Naïve realism - Wikipedia Naïve realism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the view in philosophy of perception. For the psychological theory, see naïve realism (psychology). For the metaphysical view, see philosophical realism. For the view in philosophy of science, see scientific realism. It has been suggested that this article be merged into Direct and indirect realism. (Discuss) Proposed since August 2020. Naïve realism argues we perceive the world directly In philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, naïve realism (also known as direct realism, perceptual realism, or common sense realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are.[1] When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with indirect realism.[2] According to the naïve realist, the objects of perception are not merely representations of external objects, but are in fact those external objects themselves. The naïve realist is typically also a metaphysical realist, holding that these objects continue to obey the laws of physics and retain all of their properties regardless of whether or not there is anyone to observe them.[3] They are composed of matter, occupy space, and have properties, such as size, shape, texture, smell, taste and colour, that are usually perceived correctly. The indirect realist, by contrast, holds that the objects of perception are simply representations of reality based on sensory inputs, and thus adheres to the primary/secondary quality distinction in ascribing properties to external objects.[1] In addition to indirect realism, naïve realism can also be contrasted with some forms of idealism, which claim that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas, and some forms of philosophical skepticism, which say that we cannot trust our senses or prove that we are not radically deceived in our beliefs;[4] that our conscious experience is not of the real world but of an internal representation of the world. Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Scientific realism and naïve perceptual realism 4 Influence in psychology 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources and further reading 8 External links Overview[edit] The naïve realist is generally committed to the following views:[5] Metaphysical realism: There exists a world of material objects, which exist independently of being perceived, and which have properties such as shape, size, color, mass, and so on independently of being perceived Empiricism: Some statements about these objects can be known to be true through sensory experience Naïve realism: By means of our senses, we perceive the world directly, and pretty much as it is, meaning that our claims to have knowledge of it are justified Among contemporary analytic philosophers who defended direct realism one might refer to, for example, Hilary Putnam,[6] John McDowell,[7][8] Galen Strawson,[9] John R. Searle,[10] and John L. Pollock.[11] Searle, for instance, disputes the popular assumption that "we can only directly perceive our own subjective experiences, but never objects and states of affairs in the world themselves".[12] According to Searle, it has influenced many thinkers to reject direct realism. But Searle contends that the rejection of direct realism is based on a bad argument: the argument from illusion, which in turn relies on vague assumptions on the nature or existence of "sense data". Various sense data theories were deconstructed in 1962 by the British philosopher J. L. Austin in a book titled Sense and Sensibilia.[13] Talk of sense data has largely been replaced today by talk of representational perception in a broader sense, and scientific realists typically take perception to be representational and therefore assume that indirect realism is true. But the assumption is philosophical, and arguably little prevents scientific realists from assuming direct realism to be true. In a blog-post on "Naive realism and color realism", Hilary Putnam sums up with the following words: "Being an apple is not a natural kind in physics, but it is in biology, recall. Being complex and of no interest to fundamental physics isn't a failure to be "real". I think green is as real as applehood."[14] The direct realist claims that the experience of a sunset, for instance, is the real sunset that we directly experience. The indirect realist claims that our relation to reality is indirect, so the experience of a sunset is a subjective representation of what really is radiation as described by physics. But the direct realist does not deny that the sunset is radiation; the experience has a hierarchical structure, and the radiation is part of what amounts to the direct experience.[12] Simon Blackburn has argued that whatever positions they may take in books, articles or lectures, naive realism is the view of "philosophers when they are off-duty."[15] History[edit] For a history of direct realist theories, see Direct and indirect realism § History. Scientific realism and naïve perceptual realism[edit] Many philosophers claim that it is incompatible to accept naïve realism in the philosophy of perception and scientific realism in the philosophy of science. Scientific realism states that the universe contains just those properties that feature in a scientific description of it, which would mean that secondary qualities like color are not real per se, and that all that exists are certain wavelengths which are reflected by physical objects because of their microscopic surface texture.[16] John Locke notably held that the world only contains the primary qualities that feature in a corpuscularian scientific account of the world, and that secondary qualities are in some sense subjective and depend for their existence upon the presence of some perceiver who can observe the objects.[3] One should add, however, that naïve realism does not necessarily claim that reality is only what we see, hear, etc. Likewise, scientific realism does not claim that reality is only what can be described by fundamental physics. It follows that the relevant distinction to make is not between naïve and scientific realism but between direct and indirect realism.[citation needed] Influence in psychology[edit] Naïve realism in philosophy has also inspired work on visual perception in psychology. The leading direct realist theorist in psychology was J. J. Gibson. Other psychologists were heavily influenced by this approach, including William Mace, Claire Michaels,[17] Edward Reed,[18] Robert Shaw, and Michael Turvey. More recently, Carol Fowler has promoted a direct realist approach to speech perception. See also[edit] Critical realism Disjunctivism Empirical realism Qualia References[edit] ^ a b "The Problem of Perception". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ "The Contents of Perception". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 12 July 2020. ^ a b Naïve Realism, Theory of Knowledge.com. ^ Lehar, Steve. Representationalism Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Naïve Realism, University of Reading. ^ Putnam, Hilary. Sep. 1994. "The Dewey Lectures 1994: Sense, Nonsense, and the Senses: An Inquiry into the Powers of the Human Mind." The Journal of Philosophy 91(9):445–518. ^ John McDowell, Mind and World. Harvard University Press, 1994, p. 26. ^ Roger F. Gibson, "McDowell's Direct Realism and Platonic Naturalism", Philosophical Issues Vol. 7, Perception (1996), pp. 275–281. ^ Galen Strawson, "Real Direct Realism", a lecture recorded 2014 at Marc Sanders Foundation, Vimeo. ^ John R. Searle, Seeing Things as They Are: A Theory of Perception, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 15. ^ John L. Pollock, Joseph Cruz Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Rowman and Littlefield ^ a b John R. Searle, 'Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of Perception', Oxford University Press. 2015. p.111-114 ^ Austin, J. L. Sense and Sensibilia, Oxford: Clarendon. 1962. ^ "Sardonic comment". Putnamphil.blogspot.com. Retrieved 9 April 2019. ^ Blackburn, Simon (2008). Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (Second edition, revised), Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199541430 ^ Michaels, Claire & Carello, Claudia. (1981). Direct Perception Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine. Prentice-Hall. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-03-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Sources and further reading[edit] Ahlstrom, Sydney E. "The Scottish Philosophy and American Theology," Church History, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Sep., 1955), pp. 257–272 in JSTOR Cuneo, Terence, and René van Woudenberg, eds. The Cambridge companion to Thomas Reid (2004) Gibson, J.J. (1972). A Theory of Direct Visual Perception. In J. Royce, W. Rozenboom (Eds.). The Psychology of Knowing. New York: Gordon & Breach. Graham, Gordon. "Scottish Philosophy in the 19th Century" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2009) online Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture (2006) excerpt and text search S. A. Grave, "Common Sense", in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (Collier Macmillan, 1967). Peter J. King, One Hundred Philosophers (2004: New York, Barron's Educational Books), ISBN 0-7641-2791-8. Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense, ed. by G.A. Johnston (1915) online, essays by Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart David Edwards & Steven Wilcox (1982). "Some Gibsonian perspectives on the ways that psychologists use physics" (PDF). Acta Psychologica. 52 (1–2): 147–163. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(82)90032-4. Fowler, C. A. (1986). "An event approach to the study of speech perception from a direct-realist perspective". Journal of Phonetics. 14: 3–28. doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30607-2. James J. Gibson. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987. ISBN 0-89859-959-8 Claire F. Michaels and Claudia Carello. Direct Perception. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13214-791-0. 1981. Download this book at https://web.archive.org/web/20070621155304/http://ione.psy.uconn.edu/~psy254/MC.pdf Edward S. Reed. Encountering the World. Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-507301-0 Sophia Rosenfeld. Common Sense: A Political History (Harvard University Press; 2011) 346 pages; traces the paradoxical history of common sense as a political ideal since 1688 Shaw, R. E./Turvey, M. T./Mace, W. M. (1982): Ecological psychology. The consequence of a commitment to realism. In: W. Weimer & D. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes. Vol. 2, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 159–226. Turvey, M. T., & Carello, C. (1986). "The ecological approach to perceiving-acting a pictorial essay". Acta Psychologica. 63 (1–3): 133–155. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(86)90060-0. PMID 3591430.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Nicholas Wolterstorff. Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-53930-7 Nelson, Quee. (2007). The Slightest Philosophy Dog's Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-378-6 J L. Austin. (1962). Sense and Sensibilia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195003079 John R., Searle. (2015). Seeing Things as They Are; A Theory of Perception. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938515-7 External links[edit] This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) James Feiser, "A Bibliography of Scottish Common Sense Philosophy" Theory of knowledge: Naïve Realism Naïve Realism and the Argument from Illusion The Function of Conscious Experience Representationalism Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy The Science and Philosophy of Consciousness Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Epistemological Problems of Perception Physics and Commonsense: Reassessing the connection in the light of quantum theory Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods Nature Journal: Physicists bid farewell to reality? Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness Virtual Realism The reality of virtual reality IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality: Understanding Synthetic Experience Must Begin with the Analysis of Ordinary Perceptual Experience Realism, article form the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sense Data, article from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Skepticism and the Veil of Perception, book defending direct realism. Pierre Le Morvan, "Arguments against direct realism and how to counter them", American Philosophical Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2004): 221-234. (pdf) Steven Lehar, "Gestalt Isomorphism" (2003), paper criticizing direct realism. A Direct Realist Account of Perceptual Awareness, dissertation on direct realism. Epistemological debate on PSYCHE-D mailing list A Cartoon Epistemology v t e Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A. J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour Keith DeRose René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice Anil Gupta Susan Haack David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Peter Klein Saul Kripke Hilary Kornblith David Lewis John Locke G. E. Moore John McDowell Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Duncan Pritchard James Pryor Hilary Putnam W. V. O. Quine Thomas Reid Bertrand Russell Gilbert Ryle Wilfrid Sellars Susanna Siegel Ernest Sosa P. F. Strawson Baruch Spinoza Timothy Williamson Ludwig Wittgenstein Nicholas Wolterstorff Vienna Circle more... Theories Coherentism Constructivism Contextualism Empiricism Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Rationalism Reductionism Reliabilism Representational realism Skepticism Transcendental idealism Concepts A priori knowledge A posteriori knowledge Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other minds Perception Procedural knowledge Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth more... Related articles Outline of epistemology Faith and rationality Formal epistemology Meta-epistemology Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Social epistemology Category Task Force Stubs Discussion v t e Philosophy of mind Theories Behaviorism (Radical) Biological naturalism Cognitive psychology Computationalism Mind–body dualism Eliminative materialism Emergent materialism Emergentism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Naïve realism Neurophenomenology Neutral monism Occasionalism Panpsychism Psychoanalysis Parallelism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism identity theory Property dualism Representational Solipsism Substance dualism Concepts Abstract object Artificial intelligence Chinese room Cognition Cognitive closure Concept Concept and object Consciousness Hard problem of consciousness Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Ingenuity Intelligence Intentionality Introspection Intuition Language of thought Materialism Mental event Mental image Mental property Mental representation Mind Mind–body problem Non-physical entity New mysterianism Pain Perspective-taking Privileged access Problem of other minds Propositional attitude Qualia Tabula rasa Understanding Zombie more... Related topics Metaphysics Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Category Philosophers category Project Task Force  Philosophy portal Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naïve_realism&oldid=996256035" Categories: Theory of mind Perception Epistemological theories Metaphysical realism 18th century in Scotland 19th century in Scotland 18th-century philosophy 19th-century philosophy Philosophical schools and traditions Scottish Enlightenment Scottish society Metaphysics of mind Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles to be merged from August 2020 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019 CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2019 Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2019 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 13:05 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement