Liberal conservatism - Wikipedia Liberal conservatism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Political ideology Not to be confused with Conservative liberalism or Libertarian conservatism. This article is about the political philosophy. For the Canadian political party, see Liberal-Conservative Party. Part of a series on Conservatism Variants Cultural Fiscal Green Liberal Libertarian National Neo New Right One-nation Paleo Paternalistic Progressive Reactionary Social Traditionalist Concepts Familism Family values Private property Rule of law Communitarianism Civil Society Solidarity People Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Louis de Bonald François-René de Chateaubriand Samuel Taylor Coleridge Klemens von Metternich Adam Müller Benjamin Disraeli Michael Oakeshott Russell Kirk William F. 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Liberal conservatism incorporates the classical-liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.[2] However, liberal conservatism also holds that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life, therefore liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] They also support civil liberties, along with some socially conservative positions. In Europe, liberal conservatism is the dominant form of contemporary conservatism and centre-right politics. Contents 1 Overview, definitions and usage 2 Classical conservatism and economic liberalism 3 Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions 3.1 Current parties 3.2 Former parties 4 Liberal-conservative organisations 5 See also 6 Citations 7 General references Overview, definitions and usage[edit] Both conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture,[3] prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical-liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead.[4] However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.[5] In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[6] From a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, scepticism regarding progress and elitism.[7] Consequently, the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States. Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre-right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[8] In their embracement of liberal and free market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national-conservative, fully socially conservative and/or outright populist views, let alone a right-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state.[citation needed] Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as Christian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.[citation needed] Some regional varieties and peculiarities can be observed: In much of Central and Northwestern Europe, especially in Germanic and traditionally Protestant countries as well as the United Kingdom and Belgium, a divide persists between liberal conservatives (including Christian democrats) and liberals (including conservative liberals and social liberals). In most Nordic countries, liberal conservatives, Christian democrats and liberals form distinct political families and have each their own party. The largest liberal parties are the Nordic agrarian parties, which are traditionally agrarian. In most countries where Romance languages are spoken and where Catholicism is or has been dominant as well as in Greece, liberal conservative movements, often encompassing Christian democrats and liberals, have more recently gained traction and the terms conservative and liberal may be understood as synonymous.[citation needed] At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as Christian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as New Democracy in Greece, the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, the People's Party in Spain, Forza Italia/The People of Freedom/Forza Italia in Italy, the Union for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism. In the modern European discourse, liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.[9] During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[10] Classical conservatism and economic liberalism[edit] Edmund Burke Historically, conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous liberalism, now recalled as classical liberalism, advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism, including economic liberalism, the separation of church and state, social liberalism and utilitarianism. Alexis de Tocqueville According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".[11] Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville[12] as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the aristocracy lost its power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in continental Europe,[13] Australia[14] and Latin America.[15] Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions[edit] Current parties[edit]  Albania: Democratic Party of Albania[16]  Argentina: Republican Proposal[17]  Australia: Liberal Party of Australia[18]  Austria: Austrian People's Party[19]  Belarus: United Civic Party of Belarus[20]:22  Brazil: Democrats[21]  Bulgaria: Union of Democratic Forces[22]  Canada: Conservative Party of Canada[23]  Chile: National Renewal[24]  Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Party,[25][26] TOP 09[27][28]  Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union[29]  Denmark: Venstre,[30] Conservative People's Party[31]  Estonia: Estonian Reform Party[32]  Finland: National Coalition Party[33]  France: The Republicans[34]  Germany: Christian Democratic Union of Germany,[35] Christian Social Union in Bavaria[36]  Greece: New Democracy[37]  Greenland: Feeling of Community[38]  Iceland: Independence Party[39]  Ireland: Fine Gael[40]  Israel: Likud[41]  Italy: Forza Italia[42]  India: Bharatiya Janata Party  Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[43][44] (faction)  Latvia: Unity[32]  Lithuania: Homeland Union[20]:141  Montenegro: Movement for Changes[26]  Morocco: Constitutional Union[45]  Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy[46][47][48]  New Zealand: National Party[49]  Norway: Conservative Party[50]  Poland: Civic Platform[26][51]  Portugal: Social Democratic Party[52]  Taiwan: Kuomintang[53]  Romania: National Liberal Party  Russia: Civic Platform[54]  Serbia: People's Party[55]  Slovakia: Ordinary People, Most–Híd[56]  Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[57]  South Korea: People Power Party[58] (faction)  Spain: People's Party[59][60]  Sweden: Moderate Party[61][62]  United Kingdom: Conservative Party[63]  United States: Republican Party  Uruguay: National Party[64] Former parties[edit]  Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,[65] Freedom Union – Democratic Union,[66] Realists[67]  Estonia: Res Publica Party[32]  France: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,[68] Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,[69] Union for a Popular Movement[70]  Israel: General Zionists,[71]  Italy: Forza Italia,[72] The People of Freedom,[73][74] Tyrolean Homeland Party,[75] Italian Liberal Party[30]  Poland: Conservative People's Party,[76]  Romania: Democratic Convention of Romania,[22] Democratic Liberal Party[26]  Serbia: G17 Plus[26]  Slovakia: Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party[26]  South Korea: Bareun Party, Bareunmirae Party[77]  Turkey Democrat Party,[78] Justice and Development Party[79][80] Liberal-conservative organisations[edit]  United Kingdom: Bright Blue[81] See also[edit] Conservatism portal Conservative liberalism Libertarian conservatism Neoliberalism Neoconservatism Progressive conservatism Thatcherism Citations[edit] ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2020). 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ISBN 978-1-4051-5495-6. ^ Lakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." The review of politics 60(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. doi:10.1017/S003467050002742X ^ Slomp, Hans (2011-09-26). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics - Hans Slomp - Google Books. pp. 106–108. ISBN 9780313391828. ^ Goldfarb, Michael (20 July 2010). "Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing?". BBC News. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ MacLean, James. ""The Two Meanings of "Liberalism"". Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf ^ Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party, Draft, March 2013 ^ Nicole A. Thomas; Tobias Loetscher; Danielle Clode; Mike Nicholls (May 2, 2012). "Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): 4. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736552T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036552. PMC 3342249. PMID 22567166. 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British Politics: A Critical Introduction. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-826-46155-1. Turner, Rachel S. (2008). Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies: History, Concepts and Policies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-63235-0. van de Haar, Edwin (2015). Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-412-85575-4. v t e Conservatism Timeline Schools International Christian democracy Corporatism Cultural Green Liberal National Paternalistic Progressive Social Traditionalist American Compassionate Fusionism Libertarian Traditionalist Social Neo Old Right Paleo Reaganism Rockefeller Republicans British Andism High Tory One-nationism Powellism Thatcherism Canadian Blue Tory Clerico-nationalism French Canadian nationalism Red Tory French Bonapartism Gaullism Legitimism Neo-Bonapartism Orléanism Ultra-royalism German Conservative Revolution State Socialism Greek Metaxism Spanish Carlism Turkish Democracy Erdoğanism Concepts Family values Free markets Natural law Organic society Private property Protectionism Social hierarchy Social norm Social order Subsidiarity Tradition National variants Australia Canada China Colombia Germany Hong Kong India New Zealand Pakistan Russia Serbia South Korea Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Thinkers Antonio Aparisi Guijarro Jacques Bainville Maurice Barrès Augustin Barruel Hilaire Belloc Louis de Bonald William F. 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