Benedetto Croce - Wikipedia Benedetto Croce From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce KOCI, COSML Member of the Italian Senate In office 8 May 1948 – 20 November 1952 Constituency Naples Member of the Italian Constituent Assembly In office 25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948 Constituency At-large Minister of Public Education In office 15 June 1920 – 4 July 1921 Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti Preceded by Andrea Torre Succeeded by Orso Mario Corbino Member of the Italian Royal Senate In office 26 January 1910 – 24 June 1946 Monarch Victor Emmanuel III Personal details Born (1866-02-25)25 February 1866 Pescasseroli, Italy Died 20 November 1952(1952-11-20) (aged 86) Naples, Italy Spouse(s) Adele Rossi ​ ​ (m. 1914; died 1952)​ Domestic partner Angelina Zampanelli ​ ​ (m. 1893; her d. 1913)​ Children Elena, Alda, Silvia, Lidia Alma mater University of Naples Profession Historian, writer, landowner Signature Philosophy career Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Neo-Hegelianism Classical liberalism Historism[1] (storicismo) Main interests History, aesthetics, politics Notable ideas Liberism Aesthetic expressivism Influences Giambattista Vico Jean-Jacques Rousseau Immanuel Kant Johann Gottlieb Fichte Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Francesco de Sanctis Giovanni Gentile Influenced Guido De Ruggiero Carlo Rosselli Giorgio Bassani Eugenio Montale Giovanni Gentile Antonio Gramsci Julius Evola Georges Sorel R. G. Collingwood José Carlos Mariátegui George Mosse[2] Benedetto Croce KOCI, COSML (Italian: [beneˈdetto ˈkroːtʃe]; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952)[3] was an Italian idealist philosopher,[4] historian[5] and politician, who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography and aesthetics. In most regards, Croce was a liberal, although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals, including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile.[3] Croce was President of PEN International, the worldwide writers' association, from 1949 until 1952. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times.[6] He's also noted for his "major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy."[7] Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Political involvement 1.2 Relations with Fascism 1.3 The new Republic 1.4 Philosophical works 2 Philosophy of spirit 2.1 Domains of mind 3 History 4 Aesthetics 5 Contributions to liberal political theory 6 Selected bibliography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Biography[edit] Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy. His family was influential and wealthy, and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment. Around the age of 16, he quit Catholicism and developed a personal philosophy of spiritual life, in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed. He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1883, an earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola on the island of Ischia near Naples, where he was on holiday with his family, destroying the home they lived in. His mother, father, and only sister were all killed, while he was buried for a long time and barely survived. After the earthquake he inherited his family's fortune and—much like Schopenhauer—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure, devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his palazzo in Naples (Ryn, 2000:xi[8]). He studied law, but never graduated, at the University of Naples, while reading extensively on historical materialism. His ideas were publicized at the University of Rome towards the end of the 1890s by Professor Antonio Labriola. Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by August Bebel, Friedrich Engels, Karl Kautsky, Paul Lafargue, Wilhelm Liebknecht, and Filippo Turati. Influenced by Neapolitan-born Gianbattista Vico's thoughts about art and history,[9] he began studying philosophy in 1893. Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived. His friend, the philosopher Giovanni Gentile, encouraged him to read Hegel. Croce's famous commentary on Hegel, What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel, was published in 1907. Political involvement[edit] As his fame increased, Croce was persuaded, against his initial wishes,[verification needed] to become involved in politics. In 1910, he was appointed to the Italian Senate, a lifelong position (Ryn, 2000:xi).[8] He was an open critic of Italy's participation in World War I, feeling that it was a suicidal trade war. Although this made him initially unpopular, his reputation was restored after the war. In 1919, he supported the government of Francesco Saverio Nitti while also expressing his admiration for the nascent Weimar Republic and the German Social Democrats.[10] He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by Giovanni Giolitti. Benito Mussolini assumed power slightly more than a year after Croce's exit from the government; Mussolini's first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile, an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical polemic against positivism. Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive reform of Italian education that was based partly on Croce's earlier suggestions. Gentile's reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime, and was only partly abolished in 1962. Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III to Naples' Palazzo Reale in 1923. Relations with Fascism[edit] Croce initially supported Mussolini's Fascist government that took power in 1922.[11] However, the assassination by Fascists of the socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924 shook Croce's support for Mussolini. In May 1925 Croce was one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals which had been written by Croce himself; however, in June of the previous year, he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government. He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who, he believed, were responsible for Matteotti's murder.[citation needed] Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism.[12] In 1928, Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism.[13] He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles.[13] Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Meuccio Ruini, as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime, and covertly helped them get published.[13] Croce's house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists, and after the war, Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years.[13] Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolini's regime, though the only act of physical violence he suffered at the hands of the fascists was the ransacking of his home and library in Naples in November 1926.[14] Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation, he remained subject to surveillance, and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government, to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him. Croce later coined the term onagrocrazia (literally "government by asses") to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime.[15] However, in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolini's regime, including Croce's former friend and colleague, Gentile. Croce also described Fascism as malattia morale (literally "moral illness"). When Mussolini's government adopted antisemitic policies in 1938, Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called "racial background" of Italian intellectuals.[16][17][18][19] Besides writing in his periodical, Croce used other means to express his anti - racism and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews.[20] The new Republic[edit] In 1944, when democracy was restored in Southern Italy, Croce, as an "icon of liberal anti-fascism", became minister without portfolio in governments headed by Pietro Badoglio and by Ivanoe Bonomi (Ryn, 2000:xi–xii[8]).[21] He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947 (Ryn, 2000:xii[8]). Croce voted for the Monarchy in the Constitutional referendum of June 1946, after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948. He spoke in the Assembly against the Peace treaty (signed in February 1947), which he regarded as humiliating for Italy. He declined to stand as provisional President of Italy. Philosophical works[edit] Croce's most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works: Aesthetic (1902), Logic (1908), and Philosophy of the Practical (1908), but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine, La Critica (Ryn, 2000:xi[8]) Croce was philosophically a pantheist, but, from a religious point of view, an agnostic;[22] however, he did publish an essay entitled "Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians". This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture, but religion is considered by Croce a mere propaedeutic study for philosophy, which is the only true science: philosophy is, in fact, the science of spirit (the "Philosophy of Spirit"). Philosophy of spirit[edit] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Heavily influenced by Hegel and other German Idealists such as Schelling, Croce produced what was called, by him, the Philosophy of Spirit. His preferred designations were "absolute idealism" or "absolute historicism". Croce's work can be seen as a second attempt (contra Kant) to resolve the problems and conflicts between empiricism and rationalism (or sensationalism and transcendentalism, respectively). He calls his way immanentism, and concentrates on the lived human experience, as it happens in specific places and times. Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience, Croce places aesthetics at the foundation of his philosophy. Domains of mind[edit] Croce's methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit, or mind. He divides mental activity first into the theoretical, and then the practical. The theoretical division splits between aesthetic and logic. This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly: intuitions and history. The logical includes concepts and relations. Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics. Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters. Each of these divisions have an underlying structure that colors, or dictates, the sort of thinking that goes on within them. While Aesthetic is driven by beauty, Logic is subject to truth, Economics is concerned with what is useful, and the moral, or Ethics, is bound to the good. This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought; however, it is prescriptive as well, in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence. History[edit] Croce also had great esteem for Vico, and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers. Croce's On History sets forth the view of history as "philosophy in motion", that there is no "cosmic design" or ultimate plan in history, and that the "science of history" was a farce. Aesthetics[edit] Croce's work Breviario di estetica (The Essence of Aesthetics) appears in the form of four lessons (quattro lezioni) in aesthetics that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of Rice University in 1912. He declined an invitation to attend the event, but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence. In this brief, but dense, work, Croce sets forth his theory of art. He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us. He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge. Art springs from the latter, making it at its heart, pure imagery. All thought is based in part on this, and it precedes all other thought. The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward, mental images in their ideal state. Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us. Croce was the first to develop a position later known as aesthetic expressivism,[23] the idea that art expresses emotions, not ideas.[24] (R. G. Collingwood later developed a similar thesis.)[23] Croce's theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as Umberto Eco, who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction.[25] Contributions to liberal political theory[edit] Part of a series on Liberalism History Age of Enlightenment List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory) Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Democratic capitalism Economic freedom Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez-faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative/positive liberty Non-aggression Principle Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Schools of thought Anarcho-capitalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Left-libertarianism Geolibertarianism Right-libertarianism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal autocracy Liberal Catholicism Liberal conservatism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal nationalism Liberal socialism Social democracy Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism National liberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Third Way Whiggism People Acton Alain Alberdi Alembert Arnold Aron Badawi Barante Bastiat Bentham Berlin Beveridge Bobbio Brentano Bright Broglie Burke Čapek Cassirer Chicherin Chu Chydenius Clinton Cobden Collingdood Condorcet Constant Croce Cuoco Dahrendorf Decy Dewey Dickens Diderot Dongsun Dunoyer Dworkin Einaudi Emerson Eötvös Flach Friedman Galbraith Garrison George Gladstone Gobetti Gomes Gray Green Gu Guizot Hayek Herbert Hobbes Hobhouse Hobson Holbach Hu Humboldt Jefferson Jubani Kant Kelsen Kemal Keynes Korais Korwin-Mikke Kymlicka Lamartine Larra Lecky Li Lincoln Locke Lufti Macaulay Madariaga Madison Martineau Masani Michelet Mill (father) Mill (son) Milton Mises Molteno Mommsen Money Montalembert Montesquieu Mora Mouffe Naoroji Naumann Nozick Nussbaum Obama Ohlin Ortega Paine Paton Popper Price Priestley Prieto Quesnay Qin Ramírez Rathenau Rawls Raz Renan Renouvier Renzi Ricardo Röpke Rorthy Rosmini Rosselli Rousseau Ruggiero Sarmiento Say Sen Earl of Shaftesbury Shklar Sidney Sieyès Şinasi Sismondi Smith Soto Polar Spencer Spinoza Staël Sumner Tahtawi Tao Thierry Thorbecke Thoreau Tocqueville Tracy Troeltsch Turgot Villemain Voltaire Ward Weber Wollstonecraft Zambrano Organizations Africa Liberal Network Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Arab Liberal Federation Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats European Democratic Party European Liberal Youth European Party for Individual Liberty International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Federation of Liberal Youth Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Regional variants Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Arizona School Classical Modern Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics Bias in academia Bias in the media  Liberalism portal  Politics portal v t e Croce's liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought, including those in Britain and in the United States. While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society, he rejects social atomism. While Croce accepts limited government, he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers. Croce did not agree with John Locke about the nature of liberty. Croce believed that liberty is not a natural right but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance. Croce defined civilization as the "continual vigilance" against barbarism, and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life. Croce also rejects egalitarianism as absurd. In short, his variety of liberalism is aristocratic, as he views society being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth, civilization, and beauty, with the great mass of citizens, simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations (Ryn, 2000:xii).[8] In Etica e politica (1931), Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favors diversity, and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual, is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism, communism, and the Catholic Church.[13] While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty, he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority.[13] Furthermore, he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class, and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions.[13] In contrast to the socialists, who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals, his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh.[13] Croce also draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or laissez-faire economic doctrines.[13] For Croce, capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society, and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found, if it failed to promote freedom, or if economic values clashed with higher values.[13] Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom.[13] Croce's ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent laissez-faire economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as Leo Valiani and Giuseppe Saragat as well as the liberal socialist synthesis of Carlo Rosselli.[13] Selected bibliography[edit] Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica (1900). English edition: Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004. L'Estetica come scienza dell'espressione e linguistica generale (1902), commonly referred to as Aesthetic in English. Benedetto Croce, (1908) Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic, Douglas Ainslie (trans.) (1913) Macmillan and Co., Limited, London. Croce, Benedetto (1909). Logica come scienza del concetto puro, Edizione 2. Bari, Italy: Gius. Laterza & Figli. Croce, Benedetto (1912). La Rivoluzione Napoletana del 1799 : biografie, racconti, ricerche. Terza Edizione Aumentata. Bari, Italy: Gius. Laterza & Figli. Breviario di estetica (1913) Croce, Benedetto (1915). What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel (Saggio sullo Hegel); Douglas Ainslie (trans.). St Martin's St, London, England: Macmillan and Co. Croce, Benedetto (1920). Teoria e storia della storiografia . Bari, Italy: Gius. Laterza & Figli. See English edition: Theory and history of Historiography, Douglas Ainslie, Editor: George G. Harrap. London (1921). Racconto degli racconti (first translation into Italian from Neapolitan of Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone, Lo cunto de li cunti, 1925) "Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals" (1 May 1925 in La Critica) Ultimi saggi (1935) La poesia (1936) La storia come pensiero e come azione (History as thought and as action;[8] 1938), translated in English by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the story of liberty in 1941 in London by George Allen & Unwin and in US by W.W. Norton. The most recent edited translation based on that of Sprigge is Liberty Fund Inc. in 2000. The 1941 English translation is accessible online through Questia. Il carattere della filosofia moderna (1941) Politics and Morals 1946. PDF. Croce, Benedetto (20 March 2019). Politics and Morals. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-63173-3. (First published in 1946. Croce’s dynamic conception of liberty, liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State). Filosofia e storiografia (1949) See also[edit] Contributions to liberal theory References[edit] ^ Robin Headlam Wells, Glenn Burgess, Rowland Wymer (eds.), Neo-historicism: Studies in Renaissance Literature, History, and Politics Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2000, p. 3. ^ Lorenzo Benadusi, Giorgio Caravale, George L. Mosse's Italy: Interpretation, Reception, and Intellectual Heritage, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, p. 17 ^ a b "BIOGRAPHY OF BENEDETTO CROCE – HistoriaPage" (in Italian). Retrieved 7 October 2020. ^ Koch, Adrienne (30 July 1944). "Croce and the Germans; GERMANY AND EUROPE: A Spiritual Dissension. By Benedetto Croce. Translated and with an Introduction by Vincent Sheean. 83 pp. New York: Random House. $1.25. (Published 1944)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 October 2020. "...distinguished philosopher..." ^ "Benedetto Croce | Italian philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 October 2020. ^ "Nomination Database". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 January 2017. ^ Rizi, Fabio Fernando (9 January 2019). Benedetto Croce and the Birth of the Italian Republic, 1943-1952. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-0446-5. ^ a b c d e f g History as the story of liberty: English translation of Croce's 1938 collection of essays originally in Italian; translation published by Liberty Fund Inc. in the US in 2000 with a foreword by Claes G. Ryn. ISBN 0-86597-268-0 (hardback). See Croce 1938 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCroce1938 (help). ^ Croce, Benedetto 'The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico' trans R.G.Collingwood London, 1923 ^ Rizi, Fabio Fernando (2003). Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism. University of Toronto Press. p. 34. ^ Denis Mack Smith, "Benedetto Croce: History and Politics", Journal of Contemporary History Vol 8(1) Jan 1973 pg 47. ^ Gallo, Max (1973). Mussolini's Italy; Twenty Years of the Fascist Era. Macmillan. p. 188. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rizi, Fabio Fernando (2003). Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism. University of Toronto Press. pp. 124–139. ^ See the detailed description in a letter by Fausto Nicolini to Giovanni Gentile published in Sasso, Gennaro (1989). Per invigilare me stesso. Bologna: Il mulino. pp. 139–40. ^ It is a disdainful term for misgovernment, a late and satirical addition to Aristotle's famous three: tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. ^ Chiarini, Roberto (2008). L'intellettuale antisemita (in Italian). Marsilio. p. 94. ISBN 978-88-317-9635-4. BENEDETTO CROCE. Il filosofo napoletano fu l'unico grande intellettuale a prendere pubblicamente posizione in Italia contro le concezioni razziste e contro le persecuzioni antiebraiche attuate dal nazismo e dal fascismo , in scritti e interventi pubblicati sulla sua rivista « La Critica » e su organi di stampa stranieri. ^ Nuova Rivista Storica. gen-apr2020, Vol. 104 Issue 1, p1-137. 137p. Di Rienzo Eugenio ^ Ceresatto, Alessandro; Fossati, Marco (1995). Salvare la memoria: come studiare la storia di ieri per non essere indifferenti oggi : la persecuzione antiebraica in Italia dal 1938 al 1945 nelle testimonianze raccolte da un gruppo di studenti e insegnanti dei licei scientifici "Allende" e "Cremona" di Milano (in Italian). Anabasi. p. 113. ISBN 978-88-417-6008-6. ^ Tagliacozzo, Franca; Migliau, Bice (1993). Gli ebrei nella storia e nella società contemporanea (in Italian). La Nuova Italia. ISBN 978-88-221-1223-1. ^ Rizi, Fabio Fernando; Rizi (1 January 2003). Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism. University of Toronto Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8020-3762-6. ^ For about a month in the so-called Second Badoglio government and again for a month in the Second Bonomi government. ^ La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia diretta da B. Croce, 1, 1903 p. 372 ^ a b Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes, The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, Routledge, 2002, ch. 11: "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood." ^ Benedetto Croce, Breviario di estetica, 1912: "Not the idea, but the feeling, is what confers upon art the airy lightness of a symbol: an aspiration enclosed in the circle of a representation—that is art." [Non l'idea, ma il sentimento è quel che conferisce all'arte l'aerea leggerezza del simbolo: un'aspirazione chiusa nel giro di una rappresentazione, ecco l'arte.] ^ Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics (Indiana University Press, 1976). Further reading[edit] Parente, Alfredo. Il pensiero politico di Benedetto Croce e il nuovo liberalismo (1944). Hayden White, "The Abiding Relevance of Croce's Idea of History." The Journal of Modern History, vol. XXXV, no 2, June 1963, pp. 109–124. Hayden White, "The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory", History and Theory, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb. 1984), pp. 1–33. Myra E. Moss, Benedetto Croce reconsidered: Truth and Error in Theories of Art, Literature, and History ,(1987). Hanover, NH: UP of New England, 1987. Ernesto Paolozzi, Science and Philosophy in Benedetto Croce, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani", University of Toronto, 2002. Janos Keleman, A Paradoxical Truth. Croce's Thesis of Contemporary History, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani, University of Toronto, 2002. Giuseppe Gembillo, Croce and the Theorists of Complexity, in "Rivista di Studi Italiani, University of Toronto, 2002. Fabio Fernando Rizi, Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism, University of Toronto Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8020-3762-6. Ernesto Paolozzi, Benedetto Croce, Cassitto, Naples, 1998 (translated by M. Verdicchio (2008) www.ernestopaolozzi.it) Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda e contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa–Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32 Matteo Veronesi, Il critico come artista dall'estetismo agli ermetici. D'Annunzio, Croce, Serra, Luzi e altri, Bologna, Azeta Fastpress, 2006, ISBN 88-89982-05-5, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46092588_Il_critico_come_artista_dall'Estetismo_agli_Ermetici Roberts, David D. Benedetto Croce and the Uses of Historicism. Berkeley: U of California Press, (1987). Claes G. Ryn, Will, Imagination and Reason: Babbitt, Croce and the Problem of Reality (1997; 1986). R. G. Collingwood, "Croce's Philosophy of History" in The Hibbert Journal, XIX: 263–278 (1921), collected in Collingwood, Essays in the Philosophy of History, ed. William Debbins (University of Texas 1965) at 3–22. Roberts, Jeremy, Benito Mussolini, Twenty-First Century Books, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8225-2648-3. Richard Bellamy, A Modern Interpreter: Benedetto Croce and the Politics of Italian Culture, in The European Legacy, 2000, 5:6, pp. 845–861. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713665534 Daniela La Penna, The Rise and Fall of Benedetto Croce: Intellectual Positionings in the Italian Cultural Field, 1944–1947, in Modern Italy, 2016, 21:2, pp. 139–155. DOI:: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2016.5 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Benedetto Croce Wikisource has original works written by or about: Benedetto Croce Fondazione Biblioteca Benedetto Croce Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Storici, founded by Benedetto Croce Works by Benedetto Croce at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Benedetto Croce at Internet Archive Works by Benedetto Croce at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Online English translations of books by Croce Croce's Aesthetics At the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy PEN International Carlo Scognamiglio Pasini, "Liberismo e liberalismo nella polemica fra Croce ed Einaudi" (in Italian) Antonio Zanfarino, "Liberalismo e liberismo. Il confronto Croce-Einaudi" (in Italian) Newspaper clippings about Benedetto Croce in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Non-profit organization positions Preceded by Maurice Maeterlinck International President of PEN International 1949–1952 Succeeded by Charles Langbridge Morgan v t e Continental philosophy Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Raymond Aron Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Martin Buber Judith Butler Albert Camus Georges Canguilhem Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Benedetto Croce Paul de Man Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Wilhelm Dilthey Hubert Dreyfus Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Friedrich Engels Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault Hans-Georg Gadamer Giovanni Gentile Félix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Jürgen Habermas G. W. F. Hegel Martin Heidegger Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Luce Irigaray Fredric Jameson Karl Jaspers Walter Kaufmann Søren Kierkegaard Ludwig Klages Pierre Klossowski Alexandre Kojève Alexandre Koyré Leszek Kołakowski Julia Kristeva Jacques Lacan Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe François Laruelle Bruno Latour Henri Lefebvre Claude Lévi-Strauss Emmanuel Levinas Niklas Luhmann György Lukács Jean-François Lyotard Gabriel Marcel Herbert Marcuse Karl Marx Quentin Meillassoux Maurice Merleau-Ponty Jean-Luc Nancy Antonio Negri Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Jacques Rancière Paul Ricœur Edward Said Jean-Paul Sartre F. W. J. Schelling Carl Schmitt Arthur Schopenhauer Michel Serres Gilbert Simondon Peter Sloterdijk Oswald Spengler Edith Stein Leo Strauss Simone Weil Raymond Williams Slavoj Žižek Theories Absurdism Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Frankfurt School German idealism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Marxism Neo-Kantianism New Philosophers Non-philosophy Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Psychoanalytic theory Romanticism Social constructionism Speculative realism Structuralism Western Marxism Concepts Alterity Angst Apollonian and Dionysian Authenticity Being in itself Boredom Class struggle Dasein Death of God Death drive Différance Difference Existence precedes essence Existential crisis Facticity Genealogy Habitus Historical materialism Ideology Intersubjectivity Leap of faith Master–slave dialectic Master–slave morality Oedipus complex Ontic Other Power Ressentiment Self-deception Totalitarianism Trace Transvaluation of values Will to power Category Index Authority control BNE: XX889236 BNF: cb11898185z (data) BPN: 12071897 CANTIC: a1043673x CiNii: DA00355254 GND: 118522779 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\009433 ISNI: 0000 0001 2135 5490 LCCN: n79049303 NDL: 00436907 NKC: jn20000601227 NLA: 35032214 NLI: 000035692 NLK: KAC199605999 NTA: 068546742 PLWABN: 9810594081605606 SELIBR: 182475 SNAC: w6gh9tz7 SUDOC: 026805715 Trove: 804894 ULAN: 500316333 VcBA: 495/73076 VIAF: 61544292 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79049303 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_Croce&oldid=998144889" Categories: 1866 births 1952 deaths People from the Province of L'Aquila Idealists Italian Liberal Party politicians Government ministers of Italy Education ministers of Italy Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy Members of the Consulta Nazionale Members of the Constituent Assembly of Italy Senators of Legislature I of Italy Politicians of Abruzzo Continental philosophers 20th-century Italian philosophers Italian agnostics Italian anti-fascists Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals Philosophers of history Members of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans Giambattista Vico scholars Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Harv and Sfn no-target errors Use dmy dates from October 2019 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes Articles with hCards All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 01:14 (UTC). 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