Karl Polanyi - Wikipedia Karl Polanyi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Economist, philosopher and historian The native form of this personal name is Polányi Károly. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Karl Polanyi Born October 25, 1886 Vienna, Austria-Hungary Died April 23, 1964(1964-04-23) (aged 77) Pickering, Ontario, Canada Spouse(s) Ilona Duczynska (1923–1978) Field Economic sociology, economic history, economic anthropology School or tradition Historical school of economics Influences Robert Owen, Bronisław Malinowski, G. D. H. Cole, Richard Tawney, Richard Thurnwald, Karl Marx, Aristotle, Karl Bücher, Ferdinand Tönnies, Adam Smith, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Werner Sombart, Max Weber, György Lukács, Carl Menger Contributions Embeddedness, Double Movement, fictitious commodities, economistic fallacy, the formalist–substantivist debate (substantivism) Part of a series on Economic, applied, and development anthropology Basic concepts Commodification Barter Debt Finance Embeddedness Reciprocity Redistribution Value Wealth Gift economy Limited good Inalienable possessions Singularization (commodity pathway) Spheres of exchange Social capital Cultural capital Provisioning systems Hunting-gathering Pastoralism Nomadic pastoralism Shifting cultivation Moral economy Peasant economics Case studies Prestations Kula ring Moka exchange Potlatch Gifting Gifting remittances Organ gifting Shell money Provisioning Aché people (hunter-gatherers) Batek people Colonialism and development The Anti-Politics Machine Europe and the People Without History Political economy Jim Crow economy Related articles Original affluent society Formalist–substantivist debate The Great Transformation Peasant economics Culture of poverty Political economy State formation Nutritional anthropology Heritage commodification Anthropology of development Major theorists Paul Bohannan Alexander Chayanov Stanley Diamond Raymond Firth Maurice Godelier David Graeber Jane I. Guyer Keith Hart Marvin Harris Bronisław Malinowski Marcel Mauss Sidney Mintz Karl Polanyi Marshall Sahlins Harold K. Schneider Eric Wolf Social and cultural anthropology v t e Karl Paul Polanyi (/poʊˈlænji/; Hungarian: Polányi Károly [ˈpolaːɲi ˈkaːroj]; October 25, 1886 – April 23, 1964)[1] was an Austro-Hungarian economic historian, economic anthropologist, economic sociologist, political economist, historical sociologist and social philosopher. He is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought and for his book The Great Transformation, which argued that the emergence of market-based societies in modern Europe was not inevitable but historically contingent. Polanyi is remembered best as the originator of substantivism, a cultural version of economics, which emphasizes the way economies are embedded in society and culture. This opinion is counter to mainstream economics but is popular in anthropology, economic history, economic sociology and political science. Polanyi's approach to the ancient economies has been applied to a variety of cases, such as Pre-Columbian America and ancient Mesopotamia, although its utility to the study of ancient societies in general has been questioned.[2] Polanyi's The Great Transformation became a model for historical sociology. His theories eventually became the foundation for the economic democracy movement. His daughter, Canadian economist Kari Polanyi Levitt (born 1923 in Vienna, Austria) was taught by Friedrich Hayek at the London School of Economics and is Emerita Professor of Economics at McGill University, Montreal. Contents 1 Background 2 In Vienna 3 In London 4 United States and Canada 5 Selected works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background[edit] Polanyi was born into a Jewish family. His younger brother was Michael Polanyi, a philosopher, and his niece was Eva Zeisel, a world-renowned ceramist.[3] He was born in Vienna, at the time the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[4] His father, Mihály Pollacsek, was a railway entrepreneur. Mihály never changed the name Pollacsek and is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Budapest. Mihály died in January 1905, which was an emotional shock to Karl, and he commemorated the anniversary of Mihály's death throughout his life.[5] Karl and Michael Polanyi's mother was Cecília Wohl. The name change to Polanyi (not von Polanyi) was made by Karl and his siblings. Polanyi was well educated despite the ups and downs of his father's fortune, and he immersed himself in Budapest's active intellectual and artistic scene. Polanyi founded the radical and influential Galileo Circle while at the University of Budapest, a club which would have far reaching effects on Hungarian intellectual thought. During this time, he was actively engaged with other notable thinkers, such as György Lukács, Oszkár Jászi, and Karl Mannheim. Polanyi graduated from Budapest University in 1912 with a doctorate in Law. In 1914, he helped found the Hungarian Radical Party and served as its secretary. Polanyi was a cavalry officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army in World War I, in active service at the Russian Front and hospitalized in Budapest. Polanyi supported the republican government of Mihály Károlyi and its Social Democratic regime. The republic was short-lived, however, and when Béla Kun toppled the Karolyi government to create the Hungarian Soviet Republic Polanyi left for Vienna. In Vienna[edit] From 1924 to 1933, he was employed as a senior editor of the prestigious Der Österreichische Volkswirt (The Austrian Economist) magazine. It was at this time that he first began criticizing the Austrian School of economists, who he felt created abstract models which lost sight of the organic, interrelated reality of economic processes. Polanyi himself was attracted to Fabianism and the works of G. D. H. Cole. It was also during this period that Polanyi grew interested in Christian socialism. He married the communist revolutionary Ilona Duczyńska, of Polish-Hungarian background. In London[edit] Polanyi was asked to resign from Der Oesterreichische Volkswirt because the liberal publisher of the journal could not keep on a prominent socialist after the accession of Hitler to office in January 1933 and the suspension of the Austrian parliament by the rising tide of clerical fascism in Austria. He left for London in 1933, where he earned a living as a journalist and tutor and obtained a position as a lecturer for the Workers' Educational Association in 1936. His lecture notes contained the research for what later became The Great Transformation. However, he would not start writing this work until 1940, when he moved to Vermont to take up a position at Bennington College. The book was published in 1944, to great acclaim. In it, Polanyi described the enclosure process in England and the creation of the contemporary economic system at the beginning of the 19th century. United States and Canada[edit] Polanyi joined the staff of Bennington College in 1940, teaching a series of five timely lectures on the "Present Age of Transformation.".[6][7] The lectures "The Passing of the 19th Century",[8] "The Trend Towards an Integrated Society",[9] "The Breakdown of the International System",[10] "Is America an Exception"[11] and "Marxism and the Inner History of the Russian Revolution"[12] took place during the early stages of World War II. Polanyi participated in Bennington's Humanism Lecture Series (1941)[13] and Bennington College's Lecture Series (1943) where his topic was "Jean Jacques Rousseau: Or Is a Free Society Possible?"[14] After the war, Polanyi received a teaching position at Columbia University (1947–1953). However, his wife, Ilona Duczyńska (1897–1978), had a background as a former communist, which made gaining an entrance visa in the United States impossible. As a result, they moved to Canada, and Polanyi commuted to New York City. In the early 1950s, Polanyi received a large grant from the Ford Foundation to study the economic systems of ancient empires. Having described the emergence of the modern economic system, Polanyi now sought to understand how "the economy" emerged as a distinct sphere in the distant past. His seminar at Columbia drew several famous scholars and influenced a generation of teachers, resulting in the 1957 volume Trade and Markets in the Early Empires. Polanyi continued to write in his later years and established a new journal entitled Coexistence. In Canada he resided in Pickering, Ontario, where he died in 1964. Selected works[edit] "Socialist Accounting" (1922) The Essence of Fascism (1933–1934); article[15] The Great Transformation (1944) "Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning?", The London Quarterly of World Affairs, vol. 10 (3) (1945) Trade and Markets in the Early Empires (1957, edited and with contributions by others) Dahomey and the Slave Trade (1966) George Dalton (ed), Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economics: Essays of Karl Polanyi (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1968); collected essays and selections from his work. Harry W. Pearson (ed.), The Livelihood of Man (Academic Press, 1977) Karl Polanyi, For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958 (Polity Press, 2014), ISBN 978-0745684444 See also[edit] Michael Polanyi (brother) Eva Zeisel (cousin) Notes[edit] ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2003) vol 9. p. 554 ^ For example, Morris Silver, "Redistribution and Markets in the Economy of Ancient Mesopotamia: Updating Polanyi", Antiguo Oriente 5 (2007): 89–112. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2012-11-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Dale, Gareth. 2016. Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. New York, USA and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. ^ Dale, Gareth. 2016. Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. New York, USA and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. P. 13. ^ "Karl Polanyi: Five Lectures on The Present Age of Transformation-Lecture Series Listing of Topics". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8502. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Letter from President Robert Devore Leigh to Peter Drucker". Bennington College. hdl:11209/5449. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "The Passing of 19th Century Civilization (Lecture #1 of 5)". Bennington College. hdl:11209/5449. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "The Trend Towards an Integrated Society (Lecture #2 of 5)". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8515. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "The Breakdown of the International System (Lecture #3 of 5)". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8516. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Is America an Exception? (Lecture #4 of 5)". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8517. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Marxism and the Inner History of the Russian Revolution". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8518. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Humanism-Lecture Series Listing of Speakers and Topics". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8501. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Bennington College Lecture Series, 1943 – Lecture Series Listing of Speakers and Topics". Bennington College. hdl:11209/8499. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Polanyi, Karl (1935). Lewis, John; Polanyi, Karl; Kitchin, Donald K. (eds.). "The Essence of Fascism". Christianity and the Social Revolution. London: Victor Gollancz Limited. pp. 359–394. References[edit] Library resources about Karl Polanyi Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Karl Polanyi Resources in your library Resources in other libraries McRobbie, Kenneth, ed. (1994), Humanity, Society and Commitment: On Karl Polanyi, Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 1-895431-84-0 McRobbie, Kenneth; Polanyi-Levitt, Kari, eds. (2000), Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of The Great Transformation, Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 1-55164-142-9 Mendell, Marguerite; Salée, Daniel (1991), The Legacy of Karl Polanyi: Market, State, and Society at the End of the Twentieth Century, St. Martins Press, ISBN 0-312-04783-5 Polanyi-Levitt, Kari, ed. (1990), The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi: A Celebration, Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 0-921689-80-2 Stanfield, J. Ron (1986), The Economic Thought of Karl Polanyi: Lives and Livelihood, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-39629-4 Dale, Gareth (2010), Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market, Polity, ISBN 978-0-7456-4072-3 Further reading[edit] Robert Kuttner, "The Man from Red Vienna" (review of Gareth Dale, Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left, Columbia University Press, 381 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 55–57. "In sum, Polanyi got some details wrong, but he got the big picture right. Democracy cannot survive an excessively free market; and containing the market is the task of politics. To ignore that is to court fascism. (Robert Kuttner, p. 57.) External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Karl Polanyi Karl Polanyi Digital Archive The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy – The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy at Concordia University web site. Karl Polanyi Wiki Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944) Review Essay by Anne Mayhew, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee Profile on Karl Polanyi – On the History of Economic Thought Website The free market is an impossible utopia (2014-07-18), The Washington Post. A conversation with Fred Block and Margaret Somers on their book, The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique (Harvard University Press, 2014). The book argues that the ideas of Karl Polanyi are crucial to help understand economic recessions and their aftermath. [1] – Why Two Karls Are Better Than One: Integrating Polyani and Marx in a Critical Theory of the Current Crisis by Nancy Fraser Works by or about Karl Polanyi at Internet Archive v t e Historical school of economics Economists Karl Bücher Johann Gustav Droysen Bruno Hildebrand Georg Friedrich Knapp Karl Knies Étienne Laspeyres Friedrich List Karl Polanyi Leopold von Ranke Wilhelm Roscher Friedrich Schelling Gustav von Schmoller Joseph Schumpeter Werner Sombart Heinrich von Treitschke Adolph Wagner Max Weber Contributions Creative destruction Cyclical theory Disenchantment Double Movement Economistic fallacy Embeddedness Enlightened absolutism Fictitious commodities Ideal type Innovation economics Iron cage Laspeyres price index Life chances Methodenstreit Methodological individualism Monopoly on violence National innovation system Philosophy of identity Protestant work ethic Rationalization Schumpeterian rent Social actions Substantivism Theory of Bureaucracy Theory of business cycles Three-component theory of stratification Tripartite classification of authority Verstehen Wagner's law Werturteilsstreit v t e Property By owner Collective Common Communal Community Crown Customary Cooperative Private Public Self Social State Unowned By nature Estate Croft Intangible Intellectual indigenous Personal Tangible real Commons Common land Common-pool resource Digital Global Information Knowledge Theory Bundle of rights Commodity fictitious commodities Common good (economics) Excludability First possession appropriation homestead principle Free-rider problem Game theory Georgism Gift economy Labor theory of property Law of rent rent-seeking Legal plunder Natural rights Ownership Property rights primogeniture usufruct women's Right to property Rivalry Tragedy of the commons anticommons Applications Acequia (watercourse) Ejido (agrarian land) Forest types Huerta Inheritance Land tenure Property law alienation easement restraint on alienation real estate title Rights Air Fishing Forest-dwelling (India) Freedom to roam Grazing pannage Hunting Land aboriginal indigenous squatting Littoral Mineral Bergregal Right of way Water prior-appropriation riparian Disposession/ redistribution Bioprospecting Collectivization Eminent domain Enclosure Eviction Expropriation Farhud Forced migration population transfer Illegal fishing Illegal logging Land reform Legal plunder Piracy Poaching Primitive accumulation Privatization Regulatory taking Slavery bride buying human trafficking spousal husband-selling wife selling wage Tax inheritance poll progressive property Theft Scholars (key work) Frédéric Bastiat Ronald Coase Henry George Garrett Hardin David Harvey John Locke Two Treatises of Government Karl Marx Marcel Mauss The Gift John Stuart Mill Elinor Ostrom Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation Pierre-Joseph Proudhon What Is Property? David Ricardo Murray N. Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories: Property Property law by country Authority control BIBSYS: 90553205 BNE: XX1073581 BNF: cb11920166g (data) CANTIC: a10138870 GND: 118836404 ISNI: 0000 0001 2140 5742 LCCN: n50020445 LNB: 000017712 NDL: 00453025 NKC: jn20000701426 NLK: KAC200207196 NLP: A26618151 NSK: 000149102 NTA: 068428472 PLWABN: 9810669793905606 SELIBR: 335010 SNAC: w69g5vfh SUDOC: 027077705 Trove: 948601 VIAF: 77112818 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50020445 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Polanyi&oldid=995135522" Categories: 1886 births 1964 deaths 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 20th-century historians 20th-century Hungarian philosophers 20th-century philosophers Austro-Hungarian Jews Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery Cultural critics Economic historians Historical school economists Hungarian anthropologists Hungarian Christian socialists Hungarian economists Hungarian essayists Hungarian expatriates in Austria Hungarian historians Hungarian Jews Hungarian nobility Hungarian philosophers Hungarian socialists Hungarian sociologists Jewish historians Jewish philosophers Liberal socialism People from Pickering, Ontario Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of history Philosophers of social science Polányi family Social critics Social philosophers Socialist economists Writers from Vienna Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 errors: missing periodical Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles containing Hungarian-language text Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Corsu Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 12:22 (UTC). 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