Legal history - Wikipedia Legal history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Interdisciplinary science that is both connected to the science of law as well as the science of history Legal history or the history of law is the study of how law has evolved and why it has changed. Legal history is closely connected to the development of civilisations[citation needed] and operates in the wider context of social history. Certain jurists and historians of legal process have seen legal history as the recording of the evolution of laws and the technical explanation of how these laws have evolved with the view of better understanding the origins of various legal concepts; some consider legal history a branch of intellectual history. Twentieth-century historians viewed legal history in a more contextualised manner - more in line with the thinking of social historians. They have looked at legal institutions as complex systems of rules, players and symbols and have seen these elements interact with society to change, adapt, resist or promote certain aspects of civil society. Such legal historians have tended to analyse case histories from the parameters of social-science inquiry, using statistical methods, analysing class distinctions among litigants, petitioners and other players in various legal processes. By analysing case outcomes, transaction costs, and numbers of settled cases, they have begun an analysis of legal institutions, practices, procedures and briefs that gives a more complex picture of law and society than the study of jurisprudence, case law and civil codes can achieve.[citation needed] Contents 1 Ancient world 2 Southern Asia 3 Eastern Asia 4 Canon law 5 Islamic law 6 European laws 6.1 Roman Empire 6.2 Middle Ages 6.3 Modern European law 7 African law 8 United States 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Ancient world[edit] Main articles: Ma'at, Babylonian law, Ancient Greek law, and Leviticus See also: Urukagina, Hittite laws, and Ostracism Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of Ma'at, and was characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality.[1] By the 22nd century BC, Ur-Nammu, an ancient Sumerian ruler, formulated the first extant law code, consisting of casuistic statements ("if... then..."). Around 1760 BC, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, German and French. Ancient Greek has no word for "law" as an abstract concept,[2] retaining instead the distinction between divine law (thémis), human decree (nomos) and custom (díkē).[3] Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy.[4] Southern Asia[edit] Main articles: Manu Smriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, Arthashastra, Dharmasastra, and Fatawa-e-Alamgiri See also: Classical Hindu law, Classical Hindu law in practice, and Hindu law The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and had historically independent schools of legal theory and practice. The Arthashastra, dating from the 400 BC, and the Manusmriti from 100 BCE[5] were influential treatises in India, texts that were considered authoritative legal guidance.[6] Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited across South East Asia.[7] During the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, sharia was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably Mughal Empire's Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, compiled by emperor Aurangzeb and various scholars of Islam.[8][9] After British colonialism, Hindu tradition, along with Islamic law, was supplanted by the common law when India became part of the British Empire.[10] Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore and Hong Kong also adopted the common law. Eastern Asia[edit] Main articles: Traditional Chinese law, Tang Code, and Great Qing Legal Code The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences.[11] Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing bits of the French, but mostly the German Civil Code.[12] This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late nineteenth century. Similarly, traditional Chinese law gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the Qing dynasty in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law.[13] Today Taiwanese law retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists, who fled there, and Mao Zedong's communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by soviet Socialist law, which essentially inflates administrative law at the expense of private law rights.[14] Today, however, because of rapid industrialisation China has been reforming, at least in terms of economic (if not social and political) rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a turn away from administrative domination.[15] Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the World Trade Organization.[16] Yassa of the Mongol Empire Canon law[edit] Part of a series on the Canon law of the Catholic Church Ius vigens (current law) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Veritatis gaudium Custom Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis Documents of the Second Vatican Council Christus Dominus Lumen gentium Optatam totius Orientalium ecclesiarum Presbyterorum ordinis Sacrosanctum concilium Precepts of the Church Legal history Jus antiquum (c. 33-1140) Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Decretum Gelasianum Symmachian forgeries Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Donation of Constantine Gregorian Reform Lay investiture controversy Dictatus papae Libertas ecclesiae Plenitudo potestatis Jus novum (c. 1140-1563) Corpus Juris Canonici Decretum Gratiani Decretist Canon Episcopi Margaritae Jus commune Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Regulæ Juris Extravagantes Liber Septimus Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918) Council of Trent Benedictus Deus (Pius IV) Tametsi Apostolicae Sedis moderationi Jus codicis (1918-present) 1917 Code of Canon Law Ecclesiae Sanctae 1983 Code of Canon Law Other Contractum trinius Papal judge-delegate Right of option Oriental law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Exarchate Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful Protosyncellus Territory dependent on the Patriarch Liturgical law Latin Church General Roman Calendar Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite General Instruction of the Roman Missal Code of Rubrics Scripturarum thesaurus Liturgiam authenticam Magnum principium Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Tra le sollecitudini Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Quattuor abhinc annos Ecclesia Dei Red Mass Holy Day of Obligation Sacramental law Communicatio in sacris Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Sacraments Holy Orders Impediment (canon law) Abstemius Defect of birth Obligation of celibacy Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Episcopal Co-Consecrators Approbation Confession Penitential canons Paenitentiale Theodori Seal of the Confessional Internal forum Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal Apostolic Penitentiary Canon penitentiary Complicit absolution Sacramentum Poenitentiae Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Celebret Mass stipend Sacramentals Indulgence Indulgentiarum doctrina Sacred places Altars Major basilica Minor basilica Oratory (chapel) Sacred times Feast days Fast days and abstinence Paenitemini Holy day of obligation Matrimonial law Canonical form (Latin Church) Tametsi Ne Temere Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Dignitas connubii Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Vetitum Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Bigamy Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Public propriety Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Supreme authority, particular churches, and canonical structures Supreme authority of the Church Roman Pontiff College of Bishops Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures College of Cardinals Conference of bishops Synod of Bishops Particular churches Churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Appointment of bishops Abbacy nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Diocese/Archdiocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Diocesan Curia Moderator of the Curia Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Archeparchy Eparchy Eparchal curia Territory dependent on the Patriarch Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Juridic persons Parish Team of priests in solidum Collegiate church Register Lay trusteeism Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Personal Prelature Types of membership of Opus Dei Association of the Christian faithful Vicar general Quinquennial visit ad limina Jurisprudence Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Faculty Indult Impediment Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Simony Vacatio legis Valid but illicit Visitation Apostolic visitor Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of canon law Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Temporal goods (property) Benefice Cathedraticum Contract law Mass stipend Stole fee Temporalities Law of persons Person (canon law) Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church Canonical age Emancipation Exemption Clerics Secular clergy Regular clergy Obligation of celibacy Clerics and public office Incardination and excardination Laicization (dispensation) Canonical faculties Office Canonical provision Canonical election Juridic and physical persons Jus patronatus Associations of the faithful Consecrated life Canonical documents Acta Apostolicae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis Censor librorum Imprimatur Imprimi potest Notary (canon law) Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Parish register Ecclesiastical Latin Penal law Canon 1324 Canon 1398 Censure (canon law) De delictis gravioribus Complicit absolution Crimen sollicitationis Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of excommunicated cardinals Interdict Internal forum Laicization (penal) Latae sententiae Lifetime of prayer and penance Canonical admonitions Ecclesiastical prison Procedural law Pars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Ministers of Justice Judicial Vicar/Officialis Auditor Parties Defender of the Bond Procurator Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes) Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Penal procedure Vos estis lux mundi Canonization Congregation for the Causes of Saints Maiorem hac dilectionem Advocatus Diaboli Oblatio vitae Positio Beatification and canonization process in 1914 Election of the Roman Pontiff Current law Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI Historical Cum proxime Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patris Filius Romano Pontifici eligendo Ingravescentem aetatem Ubi periculum Quia propter Legal practice and scholarship List of legal abbreviations Academic degrees Licentiate of Canon Law Doctor of Canon Law Doctor of both laws Journals and Professional Societies Canon Law Society of America The Jurist Faculties of canon law School of Canon Law Canonists Medieval Gratian Hostiensis Jean Lemoine Raymond of Penyafort Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus Geoffrey of Trani Burchard of Worms Brocard Modern & Contemporary Eugenio Corecco John D. Faris Pietro Gasparri Ladislas Orsy Edward N. Peters Law of consecrated life Solemn vow Exclaustration Manifestation of Conscience Canonical erection of a house of religious Pontifical right Diocesan right Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Institute of consecrated life Religious institute Congregation Order Monasticism Canons regular Mendicant orders Clerics regular Secular institute Cum Sanctissimus Primo Feliciter Provida Mater Ecclesia Society of apostolic life Decretum laudis  Catholicism portal v t e Main article: Legal history of the Catholic Church Further information: Canon law (Catholic Church) The legal history of the Catholic Church is the history of Catholic canon law, the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West.[17][18] Canon law originates much later than Roman law but predates the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. The cultural exchange between the secular (Roman/Barbarian) and ecclesiastical (canon) law produced the jus commune and greatly influenced both civil and common law. The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law.[19] In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).[19] Eastern canon law developed separately. In the twentieth century, canon law was comprehensively codified. On 27 May 1917, Pope Benedict XV codified the 1917 Code of Canon Law. John XXIII, together with his intention to call the Second Vatican Council, announced his intention to reform canon law, which culminated in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, promulgated by John Paul II on 25 January 1983. John Paul II also brought to a close the long process of codifying the Oriental canon law common to all 23 sui juris Eastern Catholic Churches on 18 October 1990 by promulgating the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. Islamic law[edit] Main article: Sharia See also: Fiqh, Islamic ethics, and Early reforms under Islam One of the major legal systems developed during the Middle Ages was Islamic law and jurisprudence. A number of important legal institutions were developed by Islamic jurists during the classical period of Islamic law and jurisprudence. One such institution was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century. Hawala itself later influenced the development of the Aval in French civil law and the Avallo in Italian law.[20] European laws[edit] Roman Empire[edit] Main articles: Roman law and Byzantine law Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek teachings.[21] It forms the bridge to the modern legal world, over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire.[22] Roman law, in the days of the Roman republic and Empire, was heavily procedural and there was no professional legal class.[23] Instead a lay person, iudex, was chosen to adjudicate. Precedents were not reported, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised.[24] Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the state, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. During the 6th century AD in the Eastern Roman Empire, the Emperor Justinian codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in Rome so that what remained was one twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before.[25] This became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before."[26] Middle Ages[edit] King John of England signs the Magna Carta Main articles: Early Germanic law, Anglo-Saxon law, Lex mercatoria, and Early Irish law See also: Germanic tribal laws, Visigothic Code, Dōm, Blutgericht, Magna Carta, and Schwabenspiegel During the Byzantine Empire the Justinian Code was expanded and remained in force until the Empire fell, though it was never officially introduced to the West. Instead, following the fall of the Western Empire and in former Roman countries, the ruling classes relied on the Theodosian Code to govern natives and Germanic customary law for the Germanic incomers - a system known as folk-right - until the two laws blended together. Since the Roman court system had broken down, legal disputes were adjudicated according to Germanic custom by assemblies of learned lawspeakers in rigid ceremonies and in oral proceedings that relied heavily on testimony. After much of the West was consolidated under Charlemagne, law became centralized so as to strengthen the royal court system, and consequently case law, and abolished folk-right. However, once Charlemagne's kingdom definitively splintered, Europe became feudalistic, and law was generally not governed above the county, municipal or lordship level, thereby creating a highly decentralized legal culture that favored the development of customary law founded on localized case law. However, in the 11th century, crusaders, having pillaged the Byzantine Empire, returned with Byzantine legal texts including the Justinian Code, and scholars at the University of Bologna were the first to use them to interpret their own customary laws.[27] Medieval European legal scholars began researching the Roman law and using its concepts[28] and prepared the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as the modern civil law in a large part of the world.[29] There was, however, a great deal of resistance so that civil law rivaled customary law for much of the late Middle Ages. After the Norman conquest of England, which introduced Norman legal concepts into medieval England, the English King's powerful judges developed a body of precedent that became the common law.[30] In particular, Henry II instituted legal reforms and developed a system of royal courts administered by a small number of judges who lived in Westminster and traveled throughout the kingdom.[31] Henry II also instituted the Assize of Clarendon in 1166, which allowed for jury trials and reduced the number of trials by combat. Louis IX of France also undertook major legal reforms and, inspired by ecclesiastical court procedure, extended Canon-law evidence and inquisitorial-trial systems to the royal courts. Also, judges no longer moved on circuits becoming fixed to their jurisdictions, and jurors were nominated by parties to the legal dispute rather than by the sheriff.[31] In addition, by the 10th century, the Law Merchant, first founded on Scandinavian trade customs, then solidified by the Hanseatic League, took shape so that merchants could trade using familiar standards, rather than the many splintered types of local law. A precursor to modern commercial law, the Law Merchant emphasised the freedom of contract and alienability of property.[32] Modern European law[edit] Main articles: Napoleonic code, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, English law, and Francisco de Vitoria The two main traditions of modern European law are the codified legal systems of most of continental Europe, and the English tradition based on case law.[33] As nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, lex mercatoria was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. Of these, the French Napoleonic Code and the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch became the most influential. As opposed to English common law, which consists of massive tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. European Union law is codified in treaties, but develops through the precedent set down by the European Court of Justice. African law[edit] See also: Law in Africa The African law system is based on common law and civilian law.[34] It was based on tribal customs and traditions before colonization took over their original system.[35] The people listened to their elders and used their elders as the people to go to when disputes happened. They didn't keep written records, as their laws were often passed orally. During colonization, authorities in Africa developed an official legal system called the Native Courts.[36] After colonialism, the major faiths that stayed were Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism. United States[edit] The United States legal system developed primarily out of the English common law system (with the exception of the state of Louisiana, which continued to follow the French civilian system after being admitted to statehood). Some concepts from Spanish law, such as the prior appropriation doctrine and community property, still persist in some US states, particularly those that were part of the Mexican Cession in 1848. Under the doctrine of federalism, each state has its own separate court system, and the ability to legislate within areas not reserved to the federal government. See also[edit] Legal biography Association of Young Legal Historians (AYLH) Constitution of the Roman Republic Notes[edit] ^ Théodoridés. "law". Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. * VerSteeg, Law in ancient Egypt ^ Kelly, A Short History of Western Legal Theory, 5-6 ^ J.P. Mallory, "Law", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, 346 ^ Ober, The Nature of Athenian Democracy, 121 ^ "Study reveals origin of India's caste system". ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 255 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 276 ^ Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9781783475728. ^ Jackson, Roy (2010). Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge. ISBN 9781136950360. ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 273 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 287 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 304 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 305 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 307 ^ Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World, 309 ^ Farah, Five Years of China WTO Membership, 263-304 ^ Dr. Edward N. Peters, CanonLaw.info, accessed Jul-1-2013 ^ Raymond Wacks, Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. (Oxford University Press, 2015) pg. 13. ^ a b Della Rocca, Manual of Canon Law, pg. 13, #8 ^ Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems". The American Journal of Comparative Law. American Society of Comparative Law. 26 (2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977]): 187–198 [196–8]. doi:10.2307/839667. JSTOR 839667. ^ Kelly, A Short History of Western Legal Theory, 39 ^ As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts of the Eastern world. It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe ( "Roman law". Encyclopædia Britannica.). ^ Gordley-von Mehren, Comparative Study of Private Law, 18 ^ Gordley-von Mehren, Comparative Study of Private Law, 21 ^ Stein, Roman Law in European History, 32 ^ Stein, Roman Law in European History, 35 ^ Stein, Roman Law in European History, 43 ^ Roman and Secular Law in the Middle Ages Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Roman law ^ Makdisi, John A. (June 1999). "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law". North Carolina Law Review. 77 (5): 1635–1739. suggests that there may have been some importation of Islamic concepts as well, but others have shown that occasional similarities are more likely coincidence than causal. ^ a b Klerman D, Mahoney PG (2007). "Legal Origins" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Economics. 35 (2): 278–293. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2007.03.007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-09-04. ^ Sealey-Hooley, Commercial Law, 14 ^ Dainow, Joseph (1966). "The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some Points of Comparison". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 15 (3): 419. doi:10.2307/838275. ISSN 0002-919X. ^ Joireman, Sandra Fullerton (December 2001). "Inherited legal systems and effective rule of law: Africa and the colonial legacy". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 39 (4): 571–596. doi:10.1017/S0022278X01003755. ISSN 0022-278X. ^ Ndulo (2011). "African Customary Law, Customs, and Women's Rights". Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 18 (1): 87. doi:10.2979/indjglolegstu.18.1.87. ^ Read, James S. (1962). "The Future of Law in Africa. Record of Proceedings of the London Conference 28 December 1959–8 January 1960. Edited on behalf of the Conference by A. N. Allott. London: Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1960. vi and 58 pp. 7s. 6d. net". Journal of African Law. 6 (1): 65–65. doi:10.1017/s0021855300004265. ISSN 0021-8553. References[edit] Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration. 33 (3): 263–304. SSRN 916768. Barretto, Vicente (2006). Dicionário de Filosofia do Direito. Unisinos Editora. ISBN 85-7431-266-5. Della Rocca, Fernando (1959). Manual of Canon Law. The Bruce Publishing Company. Glenn, H. Patrick (2000). Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-876575-4. Sadakat Kadri, The Trial: A History from Socrates to O.J. Simpson, HarperCollins 2005. ISBN 0-00-711121-5 Kelly, J.M. (1992). A Short History of Western Legal Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-876244-5. Gordley, James R.; von Mehren; Arthur Taylor (2006). An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law. ISBN 978-0-521-68185-8. Otto, Martin (2011). "Law". European History Online. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Sealy, L.S.; Hooley, R.J.A. (2003). Commercial Law. LexisNexis Butterworths. Stein, Peter (1999). Roman Law in European History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32. ISBN 0-521-64372-4. Kempin, Jr., Frederick G. (1963). Legal History: Law and Social Change. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Further reading[edit] The Oxford History of the Laws of England. 13 Vols. Oxford University Press, 2003–. (Six volumes to date: Vol. I (Canon Law and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction from 597 to the 1640s), vol. II (871–1216), vol. VI (1483–1558), vols. XI–XIII (1820–1914)) The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History. Ed. Stanley N. Katz. 6 Vols. Oxford University Press, 2009. (OUP catalogue. Oxford Reference Online) Potz, Richard: Islam and Islamic Law in European Legal History, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 28, 2011. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Legal history. 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