Peter Singer - Wikipedia Peter Singer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other people named Peter Singer, see Peter Singer (disambiguation). Australian philosopher Peter Singer AC Singer in 2012 Born Peter Albert David Singer (1946-07-06) 6 July 1946 (age 74) Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Education University of Melbourne (BA in law, history, and philosophy, 1967; MA in philosophy, 1969) University College, Oxford (BPhil in philosophy, 1971) Notable work The Life You Can Save Animal Liberation Era Contemporary philosophy Region Western philosophy School Analytic philosophy · Utilitarianism Institutions University College, Oxford New York University La Trobe University Monash University Princeton University University of Melbourne Thesis Why Should I Be Moral? (1969) Academic advisors R. M. Hare (BPhil advisor) Main interests Applied ethics · Bioethics Notable ideas Equal consideration of interests Drowning child analogy Effective altruism Argument from marginal cases[1] Influences Charles Darwin · John Stuart Mill · Henry Sidgwick · Jeremy Bentham · R. M. Hare · Jonathan Glover · Derek Parfit[2] · Karl Marx Influenced Peter Unger · Colin McGinn · Roger Crisp · Dale Jamieson · Gregory Pence · Julian Savulescu · James Rachels · Mylan Engel · Steven Best · Toby Ord · Bill Gates · William MacAskill Website petersinger.info Peter Albert David Singer AC (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and a Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics and approaches ethical issues from a secular, utilitarian perspective. He is known in particular for his book Animal Liberation (1975), in which he argues in favour of veganism, and his essay "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", in which he argues in favour of donating to help the global poor. For most of his career, he was a preference utilitarian, but he stated in The Point of View of the Universe (2014), coauthored with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, that he had become a hedonistic utilitarian. On two occasions, Singer served as chair of the philosophy department at Monash University, where he founded its Centre for Human Bioethics. In 1996 he stood unsuccessfully as a Greens candidate for the Australian Senate. In 2004 Singer was recognised as the Australian Humanist of the Year by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies. In 2005, the Sydney Morning Herald placed him among Australia's ten most influential public intellectuals.[3] Singer is a cofounder of Animals Australia and the founder of The Life You Can Save.[4] Contents 1 Early life, education and career 2 Applied ethics 2.1 Effective altruism and world poverty 2.2 Animal liberation and speciesism 2.3 Other views 2.3.1 Meta-ethical views 2.3.2 Political views 2.3.3 Abortion, euthanasia, and infanticide 2.3.4 Surrogacy 2.3.5 Religion 2.3.6 Protests 2.4 Criticism 3 Recognition 4 Publications 4.1 Singly authored books 4.2 Coauthored books 4.3 Edited and coedited volumes and anthologies 4.4 Anthologies of Singer's work 4.5 Commentary volumes on Singer's work 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life, education and career[edit] Singer in 2009 Singer's parents were Austrian Jews who immigrated to Australia from Vienna in 1939, after Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany.[5] They settled in Melbourne, where Singer was born. Singer's father imported tea and coffee, while his mother practiced medicine. He has an older sister, Joan (now Joan Dwyer). His grandparents were less fortunate: his paternal grandparents were taken by the Nazis to Łódź, and never heard from again; his maternal grandfather David Ernst Oppenheim (1881–1943), a teacher, died in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.[6] Oppenheim was a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and wrote a joint article with Sigmund Freud, before joining the Adlerian sect.[7] Singer later wrote a biography of Oppenheim.[8] Singer is an atheist, and was raised in a prosperous, happy, non-religious[9] family. His family rarely observed Jewish holidays, and Singer declined to have a Bar Mitzvah.[10] Singer attended Preshil[11] and later Scotch College. After leaving school, Singer studied law, history, and philosophy at the University of Melbourne, earning a bachelor's degree in 1967.[12] He has explained that he elected to major in philosophy after his interest was piqued by discussions with his sister's then-boyfriend.[13] He earned a master's degree for a thesis entitled "Why Should I Be Moral?" at the same university in 1969. He was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Oxford, and obtained from there a BPhil degree in 1971, with a thesis on civil disobedience supervised by R. M. Hare and published as a book in 1973.[14] Singer names Hare and Australian philosopher H. J. McCloskey as his two most important mentors.[15] One day at Balliol College in Oxford, he had what he refers to as "probably the decisive formative experience of my life". He was having a discussion after class with fellow graduate student Richard Keshen, a Canadian (who would later become a professor at Cape Breton University), over lunch. Keshen opted to have a salad after being told that the spaghetti sauce contained meat. Singer had the spaghetti. Singer eventually questioned Keshen about his reason for avoiding meat. Keshen explained his ethical objections. Singer would later state, "I'd never met a vegetarian who gave such a straightforward answer that I could understand and relate to." Keshen later introduced Singer to his vegetarian friends. Singer was able to find one book in which he could read up on the issue (Animal Machines by Ruth Harrison) and "within a week or two" he approached his wife saying that he thought they needed to make a change to their diet, and that he did not think they could justify eating meat.[16][17][18] After spending three years as a Radcliffe lecturer at University College, Oxford, he was a visiting professor at New York University for 16 months. He returned to Melbourne in 1977, where he spent most of his career, aside from appointments as visiting faculty abroad, until his move to Princeton in 1999.[19] In June 2011, it was announced he would join the professoriate of New College of the Humanities, a private college in London, in addition to his work at Princeton.[20] He also has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2001. According to philosopher Helga Kuhse, Singer is "almost certainly the best-known and most widely read of all contemporary philosophers".[21] Michael Specter wrote that Singer is among the most influential of contemporary philosophers.[22] Since 1968, he has been married to Renata Singer; they have three children: Ruth, Marion, and Esther. Renata Singer is a novelist and author and has collaborated on publications with her husband.[23] Applied ethics[edit] Part of a series on Utilitarianism Predecessors Epicurus Śāntideva David Hume Claude Adrien Helvétius William Godwin Francis Hutcheson William Paley Key proponents Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill Henry Sidgwick R. M. Hare Peter Singer Types of utilitarianism Negative Rule Act Two-level Total Average Preference Classical Key concepts Pain Suffering Pleasure Utility Happiness Eudaimonia Consequentialism Felicific calculus Problems Demandingness objection Mere addition paradox Paradox of hedonism Utility monster Related topics Rational choice theory Game theory Social choice Neoclassical economics Population ethics Effective altruism Politics portal v t e Singer's Practical Ethics (1979) analyzes why and how living beings' interests should be weighed. His principle of equal consideration of interests does not dictate equal treatment of all those with interests, since different interests warrant different treatment. All have an interest in avoiding pain, for instance, but relatively few have an interest in cultivating their abilities. Not only does his principle justify different treatment for different interests, but it allows different treatment for the same interest when diminishing marginal utility is a factor. For example, this approach would privilege a starving person's interest in food over the same interest of someone who is only slightly hungry. Among the more important human interests are those in avoiding pain, in developing one's abilities, in satisfying basic needs for food and shelter, in enjoying warm personal relationships, in being free to pursue one's projects without interference, "and many others". The fundamental interest that entitles a being to equal consideration is the capacity for "suffering and/or enjoyment or happiness". Singer holds that a being's interests should always be weighed according to that being's concrete properties. The "journey model" is tolerant of some frustrated desire and explains why persons who have embarked on their journeys are not replaceable. Only a personal interest in continuing to live brings the journey model into play. This model also explains the priority that Singer attaches to interests over trivial desires and pleasures. Ethical conduct is justified by reasons that go beyond prudence to "something bigger than the individual", addressing a larger audience. Singer thinks this going-beyond identifies moral reasons as "somehow universal", specifically in the injunction to 'love thy neighbour as thyself', interpreted by him as demanding that one give the same weight to the interests of others as one gives to one's own interests. This universalising step, which Singer traces from Kant to Hare,[24]:11 is crucial and sets him apart from those moral theorists, from Hobbes to David Gauthier, who tie morality to prudence. Universalisation leads directly to utilitarianism, Singer argues, on the strength of the thought that one's own interests cannot count for more than the interests of others. Taking these into account, one must weigh them up and adopt the course of action that is most likely to maximise the interests of those affected; utilitarianism has been arrived at. Singer's universalising step applies to interests without reference to who has them, whereas the Kantian's applies to the judgments of rational agents (in Kant's kingdom of Ends, or Rawls's Original position, etc.). Singer regards Kantian universalisation as unjust to animals.[25] As for the Hobbesians, Singer attempts a response in the final chapter of Practical Ethics, arguing that self-interested reasons support adoption of the moral point of view, such as 'the paradox of hedonism', which counsels that happiness is best found by not looking for it, and the need most people feel to relate to something larger than their own concerns. Singer identifies as a sentientist.[26] Sentientism is a naturalistic worldview that grants moral consideration to all sentient beings. Effective altruism and world poverty[edit] Main article: Effective altruism Singer at an effective altruism conference in Melbourne in 2015. Singer's ideas have contributed to the rise of effective altruism.[27] He argues that people should not only try to reduce suffering, but reduce it in the most effective manner possible. While Singer has previously written at length about the moral imperative to reduce poverty and eliminate the suffering of nonhuman animals, particularly in the meat industry, he writes about how the effective altruism movement is doing these things more effectively in his 2015 book, The Most Good You Can Do. He is a board member of Animal Charity Evaluators, a charity evaluator used by many members of the effective altruism community which recommends the most cost-effective animal advocacy charities and interventions.[28] His own organisation, The Life You Can Save, also recommends a selection of charities deemed by charity evaluators such as GiveWell to be the most effective when it comes to helping those in extreme poverty. TLYCS was founded after Singer released his 2009 eponymous book, in which he argues more generally in favour of giving to charities that help to end global poverty. In particular, he expands upon some of the arguments made in his 1972 essay "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", in which he posits that citizens of rich nations are morally obligated to give at least some of their disposable income to charities that help the global poor. He supports this using the "drowning child analogy", which states that most people would rescue a drowning child from a pond, even if it meant that their expensive clothes were ruined, so we clearly value a human life more than the value of our material possessions. As a result, we should take a significant portion of the money that we spend on our possessions and instead donate it to charity.[29][30] Since November 2009, Singer is a member of Giving What We Can, an international organization whose members pledge to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities.[31] Animal liberation and speciesism[edit] Singer in São Paulo in 2013. Published in 1975, Animal Liberation[32] has been cited as a formative influence on leaders of the modern animal liberation movement.[33] The central argument of the book is an expansion of the utilitarian concept that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the only measure of good or ethical behaviour, and Singer believes that there is no reason not to apply this principle to other animals, arguing that the boundary between human and "animal" is completely arbitrary. There are far more differences between a great ape and an oyster, for example, than between a human and a great ape, and yet the former two are lumped together as "animals", whereas we are considered "human" in a way that supposedly differentiates us from all other "animals." He popularised the term "speciesism", which had been coined by English writer Richard D. Ryder to describe the practice of privileging humans over other animals, and therefore argues in favour of the equal consideration of interests of all sentient beings.[34] In Animal Liberation, Singer argues in favour of veganism and against animal experimentation. Singer describes himself as a flexible vegan. He writes, "That is, I'm vegan when it's not too difficult to be vegan, but I'm not rigid about this, if I'm traveling for example."[35] In an article for the online publication Chinadialogue, Singer called Western-style meat production cruel, unhealthy, and damaging to the ecosystem.[36] He rejected the idea that the method was necessary to meet the population's increasing demand, explaining that animals in factory farms have to eat food grown explicitly for them, and they burn up most of the food's energy just to breathe and keep their bodies warm. In a 2010 Guardian article he titled, "Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate," Singer drew attention to the welfare of fish. He quoted (author) Alison Mood's startling statistics from a report she wrote, which was released on fishcount.org.uk just a month before the Guardian article. Singer states that she "has put together what may well be the first-ever systematic estimate of the size of the annual global capture of wild fish. It is, she calculates, in the order of one trillion, although it could be as high as 2.7tn."[37][38] Some chapters of Animal Liberation are dedicated to criticising testing on animals but, unlike groups such as PETA, Singer is willing to accept such testing when there is a clear benefit for medicine. In November 2006, Singer appeared on the BBC programme Monkeys, Rats and Me: Animal Testing and said that he felt that Tipu Aziz's experiments on monkeys for research into treating Parkinson's disease could be justified.[39] Whereas Singer has continued since the publication of Animal Liberation to promote vegetarianism and veganism, he has been much less vocal in recent years on the subject of animal experimentation. Singer has defended some of the actions of the Animal Liberation Front, such as the stealing of footage from Dr. Thomas Gennarelli's laboratory in May 1984 (as shown in the documentary Unnecessary Fuss), but he has condemned other actions such as the use of explosives by some animal-rights activists and sees the freeing of captive animals as largely futile when they are easily replaced.[40][41] Other views[edit] Meta-ethical views[edit] In the past, Singer has not held that objective moral values exist, on the basis that reason could favour both egoism and equal consideration of interests. Singer himself adopted utilitarianism on the basis that people's preferences can be universalised, leading to a situation where one takes the "point of view of the universe" and "an impartial standpoint". But in the Second Edition of Practical Ethics, he concedes that the question of why we should act morally "cannot be given an answer that will provide everyone with overwhelming reasons for acting morally".[24]:335 However, when co-authoring The Point of View of the Universe (2014), Singer shifted to the position that objective moral values do exist, and defends the 19th century utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick's view that objective morality can be derived from fundamental moral axioms that are knowable by reason. Additionally, he endorses Derek Parfit's view that there are object-given reasons for action.[42]:126 Furthermore, Singer and Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek (the co-author of the book) argue that evolutionary debunking arguments can be used to demonstrate that it is more rational to take the impartial standpoint of "the point of view of the universe", as opposed to egoism—pursuing one's own self-interest—because the existence of egoism is more likely to be the product of evolution by natural selection, rather than because it is correct, whereas taking an impartial standpoint and equally considering the interests of all sentient beings is in conflict with what we would expect from natural selection, meaning that it is more likely that impartiality in ethics is the correct stance to pursue.[42]:182–183 Political views[edit] Singer in 2017 Whilst a student in Melbourne, Singer campaigned against the Vietnam War as president of the Melbourne University Campaign Against Conscription.[43] He also spoke publicly for the legalisation of abortion in Australia.[43] Singer joined the Australian Labor Party in 1974, but resigned after disillusionment with the centrist leadership of Bob Hawke.[44] In 1992, he became a founding member of the Victorian Greens.[44] He has run for political office twice for the Greens: in 1994 he received 28% of the vote in the Kooyong by-election, and in 1996 he received 3% of the vote when running for the Senate (elected by proportional representation).[44] Before the 1996 election, he co-authored a book The Greens with Bob Brown.[45] In A Darwinian Left,[46] Singer outlines a plan for the political left to adapt to the lessons of evolutionary biology. He says that evolutionary psychology suggests that humans naturally tend to be self-interested. He further argues that the evidence that selfish tendencies are natural must not be taken as evidence that selfishness is "right." He concludes that game theory (the mathematical study of strategy) and experiments in psychology offer hope that self-interested people will make short-term sacrifices for the good of others, if society provides the right conditions. Essentially, Singer claims that although humans possess selfish, competitive tendencies naturally, they have a substantial capacity for cooperation that also has been selected for during human evolution. Singer's writing in Greater Good magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley, includes the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. Singer has criticised the United States for receiving "oil from countries run by dictators .... who pocket most of the" financial gains, thus "keeping the people in poverty." Singer believes that the wealth of these countries "should belong to the people" within them rather than their "de facto government. In paying dictators for their oil, we are in effect buying stolen goods, and helping to keep people in poverty." Singer holds that America "should be doing more to assist people in extreme poverty". He is disappointed in U.S. foreign aid policy, deeming it "a very small proportion of our GDP, less than a quarter of some other affluent nations." Singer maintains that little "private philanthropy from the U.S." is "directed to helping people in extreme poverty, although there are some exceptions, most notably, of course, the Gates Foundation."[47] Singer describes himself as not anti-capitalist, stating in a 2010 interview with the New Left Project:[48] Capitalism is very far from a perfect system, but so far we have yet to find anything that clearly does a better job of meeting human needs than a regulated capitalist economy coupled with a welfare and health care system that meets the basic needs of those who do not thrive in the capitalist economy. He added that "[i]f we ever do find a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist". Similarly, in his book Marx, Singer is sympathetic to Marx's criticism of capitalism, but is skeptical about whether a better system is likely to be created, writing: "Marx saw that capitalism is a wasteful, irrational system, a system which controls us when we should be controlling it. That insight is still valid; but we can now see that the construction of a free and equal society is a more difficult task than Marx realised."[49] Singer is opposed to the death penalty, claiming that it does not effectively deter the crimes for which it is the punitive measure,[50] and that he cannot see any other justification for it.[51] In 2010, Singer signed a petition renouncing his right of return to Israel, because it is "a form of racist privilege that abets the colonial oppression of the Palestinians."[52] In 2016, Singer called on Jill Stein to withdraw from the US presidential election in states that were close between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, on the grounds that "The stakes are too high".[53] He argued against the view that there was no significant difference between Clinton and Trump, whilst also saying that he would not advocate such a tactic in Australia's electoral system, which allows for ranking of preferences.[53] When writing in 2017 on Trump's denial of climate change and plans to withdraw from the Paris accords, Singer advocated a boycott of all consumer goods from the United States to pressure the Trump administration to change its environmental policies.[54][55] Abortion, euthanasia, and infanticide[edit] Singer lecturing at Oxford University Singer holds that the right to life is essentially tied to a being's capacity to hold preferences, which in turn is essentially tied to a being's capacity to feel pain and pleasure. In Practical Ethics, Singer argues in favour of abortion rights on the grounds that fetuses are neither rational nor self-aware, and can therefore hold no preferences. As a result, he argues that the preference of a mother to have an abortion automatically takes precedence. In sum, Singer argues that a fetus lacks personhood. Similar to his argument for abortion rights, Singer argues that newborns lack the essential characteristics of personhood—"rationality, autonomy, and self-consciousness"[56]—and therefore "killing a newborn baby is never equivalent to killing a person, that is, a being who wants to go on living".[57] Singer has clarified that his "view of when life begins isn't very different from that of opponents of abortion." He deems it not "unreasonable to hold that an individual human life begins at conception. If it doesn't, then it begins about 14 days later, when it is no longer possible for the embryo to divide into twins or other multiples." Singer disagrees with abortion rights opponents in that he does not "think that the fact that an embryo is a living human being is sufficient to show that it is wrong to kill it." Singer wishes "to see American jurisprudence, and the national abortion debate, take up the question of which capacities a human being needs to have in order for it to be wrong to kill it" as well as "when, in the development of the early human being, these capacities are present."[58] Singer classifies euthanasia as voluntary, involuntary, or non-voluntary. Voluntary euthanasia is that to which the subject consents. He argues in favour of voluntary euthanasia and some forms of non-voluntary euthanasia, including infanticide in certain instances, but opposes involuntary euthanasia. Religious critics have argued that Singer's ethics ignores and undermines the traditional notion of the sanctity of life. Singer agrees and believes the notion of the sanctity of life ought to be discarded as outdated, unscientific, and irrelevant to understanding problems in contemporary bioethics.[59] Bioethicists associated with the disability rights and disability studies communities have argued that his epistemology is based on ableist conceptions of disability.[60] Singer's positions have also been criticised by some advocates for disability rights and right-to-life supporters, concerned with what they see as his attacks upon human dignity. Singer has replied that many people judge him based on secondhand summaries and short quotations taken out of context, not his books or articles and, that his aim is to elevate the status of animals, not to lower that of humans.[61] American publisher Steve Forbes ceased his donations to Princeton University in 1999 because of Singer's appointment to a prestigious professorship.[62] Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal wrote to organisers of a Swedish book fair to which Singer was invited that "A professor of morals ... who justifies the right to kill handicapped newborns ... is in my opinion unacceptable for representation at your level."[63] Marc Maurer, president of the National Federation of the Blind, criticised Singer's appointment to the Princeton faculty in a banquet speech at the organisation's national convention in July 2001, claiming that Singer's support for euthanising disabled babies could lead to disabled older children and adults being valued less as well.[64] Conservative psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple wrote in 2010 that Singerian moral universalism is "preposterous—psychologically, theoretically, and practically".[65] In 2002, disability rights activist Harriet McBryde Johnson debated Singer, challenging his belief that it is morally permissible to euthanise new-born children with severe disabilities. "Unspeakable Conversations", Johnson's account of her encounters with Singer and the pro-euthanasia movement, was published in the New York Times Magazine in 2003.[66] Singer has experienced the complexities of some of these questions in his own life. His mother had Alzheimer's disease. He said, "I think this has made me see how the issues of someone with these kinds of problems are really very difficult".[67] In an interview with Ronald Bailey, published in December 2000, he explained that his sister shares the responsibility of making decisions about his mother. He did say that, if he were solely responsible, his mother might not continue to live.[68] Surrogacy[edit] In 1985, Singer wrote a book with the physician Deanne Wells arguing that surrogate motherhood should be allowed and regulated by the state by establishing nonprofit 'State Surrogacy Boards', which would ensure fairness between surrogate mothers and surrogacy-seeking parents. Singer and Wells endorsed both the payment of medical expenses endured by surrogate mothers and an extra "fair fee" to compensate the surrogate mother.[69][70] Religion[edit] Singer at a Veritas Forum event at MIT in 2009. Singer was a speaker at the 2012 Global Atheist Convention.[71] He has debated with Christians including John Lennox[72] and Dinesh D'Souza.[73] Singer has pointed to the problem of evil as an objection against the Christian conception of God. He stated: "The evidence of our own eyes makes it more plausible to believe that the world was not created by any god at all. If, however, we insist on believing in divine creation, we are forced to admit that the god who made the world cannot be all-powerful and all good. He must be either evil or a bungler."[74] In keeping with his considerations of non-human animals, Singer also takes issue with the original sin reply to the problem of evil, saying that, "animals also suffer from floods, fires, and droughts, and, since they are not descended from Adam and Eve, they cannot have inherited original sin."[74] Protests[edit] Singer lecturing in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2012. In 1989 and 1990, Singer's work was the subject of a number of protests in Germany. A course in ethics led by Dr. Hartmut Kliemt at the University of Duisburg where the main text used was Singer's Practical Ethics was, according to Singer, "subjected to organised and repeated disruption by protesters objecting to the use of the book on the grounds that in one of its ten chapters it advocates active euthanasia for severely disabled newborn infants". The protests led to the course being shut down.[75] When Singer tried to speak during a lecture at Saarbrücken, he was interrupted by a group of protesters including advocates for disability rights. One of the protesters expressed that entering serious discussions would be a tactical error.[76] The same year, Singer was invited to speak in Marburg at a European symposium on "Bioengineering, Ethics and Mental Disability". The invitation was fiercely attacked by leading intellectuals and organisations in the German media, with an article in Der Spiegel comparing Singer's positions to Nazism. Eventually, the symposium was cancelled and Singer's invitation withdrawn.[77] A lecture at the Zoological Institute of the University of Zurich was interrupted by two groups of protesters. The first group was a group of disabled people who staged a brief protest at the beginning of the lecture. They objected to inviting an advocate of euthanasia to speak. At the end of this protest, when Singer tried to address their concerns, a second group of protesters rose and began chanting "Singer raus! Singer raus!" ("Singer out!") When Singer attempted to respond, a protester jumped on stage and grabbed his glasses, and the host ended the lecture. Singer explains "my views are not threatening to anyone, even minimally" and says that some groups play on the anxieties of those who hear only keywords that are understandably worrying (given the constant fears of ever repeating the Holocaust) if taken with any less than the full context of his belief system.[78][24](pp346–359) In 1991, Singer was due to speak along with R. M. Hare and Georg Meggle at the 15th International Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria. Singer has stated that threats were made to Adolf Hübner, then the president of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, that the conference would be disrupted if Singer and Meggle were given a platform. Hübner proposed to the board of the society that Singer's invitation (as well as the invitations of a number of other speakers) be withdrawn. The Society decided to cancel the symposium.[75] In an article originally published in The New York Review of Books, Singer argued that the protests dramatically increased the amount of coverage he received: "instead of a few hundred people hearing views at lectures in Marburg and Dortmund, several millions read about them or listened to them on television". Despite this, Singer argues that it has led to a difficult intellectual climate, with professors in Germany unable to teach courses on applied ethics and campaigns demanding the resignation of professors who invited Singer to speak.[75] Criticism[edit] Singer was criticised by Nathan J. Robinson, founder of Current Affairs, for comments in an op-ed defending Anna Stubblefield, a carer and professor who was convicted of aggravated sexual assault against a man with severe physical and intellectual disabilities. The op-ed questioned whether the victim was capable of giving or withholding consent, and stated that "It seems reasonable to assume that the experience was pleasurable to him; for even if he is cognitively impaired, he was capable of struggling to resist." Robinson called the statements "outrageous" and "morally repulsive", and said that they implied that it might be okay to rape or sexually assault disabled people.[79] Roger Scruton was critical of the consequentialist, utilitarian approach of Peter Singer.[80] Scruton alleged that Singer's works, including Animal Liberation (1975), "contain little or no philosophical argument. They derive their radical moral conclusions from a vacuous utilitarianism that counts the pain and pleasure of all living things as equally significant and that ignores just about everything that has been said in our philosophical tradition about the real distinction between persons and animals."[80] Recognition[edit] Singer was inducted into the United States Animal Rights Hall of Fame in 2000.[81] In June 2012, Singer was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for "eminent service to philosophy and bioethics as a leader of public debate and communicator of ideas in the areas of global poverty, animal welfare and the human condition."[82] Singer received Philosophy Now's 2016 Award for Contributions in the Fight Against Stupidity for his efforts "to disturb the comfortable complacency with which many of us habitually ignore the desperate needs of others ... particularly for this work as it relates to the Effective Altruism movement."[83] In 2018, Singer was noted in the book, Rescuing Ladybugs[84] by author and animal advocate Jennifer Skiff as a "hero among heroes in the world," who, in arguing against speciesism "gave the modern world permission to believe what we innately know – that animals are sentient and that we have a moral obligation not to exploit or mistreat them."[84]:132 The book states that Singer's "moral philosophy on animal equality was sparked when he asked a fellow student at Oxford University a simple question about his eating habits."[84]:133 Publications[edit] Singly authored books[edit] Democracy and Disobedience, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973; Oxford University Press, New York, 1974; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994 Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals, New York Review/Random House, New York, 1975; Cape, London, 1976; Avon, New York, 1977; Paladin, London, 1977; Thorsons, London, 1983. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York, 2002. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York, 2009. Practical Ethics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980; second edition, 1993; third edition, 2011. ISBN 0-521-22920-0, ISBN 0-521-29720-6, ISBN 978-0-521-70768-8 Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980; Hill & Wang, New York, 1980; reissued as Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000; also included in full in K. Thomas (ed.), Great Political Thinkers: Machiavelli, Hobbes, Mill and Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992 The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1981; Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981; New American Library, New York, 1982. ISBN 0-19-283038-4 Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982; reissued as Hegel: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2001; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 How Are We to Live? Ethics in an Age of Self-interest, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1993; Mandarin, London, 1995; Prometheus, Buffalo, NY, 1995; Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 Rethinking Life and Death: The Collapse of Our Traditional Ethics, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1994; St Martin's Press, New York, 1995; reprint 2008. ISBN 0-312-11880-5 Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995 Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, 1998; Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1999 A Darwinian Left, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1999; Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08323-8 One World: The Ethics of Globalisation, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002; Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2002; 2nd edition, pb, Yale University Press, 2004; Oxford Longman, Hyderabad, 2004. ISBN 0-300-09686-0 Pushing Time Away: My Grandfather and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna, Ecco Press, New York, 2003; HarperCollins Australia, Melbourne, 2003; Granta, London, 2004 The President of Good and Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush, Dutton, New York, 2004; Granta, London, 2004; Text, Melbourne, 2004. ISBN 0-525-94813-9 The Life You Can Save: Acting Now to End World Poverty. New York: Random House 2009.[85] The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale University Press, 2015.[86] Ethics in the Real World: 82 Brief Essays on Things That Matter. Princeton University Press, 2016.[86] Coauthored books[edit] Animal Factories (co-author with James Mason), Crown, New York, 1980 The Reproduction Revolution: New Ways of Making Babies (co-author with Deane Wells), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984. revised American edition, Making Babies, Scribner's New York, 1985 Animal Liberation: A Graphic Guide (co-author with Lori Gruen), Camden Press, London, 1987 Should the Baby Live? The Problem of Handicapped Infants (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985; Oxford University Press, New York, 1986; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994. ISBN 0-19-217745-1 Ethical and Legal Issues in Guardianship Options for Intellectually Disadvantaged People (co-author with Terry Carney), Human Rights Commission Monograph Series, no. 2, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1986 How Ethical is Australia? An Examination of Australia's Record as a Global Citizen (with Tom Gregg), Black Inc, Melbourne, 2004 The Ethics of What We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter (or The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter), Rodale, New York, 2006 (co-author with Jim Mason); Text, Melbourne; Random House, London. Audio version: Playaway. ISBN 1-57954-889-X Eating (co-authored with Jim Mason), Arrow, London, 2006 Stem Cell Research: the ethical issues. (co-edited by Lori Gruen, Laura Grabel, and Peter Singer). New York: Blackwells. 2007. The Future of Animal Farming: Renewing the Ancient Contract (with Marian Stamp Dawkins, and Roland Bonney) 2008. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek), Oxford University Press, 2014 Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction (with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek), Oxford University Press, 2017 Edited and coedited volumes and anthologies[edit] Test-Tube Babies: a guide to moral questions, present techniques, and future possibilities (co-edited with William Walters), Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1982 Animal Rights and Human Obligations: An Anthology (co-editor with Tom Regan), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1976. 2nd revised edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989 In Defence of Animals (ed.), Blackwells, Oxford, 1985; Harper & Row, New York, 1986. ISBN 0-631-13897-8 Applied Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986 Embryo Experimentation (co-editor with Helga Kuhse, Stephen Buckle, Karen Dawson and Pascal Kasimba), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; paperback edition, updated, 1993 A Companion to Ethics (ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991; paperback edition, 1993 Save the Animals! (Australian edition, co-author with Barbara Dover and Ingrid Newkirk), Collins Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, NSW, 1991 The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity (co-editor with Paola Cavalieri), Fourth Estate, London, 1993; hardback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1994; paperback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1995 Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994 Individuals, Humans and Persons: Questions of Life and Death (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany, 1994 The Greens (co-author with Bob Brown), Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1996 The Allocation of Health Care Resources: An Ethical Evaluation of the "QALY" Approach (co-author with John McKie, Jeff Richardson and Helga Kuhse), Ashgate/Dartmouth, Aldershot, 1998 A Companion to Bioethics (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 1998 Bioethics. An Anthology (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, 1999/ Oxford, 2006 The Moral of the Story: An Anthology of Ethics Through Literature (co-edited with Renata Singer), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005 In Defense of Animals. The Second Wave (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005 The Bioethics Reader: Editors' Choice. (co-editor with Ruth Chadwick, Helga Kuhse, Willem Landman and Udo Schüklenk). New York: Blackwell, 2007 J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature (co-editor with A. Leist), New York: Columbia University Press, 2010 Anthologies of Singer's work[edit] Writings on an Ethical Life, Ecco, New York, 2000; Fourth Estate, London, 2001. ISBN 0-06-019838-9 Unsanctifying Human Life: Essays on Ethics (edited by Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 2001 Commentary volumes on Singer's work[edit] Jamieson, Dale (ed.). Singer and His Critics. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999 Schaler, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Chicago: Open Court Publishers, 2009 Davidow, Ben (ed.). "Peter Singer" Uncaged: Top Activists Share Their Wisdom on Effective Farm Animal Advocacy. Davidow Press, 2013 See also[edit] Animal liberation Animal liberation movement Animal liberationist Argument from marginal cases Demandingness objection Effective altruism Intrinsic value (animal ethics) Utilitarian bioethics Utilitarianism References[edit] ^ "Animals and Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "Peter Singer's top 10 books". The Guardian. 5 April 2001. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ Visontay, Michael (12 March 2005). "Australia's top 100 public intellectuals". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "The Life You Can Save". ^ Thompson, Peter (28 May 2007). "Talking Heads – Peter Singer". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ Aiton, Douglas (27 February 2005). "Ten Things You Didn't Know about Professor Peter Singer". The Weekend Australian. ^ Mühlleitner, Elke (1992). Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalyse: Die Mitglieder der Psychologischen Mittwoch-Gesellschaft und der Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung 1902–1938 (in German). Tübingen: Edition Diskord. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978-3-89295-557-3. ^ Singer, Peter (2007). Pushing Time Away: My Grandfather and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-7322-7742-0. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "Peter Singer". whatisitliketobeaphilosopher.com. Retrieved 3 February 2019. ^ Specter, Michael (21 November 1999). "ETHICS MAN". The Independent. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ Suzannah Pearce, ed. (17 November 2006). "RICHARDSON (Sue) Susan." Who's Who in Australia Live! North Melbourne, Vic: Crown Content Pty Ltd. ^ Vulliamy, Ed (15 February 2009). "Peter Singer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "Peter Singer talk, "My Life in Philosophy: The Point of View of the Universe and Its Implications for Ethics, Animal Liberation and Effective Altruism". Graz, Austria: Universität Graz. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (1973). Democracy and Disobedience. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824504-9. ^ Appel, Jacob M. (July 2004). "Interview with Peter Singer: Philosopher as Educator". Education Update Online. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "The Ethics of Food: The Making of a Vegetarian and Professor of Bioethics – Peter Singer". 1 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ^ "Peter Singer: Eine bessere Welt für Mensch und Tier". Universität Graz, in Graz, Austria. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018. Finding Ruth Harrison's book Animal Machines at 23m36s. ^ Singer, Peter (2000). Writings on an Ethical Life. p. 258. ISBN 9781497645585. Note: In this version of the story, Singer writes of the conversion process of himself and his wife happening "Over the next two months". ^ "Peter Singer: About Me". Retrieved 28 October 2018. "Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics". Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2018. "Peter Singer: Works". Retrieved 28 October 2018. "Peter Singer: Life & Work". Retrieved 28 October 2018. "Peter Singer: BBC/RSA Iconoclasts series Pt. 1". London. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2018. "Columnist Peter Singer". Retrieved 28 October 2018. Singer, Peter (1 March 2006). "Can You Do Good by Eating Well?". Greater Good Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2018. Singer, Peter (5 September 1999). "The Singer Solution to World Poverty". Retrieved 28 October 2018. Singer, Peter. "All Animals Are Equal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "The professoriate". New College of the Humanities. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Kuhse, Helga, ed. (2002). Unsanctifying human life: Essays on ethics. New York: Blackwell. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-631-22507-2. ^ Specter, Michael (6 September 1999). "The Dangerous Philosopher". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (22 July 2005). "Moral maze". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b c Singer, Peter (1993). Practical Ethics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43971-8. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Animal Liberation, pp. 211, 256 ^ Singer, Peter (2009). Animal Liberation. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-171130-5. ^ Jollimore, Troy (6 February 2017). "Impartiality". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Board of Directors". Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (April 1997). "The Drowning Child and the Expanding Circle". The Internationalist. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Skelton, Anthony. "Nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Giving What We Can. "Members". Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals. New York: Random House. 1975. ISBN 978-0-394-40096-9. ^ "Karen Dawn's Biography". ThankingTheMonkey.com. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Waldau, Paul (2001). The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 23–29. ^ "An AMA with Peter Singer, author of Animal Liberation, The Life You Can Save, Practical Ethics, and The Most Good You Can Do". /r/IAmA. Reddit. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2020. ^ Singer, Peter (30 August 2006). "The ethics of eating". chinadialogue.net. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate". The Guardian. 14 September 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Mood, Alison (2010). Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish (PDF). fishcount.org.uk. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Mangan, Lucy (28 November 2006). "Last night's TV". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (28 October 2011). Practical Ethics (3rd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-139-49689-6. ^ Singer, Peter (2015). Animal Liberation (preface in 2015 revised ed.). UK: Random House. p. xxix. ISBN 978-1-4735-2442-2. ^ a b de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna; Singer, Peter (2014). The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics. Oxford University Press. ^ a b Schaler, Jeffrey A. (30 September 2011). Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Open Court. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8126-9769-8. ^ a b c Schaler, Jeffrey A. (30 September 2011). Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Open Court. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-8126-9769-8. ^ Singer, Peter; Brown, Bob (28 October 1996). The Greens. Text Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-875847-17-4. ^ Singer, Peter (2000). A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08323-1. ^ Cotto, Joseph Ford (26 September 2017). "Interview: How do practical ethics work in the average American's life? Peter Singer explains". San Francisco Review of Books. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter; Lewis, Edward (16 March 2010). "Ethics and the Left". Newleftproject.org. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (2000). Marx: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-285405-6. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (12 October 2011). "The Death Penalty – Again". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter; Kennedy, Julia Taylor (17 October 2011). "ETHICS MATTER: A Conversation with Peter Singer". Policy Innovations. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Goldberg, Dan (16 August 2012). "Peter Singer: is he really the most dangerous man in the world?". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b Singer, Peter (11 August 2016). "Greens for Trump?". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (6 April 2017). "Boycott America?". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter (5 June 2017). "Is the Paris Accord Unfair to America?". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Taking Life: Humans, Excerpted from Practical Ethics, 2nd edition, 1993 ^ Singer, Peter. "Peter Singer FAQ". Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Cotto, Joseph Ford (27 September 2017). "When does human life begin -- and what does this really mean? Peter Singer explains". San Francisco Review of Books. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter Rithinking Life and Death: The Collapse of our Traditional Ethics, Text Publishing, 1994. ^ Singer, Peter. "An Interview". Writings on an Ethical Life. pp. 319–329. ISBN 978-1-84115-550-0. ^ Singer, Peter (1993). Practical Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-521-43971-8. Retrieved 28 October 2018. [T]he aim of my argument is to elevate the status of animals rather than to lower the status of any humans ^ "Steve Forbes Declines Princeton Financial Backing Due to Singer Hiring". Euthanasia.com. 21 September 1999. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Felder, Don (28 October 1998). "Professor Death will fit right in at Princeton". Jewish World Review. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Independence and the Necessity for Diplomacy". Nfb.org. 6 July 2001. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. Gibson Square Books Ltd. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-906142-61-2. ^ McBryde Johnson, Harriet (16 February 2003). "Unspeakable Conversations". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "The Dangerous Philosopher". Michael Specter. 6 September 1999. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Bailey, Ronald (December 2000). "The Pursuit of Happiness, Peter Singer interviewed by Ronald Bailey". Reason. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Singer, Peter; Wells, Deane (1987). Making Babies: The New Science and Ethics of Conception. C. Scribner's Sons. ^ Tong, Rosemarie (7 March 2003). "Chapter 27: Surrogate Motherhood". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). A Companion to Applied Ethics. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-55786-594-6. ^ "Peter Singer". .atheistconvention.org.au. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Singer vs Lennox: Is There a God?". ABC.net.au. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Jaasiewicz, Isia (28 January 2009). "Singer, D'Souza face off over religion and morality". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b Peter Singer (8 May 2008). "The God of Suffering?". Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b c Singer, Peter. "On Being Silenced in Germany". Writings on an Ethical Life. pp. 303–318. ISBN 978-1-84115-550-0. ^ Holger Dorf, "Singer in Saabrücken", Unirevue (Winter Semester, 1989/90), p.47. ^ Berman, Sheri (Fall 1999). "Euthanasia, Eugenics and Fascism: How Close are the Connections" (PDF). German Politics and Society 17(3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Criticanarede.com". Criticanarede.com. 31 May 2005. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ Robinson, Nathan J. (4 April 2017). "Now Peter Singer argues that it might be okay to rape disabled people". Current Affairs. Retrieved 21 April 2019. ^ a b Scruton, Roger (2017). On Human Nature. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-691-18303-9. ^ "U.S. Animal Rights Hall of Fame". Animal Rights National Conference. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Companion (AC) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists" (PDF). Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia. 16 June 2012. p. 8. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "The Philosophy Now Award for Contributions in the Fight Against Stupidity". Philosophy Now. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b c Jennifer Skiff, Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the World, New World Library, 2018 ^ Reviewed at Garner, Dwight (10 March 2009). "If You Think You're Good, You Should Think Again". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ a b Camosy, Charles (2018). "Book Reviews: Peter Singer, The Most Good You Can Do: How Effective Altruism is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically and Peter Singer, Ethics in the Real World: 82 Brief Essays on Things That Matter". Studies in Christian Ethics. 31 (3): 370–373. doi:10.1177/0953946818769552u. S2CID 149797021. Retrieved 28 October 2018. 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Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Companies List of vegetarian and vegan companies Books, reports An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802) Vegetable Cookery (1812) A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814) Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824) Nature's Own Book (1835) Fruits and Farinacea (1845) What is Vegetarianism? (1886) Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891) Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892) Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895) Figs or Pigs? (1896) Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903) The Meat Fetish (1904) A Fleshless Diet (1910) The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927) Ten Talents (1968) Diet for a Small Planet (1971) The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975) Laurel's Kitchen (1976) Moosewood Cookbook (1977) Fit for Life (1985) Diet for a New America (1987) The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990) Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997) The China Study (2004) Skinny Bitch (2005) Livestock's Long Shadow (2006) The Bloodless Revolution (2006) Eating Animals (2009) Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009) Animal (De)liberation (2016) The End of Animal Farming (2018) Meat Atlas (annual) Films Meet Your Meat (2002) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) A Sacred Duty (2007) Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010) Planeat (2010) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) Live and Let Live (2013) Cowspiracy (2014) What the Health (2017) Carnage (2017) Dominion (2018) The Game Changers (2018) Magazines Naked Food Satya Vegetarian Times VegNews The Animals' Agenda Academics, physicians Contemporary Elisa Aaltola Carol J. Adams Martin Balluch Neal D. Barnard David Benatar Steven Best Yves Bonnardel T. Colin Campbell Jan Deckers Sue Donaldson Mylan Engel Gidon Eshel Caldwell Esselstyn Michael Allen Fox Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Greta Gaard Valéry Giroux Michael Greger A. Breeze Harper Oscar Horta Melanie Joy Michael Klaper Aph Ko Thomas Lepeltier Andrew Linzey Clair Linzey Reed Mangels John A. McDougall James E. McWilliams Jack Norris David Olivier Dean Ornish David Pearce Tom Regan Richard H. Schwartz Peter Singer William O. Stephens David Sztybel Kim A. Williams Corey Lee Wrenn Laura Wright Historical William Alcott Thomas Allinson William Axon Horace A. Barrows George Bedborough Ernest Bell Rynn Berry Maximilian Bircher-Benner Ernest Bonnejoy Lucius Duncan Bulkley J. L. Buttner Paul Carton George Cheyne Henry S. Clubb Antonio Cocchi Charles W. Forward Narasinh Narayan Godbole Lewis Gompertz John Haddon Alexander Haig Edward Hare Philippe Hecquet Martin Luther Holbrook Isaac Jennings John Harvey Kellogg Daniel H. Kress William Lambe W. R. C. Latson Elmer McCollum Harry Willis Miller J. Howard Moore Reuben D. Mussey Francis William Newman Josiah Oldfield James Rachels Rollo Russell Henry Stephens Salt Russell Thacher Trall Howard Williams Related Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Vegetarian characters in fiction List of vegan media Juice fasting Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegaphobia Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Pollotarianism v t e Wild animal suffering Interventions Contraception Rehabilitation Vaccination Concepts Predation problem Speciesism Welfare biology Writers Contemporary Yves Bonnardel J. Baird Callicott Oscar Horta Jeff McMahan Thomas Lepeltier Ole Martin Moen Arne Næss Yew-Kwang Ng David Olivier William MacAskill Clare Palmer David Pearce Jacy Reese Anthis Holmes Rolston III Jeff Sebo Peter Singer Historical Lewis Gompertz J. Howard Moore Authority control BNE: XX1054356 BNF: cb12024314b (data) GND: 118866850 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\058446 ISNI: 0000 0000 8050 6474 LCCN: n79063517 NDL: 00456706 NKC: nlk20050170515 NLK: KAC199625440 NTA: 068847165 PLWABN: 9810665549505606 SELIBR: 221017 SNAC: w6k94k8b SUDOC: 028400569 VIAF: 108385086 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79063517 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Singer&oldid=996845114" Categories: Peter Singer 1946 births Living people 20th-century Australian non-fiction writers 20th-century Australian philosophers 20th-century philosophers 21st-century Australian non-fiction writers 21st-century Australian philosophers 21st-century philosophers Academics from Melbourne Alumni of University College, Oxford Analytic philosophers Animal ethicists Animal rights activists Animal rights scholars Animal welfare scholars Applied ethics Atheist philosophers Australian atheists Australian ethicists Australian Greens candidates Australian humanists Australian male non-fiction writers Australian people of Austrian-Jewish descent Australian philosophers Bioethicists Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs Companions of the Order of Australia Consequentialists Cultural critics Environmental philosophers Epistemologists History of ethics Jewish atheists Jewish Australian writers Jewish philosophers Metaphysicians Monash University faculty Moral philosophers New York University faculty Ontologists People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of mind Philosophers of science Philosophers of sexuality Philosophers of technology Philosophy teachers Philosophy writers Political philosophers Princeton University faculty Sentientists Australian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers University of Melbourne alumni University of Melbourne faculty Utilitarians Vegetarianism activists Writers from Melbourne Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use Australian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2020 Articles with hCards Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 21:59 (UTC). 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