Outline of epistemology - Wikipedia Outline of epistemology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: Index of epistemology articles Overview of and topical guide to epistemology This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs better organization; relative emphasis of some pages over others needs to be adjusted, since it seems to put undue weight on some relatively minor topics and doesn't mention other important ones Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to epistemology: Epistemology or theory of knowledge – branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.[1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864).[2] Epistemology asks the questions: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?" Contents 1 Core topics of epistemology 2 Branches of epistemology 3 Epistemological theories 3.1 Justification 3.2 Alphabetical order 4 History of epistemology 5 Epistemological concepts 6 Persons influential in the field of epistemology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Core topics of epistemology[edit] Main article: Epistemology Knowledge Knowledge that ("descriptive knowledge") Knowledge how ("procedural knowledge") Knowledge by acquaintance Truth Justification Philosophical skepticism Scientific method Branches of epistemology[edit] Main article: Epistemology § Schools of thought in epistemology Formal epistemology – subdiscipline of epistemology that uses formal methods from logic, probability theory and computability theory to elucidate traditional epistemic problems. Meta-epistemology – metaphilosophical study of the subject, matter, methods and aims of epistemology and of approaches to understanding and structuring our knowledge of knowledge itself. Social epistemology – the study of collective knowledge and the social dimensions of knowledge Epistemological theories[edit] Justification[edit] Theories of justification Foundationalism – Self-evident basic beliefs justify other non-basic beliefs. Coherentism – Beliefs are justified if they cohere with other beliefs a person holds, each belief is justified if it coheres with the overall system of beliefs. Internalism – The believer must be able to justify a belief through internal knowledge. Externalism – Outside sources of knowledge can be used to justify a belief. Skepticism – A variety of viewpoints questioning the possibility of knowledge. Academic skepticism – A school of skepticism which rejects the existence of truth and maintains that knowledge is impossible. Pyrrhonian skepticism – A school of skepticism which emphasises suspension of belief to attain ataraxia (tranquility of mind). Minority viewpoints include: Foundherentism – A combination of foundationalism and coherentism proposed by Susan Haack. Infinitism – Beliefs are justified by infinite chains of reasons, as proposed by Peter D. Klein. Common justifiers Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new[3] knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[4] Occam's Razor – the principle that "entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity" (entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem). The popular interpretation of this principle is that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one. However, this is often confused, as the 'simple' "is really referring to the theory with the fewest new assumptions." [5] Empiricism – theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge arises from evidence gathered via sense experience. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, over the notion of innate ideas or tradition.[6] Induction – kind of reasoning that allows for the possibility that the conclusion is false even where all of the premises are true.[7] The premises of an inductive logical argument indicate some degree of support (inductive probability) for the conclusion but do not entail it; i.e. they do not ensure its truth. Pragmatism – philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that impractical ideas are to be rejected. Probability theory – branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena.[8] The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic processes, and events: mathematical abstractions of non-deterministic events or measured quantities that may either be single occurrences or evolve over time in an apparently random fashion. If repeated many times the sequence of random events will exhibit certain statistical patterns, which can be studied and predicted. Abductive Reasoning or Inference to the Best Explanation – kind of logical inference described by Charles Sanders Peirce as the process of arriving at an explanatory hypothesis. Thus, to abduce a hypothetical explanation a {\displaystyle a} as a conclusion from a noticed curious circumstance b {\displaystyle b} as a premise, is to surmise that a {\displaystyle a} may be true because then b {\displaystyle b} would be a matter of course.[9] Alphabetical order[edit] Coherentism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Determinism Empiricism Epistemological idealism Fallibilism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Internalism and externalism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Objectivist epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Reductionism Reliabilism Representative realism Rationalism Skepticism Theory of Forms Transcendental idealism Uniformitarianism History of epistemology[edit] History of scientific method Timeline of the history of the scientific method Epistemological concepts[edit] A priori knowledge Analysis Analytic-synthetic distinction Belief Causality Common sense Criteria of truth Descriptive knowledge Enactivism (psychology) Explanation Gettier problem Justification Knowledge Objectivity Perception Induction Other minds Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth Understanding Persons influential in the field of epistemology[edit] A. J. Ayer Alvin Goldman Alvin Plantinga Barry Stroud Bertrand Russell Catherine Elgin David Hume Edgar Morin Edmund Gettier Ernst von Glasersfeld Fred Dretske George Berkeley George Edward Moore George Pappas Gerhard Vollmer Giambattista Vico Gilbert Harman Gottfried Leibniz Harry Binswanger Heinz von Foerster Hilary Kornblith Immanuel Kant John Greco Jean-Louis Le Moigne Jean Piaget John Locke John Searle Jonathan Dancy Jules Vuillemin Karl Popper Karla Jessen Williamson Keith Lehrer Laurence Bonjour Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski Louis Pojman Ludwig Wittgenstein Margaret Elizabeth Egan Mario Bunge Mioara Mugur-Schächter Nassim Nicholas Taleb Nelson Goodman Niklas Luhmann Norman Malcolm P. F. Strawson Paul Grice Peter Strawson Peter Unger Phillip H. Wiebe Plato René Descartes Robert Audi Peter D. Klein Ernest Sosa Robert Nozick Sherrilyn Roush Socrates Søren Kierkegaard St. Thomas Aquinas Trenton Merricks W.V.O. Quine Walter Terence Stace William Alston Xenophanes See also[edit] Outline of philosophy References[edit] ^ Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 3, 1967, Macmillan, Inc. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2007 ^ Goldhaber & Nieto 2010, p. 940 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGoldhaberNieto2010 (help) ^ scientific method, Merriam-Webster Dictionary. ^ The NESS: The Razor in the Toolbox ^ Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-158591-1. ^ John Vickers. The Problem of Induction. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Probability theory, Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Peirce, C. S. (1903), Harvard lectures on pragmatism, Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 188–189. External links[edit] Epistemologyat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity What Is Epistemology? – a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose. Certain Doubts – a group blog run by Jonathan Kvanvig, with many leading epistemologists as contributors. The Epistemological Lifeboat by Birger Hjørland & Jeppe Nicolaisen (eds.) The Epistemology Page by Keith DeRose. Epistemology Papers – a collection of Michael Huemer's papers. Epistemology Introduction, Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library. Teaching Theory of Knowledge (1986) – Marjorie Clay (ed.), an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies. Epistemology: The Philosophy of Knowledge – an introduction at Groovyweb. Introduction to Theory of Knowledge – from PhilosophyOnline. The Peripatetic – A practical introduction to the theory of knowledge Theory of Knowledge – an introduction to epistemology, exploring the various theories of knowledge, justification, and belief. A Theory of Knowledge by Clóvis Juarez Kemmerich, on the Social Science Research Network, 2006. An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners. David Speaks Live - A lecture on Ontological Epistemology On a Critical Epistemology Language Perception and Action: Philosophical Issues Justification Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Epistemology, 2. What is Justification? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Public Justification Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Internalist vs. Externalist Conceptions of Epistemic Justification Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification v t e Wikipedia Outlines General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences v t e Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A. J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour Keith DeRose René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice Anil Gupta Susan Haack David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Peter Klein Saul Kripke Hilary Kornblith David Lewis John Locke G. E. Moore John McDowell Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Duncan Pritchard James Pryor Hilary Putnam W. V. O. Quine Thomas Reid Bertrand Russell Gilbert Ryle Wilfrid Sellars Susanna Siegel Ernest Sosa P. F. Strawson Baruch Spinoza Timothy Williamson Ludwig Wittgenstein Nicholas Wolterstorff Vienna Circle more... Theories Coherentism Constructivism Contextualism Empiricism Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Rationalism Reductionism Reliabilism Representational realism Skepticism Transcendental idealism Concepts A priori knowledge A posteriori knowledge Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other minds Perception Procedural knowledge Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth more... 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