] In ancient Greek philosophy, nominalist (anti-realist) doctrines about universals were proposed by the Stoics, especially Chrysippus.[7][8] In early modern philosophy, conceptualist anti-realist doctrines about universals were proposed by thinkers like René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, George Berkeley, and David Hume.[9][10] In late modern philosophy, anti-realist doctrines about knowledge were proposed by the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. en-wikipedia-org-9322 en-wikipedia-org-9324 Humanistic naturalism Wikipedia Humanistic naturalism is the branch of philosophical naturalism wherein human beings are best able to control and understand the world through use of the scientific method, combined with the social and ethical values of humanism. Concepts of spirituality, intuition, and metaphysics are considered subjectively valuable only, primarily because they are unfalsifiable, and therefore can never progress beyond the realm of personal opinion. Humanistic naturalists are generally concerned with the ethical aspects of "worldview naturalism."[2] For those who do believe in such threats, the thought is that the majority of human history, societies were largely agricultural and hunter-gatherer and lived in relative harmony and balance with nature. ^ Living Issues in Philosophy (4th ed.; New York: American Book Co., 1963): 215-221. Living Issues in Philosophy (4th ed.; New York: American Book Company, 1963). American Humanist Association, What is Humanism? American Humanist Association, What is Humanism? Human nature Naturalism (philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-9327 The majority of the modern states of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are rational-legal authorities, according to those who use this form of classification. Scholars such as Max Weber and Charles Perrow characterized the rational-legal bureaucracy as the most efficient form of administration.[1][2] Rational-legal authority[edit] In sociology, the concept of rational-legal domination comes from Max Weber''s tripartite classification of authority (one of several classifications of government used by sociologists); the other two forms being traditional authority and charismatic authority. Charismatic authority is legitimized by the personality and leadership qualities of the ruling individual. Legal rationality and legitimate authority[edit] Max Weber''s theory: type of authority[edit] Max Weber broke down legitimate authority into three different types of societies: Traditional Authority, Rational-legal Authority, and Charismatic Authority. Rational-legal authority is the basis of modern democracies. Rational-legal leaders[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rational-legal authority en-wikipedia-org-9334 en-wikipedia-org-9340 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-9342 Template talk:Metaphysics Wikipedia Template talk:Metaphysics Jump to navigation WikiProject Philosophy / Metaphysics (Rated Template-class) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Philosophy, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of content related to philosophy on Wikipedia. If you would like to support the project, please visit the project page, where you can get more details on how you can help, and where you can join the general discussion about philosophy content on Wikipedia.PhilosophyWikipedia:WikiProject PhilosophyTemplate:WikiProject PhilosophyPhilosophy articles Where is section with philosophers who make important contributions to Metaphysics?--Vojvodae please be free to write :) 16:13, 28 November 2009 (UTC) Where are philosophers in this template?--Vojvodae please be free to write :) 16:52, 18 December 2009 (UTC) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Metaphysics&oldid=501489506" Categories: Template-Class Philosophy articles NA-importance Philosophy articles Template-Class metaphysics articles NA-importance metaphysics articles This page was last edited on 10 July 2012, at 01:22 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-9348 Secondly, following Porphyry''s likening of the classificatory hierarchy to a tree, they concluded that the major classes could be subdivided to form subclasses, for example, Substance could be divided into Genus and Species, and Quality could be subdivided into Property and Accident, depending on whether the property was necessary or contingent.[3] An alternative line of development was taken by Plotinus in the second century who by a process of abstraction reduced Aristotle''s list of ten categories to five: Substance, Relation, Quantity, Motion and Quality.[4] Plotinus further suggested that the latter three categories of his list, namely Quantity, Motion and Quality correspond to three different kinds of relation and that these three categories could therefore be subsumed under the category of Relation.[5] This was to lead to the supposition that there were only two categories at the top of the hierarchical tree, namely Substance and Relation, and if relations only exist in the mind as many supposed, to the two highest categories, Mind and Matter, reflected most clearly in the dualism of René Descartes.[6] en-wikipedia-org-9351 Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are Marcus Aurelius, Omar Khayyám, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Baron d''Holbach (Paul Heinrich Dietrich), Pierre-Simon Laplace, Arthur Schopenhauer, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ralph Waldo Emerson and, more recently, John Searle, Ted Honderich, and Daniel Dennett. Although it was once thought by scientists that any indeterminism in quantum mechanics occurred at too small a scale to influence biological or neurological systems, there is indication that nervous systems are influenced by quantum indeterminism due to chaos theory.[citation needed] It is unclear what implications this has for the problem of free will given various possible reactions to the problem in the first place.[52] Many biologists do not grant determinism: Christof Koch, for instance, argues against it, and in favour of libertarian free will, by making arguments based on generative processes (emergence).[53] Other proponents of emergentist or generative philosophy, cognitive sciences, and evolutionary psychology, argue that a certain form of determinism (not necessarily causal) is true.[54][55][56][57] They suggest instead that an illusion of free will is experienced due to the generation of infinite behaviour from the interaction of finite-deterministic set of rules and parameters. en-wikipedia-org-9353 en-wikipedia-org-9354 in which he received a revelation that he was appointed by Jesus Christ to write The Heavenly Doctrine to reform Christianity.[6] According to The Heavenly Doctrine, the Lord had opened Swedenborg''s spiritual eyes so that from then on, he could freely visit heaven and hell to converse with angels, demons and other spirits and the Last Judgment had already occurred the year before, in 1757.[7] He termed himself a "Servant of the Lord Jesus Christ" in True Christian Religion,[8] which he published himself.[9] Some followers of The Heavenly Doctrine believe that of his theological works, only those that were published by Swedenborg himself are fully divinely inspired.[10] Others have regarded all Swedenborg''s theological works as equally inspired, saying for example that the fact that some works were "not written out in a final edited form for publication does not make a single statement less trustworthy than the statements in any of the other works".[11] The New Church, a new religious movement comprising several historically-related Christian denominations, reveres Swedenborg''s writings as revelation.[12][13] en-wikipedia-org-9359 en-wikipedia-org-9364 The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America, India, Japan, and China under European influence). This article reviews both the changes in context and content of Renaissance philosophy and its remarkable continuities with the past. The structure, sources, method, and topics of philosophy in the Renaissance had much in common with those of previous centuries. The assumption that Aristotle''s works were foundational to an understanding of philosophy did not wane during the Renaissance, which saw a flourishing of new translations, commentaries, and other interpretations of his works, both in Latin and in the vernacular.[2] Desiderius Erasmus, the great Dutch humanist, even prepared a Greek edition of Aristotle, and eventually those teaching philosophy in the universities had to at least pretend that they knew Greek. en-wikipedia-org-9370 The Pythagoreans also thought that animals were sentient and minimally rational.[62] The arguments advanced by Pythagoreans convinced numerous of their philosopher contemporaries to adopt a vegetarian diet.[52] The Pythagorean sense of kinship with non-humans positioned them as a counterculture in the dominant meat-eating culture.[62] The philosopher Empedocles is said to have refused the customary blood sacrifice by offering a substitute sacrifice after his victory in a horse race in Olympia.[45] Late-Pythagorean philosophers were absorbed into the Platonic school of philosophy and in the 4th century AD the head of the Platonic Academy Polemon included vegetarianism in his concept of living according to nature.[63] In the 1st century AD Ovid identified Pythagoras as the first opponent to meat-eating.[62] But the fuller argument Pythagoreans advanced against the maltreatment of animals did not sustain. Pythagoras'' teachings and Pythagoreanism influenced Plato''s writings on physical cosmology, psychology, ethics and political philosophy in the 5th century BC. en-wikipedia-org-9371 Moral rationalism, also called ethical rationalism, is a view in meta-ethics (specifically the epistemology of ethics) according to which moral principles are knowable a priori, by reason alone.[1] Some prominent figures in the history of philosophy who have defended moral rationalism are Plato and Immanuel Kant. Perhaps the most prominent figure in the history of philosophy who has rejected moral rationalism is David Hume. Recent philosophers who have defended moral rationalism include Richard Hare, Christine Korsgaard, Alan Gewirth, and Michael Smith. Moral rationalism is similar to the rationalist version of ethical intuitionism; however, they are distinct views. So, rationalist ethical intuitionism implies moral rationalism, but the reverse does not hold. Christine Korsgaard''s elaboration of Kantian reasoning tries to show that if ethics is actually based on practical reasoning, this shows that it can be objective and universal, without having to appeal to questionable metaphysical assumptions. The Ideal of a Rational Morality. en-wikipedia-org-9373 The phrase "the best of all possible worlds" (French: le meilleur des mondes possibles; German: Die beste aller möglichen Welten) was coined by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l''homme et l''origine du mal (Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil). Since all the premises are right, then Leibniz concluded, "The universe that God chose to exist is the best of all possible worlds".[1] It would overall be a contradiction to his good and perfect nature, and so the universe that God has chosen to create can only be the best of all possible worlds.[12] While Leibniz argued that suffering is good because it incites human will, critics argue that the degree of suffering is too severe to justify belief that God has created the "best of all possible worlds". en-wikipedia-org-9377 Find sources: "Christian Felix Weiße" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Christian Felix Weiße (1726–1804) was a German writer and pedagogue. Jakob Minor (1896), "Weiße, Christian Felix", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 41, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. Media related to Christian Felix Weiße at Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9380 en-wikipedia-org-9384 en-wikipedia-org-9385 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-9389 en-wikipedia-org-939 en-wikipedia-org-9390 Cosmotheology Wikipedia Jump to navigation The term cosmotheology, along with the term "ontotheology", was invented by Immanuel Kant "in order to distinguish between two competing types of "transcendental theology".[1] "Transcendental theology aims either at inferring the existence of a Supreme Being from a general experience, without any closer reference to the world to which this experience belongs, and in this case it is called cosmotheology; or it endeavours to cognize the existence of such a being, through mere conceptions, without the aid of experience, and is then termed ontotheology."[2] Notes and references[edit] This philosophy of religion-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmotheology&oldid=987265773" Immanuel Kant Philosophy of religion stubs Hidden categories: All stub articles Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:19 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9391 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Similar concerns moved Hegel''s criticisms to Kant''s concept of moral autonomy, to which Hegel opposed an ethic focused on the "ethical life" of the community.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, ''''Natural Law: The Scientific Ways of Treating Natural Law, Its Place in Moral Philosophy, and Its Relation to the Positive Sciences.'''' trans. [[Ronald Englefield]] debated this movement, and Kant''s use of language.{{efn|See Englefield''s article "Kant as Defender of the Faith in Nineteenth-century England", ''''Question'''', 12, 16–27 (London, Pemberton) reprinted in ''''Critique of Pure Verbiage, Essays on Abuses of Language in Literary, Religious, and Philosophical Writings'''', edited by G.A. Wells and D.R. Oppenheimer, Open Court, 1990.}} Criticisms of Kant were common in the realist views of the new positivism at that time. en-wikipedia-org-9397 en-wikipedia-org-9399 School Graz School of object theory / Austrian realist Meinong''s School (early)[1] Ernst Mally (/ˈmɑːli/; German: [ˈmali]; 11 October 1879 – 8 March 1944) was an Austrian analytic philosopher,[2][3] initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong''s Graz School of object theory. In 1898, he enrolled in the University of Graz, where he studied philosophy under the supervision of Alexius Meinong, as well as physics and mathematics, specializing in formal logic. In 1912, he wrote his habilitation thesis entitled Gegenstandstheoretische Grundlagen der Logik und Logistik (Object-theoretic Foundations for Logics and Logistics) at Graz with Meinong as supervisor. Mally''s deontic logic[edit] Failure of Mally''s deontic logic[edit] Mally''s metaphysical work influences some contemporary metaphysicians and logicians working in abstract object theory, especially Edward Zalta.[9] Translation: Ernst Mally, "Object Theory and Mathematics", in: Jacquette, D., Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), pp. en-wikipedia-org-94 en-wikipedia-org-9400 Baumgarten developed aesthetics to mean the study of good and bad "taste", thus good and bad art, linking good taste with beauty. Baumgarten appropriated the word aesthetics, which had always meant "sensation", to mean taste or "sense" of beauty. In 1781, Kant declared that Baumgarten''s aesthetics could never contain objective rules, laws, or principles of natural or artistic beauty. Nine years later, in his Critique of Judgment, Kant conformed to Baumgarten''s new usage and employed the word aesthetic to mean the judgment of taste or the estimation of the beautiful. In 1897, Leo Tolstoy, in his What is Art?, criticized Baumgarten''s book on aesthetics. Whatever the limitations of Baumgarten''s theory of aesthetics, Frederick Copleston credits him with playing a formative role in German aesthetics, extending Christian Wolff''s philosophy to topics that Wolff did not consider, and demonstrating the existence of a legitimate topic for philosophical analysis that could not be reduced to abstract logical analysis.[10] en-wikipedia-org-9409 en-wikipedia-org-941 The concept led to much controversy among philosophers.[1] It is closely related to Kant''s concept of noumenon or the object of inquiry, as opposed to phenomenon, its manifestations. Kantian philosophy[edit] Initially Fichte embraced the Kantian philosophy, including a thing-in-itself, but the work of Schulze made him revise his position. In his "Critique of the Kantian Philosophy" appended to The World as Will and Representation (1818), Arthur Schopenhauer agreed with the critics that the manner in which Kant had introduced the thing-in-itself was inadmissible, but he considered that Kant was right to assert its existence and praised the distinction between thing-in-itself and appearance as Kant''s greatest merit.[4] As he wrote in volume 1 of his Parerga and Paralipomena, "Fragments of the History of Philosophy," §13: A unique position is taken by Philipp Mainländer, who hailed Kant for breaking the rules of his own philosophy to proclaim the existence of a thing-in-itself. en-wikipedia-org-9420 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Using the [[Four Temperaments]] of ancient Greece, he proposed a hierarchy of four racial categories: white Europeans, yellow Asians, black Africans, and red Amerindians.{{cite web |last1=Kant |first1=Immanuel |title=Kant on the Different Races of Man |url=https://blogs.umass.edu/afroam391g-shabazz/files/2010/01/Kant-on-the-Different-Races-of-Man1.pdf |website=UMass Amherst |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801194450/https://blogs.umass.edu/afroam391g-shabazz/files/2010/01/Kant-on-the-Different-Races-of-Man1.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=Charles W. He stated that "instead of assimilation, which was intended by the melting together of the various races, Nature has here made a law of just the opposite".{{cite book |last1=Kant |first1=Immanuel |title=Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View |date=1798 |page=236}} He believed that in the future all races would be extinguished, except that of the whites. en-wikipedia-org-9422 Research and publications in the field of information ethics has been produced since the 1980s.[3] Notable figures include and Robert Hauptman (who focused his work specifically on censorship, privacy, access to information, balance in collection development, copyright, fair use, and codes of ethics), Rafael Capurro, Barbara J. Media ethics: Issues of moral principles and values as applied to the conduct, roles, and *content of the mass media, in particular journalism ethics and standards and marketing ethics; also the field of study concerned with this topic. Ethics of entertainment media[edit] Attempts to develop a universal code of media ethics[edit] Contexts of media ethics[edit] Media ethics and the laws[edit] Media ethics and public officials[edit] Meta-issues in media ethics[edit] The issues of freedom of speech and aesthetic values (taste) are primarily at home in media ethics. Media Ethics: Issues and Cases, 8th edition. The Journal of Mass Media Ethics The Journal of Mass Media Ethics en-wikipedia-org-9424 An unobservable (also called impalpable) is an entity whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not directly observable by humans. In philosophy of science, typical examples of "unobservables" are the force of gravity, causation and beliefs or desires.[1]:7[2] The distinction between observable and unobservable plays a central role in Immanuel Kant''s distinction between noumena and phenomena as well as in John Locke''s distinction between primary and secondary qualities. The ontological nature and epistemological issues concerning unobservables are central topics in philosophy of science. It contrasts with instrumentalism, which asserts that we should withhold ontological commitments to unobservables even though it is useful for scientific theories to refer to them. It contrasts with instrumentalism, which asserts that we should withhold ontological commitments to unobservables even though it is useful for scientific theories to refer to them. The third kind is the physically unobservable, that which can never be observed by any existing sense-faculties of man. en-wikipedia-org-9428 en-wikipedia-org-9436 en-wikipedia-org-9437 The book sold five copies during its first two years, but by 1900 the University of Chicago Press had published 127 books and pamphlets and 11 scholarly journals, including the current Journal of Political Economy, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, and American Journal of Sociology. This allowed the Press, by 1905, to begin publishing books by scholars not of the University of Chicago. The Journals Division of the University of Chicago Press publishes and distributes influential scholarly publications on behalf of learned and professional societies and associations, foundations, museums, and other not-for-profit organizations. Since 2001, with development funding from the Mellon Foundation, the Chicago Digital Distribution Center (CDDC) has been offering digital printing services and the BiblioVault digital repository services to book publishers. "History of the University of Chicago Press". "New free e-book every month from the University of Chicago Press". "The University of Chicago Press: Journals". en-wikipedia-org-9442 Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below: Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. en-wikipedia-org-9452 en-wikipedia-org-9455 en-wikipedia-org-9456 Friedrich Naumann (25 March 1860 – 24 August 1919) was a German liberal politician and Protestant parish pastor. Later in his life, Naumann worked for an approachment of German social democratic and liberal movements, but faced major opposition from conservatives. In 1919, Friedrich Naumann was among the founders of the social liberal German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) with Theodor Wolff and Hugo Preuss. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9466 Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. This approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by the early modern philosophers such as Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and David Hume, all of whom preferred "understanding" (in place of "intellectus" or "intelligence") in their English philosophical works.[6][7] Hobbes for example, in his Latin De Corpore, used "intellectus intelligit", translated in the English version as "the understanding understandeth", as a typical example of a logical absurdity.[8] "Intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories which it now implies) in more contemporary psychology.[9] It gives humans the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, innovate, plan, solve problems, and employ language to communicate. en-wikipedia-org-9470 en-wikipedia-org-9473 View source for Template:Philosophy of science Wikipedia View source for Template:Philosophy of science This page is currently semi-protected so that only established, registered users can edit it. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Template:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/config (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected) Module:File link (view source) (template editor protected) Module:List (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/s (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/s (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-9477 Philosophy of film Wikipedia He concluded that the use of close-ups, flash-backs, and edits were unique to film and constituted its nature. The film Waking Life also features a discussion of the philosophy of film where the theories of Bazin are emphasized.[3] In it, the character waxes philosophic that every moment of film is capturing an aspect of God.[4] Thomas Wartenberg and Angela Curran (eds.), The Philosophy of Film: Introductory Text and Readings, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. Paisley Livingston (ed.)., The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Film (Routledge 2008, 1st edition). Gouveia (eds.), Philosophy and Film: Bridging Divides (Routledge 2019; 1st edition). Robert Sinnerbrink, New Philosophies of Film: Thinking Images, Continuum, 2011. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Film Theory, edited by Edward Branigan, Warren Buckland, Routledge, 2015. [The book includes several entries related to the philosophy of film.] Joseph Westfall (ed.), The Continental Philosophy of Film Reader, Bloomsbury, 2018. Film Film theory en-wikipedia-org-9478 Category:Philosophers of art Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of art Jump to navigation Jump to search Philosophers Social philosophers ► Ancient Greek philosophers of art‎ (1 P) Pages in category "Philosophers of art" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 268 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). John Mueller Anderson John P. Georg Anton Friedrich Ast Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) Ted Cohen (philosopher) Mario Costa (philosopher) Donald Davidson (philosopher) Stephen Davies (philosopher) George Dickie (philosopher) Theodore George Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Jean Lacoste David Lewis (philosopher) Margaret MacDonald (philosopher) Georg Friedrich Meier Ellen Mitchell (philosopher) Richard Moran (philosopher) Alexander Nehamas Catherine O''Brien (film scholar) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_art&oldid=954129816" Philosophers by field Category Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2020, at 20:46 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-9483 Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.[1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology). A central problem in the philosophy of science, going back to David Hume, is that of distinguishing causal relationships (such as those implied by laws) from principles that arise due to constant conjunction.[6] Laws differ from scientific theories in that they do not posit a mechanism or explanation of phenomena: they are merely distillations of the results of repeated observation. The rules according to which these changes take place I call the ''laws of nature''."[20] The modern scientific method which took shape at this time (with Francis Bacon and Galileo) aimed at total separation of science from theology, with minimal speculation about metaphysics and ethics. en-wikipedia-org-9484 en-wikipedia-org-9505 en-wikipedia-org-9518 Following Nazi Germany''s defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin''s insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast became part of the Russian SFSR, and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People''s Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship).[4] The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. Only in Southern Warmia (German: Ermland) Catholic Poles so called Warmiaks (not to be confused with predominantly Protestant Masurians) comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (~81%) in county Allenstein (Polish: Olsztyn) in 1837.[10] Another minority in 19th century East Prussia, were ethnically Russian Old Believers, also known as Philipponnen their main town was Eckersdorf (Wojnowo).[11][12][13] en-wikipedia-org-9524 en-wikipedia-org-9526 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-9530 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-9532 The Language Instinct (1994), How the Mind Works (1997), Words and Rules (2000), The Blank Slate (2002), and The Stuff of Thought (2007), describe aspects of psycholinguistics and cognitive science, and include accounts of his own research, arguing that language is an innate behavior shaped by natural selection and adapted to our communication needs. In 1990, Pinker, with Paul Bloom, published a paper arguing that the human language faculty must have evolved through natural selection.[39] The article provided arguments for a continuity based view of language evolution, contrary to then current discontinuity based theories that see language as suddenly appearing with the advent of Homo sapiens as a kind of evolutionary accident. In 2009, Pinker wrote an article about the Personal Genome Project and its possible impact on the understanding of human nature in The New York Times.[89] He discussed the new developments in epigenetics and gene-environment interactions in the afterword to the 2016 edition of his book "The Blank Slate".[90] en-wikipedia-org-9534 en-wikipedia-org-9538 Liberal autocracy Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberal autocracy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) Economic liberalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal autocracy Liberal autocracy Liberal feminism Liberal internationalism Secular liberalism Social liberalism Social liberalism Liberal International Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Liberalism portal A liberal autocracy is a non-democratic government that follows the principles of liberalism. Until the 20th century, most countries in Western Europe were "liberal autocracies, or at best, semi-democracies".[1] One example of a "classic liberal autocracy" was the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[2] According to Fareed Zakaria, a more recent example is Hong Kong until 1 July 1997, which was ruled by the British Crown. It was also suggested that since 2005 Egypt has been leaning towards liberal autocracy[3] ^ "Liberal Autocracy in Egypt". Liberal democracy Political liberalism Categories: Liberalism Articles needing additional references from November 2007 en-wikipedia-org-9546 Plotinus'' form of Platonic idealism is to treat the Demiurge, nous as the contemplative faculty (ergon) within man which orders the force (dynamis) into conscious reality.[10] In this, he claimed to reveal Plato''s true meaning: a doctrine he learned from Platonic tradition that did not appear outside the academy or in Plato''s text. The Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus addressed within his works Gnosticism''s conception of the Demiurge, which he saw as un-Hellenic and blasphemous to the Demiurge or creator of Plato. Turner, professor of religious studies at the University of Nebraska, and famed translator and editor of the Nag Hammadi library, stated[48] that the text Plotinus and his students read was Sethian Gnosticism, which predates Christianity. Emil Cioran also wrote his Le mauvais démiurge ("The Evil Demiurge"), published in 1969, influenced by Gnosticism and Schopenhauerian interpretation of Platonic ontology, as well as that of Plotinus. en-wikipedia-org-9547 Speculative reason Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. The distinction between the two goes at least as far back as the ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, who distinguished between theory (theoria, or a wide, bird''s eye view of a topic, or clear vision of its structure) and practice (praxis), as well as techne. Speculative reason provides the universal, necessary principles of logic, such as the principle of non-contradiction, which must apply everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the situation. Though many other thinkers have erected systems based on the distinction, two important later thinkers who have done so are Aquinas (who follows Aristotle in many respects) and Immanuel Kant. Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2009 All articles lacking in-text citations en-wikipedia-org-9548 Mavrodes (November 23, 1926 – July 31, 2019) was an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Michigan.[1] Professor Mavrodes is the author of Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion (1970) and Revelation in Religious Belief (1988). He has nearly one hundred articles covering such topics as revelation, omnipotence, miracles, resurrection, personal identity and survival of death, and faith and reason, as well as ethics and social policy issues that intersect with religion and morality—abortion, pacifism, the just war, and nuclear deterrence. Professor Mavrodes has served as President of the Society for Philosophy of Religion and the Society of Christian Philosophers, and as a member of the Executive Committee of the American Theological Society. en-wikipedia-org-9550 For example, in emergentism, the laws of chemistry are believed to emerge only from a few fundamental laws of physics (some still not discovered), biology from chemistry, and psychology from biology, although we still have not been able to fully deduce these holistic relations from the atomic level because of their complexity. As a theory of mind (which it is not always), emergentism differs from idealism, eliminative materialism, identity theories, neutral monism, panpsychism, and substance dualism, whilst being closely associated with property dualism. On the other hand, new developments in physics, biology, psychology, and crossdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, artificial life, and the study of non-linear dynamical systems have focused strongly on the high level ''collective behaviour'' of complex systems, which is often said to be truly emergent, and the term is increasingly used to characterize such systems."[8] en-wikipedia-org-9554 en-wikipedia-org-9561 Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017 Wikipedia Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles needing additional references from April 2017 (2017-04) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles needing additional references. Pages in category "Articles needing additional references from April 2017" 442nd Infantry Regiment (United States) 1788–89 United States presidential election 1968 United States presidential election in Delaware 1976 United States Grand Prix West 2017 CAPS United F.C. season 2017 European Judo Championships – Men''s 100 kg 2017 European Judo Championships – Men''s 100 kg American Journal of International Law Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2017&oldid=773058689" Monthly clean-up category (Articles needing additional references) counter en-wikipedia-org-9563 en-wikipedia-org-9566 Thierry''s main ideas on the Germanic invasions, the Norman Conquest, the formation of the Communes, the gradual ascent of the nations towards free government and parliamentary institutions, are set forth in the articles he contributed to the Censeur européen (1817–20), and later in his Lettres sur l''histoire de France (1820). French classical liberals Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9569 en-wikipedia-org-957 Michael Joseph Oakeshott FBA (/ˈoʊkʃɒt/; 11 December 1901 – 19 December 1990) was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, philosophy of education, and philosophy of law.[3] Oakeshott was dismayed by the political extremism that occurred in Europe during the 1930s, and his surviving lectures from this period reveal a dislike of National Socialism and Marxism.[9] Oakeshott''s opposition to what he considered utopian political projects is summed by his use of the analogy (possibly borrowed from the Marquess of Halifax, a 17th-century English author whom he admired) of a ship of state that has "neither starting-place nor appointed destination...[and where] the enterprise is to keep afloat on an even keel".[18] He was a critic of the Cambridge historian E. Oakeshott''s other works included a reader on The Social and Political Doctrines of Contemporary Europe consisting of selected texts illustrating the main doctrines of liberalism, national socialism, fascism, communism, and Roman Catholicism (1939). en-wikipedia-org-9573 en-wikipedia-org-9578 Bernard Bosanquet FBA (/ˈboʊzənˌkɛt, -kɪt/; 14 June[1] 1848 – 8 February 1923) was an English philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His work influenced but was later subject to criticism by many thinkers, notably Bertrand Russell, John Dewey and William James. He was strongly influenced by the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but also by the German philosophers Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The relation of the finite individual to the whole state in which he or she lives was investigated in Bosanquet''s Philosophical Theory of the State (London, 1899). The relationship between the individual and society was summarised in Bosanquet''s preface to The Introduction to Hegel''s Philosophy of Fine Art (1886): The Introduction to Hegel''s Philosophy of Fine Art translated and edited (1886) en-wikipedia-org-9580 en-wikipedia-org-9584 en-wikipedia-org-9585 en-wikipedia-org-9587 Synthesis of the philosophies of St. Augustine and Descartes, occasionalism, ontologism, theodicy, vision in God Rousseau, Joseph de Maistre, John Henry Newman, Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, Louis Lavelle, Jacob Bernoulli, Alain Badiou Most importantly, in the third book, which discussed pure understanding, he defended a claim that the ideas through which we perceive objects exist in God. Malebranche''s first critic was the Abbé Simon Foucher, who attacked the Search even before its second volume had been published. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (who met Malebranche in Paris in about 1675 and corresponded with him thereafter) also rejected the vision in God, and his theory of pre-established harmony was designed as a new alternative to occasionalism as well as to the more traditional theory of efficient causal interaction. "Malebranche''s Theory of Ideas and Vision in God". Malebranche: Religion article by Brandon Watson in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-9588 Jean Meslier (French: [melje]; also Mellier; 15 June 1664[1] – 17 June 1729) was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. The following passage is found at the end of Voltaire''s Extrait, and has been cited in support of the view that Meslier was not really an atheist.[17] However, the passage does not appear in either the 1864 complete edition of the Testament, published in Amsterdam by Rudolf Charles,[18] or in the complete works of Meslier published 1970–1972.[19] Another book, Good Sense (French: Le Bon Sens),[20] published anonymously in 1772, was long attributed to Meslier, but was in fact written by Baron d''Holbach.[21] The book was mistakenly identified as the work of Jean Meslier (1664–1729), a Catholic priest who had renounced Christianity in a posthumously published Testament. en-wikipedia-org-9589 en-wikipedia-org-959 Aristotelian theology and the scholastic view of God have been influential in Western intellectual history. The theurgy and thaumaturgy of the late Greek schools were only the fruit of the seed sown by the generation which immediately preceded the Persian War. Aristotle''s principles of being (see section above) influenced Anselm''s view of God, whom he called "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anselm thought that God did not feel emotions such as anger or love, but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding. In Christian theology, the key philosopher influenced by Aristotle was undoubtedly Thomas Aquinas. ^ Luther is certainly more acerbic and quotable, but both Calvin who "denounced scholastic theology as contemptible" (Payton, James R., Jr, Getting the Reformation Wrong, 2010, page 197) and Melanchthon who found that the church had "embraced Aristotle instead of Christ" (see Melanchthon, Loci Communes, 1521 edition, 23) also rejected Aristotelian elements of scholasticism. en-wikipedia-org-9599 en-wikipedia-org-96 Category:18th-century philosophers Wikipedia Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to 18th-century philosophers. Philosophers by century The main article for this category is Modern philosophy. This category has the following 7 subcategories, out of 7 total. ► 18th-century philosophers by nationality‎ (9 C) Pages in category "18th-century philosophers" The following 117 pages are in this category, out of 117 total. Johann Heinrich Abicht Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d''Argens Johann August Ernesti Johann Heinrich Ernesti Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Georg Hamann Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Francis Hutcheson (philosopher) Johann Christoph Muhrbeck Jacques-André Naigeon Henry Regnand Jean-Jacques Rousseau Johann Friedrich Schultz Johann Christoph Schwab Johann Philipp Siebenkees Christian Wolff (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:18th-century_philosophers&oldid=992921337" Categories: Philosophers by century Categories: Philosophers by century 18th-century philosophy Modern philosophers Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-9603 en-wikipedia-org-9611 en-wikipedia-org-9615 en-wikipedia-org-9621 Category:Social philosophy Wikipedia Category:Social philosophy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Social philosophy. Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. Social philosophers place new emphasis on understanding the social contexts for political, legal, moral, and cultural questions, and to the development of novel theoretical frameworks, from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy, human rights, gender equity and global justice. The main article for this category is Social philosophy. ► Social philosophy literature‎ (3 C, 27 P) Pages in category "Social philosophy" Index of social and political philosophy articles Social philosophy Social democracy Ethical socialism University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research North American Society for Social Philosophy Political philosophy Philosophy of social science Social Choice and Individual Values Social exclusion Social liberalism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_philosophy&oldid=951414472" en-wikipedia-org-9624 en-wikipedia-org-9625 The field of bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry; ranging from debates over the boundaries of life (e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health care resources (e.g. organ donation, health care rationing), to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. The scope of bioethics can expand with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, astroethics and life in space,[7][8] and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, XNA and proteins.[9] These developments will affect future evolution, and may require new principles that address life at its core, such as biotic ethics that values life itself at its basic biological processes and structures, and seeks their propagation.[10] Panbiotic seeks to secure and expand life in the galaxy. A bioethicist assists the health care and research community in examining moral issues involved in our understanding of life and death, and resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine and science. en-wikipedia-org-9626 en-wikipedia-org-9629 Postanalytic philosophy Wikipedia Postanalytic philosophy describes a detachment from the mainstream philosophical movement of analytic philosophy, which is the predominant school of thought in English-speaking countries. Postanalytic philosophy derives mainly from contemporary American thought, especially from the works of philosophers Richard Rorty, Donald Davidson, Hilary Putnam, W. On "postanalytic philosophy"[edit] The term "postanalytic philosophy" itself has been used in a vaguely descriptive sense and not in the sense of a concrete philosophical movement. Richard Rorty said: "I think that analytic philosophy can keep its highly professional methods, the insistence on detail and mechanics, and just drop its transcendental project. I''m not out to criticize analytic philosophy as a style. John Rajchman & Cornel West, Post-Analytic Philosophy, Columbia University Press, 1985. Analytic philosophy This philosophy-related article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postanalytic_philosophy&oldid=858856604" Categories: Analytic philosophy en-wikipedia-org-9633 German philosophers Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel are considered the originators of modern discourse ethics.[2] Habermas''s discourse ethics is his attempt to explain the implications of communicative rationality in the sphere of moral insight and normative validity. [W]hatever their merits, others have a right to pass their judgement upon them-to censure them if they be censurable, and to turn them into ridicule if they be ridiculous".[5] For the public discourse ethics to be productive there must be accountability on the public stage as the Harvard Law Review calls into question. Habermas extracts moral principles from the necessities forced upon individuals engaged in the discursive justification of validity claims, from the inescapable presuppositions of communication and argumentation. Habermas''s discourse ethics attempts to distill the idealized moral point of view that accompanies a perfectly rational process of argumentation (also idealized), which would be the moral principle implied by the presuppositions listed above. en-wikipedia-org-9637 It also typically involves some form of commitment to justice for women, whatever form that may take.[3] Aside from these uniting features, feminist philosophy is a diverse field covering a wide range of topics from a variety of approaches. Feminist ethics, which often argues that the emphasis on objectivity, rationality, and universality in traditional moral thought excludes women''s ethical realities.[3] One of the most notable developments is the ethics of care, which values empathy, responsibility, and non-violence in the development of moral systems. Phenomenology in feminist philosophy is often applied to develop improved conceptions of gendered embodied experience, of intersubjectivity and relational life, and to community, society, and political phenomena. Feminist metaphysics, which focuses largely on the ontology of gender and sex and the nature of social construction. Feminist philosophy of science, which is rooted in interdisciplinary academic feminism, works to challenge how the production of scientific knowledge as well as the methodologies employed in such productions are not free of bias. en-wikipedia-org-9638 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. In this work, Botero argued against the amoral political philosophy associated with Niccolò Machiavelli''s The Prince, not only because it lacked a Christian foundation but also because it simply did not work. Basing his political and economic ideas primarily on the thought of Thomas Aquinas, Botero argued for a more sophisticated relationship between princes and their subjects, one that would give the people more power in the political and economic matters of the state. Nonetheless, Botero''s overall conception of political economy is again more ''liberal'' than that of Bodin, who argued for active participation by kings in the economy of the country, including mercantilist policies that would be enacted wholeheartedly in early modern France by Louis XIV and Colbert. Botero''s work would also influence the next generation of political and economic thinkers. en-wikipedia-org-9643 en-wikipedia-org-9645 Category:Philosophy of law Wikipedia Category:Philosophy of law Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of law. The main article for this category is Philosophy of law. ► Ethically disputed judicial practices‎ (2 C, 24 P) Pages in category "Philosophy of law" Index of philosophy of law articles Philosophy of law American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of canon law Competition law theory The Concept of Law Equal justice under law Feminism and Legal Theory Project Fundamental theory (canon law) International legal theories Law without the state Legal process (jurisprudence) Rule according to higher law Rule of law Rule of law in the United Kingdom Soft law Theory of Legal Norms Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophy_of_law&oldid=952897394" Categories: Law Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-965 He is best known for Boyle''s law,[8] which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system.[9] Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. Robert Boyle was an alchemist;[25] and believing the transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of achieving it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of Henry IV against multiplying gold and silver.[26][14] With all the important work he accomplished in physics – the enunciation of Boyle''s law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, etc. en-wikipedia-org-9650 Alf Niels Christian Ross (10 June 1899 – 17 August 1979) was a Danish jurist, legal philosopher and judge of the European Court of Human Rights (1959–1971).[2] He is best known as one of the leading figures of Scandinavian legal realism. Ross studied law at the University of Copenhagen graduating in 1922. On Law and Justice[edit] His determination not to rely on anything but the facts leads to statements as the following: "The legal rule is neither true nor false; it is a directive." (On Law and Justice, § 2 (p. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9652 [3]Atheists argue that the existence of natural evil challenges belief in the existence, omnibenevolence, or omnipotence of God or any deity.[4] Boyd, who writes, "Divine goodness does not completely control or in any sense will evil."[7] Aquinas partly explained this in terms of primary and secondary causality, whereby God is the primary (or transcendent) cause of the world, but not the secondary (or immanent) cause of everything that occurs in it. Natural versus moral evil[edit] Main article: Moral evil Jean Jacques Rousseau responded to Voltaire''s criticism of the optimists by pointing out that the value judgement required in order to declare the 1755 Lisbon earthquake a natural evil ignored the fact that the human endeavour of the construction and organization of the city of Lisbon was also to blame for the horrors recounted as they had contributed to the level of suffering. However, human actions exacerbate the evil effects of natural disasters. Both natural and moral evil are a challenge to religious believers. en-wikipedia-org-9653 Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (18 June 1838 – 5 November 1906) was a British writer, theorist, philosopher, and 19th century individualist. He promoted a classical liberal philosophy[1] and took the ideas of Herbert Spencer a stage further by advocating voluntary-funded government that uses force only in defence of individual liberty and private property. McKercher notes that Herbert "was often mistakenly taken as an anarchist" but "a reading of Herbert''s work will show that he was not an anarchist."[17] The leading British anarchist journal of the time noted that the "Auberon Herbertites in England are sometimes called Anarchists by outsiders, but they are willing to compromise with the inequity of government to maintain private property."[18] Since the development of anarcho-capitalism in the 1950s, at least one anarcho-capitalist, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, believes that Herbert "develops the Spencerian idea of equal freedom to its logically consistent anarcho-capitalist end" as noted in a bibliography.[19] However, anarcho-capitalist Murray Rothbard disagreed and called Herbert a "near-anarchist."[20] en-wikipedia-org-9655 en-wikipedia-org-9660 Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze Wikipedia Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (18 January 1963 – 30 December 2007) was a Nigerian philosopher. He wrote as well as edited influential postcolonial histories of philosophy in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Eze was most recently Associate Professor of Philosophy at DePaul University, where he also edited the journal Philosophia Africana [1]. Articles[edit] Review in Philosopher''s Magazine. Review by Nigel Gibson, in African and Asian Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2001: 253–329. External links[edit] All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9663 en-wikipedia-org-9664 This value is estimated using geometric-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range.[98][1][2][99][100][101] In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge.[102] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar.[103] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc,[104] abounds. Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud.[172][173] However, properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum, and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. en-wikipedia-org-9665 en-wikipedia-org-9677 en-wikipedia-org-9678 He is well known for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, and for his defence of a factualist ontology, a functionalist theory of the mind, an externalist epistemology, and a necessitarian conception of the laws of nature.[5] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008.[6] In 1950, Armstrong formed an Anti-Conscription Committee with David Stove and Eric Dowling, all three former students of John Anderson, the Australian philosopher, who supported conscription and also believed that anti-conscription opinions ought to be suppressed.[13] Those universals match up with the fundamental particles that science tells us about.[22] Armstrong describes his philosophy as a form of scientific realism.[23] Stephen Mumford said that Armstrong''s A Materialist Theory of Mind "represents an authoritative statement of Australian materialism and was, and still is, a seminal piece of philosophy".[49] en-wikipedia-org-9679 Notable jurists associated with legal realism include Felix Cohen, Morris Cohen, Arthur Corbin, Walter Wheeler Cook, Robert Hale, Wesley Hohfeld, Karl Llewellyn, Underhill Moore, Herman Oliphant and Warren Seavey,[1] many of whom were associated with Yale Law School. Outside the realm of law, in fields such as economics and history, there was a general "revolt against formalism," a reaction in favor of more empirical ways of doing philosophy and the human sciences.[8] But by far the most important intellectual influence on the legal realists was the thought of the American jurist and Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.[edit] Holmes is a towering figure in American legal thought for many reasons, but what the realists drew most from Holmes was his famous prediction theory of law, his utilitarian approach to legal reasoning, and his "realist" insistence that judges, in deciding cases, are not simply deducing legal conclusions with inexorable, machine-like logic, but are influenced by ideas of fairness, public policy, and other personal and conventional values. en-wikipedia-org-9687 en-wikipedia-org-9689 en-wikipedia-org-9691 en-wikipedia-org-9695 In 1952, Hart was elected Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford and was a Fellow at University College, Oxford from 1952 to 1973.[7] It was in the summer of that year that he began writing his most famous book, The Concept of Law, though it was not published until 1961. Many of Hart''s former students have become important legal, moral, and political philosophers, including Brian Barry, Ronald Dworkin, John Finnis, John Gardner, Kent Greenawalt, Peter Hacker, David Hodgson, Neil MacCormick, Joseph Raz, Chin Liew Ten and William Twining. This was studied in the University of Toronto Law Journal in an article titled "Leaving the Hart-Dworkin Debate" which maintained that Hart insisted in his book The Concept of Law on the expansive reading of positive law theory to include philosophical and sociological domains of assessment rather than the more focused attention of Kelsen who considered Continental positive law theory as more limited to the domain of jurisprudence itself.[14] en-wikipedia-org-9696 en-wikipedia-org-97 Philosopher Auguste Comte posited that many societal constructs pass through three stages and that religion corresponds to the two earlier, or more primitive stages by stating: "From the study of the development of human intelligence, in all directions, and through all times, the discovery arises of a great fundamental law, to which it is necessarily subjective, and which has a solid foundation of proof, both in the facts of our organization and in our historical experience. Steven Weinberg, for example, states it takes religion to make good people do evil.[89] Bertrand Russell and Richard Dawkins cite religiously inspired or justified violence, resistance to social change, attacks on science, repression of women and homophobia.[90] John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White, authors of the conflict thesis, have argued that when a religion offers a complete set of answers to the problems of purpose, morality, origins, or science, it often discourages exploration of those areas by suppressing curiosity, denies its followers a broader perspective and can prevent social, moral and scientific progress. en-wikipedia-org-9700 en-wikipedia-org-9709 In philosophy, events are objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. There are two major questions involved in this: If one event occurs, could it have occurred in the same manner if it were another person, and could it occur in the same manner if it would have occurred at a different time? Kim holds that neither are true and that different conditions (i.e. a different person or time) would lead to a separate event. Secondly, there exist regions that are subsets of possible worlds and thirdly, events are not structured by an essential time. Events are distinguished by the intensity of this revolution, rather than the types of freedom or chance."[5] In 1988 Deleuze published a magazine article "Signes et événements"[6] Stivale (editor) (2011) Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts, 2nd edition, chapter 6: Event, pp 80–90 ^ James Williams (2003) Gilles Deleuze''s Difference and Repetition: A Critical Introduction and Guide, page 78, Edinburgh University Press en-wikipedia-org-9715 As a minister of the Church of Scotland, and occupant of the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh, Blair''s teachings had a great impact in both the spiritual and the secular realms. Best known for Sermons, a five volume endorsement of practical Christian morality, and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, a prescriptive guide on composition, Blair was a valuable part of the Scottish Enlightenment. Blair is best known for the publication of three major works: A Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, Son of Fingal; Sermons; and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres.[3] While little attention is given to his other works, Blair published several other works anonymously, the most important of which is an eight-volume edition of Shakespeare''s works edited by Blair. After retiring from his position as Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh in 1783, Blair published his lectures for the first time, deeming it necessary because unauthorised copies of his work threatened the legacy of his teachings. en-wikipedia-org-972 en-wikipedia-org-9720 en-wikipedia-org-9721 en-wikipedia-org-9723 While on a trip to Jena in the summer of 1799, Novalis met Ludwig Tieck, who became one of his closest friends and greatest intellectual influences in the last two years of his life.[3]:30–34 They became part of an informal social circle that formed around the Schlegel brothers, which has been come to be known as the Jena Romantics or Frühromantiker ("early romantics").[30] The interests of the Jena Romantics extended to philosophy as well as literature and aesthetics,[31] and has been considered as a philosophical movement in its own right.[32] Under the influence of Tieck, Novalis studied the works of the seventeenth-century mystic, Jakob Böhme, with whom he felt a strong affinity.[33] He also became deeply engaged with the Platonic aesthetics of Hemsterhuis,[34] as well as the writings of the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher.[3]:32 Schleiermacher''s work inspired Novalis to write his essay, Christenheit oder Europe (Christianity or Europe),[35] a call to return Europe to a cultural and social unity whose interpretation continues to be a source of controversy.[36] During this time, he also wrote his poems known as Geistliche Lieder (Spiritual Songs)[5] and began his novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen.[11] en-wikipedia-org-9725 en-wikipedia-org-9738 Quine) is a collection of philosophic views concerned with the theory of knowledge that emphasize the role of natural scientific methods. O. Quine''s version of naturalized epistemology considers reasons for serious doubt about the fruitfulness of traditional philosophic study of scientific knowledge.[1] These concerns are raised in light of the long attested incapacity of philosophers to find a satisfactory answer to the problems of radical scepticism, more particularly, to David Hume''s criticism of induction. That is, an empirical investigation into the criteria which are used to scientifically evaluate evidence must presuppose those very same criteria.[4] However, Quine points out that these thoughts of validation are merely a byproduct of traditional epistemology.[1] Instead, the naturalized epistemologist should only be concerned with understanding the link between observation and science even if that understanding relies on the very science under investigation.[1] In order to understand the link between observation and science, Quine''s naturalized epistemology must be able to identify and describe the process by which scientific knowledge is acquired. en-wikipedia-org-9750 en-wikipedia-org-9751 en-wikipedia-org-9768 en-wikipedia-org-9769 en-wikipedia-org-9771 en-wikipedia-org-9776 en-wikipedia-org-979 Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (/ˈhʌmboʊlt/,[6] also US: /ˈhʊmboʊlt/,[7] UK: /ˈhʌmbɒlt/;[8] German: [ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈhʊmbɔlt];[9][10][11] 22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin, which was named after him in 1949 (and also after his younger brother, Alexander von Humboldt, a naturalist). He made a major contribution to the development of liberalism by envisioning education as a means of realizing individual possibility rather than a way of drilling traditional ideas into youth to suit them for an already established occupation or social role.[12] In particular, he was the architect of the Humboldtian education ideal, which was used from the beginning in Prussia as a model for its system of public education, as well as in the United States and Japan. ^ David Kenosian: "Fichtean Elements in Wilhelm von Humboldt''s Philosophy of Language", in: Daniel Breazeale, Tom Rockmore (ed.), Fichte, German Idealism, and Early Romanticism, Rodopi, 2010, p. en-wikipedia-org-9791 en-wikipedia-org-9792 en-wikipedia-org-9795 en-wikipedia-org-9802 Socrates established the importance of "seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well".[7] His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Socrates set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking, namely, to reflectively question common beliefs and explanations, carefully distinguishing beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those that—however appealing to our native egocentrism, however much they serve our vested interests, however comfortable or comforting they may be—lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant belief. According to Ennis, "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action."[27] This definition Ennis provided is highly agreed by Harvey Siegel,[28] Peter Facione,[23] and Deanna Kuhn.[29] en-wikipedia-org-9804 Wilhelm Röpke (October 10, 1899 – February 12, 1966) was Professor of Economics, first in Jena, then in Graz, Marburg, Istanbul, and finally Geneva, Switzerland, and one of the spiritual fathers of the social market economy, theorising and collaborating to organise the post-World War II economic re-awakening of the war-wrecked German economy, deploying a program sometimes referred to as the sociological neoliberalism (compared to ordoliberalism, a more sociologically inclined variant of German liberalism).[1] In his youth, Röpke was first inspired by socialism and afterwards by the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises.[3] Despite this, the post-World War II economic liberation enabling Germany to once again lead Europe, which Röpke and his allies (Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm, Alfred Müller-Armack and Alexander Rüstow) were the intellectual muscle behind, occurred by implementing policy divergent to that advocated by Ludwig von Mises. Wilhelm Röpke – Library Collections (German Page) – Library of the Institute for Economic Policy, University of Cologne, Germany en-wikipedia-org-9807 Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3][4][5] He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6] Skinner was a prolific author, having published 21 books and 180 articles.[11] He imagined the application of his ideas to the design of a human community in his utopian novel, Walden Two (1948),[12] while his analysis of human behavior culminated in his work, Verbal Behavior.[13] After graduation, Skinner unsuccessfully tried to write a great novel while he lived with his parents, a period that he later called the ''Dark Years.''[18] He became disillusioned with his literary skills despite encouragement from the renowned poet Robert Frost, concluding that he had little world experience and no strong personal perspective from which to write. "A Review of BF Skinner''s Verbal Behavior." Pp. 142–43 in Readings in the Psychology of Language, edited by L. en-wikipedia-org-9812 List of aestheticians Wikipedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikipedia list article See also: Index of aesthetics articles This is a list of aestheticians (or aestheticists), philosophers of art, and aesthetes. John Anderson Yves Marie André Georg Anton Friedrich Ast Georges Bataille George Birkhoff Georg Brandes John Cage John Dewey Hans-Georg Gadamer Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Johann Friedrich Herbart Jean-François Lyotard John Maeda André Malraux Georg Mehlis Richard Meltzer Theodor Mundt Michael Oakeshott George Santayana Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel Michael Sprinker Johann Georg Sulzer Richard Wollheim Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aestheticians&oldid=978929135" Categories: Lists of philosophers Philosophers of art Hidden categories: Articles with short description Navigation Recent changes Related changes Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 19:36 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9813 en-wikipedia-org-9818 Atheism and religion (Criticism of atheism / of religion) Theological noncognitivism is the position that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – are not cognitively meaningful. For example, a sentence stating that "God is He who created everything, apart from Himself", is seen as circular rather than an irreducible truth. Michael Martin writing from a verificationist perspective concludes that religious language is meaningless because it is not verifiable.[1][2] Smith uses an attribute-based approach in an attempt to prove that there is no concept for God: he argues that there are no meaningful attributes, only negatively defined or relational attributes, making the term meaningless. When asserting the proposition, one can use attributes to at least describe the concept such a cohesive idea is transferred in language. en-wikipedia-org-9819 It was founded in 1544 as the world''s second Protestant academy (after the University of Marburg) by Duke Albert of Prussia, and was commonly known as the Albertina. Other university professors included such giants of the science world as the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1806–07), the biologist Karl Ernst von Baer (1817–34), the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi (1829–42), the mineralogist Franz Ernst Neumann (1828–76) and the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (1849–55). In the 19th and 20th centuries, the university was most famous for its school of Mathematics, founded by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, and continued by his pupils Ludwig Otto Hesse, Friedrich Richelot, Johann G. Celebrating the university''s 300 years jubilee 0n 31 August 1844, King Frederick William IV of Prussia laid the foundation for the new main building of the Albertina, which was inaugurated in 1862 by Crown Prince Frederick and Prorector Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz. The rebuilt main building of the Albertina is now part of the Immanuel Kant University. en-wikipedia-org-9822 According to the philosopher Bryan Magee, "it is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did".[129] Among countless other achievements, Aristotle was the founder of formal logic,[130] pioneered the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method.[131][132][133] Taneli Kukkonen, writing in The Classical Tradition, observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing "every branch of intellectual enterprise" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric and literary analysis is equally long. After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica, working from Moerbeke''s translations and calling Aristotle "The Philosopher",[152] the demand for Aristotle''s writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance.[153] These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. en-wikipedia-org-9825 en-wikipedia-org-9828 en-wikipedia-org-9829 According to Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson, an academic economist specializing in the School of Salamanca, Juan de Mariana and the Spanish scholastics provided much of the theoretical basis for Austrian School economic thought.[3] Juan De Mariana And Early Modern Spanish Political Thought, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007.[4] The Political Economy of Juan de Mariana, Fordham University Press, 1928.[5] Constitutionalism and Statecraft during the Golden Age of Spain: A Study of the Political Philosophy of Juan de Mariana, S.J., E. "Juan de Mariana and Early Modern Spanish Political Thought (review)". Juan de Mariana: The Influence of the Spanish Scholastics". "Juan de Mariana and Early Modern Spanish Political Thought," Reviews in History, December 2009. Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-983 Spiritualistic traditions appear deeply rooted in shamanism and perhaps are one of the oldest forms of religion.[citation needed] Mediumship is a modern form of shamanism and such ideas are very much like those developed by Edward Burnett Tylor in his theory of animism,[6] in which there are other parallel worlds to our own, though invisible to us and not accessible to us in our state. Adherents of spiritualistic movements believe that the spirits of the dead survive mortal life, and that sentient beings from spiritual worlds can and do communicate with the living. Foremost in the movement towards Christian Spiritualism in the United Kingdom was one of the leading pioneers in the spiritualism movement, medium and Reverend William Stainton Moses.[19] He was a member of the BNAS (British National Association of Spiritualists), vice-president of the Society for Psychic Research and launched the London Spiritualist Alliance which later became the College of Psychic Studies.[20] en-wikipedia-org-9832 en-wikipedia-org-9835 en-wikipedia-org-9836 250,000 people.[112] A year later, on 23 August 1989 commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and aiming to draw the attention of the whole world to the occupation of the Baltic states, a political demonstration, the Baltic Way, was organized.[113] The event, led by Sąjūdis, was a human chain spanning 600 kilometres (370 mi) across Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn, indicating the desire of the people of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia to break away from the Soviet Union. The president oversees foreign affairs and national security, and is the commander-in-chief of the military.[150] The president also appoints the prime minister and, on the latter''s nomination, the rest of the cabinet, as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts.[150] The current Lithuanian head of state, Gitanas Nausėda was elected on 26 May 2019 by unanimously winning in all municipalities of Lithuania.[151] en-wikipedia-org-9838 Morąg ([ˈmɔrɔŋk]; German: Mohrungen, [ˈmoːʁʊŋən] (listen)) is a town in northern Poland in Ostróda County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The command of the town was given to Ertman von Kirchberg, who oppressed the inhabitants.[2][better source needed] After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466, Mohrungen remained part of the Teutonic state and at the same time came under Polish suzerainty as a fief. During the Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–21, Morąg was again captured by Poland in 1520, after the local commander, Czech mercenary Wurgel Drahnicky, who wanted to defend the castle, was forced to submit to the Poles by the townspeople and his own troops.[5][better source needed] Upon the Protestant Reformation and the secularisation of the Order''s State in 1525 it became part of Ducal Prussia, remaining a Polish fief until 1657. After World War II, the remaining local populace was expelled and the town became part of the re-established Polish Republic according to the Potsdam Agreement, given its historic Polish name Morąg. en-wikipedia-org-9842 Arthur Coleman Danto (January 1, 1924 – October 25, 2013) was an American art critic, philosopher, and professor at Columbia University. He is best known for having been a long-time art critic for The Nation and for his work in philosophical aesthetics and philosophy of history, though he contributed significantly to a number of fields, including the philosophy of action. His interests included thought, feeling, philosophy of art, theories of representation, philosophical psychology, Hegel''s aesthetics, and the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre. It has had considerable influence on aesthetic philosophy and, according to professor of philosophy Stephen David Ross, "especially upon George Dickie''s institutional theory of art. Arthur Danto was an art critic for The Nation from 1984 to 2009, and also published numerous articles in other journals. Danto is the author of numerous books on philosophy and art, and summarizing the works of Continental philosophers in Anglo-American terms.[18] en-wikipedia-org-9847 en-wikipedia-org-985 en-wikipedia-org-9850 The Koine Greek Septuagint uses ψυχή (psyche) to translate Hebrew נפש (nephesh), meaning "life, vital breath", and specifically refers to a mortal, physical life, but in English it is variously translated as "soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion";[citation needed] an example can be found in Genesis 1:21: The Bahá''í Faith affirms that "the soul is a sign of God, a heavenly gem whose reality the most learned of men hath failed to grasp, and whose mystery no mind, however acute, can ever hope to unravel".[7] Bahá''u''lláh stated that the soul not only continues to live after the physical death of the human body, but is, in fact, immortal.[8] Heaven can be seen partly as the soul''s state of nearness to God; and hell as a state of remoteness from God. Each state follows as a natural consequence of individual efforts, or the lack thereof, to develop spiritually.[9] Bahá''u''lláh taught that individuals have no existence prior to their life here on earth and the soul''s evolution is always towards God and away from the material world.[9] en-wikipedia-org-9853 Postmodern critical approaches gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature, contemporary art, and music. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.[4] Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.[4] Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism.[4] Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and history on culture.[9] Postmodernism and critical theory commonly criticize universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress.[4] en-wikipedia-org-9857 en-wikipedia-org-9868 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 (2017-06) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with unsourced statements. To add an article to this category add {{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} to the article. Pages in category "Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017" 36th Infantry Division (United States) 2007 SEC Championship Game Activated PI3K delta syndrome Anglican Church of South America Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2017&oldid=783084448" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter Clean-up categories from June 2017 By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-987 en-wikipedia-org-9870 en-wikipedia-org-9876 en-wikipedia-org-9877 en-wikipedia-org-9880 Erin Schreiner, for instance, has considered how scholars writing on the history of ideas might "learn from, and contribute to, this nascent movement towards a ''post-critical'' sensibility," and proposes ways in which "the topics historians of ideas pursue can become more aligned with the concerns of post-critical theorists."[45] Similarly, Kathryn Fleishman has explored the relevance of postcritical ideas for an understanding of contemporary US politics, arguing that "postcritique is uniquely positioned to help us read and resist in our current political milieu,"[46] while Maite Marciano has proposed the relevance of postcritique to the field of American Studies.[47] Similarly, Ismail Muhammad has considered some of the applications that postcritical practices might have within the field of the visual arts, particularly art criticism.[48] Ulf Schulenberg, in his book Marxism, Pragmatism, and Postmetaphysics, explores what postcritique might have to offer the fields of philosophy and political philosophy.[49] en-wikipedia-org-9881 en-wikipedia-org-9884 On its first publication as an article in the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science in 1963–64, Proofs and Refutations became highly influential on new work in the philosophy of mathematics, although few agreed with Lakatos'' strong disapproval of formal proof. In his 1968 article "Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes",[22] Lakatos contrasted Popper0, the "naive falsificationist" who demanded unconditional rejection of any theory in the face of any anomaly (an interpretation Lakatos saw as erroneous but that he nevertheless referred to often); Popper1, the more nuanced and conservatively interpreted philosopher; and Popper2, the "sophisticated methodological falsificationist" that Lakatos claims is the logical extension of the correctly interpreted ideas of Popper1 (and who is therefore essentially Lakatos himself). en-wikipedia-org-9888 Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, Knight of Pratz (French: [alfɔ̃s maʁi lwi dəpʁa də lamaʁtin]; 21 October 1790 – 28 February 1869) was a French author, poet, and statesman who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France. Around 1830, Lamartine''s opinions shifted in the direction of liberalism.[1] When elected in 1833 to the National Assembly, he quickly founded his own "Social Party" with some influence from Saint-Simonian ideas and established himself as a prominent critic of the July Monarchy, becoming more and more of a republican in the monarchy''s last years.[1][4] Lamartine was instrumental in the founding of the Second Republic of France, having met with Republican Deputies and journalists in the Hôtel de Ville to agree on the makeup of its provisional government. Lamartine is considered to be the first French romantic poet (though Charles-Julien Lioult de Chênedollé was working on similar innovations at the same time), and was acknowledged by Paul Verlaine and the Symbolists as an important influence. en-wikipedia-org-9890 en-wikipedia-org-9891 en-wikipedia-org-9900 Abhinavagupta was born in a Kashmiri Brahmin[8] family of scholars and mystics and studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus.[9] In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Kaula and Trika (known today as Kashmir Shaivism). From Jayaratha, we learn that Abhinavagupta was in possession of all the six qualities required for the recipients of the tremendous level of śaktipāta, as described in the sacred texts (Śrīpūrvaśāstra):[16] an unflinching faith in God, realisation of mantras, control over objective principles (referring to the 36 tattvas), successful conclusion of all the activities undertaken, poetic creativity and spontaneous knowledge of all disciplines.[17] en-wikipedia-org-9901 Daniel Howard-Snyder and Paul Moser, in the introduction to a volume of papers on the idea of divine hiddenness as evidence against theism, cite Nietzsche''s question as anticipating this contemporary theme: "a god who is all-knowing and all-powerful and who does not even make sure his creatures understand his intentions — could that be a god of goodness?"[1] Not enough evidence!" Some nonbelievers may have hidden from themselves what seems to them to be possible evidence of the divine, but the view of the hiddenness argument is that others have tried hard to believe in God. Schellenberg addresses this difference with his distinction between culpable and inculpable nonbelief, with the latter defined as "non-belief that exists through no fault of the non-believer."[9] The most serious criticisms of the hiddenness argument have been leveled against the idea that a perfectly loving God would prevent nonresistant nonbelief. en-wikipedia-org-9902 en-wikipedia-org-9903 en-wikipedia-org-9904 Find sources: "Philosophical movement" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A philosophical movement is either the appearance or increased popularity of a specific school of philosophy, or a fairly broad but identifiable sea-change in philosophical thought on a particular subject. Talk of a philosophical movement can often function as a shorthand for talk of the views of a great number of different philosophers (and others associated with philosophy, such as historians, artists, scientists and political figures). More often the defining ideas of any philosophical movement are templates on which individual thinkers develop their own particular ideas. Ancient philosophical movements[edit] Medieval philosophical movements[edit] Modern philosophical movements[edit] Contemporary philosophical movements[edit] Movements in Eastern and African philosophies[edit] See Eastern philosophy for a list of Asian philosophical movements. See African philosophy for a list of African philosophical movements. en-wikipedia-org-9908 Al-Ghazali believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten.[28] This belief lead him to write his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā'' ''ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences").[29] Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a significant landmark in the history of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe.[23] ^ The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources "A native of Khorassan, of Persian origin, the Muslim theologian, sufi mystic, and philosopher Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali is one of the great figures of Islamic religious thought...." Ibn Babawayh (923–991) wrote Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (930–977) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism Rumi (1207–1273) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism en-wikipedia-org-991 Frederick Irwin "Fred" Dretske (/ˈdrɛtski/; December 9, 1932 – July 24, 2013) was an American philosopher noted for his contributions to epistemology and the philosophy of mind.[2] The word came later."[8] Information, understood in Dretske''s sense, is something that exists as an objective and mind-independent feature of the natural world and can be quantified. Dretske''s work on belief begins in the last third of Knowledge and the Flow of Information,[11] but the theory changed again in the book that followed, Explaining Behavior (1988). In Naturalizing the Mind Dretske argues that when a brain state acquires, through natural selection, the function of carrying information, then it is a mental representation suited (with certain provisos) to being a state of consciousness. In addition to the subjects tackled in Dretske''s book-length projects, he was also known as a leading proponent, along with David Armstrong and Michael Tooley, of the view that laws of nature are relations among universals. en-wikipedia-org-9922 Wagner studied under scholar Christian Thomasius in Leipzig, and in 1691 published a philosophical tract critical of Thomasius, "Discourse and doubts in Christ: a Thomasian introduction to courtly philosophy."[1][2] The tract satirically dubbed Thomasius the "German Socrates" and attracted attention within philosophical circles, including from Leibniz, who sought to contact Wagner.[1] In the same year, after a dispute over rent, Wagner was expelled from university and imprisoned. Historian Jonathan Israel writes that Wagner is an important materialist philosopher of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and an example of both radical philosophy and atheism produced by the growing university system of the period.[10][11] Historian Frederick Beiser writes that Wagner and his fellow materialists in Germany, though they were less numerous than those found in France and England, developed mechanistic explanations for human behavior and raised fears of spreading religious skepticism.[12] en-wikipedia-org-9931 However, in a later edition of "Practical Ethics" after the work of Næss and Sessions, Singer admits that, although unconvinced by deep ecology, the argument from intrinsic value of non-sentient entities is plausible, but at best problematic. In order to solidify the understanding that God had intended for humankind to use earths natural resources, environmental writers and religious scholars alike proclaimed that humans are separate from nature, on a higher order.[14] Those that may critique this point of view may ask the same question that John Muir asks ironically in a section of his novel A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf, why are there so many dangers in the natural world in the form of poisonous plants, animals and natural disasters, The answer is that those creatures are a result of Adam and Eve''s sins in the garden of Eden.[15] In Germany, the University of Greifswald has recently established an international program in Landscape Ecology & Nature Conservation with a strong focus on environmental ethics. en-wikipedia-org-9932 Objectivism''s main tenets are that reality exists independently of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception (see direct and indirect realism), that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one''s life is the pursuit of one''s own happiness (see rational egoism), that the only social system consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans'' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form—a work of art—that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally. en-wikipedia-org-9935 The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) is an identifier system for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books, television programmes, and newspaper articles. The ISNI allows a single identity (such as an author''s pseudonym or the imprint used by a publisher) to be identified using a unique number. ISNI can be used by libraries and archives when sharing catalogue information; for more precise searching for information online and in databases, and it can aid the management of rights across national borders and in the digital environment. As of 5 August 2017[update] ISNI holds public records of over 9.41 million identities, including 8.757 million people (of which 2.606 million are researchers) and 654,074 organisations.[19] "Encoding the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats". ISO 15511: International Standard Identifier for Libraries... ISO 27729: International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) en-wikipedia-org-9940 en-wikipedia-org-9943 It is characterised by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, a market economy with private property, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedoms for all people. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms as it may be a constitutional monarchy (such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom) or a republic (such as Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Ireland, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States). Even today, some countries considered to be liberal democracies do not have truly universal suffrage as those in the United Kingdom serving long prison sentences are unable to vote, (a policy which has been ruled a human rights violation by the European Court of Human Rights).[2] Many nations require positive identification before being allowed to vote. en-wikipedia-org-9944 en-wikipedia-org-9951 en-wikipedia-org-9952 Her second book, Kant on the Human Standpoint, began by attempting to rebut some of the critiques of her first book, and went on to analyze other aspects of Kant''s work, including his views on freedom, reason, and causality.[7] Her third book, Hegel''s Critique of Metaphysics, starts by providing a close reading of some of Hegel''s works that have traditionally been considered difficult to analyze, and goes on to make an argument that Hegel''s work represents a novel reworking of Kant''s ideas, and that the Hegelian corpus could be used as a base upon which to build a plausible alternative to Lockean empiricism.[9] The volume Longuenesse edited, Kant and the Early Moderns, was a collection of essays focusing on how Kant understood the work of philosophers that came before him, and how that shaped his own work.[10] en-wikipedia-org-9954 en-wikipedia-org-9958 The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God Wikipedia The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God German edition published in Leipzig in 1911 The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (German: Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes) is a book by Immanuel Kant, published in 1763, in the earlier period of his philosophy which he later saw as "dogmatic slumber". "The Only Possible Argument for the Demonstration of the Existence of God". The One Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God. New York: Abaris Books. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. This article about a book related to Christianity is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_Possible_Argument_in_Support_of_a_Demonstration_of_the_Existence_of_God&oldid=929358125" en-wikipedia-org-9961 en-wikipedia-org-9963 In November 2008, the Board of Directors of OCLC unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records[56] that would have required member libraries to include an OCLC policy note on their bibliographic records; the policy caused an uproar among librarian bloggers.[57][58] Among those who protested the policy was the non-librarian activist Aaron Swartz, who believed the policy would threaten projects such as the Open Library, Zotero, and Wikipedia, and who started a petition to "Stop the OCLC powergrab".[59][60] Swartz''s petition garnered 858 signatures, but the details of his proposed actions went largely unheeded.[58] Within a few months, the library community had forced OCLC to retract its policy and to create a Review Board to consult with member libraries more transparently.[58] In August 2012, OCLC recommended that member libraries adopt the Open Data Commons Attribution (ODC-BY) license when sharing library catalog data, although some member libraries have explicit agreements with OCLC that they can publish catalog data using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.[61][62] en-wikipedia-org-9965 Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (Russian: Екатери́на Рома́новна Воронцо́ва-Да́шкова;[1] 28 March [17 March O.S.] 1743[note 1] – 15 January [4 January O.S.] 1810[3]) was the closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment. Vorontsova-Dashkova was the first woman in the world to head a national academy of sciences and helped found the Russian Academy. "The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment" exhibition was held in Philadelphia, U.S.A., from February to December 2006. ^ The Memoirs of Princess Dashkova|Duke University Press |date=2003 |page=149 "The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin, and the Age of Enlightenment". The princess & the patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin , and the Age of Enlightenment, Volume 96, Part 1, Editor Sue Ann Prince, American Philosophical Society, 2006, Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Princess Dashkova. en-wikipedia-org-9971 en-wikipedia-org-9972 Ultimately Kievan Rus'' disintegrated, with the final blow being the Mongol invasion of 1237–40[30] that resulted in the destruction of Kiev[31] and the death of about half the population of Rus''.[32] The invading Mongol elite, together with their conquered Turkic subjects (Cumans, Kipchaks, Bulgars), became known as Tatars, forming the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged the Russian principalities; the Mongols ruled the Cuman-Kipchak confederation and Volga Bulgaria (modern-day southern and central expanses of Russia) for over two centuries.[33] During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps,[60] including many political convicts for their opposition to Stalin''s rule; millions were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union.[60] The transitional disorganisation of the country''s agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1933,[61] which killed between 2 and 3 million people in the Russian SFSR.[62] The Soviet Union made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse in a short span of time. en-wikipedia-org-9975 en-wikipedia-org-9978 Oxford philosopher and historian of ideas Isaiah Berlin is credited with being the first to popularize a substantial work describing the theory of objective value-pluralism, bringing it to the attention of academia (cf. Isaiah Berlin suggested that James Fitzjames Stephen, rather than himself, deserved credit for fathering value-pluralism.[6] Stephen had observed: William James, influenced by Fitzjames Stephen, endorsed value-pluralism in an essay on "The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life", which he first delivered as a lecture in 1891. Blattberg focuses on value-pluralism''s applications to Marx, the Russian intelligentsia, Judaism, and Berlin''s early political thought, as well as Berlin''s conceptions of liberty, the Enlightenment versus the Counter-Enlightenment, and history. Brown concludes that Berlin has failed to show that the problem of conflicting values is insoluble in principle.[12] The deliberative democrat Robert Talisse has published several articles criticizing the pluralism of Isaiah Berlin, William Galston, Richard Flathman, and John Gray, alleging informal logic and internal epistemological contradictions. en-wikipedia-org-9987 en-wikipedia-org-9988 Egalitarianism (from French égal ''equal''), or equalitarianism,[1][2] is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.[3] Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status.[4] Egalitarianism is the doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.[5] The term egalitarianism has two distinct definitions in modern English,[6] either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights,[7] or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as equality reflecting the natural state of humanity.[8][9][10] Many philosophers, including Ingmar Persson,[18] Peter Vallentyne,[19] Nils Holtug,[20] Catia Faria[21] and Lewis Gompertz,[22] have argued that egalitarianism implies that the interests of non-human animals must be taken into account as well. en-wikipedia-org-9991 Structuralism[α] (also known as scientific structuralism[1] or as the structuralistic theory-concept)[2] is an active research program in the philosophy of science, which was first developed in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s by several analytic philosophers. The philosophical concept of (scientific) structuralism is related to that of epistemic structural realism (ESR).[3] ESR, a position originally and independently held by Henri Poincaré (1902),[8][9] Bertrand Russell (1927),[10] and Rudolf Carnap (1928),[11] was resurrected by John Worrall (1989), who proposes that there is retention of structure across theory change. (1968), "Scientific Methodology and the Causal Theory of Perception", in: Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave (eds.), Problems in the Philosophy of Science, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. en-wikipedia-org-9992 Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark Wikipedia Find sources: "Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Denmark. 2.2 From The United Left to Liberal Party (Venstre) 2.4 Danish Social Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre) Below is a timeline listing the name changing and history of the political parties centred on the idea of liberalism in Denmark. Confusingly the term ''left'' is used in the name of some liberal parties in Denmark for historic reasons. National Liberal Party[edit] From The United Left to Liberal Party (Venstre)[edit] 1910: The Moderate Left merged into the new ⇒ Liberal Party Danish Social Liberal Party (Radikale Venstre)[edit] List of liberal organizations[edit] Venstre The Danish Liberal party. Det Radikale Venstre The Danish Social Liberal party. Liberalism in Denmark en-wikipedia-org-9994 en-wikipedia-org-9995 Mīmāṃsā, also romanized Mimansa[16] or Mimamsa,[3] means "reflection, consideration, profound thought, investigation, examination, discussion" in Sanskrit.[17] It also refers to the "examination of the Vedic text"[17] and to a school of Hindu philosophy that is also known as Pūrva Mīmāṃsā ("prior" inquiry, also Karma-Mīmāṃsā), in contrast to Uttara Mīmāṃsā ("posterior" inquiry, also Jñāna-Mīmāṃsā) – the opposing school of Vedanta. It debated not only "how does man ever learn or know, whatever he knows", but also whether the nature of all knowledge is inherently circular, whether those such as foundationalists who critique the validity of any "justified beliefs" and knowledge system make flawed presumptions of the very premises they critique, and how to correctly interpret and avoid incorrectly interpreting dharma texts such as the Vedas.[26] It asked questions such as "what is devata (god)?", "are rituals dedicated to devatas efficacious?", "what makes anything efficacious?", and "can it be proved that the Vedas, or any canonical text in any system of thought, fallible or infallible (svatah pramanya, intrinsically valid)?, if so, how?" and others.[27][28] To Mīmānsā scholars, the nature of non-empirical knowledge and human means to it are such that one can never demonstrate certainty, one can only falsify knowledge claims, in some cases.[29] According to Francis Clooney, a professor at Harvard Divinity School specializing on Hinduism, the Mīmānsā school is "one of the most distinctively Hindu forms of thinking; it is without real parallel elsewhere in the world".[21] en-wikiquote-org-7832 But in pure philosophy, such as metaphysics, in which the use of the intellect in respect to principles is real, that is to say, where the primary concept of things and relations and the very axioms are given originally by the pure intellect itself, and not being intuitions do not enjoy immunity from error, the method precedes the whole science, and whatever is attempted before its precepts are thoroughly discussed and firmly established is looked upon as rashly conceived and to be rejected among vain instances of mental playfulness. Whatever concept one may hold, from a metaphysical point of view, concerning the freedom of the will, certainly its appearances, which are human actions, like every other natural event are determined by universal laws. en-wikisource-org-4495 en-wikisource-org-4560 en-wikisource-org-8244 ADB:Marquardt, Konrad Gottlieb – Wikisource ADB:Marquardt, Konrad Gottlieb aus Wikisource, der freien Quellensammlung Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen Artikel „Marquardt, Konrad Gottlieb" von Moritz Cantor in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 20 (1884), S. 417, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, URL: https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Marquardt,_Konrad_Gottlieb&oldid=(Version vom 10. Januar 2021, 01:14 Uhr UTC) [[ADB:{{{VERWEIS}}}|{{{VERWEIS}}}]] [[| bei Wikisource]] Datensatz, Rohdaten, Werke, Deutsche Biographie, weitere Angebote Dieser Text wurde zweimal anhand der Quelle Korrektur gelesen. Marquardt: Konrad Gottlieb M., Mathematiker, geb; am 20. Von „https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Marquardt,_Konrad_Gottlieb&oldid=3477499" Kategorien: Fertig ADB ADB ADB:Band 20 ADB:Autor:Moritz Cantor Versteckte Kategorien: ADB:BSB-Abgleich nicht durchgeführt ADB:Unverlinkt ADB:Mit GND-Link ADB:WP-Artikel existiert nicht Persönliche Werkzeuge Benutzerkonto erstellen Letzte Änderungen Werkzeuge Links auf diese Seite Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten Diese Seite zitieren Buch erstellen Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 13. Januar 2019 um 23:21 Uhr bearbeitet. en-wiktionary-org-2722 encyclopedia2-thefreedictionary-com-4866 eo-wikipedia-org-6100 es-wikipedia-org-4602 Kant adelantó importantes trabajos en los campos de la ciencia, el derecho, la epistemología, la moral, la religión, la política y la historia habiendo logrado, inclusive, una síntesis entre el empirismo y el racionalismo.[1][2][8] Aceptando que si bien todo nuestro conocimiento empieza con la experiencia, no todo procede de ella[9], dando a entender que la razón juega un papel importante. También previno al joven alumno respecto del idealismo, visto negativamente por toda la filosofía del siglo XVIII, e, incluso después de la creación de la teoría del idealismo trascendental, Kant refutó el idealismo en la segunda edición de su obra principal: la Crítica de la razón pura. Cuando Kant salió de su silencio en 1781, el resultado fue la Crítica de la razón pura (Kritik der reinen Vernunft).[6] Aunque hoy sea reconocida unánimemente como una de las más importantes obras en la historia de la filosofía, fue ignorada en el momento de su publicación inicial. et-wikipedia-org-9764 eu-wikipedia-org-4390 Dena den, garaiko filosofo arrazionalista zein enpiristek, filosofo ilustratuek eta Rousseauren moralak ere eragina izan zuten Kantengan. Hamabost urtez irakasle izan zen unibertsitatean, eta ospe handia lortu zuen. Pentsamendua eta lanak[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea] Kanten obrak eragin handia izan du Mendebaldeko filosofian, Alemaniako filosofian batez ere, materialismoan eta positibismoan. Ikus, gainera[aldatu | aldatu iturburu kodea] (arg.) 2005: Kant eta modernitatearen iraultza, Donostia, Jakin. 1997: Immanuel Kant: bizitza eta filosofia, Donostia, Jakin. Wikipedia:VIAF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:ISNI identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:BNA identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:BNE identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:CANTIC identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:GND identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:NLA identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:SNAC identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:ULAN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:BIBSYS identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:UB identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:SBN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:Open Library identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:RKDartists identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:Persée identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:Gutenberg proiektuko autore identifikatzailea duten artikuluak Wikipedia:BDCYL identifikatzailea duten artikuluak ext-wikipedia-org-3606 fa-wikipedia-org-487 fi-wikipedia-org-4608 fiu-vro-wikipedia-org-3337 Kanti Immanuel – Wikipedia Läteq: Wikipedia Mine navigeerimisribale Mine otsikasti Immanuel Kant Sündünüq 22. mahlakuu päiv 1724 Koolnuq 12. radokuu päiv 1804 Königsberg, Preisi Kuningriik Königsberg, Preisi Kuningriik Rahvus s''akslanõ Ammõt filosuuf Kanti Immanuel (Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804) oll'' s''aksa filosuuf, kiä elli preisi liinan Königsbergin (s''oo ilma aigu Vinnemaa liin Kaliningrad). Kaeq artikli Kanti Immanuel Kanti Immanuel Kanti Immanuel Kanti Immanuel kotsilõ ka Wikimedia Commonsi kogost. Vällä otsit teedüskogost "https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanti_Immanuel&oldid=162630" Katõgooriaq: S''aksamaa inemiseq S''aksamaa filosoofiq Olõ-i nimega sisse mint Seo puutri võrgoaadrõsi arotus Nimega sisseminek Artikli Arotus Toimõndaq Viimädseq muutmisõq Johuslinõ artikli Siiäq näütäjäq lingiq Siiäq putvaq muutmisõq Tõisin projekten Commons Tõisin keelin Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Simple English Toimõndaq linke Seo leht om viimäte muudõt 18:44, 1. Teksti või pruukiq Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike-litsendsi tingimüisi perrä; mõnikõrd või päält taa ollaq ka muid tingimüisi. Taa kotsilõ kaeq täpsämbähe Wikimedia pruukmistingimüisist. Wikipedia tutvustus fo-wikipedia-org-2352 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Frá Wikipedia, hin frælsa alfrøðin Jump to navigation Jump to search Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) var týskur heimspekingur. Høvuðsverk hansara, Kritik der reinen Vernunft frá 1781 verður roknað sum endin á upplýsingartíðini. Hendan greinin er ein stubbi. Tú kanst hjálpa Wikipedia við at víðka hann. Sí miðlasavnið »Immanuel Kant« í Wikimedia Commons. Heintað frá "https://fo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=320506" Bólkar: Týskarar Føðingar í 1720-árunum Andlát í 1800-árunum Persónlig amboð Ikki ritað inn Kjak til hesa ip-adressuna Rita inn Kjak Les Rætta Rætta wikitekst Bólkar Seinastu broytingar Amboð Viðkomandi broytingar Sitera hesa greinina Tak niður sum PDF Aðrar verkætlanir Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Rætta leinkjur Hendan síðan var seinast broytt 06:15, 2. 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This Privacy Policy only covers the way the Wikimedia Foundation collects, uses and discloses Personal Information and does not address the practices of third parties. fr-wikipedia-org-5028 Cette image apparaît sujette à caution à certains universitaires qui y voient une exagération et un transfert des habitudes de ponctualité de son ami à partir de 1764, Joseph Green, célèbre pour son rigorisme au point d''avoir été en son temps le sujet du livre satirique L''homme d''après l''horloge de Theodor Gottlieb Hippel (un autre ami de Kant)[11]. D''autre part, et à partir des acquis de la Critique de la raison pure, Kant élabore une philosophie morale profondément nouvelle qui part du concept de loi morale valable pour tout « être raisonnable », universelle et nécessaire, et de son corrélat, la « liberté transcendantale ». Cet ouvrage est une reprise des thèses finales de la Critique de la raison pure, mais précise sensiblement les thèses kantiennes, surtout en ce qui concerne le statut de la liberté dans la morale. frp-wikipedia-org-3087 Èmanuèl Kant — Vouiquipèdia Sauter à la navigation Sauter à la recherche Cél articllo est ècrit en arpetan supradialèctâl / ORB lârge. Èmanuèl Kant. Èmanuèl Kant. Èmanuèl Kant (22 d''avril 1724; 12 de fevriér 1804) est un filosofo prussièn. Ôvres[changiér | changiér lo tèxto sôrsa] L''unique fondement possible d''une démonstration de l''existence de Dieu (1762). Critique de la raison pure (1781). Critique de la raison pratique (1788). Menu de navegacion Fâre un comptio Pâge Changiér lo tèxto sôrsa Navegacion Reçua Pâge a l''hasârd Reçua de la comunôtât Pâge de contacto Pâges liyêes Tèlèchargiér un fichiér Pâges spèciâles Enformacions sur la pâge Citar cela pâge Fâre un lévro Tèlèchargiér coment PDF Vèrsion emprimâbla Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Changiér los lims Lo dèrriér changement de cela pâge est étâ fêt lo 9 de janviér 2021 a 13:34. Sur Vouiquipèdia Vèrsion enfatâbla Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies) frr-wikipedia-org-7462 fy-wikipedia-org-17 Immanuel Kant (22 april 1724 – 12 febrewaris 1804) wie in Dútsk filosoof. Syn ynfloed op it mêd fan filosofy, etyk, teology, strafrjocht, folkerjocht en estetyk wurkje troch oan hjoed de dei ta. 2 De etyk fan Kant 3 Wurken fan Kant It ferhaal giet dat de ynwenners de klok der op lyk sette koenen mei de tiid dat Kant te kuierjen gong mei syn feint Lampe, alle dagen stipt om healwei fjouweren middeis. De etyk fan Kant[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Kant fûn respekt hawwe foar in oar minske o sa wichtich. Wurken fan Kant[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Byld fan Kant yn Keningsbergen Kant hat in tal boeken skreaun dy''t fan krúsjale betsjutting west hawwe foar de Westerske filosofy. Earste druk fan de Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781 Twadde (sterk útwreide) druk fan de Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1787 Dútsk persoan fan Skotsk komôf Persoan fan Baltysk-Dútsk komôf Persoan fan Eastprusysk-Dútsk komôf ga-wikipedia-org-5014 Immanuel Kant Vicipéid Tá tagairt do réabhlóid Copernicus ina thairiscint go bhféadtar réada a iomasú a priori (roimh ré) agus dá bhrí sin go bhfuil an t-iomasú neamhspleách ar an réaltacht oibiachtúil.[1] Shíl Kant gurbh é an réasún máthair na moráltachta agus gur tháinig an aeistéitic d''acmhainn bhreithiúnais neamhchlaonta. Deir daoine éigin gurbh aindiachaí ar dtús é agus gur chum sé argóint ointeolaíoch ar son Dé i gceann tamaill, agus tá daoine eile níos déine air, go háirithe Schopenhauer, fealsamh a dúirt nach raibh i bhfoirm ordaitheach eitic Kant ach "moráltacht dhiaga" agus "Deich nAitheanta Mhaois faoi cheilt,"[5] agus Nietzsche, a mhaígh go raibh fuil diagaire in Kant[6] agus nach raibh ann ach cosantóir sofaisticiúil na Críostaíochta. D''fhoilsigh Kant saothair thábhachtacha eile ar eitic, reiligiún, dlí, aeistéitic, réalteolaíocht agus stair. If, on the other hand, the object conforms to the nature of our faculty of intuition, I can then easily conceive the possibility of such an a priori knowledge." Kant, Immanuel. gan-wikipedia-org-5155 出自維基百科 跳至導覽 跳至搜尋 康德嗰相 康德（德文：Immanuel Kant，音標：[ɪˈmanuɛl kant]），1724年4月22號出世，1804年2月12號過身，係隻德國嗰哲學家，係德國古典哲學嗰創始人。佢拕被認為係現代歐洲最具影響嗰思想家之一，也係啟蒙運動最督嗰一位主要哲學家。 版本頁「https://gan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=康德&oldid=387952」 1隻分類： 德國人 導覽選單 個人工具 冇登入 箇隻IP嗰對話框 建立帳號 空間名 望下歷史 新出嗰事 隨機文章 頂晏嗰改動 家業盒 有什哩連到箇首 連結頁嗰更改 上傳檔案 特殊頁 固定連結 頁面資訊 引用此頁面 維基數據項目 下載為 PDF 可打印版本 其他專案 維基共享資源 別嗰話 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Kabɩyɛ Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lumbaart لۊری شومالی Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English 關於 維基百科 gcr-wikipedia-org-2292 gd-wikipedia-org-7190 Ro Kant bha feallsanaich den bheachd gun tig epistimeòlas bho reusan a-mhàin, mar Descartes agus Spinoza, air no às na ciad-fàthan a-mhàin, mar a bha Locke, Hume is Berkeley a'' smaoineachadh. Bha Kant den bheachd gun robh na ciad-fàthan agus reusan ag innse cò ris a tha an saoghal coltach. Chaidh e le Berkeley a bha ag ràdh nach eil tìm agus fànas a'' crochadh air na ciad-fàthan againn, ach gum faigh iad cruth aon uair ''s gu bheil iad anns a'' mhothachadh (consciousness) againn. Ach chaidh Kant nas fhaide na Berkeley agus bha e den bheachd gu bheil smuaintean gun susbaint falamh, mar sin is fheudar ciad-fàthan a bhith aig an smaoineachadh gus seo a lìonadh. Ro Kant bha Hume den bheachd nach eil fianais againn air dè tha ceart agus dè tha ceàrr. Anns na faclan aig Kant tha reusan pragtaigeach againn uile a dh''innseas dhuinn dè tha moralta agus dè nach eil. gl-wikipedia-org-1716 gu-wikipedia-org-7410 ૧૭૮૧માં એ સત્તાવન વર્ષના હતા ત્યારે એમનો ધ ક્રિટિક ઓફ પ્યૂર રીઝન ગ્રંથ પ્રગટ થયો હતો. ત્યારબાદ એમના અન્ય બે અગત્યના ગ્રંથો ધ ક્રિટિક ઓફ પ્રેક્ટિકલ રીઝન (૧૭૯૭) અને ધ ક્રિટિક ઓફ જજમેન્ટ (૧૭૯૦) પ્રગટ થયા હતા. શરૂઆતનું જીવન[ફેરફાર કરો] એમના પિતાનું નામ જોહાન જ્યોર્જ કેન્ટ હતું અને માતાનું નામ એના રેગીના રેઉટર હતું. ઇમેન્યુએલ ત્યાર પછી ગરીબીના દિવસોમાં ટ્યૂશનો કરીને પોતાનુ ગુજરાન ચલાવતા હતા અને એ દરમિયાન એમણે કોનિંગ્સબર્ગ યુનિવર્સિટીમાંથી પ્રાકૃતિક વિજ્ઞાનો, તત્ત્વજ્ઞાન અને ઈશ્વર વિચારનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો હતો. પંદર વર્ષના લાંબા સંશોધન અને વિચારવિમર્શ પછી એમણે લખેલો ધ ક્રિટિક ઓફ પ્યૂર રીઝન ગ્રંથ ૧૭૮૧માં પ્રગટ થયો હતો. ક્રિટિક ઓફ પ્યૂર રીઝન[ફેરફાર કરો] ''ક્રિટિક'' એટલે વિવેચન અને ''રીઝન'' એટલે શુદ્ધ તર્કબુદ્ધિ. આમ, ઇમેન્યુએલ કેન્ટ અનુભવ કરનાર વ્યક્તિ અને અનુભવાતો પદાર્થ બંનેની વચ્ચે ભેદ પાડે છે.[૩] વધુ વાચન[ફેરફાર કરો] સંદર્ભ[ફેરફાર કરો] વિકિમીડિયા કૉમન્સ પર ઇમેન્યુએલ કેન્ટ વિષયક વધુ દ્રશ્ય-શ્રાવ્ય માધ્યમો (Media) ઉપલબ્ધ છે. વધુ માહિતી માટે વપરાશની શરતો જુઓ. gutenberg-spiegel-de-4815 gutenberg-spiegel-de-623 gutenberg-spiegel-de-8892 gutenberg-spiegel-de-953 he-wikipedia-org-334 hi-wikipedia-org-5903 hif-wikipedia-org-8462 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Jump to navigation Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) ek German philosopher rahaa. Uske janam Königsberg Prussia me bhaes rahaa, aur uu wahi jagah pe maris bhi rahaa. Kant, university me philosophy parrhis aur baad me philosophy ke professor bhi banaa. Duusra websites[badlo | source ke badlo] Wikimedia Commons me Immanuel Kant ke baare me kuchh media hae. Kant''s Ethical Theory Kantian ethics explained, applied and evaluated All works of Kant (German) Immanuel Kant''s works: text, concordances and frequency list "https://hif.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=199129" se lawa gais hae Navigate kare waala menu Log in karo Panna Source ke edit karo Pahila Panna Koi bhi panna Madat karo Panna ke jurraa badlao Khaas panna Panna ke jaankari Ii panna ke cite karo PDF ke naam pe download karo Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Links ke badlo Wikipedia ke baare me hr-wikipedia-org-7609 Kant je studirao filozofiju na tamošnjem sveučilištu i kasnije postao profesor filozofije. U „Kritici čistog uma" Kant je napravio „kopernikanski obrat". Kant je svoje etičko učenje iznio u djelu „Kritika praktičnog uma" 1788. Kant je dao i svoje mišljenje o estetici, u svojoj knjizi "Kritika moći suđenja" koju je napisao 1790.godine. Kritika čistog uma[uredi | uredi kôd] Transcendentalna logika[uredi | uredi kôd] Kritika praktičkog uma[uredi | uredi kôd] I Kritiku praktičkog uma Kant je podijelio na dva dijela: prvi donosi elementarni nauk čistoga praktičkog uma, a drugi metodologiju čistoga praktičkog uma. Temeljne misli svoje filozofske nauke o religiji Kant razvija u djelu Religija unutar granica čistoga uma. Na stranicama Wikicitata postoji zbirka osobnih ili citata o temi: Immanuel Kant Filozofija Jean d''Alembert · Condorcet · Denis Diderot · Adam Ferguson · Johann Gottfried Herder · David Hume · Immanuel Kant · John Locke · Charles de Montesquieu · Jean-Jacques Rousseau · Voltaire hu-wikipedia-org-1102 hy-wikipedia-org-1015 ia-wikipedia-org-6189 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere Il ha 1 modification in iste version que attende revision. Il ha 1 modification in iste version que attende revision. Saltar al navigation Saltar al recerca 1804-02-12 (Königsberg) 1804-02-12 (Königsberg) Königsberg Cathedral[*] University of Königsberg[*] Critique of Pure Reason[*], Critique of Practical Reason[*], Critique of Judgment[*], Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics[*], Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?[*], The Metaphysics of Morals[*], Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason[*], Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals[*] Religion Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant esseva un philosopho german. Hodie, Königsberg, le citate ubi ille nasceva, es parte de Russia e es appelate Kaliningrad. Tu non ha aperite session Navigation Pagina principal Pagina aleatori Instrumentos Paginas ligate a iste Modificationes ligate Paginas special Information sur le pagina Citar iste pagina Version pro imprimer In altere linguas Bahasa Melayu Simple English Modificar ligamines Iste pagina esseva modificate le plus recentemente le 1 martio 2020 a 06:30. id-loc-gov-4141 id-wikipedia-org-5462 ie-wikipedia-org-8327 ilo-wikipedia-org-7764 Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti BNF Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti CANTIC Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti GND Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti ISNI Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti LCCN Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti LNB Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti NLI Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti NLK Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti NSK Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti NTA Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti SELIBR Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti SUDOC Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti Trove Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti ULAN Dagiti artikulo ti Wikipedia nga agraman kadagiti panagilasin ti VIAF io-wikipedia-org-7452 is-wikipedia-org-2058 Árið 1764 ritaði Kant svo Athuganir á tilfinningu fyrir fegurðinni og hinu tignarlega og Rannsókn á skýrleika frumsetninga náttúrulegrar guðfræði og siðfræði og var í öðru sæti á eftir Móses Mendelssohn í verðlaunakeppni berlínsku akademíunar (verkið er því gjarnan kallað „verðlaunaritgerðin"). Árið 1770, þá orðinn 45 ára gamall, var Kant gerður að prófessor í rökfræði og frumspeki við Háskólan í Königsberg. Hann gerði sér þó grein fyrir óskýrleika ritsins og skrifaði því Forspjall að sérhverri vísindalegri frumspeki framtíðar árið 1783 sem samantekt meginatriða hennar og fékk vin sinn Johann Schultz til að gefa út stutta athugasemd við Gagnrýni hreinnar skynsemi. aldar í kjölfarið á útgáfu nokkurra rita: Svar við spurningunni: Hvað er upplýsing árið 1784, Grundvöllur að frumspeki siðferðilegrar breytni árið 1785 sem var jafnframt hans fyrsta siðfræðiverk hans og Frumspekilegar forsendur náttúruvísinda árið 1786. Verk eftir Kant[breyta | breyta frumkóða] isni-org-1685 Wikipedia https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant_Immanuel'' Wikipedia https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Wikipedia https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant it-wikipedia-org-6728 ja-wikipedia-org-6631 jam-wikipedia-org-153 Imanyuel Kant Wikipidia Jump to navigation Jump to search Imanyuel Kant Imanyuel Kant Imanyuel Kant (Iepril 22, 1724 – Febiweri 12, 1804) wena wah 18t senchri Joerman filasifa. Di buk a wah atak pah chadishanal metafizix ah ipistimalaji, an i ailait Kant vyuudem bout demya ieria. Works by Immanuel Kant Wikimedia Commons ab midia rilietid tu: Imanyuel Kant. Fi yuh special function dem Pree di change dem All a di page dem weh link yah suh Change pon di page dem weh link to da one yah Special page Page link weh naw guh change Page information Cite da page yah Page wah betta fi print Inna adda language Change up di link dem Di las'' time da page yah change a 16:19 pon 19 December 2019. memba dat adda legal business weh nuh mention might can add on pon dis. Info pon Wikipidia jv-wikipedia-org-2578 ka-wikipedia-org-5730 12 თებერვალი 1804, იქვე) — გერმანელი ფილოსოფოსი, თანამედროვე ფილოსოფიის ერთ-ერთი მნიშვნელოვანი წარმომადგენელი. ამრიგად, კანტის მიზანი საერთოდ მეტაფიზიკის უარყოფა კი არ, არამედ მისი ახლებური დასაბუთება არის. თავისთავადი ნივთი მოქმედებს ჩვენზე; მისგან გამოწვეული შეგრძნებები მხოლოდ მასალაა, რაც მოწესრიგდება გრძნობადის აპრობირებულ ფორმებში(დრო და სივრცე ) და შეკავშირდება განსჯის აპრობირებული წესებით. ასეა აგებული შემეცნების საგანი, ანუ მოვლენა, რაც თავისთავადი ნივთის შესახებ მხოლოდ იმას გვეუბნება, რომ იგი არსებობს. მსჯელობის უნარის ძირითდი ობიექტი(მშვენიერი) არის ის, რაც არსებობს არსის სფეროში, მაგრამ მაინც თავისთავადი ღირებულება აქვს. დროის ცნების მეტაფიზიკური ახსნა კანტის მიხედვით[რედაქტირება | წყაროს რედაქტირება] 4. დრო არ არის დისკურსიული, ან როგორც უწოდებენ, ზოგადი ცნება, არამედ გრძნობადი მჭვრეტელობის წმინდა ფორმა სხვადასხვა დრო ერთი და იმავე დროის მხოლოდ ნაწილებია, მაგრამ წარმოდგენა, რომელიც შეიძლება მოცემული იყოს მხოლოდ ერთადერთი საგნით, ჭვრეტაა, ზოგადი ცნებიდან არ გამოიყვანება აგრეთვე ის დებულება, რომ სხვადასხვა დრო არ შეიძლება ერთად იყოს, ეს დებულება სინთეზურია და ხმოლოდ ცნებიდან ვერ წარმოდგება. ტრანსცედენტალური ესთეტიკა იმანუელ კანტი იმანუელ კანტი შემეცნების თეორია kaa-wikipedia-org-2847 kab-wikipedia-org-293 Emmanuel Kant Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit. Sauter à la navigation Sauter à la recherche Emmanuel Kant Emmanuel Kant Tameddurt Königsberg (fr) , 22 Yebrir 1724 Königsberg (fr) Johann Georg Kant Critique de la raison pure (fr) Critique de la raison pratique (fr) Métaphysique des mœurs (fr) La Religion dans les limites de la simple raison (fr) Fondation de la métaphysique des mœurs (fr) Académie royale des sciences de Prusse (fr) Académie des sciences de Russie (fr) Emmanuel Kant d afelsuf almani (illul-d deg 22 yebrir 1724 di Königsberg immat deg 12 furar 1804 di Königsberg, Prusen agiuḍan). Yettwakkes-d seg "https://kab.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Kant&oldid=74974" Taggayin : Tameddurt Ummuɣ n tunigin Ifecka n timmad Adeg n umeslay Ẓreg Ẓreg aɣbalu Tunigin Adeg n temɣiwent Ifecka Isebtar i yeqqnen gar-asen S tutlayin-nniḍen Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Ẓreg iseɣwan Aḍṛis-a atan ddaw n Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; Ɣef Wikipedia katalog-nsk-hr-8291 NSK normativna baza Cjeloviti prikaz Baza podataka: NSK normativna baza Popis baza podataka PRETRAŽIVANJE | POPIS REZULTATA | PRETHODNA PRETRAŽIVANJA Pohranite / Pošaljite e-poštom Zapis 000100107 od NSK10 Sistemski broj Odrednica Kant, Immanuel Neusvojeni oblik Kant, Imanuel Kant, Emanuele Biografski podaci Njemački filozof. Rođen 1724., umro 1804. Pristup Proleksis enciklopedija online (Kant, Immanuel) Prikaz: Prikaz: Prikaz: Cjeloviti prikaz | Cjeloviti prikaz | MARC MARC Početna Postavke Pišite nam Pomoć Pretraživanje Popis rezultata Prethodna pretraživanja Odaberite drugu bazu © Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu 2020. Sva prava pridržana. | Ul. Hrvatske bratske zajednice 4 p.p. 550, 10000 Zagreb. HRVATSKA | Tel. Izjava o pristupačnosti kbp-wikipedia-org-5415 Emmanuel Kant — Wikipediya Emmanuel Kant Emmanuel Kant kɛ Caama tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naalɛ (22) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1724 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Emmanuel Kant sɩba kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1804 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Emmanuel Kant kɛ filozɔɔfʋ sɔsɔ ɛ-alɩwaatʋ taa. Filosɔɔfʋ sɔsɔ Emmanuel Kant yebina nɛ ɛyʋ nɩʋ kamaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ piliŋa ñɔ Caama taa. Ɖajaa Emmanuel Kant yebina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ maɣzɩm ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛ nɩʋ kpayɩ kpayɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ piliŋa ñɔ Caama. Pʋtʋʋ fɛyɩ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga ka-taa. Ɖajaa Emmanuel Kant laba filozofii lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa tʋma sakɩyɛ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ taa takʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa tʋmɩyɛ. Tiyina poliŋ taa takayaɣ Takayɩhatʋ ndɩ Takayɩhayʋʋ yɔɔ kiheyitu Lɩzɩ takayahayʋʋ kɩlɩʋ / poliŋ taa wonaʋ Poliŋ taa mʋʋ ɛzɩ PDF yɔ Tambasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Simple English \nCɔna Labɩnaʋ paɣtʋ nɛ ŋtasɩ pɩ-taa nɩʋ camɩyɛ." Mɛsaɣ tɛɛ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋ paɣtʋ kk-wikipedia-org-8473 kn-wikipedia-org-1381 ko-wikipedia-org-1182 1724년 프로이센의 상업도시 쾨니히스베르크(현재의 러시아 칼리닌그라드)에서 수공업자인 아버지 요한 게오르크 칸트(Johann Georg Kant)와 어머니 안나 레기나(Anna Regina) 사이에서 태어났다. 칸트는 ''에마누엘''(Emanuel)이란 세례명을 받았으며, 히브리어 공부하고서 ''임마누엘"(Immanuel:하느님이 우리와 함께 계시다[2])로 바꾸었다.[3] 그는 삶을 통틀어서 단 한번도 쾨니히스베르크에서 100마일 멀리 떨어진 곳으로 여행하지 않았다.[4] 그 아버지인 요한 게오르크 칸트(Johann Georg Kant) (1682–1746)는 당시 프로이센에서 가장 북쪽 도시인 메멜에서 이주한 독일인 마구(馬具) 제작자였다. 10여 년간 철학적 침묵기를 거친 후 칸트는 1780년대에 일련의 중요한 저서, 즉 에세이 《계몽이란 무엇인가?라는 물음에 대한 답변》(Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?, 1784), 《윤리 형이상학의 정초》(Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785), 《자연과학의 형이상학적 기초》(Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, 1786)를 잇달아 발표하면서 점점 명성이 올라갔다. 이들 책의 제목 끝에 붙인 ''비판''이라는 개념은 칸트가 과거의 철학을 비판적 연구 분석한 것으로 이해될 수 있으며 또한 칸트는 이러한 측면에서 스스로의 철학을 ''비판철학'' 이라고 불렀다. 이마누엘 칸트의 인식론의 선험적 도식[주 2] 쾨니히스베르크(현 러시아 칼리닌그라드)에 세운 이마누엘 칸트의 동상 이마누엘 칸트의 작품 프로젝트 구텐베르크 kopkatalogs-lv-545 Autoritatīvā DB Full View of Record Latvijas Nacionālās bibliotēkas autoritatīvā datubāze Reģistrēties Beigt darbu Lietotājs Mans e-plaukts English Pievienot e-Plauktam Saglabāt/Sūtīt Pilns ieraksts Sistēmas nr. Entītes veids Persona Persona Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 Vieta saistīta ar Dzim.: Kēnigsberga (Vācija). Mir.: Kēnigsberga (Vācija). Darbības joma Filozofija. Nodarb./profesija Filozofs. Norāde Kants, I. (Imanuels), 1724-1804 Kant, Emmanuel, 1724-1804 Kants, Imanuels, 1724-1804 Kants, Immanuēls, 1724-1804 Кант, Иммануил, 1724-1804 Кант, И. (Иммануил), 1724-1804 Кант, Іммануїл, 1724-1804 Kantas, Immanuelis, 1724-1804 Dzimums vīrietis Valoda saistīta ar ger Saist. ieraksts Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 [VIAF] http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490 Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 [ISNI] http://www.isni.org/0000000122824025 Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 [Wikidata] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9312 Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 [Union List of Artist Names] http://vocab.getty.edu/page/ulan/500107055 Formāta izvēle: Formāta izvēle: Standarta Standarta MARC MARC Komentāri Komentāri Palīdzība Palīdzība Pārlūkošana Pārlūkošana Meklēšana Meklēšana Rezultātu saraksts Rezultātu saraksts Iepriekšējie meklējumi Iepriekšējie meklējumi Datubāzes Datubāzes © 2014 Ex Libris korpora-zim-uni-duisburg-essen-de-4064 Korpora.org: Bereitstellung und Pflege von Kants Gesammelten Werken in elektronischer Form Zu Kants Gesammelten Werken in elektronischer Form ohne Frames korpora-zim-uni-duisburg-essen-de-479 Kant: AA I, PRINCIPIORUM PRIMORUM COGNITIONIS ... Kant: AA I, PRINCIPIORUM PRIMORUM COGNITIONIS ... , Seite 385 , Seite 385 Zeile: Text (Kant): 01 PRINCIPIORUM PRIMORUM COGNITIONIS METAPHYSICAE; 02 NOVA DILUCIDATIO, 03 QUAM 04 CONSENSU AMPLISSIMAE FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE 05 DISSERTATIONE PUBLICA 06 IN AUDITORIO PHIL. DIE 27. SEPTEMBR. HORIS 8-12 07 HABENDA 08 PRO RECEPTIONE IN EANDEM 09 DEFENDET IMMANUEL KANT, REGIOM. 11 RESPONDENTE 12 CHRISTOPHORO ABRAHAMO BORCHARD, HEILIGENB. BOR. CULTORE, 14 OPPONENTIBUS 15 IOHANNE GODOFREDO MOELLER, REGIOM. S. THEOL. S. THEOL. STUD., 17 FRIDERICO HENRICO SAMUELE LYSIO, REGIOM. 20 IOHANNE REINHOLDO GRUBE, REGIOM. 22 ANNO MDCCLV. [ Seite 384 ] [ Seite 387 ] [ Inhaltsverzeichnis ] korpora-zim-uni-duisburg-essen-de-7360 Kant: AA I, MEDITATIONUM QUARUNDAM DE IGNE ... Kant: AA I, MEDITATIONUM QUARUNDAM DE IGNE ... , Seite 369 , Seite 369 Zeile: Text (Kant): 01 MEDITATIONUM QUARUNDAM 02 DE IGNE 03 SUCCINCTA DELINEATIO, 04 QUAM 05 SPECIMINIS CAUSA 06 AMPLISSIMAE FACULTATI PHILOSOPHICAE, 07 UT EXAMINI BENEVOLE ADMITTATUR, 08 HUMILLIME OFFERT 09 IMMANUEL KANT, REG. BOR. 10 SCIENTIARUM PHIL. CULTOR. 11 REGIOMONTI DIE 17 APRILIS ANNO 1755. [ Seite 368 ] [ Seite 371 ] [ Inhaltsverzeichnis ] korpora-zim-uni-duisburg-essen-de-7721 Korpora.org: Bereitstellung und Pflege von Kants Gesammelten Werken in elektronischer Form Zu Kants Gesammelten Werken in elektronischer Form ohne Frames ku-wikipedia-org-1829 Immanuel Kant Wîkîpediya Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (bixwîne Îmanuêl Kant; jdb. Jînenîgar[biguherîne] Destpêka Jiyanê[biguherîne] Xusla Te''mîd Immanuelî bi navê Emmanuelî hat kirin, lê wî, paştir dema zimanê îbrî hînbûye, navê xwe guhart û kir Immanuel. Di zarotiya xwe da Immanuel xwîndinkarekê baş bû. Ji ber hindê, Immanuel bi awayekî rijd hat perwerdekirin-xwedî tertîb, hişikko li zimanê latînî û rênumayiyên dînî pirtir ji riyaziyat û zanistî rêz digirt. Gava li zanîngehê xwendekar bû çend salan ders da xwendekaran. Piştî 1770an bi bandora Hume û Rousseau felsefa xwe ya rexneyî pêşve bir. Berhemên wî[biguherîne] Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781 Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785 Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788 Kritik der Urteilkraft, 1790 Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797 Girêdanên derve[biguherîne] Li Wikimedia Commons medyayên di warê Immanuel Kant de hene. Heke tu bixwazî berfireh bikî, biguherîne bitikîne. Ji "https://ku.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=830520" hatiye standin. Biguherîne Girêdanên li ser vê rûpelê Girêdanan biguherîne Der barê Wîkîpediya de ky-wikipedia-org-1530 Биринчи мезгил 1746-1760-жылдарды камтыйт, экинчиси — «Сезим аркылуу кабылданып, акыл менен түшүнүлө турган дүйнөнүн формалары жана принциптери жөнүндө» деген эмгегинде Кант өзүнүн сын философия системасынын принциптерин биринчи жолу баяндаган 1770-жылдан бери тарта башталат. Сыный мезгилдин негизги жоболору Кант тарабынан анын «Таза акыл-эсти сынга алуу» (1781) деген эмгегинде баяндалат, бул эмгегинде ал теориялык жана практикалык таанымдын принциптерин иштеп чыгууга аракеттенет. Бул милдет Кант тарабынан биринчи «Сында» жана кийинки — «Практикалык акыл-эсти сынга алуу» жана «Ой жүгүртүү жөндөмдүүлүгүн сынга алуу» деген эмгектеринде чечилген. «Таза акыл-эсти сынга алуу» деген эмгегинде Кант илимий билимдердин негизги түрлөрү пайда боло турган шартты аныктайт. Ошентип, Кант төмөнкүдөй гносеологиялык суроо коёт: «Априордук синтетикалык ой жүгүртүү кандайча мүмкүн болот?» Кант бул суроого өзүнүн «Таза акыл-эсти сынга алуу» деген эмгегин арнайт. Эркти иш жүзүндө Кант практикалык акыл-эс менен окшоштурат жана аны кандайдыр бир сырткы таасирлерге: материалдык, анын ичинде социалдык, ошондой эле диний таасирлерге көз каранды болбогон, автономдуу нерсе деп түшүнөт. la-wikipedia-org-4292 Immanuel Kantius[1] (Theodisce Immanuel Kant) fuit philosophus Germanicus, Regiomontii in Borussia natus die 22 Aprilis 1724 et ibidem mortuus 12 Februarii 1804. Operae principatae[recensere | fontem recensere] Opera de vita contextuque historico[recensere | fontem recensere] "Kant''s Transcendental Deductions: The Three ''Critiques'' and the ''Opus Postumum.''" Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press. Philosophia theoretica[recensere | fontem recensere] (Anglice: Arthur Schopenhauer, Novi Eboraci: Dover Press, Volume I, Appendix, "Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy," ISBN 0-486-21761-2.) Philosophia pragmatica[recensere | fontem recensere] Kant''s theory of freedom Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. Kant''s Ethical Thought Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. Philosophia religionis[recensere | fontem recensere] Alia opera[recensere | fontem recensere] Philosophia hodierna a Kantio mota[recensere | fontem recensere] Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. Nexus externus[recensere | fontem recensere] Notae[recensere | fontem recensere] lb-wikipedia-org-1484 lez-wikipedia-org-6140 Иммануил Кант — Википедия Дидедиз хьайи чӀав Дидедиз хьайи чка Immanuel Kant; 22 апрель 1724 (1724-04-22), Кёнигсберг, Пруссия[20] — 12 февраль 1804) — германиядин зурба философ, немец классик философиядин тухумдин ата-буба я. «Михьи акьулдин критика» (1781) — гносеология (эпистемология) «Практикадин акьулдин критика» (1788) — этика Эдебият[Дуьзар хъувун | вики-текст дуьзар хъувун] Баянар[Дуьзар хъувун | вики-текст дуьзар хъувун] ↑ 2,0 2,1 идентификатор BNF Проверено 10 октябрьдиз 2015. ↑ 3,0 3,1 SNAC Проверено 9 октябрьдиз 2017. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Find a Grave Проверено 9 октябрьдиз 2017. ↑ 5,0 5,1 International Music Score Library Project Проверено 9 октябрьдиз 2017. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Энциклопедия Брокгауз Проверено 9 октябрьдиз 2017. ЭлячӀунар[Дуьзар хъувун | вики-текст дуьзар хъувун] Гумер Библиотека (урус) 1724 йисуз дидедиз хьанвайбур Википедия:Статьи с источниками из Викиданных Википедия:Статьи с неоформленными источниками из Викиданных Чуьнуьхай категорияр: Википедия:Викималуматрай тир цӀийи кьиляй тайинарнавай мана квай макъалаяр Википедия:1000 макъала вики-текст дуьзар хъувун ЦӀийи ччинар Басма авун патал жуьре lfn-wikipedia-org-4524 Nos no pote imajina la cosas en modo autonom de spasio e tempo par causa de la limita de nosa mente. Nos no pote sabe esce spasio e tempo esiste como otra cosas, car la conose es sujetal a cada tempo. Car nosa persepi es sempre sensal (pd par la sensas), no ojeto pote es donada a nos en esperia cual no conforma a la esiste de tempo. A la otra lado, nos no permete ce tempo ave un reclama a realia asoluta, cual es per dise, nos no permete ce lo parteni a cosas asoluta, como sua constrinje o propria autonom de cualce refere a la forma de nosa persepi. Sin esta categorias, Kant dise, nos no ta pote pensa, e Hume no ta pote construi sua razonas. (Nota bon: si la lejor no pote segue tota de esta razonantes, no deveni ansiosa; multe filosofistes ia debate sur lo cual Kant ia intende con sua parolas confusante!) li-wikipedia-org-4440 Naar navigatie springen Dit artikel is gesjreve (of begós) in ''t Valkebergs. ''t Bekèndste werk van Kant ies Kritik der reinen Vernunft oet 1781. Aan ''t begin van ''t book poneert hae de sjtèlling dat alle kènnis begint mèt ervaring. Meh ''t zou kènne dat zoa''n ervaring al get samegesjtèlds ies, namelik de indrukke van boetenaaf en get wat oos versjtand dao-aan toevoog. Zuver kènnis ies volges Kant van empirische te sjeije door noadzakelikheid en algemeinheid. Dinger die noadzakelik en algemein zin, zint volges Kant a priori, want ze kènne neet oet de ervaring sjtamme. E synthetisch oordeil ies verbingend, aan e ónderwerp weurt e oordeil toegevoog dat oet de ervaring kump. ''n Analytisch oordeil ies ''n oetsjpraok euver e kènmerk van e dink dat al in ''t ónderwerp besjlote liek. De centraal vraog van Kritik der reinen Vernunft ies: Zint synthetische oordeile a priori meugelik? Selectie van werke[bewirk | brón bewèrke] Links nao dit artikel librivox-org-4303 Librivox Librivox Acoustical liberation of books in the public domain Menu Skip to content forum contact help Twitter rss Search Librivox Advanced search Browse the catalog Author Title Genre/Subject Language Project type solo group Donate to Librivox Thank a reader LibriVox recordings are Public Domain in the USA. If you are not in the USA, please verify the copyright status of these works in your own country before downloading, otherwise you may be violating copyright laws. Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher. He is a central figure of modern philosophy, and set the terms by which all subsequent thinkers have had to grapple. He argued that human perception structures natural laws, and that reason is the source of morality. External Links Wiki Immanuel Kant Total matches: 22 Order by Alphabetically Release date lij-wikipedia-org-8233 lld-wikipedia-org-6164 lmo-wikipedia-org-2555 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Sata a-a navegassion Sata a-a serchia Quest articol chì l''è scrivuu in lombard, grafia milanesa. Se violter sii bon de mettegh dent on quejcòss de puu, preocupeves minga e provégh. Utegnüü da "https://lmo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=930468" Articol in ortografia milanesa Menù de navigazzion Istrument personai Te see minga dent in del sistema Crea un cunt Vus Navigazzion Cambiament recent Istrument Pagine che se conlighen chì Cambiament conligad Conligament permanent Informazzion sora la pagina Cita questa vus Crea un lìber Version de stampà In di alter proget In alter lengove Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Cambia i conligament Quela pagina chì l''è stada modifegada l''ultima volta del 26 Avr 2016, a 01:26. El test l''è dispunibil suta licenza Creative Commons Atribüzion-Divid a l''istessa manera; pölvess ch''i ghe sien anca di alter cundizión. Varda i cundizión d''usagg per i detali. Version mobil login-wikimedia-org-8054 lrc-wikipedia-org-2911 lt-wikipedia-org-8889 Imanuelis Kantas (vok. vasario 12 d.) buvo Prūsijos filosofas, klasikinės vokiečių filosofijos pradininkas, tyrinėjęs, dėstęs ir rašęs apie filosofiją ir antropologiją XVIII a. Gyvenimas[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] Po metų apgynė magistro disertaciją ir tapo privatdocentu. Kūryba[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] Bibliografija[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] Apie Kantą[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] – Vilnius, Vyturys, 1989, ISBN 5-7900-0157-2 – Vilnius, Amžius, 1996, ISBN 9986-430-49-6 Vertimai į lietuvių kalbą[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] „Prolegomenai kiekvienai būsimai metafizikai, galėsiančiai būti mokslu" (vertė Romanas Plečkaitis). „Grynojo proto kritika" (vertė Romanas Plečkaitis). „Praktinio proto kritika" (vertė, įvadinį straipsnį ir paaiškinimus parašė Romanas Plečkaitis). – Vilnius, Mintis, 1991, ISBN 5-417-00330-1 – Vilnius, Aidai, 1996, ISBN 9986-590-22-1 – Vilnius, Aidai, 1996, ISBN 9986-590-22-1 „Religija vien tik proto ribose" (vertė ir įvadą parašė Romanas Plečkaitis). – Vilnius, Pradai, 2000, ISBN 9986-943-38-8. – Vilnius, Margi raštai, 2010, ISBN 978-9986-09-404-3. Išnašos[redaguoti | redaguoti vikitekstą] Paslėpta kategorija: Puslapiai, naudojantys ISBN magiškas nuorodas Susiję keitimai lv-wikipedia-org-6381 Kanta dzimta pa tēva līniju cēlusies no tolaik pārsvarā kursiskās izcelsmes iedzīvotāju apdzīvotās Šilutes (vācu: Heydenkrug) apkārtnes tagadējā Lietuvā,[1] kaut arī viņš pats dzīves nogalē minēja par savu it kā skotisko izcelsmi.[2] Droši zināms, ka viņa vectēvam Hansam Kantam piederēja muižiņa Kummetter Keller (kuršu valodā Muiszen, Muißen, Muißeningen — ''muiža''), kuru viņš 1698. gadā par 100 dālderiem pārdeva kādam Andrietim Vilkam (Andrietis Wilks).[3] Uzskata, ka uzvārds Kants cēlies no Kantvaiņu (Kantweinen) ciema nosaukuma,[4] kas savukārt saistāms ar prūšu vārdu "kokle" (kantele, kantils).[5] Lai arī Kants jau sākumā sevi pierādīja kā oriģināls filozofs, par loģikas un metafizikas profesoru viņš kļuva tikai 1770. Kanta filozofijas, sauktas arī par kritisko filozofiju, stūrakmens ir viņa darbs "Tīrā prāta kritika", kurā viņš pētīja cilveka zināšanu pamatus un izveidoja individuālu epistemoloģiju (epistemoloģija — izziņas teorija, filozofijas daļa, kas pētī izziņas un zināšanu dabu, izcelsmi un robežas). Kants latviski[labot šo sadaļu | labot pirmkodu] mai-wikipedia-org-5431 mak-bn-org-pl-6192 BAZY BIBLIOTEKI NARODOWEJ Baza: Deskryptory BN Indeks: Nr_rekordu Szukasz: 981053064730560 Dokument 1 LDR b n c z d + e + f n g + h +4500 008 a 050120n!!aznnnaabn++++++++++!a+aaa++++!+ a Kant, Immanuel d (1724-1804) a Kant, Emmanuel a Kant, Emanuele 550 a Filozofia oświecenia 550 a Filozofia transcendentalna 550 a Imperatyw kategoryczny 550 a Kantyzm 550 a Kontraktualizm 667 a osobowe 667 a Niemiecki filozof. 670 a Principes métaphysiques du droit suivi du Projet de paix perpétuelle / par Emm. Kant. 670 a Critique de la raison pure / Emmanuel Kant. Paris, 1997. Paris, 1997. 670 a Opus postumum / Emanuele Kant. Bologna, 1963. 670 a Izbrannye sočinenia. T. 1 / Immanuil Kant. T. 1 / Immanuil Kant. Kaliningrad, 2005. 670 a Antropologia w ujęciu pragmatycznym / Immanuel Kant. 670 a DNB online Program MAKWWW, wersja 1.47 z dnia 03.09.2012 (LINUX) Program opracowany przez: Właściciel programu: 02-086 Warszawa meta-wikimedia-org-9868 mg-wikipedia-org-9153 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Avy amin''i Wikipedia Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant dia filôzôfy, mpahay fizika, mpanao asa soratra, mpanoratra mizaka ny zom-pirenen''i Alemaina teraka ny 22 Aprily 1724 ary maty ny 12 Febroary 1804 Jereo koa[hanova | hanova ny fango] Rohy ivelany[hanova | hanova ny fango] Azonao atao ny mandray anjara eto amin''ny Wikipedia amin''ny alàlan''ny fanitarana azy. Jereo koa ny pejy Ahoana ny manao takelaka rehefa te-hijery hoe ahoana no fanaovana azy. Hita tao amin''ny "https://mg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=792509" Teraka tamin''ny taona 1724 Maty tamin''ny taona 1804 Valam-pejy Hanova ny fango Pejy rehetra Pejy vaovao Handefa takelaka Pejy mirohy eto Pejy manokana Fampahalalana mikasika ny pejy Hitanisa ity pejy ity Hanova ny rohy Voaova farany tamin''ny 15 Jiona 2016 amin''ny 07:54 ity pejy ity. Azo ampiasaina araka ny fepetra apetraky ny lisansa Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ; Mety misy ny fepetra fanampiny mihatra. Fitsipika momba ny zavatra tsy sarababem-bahoaka mk-wikipedia-org-368 ml-wikipedia-org-3502 mn-wikipedia-org-3835 mr-wikipedia-org-1795 इम्मॅन्युएल कांट विकिपीडिया इम्मॅन्युएल कांट इम्मॅन्युएल कांट इम्मॅन्युएल कांट (एप्रिल २२, इ.स. १७२४:क्योनिग्सबर्ग, प्रशिया फेब्रुवारी १२, इ.स. १८०४) हा १८व्या शतकातील जर्मन तत्त्वज्ञ होता. जर्मन विद्वानांमध्ये कांटचे स्थान महत्त्वपुर्ण आहे.त्यानंतर त्यांनी आपले लक्ष प्राकृतिक भूगोल आणि मानववंशशास्त्र याकडे केंद्रीत केले.त्यांच्या कष्टाचे फळ म्हणून त्यांची कोनिंगसबर्ग विद्यापीठाचे कुलगुरू म्हणून नियुक्ती झाली.ते आपल्या विद्यार्थ्यांना सर्व प्रकारची मदत करत असत.त्यांचे असे मत होते की इतिहास आणि भूगोल हे दोन्ही विषय एकाच नाण्याच्या दोन बाजू आहेत.दोन्हीं विषय गरजेचे विज्ञान असून पध्दतशीर विज्ञान म्हणूनही एकत्र आहेत.यांच्या शिवाय मानव पृथ्वी विषयी संपूर्ण माहिती मिळवू शकत नाही.याचबरोबर त्याने भूगोल विषयाच्या पाच शाखा ही सांगितल्या आहेत. कृपया स्वत:च्या शब्दात परिच्छेद लेखन करून या लेखाचा / विभागाचा विस्तार करण्यास मदत करा. अधिक माहितीसाठी या लेखाचे चर्चा पान, विस्तार कसा करावा? किंवा इतर विस्तार विनंत्या पाहा. जर्मन तत्त्वज्ञ १७२४ मधील जन्म १८०४ मधील मृत्यू चर्चा पान नवीन खाते तयार करा ग्रंथ तयार करा mrj-wikipedia-org-8918 ms-wikipedia-org-7255 mt-wikipedia-org-49 Immanuel Kant Wikipedija Jump to navigation Jump to search Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (22 t''April, 1724 12 ta'' Frar, 1804) kien filosfu Ġermaniż. Fl-1740 daħal fl-Università ta'' Königsberg u hemmhekk studja dwar il-filosofija ta'' Gottfried Leibniz u Christian Wolff. Kant kellu interess partikolari ħafna fit-teoriji ġodda tal-fiżika li ħareġ bihom Isaac Newton. Kant kien influwenza kbira fuq il-ġenerezzjoni żagħżugħa ta'' żmienu, bħal ngħidu aħna, il-ħassieba Ġermaniżi Fichte, Schelling, Hegel u l-kittieba Helder, Schiller, u Goethe. Wikimedia Commons għandha fajls multimedjali li għandhom x''jaqsmu ma'': Immanuel Kant Dan l-artiklu dwar persuna huwa nebbieta. Jekk trid, tista'' tikkontribwixxi issa biex ittejjeb dan l-artiklu, dejjem skont il-konvenzjonijiet tal-Wikipedija. Miksub minn "https://mt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=243705" Menu ta'' navigazzjoni Għodda personali Oħloq kont Immodifika Immodifika s-sors Għodda Informazzjoni fuq il-paġna Oħloq ktieb Immodifika l-ħoloq L-aħħar bidla fuq il-paġna: 22:31, 15 Mejju 2015. Ara l-kundizzjonijiet tal-użu għal aktar dettalji. Dwar il-Wikipedija Dwar il-Wikipedija Verżjoni għall-mowbajl musicbrainz-org-1591 Immanuel Kant MusicBrainz Log In Create Account Artist Release Group Series Instrument Label Place Annotation Editor Documentation About Us ▾ About MusicBrainz Sponsors Team Shop Contact Us Data Licenses Social Contract Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Auto-editor Elections Privileged User Accounts Products ▾ MusicBrainz Picard MusicBrainz for Android MusicBrainz Server MusicBrainz Database Developer Resources MusicBrainz API Live Data Feed Search Edits Top CD Stubs Documentation ▾ Beginners Guide Documentation Index Edit Types Relationship Types Instrument List Genre List Development English ▾ Deutsch English Immanuel Kant (German philosopher) Releases Releases Recordings Recordings Works Events Relationships This artist does not have any release groups or standalone recordings. Artist information Type: Area: ISNI code: Genres See all tags en: Immanuel Kant en: Immanuel Kant Library of Congress Open Library View all relationships Editing Editing Log in to edit Open edits Editing history Brought to you by MetaBrainz Foundation and our sponsors and supporters. mwl-wikipedia-org-8858 Immanuel Kant Biquipédia Nacido dua modesta família d''artesones, depuis dun lhongo período cumo porsor secundairo de geografie, Kant bieno a studar filosofie, física i matemática na Ounibersidade de Königsberg i an 1755 ampeçou a lhecionar ansinando Ciéncias Naturales.[2] An 1770 fui nomeado porsor catedrático de la Ounibersidade de Königsberg,[2] cidade de la qual nunca saliu, lhiebando ua bida monotonamente pontual i solo dedicada als studos filosóficos. Kant ye famoso subretodo pula eilaboraçon de l chamado eidealismo trascendental: todos nós trazemos formas i cunceitos la priori (aqueilhes que nun bénen de la spriéncia) pa la spriéncia cuncreta de l mundo, ls quales serien d''outra forma ampossibles de detreminar.[3] La filosofie de la natureza i de la natureza houmana de Kant ye storicamente ua de las mais detreminantes fuontes de l relatebismo cuncetual que dominou la bida anteletual de l seclo XX. Subre Biquipédia my-wikipedia-org-4798 အင်မနျူရယ် ကန့် ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား အင်မနျူရယ် ကန့် ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ ရှာဖွေရန် ခုန်ကူးမည် အီမန်နျူရယ် ကန့် မွေးဖွား (၁၇၂၄-ဖော်ပြချက် အမှား နားမလည်သော ပုဒ်ဖြတ် စာလုံး "၄"။-၂၂)၂၂ ဧပြီ၊ ၁၇၂၄ ကင်းနစ္စဗတ်, ပရပ်ရှား ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံ( ယခု ကာလင်နင်ဂရတ်, ရုရှား) ကွယ်လွန် ၁၂ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီ၊ ၁၈၀၄(၁၈၀၄-ဖော်ပြချက် အမှား နားမလည်သော ပုဒ်ဖြတ် စာလုံး "၀"။-၁၂) (အသက် ၇၈) ကင်းနစ္စဗတ်, ပရပ်ရှား ဌာနေ ကင်းနစ္စဗတ်, ပရပ်ရှား Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, notably: Johann Gottlieb Fichte Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Jacobi]] ထိုသို့ မိမိစိတ်ကြိုက်ရာထူးကို ရခဲ့ပြီးနောက် ကန့်သည် တပည့်တို့အား တက္ကဗေဒနှင့် အနုမာနယ ထာဘူတပညာတို့ကို သင်ကြားပို့ချရာ၌ သူ၏အယူအဆ၊ သဘောထားများကို ထည့်သွင်း သင်ကြားပို့ချပေးခဲ့သည်။ ထို့ပြင် ထိုပညာရပ်များဆိုင်ရာ စာအုပ်စာတမ်းများကို ရေးသားခဲ့ရာတွင် လည်း သူ၏အယူအဆသဘောတရားများကို ထည့်သွင်းဖေါ်ပြခဲ့၏။ ကန့် ရေးသားခဲ့သော စာအုပ် များမှာ အလွန်ခက်ခဲနက်နဲလှသဖြင့် သာမန်လူများ သဘောပေါက် နားလည်နိုင်မည်မဟုတ်ခေျ။ သို့ သော် ကန့်၏စာအုပ်များမှာ ကမ္ဘာကျော်စာအုပ်များဖြစ်ပေသည်။ "https://my.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=အင်မနျူရယ်_ကန့်&oldid=518033" မှ ရယူရန် ဝှက်ထားသော ကဏ္ဍ: ကိုးကားချက်အမှားများ ပါဝင်သော စာမျက်နှာများ ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ အကောင့် မဝင်ထားပါ အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန် စာမျက်နှာ ရှာဖွေရန် လတ်တလော အပြောင်းအလဲများ ကိရိယာများ ဆက်စပ်သော အပြောင်းအလဲများ အထူး စာမျက်နှာများ စာမျက်နှာ အချက်အလက်များ ဤစာမျက်နှာကို ကိုးကားပြုရန် စာအုပ် ဖန်တီးရန် အခြား ပရောဂျက်များတွင် အခြား ဘာသာစကားများဖြင့် Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English ဤစာမျက်နှာကို ၃၁ မေ ၂၀၂၀၊ ၁၈:၂၂ အချိန်တွင် နောက်ဆုံး ပြင်ဆင်ခဲ့သည်။ ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား အကြောင်း myv-wikipedia-org-2666 nah-wikipedia-org-918 Immanuel Kant Huiquipedia, in yōllōxoxouhqui cēntlamatilizāmoxtli Īhuīcpa Huiquipedia, in yōllōxoxouhqui cēntlamatilizāmoxtli Ir a la navegación Ir a la búsqueda Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Tlācatlanōnōtzaliztli Tlācati 22 ic nāuhtetl mētztli, 1724 Micqui 12 ic ōme mētztli, 1804 (79) Königsberg Königsberg Immanuel Kant ītōcā huēyi tlazohmatiliztlācatl ōtlācat Prusia. Nō xiquitta[Ticpatlaz | Ticpatlaz itzintiliz] Oquiz itech "https://nah.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=410672" Neneuhcāyōtl: 1724 tlācatiliztli 1804 miquiztli Prusia huēytlācah Alemantlacameh Nemiliztlahtolpohualamatl Motequitihuilocahuan Ahmo otimocalac Notlahcuilol Xicchihua motlapohual Xicalaqui Tocatlacauhtli Tlahcuilolamatl Teixnamiquiliztli Teixnamiquiliztli Nepapan Tlachiyaliztli Tamapohuaz Ticpatlaz Ticpatlaz itzintiliz Tiquittaz tlahtollotl Más Tlatemoliztli ācalpapanōliztli Yacatlahcuilolli Cecen tlahcuilolli Tlahtoa itech inin tlahcuilolamatl Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Ticpatlaz in tlatzonhuiliztli Inin tlahcuilolamatl omopatlac immanin 11 Īhuāncē 2015, ipan 14:11. El texto está disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.0; pueden aplicarse términos adicionales. Véase Términos de uso para más detalles. Tlahcuilolli piyaliznahuatilli Itechpa Huiquipedia Versión para móviles ndpr-nd-edu-6574 nds-wikipedia-org-333 ne-wikipedia-org-6193 इमानुएल क्यान्ट विकिपिडिया स्वतन्त्र विश्वकोश, नेपाली विकिपिडियाबाट Jump to navigation Jump to search इमानुएल क्यान्ट इमानुएल क्यान्ट उपनाम: क्यान्ट जन्म: २२ अप्रेल १७२४ मृत्यु: १२ फेब्रुअरी १८०४ कोनिक्सबर्ग, प्रुसिया (वर्तमान कलिंग्रेड, रुस) कोनिक्सबर्ग, प्रुसिया (वर्तमान कलिंग्रेड, रुस) क्षेत्र: पाश्चात्य दर्शन (१८औं शताव्दी) राष्ट्रीयता: रुसी भाषा: रुसी विशेष रुचि: Epistemology, तत्वमीमांसा, आचार, तर्क हस्ताक्षर: विकिमिडिया कमन्समा इमानुएल क्यान्ट सम्बन्धी अन्य सामग्रीहरू रहेका छन्। "https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=इमानुएल_क्यान्ट&oldid=898928" बाट अनुप्रेषित श्रेणीहरू: दार्शनिक विश्वका चर्चित व्यक्तित्वहरू पथप्रदर्शन विकल्प व्यक्तिगत औजारहरू प्रवेश नगरिएको यस IP को बारेमा वार्तालाप गर्ने योगदानहरू खाता खोल्नुहोस् प्रवेश लेख वार्तालाप सम्पादन नयाँ परिवर्तनहरू कुनै एउटा लेख सम्बन्धित परिवर्तनहरू विशेष पृष्ठहरू पृष्ठको विवरण लेख उद्दरण गर्नुहोस् अन्य परियोजनाहरू विकिमिडिया कमन्स Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English सुत्र सम्पादन गर्नुहोस् पाठ क्रिएटिभ कमन्स एट्रिब्युसन/सेयर-अलाइक अनुमति पत्रअन्तर्गत उपलब्ध छ; अतिरिक्त सर्तहरू लागू हुन सक्छन्। अधिक जानकारीको लागि उपयोगका सर्तहरू हेर्नुहोला। विकिपिडियाको बारेमा स्मृतिशेष विवरण new-wikipedia-org-5308 इम्यानुयल केन्ट Wikipedia इम्यानुयल केन्ट विकिपिडिया नं Jump to navigation Jump to search Immanuel Kant बूगु (1724-04-22)22 अप्रिल सन् 1724 मदूगु 12 फेब्रुवरी 1804(1804-02-12) (आयु 79) थाय्‌बाय् Königsberg, Prussiaa Königsberg, Prussiaa Königsberg, Prussiaa राष्ट्रियता Prussian कालखण्ड 18th-century philosophy क्षेत्र Western philosophy विचारधारा अभिरुचि Epistemology Metaphysics Ethics Cosmogony नांजागु विचाः Template:Ublist Template:Ublist Wolff Baumgarten Plato Influenced Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, especially the philosophers Fichte Retrieved from "https://new.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=इम्यानुयल_केन्ट&oldid=840903" पुचतः: Infobox philosopher maintenance Navigation menu निजी ज्याभः थ्व IPया निंतिं खँल्हाबल्हा Create account खँल्हाबल्हा Views न्हूगु बुखँ न्हूगु हिलेज्या ज्याभः सन्दुक Page information थ्व च्वसुयागु लिधँसा (Cite) कयादिसँ Create a book Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on २१ अप्रिल २०१५, at २३:४०. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Mobile view nl-go-kr-8181 국가전거서비스 > 국가전거검색 > Kant, Immanuel 상세화면 국가전거 소개 국가전거 소개 국가전거 구상도 국가전거 구상도 국가전거 기대효과 국가전거 기대효과 저자작품 차트 데이터 저자작품 저자관련작품 차트 데이터 저자관련작품 Kant, Immanuel 생몰년, ISNI, 출생지, 관련지역, 직업, 관련언어, 활동분야, 관련단체, 다른이름을 확인합니다. 생몰년 1724-1804 ISNI 국가전거신청자 등록 테이블 이메일 주소 naver.com gmail.com nate.com hanmail.net daum.net 요청내용 개인정보 수집 및 이용목적 안내 수정 요청 내용은 ''게시판 > 수정 요청 조회'' 메뉴에서 입력하신 이메일 정보로 확인하실 수 있으며, 언제든지 수정 및 삭제가 가능합니다. 3년 (필수) 이름, E-Mail, 요청내용 신청자는 개인정보 수집 및 이용에 거부할 권리가 있습니다. 단, 동의를 거부할 경우 국가전거 및 ISNI 데이터 수정 신청이 불가능합니다. (필수 항목) 개인정보 수집 및 이용에 동의합니다. 창작물 검색창작물 검색 테이블 정확한 DOI 입력 시, 해당되는 DOI가 KISTI DOI 센터에서 검색됩니다. KISTI DOI 센터 DOI DOI 창작물단행자료 창작물목록 테이블 창작물연속간행자료 창작물목록 테이블 창작물온라인자료 창작물목록 테이블 창작물DOI 창작물목록 테이블 이메일 무단수집 거부 개인정보 제3자 이용·제공 nl-wikipedia-org-9657 Zijn Kritik der reinen Vernunft uit 1781, waarin hij de grondslagen en de grenzen van de menselijke kennis onderzoekt en een eigen epistemologie creëert, wordt als zijn belangrijkste werk beschouwd. Zijn promotie vond in 1755 plaats op een in het Latijn geschreven proefschrift, getiteld Principiorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae (vaak aangehaald als Nova Dilucidatio; Duitse vertaling: Eine neue Beleuchtung der ersten Prinzipien aller metaphysischen Erkenntnis; Nederlandse vertaling: Een nieuw licht op de eerste principes van alle metafysische kennis). Kant werd door hen beschouwd als een leermeester van Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, die op zijn beurt Karl Marx was voorgegaan en zo de grondslag voor het communisme had gelegd. De Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Kritiek van de zuivere rede) is het eerste grote werk van Kant. De Rede als het vermogen om te willen behandelt Kant in zijn tweede Kritiek: de Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Kritiek van de praktische rede) uit 1788. nla-gov-au-9474 Full record view Libraries Australia Search JavaScript is required to use most of the features of Libraries Australia. Libraries Australia Authorities Full view 35259064 (Libraries Australia Authorities) קאנט, עמנואל קאנט, עמנואל קאנט, עמנואל קנט, עמנואל קנט, עמנואל Kant, Im (Immanuel), 1724-1804 Kant, Im (Immanuel), 1724-1804 Kant, Im (Immanuel), 1724-1804 Kant, Immanouel, 1724-1804 Kant, Immanuil, 1724-1804 Machine-derived non-Latin script reference project. al-Anwār wa-sulṭat al-khabīr al-bīdaghūjī, 2011 titlr page (إيمانويل كانط = Imānwīl Kānṭ) (Immanuel Kant [in rom.]) cover (Im. Kant) Incontro con Kant, c1997 p. Kant, 1988. Kant, 1988. Kant, 1988. Kant, 1988. Kant, 1988. (Immanuila Kanta) 20, 2012 (Immanuel Kant; born 22 April 1724; died 12 February 1804; German philosopher from Königsberg in Prussia (today Kaliningrad, Russia) who researched, lectured and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century) © National Library of Australia © National Library of Australia nn-wikipedia-org-831 Immanuel Kant – Wikipedia Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket Hopp til navigering Hopp til søk Institusjonar Albertina universitetet Alma mater Albertina universitetet februar 1804) var ein tysk filosof frå Königsberg i Preussen (no Kaliningrad i Russland). Han vert halden for å ha vore ein av dei viktigaste europeiske tenkjarane etter antikken, og han var den siste store filosofen frå opplysningstida. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han. BNF BNF (data) Henta frå «https://nn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=3233512» Kategoriar: Einskildmenn Gøymde kategoriar: Sporing av AboutTopic Fødde den 22. Døde den 12. Alle spirer Spirer 2021 Personlege verktøy Opprett konto Endre Endre wikiteksten Sjå historikken Siste endringar Verktøy Opprett ei bok På andre prosjekt Wikimedia Commons På andre språk Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Simple English Denne sida vart sist endra den 21. All tekst er tilgjengeleg under Creative Commons-lisensen Namngjeving/Del på same vilkåra. Sjå Vilkår for detaljar. Om Wikipedia no-wikipedia-org-3070 februar 1804) var en tysk filosof, og regnes som en sentral tenker innen moderne filosofi. Han formulerte det på flere måter, men den mest kjente er nok denne: «Jeg skal alltid handle slik at den regelen jeg handler etter kunne gjelde som allmenn lov». Det er vanlig å disponere Kants filosofi etter de tre hovedspørsmål fra hans Kritikk av den rene fornuft, samt ett tilleggsspørsmål. Metafysikken (epistemologi/Erkjennelsesfilosofi): Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Kritikk av den rene fornuft, 1781) som Kant selv benevner som transcendental idealisme. Eksterne lenker[rediger | rediger kilde] (de) Wikiquote: Immanuel Kant – Sitater Om Immanuel Kant, fra Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (engelsk) Artikler hvor gravlagt hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor far hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor utdannet ved hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor beskjeftigelse hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor nasjonalitet hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor medlem hentes fra Wikidata Artikler hvor bilde er hentet fra Wikidata biografi Artikler med autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata oc-wikipedia-org-2449 olo-wikipedia-org-5290 Immanuel Kant – Wikipedii Königsberg[d], Preussin kuningaskunta[d][1] Immanuel Kant (22. Immanuel Kant (22. Immanuel Kant (22. Tuatan kuolendan periä Kantal pidi jättiä opastundu da ruveta avvuttamah perehty, sendäh kymmenekse vuottu häi rodieu kodiopastajakse Judšenas. Vuvvennu 1755 Kant väitti douhturikse, mi andoi hänele mahton opastua yliopistos. Seiččeivuodizen voinan aigah (1758-1762) Königsberg, kus eli da ruadoi Kant, kuului Ven''ale. Voinan jälgehine aigu, vastukarai, oli hyövykäs, Kant piästi ilmah äijän tiedokirjutustu. Sil aigua Kant kirjutti omat perinpohjazet ruavot, kudamien hyvyös häi sai XVIII vuozisuan kuulužan da arvokkahan ajattelijan nimen da kudamat ylen äijäl vaikutettih muailman filosouffizen ajattelun tulieh kehitykseh: ↑ 2,0 2,1 Bibliothèque nationale de France идентификатор BNF Проверено 10 октября 2015. ↑ 3,0 3,1 SNAC Проверено 9 октября 2017. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Find a Grave Проверено 9 октября 2017. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Энциклопедия Брокгауз Проверено 9 октября 2017. Lähteh "https://olo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=28228" Rodivunnuot vuvvennu 1724 Kuolluot vuvvennu 1804 Sivut, jotka käyttävät ISBN-taikalinkkejä Kohendele tekstua Erikozet sivut opac-sbn-it-2518 Scheda di autorità (Autori) OPAC SBN Catalogo del Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale Ricerca avanzata Le mie ricerche Ricerche effettuate Altri Cataloghi Cataloghi Z39.50 disponibili Nuovo catalogo Z39.50 Cataloghi storici Biblioteche SBN Ricerca: VID=IT\ICCU\CFIV\000707 Scheda: 1/1 Scheda Unimarc Scarico Unimarc Tipo autore Nome autore Kant, Immanuel Kant, Emanuele Kant, Emmanuel Nota informativa Nato e morto a Königsberg, allora capitale della Prussia orientale. Bibliografia nazionale italiana: nuova serie del bollettino delle pubblicazioni italiane ricevute per diritto di stampa a cura della Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Firenze. 1958)Firenze, Centro nazionale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche, 1958(CDROM Saur Eletronic Publishing Munchen: www.saur-wbi.de Enciclopedia italiana di scienze lettere ed arti. Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. Catalogo in linea della Deutsche National Bibliothek: https://www.dnb.de/EN/Benutzung/Katalog/katalogDNB_node.html Identificativo SBN IT\ICCU\CFIV\000707 Invio email Email 2018 Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle Biblioteche Italiane e per le Informazioni Bibliografiche Informazioni Informativa pa-wikipedia-org-4658 ਇਮੈਨੂਅਲ ਕਾਂਤ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼ ਇਮੈਨੁਅਲ ਕਾਂਤ ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦੇ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਾ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਅੰਤਰਗਤ, ਕੋਨਿਗੁਜਬਰਗ (Königsland) ਨਗਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਘੋੜਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸਧਾਰਨ ਸਾਜ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਦੇ ਘਰ 22 ਅਪਰੈਲ 1724 ਨੂੰ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ। ਕੋਨਿਗੁਜਬਰਗ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਅੱਜ ਰੂਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਹੁਣ ਇਸਦਾ ਨਾਮ ਕਾਲੀਨਿਨਗਰਾਦ ਹੈ। ਉਸਦੀ ਅਰੰਭਕ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਆਪਣੀ ਮਾਤਾ ਦੀ ਦੇਖਭਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ ਸੀ, ਜੋ ਆਪਣੇ ਸਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਵਿਤਰ ਪੰਥ (ਪਾਇਆਟਿਜਮ) ਨਾਮਕ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਿਤ ਸੀ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਛੋਟੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੀ ਉਹ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਆਚਰਣ, ਸਰਲ, ਨੇਮਬੱਧ ਅਤੇ ਘਾਲਣਾ ਭਰੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੁਚੀ ਰੱਖਣ ਲੱਗ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ। ਆਪਣੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਜਿੰਦਗੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਸਨੇ ਕਦੇ ਕੋਨਿਗੁਜਬਰਗ ਤੋਂ ਦਸ ਮੀਲ ਤੋਂ ਪਾਰ ਤੱਕ ਯਾਤਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਕੀਤੀ।[2] 16 ਸਾਲ ਦੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ, ਕਾਲੇਜੀਅਮ ਫੀਡੇਰਿਕਿਏਨਮ ਦੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਕਰ, ਉਹ ਕੋਨਿਗਜਬਰਗ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਖਲ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ, ਜਿੱਥੇ ਛੇ ਸਾਲ (1746 ਤੱਕ) ਉਸਨੇ ਭੌਤਿਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ, ਹਿਸਾਬ, ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਅਤੇ ਧਰਮਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ ਦਾ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਕੀਤਾ। ਵਧੇਰੇ ਵੇਖੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ pdfs-semanticscholar-org-6084 philpapers-org-9120 Immanuel Kant, Concerning the ultimate ground of the differentiation of directions in space PhilPapers Philosophy of Cognitive Science Philosophy of Physical Science Philosophy of Social Science General Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Science, Misc History of Western Philosophy History of Western Philosophy History of Western Philosophy, Misc Philosophy, Misc Philosophy, Misc Philosophy, General Works Philosophy, Miscellaneous Submit a book or article In David Walford & Ralf Meerbote (eds.), The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Kant: Space in 17th/18th Century Philosophy On the First Ground of the Distinction of Regions in Space.Immanuel Kant 1768 In James Van~Cleve & Robert E. "The Key to Transcendental Philosophy": Space, Time and the Body in Kant.Matthew S. Undomesticated Ground: Recasting Nature as Feminist Space.Stacy Alaimo 2000 Cornell University Press. Applied ethics Epistemology History of Western Philosophy Meta-ethics Metaphysics Normative ethics New books and articles | Philosophy journals | pl-wikipedia-org-1240 plato-stanford-edu-1250 The Coherence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of truth conditions.) Although the coherence and correspondence theories The coherence theory of truth has several versions. The coherence theory of truth has several versions. The coherence theory of truth has several versions. 2. Arguments for Coherence Theories of Truth 2. Arguments for Coherence Theories of Truth objective facts, coherence with a set of beliefs will not be a test of coherent set of beliefs matches objective reality. can only know that a proposition coheres with a set of beliefs. (1986), that the coherence of a proposition with a set of beliefs is a The transcendence objection charges that a coherence theory of truth Every truth coheres with the set of beliefs of an omniscient being. including the view that truth is coherence with a set of propositions plato-stanford-edu-4876 plato-stanford-edu-4959 plato-stanford-edu-6752 plato-stanford-edu-786 plato-stanford-edu-8185 Critique of Pure Reason were few and (in Kant''s judgment) The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), Kant''s main works in political independent of the human mind, which Kant calls things in themselves on Kant''s view, our understanding uses to construct experience together The moral law is a product of reason, for Kant, while differences, however, Kant holds that we give the moral law to on Kant''s view everyone does encounter the moral law a priori For this reason, Kant claims that the moral law Kant calls our consciousness of the moral law, our awareness that the Kant may hold that the fact of reason, or our consciousness of moral Kant regards moral laws as categorical imperatives, which apply Kant''s moral argument for belief in God in the Critique of Practical of human reason but on the moral law, which is objectively valid for Kant''s Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University plato-stanford-edu-8778 Critique of Pure Reason were few and (in Kant''s judgment) The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), Kant''s main works in political independent of the human mind, which Kant calls things in themselves on Kant''s view, our understanding uses to construct experience together The moral law is a product of reason, for Kant, while differences, however, Kant holds that we give the moral law to on Kant''s view everyone does encounter the moral law a priori For this reason, Kant claims that the moral law Kant calls our consciousness of the moral law, our awareness that the Kant may hold that the fact of reason, or our consciousness of moral Kant regards moral laws as categorical imperatives, which apply Kant''s moral argument for belief in God in the Critique of Practical of human reason but on the moral law, which is objectively valid for Kant''s Critique of Pure Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University plato-stanford-edu-8917 The Correspondence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Narrowly speaking, the correspondence theory of truth is the view that belief is true when there is a corresponding fact, and is false when correspondence-to-fact account of truth as the main target of his Correspondence theories of truth have been given for beliefs, of items true truthbearers correspond to (facts, states of affairs, problem of falsehood into a fact-based correspondence theory, i.e., a truth, which by definition corresponds with some fact, from also reality contains moral facts for moral truths to correspond to. e.g., moral truths correspond to social-behavioral facts, logical an identity theory of truth, on which a proposition is true one-one relation between truths and corresponding facts, which leaves truth is said to consist in their correspondence to (atomic) facts: corresponds to a fact, only elementary truths do, but every objection continues—on the correspondence theory of truth, this pms-wikipedia-org-9772 pnb-wikipedia-org-4218 کانٹ وکیپیڈیا ایمونیل کانٹ ایمونیل کانٹ کونگزبرگ، پرشیا دا 18ویں صدی دے انت تے چانن ویلے وچ اک جرمن فلسفی سی۔ کانٹ نوں نکی عمر وچ ای پڑھن دا شوق سی۔ مڈھلی پڑھائی مگروں 16 وریاں دا سی تے 1740 وچ اوہنے کونگزبرگ یونیورسٹی وچ داخلہ لیا۔ اوہنے لیبنثز تے وولف دی فلاسیفی پڑھی، تے اوتھے ای اوہنے نیوٹن دی میتھمیٹیکل فزکس وی پڑھی۔ 1746 وچ اوہدے پیو دی موت نے اوہدی پڑھائی وچ روک لائی اوہ کونگزبرگ دے دوالے دیاں تھانواں وج پھان جاندا ریا۔ 1747 وچ فلسفے تے اوہدی پہلی کتاب چھپدی اے۔ ہور رلے ملے صفحے نواں آرٹیکل لِکھو سارے صفحے خاص صفحے ایس صفحے دا اتہ پتہ دیو ہور منصوبےآں وچ اس صفحے نوں آخری واری ۱۴ مارچ ۲۰۱۷ تریخ نوں ۰۹:۴۵ وجے بدلیا گیا۔ ps-wikipedia-org-9678 امانوېل کانت ويکيپېډيا امانوېل کانت امانوېل کانت امانوېل کانت (۱۷۲۴ ز. امانوېل کانت په لوېديزې فلسفه کې خورا لوړ مقام لري. همداسې کانت د اخلاقو د فلسفېEthics/Moral Philosophy) په ډگر کې يوه بله ليکنه کښلې چې د عملي منطق کره کتنهنومېږي. د کانت درېمه ليکنه د فلسفې د ښکلا پېژندنې په اړه ده او د قضا د قوی کره کتنه بلل کېږي. "https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=امانوېل_کانت&oldid=190529" نه اخيستل شوی گرځښت غورنۍ گڼون جوړول سرچينه کتل پېښليک کتل گرځښت وروستي بدلونونه د دې مخ تړنې اړونده بدلونونه يو کتاب جوړول د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول چاپي بڼه په نورو پروژو کې ويکيمېډيا کامنز په نورو ژبو کې Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English تړنې سمول دا متن د کريټيف کامنز ورته-شريکېدنې-اړوندتيا منښتليک له مخې خپور شوی؛ اضافه شرطونه به هم کارېدلي وي. د لا تفصيل لپاره د کارولو شرطونه وگورئ. د موبايل په بڼې کتل pt-wikipedia-org-2605 Amplamente considerado como o principal filósofo da era moderna, Kant operou, na epistemologia, uma síntese entre o racionalismo continental (de René Descartes, Baruch Espinoza e Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, onde impera a forma de raciocínio dedutivo), e a tradição empírica inglesa (de David Hume, John Locke, ou George Berkeley, que valoriza a indução). Nascido de uma modesta família de artesãos, depois de um longo período como professor secundário de geografia, Kant veio a estudar filosofia, física e matemática na Universidade de Königsberg e em 1755 começou a lecionar ensinando Ciências Naturais. Para os juízos sintéticos a priori são admissíveis na matemática porque essa ciência se fundamenta no espaço e no tempo, formas a priori da sensibilidade, intuições puras e não conceitos de coisas como objetos. Tal como Nicolau Copérnico revolucionou a astronomia ao mudar o ponto de vista, a filosofia crítica de Kant pergunta quais as condições a priori para que o nosso conhecimento do mundo se possa concretizar. pure-rug-nl-8339 Kant''s Second Thoughts on Race Pauline Kleingeld 573 During the s, as Kant was developing his universalistic moral theory, he published texts in In the first section, I present Kant''s s theory of race. Kant simultaneously defended a universalist moral theory and a racial hierarchy during the s raises important questions for interpreters, however. KANT''S s THEORY OF RACE AND ITS CRITICS Kant wrote the review and his essay ''Determination of the Concept of a Human Race'' around the same time, and In ''Determination of the Concept of a Human Race'', Kant lays out a from the scathing criticisms of Kant''s race theory in a  paper by Johann Kant''s moral universalism contradicts his particular views on race, it is argued, but one can and Shell, ''Kant''s Concept of a Human Race'', in S. As Kant dropped his hierarchical view of the different races, the role of qu-wikipedia-org-7514 rkd-nl-7663 Discover philosopher, art theorist Immanuel Kant About the RKD Working for the RKD Friends of the RKD Old Netherlandish Paintings Nineteenth-century Dutch and Belgian Art Modern and Contemporary Dutch and Belgian Art Frequently asked questions about the RKD Viewer Consulting the archive collections RKD images RKD artists RKD portraits RKD technical RKD library RKD collections RKD excerpts RKD archives RKDartists as Linked Open Data The Rembrandt Database RKD maps Projects and Publications RKD Studies RKD Bulletin RKD Masterclasses Art historical research all databases/website philosopher, art theorist philosopher, art theorist Place of death Königsberg Place of activity Königsberg Qualifications art theorist Author Kant, Immanuel Literature in RKDLibrary in RKDlibrary as author in RKDlibrary as author https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/447563 No comments No comments Login to save your selection RKD – Netherlands Institute for Art History RKD – Netherlands Institute for Art History View the current opening hours of the RKD E: info@rkd.nl rm-wikipedia-org-5365 Uschia il 1749 Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte (AA I, 1–181) ed il 1755 la Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (AA I, 215–368), en la quala el ha preschentà ina teoria davart l''origin dal sistem planetar tenor ils princips da Newton (uschenumnada Teoria da Kant-Laplace che vala fin oz sco cumprovada en ses fundaments). Cun quai ha Kant anticipà dus elements centrals da sia filosofia critica da pli tard, cumbain che sia metoda è anc dogmatica e ch''el è da l''avis ch''ina enconuschientscha intellectuala dals objects sco ch''els èn per propi saja pussaivla. La Kritik der reinen Vernunft tracta questas cundiziuns da l''enconuschientscha genuinas – vul dir ch''èn pussaivlas independentamain da mintga furma d''experientscha empirica – en trais parts: 1) l''estetica transcendentala sco teoria da la pussaivladad da la contemplaziun; 2) l''analitica da las noziuns e 3) l''analitica dals princips che prestan mintgamai il medem per noziuns e conclusiuns. ro-wikipedia-org-78 Într-una din lucrările majore ale lui Kant, Critica rațiunii pure (1781),[22] el a încercat să explice relația dintre rațiune și experiența umană și să meargă dincolo de eșecurile filozofiei și metafizicii tradiționale. Educația lui a fost strictă, punitivă și disciplinară și s-a axat pe instruirea latină și religioasă asupra matematicii și științei.[25] Kant a menținut idealurile creștine de ceva timp, dar s-a luptat să reconcilieze religia cu credința sa în știință.[26] În lucrarea sa Întemeierea metafizicii moravurilor, el dezvăluie o credință în nemurire ca o condiție necesară a abordării omenirii la cea mai înaltă morală posibilă.[27][28] Cu toate acestea, deoarece Kant era sceptic cu privire la unele dintre argumentele care i-au fost folosite anterior de el în apărarea teismului, și a susținut că înțelegerea umană este limitată și nu pot obține niciodată cunoștințe despre Dumnezeu sau despre suflet, diverși comentatori l-au numit un agnostic filozofic.[29][30][31][32][33][34] ru-wikipedia-org-1990 Рейнгольд, Якоби, Мендельсон, Бердяев Гербарт, Соломон Маймон, Фихте, Бранкович, Шеллинг, Гегель, Шопенгауэр, Фриз, Гельмгольц, Коген, Наторп, Виндельбанд, Риккерт, Риль, Файхингер, Кассирер, Гуссерль, Хайдеггер, Пирс, Витгенштейн, Апель, Стросон, Куайн, Фуко, Делёз, Хабермас, Ницше Период господства Российской империи над Восточной Пруссией был наименее продуктивным в творчестве Канта: за все годы из-под пера философа вышли лишь несколько эссе, посвящённых землетрясениям, но сразу же после его окончания Кант издал целую серию работ. В результате исследования чистого разума Кант показывает, что разум, когда он пытается получить однозначные и доказательные ответы на собственно философские вопросы, неизбежно ввергает себя в противоречия; это означает, что разум не может иметь трансцендентного применения, которое позволило бы ему достигать теоретического знания о вещах в себе, поскольку, стремясь выйти за пределы опыта, он «запутывается» в паралогизмах и антиномиях (противоречиях, каждое из утверждений которых одинаково обосновано); разум в узком смысле — как противоположность оперирующему категориями рассудку — может иметь только регулятивное значение: быть регулятором движения мысли к целям систематического единства, давать систему принципов, которым должно удовлетворять всякое знание.[13]:86−99, 115−116 rue-wikipedia-org-2184 Іммануіл Кант — Вікіпедія Матеріал з Вікіпедія Перейти до навігації Перейти до пошуку Königsberg, Prussia (Now Kaliningrad, Russia) Königsberg, Prussia 18th-century philosophy Western Philosophy Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy Virtually all later Western Philosophy including: Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Nozick, Popper, Kierkegaard, Jung, Searle, Foucault, Arendt, Gentile, Jaspers, Hayek, Bergson, Ørsted, Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, Strawson, Strauss, Putnam, McDowell Іммануіл Кант Іммануіл Кант Іммануіл Кант Іммануіл Кант (1724 – 1804) — быв нїмецькый филозоф, єден з найвекшых европскых мыслїтелїв. Тота статя є затля „Стыржень". Обтримане з "https://rue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Іммануіл_Кант&oldid=124175" Особны інштрументы Сторінка Едітовати Едітовати жрідло Головна сторінка Послїднї зміны Трафункова статя Інштрументы Одказы на тоту сторінку Повязаны зміны Шпеціалны сторінкы Цітовати сторінку Верзія до друку Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Едітовати одказы Послїдня зміна той сторінкы: 19:07, 25 децембра 2020. також можуть діяти додаткові умови. Умови використання. О Вікіпедія Мобілна верзія rw-wikipedia-org-1018 sa-wikipedia-org-4528 इमान्युएल काण्ट विकिपीडिया Jump to navigation Jump to search इमान्युएल काण्ट इमान्युएल काण्ट Immanuel Kant at the Encyclopædia Britannica Works by Immanuel Kant at Duisburg-Essen University Kant''s Ethical Theory Kantian ethics explained, applied and evaluated Kant and Transcendental Philosophy Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (14 sections on Kant) Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics Immanuel Kant: Radical Evil Immanuel Kant: Religion Immanuel Kant Kant''s Critique of Metaphysics Kant''s Theory of Judgment Kant''s Transcendental Arguments Kant''s Aesthetics and Teleology Kant''s Philosophy of Mathematics Kant''s Philosophy of Science Kant''s Philosophy of Religion Kant''s Moral Philosophy Kant''s Social and Political Philosophy Leibniz''s Influence on Kant Kant and Hume on Causality Kant and Hume on Morality सम्पाद्यताम् विकिमीडिया कॉमन्स Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English भाषापरिसन्धिः सम्पाद्यताम् पाठः क्रियेटिव कॉमन्स ऐट्रिब्यूशन/शेयर-अलाइक अभिज्ञापत्रस्य अन्तर्गततया उपलब्धः अस्ति; अन्याः संस्थित्यः अपि सन्ति । sah-wikipedia-org-6391 Иммануил Кант — Бикипиэдьийэ Иммануил Кант Арҕаа философия Иммануил Кант (1724 сыл муус устар 22 – 1804 сыл олунньу 12) диэн ниэмэс филосова этэ. Көнинсберг куоракка төрөөбүтэ уонна ол куоракка өлбүтэ. Философияны куорат университетыгар үөрэппитэ уонна кэнники философия профессора буолбута. Олоҕо[уларыт | биики-тиэкиһи уларытыы] Иммануил Кант 1724 сыл муус устар 22 күнүгэр төрөөбүтэ. Кини 1732 сыллаахха Фредерик колледжыгар сылдьабр буолбута, ол колледж диреторынан Франц Альберт Шульц диэн Кант аймахтарын пастордара этэ. 1755 сыллахха лектор буолбута уонна 1770 сыллахха дылы үлэлээбитэ. Ол кэнниттэн Көнинсберг университетын логика уонна метафизика декана буолбута. Кант Көнинсберг куораттан хаһан даҕаны ырааппатаҕа. 1804 сыл олунньу 12 күнүгэр "Сөп буолуо" диэн бүтэһик тыллардаах өлбүтэ. Университет бириэмэтэ[уларыт | биики-тиэкиһи уларытыы] 1770 сыллаахха Көнинсберг университетын философия профессора буолбута. Бастакы сабарҕалааһыннара[уларыт | биики-тиэкиһи уларытыы] Лейбниц уонна Вольф үлэлэрин сабыдыалларыттан Кант тутаах боппуруостар эппиэттэрин сабарҕалыыр буолбута. Кини догматизмтан уонна скептицизмтан атын санаа баарын көрдүүтүн саҕалаабыта. Атын сигэлэр[уларыт | биики-тиэкиһи уларытыы] Биики-тиэкиһи уларыт sc-wikipedia-org-7003 (Immanuel Kant, Arrespusta a sa pregonta: it''est s''Illuminismu?, 1784) Immanuel Kant (Königsberg, 22 abrì 1724 – Königsberg, 12 friaxu 1804) est istètiu unu filòsofu tedescu. Est unu de is prus esponentis de importu de s''illuminismu tedescu, e antitzipadori in sa fasi ùrtima de su pensamentu suu de is elementus fundadoris de sa filosofia idealistica. Sa Crìtica de s''arraxoni pura, pubricada in su 1781, definit su metodu de su filosofai chi Kant at umperai sèmpiri, finas in is duas òberas chi sighint (Crìtica de s''arraxoni pràtica e Crìtica de su giudìtziu), comenti puru in àteras òberas fatas a pustis. De su 1747 a su 1754 at tentu esperièntzias comenti pretzetori privau; custus funt is prus annus difitzilis de sa vida sua, innui est custrintu a triballai meda po si guadangiai de bivi. Est in custus annus chi preparat e iscrit is òberas suas prus mannas: sa Critica de sa arraxoni pura, sa Critica de sa arraxoni pratica e sa Critica de su giudìtziu. Pàginas chi ligant a custa scn-wikipedia-org-7891 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Immanuel Kant (Frasi supra la balata di Immanuel Kant da la Crìtica dâ raggiuni pratica) Na mmàggini di Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (22 di aprili, 1724 12 di frivaru, 1804) era nu filòsufu tudiscu. Kant s''arristàu anticchia dilusu doppu avennu sintitu sta tiuria di Hume, ma cci fici circari nautra strata ùnica tra skepticism e lu dogmatismu, nparticulari era assai nfluinzatu di Jean-Jacques Rousseau e li soi pinzeri supra la duttrina murali e la quistioni dâ libbirtati. Oi si chiama la filusufìa di Kant: la filusufìa crìtica. Ô principiu dû sèculu XX li tiurìi di Kant vinniru ritruvati di na nova ginirazzioni di filòsufî tudischi, furmannu nu gruppu chiamatu novu-kantinismu, e iddu arresta na granni nfluenza finadora. Autri pruggetti[cancia | cancia la surgenti] Nta Commons s''attròvanu àutri mmàggini rilativi a Immanuel Kant. Estrattu di "https://scn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=727915" Cancia surgenti Cita st''artìculu Àutri pruggetti Nfurmazzioni supra a Wikipedia sco-wikipedia-org-6778 He drew a parallel tae the Copernican revolution in his proposition that warldly objects can be intuitit a priori (''aforehaund''), an that intueetion is tharefore independent frae objective reality.[3] Kant believed that raison is the soorce o morality, an that aesthetics arise frae a faculty o disinterestit juidgment. Kant''s views conteena tae hae a major influence on contemporary filosofie, especially the fields o epistemology, ethics, poleetical theory, an post-modren aesthetics. He believed that this wad be the eventual ootcome o universal history, awtho it is nae raitionally planned.[7] The naitur o Kant''s releegious ideas conteenas tae be the subject o filosofical dispute, wi viewpynts rangin frae the impression that he wis an ineetial advocate o atheism that at some pynt developed an ontological argument for God, tae mair creetical treatments epitomised bi Nietzsche, that claimed that Kant haed "theologian bluid"[8] an wis merely a sophisticatit apologist for tradeetional Christian faith.[a] sh-wikipedia-org-4380 Schlegel, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Schleiermacher, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Piaget, Nozick, Popper, Kierkegaard, Jung, Searle, Mises, Avenarius, Mach, Helmholtz, Ørsted, Hilbert, Brouwer, Poincaré, Foucault, Arendt, Gentile, Weber, Tönnies, Jaspers, Bergson, Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, Strawson, Strauss, Putnam, McDowell, Durkheim, Simmel, Kelsen, Spir, Apel, Guyer, Seung Kantova nauka o religiji[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Kant''s Early Critics: the Empiricist Critique of the Theoretical Philosophy, Cambridge, 2000. Essays in Kant''s Aesthetics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. The Cambridge Companion to Kant, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (modern defense of the view that Kant''s theoretical philosophy is a "patchwork" of ill-fitting arguments). Kant''s Theory of Form: an Essay on the Critique of Pure Reason. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1859 (In English: Arthur Schopenhauer, New York: Dover Press, Volume I, Appendix, "Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy", ISBN 0-486-21761-2) Kant''s Moral Philosophy simple-wikipedia-org-2041 Immanuel Kant Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia You can help Wikipedia by reading Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages, then simplifying the article. Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher. Kant called his way of thought "critique", not philosophy. According to Kant, people should know what human reason can do and which limits it has. In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant wrote several limits of human reason, to both feeling and thinking something. In Critique of the practical reason Kant wrote about the problem of freedom and God. It was his main work of ethics. In the 19th century, German philosophers like Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer and writers like Herder, Schiller, and Goethe were influenced by Kant. In the early 20th century Kant''s ideas were very influential on one group of German philosophers. Works by Immanuel Kant at Project Gutenberg All works of Kant (German) sites-wofford-edu-4997 sk-wikipedia-org-6070 Wolff, Baumgarten, Tetens, Hutcheson, Empirikos, Montaigne, Hume, Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Rousseau, Newton, Emmanuel Swedenborg Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Husserl, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Nozick, Karl Popper, Kierkegaard, Jung, Searle, Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendtová, Karl Marx, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Jaspers, Hayek, Bergson, Ørsted, A.J. Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, P.F. Strawson, John McDowell Kant si vo svojej Kritike čistého rozumu kladie otázku: Ako sú možné apriórne syntetické súdy? Kant v práci nechce podať úplný systém čistého rozumu, ale len jeho posúdenie, zdroje a hranice. Čistá metafyzika, ktorá derivuje svoje idey úplne apriórnou cestou bez akéhokoľvek zmyslového pôvodu, teda nie je ako veda možná, keďže nemôže poskytovať ozajstné poznanie, ale iba dialektické ilúzie. V Kritike praktického rozumu (a v diele Základy metafyziky mravov) Kant predstavuje svoju mravnú filozofiu resp. Sloboda, nesmrteľnosť a Boh ako postuláty praktického rozumu[upraviť | upraviť kód] sl-wikipedia-org-4321 Najpomembnejše je bilo delo »Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels« (Splošna naravna zgodovina in teorija neba, 1755), v kateri je postavil svojo hipotezo o nastajanju osončja (Kant-Laplaceova hipoteza). Po enajstih letih brez objave je Kant leta 1781 izdal svoje znamenito delo »Kritika čistega uma«, ki pa je bilo ob izidu večinoma prezrto. Splošna naravna zgodovina in teorija neba[uredi | uredi kodo] Kant Laplaceova teorija[uredi | uredi kodo] Kritika čistega uma[uredi | uredi kodo] Kant metafiziko opredeli kot »spoznanja, do katerih se lahko razum dokoplje neodvisno od izkušnje«, njegov cilj pa je bil, da bi določil zmožnosti in nezmožnosti metafizike na splošno, določil njene meje in obseg proučevanja. Kritika praktičnega uma[uredi | uredi kodo] Kritika razsodne moči[uredi | uredi kodo] Immanuel Kant je bil kot veliko velikih mislecev poseben človek. Glej tudi[uredi | uredi kodo] slate-com-304 John Locke precedes Kant, but his work also shows the influence of early modern racial thinking. In "The Contradictions of Racism: Locke, Slavery, and the Two Treatises," Bernasconi and Anika Maaza Mann present the pre-eminent liberal philosopher as an architect of the race-based slavery developing in the American colonies during the mid–17th century. Still, as one of the widely read thinkers of the period, his work remained influential to slaveholders, including the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, and the Framers of the Constitution, for whom racial slavery and native expropriation were compatible with natural rights and representative government. For modern-day philosopher Charles Mills, this joint march of liberalism and white supremacy—whether Locke''s social contract or Kant''s moral theory—supports the notion of an implicit "racial contract" undergirding the Enlightenment project. We still live in a world shaped by Enlightenment ideas of race and white supremacy. By joining Slate Plus you support our work and get exclusive content. snaccooperative-org-8688 sq-wikipedia-org-3712 Veprimtaria e tij letrare përfshin një sërë veprash si "Grounding for the Metaphysics", "Kritika e Arsyes së Kulluar" e botuar më 1781, "Kritika e arsyes Praktike" e botuar më 1788, "Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Moral", dhe shumë të tjera nga të cilat një pjesë e mirë e tyre janë përkthyer edhe në shqip. Në të njëjtën kohë, ky gjykim është sintetik, por jo analitik, sepse 12-ta nuk mund të dalë nga një analizë e thjeshtë e numrave 7,5 dhe e mbledhjes (+). Por, megjithëse unë jam i aftë, që të bëj dallimin midis vetes si njohës dhe asaj që njoh, unë këtë kurr nuk mund ta njoh diçka ashtu siç është ajo në të vërtetë, sepse në atë moment, që unë e njoh atë, e njoh për aq sa strukturat e mendjes sime më lejojnë. Mbrenda realitetit të përvojës shqisore, është legjitime t''i referohesh një shkaku për çdo ngjarje, por ''parimi i shkakut në këtë rast nuk ka as kuptim dhe as kritere, sepse zbatimet e tij zënë vend vetëm në botën e ndijimeve''. sr-wikipedia-org-8286 Фихте, Шелинг, Хегел, Шопенхауер, Ниче, Пирс, Хусерл, Хајдегер, Витгенштајн, Сартр, Касирер, Хабермас, Раулс фебруар 1804) је био родоначелник класичног немачког идеализма и по многима један од највећих филозофа свих времена.[2] Кант је сматрао да људски ум ствара структуру искуства, да је разум извор морала, да естетика проистиче из способности незаинтересованог расуђивања, да су простор и време форме наше чулности, и да је свет какав јесте сам по себи независан од наше спознаје. Тачна природа Кантових религиозних идеја је и даље предмет посебно врућих филозофских дебата, при чему су гледишта у опсегу од идеје да је Кант био рани и радикални заступник атеизма што је коначно кулминирало онтолошким аргументом за постојање Бога, до знатно критичнијих гледишта која се оличавају у Ничеу који тврди да је Кант имао „теолошку крв"[3] и да је Кант био само софистицирани апологетичар за традиционална хришћанска религиозна веровања, пишући да „Кант је желео да докаже, на начин који би запањио обичног човека, да је обични човек у праву: то је била тајна шала те душе."[4] stats-wikimedia-org-9360 su-wikipedia-org-7024 sv-wikipedia-org-1397 Inom etiken är Kant känd som pliktetiker och för sitt formulerande av det kategoriska imperativet (bör ej sammanblandas med det hypotetiska imperativet), vars vanligaste formulering lyder: "Handla endast efter den maxim om vilken du samtidigt kan vilja att den upphöjdes till allmän lag." Som kunskapsteoretiker och metafysiker har han fått flera kritiska efterföljare, bland andra Schopenhauer och Fichte. Denna inskränkning av människans kunskapsförmåga till det fenomenella, innebär inte bara att den oberoende verkligheten är permanent dold för oss, utan också att de eviga frågorna om viljans frihet, själens odödlighet och Guds existens aldrig kan bli besvarade i vetenskaplig mening. Kants etik kan sammanfattas på följande sätt: förnuftet är etikens grundval, människans natur och böjelser är ovidkommande ur ett etiskt perspektiv, den goda viljan är det enda som har absolut värde, plikten är det viktigaste begreppet och det kategoriska imperativet är moralitetens högsta princip. sw-wikipedia-org-9013 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru Immanuel Kant alikuwa mwanafalsafa Mjerumani kutoka milki ya Prussia. Kant alizaliwa mjini Königsberg (sasa: Kaliningrad) kama mtoto wa fundi. Kwa Kant kazi ya akili inaanza kwa kufikiri mwenyewe. Kant aliandika: "Mwangaza inamaanisha kuondoka kwa binadamu kutoka uchanga wake uliosababisha mwenyewe. Ngazi ya Uhakiki[hariri | hariri chanzo] Kant alisisitiza ya kwamba si akili peke yake lakini pia maarifa na ufahamu. Baada ya kupokea wito la kuwa profesa Kant alikuwa na kipindi nyamavu cha miaka 10 maana yake alifundisha wanafunzi wake lakini hakutoa kitabu kipya akitafakari yale yanayofuata kutokana na msingi wake mpya. Maswali 4 ya Kant[hariri | hariri chanzo] Uhakiki wa akili tupu[hariri | hariri chanzo] Mwaka 1871 alitoa kitabu cha "uhakiki wa akili tupu". Uhakiki wa akili tendaji[hariri | hariri chanzo] Viungo vya Nje[hariri | hariri chanzo] Immanuel.Kant,Critique of Pure Reason (1787 (english) Kant''s Philosophy of Science Kant''s Critique of Metaphysics Kant''s Philosophy of Religion Kant''s Moral Philosophy ta-wikipedia-org-3623 இம்மானுவேல் காந்து தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா இம்மானுவேல் காந்து [1] (Immanuel Kant, ஏப்ரல் 22, 1724 – பெப்ரவரி 12, 1804) இடாய்ச்சுலாந்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு மெய்யியலாளர் ஆவார். எமானுவேல் (Emanuel) என்னும் பெயரில் மதப் புனிதக்குளியல் செய்யப்பட்ட இவர் எபிரேய மொழியைக் கற்ற பின்னர் தனது பெயரை இம்மானுவேல் (Immanuel) என மாற்றிக்கொண்டார். காந்து, 1740 ஆம் ஆண்டில், தனது 16 ஆவது வயதில், கோனிசுபர்குப் பல்கலைக் கழகத்தில் சேர்ந்தார்.[5] அங்கே, ஒரு பகுத்தறிவுவாதியான மார்ட்டின் நட்சென் என்பவரின் கீழ், இலீபினிசு, வோல்ஃப் ஆகியோருடைய தத்துவங்களைக் கற்றார். பின்னர் பல அறிவியல் தலைப்புக்களில் மேலும் பல நூல்களை வெளியிட்ட அவர், 1755 ஆம் ஆண்டில் பல்கலைக் கழக விரிவுரையாளர் ஆனார். அழகியல் தத்துவங்கள்[தொகு] மேற்கத்திய சிந்தனை மீது காந்தின் செல்வாக்கு ஆழமாக உள்ளது.[11] குறிப்பிட்ட சிந்தனையாளர்களிடம் தனது செல்வாக்கினை மென்மேலும் தத்துவார்த்த விசாரணை மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட கட்டமைப்பை காந்து மாற்றியுள்ளார். ↑ In the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason Kant refers to space as "no discursive or...general conception of the relation of things, but a pure intuition" and maintained that "We can only represent to ourselves one space". ↑ 8.0 8.1 Critique of Judgment in "Kant, Immanuel" Encyclopedia of Philosophy. te-wikipedia-org-8116 ఇమ్మాన్యుయెల్ కాంట్ వికీపీడియా ఇమ్మాన్యుయెల్ కాంట్ వికీపీడియా నుండి Jump to navigation Jump to search Immanuel Kant (painted portrait) Western Philosophy 18th-century philosophy పేరు: Immanuel Kant జననం: 22 April 1724 Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy ప్రముఖ తత్వం: Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis ఇమ్మాన్యూల్ కాంట్ (ఏప్రిల్ 22, 1724 ఫిబ్రవరి 12, 1804) (ఆంగ్లం Immanuel Kant) ఒక ప్రముఖ జెర్మన్ భావవాద తత్వవేత్త. ఇతను భావవాదం, జడతత్వ శాస్త్రం పై ఎక్కువ మొగ్గు చూపేవాడు. ఇతను అన్ని సందర్భాలలో జడతత్వవాదానికి ప్రాధాన్యత ఇవ్వలేదు. ఇతను కొంతవరకు గతితర్కాన్ని కూడా అంగీకరించాడు. ఇతని ప్రభావం హెగెల్, కార్ల్ మార్క్స్ పైన కూడా కనిపిస్తుంది. "https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ఇమ్మాన్యుయెల్_కాంట్&oldid=2879004" నుండి వెలికితీశారు ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ చర్చ మరిన్ని మొదటి పేజీ యాదృచ్ఛిక పేజీ ఇటీవలి మార్పులు కొత్త పేజీలు సంప్రదింపు పేజీ ఇక్కడికి లింకున్న పేజీలు సంబంధిత మార్పులు ప్రత్యేక పేజీలు పేజీ సమాచారం ఇతర ప్రాజెక్టులలో ఇతర భాషలు English Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English మరిన్ని వివరాలకు వాడుక నియమాలను చూడండి. వికీపీడియా గురించి tg-wikipedia-org-296 Иммануил Кант — Википедия Иммануил Кант дар Викианбор Иммануил Кант (олмонӣ: Immanuel Kant [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant]; 22 апрели соли 1724, Кёнигсберг, Пруссия (ҳозира Калининград, Русия) — 12 феврали соли 1804, ҳамон ҷо) — файласуфи олмонӣ, асосгузори фалсафаи классикии Олмон, ки дар ҳади давраҳои маорифпарварӣ ва романтизм қарор дошт. Зиндагинома[вироиш] Фалсафа[вироиш] Ёдбуд[вироиш] Осор[вироиш] Эзоҳ[вироиш] Адабиёт[вироиш] Пайвандҳо[вироиш] И. Кант дар сомонаи «peoples.ru» И. Кант дар сомонаи «chronos.msu.ru» Гносеологияи Иммануил Кант. Этикаи Иммануил Кант. BAV: ADV10174940 · BIBSYS: 90066754 · BNC: a10436352 · BNE: XX1002482 · BNF: 11909393p · CiNii: DA00159992 · CONOR: 6276707 · EGAXA: vtls000970121 · GND: 118559796 · GTAA: 117123 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000707 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2282 4025 · LCCN: n79021614 · LNB: 000015134 · NDL: 00445131 · NKC: jn19990004171 · NLA: 35259064 · NLG: 61881 · NSK: 000100107 · NTA: 06840753X · NUKAT: n93081168 · PTBNP: 8958 · LIBRIS: 192570 · SUDOC: 02694507X · VIAF: 82088490 · ULAN: 500107055 · WorldCat VIAF: 82088490 Мақолаҳои нопурра дар бораи олимон Дар бораи Википедиа th-wikipedia-org-9472 ก่อนโสกราตีส · เธลีส · โสกราตีส · เพลโต · อาริสโตเติล · เอพิคิวรัส · โพลตินัส · พีร์โร · ออกัสตินแห่งฮิปโป · โบอีเทียส · อัลฟาราบี · แอนเซล์มแห่งแคนเทอร์เบอรี · ปีแยร์ อาเบลา · อะเวร์โรอีส · ไมมอนิดีส · ทอมัส อไควนัส · อัลแบร์ตุส มาญุส · ดันส์ สโกตัส · รามอง ยูย์ · วิลเลียมแห่งออกคัม · โจวันนี ปีโก เดลลา มีรันโดลา · มาร์ซิลิโอ ฟิชีโน · มีแชล เดอ มงตาญ · เรอเน เดการ์ต · โทมัส ฮอบส์ · แบลซ ปัสกาล · บารุค สปิโนซา · จอห์น ล็อก · นีโกลา มาลบรองช์ · กอทท์ฟรีด ไลบ์นิซ · จัมบัตติสตา วีโก · ชูเลียง โอเฟรย์ เดอ ลา เมตรี · จอร์จ บาร์กลีย์ · มงแต็สกีเยอ · เดวิด ฮูม · วอลแตร์ · ฌ็อง-ฌัก รูโซ · เดอนี ดีเดอโร · แฮร์เดอร์ · อิมมานูเอล คานต์ · เจเรอมี เบนทัม · ฟรีดริช ชไลเออร์มาเคอร์ · โยฮัน ก็อทลีพ ฟิชเทอ · G.W.F. เฮเกิล · ฟรีดริช ชิลเลอร์ · ฟรีดริช ฟอน ชเลเกิล · อาเทอร์ โชเพนเฮาเออร์ · เซอเรน เคียร์เคอกอร์ · เฮนรี เดวิด ทอโร · ราล์ฟ วอลโด เอเมอร์สัน · จอห์น สจวร์ต มิลล์ · คาร์ล มาคส์ · มีฮาอิล บาคูนิน · ฟรีดริช นีทเชอ · วลาดีมีร์ โซโลวีฟ · วิลเลียม เจมส์ · วิลเฮล์ม ดิลเทย์ · C. tl-wikipedia-org-9814 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya Ilan sa kanyang mga mahahalagang mga gawa ang Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Puna sa Dalisay na Pangangatwiran; inggles: Critique of Pure Reason) at ang Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Puna sa Praktikal na Pangangatwiran; inggles: Critique of Practical Reason), na sinusuri ang ugnayan ng epistemolohiya, metapisika, at etika. 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Mga pagtatanggi Bersiyong pantelepono Mga tagapagpaunlad tpi-wikipedia-org-757 tr-wikipedia-org-4569 Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Christian Wolff, George Berkeley Immanuel Kant (22 Nisan 1724 – 12 Şubat 1804) Alman filozof.[1][2] Alman felsefesinin kurucu isimlerinden biri olmuş ve felsefe tarihinin kendisinden sonraki dönemini belirleyici olarak etkilemiştir.[3] Başlık olarak; epistemoloji, eleştiricilik, analitik ve sentetik yargılar, aşkın felsefe, duyulur-düşünülür dünya ayrımı, ahlak, irade, metafizik, yargı yetisinin eleştirisi, din ve tarih felsefesi üzerine çalışmaları bulunmaktadır.[3] Kant''ın gözünde bilim, liderleri kesin olan ve yöntemleri, ancak Hume''unki gibi felsefi bir kuşkuculuk benimsendiği zaman sorgulanabilen evrensel bir disiplindir. Türkçede Kant[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir] Prolegomena: Gelecekte Bilim Olarak Ortaya Çıkabilecek Her Metafiziğe / Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, 1996 Dallar Estetik · Etik · Epistemoloji · Mantık · Metafizik · Felsefe tarihi · Bilim felsefesi (Coğrafya · Tarih · Matematik · Fizik · Biyoloji · Tıp) · Felsefe ve edebiyat · Eğitim felsefesi · Felsefi antropoloji · Dil felsefesi · Hukuk felsefesi · Zihin felsefesi · Meta-felsefe · Siyaset felsefesi · Din felsefesi · Postmodern felsefe · Teknoloji felsefesi · Savaş felsefesi · Çevre felsefesi · Yaşam felsefesi Kategori: Immanuel Kant trove-nla-gov-au-7281 Trove We''re sorry but Trove doesn''t work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue. Loading... Trove is unable to load. tt-wikipedia-org-1886 Иммануил Кант — Wikipedia Wikipedia — ирекле энциклопедия проектыннан ([http://tt.wikipedia.org.ttcysuttlart1999.aylandirow.tmf.org.ru/wiki/Иммануил Кант latin yazuında]) Иммануил Кант Иммануил Кант [[commons:Category:Immanuel Kant|Иммануил Кант Immanuel Kant]] Викиҗыентыкта Иммануи́л Кант (алман. Immanuel Kant [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant]; 22 апрель 1724, Кенигсберг, Пруссия[2] — 12 февраль 1804, шунда ук) — Романтизм һәм Мәгърифәт чоры чикләрендә эшчәнлеген алып барган немец фәлсәфәчесе, алман классик фәлсәфәсенең башлап җибәрүчесе. Биография[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Кант «Фридрихс-Коллегиум» дәрәҗәле гимназиясен тәмамлый, аннары Кенигсберг университетына керә. 1755 елда Кант диссертациясен яклый һәм университетта укытырга рөхсәт бирүче доктор дәрәҗәсен ала. 1770 елда ул Кенигсберг университетында логика һәм метафизика профессоры буларак билгеләнә. 1797 елга кадәр ул фәлсәфә, математика һәм физика белән бәйле төрле дәресләр бирә. Фәлсәфә[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Шулай ук карагыз[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Фәлсәфә порталы Искәрмәләр[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Чыганагы — https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Иммануил_Кант&oldid=2793947 Төркемнәр: 22 апрель көнне туганнар 1724 елда туганнар 12 февраль көнне вафатлар 1804 елда вафатлар Вики-текстны үзгәртү Баш бит Бит турында мәгълүмат Wikipedia турында ui-adsabs-harvard-edu-3645 Karl Popper: philosophy and problems NASA/ADS Now on home page Enable full ADS view Citations References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Karl Popper: philosophy and problems O''Hear, Anthony Abstract Abstract Publication: Royal Institute of Philosophy supplement Pub Date: Bibcode: 1995kppp.book.....O No Sources Found © The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AC86A Resources ADS Help What''s New Careers@ADS Social @adsabs ADS Blog Project Switch to full ADS Is ADS down? Is ADS down? Is ADS down? Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Privacy Notice Smithsonian Terms of Use Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory NASA uk-wikipedia-org-341 Філософію Канта поділяють на два періоди — докритичний (до початку 70-х років XVIII ст.) і критичний, коли Кант розпочав досліджувати обмеження розуму. Таким чином, у «докритичний період» вченню Канта були притаманні елементи матеріалізму і діалектики, а саме: визнання ним об''єктивного, реального існування природи (концепція природної історії Сонячної системи); дії відцентрових і доцентрових сил, притягання і відштовхування; визнання фундаментального положення матеріалістичної філософії про те, що речі існують поза нашою свідомістю і що уявлення про них ми маємо завдяки відчуттям, які є джерелом знань. Разом з цим Кант залишається на позиціях раціоналізму і наголошує, що наука (математика, природознавство), яка складається з положень загальних і необхідних, не може мати своїм джерелом досвід, який завжди є обмеженим, а тому не може бути підставою для універсальних узагальнень. У книзі за назвою «Загальна природна історія і теорія неба» Кант виклав свої думки про утворення всесвіту, сонячної системи, планет, зірок, і вперше продемонстрував основні положення свого уявлення про процеси, що відтворюють життя і, як кульмінацію загального розвитку — зародження людини. ukcatalogue-oup-com-6457 uli-nli-org-il-4966 NLI AUT MultiLang Full View of Record National Library of Israel Names and Subjects Authority File Basic Advanced Recent Search Previous Searches e-Shelf Other Catalogs Help Quit Full Record View Full Record View Short Record View Catalog Card Name Tags MARC Tags Save/Email Add to My e-Shelf Sys. no. Personal Name Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804 -Metaphysics ‫ קנט, עמנואל, 1724-1804 -מטפיזיקה ‬ © The National Library of Israel upload-wikimedia-org-1592 upload-wikimedia-org-221 upload-wikimedia-org-3148 upload-wikimedia-org-3786 upload-wikimedia-org-3925 upload-wikimedia-org-4128 upload-wikimedia-org-4129 upload-wikimedia-org-4365 upload-wikimedia-org-4851 upload-wikimedia-org-4960 upload-wikimedia-org-5120 upload-wikimedia-org-5305 upload-wikimedia-org-5652 upload-wikimedia-org-5725 upload-wikimedia-org-5980 upload-wikimedia-org-6425 upload-wikimedia-org-6912 upload-wikimedia-org-6930 upload-wikimedia-org-7401 upload-wikimedia-org-7698 upload-wikimedia-org-7758 From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository a collection of 67,674,649 freely usable media files to which anyone can contribute Log in Create account Please use the search box at the top of this page or the links to the right. If you find something you can identify, write a note on the item''s talk page. 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Earth sciences Image sources Wiki software development Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=453255730" Category: Commons-en View source Upload file Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. upload-wikimedia-org-7815 upload-wikimedia-org-790 upload-wikimedia-org-8045 upload-wikimedia-org-8069 upload-wikimedia-org-8176 upload-wikimedia-org-8283 upload-wikimedia-org-8485 upload-wikimedia-org-8525 upload-wikimedia-org-87 upload-wikimedia-org-9184 upload-wikimedia-org-9215 upload-wikimedia-org-929 upload-wikimedia-org-9797 ur-wikipedia-org-5127 users-drew-edu-1097 uz-wikipedia-org-3224 Immanuil Kant Vikipediya Immanuil Kant (22-aprel 1724, Kenigsberg — 12-fevral 1804, oʻsha yerda) — nemis faylasufi. 1) tabiiy-ilmiy bosqich (1747—1755) — bu davrda «Osmonning umumiy tabiiy tarixi va nazariyasi» (1755) asarini yozdi, bunda u oʻzining kosmogonik nazariyasini olga surdi (qarang Kant gipotezasi); 3) tanqidiy bosqich — bu davrda Kant koʻproq bilish muammolari bilan shugʻullandi. Kant bilish jarayonida «narsa oʻzida» bilan «biz uchun narsa»ni bir-biridan farq qiladi. Uning fikricha, inson «narsa oʻzida» (mohiyat)ni bilishga qodir emas, u faqat «biz uchun narsa»ni, ya''ni hodisalarni bilishi mumkin. 4) tanqidiydan keyingi bosqich — bu davda Kant mantiq, pedagogika, tabiiy geografiya va pragmatik antropologiya (ya''ni harakterologiya)ga oid ma''ruzalarini nashr ettirdi. Kant fikricha, inson tajriba va amaliyot bilan har qanday bilimga ega boʻlavermaydi. Kant oʻz falsafasida bilish nazariyasini birinchi boʻlib falsafiy muammo sifatida atroflicha ishlab chiqishga harakat qildi. Uning ma''nosi shuki, har bir inson shunday xatti-harakat qilishi lozimki, bu boshqalar uchun ham qoidaga aylansin. Kant vijdonni axloqiy hakam deb ta''riflaydi. vep-wikipedia-org-4081 Kant Immanuel'' – Vikipedii Kant Immanuel'' Kant Immanuel'' saks.: Immanuel Kant Immanuel'' Kant (portret) sündundan dat: kolendan dat: kolendan sijaduz: Königsberg[d], Preisi kuningriik[d][1] Tuleban aigan filosof oli vällenke tervhudenke lapsessai, i hänen mam napri antta hüväladušt opendust. Priha oli prestižiden «Fridrihs-Kollegium»-gimnazijan pästnikan (saks.: Collegium Fridericianum), sid'' tuli Königsbergan universitetha opendusen täht vl 1740. ↑ 5,0 5,1 International Music Score Library Project — 2006. Kant Immanuel'' Vikiaitas Kant Immanuel'' Vikiaitas Purde "https://vep.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kant_Immanuel%27&oldid=132534" Personalijad kirjamišton mödhe Saksanman tedomehed Tedomehed kirjamišton mödhe Peittud kategorijad: Tarbhaižed lehtpoled, kudambad oma vähembad 10 KB Vikipedii:Kirjutused purtkidenke VikiAndmusišpäi Tö et olgoi kirjutanus sistemha Lehtpol'' Redaktiruida purde Uded lehtpoled Statjaline lehtpol'' Specialižed lehtpoled Citiruida nece lehtpol'' Versii painmižen täht Беларуская English Redaktiruida kosketused Nece lehtpol'' toižetadihe 17. Tekst sab sada Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License-licenzijan mödhe; erasti voib olesketa ližaarvoimižid. Informacii saitas Vikipedii vi-wikipedia-org-8372 Trước khi trình luận án tiến sĩ năm 1755, Kant sinh kế bằng dạy học tại gia và viết những luận văn triết học tự nhiên đầu tiên, như bài "Tư duy về sự cảm kích chân chính các lực có sức sống" (Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte Bản mẫu:Kant), công bố vào 1749, và Thông sử tự nhiên và Thiên thể luận (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels Immanuel Kant: AA I, 215–368[32]) năm 1755, trong đó ông trình bày một lý thuyết về sự hình thành các hệ thống hành tinh theo các định luật Newton (Kant-Laplacesche Theorie der Planetenentstehung). viaf-org-4820 vls-wikipedia-org-9594 Immanuel Kant Wikipedia Immanuel Kant Van Wikipedia Naar navigatie springen Naar zoeken springen Portrait van Immanuel Kant deur Johann Gottlieb Becker, 1768 Immanuel Kant (Königsberg, Pruusn, 22 april 1724 – 12 februoari 1804) was e Duutsche filosoof van de Verlichtynge. Zyn boek''n zyn styf belangryk gewèest vo de wèstersche filosofie. Immanuel Kant wordt gereek''nd by de modèrne filosoofn. Zyn invloewd ip gebied van filosofie, ethiek, theologie, strafrècht, volknrècht èn esthetiek wèrkt nog deure toet ip d''n dag van vandoage. Overgenomen van "https://vls.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=304991" Artikel Brontekst bewerken Meer Juste veranderd Willekeurig blad Links noar ier Permanentn link Artikel citeern Boek maken Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Koppelingen bewerken Boovnstoand blad es vo de latste ki veranderd om 14:29 ip 4 sep 2020. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding-Gelijk delen. Zie de Gebruiksvoorwaarden voor meer informatie. Over Wikipedia vo-wikipedia-org-8036 Immanuel Kant Vükiped Jump to navigation Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant Moted: Hiel Immanuel Kant (1724 prilul 22 1804 febul 12) äbinom filosopan Deutänik tumyela 18id se zif Preusänik: Königsberg (atimo Kaliningrad in Rusän). Lebuk veütikün oma: el Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Krüt Täläkta Rafnik) äflunon levemo jenotemi filosopa e metafüda nulädik. Me vobots at, äsi me penäds votik dö filosop rela, gitava e jenava, el Kant äjafom logami nulik filosopa, kel flunon jünu ün tumyel 21id döbatis tefik. Pekopiedon se „https://vo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Kant&oldid=3214001" Klads: Moteds ün 1724 Filosopans Deutänik Yegeds vipabik Bespiks ela IP at Jafön kali Yeged Redakön Redakön fonäti Votükams nulik Pad fädik Yüms isio Pads patik Yüm laidüpik Jafön buki Wikimedia Commons Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Redakön yümis Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. war-wikipedia-org-8681 Virtually all later Western Philosophy including: Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Nozick, Popper, Kierkegaard, Jung, Searle, Mises, Foucault, Arendt, Gentile, Jaspers, Bergson, Ørsted, Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, Strawson, Strauss, Putnam, McDowell, Durkheim Paul Guyer Hi Immanuel Kant 22 Abril 1724 – 12 Pebrero 1804) usa nga mil otsokintos ka tuig nga Aleman nga pilosopo nga tikang ha syudad han Prusyan nga Königsberg (yana Kaliningrad, Rusya). Kasahiran nga pagpakilala han iya mga ginhuhunahuna[igliwat | Igliwat an wikitext] "Kant''s Transcendental Deductions: The Three ''Critiques'' and the ''Opus Postumum.''" Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. Allison, Henry, Kant''s theory of freedom Cambridge University Press 1990. J. The Categorical Imperative; a study in Kant''s moral philosophy University of Pennsylvania Press 1971. Kant''s Ethical Thought New York: Cambridge University Press: 1999. An Wikimedia Commons mayda media nga nahahanungod han: Immanuel Kant Kant''s Moral Philosophy web-archive-org-1024 Wayback Machine success fail Jul FEB Mar 24 Jul 2018 16 Feb 2019 About this capture About this capture COLLECTED BY Collection: DIRECT-OA-CRAWL-2019 TIMESTAMPS web-archive-org-1573 For this very reason all analytical judgments are a priori even when the concepts are empirical, as, for example, Gold is a by means of ordinary experience; for reason is ever present, while laws of nature must possible experience, whether I consider space as a mere form of the sensibility, or as of things and sure only for all objects of sense, viz., for all possible experience; I under pure concepts of the understanding, and render the empirical judgment objectively Hume''s problem rescues for the pure concepts of the understanding their a priori origin, and for the universal laws of nature their validity, as pure reason (which were legitimate and natural, but destined for mere empirical use) in objects of possible experience, consequently to mere things of sense, and as soon as we and our understanding, but with nature, as an object of possible experience, and in web-archive-org-1630 web-archive-org-1725 web-archive-org-1761 Karl Vorländer Immanuel Kant Der Mann und das Werk I. Zur Zeit von Kants Aufenthalt zählte das Dorf etwa 20—25 selbständige Bauernstellen, die ganze Gegend ungefähr 100; dazu kamen noch eine Anzahl sogenannter Köllmer, Handwerker und Instleute. Denn in der Nachbarschaft gab es auch deutsche Schweizer, Pfälzer, Nassauer, Hessen, Salzburger und vor allem die damals noch auf ziemlich niedriger Kulturstufe stehenden Litauer. "Soll der teusche (= Deutsche) in Jutzche bleib", lautet seine eigenhändige Entscheidung auf die Beschwerde von 118 französisch redenden Familienvätern. Unserem Kant war als Lehrer der beiden älteren Söhne schon ein cand. Da beide erst im Juli 1747, aus Rochholz'' Unterricht entlassen, in das Joachimstaische Gymnasium bei Berlin aufgenommen wurden, so kann Kant frühestens Sommer 1747 die Stelle in Judtschen angetreten haben und nur als Lehrer der drei jüngeren Söhne, die damals im Alter von 13, 11 und 8 Jahren standen, in Betracht kommen. web-archive-org-1860 Karl Vorländer Immanuel Kant Der Mann und das Werk I. Für bessere Erziehung seiner Kinder zeigte sich hin und wieder ein rühmliches Streben; doch kann man nicht behaupten, dass die gnädigen Fräuleins und die Herren Junker von den gewöhnlich etwas unerfahrenen Hauslehrern beim Lernen zu sehr angestrengt wurden, darüber wachte die adlige Zärtlichkeit der Frau Mutter." Wahrscheinlich ist auch hier Kants Aufenthalt ein mehrjähriger gewesen. Wenigstens entspann sich mit der Familie ein noch viele Jahre fortdauerndes näheres Verhältnis: Zeugnis dessen sind dankbare und hochachtungsvolle Briefe des Vaters wie der Zöglinge, die den einstigen Hausgenossen noch nach Jahren "zum Teilnehmer jedes interessanten Familienereignisses machten" (Rink)*). Freilich ging er, als echter ostpreußischer Junker, nach einem Jahre in den Offiziersberuf über, beurlaubte sich aber noch vor seinem Abschied aus dem Vaterhause "von seinem treuen Lehrer und Vorsorger durch ein dankbares Schreiben"***) das dieser unter seinen Papieren aufbewahrte. web-archive-org-1906 A Review of Kantian Ethics and Economics: Autonomy, Dignity, and Character It is relatively easy to incorporate consequentialist ethics into economic models of choice, because they both deal with making trade-offs in order to maximize some measure of well-being, either personal or societal. While many philosophers have contributed to consequentialist ethics over the years, the one most easily identified with deontology is Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who developed a system of ethics based on the autonomy of all rational beings-by which they have the ability to make choices without regard to either external influence or internal desire-which in turn endows them with an inherent worth or dignity. Judgment and will are essential to Kantian ethics, but both are more difficult to include in economic models than duties were. He is the author of Kantian Ethics and Economics: Autonomy, Dignity and Character (Stanford, 2011), and has edited (or co-edited) many other books, including The Thief of Time: Philosophical Essays on Procrastination (with Chrisoula Andreou; Oxford, 2010). web-archive-org-2126 web-archive-org-2237 Immanuel Kant, Concerning the ultimate ground of the differentiation of directions in space PhilPapers This is a collection of web page captures from links added to, or changed on, Wikipedia pages. The idea is to bring a reliability to Wikipedia outlinks so that if the pages referenced by Wikipedia articles are changed, or go away, a reader can permanently find what was originally referred to. This is part of the Internet Archive''s attempt to rid the web of broken links. Philosophy of Cognitive Science Philosophy of Physical Science Philosophy of Social Science General Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Science, Misc History of Western Philosophy, Misc Philosophy, General Works Kant: Space in 17th/18th Century Philosophy "The Key to Transcendental Philosophy": Space, Time and the Body in Kant.Matthew S. Applied ethics Epistemology History of Western Philosophy Meta-ethics Metaphysics Normative ethics New books and articles | Philosophy journals | web-archive-org-2283 web-archive-org-2395 web-archive-org-2782 web-archive-org-3062 web-archive-org-3430 web-archive-org-3659 __wm.wombat("http://www.hkbu.edu.hk:80/~ppp/cpr/toc.html","20090427130629","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive.