Robert Nozick - Wikipedia Robert Nozick From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American political philosopher (1938-2002) Robert Nozick Born (1938-11-16)November 16, 1938 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Died January 23, 2002(2002-01-23) (aged 63) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Education Columbia University (AB) Princeton University (PhD) Oxford University (Fulbright Scholar) Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Analytic Libertarianism Doctoral advisors Carl Gustav Hempel Main interests Political philosophy, ethics, epistemology Notable ideas Utility monster, experience machine, entitlement theory of justice, Nozick's Lockean proviso,[1] Wilt Chamberlain argument, paradox of deontology,[2] deductive closure, Nozick's four conditions on knowledge, rejection of the principle of epistemic closure Influences John Locke · Immanuel Kant · John Stuart Mill · Henry Hazlitt · H.L. Mencken · Ludwig Von Mises · Milton Friedman · Friedrich von Hayek · Murray Rothbard[3] · Sidney Morgenbesser · Carl Gustav Hempel · Edmund Gettier Influenced Roderick Long · Jan Narveson · David Schmidtz · Tamar Gendler · Ron Paul · Rand Paul · Lew Rockwell · Hans-Hermann Hoppe · Stefan Molyneux · Walter Block · Donald Trump · Thomas Sowell · Thomas Ernest Woods Jr. · Part of a series on Libertarianism in the United States Origins Age of Enlightenment Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism in the United States Concepts Anti-imperialism Argumentation ethics Civil libertarianism Counter-economics Decentralization Departurism Economic freedom Evictionism Free market Free-market environmentalism Free migration Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Homestead principle Individuality Individualism Libertarianism Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural and legal rights Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Polycentric law Private defense agency Private property Public choice theory Restorative justice Self-ownership Single tax Small government Spontaneous order Stateless society Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society Schools Austro-libertarianism Bleeding-heart libertarianism Christian libertarianism Consequentialist libertarianism Geolibertarianism Green libertarianism Natural-rights libertarianism Neo-libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Technolibertarianism Theory Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism Constitutionalism Fusionism Libertarian feminism Left-wing market anarchism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian paternalism Minarchism Libertarian transhumanism Panarchism Propertarianism Voluntaryism Economics Austrian School Economic liberalism Fiscal conservatism Georgism Laissez-faire Neoliberalism Supply-side economics People Amash Barnett Block Brennan Caplan Carson Chartier Chodorov Chomsky Epstein Friedman (David) Friedman (Milton) Gillespie Goldwater Hazlitt Heinlein Hess Hoppe Hospers Huemer Johnson Jorgensen Kinsella Konkin III Long Machan McElroy Mencken Mises Napolitano Nock Nolan Nozick Paterson Paul Postrel Rand Read Rockwell Rothbard Schulman Sciabarra Sowell Spooner Stossel Thiel Thoreau Tucker Wilder Wilder Lane Williams Woods History New Left Old Right Issues Abortion Capital punishment Criticism Foreign affairs Immigration Inheritance Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Politics State Theories of law Culture Libertarian science fiction Organizations Alliance of the Libertarian Left Cato Institute Free State Project Foundation for Economic Education International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Libertarian Party Liberty International Mises Institute Reason Foundation Students for a Democratic Society Students for Liberty Works Anarchy, State, and Utopia The Ethics of Liberty For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto Free to Choose Law, Legislation and Liberty The Market for Liberty Related topics Conservatism in the United States Left-libertarianism Liberalism in the United States Libertarian Democrat Libertarian Republican Libertarianism in Hong Kong Libertarianism in South Africa Libertarianism in the United Kingdom New Right Outline of libertarianism Right-libertarianism  Liberalism portal  Libertarianism portal v t e Robert Nozick (/ˈnoʊzɪk/; November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher. He held the Joseph Pellegrino University Professorship at Harvard University,[4] and was president of the American Philosophical Association. He is best known for his books Philosophical Explanations (1981), which included his counterfactual theory of knowledge, and Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971), in which Nozick also presented his own theory of utopia as one in which people can freely choose the rules of the society they enter into. His other work involved ethics, decision theory, philosophy of mind, metaphysics and epistemology. His final work before his death, Invariances (2001), introduced his theory of evolutionary cosmology, by which he argues invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through evolution across possible worlds.[5] Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career and works 2.1 Political philosophy 2.2 Epistemology 2.3 Later books 2.4 Utilitarianism 2.5 Philosophical method 2.6 Invariances 3 Bibliography 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links Personal life[edit] Nozick was born in Brooklyn to a family of Jewish descent. His mother was born Sophie Cohen, and his father was a Jew from the Russian shtetl who had been born with the name Cohen and who ran a small business.[6] Nozick attended the public schools in Brooklyn. He was then educated at Columbia University (A.B. 1959, summa cum laude), where he studied with Sidney Morgenbesser, and later at Princeton University (Ph.D. 1963) under Carl Hempel, and at Oxford University as a Fulbright Scholar (1963–1964). At one point he joined the youth branch of Norman Thomas's Socialist Party. In addition, at Columbia he founded the local chapter of the Student League for Industrial Democracy which in 1960 changed its name to Students for a Democratic Society. That same year, after receiving his bachelor of arts degree in 1959, he married Barbara Fierer. They had two children, Emily and David. The Nozicks eventually divorced and he remarried, to the poet Gjertrud Schnackenberg. Nozick died in 2002 after a prolonged struggle with stomach cancer.[7] He was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Career and works[edit] Political philosophy[edit] Main article: Anarchy, State, and Utopia For Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) Nozick received a National Book Award in the category Philosophy and Religion.[8] There, Nozick argues that only a minimal state limited to the narrow functions of protection against "force, fraud, theft, and administering courts of law"[9] could be justified without violating people's rights. For Nozick, a distribution of goods is just if brought about by free exchange among consenting adults from a just starting position, even if large inequalities subsequently emerge from the process. Nozick challenged the partial conclusion of John Rawls's Second Principle of Justice of his A Theory of Justice, that "social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to be of greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society." Anarchy, State, and Utopia claims a heritage from John Locke's Second Treatise on Government and seeks to ground itself upon a natural law doctrine, but reaches some importantly different conclusions from Locke himself in several ways. Nozick appealed also to the Kantian idea that people should be treated as end in themselves (what he termed 'separatedness of persons'), not merely as a means to an end. Most controversially, and unlike Locke and Kant, Nozick argued that consistent application of self-ownership and non-aggression principle[10] would allow and regard as valid consensual or non-coercive enslavement contracts between adults. He rejected the notion of inalienable rights advanced by Locke and most contemporary capitalist-oriented libertarian academics, writing in Anarchy, State, and Utopia that the typical notion of a "free system" would allow adults to voluntarily enter into non-coercive slave contracts.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Epistemology[edit] In Philosophical Explanations (1981), which received the Phi Beta Kappa Society's Ralph Waldo Emerson Award, Nozick provided novel accounts of knowledge, free will, personal identity, the nature of value, and the meaning of life. He also put forward an epistemological system which attempted to deal with both the Gettier problem and those posed by skepticism. This highly influential argument eschewed justification as a necessary requirement for knowledge.[18]:ch. 7 Nozick's four conditions for S's knowing that P were (S=Subject / P=Proposition): P is true S believes that P If it were the case that (not-P), S would not believe that P If it were the case that P, S would believe that P Nozick's third and fourth conditions are counterfactuals. He called this the "tracking theory" of knowledge. Nozick believed the counterfactual conditionals bring out an important aspect of our intuitive grasp of knowledge: For any given fact, the believer's method must reliably track the truth despite varying relevant conditions. In this way, Nozick's theory is similar to reliabilism. Due to certain counterexamples that could otherwise be raised against these counterfactual conditions, Nozick specified that: If P weren't the case and S were to use M to arrive at a belief whether or not P, then S wouldn't believe, via M, that P. If P were the case and S were to use M to arrive at a belief whether or not P, then S would believe, via M, that P. [19] Where M stands for the method by which S came to arrive at a belief whether or not P. A major criticism of Nozick's theory of knowledge is his rejection of the principle of deductive closure. This principle states that if S knows X and S knows that X implies Y, then S knows Y. Nozick's truth tracking conditions do not allow for the principle of deductive closure. Nozick believes that the truth tracking conditions are more fundamental to human intuition than the principle of deductive closure.[citation needed] Later books[edit] The Examined Life (1989), pitched to a broader public, explores love, death, faith, reality, and the meaning of life. According to Stephen Metcalf, Nozick expresses serious misgivings about capitalist libertarianism, going so far as to reject much of the foundations of the theory on the grounds that personal freedom can sometimes only be fully actualized via a collectivist politics and that wealth is at times justly redistributed via taxation to protect the freedom of the many from the potential tyranny of an overly selfish and powerful few.[20] Nozick suggests that citizens who are opposed to wealth redistribution which fund programs they object to, should be able to opt out by supporting alternative government approved charities with an added 5% surcharge.[21] However, Jeff Riggenbach has noted that in an interview conducted in July 2001, he stated that he had never stopped self-identifying as a libertarian. Roderick Long reported that in his last book, Invariances, "[Nozick] identified voluntary cooperation as the 'core principle' of ethics, maintaining that the duty not to interfere with another person's 'domain of choice' is '[a]ll that any society should (coercively) demand'; higher levels of ethics, involving positive benevolence, represent instead a 'personal ideal' that should be left to 'a person's own individual choice and development.' And that certainly sounds like an attempt to embrace libertarianism all over again. My own view is that Nozick's thinking about these matters evolved over time and that what he wrote at any given time was an accurate reflection of what he was thinking at that time."[22] Furthermore, Julian Sanchez reported that "Nozick always thought of himself as a libertarian in a broad sense, right up to his final days, even as his views became somewhat less 'hardcore.'"[23] The Nature of Rationality (1993) presents a theory of practical reason that attempts to embellish notoriously spartan classical decision theory. Socratic Puzzles (1997) is a collection of papers that range in topic from Ayn Rand and Austrian economics to animal rights. A thesis claims that "social ties are deeply interconnected with vital parts of Nozick's later philosophy", citing these two works as a development of The Examined Life.[24] His last production, Invariances (2001), applies insights from physics and biology to questions of objectivity in such areas as the nature of necessity and moral value. Utilitarianism[edit] Nozick created the thought experiment of the "utility monster" to show that average utilitarianism could lead to a situation where the needs of the vast majority were sacrificed for one individual. He also wrote a version of what was essentially a previously-known thought experiment, the experience machine, in an attempt to show that ethical hedonism was false. Nozick asked us to imagine that "superduper neuropsychologists" have figured out a way to stimulate a person's brain to induce pleasurable experiences.[18]:210–11 We would not be able to tell that these experiences were not real. He asks us, if we were given the choice, would we choose a machine-induced experience of a wonderful life over real life? Nozick says no, then asks whether we have reasons not to plug into the machine and concludes that since we desire to be really impressed by things and not just feel something pleasurable, it does not seem to be rational to plug in, ethical hedonism must be false. Philosophical method[edit] Nozick was notable for the exploratory style of his philosophizing and for his methodological ecumenism. Often content to raise tantalizing philosophical possibilities and then leave judgment to the reader, Nozick was also notable for drawing from literature outside of philosophy (e.g., economics, physics, evolutionary biology).[25] Invariances[edit] In his 2001 work, Invariances, Nozick introduces his theory of truth, in which he leans towards a deflationary theory of truth, but argues that objectivity arises through being invariant under various transformations. For instance, space-time is a significant objective fact because an interval involving both temporal and spatial separation is invariant, whereas no simpler interval involving only temporal or only spatial separation is invariant under Lorentz transformations. Nozick argues that invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through a theory of evolutionary cosmology across possible worlds.[26] Bibliography[edit] Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) ISBN 0-631-19780-X Philosophical Explanations (1981) ISBN 0-19-824672-2 The Examined Life (1989) ISBN 0-671-72501-7 The Nature of Rationality (1993/1995) ISBN 0-691-02096-5 Socratic Puzzles (1997) ISBN 0-674-81653-6 Invariances: The Structure of the Objective World (2001/2003) ISBN 0-674-01245-3 See also[edit] Libertarianism portal Philosophy portal American philosophy Liberalism List of American philosophers List of liberal theorists A Theory of Justice: The Musical! – in which a fictional Nozick is one of the characters Notes[edit] ^ Mack, Eric (30 May 2019). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ "How can a concern for the non-violation of C [i.e. some deontological constraint] lead to refusal to violate C even when this would prevent other more extensive violations of C?": Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, Basic Books (1974), p. 30 as quoted by Ulrike Heuer, "Paradox of Deontology, Revisited", in: Mark Timmons (ed.), Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics. Oxford University Press (2011). ^ Gerard Casey, Murray Rothbard, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013: "Rothbard and Nozick". ^ "Robert Nozick, 1938-2002". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, November 2002: 76(2). ^ Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Volume 1, edited by John R. Shook, Thoemmes Press, 2005, p.1838 ^ "Professor Robert Nozick". Daily Telegraph. 2002. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-08-01. ^ For biographies, memorials, and obituaries see: Feser, Edward (May 4, 2005). "Robert Nozick (1938–2002)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Obituary:Professor Robert Nozick". Daily Telegraph. 28 Jan 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Ryan, Alan (12 April 2014). "Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick". The Independent. Retrieved 17 April 2017. Schaefer, David Lewis. "Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia". The New York Sun. Retrieved 17 April 2017. O'Grady, Jane (1 February 2007). "Robert Nozick: Leftwing political philosopher whose rightward shift set the tone for the Reagan-Thatcher era". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 April 2017. correction from original of 26 January 2002 Philosopher Nozick dies at 63 From the Harvard Gazette Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Robert Nozick Memorial minute Archived 2006-01-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ "National Book Awards – 1975" Archived 2011-09-09 at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-08. ^ Feser, Edward. "Robert Nozick (1938—2002)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved March 13, 2017. ^ Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books. p. 34. In this subsection, Nozick makes a case for forceful self-defence, which he explicitly states being compatible with non-aggression principle. ^ Ellerman, David (September 2005). "Translatio versus Concessio: Retrieving the Debate about Contracts of Alienation with an Application to Today's Employment Contract" (PDF). Politics & Society. Sage Publications. 35 (3): 449–80. doi:10.1177/0032329205278463. S2CID 158624143. Retrieved 17 April 2017. ^ A summary of the political philosophy of Robert Nozick by R. N. Johnson Archived 2002-02-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Jonathan Wolff (25 October 2007). "Robert Nozick, Libertarianism, And Utopia" ^ Nozick on Newcomb's Problem and Prisoners' Dilemma by S. L. Hurley Archived 2005-03-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ Robert Nozick: Against Distributive Justice by R.J. Kilcullen Archived 2001-12-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Why Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism? by Robert Nozick ^ Robert Nozick, Philosopher of Liberty by Roderick T. Long Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Schmidtz, David (2002). Robert Nozick. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00671-6. ^ Keith Derose, Solving the Skeptical Problem ^ Metcalf, Stephen (June 24, 2011). "The Liberty Scam: Why even Robert Nozick, the philosophical father of libertarianism, gave up on the movement he inspired". slate.com. Retrieved 17 April 2017. ^ Nozick, Robert (1989). "The Zigzag of Politics", Chapter XXV of The Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-72501-3 ^ Riggenbach, Jeff (November 26, 2010). "Anarchy, State, and Robert Nozick". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2017. ^ Julian Sanchez, "Nozick, Libertarianism, and Thought Experiments". ^ Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2002). Leaving Libertarianism: Social Ties in Robert Nozick's New Philosophy. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo. ^ Williams, Bernard. "Cosmic Philosopher". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2018-08-01. ^ Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Volume 1, edited by John R. Shook, A&C Black, 2005, p.1838 Further reading[edit] Cohen, G. A. (1995). "Robert Nozick and Wilt Chamberlain: How Patterns Preserve Liberty". Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–37. ISBN 978-0521471749. OCLC 612482692. Frankel Paul, Ellen; Fred D. Miller, Jr. and Jeffrey Paul (eds.), (2004) Natural Rights Liberalism from Locke to Nozick, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521615143 Frankel Paul, Ellen (2008). "Nozick, Robert (1938–2002)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Cato Institute. pp. 360–62. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n220. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Mack, Eric (2014) Robert Nozick's Political Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, June 22, 2014. Robinson, Dave & Groves, Judy (2003). Introducing Political Philosophy. Icon Books. ISBN 184046450X. Schaefer, David Lewis (2008) Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia, The New York Sun, April 30, 2008. Wolff, Jonathan (1991), Robert Nozick: Property, Justice, and the Minimal State. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0745680453 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robert Nozick Robert Nozick at Find a Grave Robert Nozick: Political Philosophy – overview of Nozick in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Robert Nozick at Curlie v t e Epistemology Epistemologists Thomas Aquinas Augustine of Hippo William Alston Robert Audi A. J. Ayer George Berkeley Laurence BonJour Keith DeRose René Descartes John Dewey Fred Dretske Edmund Gettier Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice Anil Gupta Susan Haack David Hume Immanuel Kant Søren Kierkegaard Peter Klein Saul Kripke Hilary Kornblith David Lewis John Locke G. E. Moore John McDowell Robert Nozick Alvin Plantinga Plato Duncan Pritchard James Pryor Hilary Putnam W. V. O. Quine Thomas Reid Bertrand Russell Gilbert Ryle Wilfrid Sellars Susanna Siegel Ernest Sosa P. F. Strawson Baruch Spinoza Timothy Williamson Ludwig Wittgenstein Nicholas Wolterstorff Vienna Circle more... Theories Coherentism Constructivism Contextualism Empiricism Evolutionary epistemology Fallibilism Feminist epistemology Fideism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Rationalism Reductionism Reliabilism Representational realism Skepticism Transcendental idealism Concepts A priori knowledge A posteriori knowledge Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other minds Perception Procedural knowledge Proposition Regress argument Simplicity Speculative reason Truth more... Related articles Outline of epistemology Faith and rationality Formal epistemology Meta-epistemology Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Social epistemology Category Task Force Stubs Discussion v t e Libertarianism Origins Age of Enlightenment Anarchism Aristotelianism Liberalism Schools Libertarian capitalism (Right-libertarianism) Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Conservative libertarianism Consequentialist libertarianism Fusionism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Natural-rights libertarianism Neo-classical liberalism Paleolibertarianism Propertarianism Voluntaryism Libertarian socialism (Left-libertarianism) Anarchism Collectivist Free-market Agorism Left-wing laissez-faire Left-wing market Green Individualist Insurrectionary Libertarian communism Mutualism Pan- Philosophical Social Autonomism Bleeding-heart libertarianism Communalism Geolibertarianism Georgism Green libertarianism Guild socialism Liberalism Classical Radical Libertarian Marxism Participism Revolutionary syndicalism Concepts Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Argumentation ethics Class struggle Communes Counter-economics Crypto-anarchism Decentralization Departurism Direct action Economic democracy Economic freedom Egalitarianism Evictionism Expropriative anarchism Federalism (anarchist) Free association (Marxism and anarchism) Free love Free market Free-market environmentalism Free migration Free trade Freedom of association Freedom of contract Global Justice Movement Gift economy Homestead principle Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Liberty Localism Natural and legal rights Night-watchman state Non-aggression principle Non-voting Participatory economics Polycentric law Private defense agency Propaganda of the deed Property is theft Really Really Free Market Refusal of work Restorative justice Self-governance Self-ownership Single tax Social ecology Spontaneous order Squatting Stateless society Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntary society Workers' councils Workers' self-management People Stephen Pearl Andrews Mikhail Bakunin Frédéric Bastiat Walter Block Murray Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Frank Chodorov Noam Chomsky Grover Cleveland Calvin Coolidge Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Ralph Waldo Emerson David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Mahatma Gandhi Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Barry Goldwater David Graeber William Batchelder Greene Daniel Hannan Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans-Hermann Hoppe Michael Huemer Penn Jillette Gary Johnson Stephan Kinsella Samuel Edward Konkin III Janusz Korwin-Mikke Étienne de La Boétie Rose Wilder Lane David Leyonhjelm Roderick T. Long Lord Acton Tibor Machan Wendy McElroy Ludwig von Mises Gustave de Molinari Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Ralph Raico Ayn Rand Leonard Read Murray Rothbard Joseph Schumpeter Chris Matthew Sciabarra Julian Simon Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner John Stossel Thomas Szasz Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Josiah Warren Issues Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism Criticism Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law Books Anarchy, State, and Utopia Atlas Shrugged For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto Free to Choose Law, Legislation and Liberty The Market for Liberty Related Anti-collectivism Anti-communism Anti-fascism Anti-socialism Austro-libertarianism Center for Libertarian Studies Civil libertarianism Classical liberalism Constitutionalism Economic liberalism Fusionism Green libertarianism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian socialism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarianism in South Africa Libertarianism in the United Kingdom Libertarianism in the United States Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism Libertarianism portal Outline of libertarianism v t e Social and political philosophy Ancient philosophers Aristotle Chanakya Cicero Confucius Han Fei Lactantius Laozi Mencius Mozi Origen Plato Polybius Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Tertullian Thucydides Valluvar Xenophon Xunzi Medieval philosophers Alpharabius Augustine Averroes Baldus Bartolus Bruni Dante Gelasius al-Ghazali Giles Hostiensis Ibn Khaldun John of Paris John of Salisbury Latini Maimonides Marsilius Nizam al-Mulk Photios Thomas Aquinas Wang William of Ockham Early modern philosophers Beza Bodin Bossuet Botero Buchanan Calvin Cumberland Duplessis-Mornay Erasmus Filmer Grotius Guicciardini Harrington Hayashi Hobbes Hotman Huang Leibniz Locke Luther Machiavelli Malebranche Mariana Milton Montaigne More Müntzer Naudé Pufendorf Rohan Sansovino Sidney Spinoza Suárez 18th–19th-century philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Constant Emerson Engels Fichte Fourier Franklin Godwin Hamann Hegel Herder Hume Jefferson Justi Kant political philosophy Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Madison Maistre Marx Mazzini Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Novalis Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Schiller Smith Spencer Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vico Vivekananda Voltaire 20th–21st-century philosophers Adorno Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Bernstein Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Dworkin Foucault Gandhi Gauthier Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kautsky Kirk Kropotkin Laclau Lenin Luxemburg Mao Mansfield Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Mou Mouffe Negri Niebuhr Nozick Nursî Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Qutb Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sartre Scanlon Schmitt Searle Shariati Simmel Simonović Skinner Sombart Sorel Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Category Authority control BIBSYS: 90078477 BNE: XX1032401 BNF: cb11982092g (data) CANTIC: a11437169 CiNii: DA00552255 GND: 118588974 ISNI: 0000 0001 1025 482X LCCN: n81010466 LNB: 000228017 NDL: 00451533 NKC: js20020617004 NLI: 000100498 NLK: KAC199620421 NLP: A15171383 NSK: 000279215 NTA: 069367094 PLWABN: 9810652023905606 RERO: 02-A003647116 SELIBR: 249773 SNAC: w6hj96x0 SUDOC: 029255813 Trove: 936835 VIAF: 41848718 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n81010466 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Nozick&oldid=997886599" Categories: 1938 births 2002 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 20th-century American philosophers 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American philosophers American agnostics American ethicists American libertarians American logicians American male non-fiction writers American people of Russian-Jewish descent American political philosophers American political writers Analytic philosophers Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows Columbia College (New York) alumni Critical theorists Critics of Objectivism (Ayn Rand) Cultural critics Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts Deaths from stomach cancer Deontological ethics Epistemologists Harvard University faculty Jewish agnostics Jewish American writers Jewish philosophers Kantian philosophers Libertarian theorists Mathematicians from New York (state) Metaphysicians National Book Award winners People from Belmont, Massachusetts People from Brooklyn Philosophers of economics Philosophers of mind Philosophy of Robert Nozick Political philosophers Princeton University alumni Rationality theorists Social critics Social philosophers Writers from New York (state) Presidents of the American Philosophical Association Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 18:45 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement