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	Duns Scotus

	
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		Scottish Franciscan friar, philosopher and Catholic blessed

Not to be confused with John Scotus Eriugena.





	Blessed

John Duns Scotus

O.F.M.

	Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas

	Religious and Priest
	Born	c. 1265/66
Duns, County of Berwick, Kingdom of Scotland
	Died	8 November 1308(1308-11-08) (aged 41–42)
Cologne, Electorate of Cologne, Holy Roman Empire
	Venerated in	Catholic Church
	Beatified	20 March 1993, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
	Major shrine	Franciscan Church, Cologne, Germany
	Feast	8 November
	Attributes	Books, a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the moon on the chest of a Franciscan friar
	Patronage	Academics, Cologne, Germany, apologies, scholars, student, theologians and philosophers


	John Duns Scotus

	Portrait of Duns Scotus

	Other names	Doctor Subtilis (the Subtle Doctor)
	Alma mater	University of Oxford[1][2]
	
	Era	Medieval philosophy
	Region	Western philosophy
	School	Scholasticism
Scotism
Aristotelianism[3]
Theological voluntarism[4]
Philosophical realism
Medieval realism (Scotistic realism)
	Main interests
	Metaphysics, theology, logic, epistemology, ethics
	Notable ideas
	Univocity of being
Formal distinction
Theological voluntarism
Haecceity as a principle of individuation
Scotistic realism
Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
	
Influences

	Aristotle, Avicenna,[5] Augustine of Hippo, Anselm of Canterbury,[6] Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent





	
Influenced

	Antonius Andreas, Henry Harclay,[7] Thomas Wilton,[8] William of Ockham, Descartes, Alvin Plantinga, Mário Ferreira dos Santos, Heidegger, Arendt, Deleuze, Charles Sanders Peirce, Gerard Manley Hopkins





	



	
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John Duns (c. 1265/66 – 8 November 1308),[9] commonly called Duns Scotus (/ˈskoʊtəs/ SKOH-təs, Ecclesiastical Latin: [duns ˈskotus]; "Duns the Scot"), was a Scottish Catholic priest and Franciscan friar, university professor, philosopher, and theologian. He is one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of Western Europe in the High Middle Ages, together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham.[10] Scotus has had considerable influence on both Catholic and secular thought. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being", that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual. Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate Conception of Mary.

Duns Scotus was given the scholastic accolade Doctor Subtilis ("the Subtle Doctor") for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1993.


Contents


	1 Life
	2 Work
	3 Metaphysics
	3.1 Realism
	3.2 Univocity of being
	3.3 Individuation
	3.4 Formal distinction



	4 Theology
	4.1 Voluntarism
	4.2 Metaphysical argument for the existence of God
	4.3 Illuminationism
	4.4 Immaculate Conception



	5 Veneration
	6 Later reputation and influence
	6.1 Later medieval period
	6.2 Sixteenth to nineteenth centuries
	6.3 Twentieth century



	7 In popular media
	8 Bibliography
	9 See also
	10 Notes
	11 Further reading
	12 External links





Life[edit]

  
Plaque commemorating Duns Scotus in the University Church, Oxford



Little is known of Duns Scotus apart from his work. His date of birth is thought to have been between 23 December 1265 and 17 March 1266, born into a leading family of the region. The reputed site of his birth, in front of the Pavilion Lodge, near the North Lodge of Duns Castle in Scotland, is now marked by a cairn which was erected in 1966 by the Franciscan friars of the United Kingdom to mark the 700th anniversary of his birth. Duns Scotus received the religious habit of the Friars Minor at Dumfries, where his uncle, Elias Duns, was guardian.[11]

Duns Scotus's age is based on the first certain date for his life, that of his ordination to the priesthood at St Andrew's, Northampton, England, on 17 March 1291. The minimum canonical age for receiving holy orders is 25 and it is generally assumed that he would have been ordained as soon as it was permitted.[12][13] That his contemporaries called him Johannes Duns, after the medieval practice of calling people by their Christian name followed by their place of origin, suggests that he came from Duns, in Berwickshire, Scotland.[14]

According to tradition, Duns Scotus was educated at a Franciscan studium generale (a medieval university), a house behind St Ebbe's Church, Oxford, in a triangular area enclosed by Pennyfarthing Street and running from St Aldate's to the Castle, the Baley and the old wall,[15] where the Friars Minor had moved when the University of Paris was dispersed in 1229–30. At that time there would have been about 270 persons living there, of whom about 80 would have been friars.[16]

Duns Scotus appears to have been in Oxford by 1300, as he is listed among a group of friars for whom the provincial superior of the English ecclesiastical province (which included Scotland) requested faculties from the Bishop of Lincoln for the hearing of confessions.[17] He took part in a disputation under the regent master, Philip of Bridlington in 1300–01.[18] He began lecturing on Peter Lombard's Sentences at the prestigious University of Paris towards the end of 1302. Later in that academic year, however, he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with Pope Boniface VIII in his feud with King Philip IV of France over the taxation of church property.

Duns Scotus was back in Paris before the end of 1304, probably returning in May. He continued lecturing there until, for reasons that are still mysterious, he was dispatched to the Franciscan studium at Cologne, probably in October 1307. According to the 15th-century writer William Vorilong, his departure was sudden and unexpected. He was relaxing or talking with students in the Prato clericorum or Pre-aux-Clercs – an open area of the Rive Gauche used by scholars for recreation – when orders arrived from the Franciscan Minister General; Scotus left immediately, taking few or no personal belongings.[19]

Duns Scotus died unexpectedly in Cologne in November 1308; the date of his death is traditionally given as 8 November. He is buried in the Church of the Friars Minor there. His sarcophagus bears the Latin inscription:



Scotia me genuit. Anglia me suscepit. Gallia me docuit. Colonia me tenet.
(Scotland brought me forth. England sustained me. France taught me. Cologne holds me.)





The story about Duns Scotus being buried alive, in the absence of his servant who alone knew of his susceptibility to coma, is probably a myth.[20] It was reported by Francis Bacon in his Historia vitae et mortis.[21]

The colophon of Codex 66 of Merton College, Oxford says that Scotus was also at Cambridge.


Work[edit]

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Scotus's great work is his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, which contains nearly all the philosophical views and arguments for which he is well known, including the univocity of being, the formal distinction, less than numerical unity, individual nature or "thisness" (haecceity), his critique of illuminationism and his renowned argument for the existence of God. His commentary exists in several versions. The standard version is the Ordinatio (also known as the Opus oxoniense), a revised version of lectures he gave as a bachelor at Oxford. The initial revision was probably begun in the summer of 1300 – see the remarks in the Prologue, question 2, alluding to the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, news of which probably reached Oxford in the summer of 1300. It was still incomplete when Scotus left for Paris in 1302. The original lectures were also transcribed and recently published as the Lectura.[22]

The two other versions of the work are Scotus's notes for the Oxford lectures, recently published as the Lectura, the first book of which was probably written in Oxford in the late 1290s,[23] and the Reportatio parisiensis (or Opus parisiense), consisting of transcriptions of the lectures on the Sentences given by Scotus when he was in Paris. A reportatio is a student report or transcription of the original lecture of a master. A version that has been checked by the master himself is known as a reportatio examinata.

By the time of Scotus, these 'commentaries' on the Sentences were no longer literal commentaries. Instead, Peter Lombard's original text was used as a starting point for highly original discussions on topics of theological or philosophical interest.[24] For example, Book II Distinction 2, about the location of angels, is a starting point for a complex discussion about continuous motion, and whether the same thing can be in two different places at the same time (bilocation). In the same book, Distinction 3, he uses the question of how angels can be different from one another, given that they have no material bodies, to investigate the difficult question of individuation in general.


  
Colophon from the edition of Scotus' Sentences commentary edited by Thomas Penketh (died 1487) and Bartolomeo Bellati (died 1479), printed by Johannes de Colonia and Johannes Manthen, Venice in 1477. It reads Explicit Scriptum super Primum Sententiarum: editum a fratre Johanne Duns: ordinis fratrum minorum Printed versions of scholastic manuscripts became popular in the late fifteenth century.



Scotus wrote purely philosophical and logical works at an early stage of his career, consisting of commentaries on Aristotle's Organon. These are the Questions on Porphyry's Isagoge and Aristotle's Categories, Peri hermeneias, and De sophisticis elenchis, probably dating to around 1295.[25] His commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics was probably written in stages, the first version having started around 1297,[23] with significant additions and amendments possibly after the completion of the main body of the Ordinatio.[26] His Expositio on the Metaphysics was lost for centuries but was recently rediscovered and edited by Giorgio Pini.[27]

In addition, there are 46 short disputations called Collationes, probably dating from 1300–1305; a work in natural theology (De primo principio); and his Quaestiones Quodlibetales, probably dating to Advent 1306 or Lent 1307.

A number of works once believed to have been written by Scotus are now known to have been misattributed. There were already concerns about this within two centuries of his death, when the 16th-century logician Jacobus Naveros noted inconsistencies between these texts and his commentary on the Sentences, leading him to doubt whether he had written any logical works at all.[28] The Questions on the Prior Analytics (In Librum Priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis Quaestiones) were also discovered to be mistakenly attributed.[citation needed] In 1922, Grabmann showed that the logical work De modis significandi was actually by Thomas of Erfurt, a 14th-century logician of the modist school. Thus the claim that Martin Heidegger wrote his habilitation thesis on Scotus[29] is only half true, as the second part is actually based on the work by Erfurt.[30]


Metaphysics[edit]

Realism[edit]

Scotus is generally considered to be a realist (as opposed to a nominalist) in that he treated universals as real. He attacks a position close to that later defended by Ockham, arguing that things have a common nature – for example the humanity common to Socrates, Plato, and Plutarch.


Univocity of being[edit]

He followed Aristotle in asserting that the subject matter of metaphysics is "being qua being" (ens inquantum ens). Being in general (ens in communi), as a univocal notion, was for him the first object of the intellect.[31]
The doctrine of the univocity of being implies the denial of any real distinction between essence and existence. Aquinas had argued that in all finite being (i.e. all except God) the essence of a thing is distinct from its existence. Scotus rejected the distinction. Scotus argued that we cannot conceive of what it is to be something, without conceiving it as existing. We should not make any distinction between whether a thing exists (si est) and what it is (quid est) for we never know whether something exists unless we have some concept of what we know to exist.[32]


Individuation[edit]

Scotus elaborates a distinct view on hylomorphism, with three important strong theses that differentiate him. He held: 1) that there exists matter that has no form whatsoever, or prime matter, as the stuff underlying all change, against Aquinas (cf. his Quaestiones in Metaphysicam 7, q. 5; Lectura 2, d. 12, q. un.), 2) that not all created substances are composites of form and matter (cf. Lectura 2, d. 12, q. un., n. 55), that is, that purely spiritual substances do exist, and 3) that one and the same substance can have more than one substantial form – for instance, humans have at least two substantial forms, the soul and the form of the body (forma corporeitas) (cf. Ordinatio 4, d. 11, q. 3, n. 54). He argued for an original principle of individuation (cf. Ordinatio 2, d. 3, pars 1, qq. 1–6), the "haecceity" as the ultimate unity of a unique individual (haecceitas, an entity's 'thisness'), as opposed to the common nature (natura communis) feature existing in any number of individuals. For Scotus, the axiom stating that only the individual exists is a dominating principle of the understanding of reality. For the apprehension of individuals, an intuitive cognition is required, which gives us the present existence or the non-existence of an individual, as opposed to abstract cognition. Thus the human soul, in its separated state from the body, will be capable of knowing the spiritual intuitively.


Formal distinction[edit]

Like other realist philosophers of the period (such as Aquinas and Henry of Ghent) Scotus recognised the need for an intermediate distinction that was not merely conceptual but not fully real or mind-dependent either. Scotus argued for a formal distinction (distinctio formalis a parte rei), which holds between entities which are inseparable and indistinct in reality but whose definitions are not identical. For example, the personal properties of the Trinity are formally distinct from the Divine essence. Similarly, the distinction between the 'thisness' or haecceity of a thing is intermediate between a real and a conceptual distinction.[33] There is also a formal distinction between the divine attributes and the powers of the soul.


Theology[edit]

Voluntarism[edit]

Scotus was an Augustinian-Franciscan theologian.[34] He is usually associated with theological voluntarism, the tendency to emphasize God's will and human freedom in all philosophical issues. The main difference between Aquinas's rational theology and that of Scotus is that Scotus believed certain predicates may be applied univocally – with exactly the same meaning – to God and creatures, whereas Aquinas insisted that this is impossible and that only analogical predication can be employed, in which a word as applied to God has a meaning different from, although related to, the meaning of that same word as applied to creatures. Duns struggled throughout his works in demonstrating his univocity theory against Aquinas's analogy doctrine.

Scotus gave the lecture, Lectura I 39, during 1297–1299 to refute the view that everything is necessary and immutable. He claims that the aim of this lecture has two points (Lectura I 39, §31): first, to consider the contingency in what is (de contingentia in entibus); second, to consider how God's certain knowledge is compatible with the contingency of things.
Scotus tries to defend the validity of Christian theology against the attack of ancient philosophers. The main argument is unpacked in Lectura I 39, §§49–53. Scotus argues that a necessary being (God) is able to have contingent knowledge, and that although this knowledge is contingent, it is not necessarily mutable and temporal by that very fact. 
In Lectura I 39 §1, Scotus asks, "whether God has determinate knowledge of things according to every aspect of their existence, as according to being in the future." He presents a counterview which claims that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. To support this counterview, he uses Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX.
In the following arguments, Scotus does not attempt to contradict Aristotle. He does not affirm or reject the ideas of Aristotle. The only issue he argues against is the proposition that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. Scotus appears to try to fully demonstrate that Aristotle's text is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of God.
Scotus argues that God wills with one single volition (unica volitione) whatever he wills. God has one volition ad intra, but this one volition can be related to many opposite things ad extra. God can simultaneously will one thing at time 1 and the opposite thing at time 2.
There are various possible interpretations of Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX. For example, John Buridan (ca. 1300–1362) thought the Scotistic contingency theory was an Aristotelian view. Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's De Interpretatione IX in Lectura I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with the help of other works of Aristotle in Lectura I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature.[35]


Metaphysical argument for the existence of God[edit]

Duns Scotus argued that it is better to construct a metaphysical argument for the existence of God, rather than the more common physical argument from motion[36] favoured by Aquinas,[37] following Aristotle.[38] Though the version in De Primo Principio is the most complete and final version, the Ordinatio proof is usually offered. However, the De Primo version is fascinating and worth looking into for a wider understanding of the argument as well as Scotus's metaphysical underpinnings for his argument for God's existence, but the Ordinatio version will be followed here. Briefly, Scotus begins his proof by explaining that there are two angles we must take in arguing for the existence of an actually infinite being. First from the view of the Relative Properties of God and second from the Absolute Properties of God. Relative properties are those which are predicable of God in relation to creation; absolute properties are those which belong to God whether or not He chose to create. Under the first heading of Relative Properties, Scotus argues for a triple primacy of efficiency, finality and pre-eminence. From there he shows that one primacy implies the others, and finally there can only be one nature that is the First Efficient Cause, Ultimate End, and the Most Perfect Nature. From there the Subtle Doctor discusses the Absolute Properties of God. The First Being is intellectual and volitional, and the intellect and will are identical with the essence of this supreme nature. The First Being is also infinite being. While discussing the infinity of God, Scotus resurrects Anselm's argument and responds to the criticism that Anselm makes an illicit leap from concept to reality. Finally, he gives a definite answer of "yes" to the question of whether there exists an actually infinite being. The very next question of the Ordinatio deals with the unicity of the nature thus proved to exist. However, the De Primo Principio version concludes with this argument.

The proof for the conclusion that "some efficient cause is simply first such that neither can it be an effect nor can it, by virtue of something other than itself, cause an effect" Ordinatio I.2.43[39] runs like this:


	Something can be produced.
	It is produced either by itself, nothing, or another.
	Not by nothing, for nothing causes nothing.
	Not by itself, for an effect never causes itself.
	Therefore, by another; call it A.
	If A is first, then we have reached the conclusion.
	If A is not first, but also an effect, we return to 2). A is produced either by itself, nothing, or another.
	From 3) and 4), we say another, B. The ascending series will either continue infinitely or we finally reach something which has nothing prior to it.
	An infinite ascending series is impossible.
	Therefore, etc.


Scotus acknowledges two objections and deals with them accordingly. First is that he begs the question in assuming a first in the series. Here he argues that while many admit an infinite regress in an accidentally ordered series of causes, no philosopher admits infinite regress in an essentially ordered series. Scotus explains the differences between the two and offers proofs for the conclusion that an infinity of essentially ordered causes in a series is impossible.[40] Second, it is objected that his proof is not really a demonstration since it begins with a contingent premise. That something is produced is contingent and not necessary. Therefore, the proof proceeds from a contingent and not a necessary premise. Scotus says that while that is true, it is utterly manifest that things are produced or effected. But in order to respond, Scotus makes a modal move and reworks the argument. Now he argues from the possibility of production. "It is possible that something can be produced" is a necessary proposition. From there he is able to conclude that it is possible that the first efficient cause exists, and if it is possible that it exists, then it does exist. He asserts that the last claim will be proved later in the argument.[41] In the Lectura proof, Scotus argues the following way:

Although beings different from God are actually contingent with respect to their factual existence, nevertheless, they are not with respect to their possible existence. Hence, those entities which are called contingent with respect to their factual existence are necessary with respect to their possible existence – for instance, although "There exists a man" is contingent, nevertheless "It is possible that he exists" is necessary, because his existence does not include any contradiction. Therefore, "Something – different from God – is possible" is necessary, because being is divided into the contingent and the necessary. Just as necessity belongs to a necessary being in virtue of its condition or its quiddity, so possibility belongs to a possible being in virtue of its quiddity. If the first argument is alternatively qualified with the notion of ontological possibility, then we have necessary propositions as follows: It is possible that there is something different from God – it is not of itself (because then it would not be the case that it were possible), nor from nothing. Therefore, it is possible that it is from something else. Either it is possible that the other agent acts by virtue of itself – and not by virtue of something else, not being from something else – or it is not possible. If so, then it is possible that there is a first agent, and if it [is] possible that it exists, then it exists, just as we have proved before. If not and if there is no infinite regress, then the argument at once comes to a standstill.


For more on this argument, see especially Authors/Duns Scotus/Ordinatio/Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B – The Logic Museum.


Illuminationism[edit]

Scotus argued against the version of illuminationism that had been defended earlier in the century by Henry of Ghent. In his Ordinatio (I.3.1.4) he argued against the sceptical consequences that Henry claimed would follow from abandoning divine illumination. Scotus argued that if our thinking were fallible in the way Henry had believed, such illumination could not, even in principle, ensure "certain and pure knowledge."[42]


	When one of those that come together is incompatible with certainty, then certainty cannot be achieved. For just as from one premise that is necessary and one that is contingent nothing follows but a contingent conclusion, so from something certain and something uncertain, coming together in some cognition, no cognition that is certain follows (Ordinatio I.3.1.4 n.221).


Immaculate Conception[edit]

Perhaps the most influential point of Duns Scotus's theology was his defense of the Immaculate Conception of Mary (i.e., that Mary herself was conceived without sin). At the time, there was a great deal of argument about the subject. The general opinion was that it was appropriately deferential to the Mother of God, but it could not be seen how to resolve the problem that only with Christ's death would the stain of original sin be removed. The great philosophers and theologians of the West were divided on the subject (indeed, even Thomas Aquinas sided with those who denied the doctrine). The feast day had existed in the East (though in the East, the feast is just of the Conception of Mary) since the seventh century and had been introduced in several dioceses in the West as well, even though the philosophical basis was lacking. Citing Anselm of Canterbury's principle, "potuit, decuit, ergo fecit" (He [i.e., God] could do it, it was appropriate, therefore He did it), Duns Scotus devised the following argument: Mary was in need of redemption like all other human beings, but through the merits of Jesus' crucifixion, given in advance, she was conceived without the stain of original sin. God could have brought it about (1) that she was never in original sin, (2) she was in sin only for an instant, (3) she was in sin for a period of time, being purged at the last instant. Whichever of these options was most excellent should probably be attributed to Mary.[43] This apparently careful statement provoked a storm of opposition at Paris, and suggested the line 'fired France for Mary without spot' in the famous poem "Duns Scotus's Oxford," by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

Scotus's argument appears in Pope Pius IX's 1854 declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, "at the first moment of Her conception, Mary was preserved free from the stain of original sin, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ."[44] Scotus's position was hailed as "a correct expression of the faith of the Apostles."[44]

Another of Scotus's positions also gained official approval of the Roman Catholic Church: his doctrine on the universal primacy of Christ became the underlying rationale for the feast of Christ the King instituted in 1925.[44]

During his pontificate, Pope John XXIII recommended the reading of Duns Scotus's theology to modern theology students.


Veneration[edit]

Duns Scotus was long honored as a Blessed by the Order of Friars Minor, as well as in the Archdioceses of Edinburgh and Cologne. In the 19th-century, the process was started seeking his recognition as such by the Holy See, on the basis of a cultus immemorabilis, i.e., one of ancient standing.[17] He was declared Venerable by Pope John Paul II in 1991, who officially recognized his liturgical cult, effectively beatifying him on 20 March 1993.[45]


Later reputation and influence[edit]

Later medieval period[edit]

Owing to Scotus's early and unexpected death, he left behind a large body of work in an unfinished or unedited condition. His students and disciples extensively edited his papers, often confusing them with works by other writers, in many cases leading to misattribution and confused transmission. Most 13th-century Franciscans followed Bonaventura, but the influence of Scotus (as well as that of his arch-rival William of Ockham) spread in the fourteenth century. Franciscan theologians in the late Middle Ages were thus divided between so-called Scotists and Ockhamists. Fourteenth century followers included Francis of Mayrone (died 1325), Antonius Andreas (died 1320), William of Alnwick (died 1333), and John of Bassolis (died 1347), supposedly Scotus's favourite student.[46]


Sixteenth to nineteenth centuries[edit]

His reputation suffered during the English reformation, probably due to its association with the Franciscans. In a letter to Thomas Cromwell about his visit to Oxford in 1535, Richard Layton described how he saw the court of New College full of pages from Scotus's work, "the wind blowing them into every corner."[47] John Leland described the Oxford Greyfriar's library in 1538 (just prior to its dissolution) as an accumulation of "cobwebs, moths and bookworms."[48]

When in the sixteenth century the Scotists argued against Renaissance humanism, the term duns or dunce became, in the mouths of the Protestants, a term of abuse and a synonym for one incapable of scholarship.[49]

Despite this, Scotism grew in Catholic Europe. Scotus's works were collected into many editions, particularly in the late fifteenth century with the advent of printing. His school was probably at the height of its popularity at the beginning of the seventeenth century; during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries there were special Scotist chairs, e.g. at Paris, Rome, Coimbra, Salamanca, Alcalá, Padua, and Pavia. New ideas were included pseudographically in later editions of his work, such as the principle of explosion, now attributed to Pseudo-Scotus. Scotism flourished well into the seventeenth century, and its influence can be seen in such writers as Descartes and Bramhall. Interest dwindled in the eighteenth century, and the revival of scholastic philosophy, known as neo-Scholasticism, was essentially a revival of Thomistic thinking.

Gerard Manley Hopkins was able to reconcile his religious calling and his vocation as a poet thanks to his reading of Duns Scotus. His poem As Kingfishers Catch Fire expresses Duns Scotus' ideas on "haecceity".


Twentieth century[edit]

The twentieth century saw a resurgence of interest in Scotus, with a range of assessments of his thought.

For one thing, Scotus has received interest from secular philosophers such as Peter King, Gyula Klima, Paul Vincent Spade, and others.

For some today, Scotus is one of the most important Franciscan theologians and the founder of Scotism, a special form of Scholasticism. He came out of the Old Franciscan School, to which Haymo of Faversham (died 1244), Alexander of Hales (died 1245), John of Rupella (died 1245), William of Melitona (died 1260), St. Bonaventure (died 1274), Cardinal Matthew of Aquasparta (died 1289), John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1292), Richard of Middletown (died c. 1300), etc., belonged. He was known as "Doctor Subtilis" because of the subtle distinctions and nuances of his thinking. Later philosophers in the sixteenth century were less complimentary about his work and accused him of sophistry. This led to the word "dunce," which developed from the name "Dunse" given to his followers in the 1500s, becoming used for "somebody who is incapable of scholarship."

An important question since the 1960s has revolved over whether Scotus's thought heralded a change in thinking on the nature of 'being,' a change which marked a shift from Aquinas and other previous thinkers; this question has been particularly significant in recent years because it has come to be seen as a debate over the origins of 'modernity.' This line of argument first emerged in the 1960s among popular French philosophers who, in passing, singled out Duns Scotus as the figure whose theory of univocal being changed an earlier approach which Aquinas had shared with his predecessors.[50] Then, in 1990, the historian of philosophy Jean-Francois Courtine argued that, between the time of Aquinas in the mid-thirteenth century and Francisco Suárez at the turn of the seventeenth, a fundamentally new approach to being was developed, with Scotus taking a major part in its development.[51] During the 1990s, various scholars extended this argument to locate Scotus as the first thinker who succumbed to what Heidegger termed 'onto-theology'. 

In recent years, this criticism of Scotus has become disseminated in particular through the writings of the 'Radical Orthodox' group of theologians, drawing on John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock. The Radical Orthodox model has been questioned by Daniel Horan[52] and Thomas Williams,[53] both of whom claim that Scotus' doctrine of the univocity of being is a semantic, rather than an ontological theory. Both thinkers cite Ord. 1, d. 3, pars 1, q. 3, n. 163, in which Scotus claims that "This [univocally] is how all the authoritative passages one might find on this topic in the Metaphysics or Physics should be interpreted: in terms of the ontological diversity of those things to which the concept is attributed, which is compatible with there being one concept that can be abstracted from them". Such a quotation seems to refer to epistemology, with abstracted concepts, rather than with ontology, which Scotus admits can be diverse.


In popular media[edit]

In 2012 Fernando Muraca directed for TVCO and the Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate the biopic Blessed Duns Scotus: Defender of the Immaculate Conception in Italian.[54][55]
It centers on the debate at the Paris University with glimpses of his infancy and Franciscan vocation.
Adriano Braidotti played adult Scotus and Emanuele Maria Gamboni played child Scotus.[56]


Bibliography[edit]

	Works in rough chronological order


	Before 1295:
	Parva logicalia
	Quaestiones super Porphyrii Isagogem
	Quaestiones in librum Praedicamentorum
	Quaestiones in I et II librum Perihermeneias
	Octo quaestiones in duos libros Perihermeneias
	Quaestiones in libros Elenchorum




	Quaestiones super libros De anima (1295–1298?)
	Quaestiones super libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis (1298–1300?; revised later)
	Notabilia Scoti super Metaphysicam (a set of notes concerning books II-X and XII of Aristotle's Metaphysics, discovered only in 1996[57])
	Lectura (Early Oxford Lectures on the four books of the Sentences of Peter Lombard)
	Books 1 and 2 (1300–1301)
	Book 3 (probably written in Paris, 1303–04)
	Book 4 (not extant)


	Ordinatio or Opus Oxoniense (Oxford Lectures: a revision of the lectures given at Oxford, books 1 and 2 summer 1300–1302, books 3 and 4, 1303–1304)
	Collationes oxonienses (1303–04 or 1305–08)
	Collationes parisienses (1302–07)
	Reportatio parisiensis (Paris Lectures, 1302–07)
	Quaestiones Quodlibetales (edited by Felix Alluntis in Obras del Doctor Sutil, Juan Duns Escoto, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1963)
	Tractatus de Primo Principio (Treatise on the First Principle) English Translation
	Theoremata (uncertain date)


	Dubious works


	Theoremata


	Spurious works


	De Rerum Principio (Of the Beginning of Things). An inauthentic work once attributed to Scotus.


	Latin editions


	OPERA OMNIA. (Wadding Edition, so-called after its editor Luke Wadding) Lyon, 1639; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968. [Despite the title, this edition does not represent all the works of Scotus. Certain works printed in it are no longer attributed to Scotus; certain works by Scotus are omitted (including his early Lectura on the Sentences of Peter Lombard); what the book presents as Book I of Scotus's late Reportatio is in fact an entirely separate work whose authenticity and authority are vigorously disputed.]
	OPERA OMNIA. (Vatican Edition = VE) Civitas Vaticana: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1950–.
	ORDINATIO (complete critical edition)
	I, De Ordinatione Ioannis Duns Scoti disquisitio historico critica. Prologus totius operis, 1950.
	II, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 1–2, 1950.
	III, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctio 3, 1954.
	IV, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 4–10, 1956.
	V, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 11–25, 1959.
	VI, Ordinatio. Liber Primus. Distinctiones 26–48, 1963.
	VII, Ordinatio. Liber Secundus. Distinctiones 1–3, 1973.
	VIII, Ordinatio. Liber Secundus. Distinctiones 4–44, 2001.
	IX, Ordinatio. Liber Tertius. Distinctiones 1–17, 2006.
	X, Ordinatio. Liber Tertius. Distinctiones 26–40, 2007.
	XI, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus. Distinctiones 1–7, 2008.
	XII, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus. Distinctiones 8–13, 2010.
	XIII, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus, Distinctiones 14–42, 2011.
	XIV, Ordinatio. Liber Quartus, Distinctiones 43–49, 2013.
	LECTURA
	XVI, Lectura in Librum Primum Sententiarum. Prologus et Distinctiones 1–7, 1960.
	XVII, Lectura in Librum Primum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 8–45, 1966.
	XVIII, Lectura in Librum Secundum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 1–6, 1982.
	XIX, Lectura in Librum Secundum Sententiarum. Distinctiones 7–44, 1993.
	XX, Lectura in Librum Tertium Sententiarum. Distinctiones 1–17, 2003.
	XXI, Lectura in Librum Tertium Sententiarum. Distinctiones 18–40, 2004.


	OPERA PHILOSOPHICA (= OP). St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute:, 1997–2006:
	Vol. I: Quaestiones super Porphyrius Isagoge et Aristoteles Categoriae, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57659-121-5
	Vol. II: Quaestiones super Peri hermeneias et Sophistici Elenchis (along with) Theoremata, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004, 
ISBN 978-1-57659-122-2.
	Vol. III-IV: Quaestiones super libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. 
ISBN 978-1-57659-124-6.
	Vol. V: Quaestiones super Secundum et Tertium de Anima. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2006. 
ISBN 978-0-8132-1422-1.


	The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A, Volume 1, edited and translated by Allan B. Wolter, OFM and Oleg Bychkov. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004 
ISBN 978-1-57659-193-2
	The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A, Volume 2, edited and translated by Allan B. Wolter, OFM and Oleg Bychkov. Franciscan Institute Publications, 2008. 
ISBN 978-1-57659-150-5


	English translations


	John Duns Scotus, A Treatise on God as First Principle. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press 1982. A Latin text and English translation of the De Primo Principio. Second edition, revised, with a commentary by Allan Wolter, (First edition 1966).
	John Duns Scotus, God and Creatures. The Quodlibetal Questions, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, and Felix Alluntis, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1975.
	Duns Scotus on the Will and Morality, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1986.
	Duns Scotus: Philosophical Writings, Translated by Wolter, Allan B., OFM, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987.
	Duns Scotus' Parisian Proof for the Existence of God, edited By Allan B. Wolter and Marilyn McCord Adams, Franciscan Studies 42, 1982, pp. 248–321. (Latin text and English translation).
	John Duns Scotus, Contingency and Freedom. Lectura I 39, translation, commentary and introduction by A. Vos Jaczn, H. Veldhuis, A.H. Looman-Graaskamp, E. Dekker and N.W. den Bok. The New Synthese Historical Library 4. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, 1994.
	Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle by John Duns Scotus, Translated by Etzkorn, Girard J., and Allan B. Wolter, OFM, St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1997–1998.
	John Duns Scotus. Four Questions on Mary, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2000.
	John Duns Scotus. A Treatise on Potency and Act. Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle Book IX, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2000.
	John Duns Scotus. Political and Economic Philosophy, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2001.
	Duns Scotus on Divine Love: Texts and Commentary on Goodness and Freedom, God and Humans, translated by A. Vos, H. Veldhuis, E. Dekker, N.W. den Bok and A.J. Beck (ed.). Aldershot: Ashgate 2003.
	John Duns Scotus. Early Oxford Lecture on Individuation, Introduction with Latin text and English translation and notes by Allan B. Wolter, OFM, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2005.
	John Duns Scotus. Questions on Aristotle's Categories, Translated by Lloyd A. Newton, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014.
	Duns Scotus on Time and Existence: The Questions on Aristotle's "De interpretatione", Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Edward Buckner and Jack Zupko, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2014.


See also[edit]

	Oxford Franciscan school
	Virgin and Child with Saint Anne – early depictions of the Immaculate Conception in three generations
	William of Ware


Notes[edit]


	^ Williams, Thomas (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 2.

	^ He has long been claimed as a Merton alumnus, but there is no contemporary evidence to support this claim and as a Franciscan, he would have been ineligible for fellowships at Merton (see Martin, G. H. & Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). A History of Merton College. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 53).

	^ 
Cross, Richard (2014). Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780199684885. Scotus is a good Aristotelian, in the sense that he belives [sic?] that cognition always has an empirical starting point

	^ Walker, L. (1912). Voluntarism. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 27, 2019 from New Advent.

	^ 
The Sheed & Ward Anthology of Catholic Philosophy. Rowman & Littlefield. 2005. ISBN 9780742531987.

	^ 
"Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006, retrieved 10 November 2017

	^ Anthony Kenny, Wyclif in His Times, Oxford UP, 1986, p. 35 n. 13.

	^ Harjeet Singh Gill, Signification in language and culture, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2002, p. 109.

	^ 
Williams, Thomas (2019), "John Duns Scotus", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

	^ 
Spade, Paul Vincent (2018), "Medieval Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Histories of medieval philosophy often treat Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–74), John Duns Scotus (c. 1265–1308), and William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347) as the “big three” figures in the later medieval period; a few add Bonaventure (1221–74) as a fourth.

	^ 
"People of Note: John Duns Scotus". Duns, Scotland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.

	^ Williams 2002, p. 2

	^ 
Brampton, C. K. (1964). "Duns Scotus at Oxford, 1288–1301". Franciscan Studies. 24 (Annual II): 5–20.

	^ Although Vos (2006, p. 23) has objected that 'Duns' was actually his family name, as someone from Duns would have been known as 'de Duns'.

	^ Vos 2006, p. 27. See also 
Roest, Bert (2000). A history of Franciscan education (c. 1210–1517). Brill. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-90-04-11739-6.

	^ Vos 2006, p. 27

	^ a b 
"John Duns Scotus". Catholic Encyclopedia.

	^ Williams, Thomas (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 3.

	^ Narratur de Doctori Subtili qui in Prato clericorum, visa Generalis Ministri obedentia, dum actu Regens esse in scholis Parisiensibus, aut pauca aut nulla de rebus habita dispositione, Parisis exivit ut Coloniam iret, secundum ministri sententiam. William Vorilong, Opus super IV libros Sententiarum II, d. 44, q. 1 f. 161va.

	^ 
Butler, Alban (1866). "St. Bonaventure, Cardinal, Bishop, and Doctor of the Church". The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints. VII. Dublin: James Duffy. note 15. Retrieved 29 May 2014.

	^ 
Bacon, Francis (1638). Historia Vitae et Mortis.

	^ See the Bibliography under The Examined Report of the Paris Lecture, Reportatio I-A.

	^ a b 
Pini, Giorgio (2005). "Univocity in Scotus's Quaestiones super Metaphysicam: The Solution to a Riddle" (PDF). Medioevo. 30: 69–110.

	^ See e.g. Wolter 1995, p. 76 and passim

	^ See the introduction to the critical edition: Duns Scoti Quaestiones in librum Porphyrii Isagoge et Quaestiones super Praedicamenta Aristotelis (Opera philosophica, I), xxix–xxxiv, xli–xlii.

	^ 
Pini, Giorgio (2005). "Univocity in Scotus's Quaestiones super Metaphysicam: The Solution to a Riddle" (PDF). Medioevo. 30: 69–110., although this is speculative

	^ Thomas Williams (2009). "John Duns Scotus", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online).

	^ Ashworth 1987

	^ Die Kategorien- und Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus (Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning, 1916.

	^ "Thomas of Erfurt" entry  by Jack Zupko in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

	^ 
"John Duns Scotus Philosphical Writings". 6 September 1308 – via Internet Archive.

	^ Opus Oxoniense I iii 1–2, quoted in Grenz 2005, p. 55

	^ Honderich p. 209

	^ 
"Blessed John Duns Scotus". Franciscan Media. Retrieved 2 April 2020.

	^ 
Woo, B. Hoon (2016). "The Difference between Scotus and Turretin in Their Formulation of the Doctrine of Freedom". Westminster Theological Journal. 78: 258–62.

	^ Lectura I, d. 2, q. 2, 40 Now efficiency can be considered either as a metaphysical or as a physical property. The metaphysical property is more extensive than the physical for "to give existence to another" is of broader scope than "to give existence by way of movement or change." And even if all existence were given in the latter fashion, the notion of the one is still not that of the other. It is not efficiency as a physical attribute, however, but efficiency as the metaphysician considers it that provides a more effective way of proving God's existence, for there are more attributes in metaphysics than in physics whereby the existence of God can be established. It can be shown, for example, from "composition and simplicity," from "act and potency," from "one and many," from those features which are properties of being. Wherefore, if you find one extreme of the disjunction imperfectly realized in a creature, you conclude that the alternate, the perfect extreme exists in God.
Averroës, therefore, in attacking Avicenna at the end of Bk. I of the Physics, 14 is incorrect when he claims that to prove that God exists is the job of the physicist alone, because this can be established only by way of motion, and in no other way – as if metaphysics began with a conclusion which was not evident in itself, but needed to be proved in physics (For Averroës asserts this falsehood at the end of the first book of the Physics). In point of fact, however, [God's existence] can be shown more truly and in a greater variety of ways by means of those metaphysical attributes which characterize being. The proof lies in this that the first efficient cause imparts not merely this fluid existence [called motion] but existence in an unqualified sense, which is still more perfect and widespread.

	^ Summa Contra Gentiles, I, 13 http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm#13

	^ "We shall first set forth the arguments by which Aristotle proceeds to prove that God exists." SCG I, 13.2  http://dhspriory.org/thomas/ContraGentiles1.htm#13

	^ Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B logicmuseum.com

	^ See paragraphs 46–55 at Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B logicmuseum.com

	^ Duns Scotus – Ordinatio I/D2/Q2B (See paragraph 56) logicmuseum.com

	^ 
Pasnau, Robert (2011). "Divine Illumination". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

	^ Ordinatio III, d.3, q.1

	^ a b c 
"The Life of Blessed John Duns Scotus". EWTN.

	^ 
"Ceremonia de Reconocimiento del Culto Litúrgico a Duns Escoto y Beatificación de Dina Bélanger". Vatican News Service. 20 March 1993.(in Spanish)

	^ 
Courtenay, William (January 2012). "Early Scotists at Paris: A Reconsideration". Franciscan Studies. 69 (1): 175–229. doi:10.1353/frc.2012.0009. S2CID 162137015.

	^ R. W. Dixon, History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction, 1:303

	^ Catto, Jeremy, "Franciscan Learning in England, 1450–1540", in The Religious Orders in Pre-Reformation England, ed. Clarke 2002

	^ 
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dunce" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 671.

	^ Jacques Derrida, L'Écriture et la différence, (Paris, 1967), p216; G Deleuze, Différence et répétition, (Paris, 1968), pp. 52–8, cited in John Marenbon, "Aquinas, Radical Orthodoxy, and the importance of truth", in Wayne J Hankey and Douglas Hedley, eds, Deconstructing radical orthodoxy: postmodern theology, rhetoric and truth, (Ashgate, 2005), p. 56.

	^ John Marenbon, "Aquinas, Radical Orthodoxy, and the importance of truth", in Wayne J Hankey and Douglas Hedley, eds, Deconstructing radical orthodoxy: postmodern theology, rhetoric and truth, (Ashgate, 2005), p. 56.

	^ 
Horan, Daniel (2014). Postmodernity and Univocity: A Critical Account of Radical Orthodoxy and John Duns Scotus. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451465723.

	^ 
Williams, Thomas (2005). "The Doctrine of Univocity is True and Salutary". Modern Theology. 21 (4): 575–585. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0025.2005.00298.x.

	^ Duns Scotus on IMDb

	^ 
"Duns Scoto". TVCO. TVCO. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

	^ 
"FiNews – FIs Producing John Duns Scotus Film". AirMaria.com. Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2020.

	^ Giorgio Pini, "Duns Scotus' Literal Commentary on the "Metaphysics" and the "Notabilia Scoti super Metaphysicam" (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, C 62 Sup, ff. 51r–98r)", Bulletin de philosophie médiévale, 38 (1996), 141–142.




Further reading[edit]

	
Bos, Egbert P. (1998). John Duns Scotus: Renewal of Philosophy. Acts of the Third Symposium organized by the Dutch Society for Medieval Philosophy Medium Aevum. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-0081-0.
	Cross, Richard (ed.), The Opera Theologica of John Duns Scotus. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus, Part 2. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 4, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2012, 
ISBN 978-3-402-10214-5.
	
Cross, Richard (2014). Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968488-5.
	
Frank, William A.; Wolter, Allan B. (1995). Duns Scotus, Metaphysician. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-072-1.
	
Gracia, Jorge J. E.; Noone, Timothy B. (2003). A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 978-0-631-21672-8.
	
Grenz, Stanley (2005). The Named God and the Question of Being: A Trinitarian Theo-ontology. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22204-8.
	
Honderich, Ted (1995). "Duns Scotus". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
	Honnefelder Ludger, Möhle Hannes, Speer Andreas, Kobusch Theo, Bullido del Barrio Susana (eds.), Johannes Duns Scotus 1308-2008: Die philosophischen Perspektiven seines Werkes/Investigations into his Philosophy. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus, Part 3. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 5, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2011,
ISBN 978-3-402-10215-2.
	Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, and Bychkof, OLef (eds.), John Duns Scotus, Philosopher. Proceedings of "The Quadruple Congress" on John Duns Scotus, Part 1. Archa Verbi. Subsidia 3, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2010, 
ISBN 978-3-402-10213-8.
	Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, Scotus for Dunces: An Introduction to the Subtle Doctor, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2003.
	Ingham, Mary Beth CSJ, The Harmony of Goodness: Mutuality and Moral Living According to John Duns Scotus, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1997.
	
Kretzmann, Norman; Kenny, Anthony; Pinborg, Jan; Stump, Eleonore (1982). The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36933-6.
	Shannon, Thomas The Ethical Theory of John Duns Scotus, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1995.
	
Vos, Antonie (2006). The Philosophy of John Duns Scotus. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2462-1.
	
Williams, Thomas (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63563-9.
	Wolter, Allan B. OFM and O'Neil, Blane OFM, John Duns Scotus: Mary's Architect, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1993.
	Wolter, Allan B. OFM, The Philosophical Theology of John Duns Scotus, IUthaca, Cornell University Press, 1990.
	Wolter, Allan B. OFM, Scotus and Ockham. Selected Essays, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2003.
	
Woo, B. Hoon (2016). "The Difference between Scotus and Turretin in Their Formulation of the Doctrine of Freedom". Westminster Theological Journal. 78: 249–69.


External links[edit]

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Duns Scotus.


	 Works related to Duns Scotus at Wikisource
	 Quotations related to Duns Scotus at Wikiquote
	John Duns Scotus (1266–1308) entry by Jeffrey Hause in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
	Scotus: Knowledge of God entry by Alexander Hall in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
	
Williams, Thomas. "John Duns Scotus".  In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
	Site of the International Scotistic Commission (Rome, Italy)
	Bibliography on Duns Scotus from 1950 by Tobias Hoffmann
	Catholic Encyclopedia article on John Duns Scotus
	Site about Duns Scotus of the Research Group John Duns Scotus (Utrecht, NL)
	Thomas Williams' pages on Scotus
	The Realist Ontology of John Duns Scotus with an annotated bibliography
	Article by Parthenius Minges on Scotists and Scotism at the Jacques Maritain Center
	Local history site of Blessed John Duns Scotus' birthplace, Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland
	Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Duns Scotus in .jpg and .tiff format.


	
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	Late Middle Ages	
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Catholic Reformation
	
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	Baroque Period to the
French Revolution
	
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	19th century	
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	20th century	
	Pope Pius X
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	1995






	21st century	
	Sexual abuse scandal
	Islam
	World Youth Day
	2000
	2002
	2005
	2008
	2011
	2013
	2016
	2019


	Pope Benedict XVI
	Pope Francis
	COVID-19 pandemic




	
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History of Catholic theology

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	Early Church	
	Paul
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	Didache
	Ignatius of Antioch
	Polycarp
	Epistle of Barnabas
	The Shepherd of Hermas
	Aristides of Athens
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	Irenaeus
	Montanism
	Tertullian
	Origen
	Antipope Novatian
	Cyprian




	Constantine to
Pope Gregory I
	
	Eusebius
	Athanasius of Alexandria
	Arianism
	Pelagianism
	Nestorianism
	Monophysitism
	Ephrem the Syrian
	Hilary of Poitiers
	Cyril of Jerusalem
	Basil of Caesarea
	Gregory of Nazianzus
	Gregory of Nyssa
	Ambrose
	John Chrysostom
	Jerome
	Augustine of Hippo
	John Cassian
	Orosius
	Cyril of Alexandria
	Peter Chrysologus
	Pope Leo I
	Boethius
	Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
	Pope Gregory I




	Early Middle Ages	
	Isidore of Seville
	John Climacus
	Maximus the Confessor
	Monothelitism
	Ecthesis
	Bede
	John of Damascus
	Iconoclasm
	Transubstantiation dispute
	Predestination disputes
	Paulinus II of Aquileia
	Alcuin
	Benedict of Aniane
	Rabanus Maurus
	Paschasius Radbertus
	John Scotus Eriugena




	High Middle Ages	
	Roscellinus
	Gregory of Narek
	Berengar of Tours
	Peter Damian
	Anselm of Canterbury
	Joachim of Fiore
	Peter Abelard
	Decretum Gratiani
	Bernard of Clairvaux
	Peter Lombard
	Anselm of Laon
	Hildegard of Bingen
	Hugh of Saint Victor
	Dominic de Guzmán
	Robert Grosseteste
	Francis of Assisi
	Anthony of Padua
	Beatrice of Nazareth
	Bonaventure
	Albertus Magnus
	Boetius of Dacia
	Henry of Ghent
	Thomas Aquinas
	Siger of Brabant
	Thomism
	Roger Bacon




	Mysticism and reforms	
	Ramon Llull
	Duns Scotus
	Dante Alighieri
	William of Ockham
	Richard Rolle
	John of Ruusbroec
	Catherine of Siena
	Bridget of Sweden
	Meister Eckhart
	Johannes Tauler
	Walter Hilton
	The Cloud of Unknowing
	Heinrich Seuse
	Geert Groote
	Devotio Moderna
	Julian of Norwich
	Thomas à Kempis
	Nicholas of Cusa
	Marsilio Ficino
	Girolamo Savonarola
	Giovanni Pico della Mirandola




	Reformation
Counter-Reformation
	
	Erasmus
	Thomas Cajetan
	Thomas More
	John Fisher
	Johann Eck
	Francisco de Vitoria
	Thomas of Villanova
	Ignatius of Loyola
	Francisco de Osuna
	John of Ávila
	Francis Xavier
	Teresa of Ávila
	Luis de León
	John of the Cross
	Peter Canisius
	Luis de Molina (Molinism)
	Robert Bellarmine
	Francisco Suárez
	Lawrence of Brindisi
	Francis de Sales




	Baroque period to
French Revolution
	
	Tommaso Campanella
	Pierre de Bérulle
	Pierre Gassendi
	René Descartes
	Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
	António Vieira
	Jean-Jacques Olier
	Louis Thomassin
	Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
	François Fénelon
	Cornelius Jansen (Jansenism)
	Blaise Pascal
	Nicolas Malebranche
	Giambattista Vico
	Alphonsus Liguori
	Louis de Montfort
	Maria Gaetana Agnesi
	Alfonso Muzzarelli
	Johann Michael Sailer
	Clement Mary Hofbauer
	Bruno Lanteri




	19th century	
	Joseph Görres
	Felicité de Lamennais
	Luigi Taparelli
	Antonio Rosmini
	Ignaz von Döllinger
	John Henry Newman
	Henri Lacordaire
	Jaime Balmes
	Gaetano Sanseverino
	Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
	Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
	Giuseppe Pecci
	Joseph Hergenröther
	Tommaso Maria Zigliara
	Matthias Joseph Scheeben
	Émile Boutroux
	Modernism
	Neo-Scholasticism
	Léon Bloy
	Désiré-Joseph Mercier
	Friedrich von Hügel
	Vladimir Solovyov
	Marie-Joseph Lagrange
	George Tyrrell
	Maurice Blondel
	Thérèse of Lisieux




	20th century	
	G. K. Chesterton
	Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
	Joseph Maréchal
	Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
	Jacques Maritain
	Étienne Gilson
	Ronald Knox
	Dietrich von Hildebrand
	Gabriel Marcel
	Marie-Dominique Chenu
	Romano Guardini
	Edith Stein
	Fulton Sheen
	Henri de Lubac
	Daniel-Rops
	Jean Guitton
	Josemaría Escrivá
	Nouvelle théologie
	Karl Rahner
	Yves Congar
	Bernard Lonergan
	Emmanuel Mounier
	Jean Daniélou
	Hans Urs von Balthasar
	Alfred Delp
	Thomas Merton
	René Girard
	Johann Baptist Metz
	Jean Vanier
	Henri Nouwen




	21st century	
	Carlo Maria Martini
	Pope Benedict XVI
	Walter Kasper
	Raniero Cantalamessa
	Michał Heller
	Peter Kreeft
	Jean-Luc Marion
	Tomáš Halík
	Scott Hahn




	
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	Schools	
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	Pascal's wager
	Dehellenization
	Differentia
	Homo unius libri
	Cogito, ergo sum
	Infused righteousness




	Related	
	Catholic theology
	Platonism
	Aristotelianism
	Neoplatonism
	Islamic philosophy
	Doctor of the Church
	Renaissance
	Rationalism
	Empiricism
	Phenomenology




	
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Medieval philosophers

	Islamic	
	Early	
	Al-Jahiz
	Alkindus
	Ibn al-Rawandi
	Al-Razi (Rhazes)
	Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
	Ibn Masarra
	Al Amiri
	Ebn Meskavayh 
	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
	Abu Rayhan Biruni
	"Brethren of Purity"




	High	
	Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)
	Ibn Hazm
	Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
	Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
	Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
	Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani 
	Ibn Tufail
	Ibn Rushd (Averroes)




	Late	
	Ibn Sab'in
	Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
	Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi
	Rashid al-Din
	Ibn Arabi
	Zachariah Kazwin
	Abd-el-latif
	Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī
	Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
	Ibn al-Nafis
	Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
	Ibn Taymiyyah
	Ibn Khaldun







	Jewish	
	Medieval	
	Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
	Saadia Gaon
	Solomon ibn Gabirol
	Judah Halevi
	Abraham ibn Daud
	Maimonides
	Nachmanides
	Gersonides
	Hasdai Crescas
	Joseph Albo







	Christian	
	Early	
	"Church Fathers"
	Augustine of Hippo
	Boethius
	Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
	Isidore of Seville
	Johannes Scotus Eriugena
	Alcuin




	11–12th
century	
	"Scholasticism"
	Anselm of Canterbury
	Peter Abelard
	Anselm of Laon
	Hugh of Saint Victor
	Richard of Saint Victor
	Roscelin
	Peter Lombard
	Alexander of Hales
	Bernard of Chartres
	Dominicus Gundissalinus
	Gilbert de la Porrée
	Alain de Lille




	13–14th
century	
	Robert Grosseteste
	Albertus Magnus
	Bonaventure
	Thomas Aquinas
	Siger of Brabant
	Boetius of Dacia
	Henry of Ghent
	Roger Bacon
	John Peckham
	Ramon Llull
	Petrus Aureolus
	Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
	Durandus
	Giles of Rome
	Godfrey of Fontaines
	Duns Scotus
	William of Ockham




	Late	
	Jean Buridan
	Nicole Oresme
	Albert of Saxony
	Francesc Eiximenis
	Vincent Ferrer
	Paul of Venice
	Lambertus de Monte
	John Hennon







	See also Renaissance philosophy




	
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Aristotelianism

	Overview	
	Aristotle
	Lyceum
	Peripatetic school
	Physics
	Biology
	Ethics
	Logic
	Theology (unmoved mover)



	

	Ideas and interests	
	Active intellect
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	Arete
	Category of being
	Catharsis
	Classical unities
	Correspondence theory of truth
	Essence–accident
	Eudaimonia
	Four causes
	Future contingents
	Genus–differentia
	Hexis
	Hylomorphism
	Intromission theory of vision
	Ignoratio elenchi
	Lexis
	Magnanimity
	Mimesis
	Minima naturalia
	Moderate realism
	Aristotle's theory of universals (substantial form)


	Mythos
	Philosophy of nature (sublunary sphere)
	Philia
	Plenism
	Rational animal
	Phronesis
	Potentiality and actuality
	Sensus communis
	Substance theory (hypokeimenon, ousia)
	Syllogism
	Telos
	Temporal finitism
	To ti en einai/to ti esti
	Use value/exchange value
	Virtue ethics




	Corpus Aristotelicum	
	Physics
	Organon
	Nicomachean Ethics
	Politics
	Metaphysics
	On the Soul
	Rhetoric
	Poetics




	Followers	
	Alexander the Great



	Lyceum	
	Aristoxenus
	Clearchus of Soli
	Dicaearchus
	Eudemus of Rhodes
	Theophrastus
	Strato of Lampsacus
	Lyco of Troas
	Aristo of Ceos
	Critolaus
	Diodorus of Tyre
	Erymneus
	Andronicus of Rhodes







	Islamic Golden Age	
	Al-Kindi
	Al-Farabi
	Avicenna
	Averroes







	Jewish	
	Maimonides







	Scholastics	
	Peter Lombard
	Albertus Magnus
	Thomas Aquinas
	Duns Scotus
	Peter of Spain
	Jacopo Zabarella
	Pietro Pomponazzi
	Cesar Cremonini







	Modern	
	Newman
	Trendelenburg
	Brentano
	Adler
	Foot
	MacIntyre
	Smith
	Hursthouse
	Nussbaum








	Related topics	
	Platonism
	Commentaries on Aristotle
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	Scholasticism
	Thomism


	Conimbricenses
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	Metabasis paradox




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	Saul Kripke
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	G. E. M. Anscombe
	Donald Davidson
	Michael Dummett
	D. M. Armstrong
	David Lewis
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	Peter van Inwagen
	Derek Parfit
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	Ernst Mally
	Edward N. Zalta
	more ...




	Theories	
	Abstract object theory
	Action theory
	Anti-realism
	Determinism
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	Materialism
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	Realism
	Physicalism
	Platonic idealism
	Relativism
	Scientific realism
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	Subjectivism
	Substance theory
	Truthmaker theory
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	Concepts	
	Abstract object
	Anima mundi
	Being
	Category of being
	Causality
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	Choice
	Cogito, ergo sum
	Concept
	Embodied cognition
	Essence
	Existence
	Experience
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duns_Scotus&oldid=997511155"


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