Luce Irigaray - Wikipedia Luce Irigaray From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Luce Irigaray Born (1930-05-03) 3 May 1930 (age 90) Blaton, Bernissart, Wallonia, Belgium Nationality French Alma mater Catholic University of Louvain Era Contemporary philosophy Region Western philosophy School Continental philosophy French feminism[1] Main interests Linguistics Psychoanalysis Feminist Philosophy Feminist Theory Philosophy Psychology Notable ideas Phallocentrism, "Women on the market"[2] Influences Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Emmanuel Levinas, Jacques Derrida, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Martin Heidegger Influenced Catherine Malabou, Martha P. Nochimson, Judith Butler, Elizabeth Grosz Part of a series on Feminist philosophy Major works A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Subjection of Women (1869) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) The Second Sex (1949) The Feminine Mystique (1963) Sexual Politics (1969) The Dialectic of Sex (1970) Speculum of the Other Woman (1974) This Sex Which is Not One (1977) Gyn/Ecology (1978) Throwing Like a Girl (1980) In a Different Voice (1982) The Politics of Reality (1983) Women, Race, and Class (1983) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984) The Creation of Patriarchy (1986) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (1989) Gender Trouble (1990) Black Feminist Thought (1990) Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (1993) Whipping Girl (2007) The Promise of Happiness (2010) Major thinkers Bartky Baier de Beauvoir Bebel Boggs Butler Cixous Cleyre De la Cruz Collins Daly Davis Démar Federici Firestone Fourier Friedan Frye Gamond Goldman Haslanger hooks Irigaray Jaggar Kristeva Lerner Luxemburg MacKinnon Michel Mill Taylor Mill Millett Nussbaum Pankhurst Pateman Plumwood Rubin Saadawi Showalter Spivak Voilquin Wollstonecraft Young Zetkin Ideas Feminism analytical epistemology ethics existentialism metaphysics science Gender equality Gender performativity Social construction of gender Care ethics Intersectionality Standpoint theory Journals Feminist Philosophy Quarterly Hypatia philoSOPHIA Radical Philosophy Signs Category ► Feminist philosophy v t e Luce Irigaray (born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst and cultural theorist who examined the uses and misuses of language in relation to women.[3] Irigaray's first and most well known book, published in 1974, was Speculum of the Other Woman (1974), which analyzes the texts of Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant through the lens of phallocentrism. Irigaray is the author of works analyzing many thinkers, including This Sex Which Is Not One (1977)[4] which discusses Lacan's work as well as the political economy, Elemental Passions (1982) can be read as a response to Merleau‐Ponty's article “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” in The Visible and the Invisible,[5] and The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger (1999) in which Irigaray critiques Heidegger's emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air.[6] Irigaray is known for the employment of three different modes[7] in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and identity: the analytic, the essayistic, and the lyrical poetic.[8] Presently, she is active in the Women's Movements in both France and Italy.[9] Contents 1 Education 2 Major works 2.1 Speculum of the Other Woman 2.2 This Sex Which is Not One (Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un) 2.2.1 "Women on the Market" (Chapter Eight of This Sex Which is Not One) 2.3 Elemental Passions 3 Themes 4 Criticism 5 Selected bibliography 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Education[edit] Luce Irigaray received a bachelor's degree from the University of Louvain in 1954 and a master's degree from the same university in 1956[10] and taught at a high school in Brussels from 1956 to 1959. In 1960 she moved to Paris to pursue a master's degree in Psychology from the University of Paris, which she earned in 1961, she also received a specialist diploma in Psychopathology from the school in 1962. In 1968, she received a doctorate in Linguistics from Paris X Nanterre. Her thesis was titled Approche psycholinguistique du langage des déments. She completed a PhD in Linguistics in 1968 from the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis (University of Paris VIII). Her dissertation on speech patterns of subjects suffering from dementia became her first book, Le langage des déments, published in 1973. In 1974, she earned a second PhD in Philosophy. In the 1960s, Irigaray started attending the psychoanalytic seminars of Jacques Lacan and joined the École Freudienne de Paris (Freudian School of Paris), directed by Lacan. She was expelled from this school in 1974 after the publication of her second doctoral thesis (doctorat d'État), Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum: La fonction de la femme dans le discours philosophique, later retitled as Speculum: De l'autre femme), which received much criticism from both the Lacanian and Freudian schools of psychoanalysis. This criticism brought her recognition. But she was removed from her position as an instructor at the University of Vincennes as well as ostracized from the Lacanian community. She held a research post at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique since 1964, where she is now a Director of Research in Philosophy. Her initial research focused on dementia patients, about whom she produced a study of the differences between the language of male and female patients. Noted also is that in her writings, Irigaray has stated a concern that an interest in her biography would affect the interpretation of her ideas as the entrance of women into intellectual discussions has often also included the challenging of women's point of view based on biographical material. Her most extensive autobiographical statements thus far are gathered in Through Vegetal Being (co-authored with Michael Marder). Overall, she maintains the belief that biographical details pertaining to her personal life hold the possibility to be used against her within the male dominated educational establishment as a tool to discredit her work.[3] Major works[edit] Speculum of the Other Woman[edit] Her first major book Speculum of the Other Woman, based on her second dissertation, was published in 1974, In Speculum, Irigaray engages in close analyses of phallocentrism in Western philosophy and psychoanalytic theory, analyzing texts by Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant. The book's most cited essay, "The Blind Spot of an Old Dream," critiques Freud's lecture on femininity. This Sex Which is Not One (Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un)[edit] In 1977, Irigaray published This Sex Which is Not One (Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un) which was subsequently translated into English with that title and published in 1985, along with Speculum. In addition to more commentary on psychoanalysis, including discussions of Lacan's work, This Sex Which is Not One also comments on political economy, drawing on structuralist writers such as Lévi-Strauss. For example, Irigaray argues that the phallic economy places women alongside signs and currency, since all forms of exchange are conducted exclusively between men.[11] "Women on the Market" (Chapter Eight of This Sex Which is Not One)[edit] Irigaray draws upon Karl Marx’s theory of capital and commodities to claim that women are exchanged between men in the same way as any other commodity is. She argues that our entire society is predicated on this exchange of women. Her exchange value is determined by society, while her use value is her natural qualities. Thus, a woman’s self is divided between her use and exchange values, and she is only desired for the exchange value. This system creates three types of women: the mother, who is all use value; the virgin, who is all exchange value; and the prostitute, who embodies both use and exchange value.[11] She further uses additional Marxist foundations to argue that women are in demand due to their perceived shortage and as a result, males seek "to have them all," or seek a surplus like the excess of commodity buying power, capital, that capitalists seek constantly. Irigaray speculates thus that perhaps, "the way women are used matter less than their number." In this further analogy of women "on the market," understood through Marxist terms, Irigaray points out that women, like commodities, are moved between men based on their exchange value rather than just their use value, and the desire will always be surplus – making women almost seem like capital, in this case, to be accumulated. "As commodities, women are thus two things at once: utilitarian objects and bearers of value."[11] Elemental Passions[edit] Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions (1982) could be read as a response to Merleau‐Ponty's article “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” in The Visible and the Invisible. Like Merleau‐Ponty, Irigaray describes corporeal intertwining or vision and touch. Counteracting the narcissistic strain in Merleau‐Ponty's chiasm, she assumes that sexual difference must precede the intertwining. The subject is marked by the alterity or the “more than one” and encoded as a historically contingent gendered conflict.[5] Themes[edit] Some of Irigaray's books written in her lyrical mode are imaginary dialogues with significant contributors to Western philosophy, such as Nietzsche and Heidegger. However Irigaray also writes a significant body of work on Hegel, Descartes, Plato, Aristotle and Levinas, as well as Merleau-Ponty. She continued to conduct empirical studies about language in a variety of settings, researching the differences between the way men and women speak. This focus on sexual difference is the key characteristic of Irigaray's oeuvre, since she is seeking to provide a site from which a feminine language can eventuate. Since 1990, Irigaray's work has turned increasingly toward women and men together. In Between East and West, From Singularity to Community (1999) and in The Way of Love (2002), where she imagines new forms of love for a global democratic community.[12] Criticism[edit] Some feminists criticize Irigaray's perceived essentialist positions.[13] However, there is much debate among scholars as to whether or not Irigaray's theory of sexual difference is, indeed, an essentialist one. The perception that her work is essentialist concentrates on her attention to sexual difference, taking this to constitute a rehearsal of heteronormative sexuality. As Helen Fielding states, the uneasiness among feminists about Irigaray’s discussion of masculinity and femininity does not so much reveal Irigaray’s heteronormative bias as much as it "arises out of an inherited cultural understanding [on the part of her critics] that posits nature as either unchanging organism or as matter that can be ordered, manipulated and inscribed upon. Hence the concern over essentialism is itself grounded in the binary thinking that preserves a hierarchy of...culture over nature."[14] W. A. Borody has criticised Irigaray's phallogocentric argument as misrepresenting the history of philosophies of "indeterminateness" in the West. Irigaray's "black and white" claims that the masculine=determinateness and that the feminine=indeterminateness contain a degree of cultural and historical validity, but not when they are deployed to self-replicate a similar form of the gender-othering they originally sought to overcome.[15] Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont criticize Irigaray's use of hard-science terminology in her writings. Among the criticisms, they question the purported interest Einstein had in "accelerations without electromagnetic reequilibrations"; confusing special relativity and general relativity; and her claim that E = mc2 is a "sexed equation" because "it privileges the speed of light over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us".[16] Selected bibliography[edit] Books Irigaray, Luce (1974). Speculum of the Other Woman. (Eng. trans. 1985 by Gillian C. Gill), ISBN 9780801493300. Irigaray, Luce (1977). This Sex Which Is Not One. (Eng. trans. 1985), ISBN 9780801493317. Irigaray, Luce (1980). Marine Lover: Of Friedrich Nietzsche. (Eng. trans. 1991 by Gillian C. Gill), ISBN 9780231070829. Irigaray, Luce (1982). Elemental Passions. (Eng. trans. 1992), ISBN 9780415906920. Irigaray, Luce (1983). The Forgetting of Air: In Martin Heidegger. (Eng. trans. 1999), ISBN 9780292738720. Irigaray, Luce (1984). An Ethics of Sexual Difference. (Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill), ISBN 9780801481451. Irigaray, Luce (1985). To Speak is Never Neutral. (Eng. trans. 2002), ISBN 9780826459046. Irigaray, Luce (1987). Sexes and Genealogies. (Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill), ISBN 9780231070331. Irigaray, Luce (1989). Thinking the Difference: For a Peaceful Revolution. (Eng. trans. 1993), ISBN 9780485114263. Irigaray, Luce (1990). Je, tu, nous: Towards a Culture of Difference. (Eng. trans. 1993), ISBN 9780415905824. Irigaray, Luce (1990). I Love to You: Sketch for a Felicity Within History. (Eng. trans. 1993), ISBN 9780415907323. Irigaray, Luce (1994). Democracy Begins Between Two. (Eng. trans. 2000), ISBN 9780415918169. Irigaray, Luce (1997). To Be Two. (Eng. trans. 2001), ISBN 9780415918145. Irigaray, Luce (1999). Between East and West: From Singularity to Community. (Eng. trans. 2001), ISBN 9780231119351. Irigaray, Luce (2000). Why Different?, ISBN 9780801493300. Irigaray, Luce (2002). The Way of Love. ISBN 9780826473271. Irigaray, Luce (2008). Sharing the World. (Eng. trans. 2008), ISBN 9781847060341. Irigaray, Luce (2008). Conversations, ISBN 9781847060365. Irigaray, Luce (2013). In the Beginning, She Was. ISBN 9781441106377 Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael (2016). Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives. ISBN 9780231173865. Irigaray, Luce (2017). To Be Born: Genesis of a New Human Being. ISBN 9783319392219. Papers Irigaray, Luce (1996), "This sex which is not one", in Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue (eds.), Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 79–83, ISBN 9780231107082. Irigaray, Luce (1997), "This sex which is not one", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.), The second wave: a reader in feminist theory, New York: Routledge, pp. 323–329, ISBN 9780415917612. Luce Irigaray (1999), "Philosophy in the Feminine", Feminist Review, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp 111–114, ISSN 1466-4380. Irigaray, Luce (2005), "In science, is the subject sexed?", in Gutting, Gary (ed.), Continental philosophy of science, Blackwell Readings in Continental Philosophy Series, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 283–292, ISBN 9780631236108. Irigaray, Luce (1981), "And the One Doesn't Stir Without the Other", Signs, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 60–67. Irigaray, Luce (1980), "When Our Lips Speak Together", Signs, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 69-79. See also[edit] Antinarcissism Feminism and the Oedipus complex Hélène Cixous Julia Kristeva List of deconstructionists Strategic essentialism Unsaid Phallocentrism References[edit] ^ Kelly Ives, Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism, Crescent Moon Publishing, 2016. ^ Luce Irigaray, "Women on the Market", in: This Sex Which Is Not One, Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 170. ^ a b "Luce Irigaray | French linguist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-10-29. ^ Gerstner, ed. (2006). Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture. New York: Routledge. pp. 309. ISBN 0-415-30651-5. ^ a b Sjöholm, Cecilia (2000). "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions". Hypatia. 15 (3): 92–112. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb00332.x. ISSN 1527-2001. ^ Irigaray, Luce (1999). The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger. University of Texas Press. ^ Ives, Kelly (2016). Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism (European Writers). Maidstone, Kent: Crescent Moon Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1861715470. ^ Irigaray, Luce. (1992). Elemental passions. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415906911. OCLC 27376081. ^ "Luce Irigaray (1932?—)",Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2007). Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages(Vol. 1. ). Yorkin Publications. ^ a b c Irigaray, L. (1985) "Women on the Market." in Rivkin, J.; Ryan, M. (eds) (1998). Literary theory, an anthology. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. pp. 799–811. ISBN 9780631200291.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ^ Merriman, John; Winter, Jay (2006). Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction(Vol. 3. ). Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ Christine Delphy, L'Ennemi principal, tome 2 : Penser le genre (2001) ^ Fielding, H. (2003). "Questioning nature: Irigaray, Heidegger and the potentiality of matter". Continental Philosophy Review. 36: 1–26. doi:10.1023/A:1025144306606. ^ Wayne A. Borody (1998), pp. 3, 5 "Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition", Nebula: A Netzine of the Arts and Science, Vol. 13 (pp. 1–27). ^ Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1998). Fashionable nonsense: postmodern intellectuals' abuse of science. New York: Picador. ISBN 0-312-19545-1. OCLC 39605994. Further reading[edit] Canters, Hanneke; Jantzen, Grace M. (2005). Forever fluid: A reading of Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions. Manchester University Press. JSTOR j.ctt21216bb. Sjöholm, Cecilia. "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions" Hypatia, 2000 Robinson, Hilary (2006). Reading Art, Reading Irigaray: The Politics of Art by Women. I.B. Tauris. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Luce Irigaray "Luce Irigaray". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://mythosandlogos.com/Irigaray.html https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Irigaray.html http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/06/06/equality-luce-irigaray/ v t e Feminist theory Academic fields Anthropology Archaeology Architecture Art Art criticism Film theory Literary criticism Biology Composition studies Criminology Digital humanities Economics FPDA Geography History International relations (Constructivism) Legal theory Pedagogy Philosophy Aesthetics Empiricism Epistemology Ethics Existentialism Metaphysics Science Political ecology Political theory Postmodernism Psychology Sexology Sociology Technoscience Theology Womanist Asian Feminism portal Related subjects Ecofeminism Feminist method Hegemonic masculinity Women's history Women's studies Feminist theorists Elizabeth Anderson Karen Barad Simone de Beauvoir Wendy Brown Nancy Bauer Judith Butler Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw Hélène Cixous Alice Crary Andrea Dworkin Cynthia Enloe Martha Fineman Nancy Fraser Germaine Greer Donna Haraway Sandra Harding Patricia Hill Collins bell hooks Luce Irigaray Julia Kristeva Catharine MacKinnon Martha Nussbaum Val Plumwood Diana E. 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Smith Marilyn Waring Lists Women's studies journals Authority control BIBSYS: 90110405 BNE: XX977418 BNF: cb11908265x (data) CiNii: DA00950655 GND: 119010941 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\004476 ISNI: 0000 0001 2280 0349 LCCN: n82070348 LNB: 000010657 NDL: 00444279 NKC: js20060421015 NLA: 35236653 NLI: 000294987 NLK: KAC200001179 NSK: 000079451 NTA: 072857072 PLWABN: 9810533633605606 RERO: 02-A000091451 SELIBR: 208170 SNAC: w6kb952x SUDOC: 02693115X Trove: 876581 ULAN: 500292666 VIAF: 54149176 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n82070348 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luce_Irigaray&oldid=997767069" Categories: 1930 births 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French philosophers 21st-century French non-fiction writers 21st-century French philosophers Academics of the University of Nottingham Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni Continental philosophers Critical theorists Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty Feminist philosophers Feminist studies scholars Feminist theorists French feminists French psychoanalysts French women philosophers Linguists from France Living people Philosophers of language Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of sexuality Postmodern feminists University of Paris alumni Women and psychology Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra text: authors list Articles with hCards Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans العربية বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 03:41 (UTC). 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