Namık Kemal - Wikipedia Namık Kemal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Namık Kemal. There is no family name. Namık Kemal Born (1840-12-21)21 December 1840 Tekirdağ, Ottoman Empire Died 2 December 1888(1888-12-02) (aged 47) Chios, Ottoman Empire Resting place Bolayır, Gelibolu, Turkey Occupation Poet, novelist, journalist, playwright Nationality Ottoman Period 1871–1888 Literary movement Romanticism Notable works Vatan Yahut Silistre Intibah Cezmi Gülnihal Turkish literature By category Epic tradition Orhon Dede Korkut Köroğlu Folk tradition Folk literature Folklore Ottoman era Poetry Prose Republican era Contemporary Poetry Prose v t e Namık Kemal (21 December 1840 – 2 December 1888) was an Ottoman democrat,[1][2][3] writer, intellectual, reformer, journalist, playwright, and political activist who was influential in the formation of the Young Ottomans and their struggle for governmental reform in the Ottoman Empire during the late Tanzimat period, which would lead to the First Constitutional Era in the Empire in 1876.[4] Kemal was particularly significant for championing the notions of freedom and fatherland[5] in his numerous plays and poems, and his works would have a powerful impact on the establishment of and future reform movements in Turkey, as well as other former Ottoman lands.[6] He is often regarded as being instrumental in redefining Western concepts like natural rights and constitutional government.[7] Contents 1 Early years 2 Political career 2.1 Young Ottomans 3 Ideology and exile 3.1 Later career 4 Legacy 5 Bibliography 5.1 Novels 5.2 Theater 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early years[edit] Namık Kemal (on the right) with his friend Kanipaşazade Rıfat Bey An Ottoman Turkish citizen, Namık Kemal was born in Tekirdağ (then part of the Ottoman Empire, today in Turkey) on 21 December 1840, to his mother Fatma Zehra Hanım (who had ethnic Albanian ancestors[8] from Konitsa)[9] and father Mustafa Asım Bey (who was the chief astrologer in the Sultan’s Palace, and whose family was originally from Yenişehir in Bursa Province).[4][10] Since surnames or family names were not in use during the Ottoman Empire, "Kemal" was not his surname, but part of his first name. During his youth, Kemal traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire, staying in Constantinople, Kars, and Sofia, and studied a number of subjects, including poetry.[4] In 1857, at the age of 17, Kemal worked in the Tercüme Odası ("The Translation Office") of the government.[11] However, as a result of the political nature of his writings, Kemal was forced to leave this job by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and so joined his friend and fellow Young Ottoman, İbrahim Şinasi, on his newspaper Tasvir-i Efkar ("Herald of Ideas").[4] Kemal worked on Tasvir-i Efkar until his exile and flight to Paris in 1867.[11] Political career[edit] Young Ottomans[edit] The Young Ottomans were a group of political activists whose members came principally from the young elite of Ottoman society.[12][13] The major goal of this group was to institute political reform according to the Western ideas of representative government.[12][13] After joining the Young Ottomans in 1862, Kemal continually wrote essays on the subjects of political, administrative, social, and foreign policy reform.[14][15] In 1864, Kemal took over the pro-reform newspaper Tasvir-i Efkar after its previous owner and Kemal's friend İbrahim Şinasi was forced into exile.[15] In 1868, after being forced to seek refuge in Paris, Kemal began to handle the publication of the newspaper Hürriyet ("Liberty"), which also espoused the purpose of the Young Ottomans.[14] Kemal's papers rapidly became a popular venue for Young Ottomans to express their anti-sultanate and pro-parliamentary sentiments.[15] However, as a result of their outspokenness, many Young Ottomans were, like Kemal, forced to flee the empire and seek refuge in Western Europe.[15] Namik Kemal admired the constitution of the French Third Republic, he summed up the Young Ottomans' political ideals as "the sovereignty of the nation, the separation of powers, the responsibility of officials, personal freedom, equality, freedom of thought, freedom of press, freedom of association, enjoyment of property, sanctity of the home".[16][17][18] Ideology and exile[edit] A photo of Namık Kemal taken in Istanbul, 1878. Namık Kemal was heavily influenced by Western conceptions of the relationship between the government and the people.[5] As such, he and his compatriots spoke out against the movement to centralize the government being undertaken by Sultan Abdülaziz (ruled 1861–1876), and his advisors Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha and Mehmed Fuad Pasha.[19] As a result of his criticism of the government, Namık Kemal was exiled from the Ottoman Empire in 1867 and fled to Paris, where many other exiled Young Ottomans had found refuge.[20] In 1869 or 1870, Kemal was allowed to return to Constantinople and proceeded to write for a number of Young Ottoman-run newspapers, and eventually published one of his own, Ibret ("Admonition"), in which he addressed more intellectual, social, and national subjects.[14] In addition, it was after his return to Constantinople that Kemal wrote his most significant and influential work: the play Vatan Yahut Silistre, or Silistra, which translates to "Fatherland."[14][20] The play tells the story of an Ottoman soldier whose loyalty to his nation, and not his religion or allegiance to the Sultan, motivates him to defend the town of Silistra, Bulgaria from the Russians during the Crimean War.[14][21] The impact these nationalist sentiments, unheard of in the Ottoman Empire prior to Kemal, had on the Turkish people was so profound that Kemal's newspaper, Ibret, was shut down, and Kemal himself was banished from the Empire for the second time.[14][21] During this second exile, Kemal took refuge in Cyprus, in a building known as the Namık Kemal Dungeon in Famagusta, where he remained for three years between 1873 and 1876.[21] His masterpiece, "Ode to Freedom" summarizes his political views.[22] Later career[edit] Namık Kemal was one of the leading figures in creating a national identity Like many Young Ottomans, Namık Kemal supported Murad V’s ascension to the throne after the abdication of Abdülaziz in 1876.[19][23] However, their hope that Murad would institute the reforms they desired was dashed, for it rapidly became apparent that he was not suited for rule; his weak nerves and alcoholism leading to his abdication after only three months.[24] Namık Kemal protested against Murad’s deposition, and continued to support Murad's Western political perspectives, but ultimately, his pleas failed to have any effect and Murad V stepped down in 1876.[25] Despite Murad's abdication, the first Ottoman Parliament, the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire, was established in 1876, largely as a result of pressure from the Young Ottomans, as well as Midhat Pasha’s political influence.[26] However, while, at first, Abdul Hamid II, the sultan who succeeded Murad V, was willing to allow Parliament to function, he quickly decided that it was easier for him to enact reform by seizing autocratic powers instead of waiting for the approval of elected officials.[27] In order to successfully implement his autocratic rule, Abdul Hamid II exiled many Young Ottomans, including Namık Kemal, who were critical of his decision to disregard the Parliament.[28] Thus, for the third time, Kemal was removed from Constantinople by being forced into an administrative position in Chios, where he would die in 1888.[14][28][29] Legacy[edit] Namık Kemal statue in Tekirdağ Namık Kemal had an enormous influence on the formation of a Turkish national identity.[14] Kemal's focus on national loyalty, rather than loyalty to a monarch (influenced, as it was, by Western European ideals of self-government) contributed not only to the spread of democracy during the early 20th century, but also to the formation of the modern Republic of Turkey after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[30] The founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, often remarked that he had been influenced by Kemal's writing as a young man, and that they had subsequently been a source of inspiration for his goals in the formation of the Turkish government and state.[31] Bibliography[edit] Novels[edit] İntibah yahut Ali Beyin sergüzeşiti (1874), (Awakening, or, Ali Bey’s Experiences) Cezmi (1887/88), a historical novel based on the life of a 16th-century khan of the Crimean Tatars Theater[edit] Vatan yahut Silistre Akif Bey Gülnihal Kara Bela Zavallı Çocuk Celaleddin Harzemşah See also[edit] Young Ottomans Young Turks Namık Kemal University Namık Kemal House Museum Nam-ı Kemal jokes References[edit] ^ http://file.insightturkey.com/Files/Pdf/insight_turkey_vol_10_no_3_2008_ozler_yildirim.pdf ^ Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, second edition. Endinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-3986-1. ^ Kedourie, Sylvia (2013). Turkey, Identity, Democracy, Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64718-0. ^ a b c d Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 417. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. ^ a b Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. pp. 504–505. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 417–418. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. ^ Yavuz, M. Hakan (2009). Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88878-3. ^ Metin Heper, The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation, Springer (2007), p. 60 ^ Elana Kocaqi (2006). Petraq Risto (ed.). Albanet me fame ne mijevjecare. Globus R. p. 185. ISBN 99943-36-32-0. ^ Bernard Lewis (1968). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford U.P. p. 141. ISBN 9780195134605. ^ a b Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ a b Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ a b Rifaʻat Ali Abou-El-Haj (2005). Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Syracuse University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8156-3085-2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. ^ a b c d Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ Berger, Stefan; Miller, Alexei (2015). Nationalizing Empires. Central European University Press. p. 447. ISBN 978-9633860168. Retrieved 6 May 2017. ^ Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748688784. Retrieved 6 May 2017. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-14617-9. p. 104. ^ a b Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. ^ a b Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ a b c Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. p. 507. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ https://www.tamgaturk.com/ode-to-freedom-a-poetic-translation/ ^ Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. ^ Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ a b Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross (1 August 1979). Ottoman Centuries. HarperCollins. p. 530. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. ^ Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ Stanford J. Shaw; Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8. ^ Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7. External links[edit] Namık Kemal at the Encyclopædia Britannica v t e Turkish literature Folk Aşık Mahzuni Şerif Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu Dadaloğlu Erzurumlu Emrah Gevheri Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli Karacaoğlan Kaygusuz Abdal Nasreddin Neşet Ertaş Pir Sultan Abdal Seyrani Yunus Emre Medieval and Ottoman Sultan Veled Imadaddin Nasimi Fuzûlî Bâkî Mihri Hatun Sehi Bey İsa Necati Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi Mesihi Yahya bey Dukagjini Nef'i Nedîm Şeyh Gâlib Evliya Çelebi Katib Çelebi Khayālī Mehmed Bey Ahdi of Baghdad Latifî Riyazi Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi Fitnat Hanım Ali Çelebi Aşık Çelebi Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi Ziya Pasha Şemsettin Sami Namık Kemal Zafer Hanım Ahmed Midhat Efendi Tevfik Fikret Cenâb Şehâbeddîn Ömer Seyfettin Mehmet Emin Yurdakul Ali Canip Yöntem Mirza Habib Esfahani Muallim Naci Fatma Aliye Topuz Marjumak Ahmad Republican era Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil Ahmet Haşim Halide Edib Adıvar Reşat Nuri Güntekin Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu Mehmet Fuat Köprülü Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı Ercüment Ekrem Talu Nurullah Ataç Orhan Kemal Peyami Safa Murathan Mungan Orhan Hançerlioğlu Samim Kocagöz Semiha Ayverdi Tarık Buğra Yaşar Kemal Fakir Baykurt Bilge Karasu Oğuz Atay Tomris Uyar Ahmet Altan Orhan Pamuk Elif Shafak Memduh Şevket Esendal Kenan Hulusi Koray Sait Faik Abasıyanık Kemal Tahir Haldun Taner Aziz Nesin Nezihe Araz Suut Kemal Yetkin Sabahattin Ali Kemal Bilbaşar Cemil Meriç Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın Nurullah Ataç Behçet Necatigil Necati Cumalı Ayfer Tunç Yekta Kopan Ahmet Kutsi Tecer Şevket Süreyya Aydemir Mehmet Emin Yurdakul Ziya Gökalp Nihâl Atsız Orhan Şaik Gökyay Orhan Veli Kanık Oktay Rıfat Horozcu Melih Cevdet Anday Nâzım Hikmet Rıfat Ilgaz Cemal Süreya İlhan Berk Turgut Uyar Edip Cansever Ece Ayhan Çağlar Sezai Karakoç Tevfik Akdağ Ülkü Tamer Neyzen Tevfik Yahya Kemal Beyatlı Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar Orhan Seyfi Orhon Enis Behiç Koryürek Halit Fahri Ozansoy Yusuf Ziya Ortaç Muammer Lütfi Bakşi Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Vasfi Mahir Kocayürek Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil Cevdet Kudret Yaşar Nabi Nayır Ahmet Muhip Dıranas Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Ziya Osman Saba Faik Baysal Salah Birsel Özdemir Asaf N. Abbas Sayar Can Yücel Attilâ İlhan Güven Turan İsmet Özel Cem Uzungüneş Mehmet Altun Mehmet Erte Küçük İskender Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca Yusuf Atılgan Murat Gülsoy Ayşe Kulin Yılmaz Onay Nihal Yeğinobalı  Turkey portal Category Authority control BNF: cb12055384c (data) GND: 118985299 ISNI: 0000 0000 8163 5462 LCCN: n50043721 MBA: 0f7f27fd-770e-4221-94ea-5d147702f153 NKC: js2015890413 NTA: 070587167 PLWABN: 9810630446405606 SELIBR: 193259 SNAC: w6d83833 SUDOC: 035396806 TDVİA: namik-kemal VIAF: 90717347 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50043721 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namık_Kemal&oldid=996957133" Categories: Journalists of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century poets of the Ottoman Empire Dramatists and playwrights of the Ottoman Empire 1840 births 1888 deaths 19th-century writers of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century journalists Male journalists Social reformers 19th-century dramatists and playwrights Male poets of the Ottoman Empire Male dramatists and playwrights 19th-century male writers Albanians of the Ottoman Empire Hidden categories: Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Kurdî Лакку Magyar مصرى Мокшень پنجابی Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 10:25 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement