Otto Neurath - Wikipedia Otto Neurath From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Austrian economist, philosopher and sociologist Otto Neurath Photo of Neurath published in 1919 Born Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (1882-12-10)10 December 1882 Vienna, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Austria) Died 22 December 1945(1945-12-22) (aged 63) Oxford, England Education University of Vienna (no degree) University of Berlin (Ph.D., 1906) Heidelberg University (Dr. phil. hab., 1917) Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Analytic philosophy Logical positivism Vienna Circle Epistemic coherentism[1] Theses Zur Anschauung der Antike über Handel, Gewerbe und Landwirtschaft (On the Conceptions in Antiquity of Trade, Commerce and Agriculture) (1906) Die Kriegswirtschaftslehre und ihre Bedeutung für die Zukunft (War Economics and Their Importance for the Future) (1917) Doctoral advisor Gustav Schmoller, Eduard Meyer (Ph.D. thesis advisors) Main interests Philosophy of science Notable ideas Physicalism[1] Protokollsatz (protocol statement) Neurath's boat Isotype Influences Ernst Mach, James George Frazer Influenced Berlin Circle, Vienna Circle, John O'Neill Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (German: [ˈnɔʏʀaːt]; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in museum practice. Before he fled his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle. Contents 1 Early life 2 Career in Vienna 3 Exile 3.1 Netherlands 3.2 British Isles 4 Ideas 4.1 Philosophy of science and language 4.2 Economics 5 Selected publications 5.1 Books 5.2 Articles 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life[edit] Neurath was born to a Jewish family in Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Neurath (1840–1901), a well-known political economist at the time. Helene Migerka was his cousin.[2] He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna (he formally enrolled for classes only for two semesters in 1902–3). In 1906, he gained his Ph.D. in the department of Political Science and Statistics at the University of Berlin with a thesis entitled Zur Anschauung der Antike über Handel, Gewerbe und Landwirtschaft (On the Conceptions in Antiquity of Trade, Commerce and Agriculture). He married Anna Schapire in 1907, who died in 1911 while bearing their son, Paul, and then married a close friend, the mathematician and philosopher Olga Hahn. Perhaps because of his second wife's blindness and then because of the outbreak of war, Paul was sent to a children's home outside Vienna, where Neurath's mother lived, and returned to live with both of his parents when he was nine years old. Career in Vienna[edit] Neurath taught political economy at the New Vienna Commercial Academy in Vienna) until war broke out. Subsequently, he directed the Department of War Economy in the War Ministry. In 1917, he completed his habilitation thesis Die Kriegswirtschaftslehre und ihre Bedeutung für die Zukunft (War Economics and Their Importance for the Future) at Heidelberg University. In 1918, he became director of the Deutsches Kriegswirtschaftsmuseum (German Museum of War Economy, later the "Deutsches Wirtschaftsmuseum") at Leipzig. Here he worked with Wolfgang Schumann, known from the Dürerbund for which Neurath had written many articles. During the political crisis which led to the armistice, Schumann urged him to work out a plan for socialization in Saxony.[3] Along with Schumann and Hermann Kranold developed the Programm Kranold-Neurath-Schumann. Neurath then joined the German Social Democratic Party in 1918–19 and ran an office for central economic planning in Munich. When the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated, Neurath was imprisoned but returned to Austria after intervention from the Austrian government. While in prison he wrote Anti-Spengler, a critical attack on Oswald Spengler's Decline of the West. In Red Vienna, he joined the Social Democrats and became secretary of the Austrian Association for Settlements and Small Gardens (Verband für Siedlungs-und Kleingartenwesen), a collection of self-help groups that set out to provide housing and garden plots to its members. In 1923, he founded a new museum for housing and city planning called Siedlungsmuseum. In 1925 he renamed it Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Wien (Museum of Society and Economy in Vienna)[4] and founded an association for it, in which the Vienna city administration, the trade unions, the Chamber of Workers and the Bank of Workers became members. Then-mayor Karl Seitz acted as first proponent of the association. Julius Tandler, city councillor for welfare and health, served at the first board of the museum together with other prominent social democratic politicians. The museum was provided with exhibition rooms at buildings of the city administration, the most prominent being the People's Hall at the Vienna City Hall. To make the museum understandable for visitors from all around the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, Neurath worked on graphic design and visual education, believing that "Words divide, pictures unite," a coinage of his own that he displayed on the wall of his office there.[5] In the late 1920s, graphic designer and communications theorist Rudolf Modley served as an assistant to Neurath, contributing to a new means of communication: a visual "language."[6] With the illustrator Gerd Arntz and with Marie Reidemeister (who he would marry in 1941), Neurath developed novel ways of representing quantitative information via easily interpretable icons. The forerunner of contemporary Infographics, he initialled called this the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics. As his ambitions for the project expanded beyond social and economic data related to Vienna, he renamed the project "Isotype", an acronymic nickname for the project's full title: International System of Typographic Picture Education.[7] At international conventions of city planners, Neurath presented and promoted his communication tools. During the 1930s, he also began promoting Isotype as an International Picture Language, connecting it both with the adult education movement and with the Internationalist passion for new and artificial languages like Esperanto, although he stressed in talks and correspondence that Isotype was not intended to be a stand-alone language and was limited in what it could communicate. In the 1920s, Neurath also became an ardent logical positivist, and was the main author of the Vienna Circle manifesto. He was the driving force behind the Unity of Science movement and the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.[8] Exile[edit] Netherlands[edit] During the Austrian Civil War in 1934, Neurath had been working in Moscow. Anticipating problems, he had asked to get a coded message in case it would be dangerous for him to return to Austria. As Marie Reidemeister reported later, after receiving the telegram "Carnap is waiting for you," Neurath chose to travel to The Hague, the Netherlands, instead of Vienna, to be able to continue his international work. He was joined by Arntz after affairs in Vienna had been sorted out as best they could. His wife also fled to the Netherlands, where she died in 1937. British Isles[edit] After the Luftwaffe had bombed Rotterdam, he and Marie Reidemeister fled to Britain, crossing the Channel with other refugees in an open boat. He and Reidemeister married in 1941 after a period of being interned on the Isle of Man (Neurath was in Onchan Camp). In Britain, he and his wife set up the Isotype Institute in Oxford and he was asked to advise on, and design Isotype charts for, the intended redevelopment of the slums of Bilston, near Wolverhampton. Neurath died, suddenly and unexpectedly, in December 1945. After his death, Marie Neurath continued the work of the Isotype Institute, publishing Neurath's writings posthumously, completing projects he had started and writing many children's books using the Isotype system, until her death in the 1980s. Ideas[edit] Philosophy of science and language[edit] Neurath's work on protocol statements tried to reconcile an empiricist concern for the grounding of knowledge in experience with the essential publicity of science. Neurath suggested that reports of experience should be understood to have a third-person and hence public and impersonal character, rather than as being first person subjective pronouncements.[1] Bertrand Russell took issue with Neurath's account of protocol statements in his book An Inquiry Into Meaning and Truth (p. 139ff), on the grounds that it severed the connection to experience that is essential to an empiricist account of truth, facts and knowledge. One of Neurath's later and most important[according to whom?] works, Physicalism, completely transformed the nature of the logical positivist discussion of the program of unifying the sciences. Neurath delineates and explains his points of agreement with the general principles of the positivist program and its conceptual bases: the construction of a universal system which would comprehend all of the knowledge furnished by the various sciences, and the absolute rejection of metaphysics, in the sense of any propositions not translatable into verifiable scientific sentences. He then rejects the positivist treatment of language in general and, in particular, some of Wittgenstein's early fundamental ideas. First, Neurath rejects isomorphism between language and reality as useless metaphysical speculation, which would call for explaining how words and sentences could represent things in the external world. Instead, Neurath proposed that language and reality coincide—that reality consists in simply the totality of previously verified sentences in the language, and "truth" of a sentence is about its relationship to the totality of already verified sentences. If a sentence fails to "concord" (or cohere) with the totality of already verified sentences, then either it should be considered false, or some of that totality's propositions must be modified somehow. He thus views truth as internal coherence of linguistic assertions, rather than anything to do with facts or other entities in the world. Moreover, the criterion of verification is to be applied to the system as a whole (see semantic holism) and not to single sentences. Such ideas profoundly shaped the holistic verificationism of Willard Van Orman Quine. Quine's book Word and Object (p. 3f) made famous Neurath's analogy which compares the holistic nature of language and consequently scientific verification with the construction of a boat which is already at sea (cf. Ship of Theseus): We are like sailors who on the open sea must reconstruct their ship but are never able to start afresh from the bottom. Where a beam is taken away a new one must at once be put there, and for this the rest of the ship is used as support. In this way, by using the old beams and driftwood the ship can be shaped entirely anew, but only by gradual reconstruction. Keith Stanovich discusses this metaphor in context of memes and memeplexes and refers to this metaphor as a "Neurathian bootstrap".[9] Neurath also rejected the notion that science should be reconstructed in terms of sense data, because perceptual experiences are too subjective to constitute a valid foundation for the formal reconstruction of science. Thus, the phenomenological language that most positivists were still emphasizing was to be replaced by the language of mathematical physics. This would allow for the required objective formulations because it is based on spatio-temporal coordinates. Such a physicalistic approach to the sciences would facilitate the elimination of every residual element of metaphysics because it would permit them to be reduced to a system of assertions relative to physical facts. "Finally, Neurath suggested that since language itself is a physical system, because it is made up of an ordered succession of sounds or symbols, it is capable of describing its own structure without contradiction."[citation needed] These ideas helped form the foundation of the sort of physicalism which remains the dominant position[weasel words] in metaphysics and especially the philosophy of mind.[citation needed] Economics[edit] In economics, Neurath was notable for his advocacy of ideas like "in-kind" economic accounting in place of monetary accounting. In the 1920s, he also advocated Vollsozialisierung, that is "complete" rather than merely partial "socialization".[10] Thus, he advocated changes to the economic system that were more radical than those of the mainstream Social-Democratic parties of Germany and Austria. In the 1920s, Neurath debated these matters with leading Social Democratic theoreticians (such as Karl Kautsky, who insisted that money is necessary in a socialist economy). While serving as a government economist during the war, Neurath had observed that "As a result of the war, in-kind calculus was applied more often and more systematically than before.... war was fought with ammunition and with the supply of food, not with money" i.e. that goods were incommensurable. This convinced Neurath of the feasibility of economic planning in terms of amounts of goods and services, without use of money.[11][12] In response to these ideas, Ludwig von Mises wrote his famous essay of 1920, "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth".[13][14] To convert from capitalism to socialism, many have argued the best route is market socialism[who?]. Though many, including early 20th century Austrian economist Otto Neurath believed it was ‘war socialism’ that would come into effect after capitalism.[15] For Neurath, war economies showed advantages in speed of decision and execution, optimal distribution of means relative to (military) goals, and no-nonsense evaluation and utilization of inventiveness. Two disadvantages which he perceived as resulting from centralized decision-making were a reduction in productivity and a loss of the benefits of simple economic exchanges; but he thought that the reduction in productivity could be mitigated by means of "scientific" techniques based on analysis of work-flows etc. as advocated by Frederick Winslow Taylor. Neurath believed that socio-economic theory and scientific methods could be applied together in contemporary practice. Neurath's view on socioeconomic development was similar to the materialist conception of history first elaborated in classical Marxism, in which technology and the state of epistemology come into conflict with social organization. In particular, Neurath, influenced also by James George Frazer, associated the rise of scientific thinking and empiricism / positivism with the rise of socialism, both of which were coming into conflict with older modes of epistemology such as theology (which was allied with idealist philosophy), the latter of which served reactionary purposes. However, Neurath followed Frazer in claiming that primitive magic closely resembled modern technology, implying an instrumentalist interpretation of both.[16] Neurath claimed that magic was unfalsifiable and therefore disenchantment could never be complete in a scientific age.[17] Adherents of the scientific view of the world recognize no authority other than science and reject all forms of metaphysics. Under the socialist phase of history, Neurath predicted that the scientific worldview would become the dominant mode of thought.[18] Selected publications[edit] A photograph of the book Basic by Isotype, showing examples of the Isotype picture language that Neurath promoted. Most publications by and about Neurath are still available only in German. However he also wrote in English, using Ogden's Basic English. His scientific papers are held at the Noord-Hollands Archief in Haarlem; the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection is held in the Department of Typography & Graphic Communication at the University of Reading in England. Books[edit] 1913. Serbiens Erfolge im Balkankriege : eine wirtschaftliche und soziale Studie. Wien : Manz. 1921. Anti-Spengler. München, Callwey Verlag. 1926. Antike Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Leipzig, Berlin : B. G. Teubner. 1928. Lebensgestaltung und Klassenkampf. Berlin : E. Laub. 1933. Einheitswissenschaft und Psychologie. Wien. 1936. International Picture Language; the First Rules of Isotype. London : K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1936 1937. Basic by Isotype. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd. 1939. Modern Man in the Making. Alfred A. Knopf 1944. Foundations of the Social Sciences. University of Chicago Press 1944. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. With Rudolf Carnap, and Charles W. Morris (eds.). University of Chicago Press. 1946. Philosophical Papers, 1913–1946. Marie Neurath and Robert Cohen, with Carolyn R. Fawcett, eds. 1973. Empiricism and Sociology. Marie Neurath and Robert Cohen, eds. With a selection of biographical and autobiographical sketches by Popper and Carnap. Includes abridged translation of Anti-Spengler. Articles[edit] 1912. The problem of the pleasure maximum. In: Cohen and Neurath (eds.) 1983 1913. The lost wanderers of Descartes and the auxiliary motive. In: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1916. On the classification of systems of hypotheses. In: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1919. Through war economy to economy in kind. In: Neurath 1973 (a short fragment only) 1920a. Total socialisation. In: Cohen and Uebel 2004 1920b. A system of socialisation. In: Cohen and Uebel 2004 1928. Personal life and class struggle. In: Neurath 1973 1930. Ways of the scientific world-conception. In: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1931a. The current growth in global productive capacity. In: Cohen and Uebel 2004 1931b. Empirical sociology. In: Neurath 1973 1931c. Physikalismus. In: Scientia : rivista internazionale di sintesi scientifica, 50, 1931, pp. 297–303 1932. Protokollsätze (Protocol statements).In: Erkenntnis, Vol. 3. Repr.: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1935a. Pseudorationalism of falsification. In: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1935b. The unity of science as a task. In: Cohen and Neurath 1983 1937. Die neue enzyklopaedie des wissenschaftlichen empirismus. In: Scientia : rivista internazionale di sintesi scientifica, 62, 1937, pp. 309–320 1938 'The Departmentalization of Unified Science', Erkenntnis VII, pp. 240–46 1940. Argumentation and action. The Otto Neurath Nachlass in Haarlem 198 K.41 1941. The danger of careless terminology. In: The New Era 22: 145–50 1942. International planning for freedom. In: Neurath 1973 1943. Planning or managerial revolution. (Review of J. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution). The New Commonwealth 148–54 1943–5. Neurath–Carnap correspondence, 1943–1945. The Otto Neurath Nachlass in Haarlem, 223 1944b. Ways of life in a world community. The London Quarterly of World Affairs, 29–32 1945a. Physicalism, planning and the social sciences: bricks prepared for a discussion v. Hayek. 26 July 1945. The Otto Neurath Nachlass in Haarlem 202 K.56 1945b. Neurath–Hayek correspondence, 1945. The Otto Neurath Nachlass in Haarlem 243 1945c. Alternatives to market competition. (Review of F. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom). The London Quarterly of World Affairs 121–2 1946a. The orchestration of the sciences by the encyclopedism of logical empiricism. In: Cohen and. Neurath 1983 1946b. After six years. In: Synthese 5:77–82 1946c. The orchestration of the sciences by the encyclopedism of logical empiricism. In: Cohen and. Neurath 1983 1946. From Hieroglyphics to Isotypes. Nicholson and Watson. Excerpts. Rotha (1946) claims that this is in part Neurath's autobiography. References[edit] ^ a b c Cat, Jordi. "Otto Neurath (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2017-05-26. ^ Neurath, edited by Marie; Cohen, Robert S. (1973). Empiricism and sociology : the life and work of Otto Neurath. [S.l.]: Reidel. pp. 2. ISBN 978-9027702593.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ^ "Otto Neurath: Empiricism and Sociology". edited by Marie Neurath and Robert S. Cohen. Dordrecht-Holland/Boston-USA: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1973 ^ The actual museum's website: http://www.wirtschaftsmuseum.at/wminorg.htm ^ Edmonds, David (2020). The Murder of Professor Schlick: The Rise and Fall of the Vienna Circle (First ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780691164908. Worte trennen, Bilder verbinden. ^ Bresnahan, Keith (2011). ""An Unused Esperanto": Internationalism and Pictographic Design, 1930-70". Design and Culture. 3 (1): 5–24. doi:10.2752/175470810X12863771378671. S2CID 147279431. ^ Berko, Lex. "Isotype, the Proto-Infographic You Probably Didn't Know Existed". Vice (12 September 2013). Vice Media. Retrieved 7 November 2020. ^ Edmonds, David (2020). The Murder of Professor Schlick: The Rise and Fall of the Vienna Circle (First ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780691164908. ^ Stanovich, Keith E. (2004-05-15). The Robot's Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin (1 ed.). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77089-3. ^ John O'Neill, "Socialist Calculation and Environmental Valuation: Money, Markets and Ecology," Science & Society, LXVI/1 (Spring 2002); Joan Martinez-Alier and Klaus Schlupmann, Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment, and Society (1987), 212-218. ^ Günther Chaloupek, "Otto Neurath's Concepts of Socialization and Economic Calculation and his Socialist Critics"(2006), at www.chaloupek.eu/work/NeurathFin.pdf ^ Otto Neurath, ed. T. Uebel and R. S. Cohen, Economic Writings (2004), 304. ^ "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth by Ludwig von Mises". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 1 December 2013. ^ John O'Neill (Nov–Dec 1995). "In partial praise of a positivist: The work of Otto Neurath". Radical Philosophy. Retrieved 16 October 2018. ^ Desai, Meghnad (2002). Marx's Revenge. Verso. pp. 190–195. ^ Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–6. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6. ^ Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6. ^ Jacobs, Straun; Otto, Karl-Heinz. "Otto Neurath: Marxist member of the Vienna Circle" (PDF). Retrieved September 7, 2014. Further reading[edit] Cartwright, Nancy, J. Cat, L. Fleck, and T. Uebel, 1996. Otto Neurath: philosophy between science and politics. Cambridge University Press Cohen R. S. and M. Neurath (eds.) 1983. Otto Neurath: Philosophical Papers. Reidel Cohen, R. S. and T. Uebel (eds.) 2004. Otto Neurath: Economic Writings 1904–1945. Kluwer Dutto, Andrea Alberto, 2017, "The Pyramid and the Mosaic. Otto Neurath’s encyclopedism as a critical model," Footprint. Delft Architecture Theory Journal, #20. Matthew Eve and Christopher Burke: Otto Neurath: From Hieroglyphics to Isotype. A visual Autobiography, Hyphen Press, London 2010 Sophie Hochhäusl Otto Neurath - City Planning: Proposing a socio-political Map for Modern Urbanism, Innsbruck University Press, 2011 ISBN 978-3-902-81107-3. Holt, Jim, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76. Kraeutler, Hadwig. 2008. Otto Neurath. Museum and Exhibition Work – Spaces (Designed) for Communication. Frankfurt, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Vienna, Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Nemeth, E., and Stadler, F., eds., "Encyclopedia and Utopia: The Life and Work of Otto Neurath (1882–1945)." Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, vol. 4. O'Neill, John, 2003, "Unified science as political philosophy: positivism, pluralism and liberalism," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. O'Neill, John, 2002, "Socialist Calculation and Environmental Valuation: Money, Markets and Ecology," Science & Society, LXVI/1. Neurath, Otto, 1946, "From Hieroglyphs to Isotypes". Symons, John – Pombo, Olga – Torres, Juan Manuel (eds.): Otto Neurath and the Unity of Science. (Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science, 18.) Dordrecht: Springer, 2011. ISBN 978-94-007-0142-7 Vossoughian, Nader. 2008. Otto Neurath: The Language of the Global Polis. NAi Publishers. ISBN 978-90-5662-350-0 Sandner, Günther, 2014, Otto Neurath. Eine politische Biographie. Zsolnay, Vienna. ISBN 978-3-552-05676-3. (German) Danilo Zolo, 1990, Reflexive Epistemology and Social Complexity. The Philosophical Legacy of Otto Neurath, Dordrecht: Kluwer External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Otto Neurath Shalizi, C R, "Otto Neurath: 1882–1945". Includes references and links. Gerd Arntz Web Archive with more than 500 Isotypes Bibliography Pictorial Statistics Mundaneum in Netherlands Article discussing Gödel's Incomplete theorems as a refutation to Neurath and the Vienna Circle's logical Positivism Austrian Museum for Social and Economic Affairs (Österreichisches Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum) Guide to the Unity of Science Movement Records 1934-1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center v t e Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Sankey diagram Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration People Jacques Bertin Cynthia Brewer Stuart Card Sheelagh Carpendale Thomas A. DeFanti Borden Dent Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson Gordon Kindlmann August Kekulé Manuel Lima Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover Catherine Plaisant William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Claudio Silva Fraser Stoddart Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Mauro Martino Moritz Stefaner Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Information art Authority control BNE: XX1047615 BNF: cb120243072 (data) CANTIC: a10130159 GND: 118587420 ISNI: 0000 0001 0860 8561 LCCN: n82043653 MGP: 206951 NDL: 00524743 NKC: jn20000720193 NLA: 35380830 NLI: 000099158 NLP: A1181486X NTA: 068447345 PLWABN: 9810646510705606 RKD: 354315 SELIBR: 261166 SNAC: w6c259sv SUDOC: 028400496 Trove: 932401 ULAN: 500222826 VcBA: 495/141903 VIAF: 24164 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n82043653 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Neurath&oldid=993778265" Categories: 1882 births 1945 deaths 20th-century Austrian philosophers Analytic philosophers Austrian emigrants to England Austro-Hungarian expatriates in Germany Austrian expatriates in the Netherlands Austrian Jews Austrian refugees Austrian socialists Austrian sociologists Encyclopedists Information graphic designers Jewish philosophers Jewish socialists Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism Logical positivism Marxist theorists People associated with the University of Reading People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Vienna Circle Information visualization experts Writers from Vienna Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra text: authors list Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2020 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 13:09 (UTC). 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