# ent

id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Nierenversagen erscheint unter dem Aspekt der je nach Schweregrad der Nierenfunktionsbeeinträchtigung stark divergierenden Mortalität und Morbidität ungeeignet Als


id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von einer Nierenersatztherapie bestimmt 4 Wochen bzw 3 Monate und sind somit Outcome Kriterien nämlich F loss und end stage renal disease 29 Obwohl beispielsweise in einer klinischen


id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Voraussetzungen nur bedingt praktikabel Die ICG PDR kann nichtinvasiv relativ schnell gemessen werden und hat wenn bei ICU


id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  m Serum ist meist mit einer Erkrankung der Leber und oder der Gallenwege assoziiert Bei ICU Patienten mit Zirrhose ist


id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Forderung nach organspezifischen Biomarkern zur besseren Einschätzung von Organfunktionen bzw Funktionsänderungen Der vorliegende Artikel versucht eine


id: cord-005892-3yuznrdv
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Infektionen mit septischem Schock 60 100 15 16 17 erscheint eine aggressive antiinfektive Präventions


id: cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
type: ORG
entity:
  American College of Chest Physicians American College of Physicians American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zwischen dem hyperakuten 7 Tage dem akuten 7 28 Tage und dem subakuten 28 Tage 6 Monate Leberversagen 9


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  VIII XIII von Willebrandfaktor bei Hypofibrinogenämie 100 mg dl verwendet Zur Prävention der statistisch häufigen


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Transplantationsbedingungen Patienten mit paracetamolinduziertem ALV sind hierbei am meisten beeinträchtigt Ebenso zeigen Patienten über 50 Jahre eine 2


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  sich das nebenwirkungsarme NAC Schema generell auch bei allen anderen Entitäten des ALV Eine spezifische Behandlung sollte bei der akuten Hepatitis B Infektion eingeleitet


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Patienten rekrutiert werden können Da der Verlauf des ALV in seiner Geschwindigkeit kaum vorhersagbar ist empfiehlt sich


id: cord-016526-obph3gup
type: LAW
entity:
  Specific Aims and Methods Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Respiratory Tract Infections


id: cord-017302-xez0zso3
type: GGP
entity:
  bloodstream 4 5 6 The respiratory system is also more susceptible to infection with qualitative and quantitative dysfunction of alveolar macrophages lymphocytes and neutrophils 7 8 9


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  geradezu einen explosionsartigen Wissenszuwachs zur Pathophysiologie und Differenzialtherapie von MODS bis hin zur Aufdeckung molekularer Mechanismen Neben Untersuchungen zu akuten Krankheitsstadien von ALI und ARDS zeichnen sich


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  sich zwischen 25 bis 50 7 43 In einer konsiliarpsychiatrischen Perspektive überwiegen Angststörungen


id: cord-001493-3yu2di1g
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  MUC1 mucin surfactant protein B SP B 39 surfactant protein D SP D 25 26 40 Clara cell protein CC 16 41


id: cord-001262-8s7g2wvd
type: GGP
entity:
  IL 6 IL 8 24 coagulation plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 protein C thrombomodulin 25 endothelial cell injury von Willebrand factor 26 and epithelial cell


id: cord-010945-6iisb8jw
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Drug Induced Pancreatitis Incidence Management and Prevention Acute Pancreatitis Revised Atlanta Classification


id: cord-010945-6iisb8jw
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Update A Clinically Based Classification System for Acute Pancreatitis Describing Computed Tomography Findings in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis


id: cord-308201-lavcsqov
type: GGP
entity:
  Parkinson s disease PD 151 and has recently been shown to exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis EAE which


id: cord-308201-lavcsqov
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Role of Human Coronaviruses in Children Hospitalized for Acute Bronchiolitis Acute Gastroenteritis and Febrile Seizures


id: cord-308201-lavcsqov
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Safe and Sensitive Antiviral Screening Platform Based on Recombinant Human Coronavirus OC43 Expressing the Luciferase Reporter Gene High Throughput Screening and Identification of Potent Broad Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronaviruses Non


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Chinese hamster ovary CHO hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mammalian cell forward gene


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: GGP
entity:
  miticides e g avermectins azobenzene benzoximate bromopropylate dofenapyn nikkomycins tetranactin ii Algicides


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ulceration acid base disturbances renal failure hypotension cardiac arrest pulmonary dysfunction convulsions coma


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  3 ethoxypropyl mercury bromide ethylmercury acetate ethylmercury bromide ethylmercury chloride ethylmercury 2 3 dihydroxypropyl mercaptide ethylmercury phosphate N ethylmercury ptoluenesulphonanilide


id: cord-286408-bhrrb5s7
type: GGP
entity:
  neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocain NGAL should be used Reversible acute renal failure related to fluid and electrolyte disorders


id: cord-018557-iuu38yes
type: GGP
entity:
  penicillin V 79 80 81 however these treatments amount to a much greater expense Attempts at short course therapy have been studied with azithromycin 82


id: cord-018557-iuu38yes
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza rhinovirus adenovirus coronavirus parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus 85 Nonviral pathogens


id: cord-006508-rje9bnph
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  sickle red blood cell perfused isolated rat lung Pulmonary fat embolism a distinct cause of severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia Outpatient penile aspiration and epinephrine irrigation for young patients with sickle cell anemia Phospholipase A2


id: cord-286033-klkoyw1r
type: GGP
entity:
  neutrophil gelatinase associated DOI of original article https doi org 10 1016 j banm 2020 09 002 ଝ Press release of the French National Academy of Medicine July Q1 14 2020 lipocalin NGAL


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  circulating T helper cells CD4 cells Cytotoxic T cells CD8 cells B cells natural killers cells lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  activated B cell NF κB Toll like receptors TLRs Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase MAPK Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 BST2 IL


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ICAM 1 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 2 ICAM 2 Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 MMP9 Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3 BIRC3 and Rho Family GTPase 1 RND1


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Activates the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Membrane Fusion and Reduces Viral Control by the Humoral Immune Response A Transmembrane Serine Protease


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: ORG
entity:
  the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein S2 Domain with Characteristics of a Viral Fusion Peptide Ultrastructure and Origin of Membrane Vesicles Associated


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: FAC
entity:
  Analysis of Constructed E Gene Mutants of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Confirms a Pivotal Role for E Protein in Coronavirus Assembly Infectious Bronchitis Virus E Protein Is Targeted


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: ORG
entity:
  Inhibition of Endosomal Lysosomal Degradation Increases the Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hydroxychloroquine


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
type: DISEASE
entity:
  breath chest pain diarrhoea nausea rhinorrhoea runny nose vomiting loss of appetite abdominal pain gastrointestinal bleeding autoimmune haemolytic anaemia


id: cord-257460-e6anaxck
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Treating the Immunocompetent Patient Who Presents with an Upper Respiratory Infection Pharyngitis Sinusitis


id: cord-266303-6igk5jmn
type: EVENT
entity:
  COVID 19 infection Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID 19


id: cord-323566-jck799zq
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  Bone B Glial nodules C Hepatoid anlage D Striated muscle E Enteric type epithelium ANSWER D 5 Congenital malformations


id: cord-323566-jck799zq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  pneumonia obliterative bronchiolitis pulmonary hemorrhage pulmonary edema pulmonary hypertension venoocclusive disease


id: cord-310205-j57x9ke6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  peritonsillar infection retropharyngeal abscess cervical lymphadenitis mastoiditis Lemierre syndrome sinusitis


id: cord-273035-sewfb3q8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Proteomic Fingerprints for Potential Application to Early Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date 2005 01 01


id: cord-017799-2nvrakbs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  abnormal mucosal thickening of the sinuses on CT 19 Equally important imaging cannot distinguish between viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis


id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  M1 007 ClinicalTrials gov identifier NCT00074906 Effect of exogenous surfactant calfactant in pediatric acute lung injury a randomized controlled trial A trial of antioxidants N acetylcysteine and procysteine in ARDS the Antioxidant in ARDS Study Group N acetylcysteine


id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh
type: GGP
entity:
  angiotensin receptor antagonist blocker FA fatty acid GM CSF granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factor HNE human neutrophil elastase ICAM 1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 IL 8 interleukin 8 MMPs matrix metalloproteinases NF kB


id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh
type: GGP
entity:
  peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g rhPAF recombinant human PAF TNFa tumour necrosis factor


id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh
type: GGP
entity:
  Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors PPARs are ligand activated transcription factors related to thyroid hormone steroid


id: cord-029332-yn603pvb
type: GGP
entity:
  oxygen O 2 saturation 98 Table 1 lists the results of his initial laboratory testing including normal levels of ferritin procalcitonin interleukin IL 1


id: cord-018430-u3k8pds6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  sinoatrial block atrial standstill AV block intraatrial conduction abnormalities atrial tachycardia flutter


id: cord-258307-nsdhvc8w
type: ORG
entity:
  1 World Health Organization International Avian Influenza Investigative Team World Health Organization Cumulative


id: cord-258307-nsdhvc8w
type: ORG
entity:
  Toronto World Health Organization Working Group on Prevention of International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-007444-c9vu8ako
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nontypeable H influenzaes4 97 114 and M a t a r r h a l i s are found following AECOPD Although bacterial colonization


id: cord-313253-um3qu8xr
type: ORG
entity:
  Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis Pathophysiological Characteristics Lymphocytic Myocarditis


id: cord-305856-xt3zxajf
type: GGP
entity:
  HCoVs SARS CoV 6 17 and MERS CoV 20 40 17 18 19 However by the 24 th of May 2020 many countries exhibited exponential rise in CFR 8 Table I Unlike SARS CoV the high percentage of SARS CoV 2


id: cord-295216-eff02z0i
type: ORG
entity:
  the Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology Management of


id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v
type: GGP
entity:
  IL 1 IL6 IL8 IL 10 soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptors sTNFR and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1


id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v
type: ORG
entity:
  Goal Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date


id: cord-285291-pep4opiq
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Dexmedetomidine for Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Randomized Evaluation DESIRE Trial Investigators Effect of dexmedetomidine on mortality and ventilatorfree days


id: cord-285291-pep4opiq
type: ORG
entity:
  the American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines


id: cord-285291-pep4opiq
type: ORG
entity:
  the American College of Cardiology Foundation American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines


id: cord-345222-otfnrarh
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Guidelines for the Control of Shigellosis Including the Epidemics Which Were Caused


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1 and E selectin sELAM 1 sICAM 1 sVCAM 1 sELAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1 and E selecfin sELAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  PREHOSPITAL RESUSCITATION EFFORTS C K6ppel G Fahron H Lufft A KrUger C Th Jrk F Bertschat F Martens Dept of Nephrology add Medical Intensive Care Virchow Klinikum Humboldt Universit t D 13353 Bedin Germany Obiective The success rate of prehospital resuscitation in patients with cardiocirculatory arrest in an Emergency Medical System EMS


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  T45 T60 T65 T75 A 2 1 0 6 2 1 0 5 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 7 2 1 0 7 2 1 0 Conclusion the C slowed V L and V T


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Swan Ganz pulmonary artery catheter Beckton Dickinson U S A Deseret 1000 Cardiac Output Computer Medical Inc U S A


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: DNA
entity:
  ICU C Kotsavassiloglou D Matamis G Dadoudis J Kioumis D Riggos ICU dep G Papanicolaou Gen Hosp Exohl Thessaloniki


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  pI F CACT PI7 r 0 62 CVC samples 132 88 34 22 V femoralis samples 1 28 84 29 24 p value n s n s Conclusion There is no difference in heparin


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Swan Ganz pulmonary catheter PC requiremen t during elective cardiac surgery according to the need of sustained inotropic support after surgery Methods Three hundred patients aged from 27 to 85 89 females and 211 males were consecutively operated on for elective coronary artery bypass surgery CABG n 179 valvular replacement VR n 98 combination of both VR CABG n 15


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  LDH p 0 04 and a more marked hypoalbuminemia p O 03 Mortality was higer in Group A 52 6 than in Group B 29 6 p 0 04 Analysing the A


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  Objectives Activated endothelial cells release soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  fenoterol 0 2 rag For 0 5 h spirometry was repeated Results In resting pulmonary abnormalities observer in the S


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  Propanolol i v RESULTS A significant increase of the aortic diastolic pressures and a significant decrease of the left ventricle telediastolic pressures


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  FIO2 0 4 4 pH 7 45 5 heart rate 20 bm and or 6 non mental alertness and 7 other medical disorders after which adequate weaning therapy was necessary Then successful weaning after 24h was considered 1 spontaneous breathing without any forrn of mechanical assistance 2 stability in haemodynamics and 3 elimination of fever threat Results 122 pts 75 were extubated at 8h without complication 29 other pts 18 at 8h but had to be reintubated because they were hypoxic and began weaning therapy finally they were all re extubated by 48h Only 11 pts 7 proved problematic Conclusion A aesthesia wimhlw options selectkm extubation reintubation and weaning predicted quick times Propofol administration and safe rigid criteria extubation 75 8h and 18 24h exempting pts with developed post operative complications 7 extubation


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  8channel electroencephalograph 4 channel roencephalograph AD converter 16 analog inputs 12 bit resolution 60 k Hz IBM


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  MAP T0 124mmHg T8 118mmHg HR T0 177 T8 201 RAP T0 11mmHg T8 19mmHg PAP T0 26mmHg T8 31mmHg PCWP T0 14mmHg T8 15 mHg SVR T0


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Laterre F Thys E Danse J P Pelgrim E Florence Z Roeseler M S R eynaert Dept of Intensive Care St Luc Univ Hospital Brussels Belgium Therapy


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Michalopoulos A Anthi K Rellos J Kriaras S Geroulanos Intensive Care Unit Onassis Cardiac Center Athens


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: ORG
entity:
  Chair of Anaesthesiology Resuccitation and Medicine of Catastrophes Neurology of Ukrainian State Medical


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  CO 133_ 4 vs 144_ 8 p 0 28 and QSt AA 21 5_ 0 8 vs 22 8_ 0 9 p 0 09 The results of regional pertusion


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  xauifosted b 7 the exhaust of Lhe confulaLion nod oessel plateL heuoStasis The consuxptton of cnnpononts tbronbln


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  carbamates 5 8 imidazopyridines 5 1 cyclqpyrrol0nes 2 7 Analgesics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatories represented 6 8 of


id: cord-258967-8wb3m3ux
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rhinoviruses coronaviruses parainfluenza viruses respiratory syncytial virus adenoviruses and enteroviruses


id: cord-014538-6a2pviol
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Bruno Neuville Mathilde D ortho Marie Pia Bouadma Lila Rouvel Tallec Anny Rudler Marika Weiss Nicolas Perlbarg Vincent Galanaud Damien Thabut Dominique Rachdi Emna


id: cord-014538-6a2pviol
type: DNA
entity:
  Louf Durier Aurore Tapponnier Romain Louis Bruno Forel Jean Marie Bisbal Magali Lehingue Samuel Rambaud Romain


id: cord-014538-6a2pviol
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Deransy Romain Brisson Hélène Monsel Antoine Conti Filomena Scatton Olivier Langeron Olivier Ghezala Hassen Ben Snouda Salah


id: cord-014538-6a2pviol
type: DISEASE
entity:
  neoplasms breast lung ovarian urologic gastrointestinal digestive system abdominal brain carcinoid tumor sarcoma testicular seminoma


id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0
type: GGP
entity:
  enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli V cholerae clostridial and staphylococcal food poisoning rotavirus Norwalk virus agent Giardia lamblia


id: cord-283367-azzy2t1a
type: DNA
entity:
  SAGE Open Med DOI 10 1177 2050312120957925 sha 67199668175cab2f4daa0fe2d856b568bf5e69e7 doc_id 283367 cord_uid


id: cord-030369-4dn02a35
type: GGP
entity:
  Hepatitis B DOI 10 1007 978 94 024 1603 9_1 sha 7e36a1fdf8bdb67e47d744f4a8dabc982e5bac5e doc_id 30369 cord_uid 4dn02a35


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  hyperergic encephalomyelitis encefalite perivenosa postvaccinale o demielinizzazione postencefalite sono utilizzati


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: DNA
entity:
  delle anomalie dei PE visivi 36 quattro dei PE somestesici 29 e uno dei PE uditivi 7 Confronto delle


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: DNA
entity:
  EMAD Precedenti di trombosi venose profonde perdite fetali e la presenza di anticorpi anticardiolipidi e


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  di 1 400 vaccinazioni e di 1 600 contro 1 1 575 vaccinazioni per il vaccino tipo Semple Anticorpi diretti contro gli antigeni della mielina sono riscontrabili nei pazienti che hanno sviluppato


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  cerebrale di topi sensibili del virus dell encefalomielite murine di Theiler Questi ratti sviluppano


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  di lattati sulla biopsia muscolare e sui test di genetica molecolare L adrenoleucodistrofia malattia recessiva legata


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  di epilessia Il 6 50 dei bambini presenta nei postumi dei disturbi del comportamento e cognitivi Alcuni studi mostrano


id: cord-280070-c1bkhgaz
type: ORG
entity:
  European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias


id: cord-280070-c1bkhgaz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  interstitial lung diseases Eosinophilic lung diseases Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis syndrome Opportunistic infections


id: cord-285557-my16g91c
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis 2003


id: cord-285557-my16g91c
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organisation Multicentre Collaborative Networks for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis 2003


id: cord-285557-my16g91c
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  growth factor 1 IGF 1 basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF nerve growth factor NGF Transforming growth factor beta 1 TGF b1 placental growth factor PGF stromal cell derived factor 1 SDF 1 CXCL12 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MCP 1 CCL2 hepatocyte growth factor HGF interleukin 6 IL 6 IL 8 IL 10 IL 13 G CSF


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  growth factor 1 bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor NGF Nerve growth factor TGF b1 Transforming growth beta 1 IFN


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  IL 1α Interleukin 1 alpha IL 1β Interleukin 1 beta PGF Placental growth factor SDF 1 CXCL12 Stromal cell derived factor 1 MCP 1 CCL2 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
type: GGP
entity:
  growth factor 1 IGF 1 basic fibroblast growth factor bFGF nerve growth factor NGF Transforming growth factor beta 1 TGF b1 placental growth factor PGF stromal cell derived factor 1 SDF 1 CXCL12 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MCP 1 CCL2 hepatocyte growth factor HGF interleukin 6 IL 6 IL 8 IL 10 IL 13 G CSF and GM CSF 72 73 74 75 There are various tissue specific factors


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
type: GGP
entity:
  growth factor 1 bFGF Basic fibroblast growth factor NGF Nerve growth factor TGF b1 Transforming growth beta 1 IFN γ Interferon γ TNF α Tumor necrosis factor α IL 1α Interleukin 1 alpha IL 1β Interleukin 1 beta PGF Placental growth factor SDF 1 CXCL12 Stromal cell derived factor 1 MCP 1 CCL2 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 HGF Hepatocyte growth factor G CSF Granulocyte


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Protease Reveals the Critical Role of the Extra Domain in Dimerization of the Enzyme Defining the Extra Domain


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein Nsp10 Nsp14 Exoribonuclease Complex Structural Basis


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Crystal Structure of Its N Terminal Domain and Multimerization Properties Modular Organization of SARS


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: FAC
entity:
  the Elderly Cutting Edge Impaired Toll like Receptor Expression and Function in Aging Signaling Pathways


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  the Cardiovascular System Implications for Risk Assessment Complement Associated Microvascular Injury and Thrombosis


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  A Combined Proteomics Genomics Approach Links Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Nonsense Mediated MRNA Decay Virus Escape and Manipulation of Cellular Nonsense


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: EVENT
entity:
  the NMD Resistance of AUG Proximal Nonsense Mutations A Conserved Role for Cytoplasmic Poly A Binding Protein 1 PABPC1


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  the Mouse Hepatitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Effects of Phosphorylation of Avian Retrovirus Nucleocapsid Protein


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: FAC
entity:
  the Crossroads of Many Cellular Pathways Valiente Echeverría F Strategies for Success Viral Infections and Membraneless Organelles


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
type: ORG
entity:
  Concomitant Formation of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies Hypoxic Inhibition of Nonsense Mediated RNA Decay Regulates Gene Expression


id: cord-353717-jjd90fyh
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 10657 sha 1622e8c50ae8040291f6641dcf05477a093ada34 doc_id 353717 cord_uid jjd90fyh Coronavirus


id: cord-336053-cjq7szcn
type: ORG
entity:
  Outcomes of Recipients of Heart Transplant with Coronavirus Disease European Heart Rhythm Association EHRA


id: cord-336053-cjq7szcn
type: ORG
entity:
  the Prospective Investigative Study of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis PISA PED Sensitivity and Specificity of Perfusion Scintigraphy Combined


id: cord-349197-3trr8d0u
type: DISEASE
entity:
  idiopathic adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS diffuse alveolar damage DAD Adult respiratory distress syndrome


id: cord-349197-3trr8d0u
type: DISEASE
entity:
  pulmonary and extrapulmonary causes CT clinical and functional correlations Pulmonary pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome


id: cord-294062-3esrg1jw
type: DNA
entity:
  illnessFTDFast Track DiagnosticsCtCycle thresholdHi BHaemophilus influenzae type BHi nonBnon type B Haemophilus influenzaeIQRInterquartile


id: cord-015985-lrzzak3l
type: GGP
entity:
  Hist Plaveiselcelcarcinoom adenocarcinoom anaplastisch carcinoom sarcoom fibro chondro nonhodgkinlymfoom Voork Veelal


id: cord-015985-lrzzak3l
type: DISEASE
entity:
  tonsillitis lacunaris Tonsillitis bij acute leukemie Tonsillitis luetica Zeldzame vorm van lues I Tonsillitis


id: cord-015985-lrzzak3l
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N 4 en N 5 hogere centra Drempelbepaling op grond van amplitude intensiteitscurve latentiebepaling van de verschillende toppen


id: cord-263285-89zqgqx1
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Berlin Definition Diagnosis Treatment and Follow Up of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Consensus Practice


id: cord-287648-nhsn4cru
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute respiratory distress dyndrome Respiratory and haemodynamic changes during decremental open lung positive end expiratory pressure


id: cord-331939-6okbdw7a
type: ORG
entity:
  the American College of Physicians Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem and spinal cord Prepare frozen sections and request Sudan stain Prepare frozen sections of one half of gland and paraffin sections of the other half Petechial hemorrhages of skin chest neck and face Wounds other traumatic lesions Bone fractures Petechiae of conjunctivas and retinas Fat may accumulate on surface ofblood


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem encephalitis Listeria monocytogenes brain stem encephalitis viral brain stem encephalitis NOTE See also under Encephalitis limbic Brain For removal and specimen preparation see Chapter 4 Necrotizing encephalitis with or without abscess formation 1 Enterocolitis Other Types or Type Undetermined NOTE A multitude of infectious and noninfectious agents


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: CL
entity:
  stem and spinal cord See also above under Skull and spine and under Possible Associated Conditions Incompetence See Insufficiency Related Terms Battered child syndrome child abuse or child neglect death NOTE Vitreous should not be aspirated until the skull has been opened and trauma ruled out because there is a risk of artifactual damage to the retina In the presence of craniocerebral trauma the pathologist can opt to examine the eyes by removal fixation and histologic study or retinal photography Follow general procedures described under Homicide and if necessary the procedures described under Rape External examination See above under Note Prepare roentgenograms of entire body See above under Note In other situations or after study of the fundus submit sample of vitreous for chemical and possible toxicologic study Umbilical cord attachment Prepare histologic sections of umbilicus and end of umbilical cord Blood Submit sample for toxicologic study Consider retaining dried blood on filter paper for possible DNA


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: GGP
entity:
  Reye s syndrome differential diagnosis Prevalence and non specificity of microvesicular fatty changes


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious angiitis necrotizing arteritis polyarteritis nodosa rheumatic arteritis rheumatoid arteritis syphilitic arteritis Takayasu s arteritis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  iris cataracts retinal pigmentation Ischemic lesions Artery Patent Ductal Synonym Patent ductus arteriosus


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Atrial or ventricular septal defect coarctation ofthe aorta conotruncal anomalies necrotizing enterocolitis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  ventricular and atrial walls hypoplastic left atrium mitral valve left ventricle and ascending aorta mitral atresia


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Congenital biliary atresia extrahepatic biliary atresia infantile obstructive cholangio pathy syndromic Alagille s syndrome


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  malrotation situs inversus preduodenal portal vein absent inferior vena cava anomalous hepatic artery


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Hemosiderosis idiopathic pulmonary Lipoproteinosis pulmonary alveolar Microlithiasis pulmonary alveolar Pneumonia lipoid


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute hypersensitivity arteritis hyperthyroidism gastrointestinal hemorrhage hypothyroidism idiopathic arterial calcification


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Dreifuss mucular dystrophy facioscapulohumeral dystrophy limb girdle dystrophy myotonic muscular dystrophy


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Barre syndrome idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IgA deficiency lichen planus


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cirrhosis biliary atresia 3 Immunodeficiency See Syndrome acquired immunodeficiency and Syndrome primary immunodeficiency Impression Basilar NOTE Basilar


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS cancer cachexia inflammatory bowel disease liver or kidney failure


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  reflux 3 neoplasms of lungs esophagus intestine and liver chronic liver disease inflammatory bowel disease pulmonary disease


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Pharynx and gastrointestinal tract Heart liver and kidneys Record skin changes and eye abnormalities


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  liver and biliary tract Pulmonary Related Terms Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis intralobular bronchopulmonary sequestration


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Collagenous inorganic dust pneumoconiosis nodular type Silicosis Noncollagenous inorganic dust pneumoconiosis


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Acute lymphocytic leukemia acute myelocytic leukemia acute megakaryocytic leukemia Cardiovascular disease


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  atrioventricular septal defect subpulmonary stenosis pulmonary valve atresia midline symmetric liver malrotation


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cerebral arteries aortic insufficiency calcific aortic stenosis coarctation of the aorta infective endocarditis Shone s syndrome Turner s syndrome


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Patienten mit ALI zeigen dass Hyperdensitäten entlang eines anteriorposterior Gradienten als auch gleichzeitig entlang eines zephalokaudalen Gradienten feststellbar sind Diese Hyperdensitäten entsprechen nonaerated nichtbelüfteten Lungenarealen welche sich von


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von Lungengewebe führen Des Weiteren kann diese Jet Ventilationstechnik mit NO Applikationsgeräten kombiniert werden wobei eine exakte NO Dosierung gewährleistet ist Meist kommt sie erst dann zu


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist eine Lagerungstherapie mit dem Ziel einer Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion und damit des pulmonalen Gasaustausches Zahlreiche Arbeiten beweisen die Effektivität dieser Maßnahmen Langer et al 1988 Hörman


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: DISEASE
entity:
  endexspiratorisch ein Verschluss basaler Luftwege auf Der Verschluss der kleinen Atemwege tritt vor allem


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: DISEASE
entity:
  deren Beatmung nicht mehr notwendig Resultierend aus dem Zusammenwirken von Surfactant und dem La Place Gesetz ist der notwendige Innendruck


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
type: DISEASE
entity:
  inhalation injury Granton J and the multicenter oscillatory ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome


id: cord-355560-vsxe97xs
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Hubei China A Descriptive Cross Sectional Multicenter Study Epidemiological clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus infected disease 2019 COVID 19


id: cord-016757-3d320c0a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure Fulminante Hepatitis bei Listeriensepsis Fulminant herpes hepatitis


id: cord-278319-44bvju3g
type: ORG
entity:
  College of Physicians American Society of Internal Medicine Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: GGP
entity:
  expansión y extensión Colombia reporta a la fecha actual 113 389 casos confirmados y 3984 nuevos casos de COVID 19 confirmados y cerca


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: GGP
entity:
  Ataque cerebrovascular agudo isquémico o hemorrágico con tazas de entre el 5 al 6 por lo que el examen neurológico debe realizarse para documentar


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PERSON
entity:
  debido al riesgo potencial de contaminación del campo quirúrgico con el aire que sale de la válvula de exhalación


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  con el receptor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 ACE2 el hemograma puede revelar linfopenia y neutrofilia sin otras anormalidades significativas


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PERSON
entity:
  además de recibir hidroxicloroquina lopinavir ritonavir y metilprednisolona fueron tratados con plasma


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Assessment of Self Contamination During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment for Ebola Patient Care


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Society European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Mechanical Ventilation


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Prone Position Outside the Intensive Care Unit Use of Prone Positioning in Nonintubated Patients With COVID 19 and Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure First case


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  CT A Preliminary Study on the Ultrasonic Manifestations of Peripulmonary Lesions of Non Critical Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Effect of Focused Bedside Ultrasonography


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: EVENT
entity:
  Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System Viruses Neurological


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Acute Disease Quality Initiative ADQI 21 Workgroup Intravascular Volume Assessment in the Critically Ill Patient


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Dialysis Facilities Additional Guidance for Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: FAC
entity:
  Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Covid 19 medRxiv Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In Hospital Mortality in Patients


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Molecular Mechanism for Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID 19 With Convalescent Plasma Effectiveness


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  the Difficult Airway Society the Association of Anaesthetists the Intensive Care Society the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  the Royal College of Anaesthetists Management of Difficult Tracheal Intubation A Closed Claims Analysis Difficult Airway Society


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Posterior Probability of Mortality Benefit in a Post


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Ann Intensive Care Effect of Postextubation High Flow Nasal Cannula vs Noninvasive Ventilation on Reintubation and Postextubation Respiratory Failure in High Risk Patients A Randomized Clinical Trial High


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute lung injury acute respiratory distress syndrome Extravascular lung water and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure


id: cord-267436-mivxm8oh
type: ORG
entity:
  1 World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis


id: cord-262843-i0cy7467
type: DNA
entity:
  human metapneumo virus hMPV influenza virus A and B and respiratory syncytial RS virus A and B Swabs


id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor MYLK myosin light chain kinase NFKB1 nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer


id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  B cell enhancing factor PLAU plasminogen activator urokinase SFTPB surfactant pulmonary associated protein B TNF tumor necrosis factor VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor


id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve
type: GGP
entity:
  ACE angiotensin converting enzyme CXCL2 chemokine CXC motif ligand 2 F5 coagulation factor V IL 6 interleukin 6 IL 10 interleukin 10 MBL2 mannose binding lectin 2 MIF


id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve
type: GGP
entity:
  CXC motif ligand 2 F5 coagulation factor V IL 6 interleukin 6 IL 10 interleukin 10 MBL2 mannose binding lectin 2 MIF


id: cord-325405-cu4nx891
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Rotavirus norovirus enteric adenovirus astrovirus sapovirus mimiviruses aichivirus bocavirus parechovirus cytomegalovirus hepatitis A coronaviruses picornaviruses


# bib

id: cord-001262-8s7g2wvd
author: Zheng, Guoping
date: 2014-04-04
txt: ./txt/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994204/
doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-39
summary:
  title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Many studies, including publications from our group [11, 12] , have demonstrated compelling evidence of the benefits of MSCs from both bone marrow [13] [14] [15] and adipose tissues [16] [17] [18] in animal models for lung injury and ARDS. In this randomized, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial, the primary goal was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients.

title:
  Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate the immune response and reduce lung injury in animal models. Currently, no clinical studies of the effects of MSCs in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) exist. The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Patients received one intravenous dose of 1 × 10(6) cells/kg of body weight or saline. Possible side effects were monitored after treatment. Acute lung injury biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-8 and surfactant protein D (SP-D), were examined to determine the effects of MSCs on lung injury and inflammation. RESULTS: There were no infusion toxicities or serious adverse events related to MSCs administration and there were no significant differences in the overall number of adverse events between the two groups. Length of hospital stay, ventilator-free days and ICU-free days at day 28 after treatment were similar. There were no changes in biomarkers examined in the placebo group. In the MSCs group, serum SP-D levels at day 5 were significantly lower than those at day 0 (p = 0.027) while the changes in IL-8 levels were not significant. The IL-6 levels at day 5 showed a trend towards lower levels as compared with day 0, but this trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs appears to be safe and feasible in the treatment of ARDS. However, the clinical effect with the doses of MSCs used is weak, and further optimization of this strategy will probably be required to reach the goal of reduced alveolar epithelial injury in ARDS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials.gov, NCT01902082


id: cord-001493-3yu2di1g
title: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome
author: Fujishima, Seitaro
date: 2014-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267590/
doi: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32
summary:
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines play major roles in acute inflammation and the development of inflammatory lung diseases, including ARDS. Increased levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are associated with death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network: Plasma surfactant protein levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury

abstract:
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. One specific pathological finding of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage. In 2012, in an effort to increase diagnostic specificity, a revised definition of ARDS was published in JAMA. However, no new parameters or biomarkers were adopted by the revised definition. Discriminating between ARDS and other similar diseases is critically important; however, only a few biomarkers are currently available for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, predicting the severity, response to therapy, or outcome of the illness is also important for developing treatment strategies for each patient. However, the PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio is currently the sole clinical parameter used for this purpose. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. In this review, the current understanding of the basic pathophysiology of ARDS and associated candidate biomarkers will be discussed.


id: cord-002016-vzn338ub
title: Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no
author: Thompson, B. Taylor
date: 2016-02-16
txt: ./txt/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829481/
doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4255-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Rescue therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) usually target patients with severe hypoxia and/ or hypercarbia refractory to conventional therapies and are considered when rapid deterioration in the patient''s condition over a period of hours suggests an increased risk of death. These encouraging data suggest corticosteroids at lower doses early in the course of pneumonia or ARDS improve lung function but that the onset of action is too slow and inconsistent and the magnitude of the effect too small to be recommended as a reliable life-saving rescue therapy. Table 1 Steroid-responsive conditions which may present with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Some diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis leading to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, require additional immunosupressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or rituximab [7] . Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
author: nan
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/
doi: 10.1007/bf02426401
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life.


id: cord-005884-uzxaey5k
title: Monitoring von Organfunktionen: Dysfunktion von Niere, Leber, Gastrointestinaltrakt und Gerinnung
author: Lehner, G.F.
date: 2012-02-02
txt: ./txt/cord-005884-uzxaey5k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005884-uzxaey5k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095894/
doi: 10.1007/s00063-011-0032-7
summary:
  Einschränkungen für den breiten Einsatz von Cystatin C ergeben sich außerdem aus F der fehlenden Standardisierung, F dem hohem Preis und F der potenziellen Beeinflussbarkeit durch Entzündung und HormonIntensivmedizin · Score · Biomarker · Prognosebeurteilung · Blutgerinnung Der Einsatz der genannten Biomarker bei der klinischen Diagnose und der Klassifizierung der akuten Nierenschädigung könnte in Zukunft sowohl das frühere Erkennen einer Nierenfunktionsbeeinträchtigung ermöglichen und durch den dar-aus resultierenden früheren Behandlungsbeginn die Therapie optimieren als auch die Sensitivität und Spezifität der existierenden Systeme (RIFLE, AKIN) wesentlich verbessern sowie möglicherweise sogar verlässliche Aussagen über das Outcome der Patienten ermöglichen. Zusammenfassend beziehen leberspezifische Scores, vermutlich aufgrund ihrer Fokussierung auf Leberparameter, andere wichtige Mortalitätsdeterminanten nicht mit ein und sind daher für eine verlässliche Beurteilung der Überlebensprognose bei ICU-Patienten nur bedingt nützlich.

abstract:
  Monitoring of organ function is one of the core tasks of intensive care medicine. Although various monitoring devices and parameters have already been established for some organs, there are no or only few conditionally useful parameters or scores available for the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and blood coagulation. Therefore, specific biomarkers and scores as well as combinations of both are currently investigated for better monitoring of these organs. This article gives a critical overview of currently used as well as investigational biomarkers, tests and scores in general, and shows some examples of the implications for common diseases, clinical situations and constellations in the intensive care unit.


id: cord-005892-3yuznrdv
author: Hübener, P.
date: 2017-02-16
txt: ./txt/cord-005892-3yuznrdv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005892-3yuznrdv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095908/
doi: 10.1007/s00063-017-0263-3
summary:
  Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an emerging clinical syndrome in patients with underlying liver disease that is usually triggered by one or multiple insults and characterized by progressive hepatic and nonhepatic organ failure, a significant risk of infections, and high short-term mortality rates. Im Rahmen dieses ärztlichen Entscheidungsprozesses müssen neben der unmittelbaren Schwere der Erkrankung beispielsweise auch der mutmaßliche Patientenwunsch, jeweilige lokale und nationale Überlebensraten, eine potenzielle Reversibilität der Or-Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen als diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung der Intensivmedizin Zusammenfassung Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen ("acute-on-chronic liver failure", ACLF) ist ein emergentes Krankheitssyndrom, das durch einen oder mehrere akute Trigger bei vorgeschädigter Leber ausgelöst wird und vom progressiven hepatalen und nichthepatalen Organversagen, einem gravierenden Risiko infektiöser Komplikationen sowie hoher kurzfristiger Letalität gekennzeichnet ist. Leberversagen · Zirrhose · Infektion · Organversagen · Transplantation Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for intensive care Abstract Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an emerging clinical syndrome in patients with underlying liver disease that is usually triggered by one or multiple insults and characterized by progressive hepatic and nonhepatic organ failure, a significant risk of infections, and high short-term mortality rates.

title:
  Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen als diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung der Intensivmedizin

abstract:
  Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an emerging clinical syndrome in patients with underlying liver disease that is usually triggered by one or multiple insults and characterized by progressive hepatic and nonhepatic organ failure, a significant risk of infections, and high short-term mortality rates. Despite our incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, ACLF requires timely diagnostic and therapeutic measures aiming at the identification and elimination of causative factors as well as the prevention of complications to improve the prognosis of affected patients.


id: cord-005949-8po9xe5g
title: Akutes Leberversagen: Übersicht zur aktuellen Diagnostik und Therapie
author: Streetz, K.L.
date: 2013-11-06
txt: ./txt/cord-005949-8po9xe5g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005949-8po9xe5g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7096005/
doi: 10.1007/s00063-013-0285-4
summary:
  Die amerikanische "acute liver failure study group" unterscheidet in Bezug auf die Zeit zwischen dem Auftreten von Koagulopathie und beginnender hepatischer Enzephalopathie weiterhin zwischen dem hyperakuten (<7 Tage), dem akuten (7-28 Tage) und dem subakuten (28 Tage -6 Monate) Leberversagen [9] . Die etablierte Therapie des häufigen paracetamolinduzierten ALV besteht in der intravenösen Gabe von N-Acetylcystein (NAC) in Form eines 72-stündigen Reduktionsschemas (NAC: 150 mg/kg/h für 1 h, dann 12,5 mg/kg/h für 4 h und 6,25 mg/kg/h für 67 h). Interessanterweise wurde in einer prospektiven multizentrischen Studie gezeigt, dass es beim nicht durch Paracetamol bedingtem ALV unter Gabe von NAC zumindest bei Patienten mit niedriggradiger hepatischer Enzephalopathie (°I-II) ebenfalls zu einer Verbesserung des transplantatfreien Überlebens kommt [10] . Hier wurde gezeigt, dass 84% der Patienten mit ALV nach Erhalt einer frühen Transplantation überlebten, während die Überlebensrate ohne Lebertransplantation bei nur 34% lag.

abstract:
  Although acute liver failure is a rare disease with a prevalence of 5 per 1 million people, it has a considerablely high mortality rate of 34 %. The main causes in western civilizations are drug overdose (acetaminophen) and viral hepatitis. Patients are affected by the loss of liver synthesis function and are at risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy and possible multiorgan failure. Specific therapies consisting of the administration of N-acetylcysteine (acetaminophen) or of nucleotide/nucleoside analogs (hepatitis B) are possible, but are often not adequate. Orthotopic liver transplantation is, therefore, frequently the only remaining effective therapy for severe acute liver failure. Due to organ shortage, new prognostic tools, e.g., the Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) score, have been developed to improve patient selection using sufficiently stringent selection criteria.


id: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp
title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza
author: Akins, Paul Taylor
date: 2010-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100075/
doi: 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0
summary:
  We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''''cytokine storm'''') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract is associated with a range of neurologic complications. The emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has been linked to neurological complications, including encephalopathy and encephalitis. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: We reviewed case management of a 20-year old Hispanic male who developed febrile upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms followed by a confusional state. He had rapid neurologic decline and his clinical course was complicated by refractory seizures and malignant brain edema. He was managed with oseltamavir and peramavir, corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin treatment, anticonvulsants, intracranial pressure management with external ventricular drain placement, hyperosmolar therapy, sedation, and mechanical ventilation. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasal secretions confirmed 2009 H1N1 virus infection; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative for 2009 H1N1 viral RNA. Follow-up imaging demonstrated improvement in brain edema but restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia. We provide a review of the clinical spectrum of neurologic complications of seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1, and current approaches towards managing these complications. CONCLUSIONS: 2009 H1N1-associated acute encephalitis and encephalopathy appear to be variable in severity, including a subset of patients with a malignant clinical course complicated by high morbidity and mortality. Since the H1N1 influenza virus has not been detected in the CSF or brain tissue in patients with this diagnosis, the emerging view is that the host immune response plays a key role in pathogenesis.


id: cord-006508-rje9bnph
title: Sickle Cell Anaemia: Progress in Pathogenesis and Treatment
author: Ballas, Samir K.
date: 2012-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-006508-rje9bnph.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006508-rje9bnph.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101942/
doi: 10.2165/00003495-200262080-00003
summary:
  Lack of understanding of the nature and pathophysiology of the pain associated with sickle cell anaemia hampered rational approaches of therapy and had an adverse effect on the quality of life of an already compromised health status of affected patients. Beneficial effects of hydroxyurea in patients with sickle cell anaemia Decreases the frequency of acute painful episodes Decreases the incidence of acute chest syndrome Decreases the blood transfusion requirement Decreases morbidity and mortality error where a change of one letter of a keyword of a manuscript (''punctuation mutation'') corrupts the meaning of the intended message. [48] These include: (i) the risk associated with the inhibiting effect of MAb 73E on platelet function with an unpredictable net clinical effect (i.e. thrombosis versus bleeding); and (ii) to be effective, these antibodies have to be administered before the RBC adhere to the vessel wall (i.e., pre-treatment before the onset of a vaso-occlusive event) a scenario that is unpredictable in patients with sickle cell anaemia.

abstract:
  The phenotypic expression of sickle cell anaemia varies greatly among patients and longitudinally in the same patient. It influences all aspects of the life of affected individuals including social interactions, intimate relationships, family relations, peer interactions, education, employment, spirituality and religiosity. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anaemia are protean and fall into three major categories: (i) anaemia and its sequelae; (ii) pain and related issues; and (iii) organ failure including infection. Recent studies on the pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia have centred on the sequence of events that occur between polymerisation of deoxy haemoglobin (Hb) S and vaso-occlusion. Cellular dehydration, inflammatory response and reperfusion injury seem to be important pathophysiological mechanisms. Management of sickle cell anaemia continues to be primarily palliative in nature, including supportive, symptomatic and preventative approaches to therapy. Empowerment and education are the major aspects of supportive care. Symptomatic management includes pain management, blood transfusion and treatment of organ failure. Pain managment should follow certain priniciples that include assessment, individualisation of therapy and proper utilisation of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in order to acheive adequate pain relief. Blood selected for transfusion should be leuko-reduced and phenotypically matched for the C, E and Kell antigens. Exchange transfusion is indicated in patients who are transfused chronically in order to prevent or delay the onset of iron-overload. Acute chest syndrome is the most common form of organ failure and its management should be agressive, including adequate ventilation, multiple antibacterials and simple or exchange blood transfusion depending on its severity. Preventitive therapy includes prophylactic penicillin in infants and children, blood transfusion (preferably exchange transfusion) in patients with stroke, and hydroxyurea in patients with frequent acute painful episodes. Bone marrow and cord blood transplantation have been successful modalities of curative therapy in selected children with sickle cell anaemia. Newer approaches to preventative therapy include cellular rehydration with agents that inhibit the Gardos channel or the KCl co-transport channel. Curative gene therapy continues to be investigational at the level of the test tube and transgenic mouse models.


id: cord-007321-7gi6xrci
title: Evaluation of New Anti-Infective Drugs for the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections
author: Chow, Anthony W.
date: 1992-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-007321-7gi6xrci.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007321-7gi6xrci.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110372/
doi: 10.1093/clind/15.supplement_1.s62
summary:
  These guidelines for the evaluation of drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections include acute streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, acute otitis media, acute and chronic sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and acute infectious pneumonia (table 1). This is often the case in otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia, when the use of invasive procedures such as tympanocentesis, sinus puncture, or transtracheal aspiration to confirm microbial eradication in the patient who is improving clinically generally is considered unjustified. Patients eligible for study entrance are children or adults with symptomatic pharyngitis or tonsillitis of acute onset clinically consistent with infection with group A I3-hemolytic streptococci and from whom group A (3-hemolytic streptococci have been isolated in cultures of throat -swab specimen or for whom a rapid screening test has indicated the presence of streptococci.

abstract:
  These guidelines deal with the evaluation of anti-infective drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Five clinical entities are described: streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. A wide variety of microorganisms are potentially pathogenetic in these diseases; these guidelines focus on the bacterial infections. Inclusion of a patient in a trial of a new drug is based on the clinical entity, with the requirement that a reasonable attempt will be made to establish a specific microbial etiology. Microbiologic evaluation of efficacy requires isolation of the pathogen and testing for in vitro susceptibility. Alternatively, surrogate markers may be used to identify the etiologic agent. The efficacy of new drugs is evaluated with reference to anticipated response rates. Establishment of the microbial etiology of respiratory tract infections is hampered by the presence of “normal flora” of the nose, mouth, and pharynx, which may include asymptomatic carriage of potential pathogens. This issue is addressed for each category of infection described. For example, it is suggested that for initial phase 2 trials of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis tympanocentesis or direct sinus puncture be used to collect exudate for culture. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis also present difficulties in the establishment of microbial etiology. These guidelines suggest that clinical trials employ an active control drug but leave open the possibility of a placebo-controlled trial. For pneumonia, the guidelines suggest the identification and enrollment of patients by the clinical type of pneumonia, e.g., atypical pneumonia or acute bacterial pneumonia, rather than by etiologic organism or according to whether it was community or hospital acquired. For each respiratory infection, the clinical response is judged as cure, failure, or indeterminate. Clinical improvement is not acceptable unless quantitative response measures can be applied.


id: cord-007444-c9vu8ako
title: The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation
author: Sherk, Peter A.
date: 2000-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007444-c9vu8ako.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115724/
doi: 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70179-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  The three major bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with COPD during periods of both clinical stability and exacerbation are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella cafar~halis.~~ When FEV, is severely reduced, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are also commonly detected.42 These organisms possess a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to evade clearance from the lower airways. Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the vaccine''s efficacy among patients with COPD were unable to show statistically significant protective benefit.36, 69 A recent meta-analysis concluded that the vaccine provides partial protection against bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia but not against other important outcomes, including bronchitis or mortality caused by pneumococcal infection. The dose of methylprednisolone was high (125 mg every 6 hours for 3 days) and resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia and, possibly, increased secondary infection rates.''06 In summary, the evidence from randomized, controlled trials supports the conclusion that among patients with acute exacerbations, oral or intravenous corticosteroids significantly increase the FEV, for up to 72 hours and likely reduce the risk for treatment failure.


id: cord-007585-vs5yondw
title: Acute bronchitis: Results of U.S. and European trials of antibiotic therapy
author: Dere, Willard H.
date: 1992-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-007585-vs5yondw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007585-vs5yondw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119415/
doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90608-e
summary:
  Four clinical trials were conducted to compare high and low doses of loracarbef, a new oral β-lactam antibiotic, with three agents commonly used to treat acute bronchitis: amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, and amoxicillin. Results of these studies indicated that loracarbef, 400 and 200 mg twice daily, had clinical and bacteriologic efficacy against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis that was comparable with that of the comparative agents. This article reviews the etiology and treatment of acute bronchitis as well as the safety and efficacy results of four clinical trials designed to compare a new fllactam antibiotic, loracarbef, with agents currently used as therapy for patients with this condition. More than 2,000 patients were enrolled in the four studies: a total of 538 received high-dose loracarbef, 561 received low-dose loracarbef, 244 received amoxiciUin/clavulanate, 159 received cefaclor, and 716 received amoxicillin [15, 16; Dere WH, unpublished data, 1991] .

abstract:
  Acute bronchitis, an illness frequently encountered by primary-care physicians, is an inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree that results from a respiratory tract infection. It is characterized by persistent cough and sputum production and is occasionally accompanied by fever and/or chest pain. Acute bronchitis may have a viral or bacterial origin and is often treated with antibiotics. Four clinical trials were conducted to compare high and low doses of loracarbef, a new oral β-lactam antibiotic, with three agents commonly used to treat acute bronchitis: amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, and amoxicillin. Results of these studies indicated that loracarbef, 400 and 200 mg twice daily, had clinical and bacteriologic efficacy against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis that was comparable with that of the comparative agents. Loracabef was as well tolerated as cefaclor and amoxicillin; moreover, it produced a significantly lower incidence of diarrhea than did amoxicillin/clavulanate. Loracarbef may be considered a safe and effective alternative agent for the treatment of patients with acute bronchitis.


id: cord-010945-6iisb8jw
author: Khurana, Aman
date: 2020-03-18
txt: ./txt/cord-010945-6iisb8jw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010945-6iisb8jw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223113/
doi: 10.1007/s00261-020-02468-9
summary:
  The management of acute pancreatitis is mostly supportive care, however, the challenge of treatment occurs when the patient presents with severe disease and complications [24] . Another example of the role of imaging in altering the management is the diagnosis of infected necrosis, which is made when the patient experiences fever, develops increasing inflammatory markers and demonstrates gas in the peripancreatic collection on imaging, at which point percutaneous fine needle aspiration of the collection is not required to confirm the diagnosis as the clinical and radiological findings are sufficient for a diagnosis [19] . Describing Computed Tomography Findings in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis With the Atlanta Classification: An Table 2 Entire proposed pancreatitis template with all four broad categories of the reporting template-pancreas, peripancreatic fluid collections, upper abdominal vasculature & other Interobserver Agreement Study

title:
  Reporting of acute pancreatitis by radiologists-time for a systematic change with structured reporting template

abstract:
  Acute pancreatitis has a wide array of imaging presentations. Various classifications have been used in the past to standardize the terminology and reduce confusing and redundant terms. We aim to review the historical and current classifications of acute pancreatitis and propose a new reporting template which can improve communication between various medical teams by use of appropriate terminology and structured radiology template. The standardized reporting template not only conveys the most important imaging findings in a simplified yet comprehensive way but also allows structured data collection for future research and teaching purposes.


id: cord-011192-h0omskec
title: Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children: consequences and outcomes
author: Uber, Amanda M.
date: 2018-11-01
txt: ./txt/cord-011192-h0omskec.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011192-h0omskec.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223774/
doi: 10.1007/s00467-018-4128-7
summary:
  As an example, one study examined mortality rates among children with stage 3 AKI who were and were not receiving critical care; patients who developed AKI while in the intensive care unit (ICU) had an increased risk of death (likelihood ratio 14.3, 95th CI 9.2-22.4) whereas those on acute care wards did not (likelihood ratio 1.22, 95th CI 0.7-2.1) [1] . Across both acute and critical care populations, AKI is associated with longer lengths of stay, non-recovery of baseline renal function, and chronic renal disease including proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Perhaps, the best illustration of the mortality impact of AKI among neonates is the Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) study which evaluated the incidence of and outcomes following AKI across 2162 newborns from 24 pediatric institutions (Table 1 ) [19] . Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for pediatric intensive care unit mortality, longer length of stay and prolonged mechanical ventilation in critically ill children: a two-center retrospective cohort study

abstract:
  Over the past decade, the nephrology and critical care communities have adopted a consensus approach to diagnosing acute kidney injury (AKI) and, as a result, we have seen transformative changes in our understanding of pediatric AKI epidemiology. The data regarding outcomes among neonates and children who develop AKI have become far more robust and AKI has been clearly linked with an increased need for mechanical ventilation, longer inpatient stays, and higher mortality. Though AKI was historically thought to be self-limited, we now know that renal recovery is far from universal, particularly when AKI is severe; the absence of recovery from AKI also carries longitudinal prognostic implications. AKI survivors, especially those without full recovery, are at risk for chronic renal sequelae including proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. This review comprehensively describes AKI-related outcomes across the entire pediatric age spectrum, using the most rigorous studies to identify the independent effects of AKI events.


id: cord-014538-6a2pviol
title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress
author: Kamilia, Chtara
date: 2017-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225389/
doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0224-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  Other parameters that were significantly different between the patients who died and those who survived were an advanced age, an elevated IGS II score at hospital admission, an elevated SOFA score at study entry, a late healthcare-associated infection and several biological variables: a high C reactive protein, low albumin and prealbumin and a poor percent of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, all measured at day 7. Parameters collected were demographic features, comorbidities, regular treatment, dyspnea assessed by the MRC scale, initial clinical severity reflected by SAPS II and APACHE II scores, modalities and ICU admission deadlines, initial arterial blood gas analysis, management of patients in the ICU (ventilation modalities, prescription of antibiotics, use of vasoactive drugs) and their outcomes (incidence of nosocomial infections and their sites, length of stay and ICU mortality).


id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0
author: Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer
date: 2008-11-27
txt: ./txt/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104133/
doi: 10.1007/s11800-008-0129-x
summary:
  From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on healthIn the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO 2 triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study Post-traumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem Health-related quality of life and posttrauamtic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

title:
  Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock

abstract:
  Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) define medical conditions of acute respiratory insufficiency deriving from direct and indirect damage of the alveolar parenchyma and often associated with multiorgan dysfunction (MODS). As a rule, intensive care is based on mechanical ventilation often requiring high doses of sedatives and narcotics. Despite major progress in intensive care medicine the rate of mortality is still very high. Whereas in the past the level of medical progress has been rated based on the mortality rate alone, the many negative somatic and psychological sequelae in long-term-survivors of ARDS are only now being appreciated. From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on health-related quality of life are intensively investigated. In the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO(2) triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Consolidation and retrieval of traumatic memories of the ICU stay are influenced by complex factors. From a clinical point of view prophylactic stress doses of hydrocortisone may reduce the major risk of PTSD associated with ALI / ARDS.


id: cord-015548-zjrkfe9b
title: Invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation
author: Popat, Bhavesh
date: 2012-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-015548-zjrkfe9b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015548-zjrkfe9b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108446/
doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.03.010
summary:
  Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial Clinical practice guideline for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Randomised controlled comparison of continuous positive airways pressure, bilevel non-invasive ventilation, and standard treatment in emergency department patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema Non-invasive pressure support ventilation versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomised trial The evidence for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in the care of patients in acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of the literature Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma

abstract:
  Early recognition of patients who might potentially require ventilatory support is a key goal of critical care outreach programs and an important skill for all hospital medical staff. Decisions about the initiation and timing of invasive ventilation can be difficult and early discussion with critical care colleagues is essential. Appropriateness of invasive ventilatory support may also be an issue requiring advanced discussion with patients and their families. In the past 10–15 years, the role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has expanded, not least in an attempt to minimize the complications inherent with invasive ventilation. As such, NIV is now considered first-line therapy in some conditions (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary oedema, mild-to-moderate hypoxaemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients), and a ‘trial of NIV’ is often considered in respiratory failure resulting from an increasingly wide range of causes. When using NIV, the importance of the environment (setting, monitoring and experience of staff) and forward planning cannot be overemphasized. When used for other than the standard indications, NIV should be employed in a high-dependency/intensive care setting only in patients for whom invasive ventilation would be considered.


id: cord-015957-vimq6qs7
title: Acute Pancreatitis (AP)
author: Casillas, Javier
date: 2015-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-015957-vimq6qs7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015957-vimq6qs7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120089/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-46745-9_14
abstract: All of these conditions can be associated with acute pancreatitis, except ?
summary:
  • Acute infl ammatory process of the pancreas with a wide range of manifestations and clinical variation, ranging from local infl ammation to systemic manifestations such as organ failure. • Abdominal ultrasound is an inexpensive, convenient imaging modality helpful to evaluate the presence of gallbladder and/or common duct stones in acute pancreatitis. -Homogeneous or heterogeneous pancreatic parenchymal enhancement (diffuse or focal due to interstitial parenchymal edema) -Normal or mild to severe peripancreatic and retroperitoneal infl ammatory changes (fatty stranding) depending on the severity of the acute pancreatitis -Varying amounts of peripancreatic fl uid -Thickening of the retroperitoneal fascia • Organ failure (acute pancreatitis) -Approximately 10 % of patients. • Rare complication of acute pancreatitis • Secondary to the compression of the stomach, small bowel, or colon by a pancreatic fl uid collection Clinical management of patients with acute pancreatitis


id: cord-015985-lrzzak3l
title: Keel-, neus-, oorziekten
author: Marres, H. A. M.
date: 2014-12-15
txt: ./txt/cord-015985-lrzzak3l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015985-lrzzak3l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120122/
doi: 10.1007/978-90-368-1629-8_31
summary:
  Aet. Bekende factoren zijn: alcohol, roken, gebruik van prikkelende spijzen en dranken, vroegere r€ ontgenbestraling in het halsgebied (wegens tuberculeuze halslymfomen); bij vrouwen soms plummervinsonsyndroom als voorstadium. Slikklachten, pijn (uitstralend naar het oor), vooral bij eten en drinken van zure en prikkelende spijzen, progressieve vermagering, halskliermetastasen (jugulair), heesheid door ingroei in larynx of stilstaande larynxhelft. Indien niet opgemerkt ontwikkelt zich geleidelijk het beeld van purulente eventueel fetide neussecretie (soms met wat bloed gemengd) aan e en zijde, en neusverstopping; soms bloeding vanuit granulaties. Vorm van hyperkinetische dysfonie Door overmatige spieractiviteit worden de plicae ventriculares tegen elkaar gebracht, waardoor het basisgeluid niet met de plicae vocales wordt geproduceerd. Aet. Chronische prikkeling en/of infectie, hyperplasie van het slijmvlies, ten slotte leidend tot poliepvorming, vooral bij *rhinopathia chronica infectiosa. Bij onderzoek sterk rode, indrukbare zwelling van het septum, meestal aan beide zijden, die de neus afsluit. Ontstaat meestal door trillen van het palatum molle, vooral bij inspiratie.

abstract:
  Hypertrofie van het lymfoïde weefsel in de nasofarynx. Een van de meest voorkomende aandoeningen op de kleuterleeftijd. Vanaf de schoolleeftijd minder frequent door involutie van het adenoïd. Aet. Recidiverende infectie. Sympt. 1. Neussymptomen a. Belemmerde neusademhaling, waardoor open mond, snurken, onrustig slapen, kwijlen, vaak slechte eetlust en gesloten neusspraak.


id: cord-016235-2lhrkmrv
title: Lung
author: Roden, Anja C.
date: 2010-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016235-2lhrkmrv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120462/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_7
summary:
  Unlike the situation with heart transplant recipients, chronic vascular rejection in lung transplants has not resulted in graft loss; however, some patients develop pulmonary hypertension particularly those with BOS [92, 111] . However, based on the link between acute rejection and development of BOS, surveillance transbronchial biopsies in asymptomatic lung transplant recipients has become common practice in many large lung transplantation centers because evidence suggests that patients who have multiple episodes of low grade (A1) lesions within the first 12 months posttransplantation develop early onset BOS. A study [49] in which surveillance transbronchial biopsies were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks posttransplantation, at the time of symptoms, and for follow-up of acute rejection or CMV pneumonia showed that patients who develop acute small airways rejection within the first year after transplantation are at risk of development of BOS at 1.76, 3.3, and 5.5 years after detection of B3/ B4 lesion (by 1996 ISHLT criteria, see Table 7 .2), B2 lesion or B0/B1 lesion, respectively.

abstract:
  Experiments with animals in the 1940 and 1950s demonstrated that lung transplantation was technically possible [33]. In 1963, Dr. James Hardy performed the first human lung transplantation. The recipient survived 18 days, ultimately succumbing to renal failure and malnutrition [58]. From 1963 through 1978, multiple attempts at lung transplantation failed because of rejection and complications at the bronchial anastomosis. In the 1980s, improvements in immunosuppression, especially the introduction of cyclosporin A, and enhanced surgical techniques led to renewed interest in organ transplantation. In 1981, a 45-year-old-woman received the first successful heart–lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) [106]. She survived 5 years after the procedure. Two years later the first successful single lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [128] was reported, and in 1986 the first double lung transplantation for emphysema [25] was performed.


id: cord-016526-obph3gup
author: Degnan, Tina H.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-016526-obph3gup.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016526-obph3gup.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120828/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-313-4_10
summary:
  title: Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Infections, Rhinosinusitis, and Acute Bronchitis in Adults Acute sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) account for the majority of antibiotics prescribed by primary care physicians in the United States. The guidelines summarized in this chapter were designed by a panel of physicians representing family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and infectious diseases to provide a practical approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. In summary, a previously healthy adult patient with acute cough illness without signs of pneumonia or exposure to pertussis will not benefit from antibiotic treatment.

title:
  Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Infections, Rhinosinusitis, and Acute Bronchitis in Adults

abstract:
  Acute sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) account for the majority of antibiotics prescribed by primary care physicians in the United States. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the community setting is now an issue for individual patients as well as society at large, and it is the responsibility of all clinicians to limit antibiotic treatment to those patients who are most likely to benefit from it. The vast majority of acute respiratory infections are caused by viruses. Antibiotic treatment of patients with these infections selects for resistant nasopharyngeal bacteria, acutely increasing the spread of resistant pathogens through secretions and predisposing the treated patient to more serious bacterial infections in the future. The guidelines summarized in this chapter were designed by a panel of physicians representing family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and infectious diseases to provide a practical approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis are provided in a separate chapter.


id: cord-016539-jwm0s8gm
title: Acute Pancreatitis
author: Mishra, Ajay Kumar
date: 2016-02-22
txt: ./txt/cord-016539-jwm0s8gm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016539-jwm0s8gm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120857/
doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2710-6_27
summary:
  • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in the management of acute pancreatitis to prevent complications and to reduce morbidity and mortality. • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in the management of acute pancreatitis to prevent complications and to reduce morbidity and mortality. • Other life-threatening conditions which mimic acute pancreatitis should also be considered and ruled out simultaneously while managing the patient. • Phases of severe pancreatitis [ 14 , 15 ] : -Early -usually last for the fi rst week in which patient may present with systemic infl ammatory response syndrome (SIRS). • Most patients with severe pancreatitis present to emergency department during the early phase without any signs of organ failure and local complications, thus leading to errors in clinical management of this disease [ 16 ] . It is important to rule out other lifethreatening differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis before shifting the patients from the emergency department.

abstract:
  Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in the management of acute pancreatitis to prevent complications and to reduce morbidity and mortality.


id: cord-016557-f2mzwhrt
title: Agrochemical Poisoning
author: Aggrawal, Anil
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016557-f2mzwhrt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120889/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10
summary:
  Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates.

abstract:
  A general increase in the use of chemicals in agriculture has brought about a concomitant increase in the incidence of agrochemical poisoning. Organophosphates are the most common agrochemical poisons followed closely by herbicides. Many agricultural poisons, such as parathion and paraquat are now mixed with a coloring agent such as indigocarmine to prevent their use criminally. In addition, paraquat is fortified with a “stenching” agent. Organo-chlorines have an entirely different mechanism of action. Whereas organophosphates have an anticholinesterase activity, organochlorines act on nerve cells interfering with the transmission of impulses through them. A kerosene-like smell also emanates from death due to organochlorines. The diagnosis lies in the chemical identification of organochlorines in the stomach contents or viscera. Organochlorines also resist putrefaction and can be detected long after death. Paraquat has been involved in suicidal, accidental, and homicidal poisonings. It is mildly corrosive and ulceration around lips and mouth is common in this poisoning. However, the hallmark of paraquat poisoning, especially when the victim has survived a few days, are the profound changes in lungs. Other agrochemicals such as algicides, aphicides, herbicide safeneres, fertilizers, and so on, are less commonly encountered. Governments in most countries have passed legislations to prevent accidental poisonings with these agents. The US government passed the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1962 and the Indian government passed The Insecticides Act in 1968. Among other things, these acts require manufacturers to use signal words on the labels of insecticides, so the public is warned of their toxicity and accompanying danger.


id: cord-016757-3d320c0a
title: Acute and chronic liver insufficiency
author: nan
date: 2008
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121136/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_20
abstract:
  The term “liver insufficiency” denotes a break down in the functions of the liver. The syndrome of functional liver failure covers a wide spectrum of clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological changes. In principle, liver insufficiency can occur without previous liver damage as well as with already existing liver disease. It is characterized by a deterioration in the synthesizing, regulatory and detoxifying function of the liver. This final stage of liver disease terminates in hepatic coma.


id: cord-016815-pva22xy7
author: Mannem, Hannah C.
date: 2016-06-11
txt: ./txt/cord-016815-pva22xy7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016815-pva22xy7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121220/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41912-1_11
summary:
  Multiple patient and donor related risk factors for TRALI exist, including critically illness, alcohol use, and receiving transfusions with high plasma volumes. Possible TRALI occurs when the acute respiratory distress takes place in the setting of a blood transfusion, as well as other co-existing risk factors for development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) , including: trauma, sepsis, pancreatitis, aspiration, inhalation, drug overdose, or burns. A prospective cohort study showed 33 % of patients on mechanical ventilation at the time of transfusion developed acute lung injury [ 15 ] . Risk factors and outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in the critically ill: a nested case-control study The incidence, risk factors, and outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in a cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a prospective nested case-control study Fresh-frozen plasma and platelet transfusions are associated with development of acute lung injury in critically ill medical patients

title:
  Transfusion and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Clinical Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes

abstract:
  Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening complication of blood product transfusion. It is the leading cause of blood product transfusion related death in the USA. The syndrome is defined by hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray in the setting of a blood transfusion and absence of cardiac failure. The exact incidence of TRALI is unknown, but the incidence is higher in the critically ill patient population. Multiple patient and donor related risk factors for TRALI exist, including critically illness, alcohol use, and receiving transfusions with high plasma volumes. Practitioners should have a low index of suspicion for the diagnosis of TRALI, and blood bank reporting is vital to aid in diagnosis and future prevention. Management is primarily supportive care, with supplemental oxygen as the mainstay for therapy. Despite the transient course of TRALI, its morbidity is severe with the majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and treatment in the intensive care unit. For patients that survive TRALI, outcomes are promising without residual pulmonary deficits. Prevention strategies over the past 10 years have helped to decrease the incidence of TRALI and have led to increased awareness of this condition in the medical field.


id: cord-017012-yl0vanuh
title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney
author: Herberg, Jethro
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121468/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52
summary:
  Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) .

abstract:
  The kidney is involved in a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. In most systemic infections, renal involvement is a minor component of the illness, but in some, renal failure may be the presenting feature and the major problem in management. Although individual infectious processes may have a predilection to involve the renal vasculature, glomeruli, interstitium, or collecting systems, a purely anatomic approach to the classification of infectious diseases affecting the kidney is rarely helpful because most infections may involve several different aspects of renal function.


id: cord-017107-sg8n12hs
title: Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation
author: Suri, H. S.
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-017107-sg8n12hs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017107-sg8n12hs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121586/
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-77383-4_18
summary:
  A recently completed, retrospective, community cohort study in Olmsted County, Minnesota included patients treated with NIV and found an even higher incidence of ALI, 156 per 100,000 person-years (personal communication, Rodrigo Cartin -Ceba), Mortality from ALI varies greatly depending upon the age of the patient, underlying chronic illnesses, ALI risk factors, and non-pulmonary organ dysfunctions [15] . In an international cohort study [4] , acute exacerbation of COPD was a principal indication for initiating mechanical ventilation in 13 % of patients with acute respiratory failure. The majority of patients with interstitial lung disease and acute respiratory failure admitted to the ICU require invasive mechanical ventilation . In a retrospective review [39] of 75 patients with interstitial lung disease who were mechanically ventilated at Mayo Clinic from 2003 to 2005, acute respiratory failure was the most common cause of ICU admiss ion (77 %), followed by sepsis (11 %) and cardiopulmonary arrest (4 %).

abstract:
  Acute respiratory failure, and the need for mechanical ventilation, remains one of the most common reasons for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). The burden of acute respiratory failure is high in terms of mortality and morbidity as well as the cost of its principal treatment, mechanical ventilation. Very few epidemiologic studies have evaluated the prevalence and outcome of acute respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in general. Most of the published literature has focused on specific forms of acute respiratory failure, particularly acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this chapter, we provide a brief review of the pathophysiology of acute respiratory failure, its definition and classification, and then present the incidence and outcomes of specific forms of acute respiratory failure from epidemiologic studies.


id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3
title: Lungenversagen
author: nan
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121608/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-29682-0_10
summary:
  Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference" (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden. Bei Patienten mit ALI/ARDS kann das Auftreten apoptotischer Vorgänge an pulmonalen epithelialen Zellen (Song Y et al., 1999 , Li et al., 2004 , Martin et al., 2005 (Abraham, 2003) derselben, sodass es zur Aufrechterhaltung eines von Leukozyten geführten inflammatorischen Prozesses kommt, der typisch für eine akute Lungenschädigung ist (Wang et al., 1999 , Yum et al., 2001 Die verminderte Apoptose der Neutrophilen ist bedingt durch: 1. Beneficial effects of the "Open lung Approach" with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrom; A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation Combining high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and recruitment maneuvers in adults with early acute respiratory distress syndrome: the treatment with oscillation and an Open Lung Strategy (TOOLS) trial pilot study Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient

abstract:
  Das akute Lungenversagen ist eine schwere diffuse entzündliche Erkrankung der Lunge. Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference“ (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden.


id: cord-017248-a37t31u1
title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions
author: nan
date: 2010-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17
summary:
  Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others.

abstract:
  Part II begins with a list of special histologic stains, their for use and their corresponding references. At the end of this list is a procedure for removal of formalin precipitate from tissue sections.


id: cord-017302-xez0zso3
title: ICU Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Including Graft vs Host Disease
author: Stephens, R. Scott
date: 2019-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-017302-xez0zso3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017302-xez0zso3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121823/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_80
summary:
  Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) has become an essential therapeutic modality in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematologic disease. Allogeneic transplants are associated with more morbidity and mortality than autologous transplants, and are further categorized based on conditioning regimen (myeloablative [MA] vs non-myeloablative [NMA]), donor-recipient relation (related vs unrelated), HLA matching (full match vs haploidentical vs mismatched), and stem cell source (bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood). Refinement of transplant techniques over the last 2 decades has dramatically decreased transplant-related mortality, but approximately 15% of HSCT patients require critical care [10] and earlier ICU admission has been associated with improved survival rates [11, 12] . Outcomes of stem cell transplant patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in the United States Management of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-an increasingly recognized manifestation of chronic graft-versus-host disease

abstract:
  Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is an essential treatment modality for many malignant and non-malignant hematologic diseases. Advances in HSCT techniques have dramatically decreased peri-transplant morbidity and mortality, but it remains a high-risk procedure, and a significant number of patients will require critical care during the transplant process. Complications of HSCT are both infectious and non-infectious, and the intensivist must be familiar with common infections, the management of neutropenic sepsis and septic shock, the management of respiratory failure in the immunocompromised host, and a plethora of HSCT-specific complications. Survival from critical illness after HSCT is improving, but the mortality rate remains unacceptably high. Continued research and optimization of critical care provision in this population should continue to improve outcomes.


id: cord-017322-82nfkms8
title: Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
author: Kumar, Anupam
date: 2019-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-017322-82nfkms8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017322-82nfkms8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121849/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_30
summary:
  The 2007 criteria proposed by Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Network (IPFnet) defined acute exacerbation of IPF as acute clinical worsening (<30 days) in a patient with known or newly diagnosed IPF with acceleration of dyspnea and/or hypoxemia and new radiologic changes, typically ground glass opacities, on a background of fibrotic disease (example Fig. 30 .1) [1, 2] . The classical description of pathologic insult due to acute exacerbation of IPF is diffuse alveolar damage [4] , which is the same as ARDS, but here is superimposed on the pathological findings of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: usual interstitial pneumonia. As idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a rare condition, and acute exacerbations occur spontaneously and abruptly, large a b prospective randomized trials evaluating treatment are lacking. High flow nasal cannula has been shown to have salutatory affects in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients without an acute exacerbation, specifically decreased minute ventilation, respiratory rate, capillary carbon dioxide were seen [25] .

abstract:
  The triggers as well as etiologies for Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) are not known. AE-IPF is defined as an “acute, clinically significant respiratory deterioration characterized by evidence of new widespread alveolar abnormality typically less than 1 month’s duration. The underlying pathologic insult is classically described as diffuse alveolar damage. Ideally, infection is excluded by BAL as in the case presentation, but the severity of hypoxemia and the desire to avoid endotracheal intubation may preclude the performance of this procedure. Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy as there are no proven therapies, although corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents and anti-coagulation have all been suggested as possible treatments. The mortality is high, particularly once invasive ventilation has been instituted.


id: cord-017374-clctlm5l
title: Acute Respiratory Failure Before ICU Admission: A Practical Approach
author: Diamantaki, Eleni
date: 2017-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-017374-clctlm5l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017374-clctlm5l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121925/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49256-8_10
summary:
  Other frequent causes include cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), antineoplastic therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy)-induced lung injury, cancer-related medical disorders (such as venous thromboembolism, transfusionrelated acute lung injury), and direct involvement of the respiratory system by malignancy and progression of underlying disease. HRCT yields an overall sensitivity and negative predictive value of 90%, in identifying the cause of ARF in cancer patients with lung infiltrates, but low specificity and positive predictive value [7] . Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents, known as drug-induced toxicity (DIT), is a common cause of respiratory failure in oncologic patients and should be included in the differential diagnosis of ARF in patients who are on or have been treated with antineoplastic agents. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) should always be included in the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure in oncologic patients, in particular when chemotherapy with cardiotoxic drugs has been preceded.

abstract:
  Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a common and life-threatening event in cancer patients. It is the leading cause of admission to ICU among the patients with hematologic and solid malignancies and is often associated with poor outcome. Timely identification of the cause of ARF and the initiation of the appropriate therapy may improve the survival. Pulmonary infections represent the leading cause of ARF in those patients, and unless proven otherwise, ARF must be considered as an infectious emergency. Noninfectious causes of ARF include cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute pulmonary embolism, and complications related both to the underlying malignancy and the toxic effects of chemotherapy. This chapter reviews the most common causes of ARF in oncologic patients and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic approach before ICU admission.


id: cord-017603-wq4cgqs2
title: Acute Liver Failure in Children
author: Shanmugam, Naresh
date: 2018-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-017603-wq4cgqs2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017603-wq4cgqs2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122201/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96400-3_8
summary:
  Trying to address this issue, Bhaduri and Vergani defined ALF in children as "a rare multisystem disorder in which severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, occurs in association with hepatocellular necrosis in a patient with no recognized underlying chronic liver disease" [2] . They used the following criteria to define acute liver failure (ALF) in children: (1) hepatic-based coagulopathy defined as a prothrombin time (PT) ≥ 15 s or international normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.5 not corrected by vitamin K in the presence of clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or a PT ≥ 20 s or INR ≥ 2.0 regardless of the presence or absence of clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE), (2) biochemical evidence of acute liver injury and (3) no known evidence of chronic liver disease [3] . A similar study in children failed to show any benefit, and Paediatric Acute Liver Failure study group does not recommend routine use of in non-acetaminophen-induced ALF in children [33] .

abstract:
  “Acute liver failure” (ALF) and “fulminant liver failure” are terms used interchangeably to describe severe and sudden onset of liver cell dysfunction leading on to synthetic and detoxification failure across all age groups. Considerable variations exist between ALF in children and adults, in terms of aetiology and prognosis. Encephalopathy is not essential to make a diagnosis of ALF in children but when present has a bad prognosis. Early recognition of ALF and initiation of supportive management improve the outcome. Liver transplantation remains the only definitive treatment when supportive medical management fails.


id: cord-017799-2nvrakbs
title: Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
author: Patel, Zara M.
date: 2018-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-017799-2nvrakbs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017799-2nvrakbs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122468/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74835-1_11
summary:
  Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis most commonly occurs as a complication of viral infection, complicating 0.5-2.0% of cases of the common cold [10] , However, other factors may also predispose to ABRS, such as allergy, immune dysfunction, impaired ciliary function, anatomic narrowing of the sinuses, or poor dentition [11] . Only for suspected complication involving orbit or central nervous system Similar recommendations for adults Initial therapy of ABRS Antibiotics for worsening course or severe onset ("2" or "3" above), but antibiotics or watchful waiting (for up to 3 days) for "persistent illness" ("1" above) 

abstract:
  Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a highly prevalent disease associated with significant direct and indirect costs. It is paramount that a practitioner can distinguish between acute viral rhinosinusitis and ABRS to avoid unnecessary antibiotic usage. It is also important to understand that establishing a diagnosis of ABRS does not necessitate the prescribing of antibiotics, unless the ABRS patient presents with severe or worsening symptoms or an ABRS complication. Complications include extension of infection to the orbit and central nervous system. Injudicious use of antibiotics imparts societal costs in terms of financial expense as well as contributing to higher levels of bacterial resistance. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of ABRS.


id: cord-017856-4fccnygg
title: Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated
author: Roden, Anja C.
date: 2018-04-24
txt: ./txt/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017856-4fccnygg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122533/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_13
summary:
  Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Obliterative bronchiolitis is only infrequently identified in lung allografts by transbronchial biopsy, and the sensitivity of this morphologic finding for the presence of chronic rejection is only between 15 and 28% [48] [49] [50] . Because of the lack of specific histologic findings of AMR, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis was recommended that includes the following: (1) the presence of circulating antibodies (HLA antibodies, anti-endothelial and anti-epithelial antibodies), (2) focal or diffuse C4d deposition (Fig. 13 .11a-c), (3) histologic features of acute lung injury or hemorrhage (diffuse alveolar damage, capillary injury associated with neutrophils and nuclear debris, i.e., capillaritis), and (4) clinical signs of graft dysfunction [78] . The transbronchial allograft biopsy is currently the gold standard to evaluate the graft for cellular rejection and to exclude its clinical mimickers in lung transplant patients.

abstract:
  Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Patients with acute rejection might be asymptomatic or present with symptoms that are not specific and can be also seen in other conditions. Clinical tests such as pulmonary function tests and imaging studies among others usually are abnormal; however, their results are also not specific for acute rejection. Histopathologic features of acute rejection in adequate samples of transbronchial lung biopsy of the lung allograft are currently the gold standard to assess for acute rejection in lung transplant recipients. Acute alloreactive injury can affect both the vasculature and the airways. Currently, the guidelines of the 2007 International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation consensus conference are recommended for the histopathologic assessment of rejection. There are no specific morphologic features recognized to diagnose antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in lung allografts. Therefore, the diagnosis of AMR currently requires a “triple test” including clinical features, serologic evidence of donor-specific antibodies, and pathologic findings supportive of AMR. Complement 4d deposition is used to support a diagnosis of AMR in many solid organ transplants; however, its significance for the diagnosis of AMR in lung allografts is not entirely clear. This chapter discusses the currently recommended guidelines for the assessment of cellular rejection of lung allografts and summarizes our knowledge about morphologic features and immunophenotypic tests that might help in the diagnosis of AMR.


id: cord-017983-ehxpdavo
title: Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
author: Lee, Joyce S.
date: 2013-09-13
txt: ./txt/cord-017983-ehxpdavo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017983-ehxpdavo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122696/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-682-5_17
summary:
  Often, patients are found to have impaired gas exchange with a decrease in SP-D Marker of alveolar type II cell injury and/or proliferation Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] Thrombomodulin Membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells which serves as a receptor for thrombin Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable and log change in thrombomodulin was predictive of survival [ 42 ] von Willebrand factor Marker of endothelial cell injury and is involved in hemostasis Higher plasma % in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] AEx acute exacerbation, IPF idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis, KL-6 Previous or concurrent diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis Unexplained development or worsening of dyspnea within 30 days High-resolution computed tomography with new bilateral ground-glass abnormality and/or consolidation superimposed on a background reticular or honeycomb pattern consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia No evidence of pulmonary infection by endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage Exclusion of alternative causes, including left heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and other identifi able causes of acute lung injury a Patients who do not meet all fi ve criteria should be termed "suspected acute exacerbation"

abstract:
  Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a clinically important complication of IPF that carries a high morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, we have learned much about this event, but there are many remaining questions: What is it? Why does it happen? How can we prevent it? How can we treat it? This chapter attempts to summarize our current understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and management of acute exacerbation of IPF and point out areas where additional data are sorely needed.


id: cord-018430-u3k8pds6
title: Myocarditis
author: Mason, Jay W.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123303/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_62
summary:
  The classification states that "myocarditis is diagnosed by established histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria." The Dallas criteria 5 provide consensus-derived histologic criteria: "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." However, many have speculated that less pronounced histologic abnormalities may be present and that additional molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria can be used productively. 330 These criteria define active myocarditis (see also Fig. 59 .7A) as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." Furthermore, other causes of inflammation (e.g., connective tissue disorders, infection, drugs) should be excluded. 392 An interesting hypothesis to explain the high frequency of dilated heart muscle disease is the presence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The ECG abnormalities suggesting myocardial involvement are present in a high proportion of patients, 414 but clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction occurs in only 10% to 25% of cases.

abstract:
  Viruses are the most common cause of myocarditis in economically advanced countries. Enteroviruses and adenoviruses are the most common etiologic agents. Viral myocarditis is a triphasic process. Phase 1 is the period of active viral replication in the myocardium during which the symptoms of myocardial damage range from none to cardiogenic shock. If the disease process continues, it enters phase 2, which is characterized by autoimmunity triggered by viral and myocardial proteins. Heart failure often appears for the first time in phase 2. Phase 3, dilated cardiomyopathy, is the end result in some patients. Diagnostic procedures and treatment should be tailored to the phase of disease. Viral myocarditis is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as proved by the frequent presence of viral genomic material in the myocardium, and by improvement in ventricular function by immunomodulatory therapy. Myocarditis of any etiology usually presents with heart failure, but the second most common presentation is ventricular arrhythmia. As a result, myocarditis is one of the most common causes of sudden death in young people and others without preexisting structural heart disease. Myocarditis can be definitively diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. However, it is clear that existing criteria for the histologic diagnosis need to be refined, and that a variety of molecular markers in the myocardium and the circulation can be used to establish the diagnosis. Treatment of myocarditis has been generally disappointing. Accurate staging of the disease will undoubtedly improve treatment in the future. It is clear that immunosuppression and immunomodulation are effective in some patients, especially during phase 2, but may not be as useful in phases 1 and 3. Since myocarditis is often selflimited, bridging and recovery therapy with circulatory assistance may be effective. Prevention by immunization or receptor blocking strategies is under development. Giant cell myocarditis is an unusually fulminant form of the disease that progresses rapidly to heart failure or sudden death. Rapid onset of disease in young people, especially those with other autoimmune manifestations, accompanied by heart failure or ventricular arrhythmias, suggests giant cell myocarditis. Peripartum cardiomyopathy in economically developed countries is usually the result of myocarditis.


id: cord-018557-iuu38yes
title: Upper Respiratory Infections and Acute Bronchitis
author: Mainous, Arch G.
date: 2009-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-018557-iuu38yes.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018557-iuu38yes.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123462/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-239-1_8
summary:
  Treatment recommendations from the AAP/AAFP guidelines for the management of acute otitis media suggest that observation rather the initial use of antibiotics is appropriate depending on the child''s overall health, age, severity of illness, and likelihood that they can follow-up if necessary. When antibiotics are selected for the management of acute suppurative otitis media, selection of an agent should provide coverage for the two most common organisms, the AAP/AAFP recommends initial treatment with amoxicillin at a dose of 80-90 mg/kg per day. • Evidence does not support the use of antibiotics for the common cold, acute bronchitis, initial cases of otitis media with effusion, and non-group A streptococcal pharyngitis. • Although the data are mixed regarding the utility of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis, otitis media, and group A streptococcal pharyngitis, antibiotics may have some benefit.

abstract:
  Upper respiratory infections include the following: uncomplicated upper respiratory infections also known as the “common cold,” acute otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and acute sinusitis. These conditions, along with acute bronchitis, are very common illnesses that are commonly seen in outpatient settings and are widely treated with antibiotics. In fact, these conditions are the primary indications for outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. These conditions tend to have overlapping clinical characteristics yet evidence regarding the utility of antimicrobial treatments varies across conditions.


id: cord-018620-3kqx8arn
title: Hepatic Failure
author: Rueda, Mario
date: 2016-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123541/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33341-0_18
summary:
  In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure.

abstract:
  The progression of liver disease can cause several physiologic derangements that may precipitate hepatic failure and require admission to an intensive care unit. The underlying pathology may be acute, acute-on chronic, or chronic in nature. Liver failure may manifest with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms that need prompt attention. The compromised synthetic and metabolic activity of the failing liver affects all organ systems, from neurologic to integumentary. Supportive care and specific therapies should be instituted in order to improve outcome and minimize time of recovery. In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Management of liver failure secondary to certain common etiologies will also be presented. Finally, liver transplantation and alternative therapies will also be discussed.


id: cord-021554-uxxrpfl0
title: Diarrhea, Infectious
author: Resta-Lenert, Silvia
date: 2004-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021554-uxxrpfl0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150217/
doi: 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality.


id: cord-022451-8qtjr0a9
title: Productive Cough (Acute Bronchitis)
author: Barrett, Bruce
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022451-8qtjr0a9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022451-8qtjr0a9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155709/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2377-7.50034-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  This acute illness has caused her to reduce smoking to "a few cigarettes a day." She notes that "I really should quit that stuff." She has been using an over-the-counter combination cold formula, which she believes has helped manage the cough, although it does make her "a bit groggy." Although you have not seen Jane before with this specific constellation of symptoms, you presumptively diagnose acute bronchitis, most likely caused by recent and perhaps ongoing upper airway viral infection with mid-airway inflammatory sequelae. Although it may be reasonable to prescribe antibiotics for some patients with acute bronchitis (e.g., if early pneumonia is suspected or if there is underlying chronic lung disease), most experts recommend against this practice (Anonymous, 1997• A ; Gonzales et al., 2001a,b• C) because societal harms (antibiotic resistance) and individual adverse effects may outweigh potential benefits.


id: cord-025168-be7zube4
title: Perspective of placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure
author: Saleh, Mahshid
date: 2020-05-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245988/
doi: 10.1186/s13578-020-00433-z
abstract:
  Acute Liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease and is determined by coagulopathy (with INR ≥ 1.5) and hepatic encephalopathy as a result of severe liver injury in patients without preexisting liver disease. Since there are problems with liver transplantation including lack of donors, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and high costs of this process, new therapeutic approaches alongside current treatments are needed. The placenta is a tissue that is normally discarded after childbirth. On the other hand, human placenta is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which is easily available, without moral problems, and its derived cells are less affected by age and environmental factors. Therefore, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) can be considered as an allogeneic source for liver disease. Considering the studies on MSCs and their effects on various diseases, it can be stated that MSCs are among the most important agents to be used for novel future therapies of liver diseases. In this paper, we will investigate the effects of mesenchymal stem cells through migration and immigration to the site of injury, cell-to-cell contact, immunomodulatory effects, and secretory factors in ALF.


id: cord-027858-j8kioy8e
title: Acute Viral Hepatitis
author: Lefkowitch, Jay H.
date: 2020-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-027858-j8kioy8e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027858-j8kioy8e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315326/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3410-7.00012-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  10, 11 Occasionally, mild serum liver test abnormalities and mild histological hepatitis (''bystander hepatitis'') with apoptotic bodies, focal necrosis and lymphocytic inflammation are seen in systemic, non-hepatic viral infections such as pulmonary influenza and result from migration to the liver of and collateral damage by CD8 T-lymphocytes. Another form of hepatocellular damage in acute hepatitis is focal (spotty) necrosis, in which liver-cell plates are disrupted or replaced by small groups of lymphocytes and macrophages. Focal as opposed to zonal areas of confluent necrosis haphazardly distributed in relation to lobular zones are more likely to be due to causes other than acute viral hepatitis; possibilities to be considered include opportunistic infections with herpes simplex or zoster viruses and lymphoma. Extensive microvesicular change of hepatocytes, previously described in hepatitis D infection, has been seen also in severe acute hepatitis A (Fig. 6.14) .


id: cord-027870-cuvfy4pj
title: Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions
author: Baselga, Eulalia
date: 2020-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315339/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3432-2.50022-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Other annular erythemas known to be a manifestation of well-defi ned diseases (e.g. neonatal lupus) or with distinctive clinical or histologic features (e.g. erythema multiforme, erythema chronicum migrans, erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and erythema gyratum repens) are not considered under this heading. Differential diagnosis includes other eruptions with ringlike lesions, such as neonatal lupus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, urticarial lesions of pemphigoid, fungal infections, erythema chronicum migrans, and congenital Lyme disease. [98] [99] [100] This type of reaction may be seen in infants with an unknown or presumably viral etiology ( Fig. 19-9) Hypersensitivity syndrome reaction is a serious drug reaction characterized by fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, especially of the liver. Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a benign disease characterized by tender, raised erythematous plaques, fever, peripheral leukocytosis, histologic fi ndings of a dense dermal infi ltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids. 412 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and transient elevated porphyrin levels in neonates with hemolytic disease may also cause photosensitivity.


id: cord-028363-7pmro8bu
title: Acute pericarditis due to COVID-19 infection: An underdiagnosed disease?
author: Tung-Chen, Yale
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028363-7pmro8bu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028363-7pmro8bu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7333598/
doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.06.001
abstract: nan
summary:
  4 Gradually a therapeutic scheme is being established that would include hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin 5 (or in other cases lopinavir/ritonavir) in the early stages of moderate disease that does not require treatment in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) but given the analytical indication (elevation of ddimer) and imaging (thrombosis in CTPA) in many cases, should be evaluated the early inclusion of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) at doses of at least high-risk prophylaxis in all these patients without thrombopenia <20,000 platelets or acute bleeding and manifesting high d-dimer. 5 In another study, 83 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 infection underwent a CT scan, 6 chest pain was reported in 6% of the patients and pericardial effusion was found in 4.8%, which suggests that acute pericarditis could be an under diagnosed pathology, and therefore, not correctly managed and treated. This is the first case report to describe an acute pericarditis episode due to SARS-CoV-2, which might be an under diagnosed condition in this pandemic, and therefore not correctly managed.


id: cord-030369-4dn02a35
title: Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Tests of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis (Liver Failure)
author: Peng, Liang
date: 2019-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-030369-4dn02a35.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030369-4dn02a35.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7418529/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_1
summary:
  Once pulmonary infection is present, the disease condition will likely deteriorate, directly causing death; (3) a majority of infections are nosocomial infection, and pathogens are usually resistant to common antibiotics, making therapy challenging; (4) the pathogens causing infection are diverse but mainly Gram-negative bacteria, although the incidence of Gram-positive and fungal infections is increasing; (5) infection is closely related to the prognosis for liver failure patients. Although their clinical manifestation differ significantly, the "coexistence of acute and chronic failures" is shared by failures of all those organs; (2) CLF classification has been generally recognized at home and abroad, and the necessity of classification are further proved by the difference between CLF and the other three types; (3) CLF cases are relatively large in proportion (nearly 30%), which is still increasing (since the proportion of ALF/SALF are lowering); (4) Complications of CLF are common and are found in various forms, with bad prognosis; (5) In CLF patients with correlation to HBV, virus replication are commonly found, which is closely related to decompensation.

abstract:
  This chapter describes the clinical symptoms and signs of AECHB and HBV ACLF, classification, grading of HBV ACLF and their features, diagnostic principles and standards in liver pathology, biochemistry, and virology of HBV ACLF. 1. Liver failure is defined as serious damage to the liver cause by a variety of etiologies, leading to liver function disorder or even decompensation, and clinical syndromes with coagulopathy, jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites. 2. Severe hepatitis B can be indicated pathologically by apparent hepatocellular necrosis, including extensive multifocal, confluent, bridging, sub-massive or massive necrosis. 3. Laboratory tests during the course of severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B can reflect pathological changes and liver function in a timely manner, providing objective and informative reference data for evaluation of disease severity and treatment efficacy. Among the most important laboratory tests are those for prothrombin activity, international normalized ratio, and increases in total bilirubin concentration. 4. Severe hepatitis B is associated with interactions between the virus and host factors. Detection of HBV DNA, HBV genotype, quasispecies and HBV mutation can provide important theoretical bases for the prevention, control or mitigation of the progress of severe hepatitis B. 5. Noninvasive imaging modalities can be used to visualize the entire liver and parts of it. Measuring liver volume to evaluate liver size and liver reserve capacity is regarded as important in diagnosis, surgical approach and prognostic evaluation of patients with severe exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B and liver failure. 6. Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) is the first quantitative method developed to assess whether a patient with liver failure requires a liver transplant. The predictive value of the MELD model has been improved by the MELD-Na, iMELD, and MESO models. Several other valuable prognostic models have been developed. For example, for patients with HBV-ACLF, the established TPPM scoring system was found to be more predictive than MELD score.


id: cord-032382-5tp9i9vh
author: Hackert, Volker H.
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-032382-5tp9i9vh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032382-5tp9i9vh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7503428/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05400-0
summary:
  CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Specifically, we assessed whether signs and symptoms could accurately identify acute Q fever in suspect cases prior to laboratory confirmation, or help rule out the diagnosis in favour of other respiratory infections where, depending on national guidelines, treatment with amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic or a delayed or non-prescribing approach would be considered more appropriate. We performed a retrospective case-control study assessing the association of acute Q fever case status with signs and symptoms of disease in a sample of questionnaire respondents from the cohort of all individuals tested for acute Q fever by GP''s or hospital-based medical specialists in the period from March 2009 through April 2010 (n = 1218).

title:
  Signs and symptoms do not predict, but may help rule out acute Q fever in favour of other respiratory tract infections, and reduce antibiotics overuse in primary care

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: From early 2009, the Dutch region of South Limburg experienced a massive outbreak of Q fever, overlapping with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic during the second half of the year and affecting approximately 2.9% of a 300,000 population. Acute Q fever shares clinical features with other respiratory conditions. Most symptomatic acute infections are characterized by mild symptoms, or an isolated febrile syndrome. Pneumonia was present in a majority of hospitalized patients during the Dutch 2007–2010 Q fever epidemic. Early empiric doxycycline, guided by signs and symptoms and patient history, should not be delayed awaiting laboratory confirmation, as it may shorten disease and prevent progression to focalized persistent Q fever. We assessed signs’ and symptoms’ association with acute Q fever to guide early empiric treatment in primary care patients. METHODS: In response to the outbreak, regional primary care physicians and hospital-based medical specialists tested a total of 1218 subjects for Q fever. Testing activity was bimodal, a first “wave” lasting from March to December 2009, followed by a second “wave” which lasted into 2010 and coincided with peak pandemic influenza activity. We approached all 253 notified acute Q fever cases and a random sample of 457 Q fever negative individuals for signs and symptoms of disease. Using data from 140/229(61.1%) Q fever positive and 194/391(49.6%) Q fever negative respondents from wave 1, we built symptom-based models predictive of Q-fever outcome, validated against subsets of data from wave 1 and wave 2. RESULTS: Our models had poor to moderate AUC scores (0.68 to 0.72%), with low positive (4.6–8.3%), but high negative predictive values (91.7–99.5%). Male sex, fever, and pneumonia were strong positive predictors, while cough was a strong negative predictor of acute Q fever in these models. CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Signs and symptoms thus may help reduce the overuse of antibiotics in primary care during and following outbreaks of Q fever.


id: cord-253502-v2hh3w3r
author: Leung, C.W.
date: 2004-11-05
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S152605420400079X
doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.010
title:
  Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children

abstract:
  Children are susceptible to infection by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) but the clinical picture of SARS is milder than in adults. Teenagers resemble adults in presentation and disease progression and may develop severe illness requiring intensive care and assisted ventilation. Fever, malaise, cough, coryza, chills or rigor, sputum production, headache, myalgia, leucopaenia, lymphopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, mildly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels are common presenting features. Radiographic findings are non-specific but high-resolution computed tomography of the thorax in clinically suspected cases may be an early diagnostic aid when initial chest radiographs appear normal. The improved reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are critical in the early diagnosis of SARS, with sensitivity approaching 80% in the first 3 days of illness when performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates, the preferred specimens. Absence of seroconversion to SARS-CoV beyond 28 days from disease onset generally excludes the diagnosis. The best treatment strategy for SARS among children remains to be determined. No case fatality has been reported in children and the short- to medium-term outcome appears to be good. The importance of continued monitoring for any long-term complications due to the disease or its empiric treatment, cannot be overemphasised.


id: cord-257460-e6anaxck
author: Mostov, Perry D.
date: 2007-05-03
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095454306000777
doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2006.09.009
abstract: nan
title:
  Treating the Immunocompetent Patient Who Presents with an Upper Respiratory Infection: Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, and Bronchitis


id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve
author: Flores, Carlos
date: 2008-10-25
txt: ./txt/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc7098
doi: 10.1186/cc7098
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI. This quality assessment of genetic association studies with positive findings in susceptibility or outcome of ALI and ARDS identified a total of 29 articles and 16 genes. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CXCL2, chemokine CXC motif ligand 2; F5, coagulation factor V; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; MBL2, mannose-binding lectin-2; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MV, mechanical ventilation; MYLK, myosin light-chain kinase; NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 factor; PBEF, pre-B cell-enhancing factor; PLAU, plasminogen activator urokinase; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SFTPB, surfactant pulmonaryassociated protein B; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TR, tandem repeat (polymorphism); VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Positive genetic association studies with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome susceptibility and/or outcome (by year of publication)

title:
  A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Clinical observations and animal models provide evidence that the development of acute lung injury (ALI), a phenomenon of acute diffuse lung inflammation in critically ill patients, is influenced by genetic factors. Association studies are the main tool for exploring common genetic variations underlying ALI susceptibility and/or outcome. We aimed to assess the quality of positive genetic association studies with ALI susceptibility and/or outcome in adults in order to highlight their consistency and major limitations. METHODS: We conducted a broad PubMed literature search from 1996 to June 2008 for original articles in English supporting a positive association (P ≤ 0.05) of genetic variants contributing to all-cause ALI susceptibility and/or outcome. Studies were evaluated based on current recommendations using a 10-point quality scoring system derived from 14 criteria, and the gene was considered as the unit of replication. Genes were also categorized according to biological processes using the Gene Ontology. RESULTS: Our search identified a total of 29 studies reporting positive findings for 16 genes involved mainly in the response to external stimulus and cell signal transduction. The genes encoding for interleukin-6, mannose-binding lectin, surfactant protein B, and angiotensin-converting enzyme were the most replicated across the studies. On average, the studies had an intermediate quality score (median of 4.62 and interquartile range of 3.33 to 6.15). CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI.


id: cord-258307-nsdhvc8w
author: Maki, Dennis G.
date: 2011-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-258307-nsdhvc8w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258307-nsdhvc8w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619611621812
doi: 10.4065/79.11.1359
abstract: nan
summary:
  The most recent and perhaps most fearsome emerging infections are the appearance of West Nile virus encephalitis in New York City in 1999 and its rapid spread westward 6 ; inhalation anthrax, deriving from use of Bacillus anthracis spores as a biologic weapon against the US civilian population in 2001 7 ; the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 8 ; and the looming threat of pandemic influenza, especially global disease caused by the highly virulent avian subtype A (H5N1). If it is not, the effort will not have been wasted because it is likely that all the planning and resource allocation will prove invaluable for controlling the spread of natural emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV or a new strain of influenza virus, which are probably far more likely to pose a serious threat to human and animal health in the United States and worldwide.

title:
  SARS Revisited: The Challenge of Controlling Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Local, Regional, Federal, and Global Levels


id: cord-258967-8wb3m3ux
title: Clinical Approach to Acute Cough
author: Boujaoude, Ziad C.
date: 2009-08-22
txt: ./txt/cord-258967-8wb3m3ux.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258967-8wb3m3ux.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-009-9170-6
doi: 10.1007/s00408-009-9170-6
summary:
  It most often is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract ("common cold") or lower respiratory tract (i.e., "acute bronchitis"). This is supported by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the common cold that demonstrated statistically significant associations among cough, throat clearing, and PND [10] . According to ACCP evidence based guidelines, the diagnosis of acute bronchitis should be made only when there is no clinical or radiographic evidence of pneumonia, and the common cold, acute asthma, or an exacerbation of COPD have been ruled out as the cause of cough [18] . For acute cough related to the common cold, the combination of a first-generation antihistamine (brompheniramine) plus a decongestant (pseudoephedrine) has been shown in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to hasten resolution of both cough and postnasal drip [10] . The best evidence for treatment of cough associated with the common cold is the use of a combination first-generation antihistamine and an effective decongestant (i.e., pseudoephedrine).

abstract:
  Acute cough is among the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical attention. It accounts for millions of days lost from school and work and billions of dollars spent on medical care. Acute cough is defined as cough present for 3 weeks or less. It most often is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (“common cold”) or lower respiratory tract (i.e., “acute bronchitis”). The most effective treatment for cough due to the common cold is a combination first-generation antihistamine plus decongestant. Antibiotics are not indicated for most cases of acute cough. Occasionally, acute cough can be a symptom of a life-threatening condition.


id: cord-259945-nmjwzk4e
title: Antibiotics in acute bronchitis: a meta-analysis
author: Bent, Stephen
date: 1999-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-259945-nmjwzk4e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259945-nmjwzk4e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0002934399001679
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00167-9
summary:
  Only randomized trials that enrolled otherwise healthy patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, used an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group, and provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size were included. Only randomized trials that enrolled otherwise healthy patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, used an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group, and provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size were included. Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: randomized trials using an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group; subjects with acute bronchitis, no history of chronic lung disease, and pneumonia excluded by chest radiograph or clinical exam; therapy for at least 5 days; and the presentation of sufficient data to calculate the difference in efficacy between the treatment and the placebo as a continuous variable.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: Most patients with acute bronchitis who seek medical care are treated with antibiotics, although the effectiveness of this intervention is uncertain. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials to estimate the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of acute bronchitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: English-language studies published January 1966 to April 1998 were retrieved using MEDLINE, bibliographies, and consultation with experts. Only randomized trials that enrolled otherwise healthy patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, used an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group, and provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size were included. RESULTS: We identified eight randomized controlled trials that satisfied all inclusion criteria. These studies used one of three antibiotics (erythromycin, doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). The use of antibiotics decreased the duration of cough and sputum production by approximately one-half day (summary effect size 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.36). For specific symptoms, there were nonsignificant trends favoring the use of antibiotics: a decrease of 0.4 days of purulent sputum (95% CI, −0.1 to 0.8), a decrease of 0.5 days of cough (95% CI, −0.1 to 1.1), and a decrease of 0.3 days lost from work (95% CI, −0.6 to 1.1). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests a small benefit from the use of the antibiotics erythromycin, doxycycline, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of acute bronchitis in otherwise healthy patients. As this small benefit must be weighed against the risk of side effects and the societal cost of increasing antibiotic resistance, we believe that the use of antibiotics is not justified in these patients.


id: cord-260225-bc1hr0fr
author: Sirpilla, Olivia
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-260225-bc1hr0fr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260225-bc1hr0fr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421
doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421
summary:
  Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics. Additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins with mentions include nsp12 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase, 20/71), nucleocapsid (N, 17/71), membrane (M, 5/48), envelope (E, 4/31), nsp5 (3CLPro/Mpro, 7/26), nsp8 (3/19), nsp16 (2′-O-methyltransferase, 3/14), ORF8 (1/10), nsp10 (3/9), nsp14 (guanine-N7 methyltransferase, 1/8), nsp3 (papain-like protease, 16/6), and nsp15 (uridylate-specific endoribonuclease, 16/4).

title:
  SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes

abstract:
  [Image: see text] SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide, with lethality in hundreds of thousands. The rapid publication of information, both regarding the clinical course and the viral biology, has yielded incredible knowledge of the virus. In this review, we address the insights gained for the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, which we have integrated into the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database, a publicly available resource. Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. This inhibition has the potential to not only regulate about 10% of all biological transcripts through altered ribosomal biology but also associate with viral-induced genetics, where suppressed human variants are activated to drive dominant, negative outcomes within cells. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics.


id: cord-260238-2p209g2p
title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome
author: Peiris, J S M
date: 2004-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-260238-2p209g2p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260238-2p209g2p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577937/
doi: 10.1038/nm1143
summary:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by ''wet markets'' in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides Neutralizing antibodies in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAB to S1 protein that blocks receptor association

abstract:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by 'wet markets' in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. Hospitals and international travel proved to be 'amplifiers' that permitted a local outbreak to achieve global dimensions. In this review we will discuss the substantial scientific progress that has been made towards understanding the virus—SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)—and the disease. We will also highlight the progress that has been made towards developing vaccines and therapies The concerted and coordinated response that contained SARS is a triumph for global public health and provides a new paradigm for the detection and control of future emerging infectious disease threats.


id: cord-261856-i1e0uj0s
title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care
author: Heffner, John E
date: 2005-03-04
txt: ./txt/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261856-i1e0uj0s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S074907040300054X
doi: 10.1016/s0749-0704(03)00054-x
summary:
  Elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD experience acute exacerbations of their airway disease, each of which presents a risk for acute respiratory failure. Criteria for grading the severity of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis American College of Chest Physicians-American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines [13] Mild exacerbation: presence of any one of the cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or increased sputum purulence with the addition of an upper respiratory infection within the past 5 days, fever with no other cause, increased wheezing or cough, or a 20% rise over baseline in respiratory rate or heart rate. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive

abstract:
  COPD is a progressive disorder that is punctuated in its later stages with acute exacerbations that present a risk for respiratory failure. COPD has a disproportionate impact on older patients. In the ICU, therapy is directed toward unloading fatigued respiratory muscles, treating airway infection, and prescribing bronchodilatory drugs. Most patients survive hospitalization in the ICU for an episode of respiratory failure. The severity of the underlying lung disease, however, underlies the poor outcomes of patients in terms of postdischarge survival and quality of life.


id: cord-262523-hxoyfh6o
title: Resolution of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Termination of Pregnancy
author: Kaur, Gagandeep
date: 2014-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-262523-hxoyfh6o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262523-hxoyfh6o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.05.010
doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2013.05.010
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Resolution of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Termination of Pregnancy A cute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare autoimmune illness characterized by inflammation of central nervous system myelin with resultant white matter damage. 13 Ms. A''s neurological status began to improve after the pregnancy was terminated. 14 In contrast, other cases of fulminant demyelinating disease during pregnancy have resulted in coma. 15, 16 Another demyelinating illness, Marburg''s Disease, is similarly rapid and fulminant, but less likely during pregnancy; 1 case, resistant to steroids, IVIg, and plasmapheresis, resulted in death. Alternatively, a direct immune-mediated response to the fetus may have triggered the ADEM; this is supported by the beginning of recovery after pregnancy termination in our vignette. Given ethical concerns and the rarity of this condition, it is impossible to determine whether a causal relationship exists between termination of pregnancy and resolution of treatment-resistant ADEM.


id: cord-262843-i0cy7467
title: A scoring system for management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis in adults
author: Suzumoto, Masaki
date: 2008-09-05
txt: ./txt/cord-262843-i0cy7467.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262843-i0cy7467.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2008.07.001
doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2008.07.001
summary:
  Patients with acute pharyngo-tonsillitis were evaluated for causative pathogens and were assessed clinical symptoms and pharyngo-tonsillar finding by a clinical scoring system. CONCLUSION: The current study strongly suggested that the clinical scoring system reflected disease severity well and would be very useful for evaluating clinical course and decision making for the antimicrobial treatment of acute pharyngo-tonisllitis. An appropriate scoring system was also developed and applied for evaluating severities and clinical course of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis. In the current study, we defined causative pathogens and the severity of acute pharyngotonsillitis by a clinical scoring system in adult patients. In this study, the frequencies of viruses in adult acute pharyngo-tonsillitis were lower rather than those reported in children, when we applied PCR/RT-PCR to identify four important viruses such as RS virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, and hMPV from pharyngeal swab.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a scoring system for the management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study between May 2004 and June 2005. Patients with acute pharyngo-tonsillitis were evaluated for causative pathogens and were assessed clinical symptoms and pharyngo-tonsillar finding by a clinical scoring system. RESULTS: A total 214 adult patients were enrolled in this study. Streptococcus pyogenes were identified at 13.6%. Thirty-one viruses were also identified by PCR. They were adenovirus (4.8%), influenza virus (1.0%), RS virus (6.3%), and human metapneumovirus (2.9%). Numbers of total white blood cells and levels of C-reactive protein showed a significant positive correlation with clinical scores (p < 0.001) and were also higher in cases with S. pyogenes. The clinical scores rapidly improved after the antimicrobial treatments in moderate cases and severe cases. CONCLUSION: The current study strongly suggested that the clinical scoring system reflected disease severity well and would be very useful for evaluating clinical course and decision making for the antimicrobial treatment of acute pharyngo-tonisllitis.


id: cord-263285-89zqgqx1
author: Sethi, Sanjum S.
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-263285-89zqgqx1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263285-89zqgqx1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666084920305933?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.034
summary:
  After presenting a case of right ventricular thrombus in a COVID-19 patient, we discuss the unique challenges in the workup and treatment of COVID-19 patients highlighting our COVID-19 modified pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) algorithm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19related critical illness and multiorgan dysfunction in a subset of those infected. Given these findings, the pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) was consulted and the patient was given 100 mg (over 2 hours) of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin once the tPA infusion was complete. The usual risk stratification schema for acute pulmonary embolism rely on a combination of hemodynamic clinical parameters, such as hypoxemia, tachycardia, and hypotension along with serum biomarkers, such as troponin or brain natriuretic peptide followed by confirmatory imaging tests.

title:
  Right Ventricular Clot in Transit in COVID-19: Implications for the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team

abstract:
  Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a prothrombotic state in infected patients. After presenting a case of right ventricular thrombus in a COVID-19 patient, we discuss the unique challenges in the workup and treatment of COVID-19 patients highlighting our COVID-19 modified pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) algorithm.


id: cord-266303-6igk5jmn
author: Yang, Xiaopeng
date: 2020-11-03
txt: ./txt/cord-266303-6igk5jmn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266303-6igk5jmn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1567576920336262
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107159
summary:
  Purpose Reported rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) have varied significantly among studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) published to date. One retrospective analysis of 536 SARS patients found that while acute kidney injury (AKI) was uncommon among these patients (36 cases), its incidence was associated with a 91.7% mortality rate [6] . The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published as of 25 July 2020, without any language restrictions, using the following search terms: "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "SARA-CoV-2", "novel coronavirus" "Acute Kidney Injury", and "Acute Renal Failure". This meta-analysis also reported the rates of AKI (38.9%) and RRT use (15.6%) among kidney transplant patients. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single-center retrospective observational study. Risk Factors and Mortality Outcome in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: A Single-Center Observational Study

title:
  Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  Purpose Reported rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) have varied significantly among studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) published to date. The present meta-analysis was conducted to gain clarity regarding AKI incidence and renal replacement therapy (RRT) use in COVID-19 patients. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases were systematically searched for COVID-19-related case reports published through 25 July 2020. Pooled analyses were conducted using R. Results The pooled incidence of AKI in 51 studies including 21531 patients was 12.3% (95% CI 9.5%-15.6%), with higher rates of 38.9% in 290 transplant patients (95% CI 27.3%-51.9%), 39.0% in 565 ICU patients (95% CI 23.2%-57.6%) and 42.0% among 1745 deceased patients (95% CI 30.3%-54.7%). RRT usage was reported in 39 studies of 17664 patients, with an overall pooled use of 5.4% (95% CI 4.0%-7.1%), with higher rates of 15.6% in 117 transplant patients (95%CI 9.9%-23.8%) and 16.3% in 776 ICU patients (95% CI 11.1%-23.3%). Conclusion AKI and RRT use among COVID-19 patients represent a major public health concern, and early and appropriate intervention should be called upon to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from AKI.


id: cord-267436-mivxm8oh
title: Treatment and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome
author: Groneberg, David A
date: 2005-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-267436-mivxm8oh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267436-mivxm8oh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1473309905013071
doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)01307-1
summary:
  The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. 31 The results of a randomised clinical study in Guangdong, involving multiple different treatment arms, suggest that ribavirin given at a low dose (400-600 mg/day) was less effective compared with an early and aggressive use of steroids with interferon alfa. Search terms were "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "SARS", "treatment", "coronavirus", "infection", "SARS coronavirus", "vaccination", and "antiviral". Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

abstract:
  The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002–2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. Although many different treatments were used during the outbreak, none were implemented in a controlled fashion. Thus, the optimal treatment for SARS is unknown. Since the outbreak, much work has been done testing new agents against SARS using in-vitro methods and animal models. In addition, global research efforts have focused on the development of vaccines against SARS. Efforts should be made to evaluate the most promising treatments and vaccines in controlled clinical trials, should another SARS outbreak occur.


id: cord-270776-oulnk1b3
author: Chau, Tai-nin
date: 2004-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-270776-oulnk1b3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270776-oulnk1b3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002934304003146
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.020
summary:
  title: Value of initial chest radiographs for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Purpose To determine whether the initial chest radiograph is helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Results Bilateral disease and involvement of more than two zones on the initial chest radiograph were associated with a higher risk of liver impairment and poor clinical outcome. Together with the clinical characteristics of SARS, such as fever and chest symptoms, and a recent history of contact with a suspected or confirmed SARS patient, radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome is important in establishing the diagnosis (5) . Studies involving patients with community-acquired pneumonia (10) , acute interstitial pneumonia (11) , or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (12) have shown that quantitative and qualitative changes on chest radiographs might predict clinical outcome.

title:
  Value of initial chest radiographs for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

abstract:
  Purpose To determine whether the initial chest radiograph is helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Methods Of 343 patients who met the World Health Organization’s case definition of probable SARS and who had been admitted to a regional hospital in Hong Kong, 201 patients had laboratory evidence of SARS coronavirus infection. The initial frontal chest radiographs of these 201 patients were assessed in a blinded fashion by 3 radiologists; individual findings were accepted if at least 2 of the radiologists concurred. Independent predictors of an adverse outcome, defined as the need for assisted ventilation, death, or both, were identified by multivariate analysis. Results Bilateral disease and involvement of more than two zones on the initial chest radiograph were associated with a higher risk of liver impairment and poor clinical outcome. Forty-two patients (21%) developed an adverse outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that lung involvement of more than two zones (odds ratio [OR] = 7.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7 to 17.9), older age (OR for each decade of life = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1 to 2.0), and shortness of breath on admission (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1 to 7.4) were independent predictors of an adverse outcome. Conclusion Frontal chest radiographs on presentation may have prognostic value in patients with SARS.


id: cord-273035-sewfb3q8
author: Kang, Xixiong
date: 2005-01-01
txt: ./txt/cord-273035-sewfb3q8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273035-sewfb3q8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550479/
doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.032458
summary:
  Background: Definitive early-stage diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is important despite the number of laboratory tests that have been developed to complement clinical features and epidemiologic data in case definition. Results: The discriminatory classifier with a panel of four biomarkers determined in the training set could precisely detect 36 of 37 (sensitivity, 97.3%) acute SARS and 987 of 993 (specificity, 99.4%) non-SARS samples. We established a decision tree algorithm consisting of four unique biomarkers for acute SARS in the training set and subsequently validated the accuracy of this classifier by use of a completely blinded test set. To identify the serum biomarkers that could distinguish SARS from non-SARS samples, we used a training set of specimens (37 SARS acute and 74 controls; Tables 1 and 2) and constructed the decision tree classification algorithm using 10 989 peaks [99 peaks ϫ (37 ϩ 74) spectra] of statistical significance identified in the low energy readings (see Materials and Methods).

title:
  Proteomic Fingerprints for Potential Application to Early Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

abstract:
  Background: Definitive early-stage diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is important despite the number of laboratory tests that have been developed to complement clinical features and epidemiologic data in case definition. Pathologic changes in response to viral infection might be reflected in proteomic patterns in sera of SARS patients. Methods: We developed a mass spectrometric decision tree classification algorithm using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Serum samples were grouped into acute SARS (n = 74; <7 days after onset of fever) and non-SARS [n = 1067; fever and influenza A (n = 203), pneumonia (n = 176); lung cancer (n = 29); and healthy controls (n = 659)] cohorts. Diluted samples were applied to WCX-2 ProteinChip arrays (Ciphergen), and the bound proteins were assessed on a ProteinChip Reader (Model PBS II). Bioinformatic calculations were performed with Biomarker Wizard software 3.1.1 (Ciphergen). Results: The discriminatory classifier with a panel of four biomarkers determined in the training set could precisely detect 36 of 37 (sensitivity, 97.3%) acute SARS and 987 of 993 (specificity, 99.4%) non-SARS samples. More importantly, this classifier accurately distinguished acute SARS from fever and influenza with 100% specificity (187 of 187). Conclusions: This method is suitable for preliminary assessment of SARS and could potentially serve as a useful tool for early diagnosis.


id: cord-274802-7ioiwsd8
author: Varghese, Praveen Mathews
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-274802-7ioiwsd8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274802-7ioiwsd8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33130519/
doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152008
summary:
  Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from COVID-19 patients have also revealed considerable insights into the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, co-receptors, immune responses, as well as risk factors for severe disease e.g. age and co-morbidities. Furthermore, treatment with a recombinant C5a antibody on 2 male COVID-19 patients aged 54 and 67 years showed significant benefit in suppressing complement hyperactivation, which contributes to the excessive immune response causing aggravated inflammatory lung injury, a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lethality (242) . Consistent with endothelial injury, the significantly elevated levels of von Willebrand factor found in the patient with severe COVID-19 has led to the idea that the infection of the ACE2 expressing endothelium by SARS-CoV-2 induces injury and activates the complement , which sets up a feedback loop that maintains a state of inflammation (243, (268) (269) (270) . Initial clinical studies in China involving 100 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, who were treated with Chloroquine, showed amelioration of pneumonia, shortened disease progression, increased resolution of lung lesions on CT, and a better virus-negative conversion (313, 314) .

title:
  Host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, potential therapeutics and vaccination strategies

abstract:
  Abstract The current coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19, is the third outbreak of disease caused by the coronavirus family, after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. It is an acute infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Virus (SARS-CoV-2). The severe disease is characterised by acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulation dysfunction, and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Currently, no drugs or vaccine exist against the disease and the only course of treatment is symptom management involving mechanical ventilation, immune suppressants, and repurposed drugs. As such the severe form of the disease has a relatively high mortality rate. Last 6 months have seen an explosion of information related to the host receptors, virus transmission, virus structure-function relationships, pathophysiology, co-morbidities, immune response, treatment and most promising vaccines. This review takes a critically comprehensive look at various aspects of host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19. We examine genomic aspects of SARS-CoV-2, modulation of innate and adaptive immunity, complement-triggered microangiopathy, and host transmission modalities. We also examine its pathophysiological impact during pregnancy, in addition to various gaps in our knowledge. The lessons learnt from various clinical trials involving repurposed drugs have been summarised. We also highlight the rationale and likely success of the most promising vaccine candidates.


id: cord-275440-fl4dsu7d
title: Responsible Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
author: Turnidge, John
date: 2012-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-275440-fl4dsu7d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275440-fl4dsu7d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735633/
doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161140-00004
summary:
  Generic strategies, including eliciting patient expectations, avoiding the term ''just a virus'', providing a value-for-money consultation, providing verbal and written information, empowering patients, conditional prescribing, directed education campaigns, and emphasis on symptomatic treatments, should be used as well as discussion of alternative medicines when relevant. Detailed strategies for acute sinusitis have not been worked out but restricting antibacterial prescribing to certain clinical complexes is currently recommended by several authorities because of the high natural resolution rate. Given that resistance to antibacterials in the common bacterial respiratory pathogens, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, is increasing worldwide, [5] it is time to critically review prescribing practices in patients with URTI and find methods for not prescribing antibacterials to patients who are unlikely to benefit. [27] There is a difference between the bacteriology of previously untreated acute otitis media and that of patients with persistent infection, [28] resistant bacteria being more common in the latter.

abstract:
  Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are responsible for a large amount of community antibacterial use worldwide. Recent systematic reviews have demonstrated that most URTIs resolve naturally, even when bacteria are the cause. The high consumer expectation for antibacterials in URTIs requires intervention by the general practitioner and a number of useful strategies have been developed. Generic strategies, including eliciting patient expectations, avoiding the term ‘just a virus’, providing a value-for-money consultation, providing verbal and written information, empowering patients, conditional prescribing, directed education campaigns, and emphasis on symptomatic treatments, should be used as well as discussion of alternative medicines when relevant. The various conditions have differing rates of bacterial infection and require different approaches. For acute rhinitis, laryngitis and tracheitis, viruses are the only cause and, therefore, antibacterials are never required. In acute sore throat (pharyngitis) Streptococcus pyogenes is the only important bacterial cause. A scoring system can help to increase the likelihood of distinguishing a streptococcal as opposed to viral infection, or alternatively patients should be given antibacterials only if certain conditions are fulfilled. Strategies for treating acute otitis media vary in different countries. Most favour the strategy of prescribing antibacterials only when certain criteria are fulfilled, delaying antibacterial prescribing for at least 24 hours. In otitis media with effusion, on the other hand, there is no primary role for antibacterials, as the condition resolves naturally in almost all patients aged >3 months. Detailed strategies for acute sinusitis have not been worked out but restricting antibacterial prescribing to certain clinical complexes is currently recommended by several authorities because of the high natural resolution rate.


id: cord-275700-tx4hirm4
title: Acute bronchitis: a review of diagnosis and evidence-based management
author: Whiteside, James L
date: 2002-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-275700-tx4hirm4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275700-tx4hirm4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1068607X02000987
doi: 10.1016/s1068-607x(02)00098-7
summary:
  Because of the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the cost of prescription drugs, and the potential adverse reactions to them, the present management of acute bronchitis has important shortcomings. This definition highlights the first two steps for treatment: 1) identify patients who have chronic pulmonary disease or other coexisting medical illnesses such as congestive heart failure or immunosuppression and 2) appropriately rule out other causes of acute cough, such as pneumonia and sinusitis. For the patient who presents with acute onset of cough and no history of chronic pulmonary disease or evidence of other more serious illnesses, studies have consistently shown either no benefit or, at best, modest benefit from the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians National trends in the use of antibiotics by primary care physicians for adult patients with cough

abstract:
  Abstract Obstetricians and gynecologists are increasingly involved in primary care. Acute bronchitis is among the most common ambulatory complaints. Although the cause of acute bronchitis is predominantly viral, 50–70% of patients presenting with this condition are treated with antibiotics. Because of the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the cost of prescription drugs, and the potential adverse reactions to them, the present management of acute bronchitis has important shortcomings. Also, inhaled bronchodilators are underused for symptomatic management. Improved awareness among physicians about the recommended management of acute bronchitis has been targeted as an important means of decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use. Patient satisfaction motivates physicians to prescribe antibiotics in managing acute bronchitis. However, patient satisfaction does not necessarily correlate with prescribing of antibiotics but rather with patient education. We present a review of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute bronchitis and its management.


id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v
author: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente
date: 2012-08-23
txt: ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/952168
doi: 10.1155/2012/952168
summary:
  Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians'' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] .

title:
  Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

abstract:
  This paper, based on relevant literature articles and the authors' clinical experience, presents a goal-oriented respiratory management for critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that can help improve clinicians' ability to care for these patients. Early recognition of ARDS modified risk factors and avoidance of aggravating factors during hospital stay such as nonprotective mechanical ventilation, multiple blood products transfusions, positive fluid balance, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and gastric aspiration can help decrease its incidence. An early extensive clinical, laboratory, and imaging evaluation of “at risk patients” allows a correct diagnosis of ARDS, assessment of comorbidities, and calculation of prognostic indices, so that a careful treatment can be planned. Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Revaluation of ARDS patients on the third day of evolution (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), biomarkers and response to infection therapy) allows changes in the initial treatment plans and can help decrease ARDS mortality.


id: cord-278319-44bvju3g
author: Gonzales, Ralph
date: 2001-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-278319-44bvju3g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278319-44bvju3g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0196064401700911
doi: 10.1067/s0196-0644(01)70091-1
summary:
  Four prospective studies (1984 to 1990) examined the accuracy of patient history and physical examination for diagnosing radiographic pneumonia in adults with acute respiratory illness in outpatient and emergency department settings, and a clinical decision tool to determine the need for radiography was developed. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] By the mid-1990s, published reviews of randomized, placebo-controlled trials 51,52 had concluded that routine antibiotic treatment of acute bronchitis does not have a consistent impact on duration or severity of illness or on potential complications, such as development of pneumonia. In epidemiologic studies, respiratory viruses, particularly influenza, appear to cause the large majority of cases of uncomplicated acute bronchitis according to culture, antibody (48) productive cough of any times daily for 10 days group (n = 24) vs. Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated a consistent benefit of therapy with albuterol versus placebo for uncomplicated acute bronchitis in reducing the duration and severity of cough (in one study, the "placebo" was erythromycin).

title:
  Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: Background

abstract:
  Abstract The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with acute bronchitis apply to immunocompetent adults without complicating comorbid conditions, such as chronic lung or heart disease. 1. The evaluation of adults with an acute cough illness or a presumptive diagnosis of uncomplicated acute bronchitis should focus on ruling out serious illness, particularly pneumonia. In healthy, nonelderly adults, pneumonia is uncommon in the absence of vital sign abnormalities or asymmetrical lung sounds, and chest radiography is usually not indicated. In patients with cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, chest radiography may be warranted in the absence of other known causes. 2. Routine antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis is not recommended, regardless of duration of cough. If pertussis infection is suspected (an unusual circumstance), a diagnostic test should be performed and antimicrobial therapy initiated. 3. Patient satisfaction with care for acute bronchitis depends most on physician–patient communication rather than on antibiotic treatment. [Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JM, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background. Ann Emerg Med. June 2001;37:720-727.]


id: cord-280070-c1bkhgaz
title: The Role of Infection in Interstitial Lung Diseases A Review
author: Azadeh, Natalya
date: 2017-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-280070-c1bkhgaz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280070-c1bkhgaz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.033
doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.033
summary:
  Prognosis can vary according to the type of ILD, but many exhibit gradual progression with an unpredictable clinical course in individual patients, as seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the phenomenon of "acute exacerbation"(AE). Diagnostic evaluations of patients with suspected ILD also need to consider infections, since they can cause various histopathologic patterns commonly associated with ILDs including NSIP, LIP, organizing pneumonia, and eosinophilic pneumonia, among others (Table 1) . Richter et al 19 19 It is currently difficult to determine whether patients with IPF are more susceptible to infection or colonization due to abnormal lung parenchyma, associated traction bronchiectasis, and immunosuppressive medications (which historically have been commonly used for treatment of ILDs), or whether bacteria are involved as triggers of AE or in the pathogenesis of IPF. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing surgical lung biopsy Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection

abstract:
  Interstitial lung disease (ILD) comprises an array of heterogeneous parenchymal lung diseases that are associated with a spectrum of pathologic, radiologic, and clinical manifestations. There are ILDs with known causes and those that are idiopathic, making treatment strategies challenging. Prognosis can vary according to the type of ILD, but many exhibit gradual progression with an unpredictable clinical course in individual patients, as seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the phenomenon of “acute exacerbation”(AE). Given the often poor prognosis of these patients, the search for a reversible cause of respiratory worsening remains paramount. Infections have been theorized to play a role in ILDs, both in the pathogenesis of ILD and as potential triggers of AE. Research efforts thus far have shown the highest association with viral pathogens; however, fungal and bacterial organisms have also been implicated. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the role of infections in the setting of ILD.


id: cord-283367-azzy2t1a
title: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review
author: Rahman, Asma
date: 2020-09-10
url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312120957925
doi: 10.1177/2050312120957925
abstract:
  COVID-19, a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 10 million individuals worldwide. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. In previous studies, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV were found to affect the nervous system. Given the high similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, effects on the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 are a possibility. We have outlined the common neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (information are up-to-date as of June 2020) and discussed the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and management options.


id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh
author: Bosma, Karen J.
date: 2012-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568833/
doi: 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000
summary:
  [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group.

title:
  Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches

abstract:
  The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arises from direct and indirect injury to the lungs and results in a life-threatening form of respiratory failure in a heterogeneous, critically ill patient population. Critical care technologies used to support patients with ARDS, including strategies for mechanical ventilation, have resulted in improved outcomes in the last decade. However, there is still a need for effective pharmacotherapies to treat ARDS, as mortality rates remain high. To date, no single pharmacotherapy has proven effective in decreasing mortality in adult patients with ARDS, although exogenous surfactant replacement has been shown to reduce mortality in the paediatric population with ARDS from direct causes. Several promising therapies are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of ARDS in its acute and subacute, exudative phases. These include exogenous surfactant therapy, β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, antioxidants, immunomodulating agents and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Recent research has also focused on prevention of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress in patients at risk. Drugs such as captopril, rosiglitazone and incyclinide (COL-3), a tetracycline derivative, have shown promising results in animal models, but have not yet been tested clinically. Further research is needed to discover therapies to treat ARDS in its late, fibroproliferative phase. Given the vast number of negative clinical trials to date, it is unlikely that a single pharmacotherapy will effectively treat all patients with ARDS from differing causes. Future randomized controlled trials should target specific, more homogeneous subgroups of patients for single or combination therapy.


id: cord-285291-pep4opiq
author: Remy, Kenneth E.
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-285291-pep4opiq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285291-pep4opiq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420720/
doi: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002429
summary:
  T he worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has already resulted in critical care demands overwhelming resources in nations such as Italy (1) . Prone positioning for at least 12 hours daily in adults with severe ARDS may increase ventilator-free days, reduce in-hospital mortality, and reduce the need for rescue therapies like inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (16, (65) (66) (67) (68) . Nonpharmacologic approaches to these modifiable risk factors include frequent environmental reorientation, cognitive stimulation, minimizing sleep interruptions, engaging familiar visitors, limiting use of sedative medications, and scheduled sedation "holidays." These strategies have consistently shown improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients and are now considered standard of care (117) . EPVent-2 Study Group: Effect of titrating positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FIO 2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial

title:
  Caring for Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a PICU: Recommendations by Dual Trained Intensivists*

abstract:
  In the midst of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, which causes coronavirus disease 2019, there is a recognized need to expand critical care services and beds beyond the traditional boundaries. There is considerable concern that widespread infection will result in a surge of critically ill patients that will overwhelm our present adult ICU capacity. In this setting, one proposal to add “surge capacity” has been the use of PICU beds and physicians to care for these critically ill adults. DESIGN: Narrative review/perspective. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENTS: Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The virus’s high infectivity and prolonged asymptomatic shedding have resulted in an exponential growth in the number of cases in the United States within the past weeks with many (up to 6%) developing acute respiratory distress syndrome mandating critical care services. Coronavirus disease 2019 critical illness appears to be primarily occurring in adults. Although pediatric intensivists are well versed in the care of acute respiratory distress syndrome from viral pneumonia, the care of differing aged adult populations presents some unique challenges. In this statement, a team of adult and pediatric-trained critical care physicians provides guidance on common “adult” issues that may be encountered in the care of these patients and how they can best be managed in a PICU. CONCLUSIONS: This concise scientific statement includes references to the most recent and relevant guidelines and clinical trials that shape management decisions. The intention is to assist PICUs and intensivists in rapidly preparing for care of adult coronavirus disease 2019 patients should the need arise.


id: cord-285557-my16g91c
title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—paradigm of an emerging viral infection
author: Berger, A.
date: 2004-01-31
txt: ./txt/cord-285557-my16g91c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285557-my16g91c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14675864/
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.09.011
summary:
  This strengthened the case for the novel coronavirus being the cause of SARS, but only after it had been shown to cause a similar illness in artificially infected macaques could it be regarded as fulfilling all four of Koch''s postulates ; World Health Organisation Multicentre Collaborative Networks for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . Nevertheless, and despite considerable progress in this field, much remains to be done until laboratory tests become a useful tool for the management of SARS cases (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that detects antibodies in the serum of SARS patients and reliably yields positive results at around day 21 after the onset of illness (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003).

abstract:
  Abstract An acute and often severe respiratory illness emerged in southern China in late 2002 and rapidly spread to different areas of the Far East as well as several countries around the globe. When the outbreak of this apparently novel infectious disease termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) came to an end in July 2003, it had caused over 8000 probable cases worldwide and more than 700 deaths. Starting in March 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) organised an unprecedented international effort by leading laboratories working together to find the causative agent. Little more than one week later, three research groups from this WHO-coordinated network simultaneously found evidence of a hitherto unknown coronavirus in SARS patients, using different approaches. After Koch’s postulates had been fulfilled, WHO officially declared on 16 April 2003 that this virus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS. Ever since, progress around SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been swift. Within weeks of the first isolate being obtained, its complete genome was sequenced. Diagnostic tests based on the detection of SARS-CoV RNA were developed and made available freely and widely; nevertheless the SARS case definition still remains based on clinical and epidemiological criteria. The agent’s environmental stability, methods suitable for inactivation and disinfection, and potential antiviral compounds have been studied, and development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics is ongoing. Despite its grave consequences in humanitarian, political and economic terms, SARS may serve as an example of how much can be achieved through a well-coordinated international approach, combining the latest technological advances of molecular virology with more “traditional” techniques carried out to an excellent standard.


id: cord-286033-klkoyw1r
title: COVID-19 medical sequelae
author: nan
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-286033-klkoyw1r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286033-klkoyw1r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.004
doi: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.004
abstract: nan
summary:
  The medical sequelae, including psychic ones, of COVID-19 Q3 are non-or poorly-reversible post-acute phase organic damages, or poorly qualified disorders occurring after healing. Fibrosis causes a decline in the respiratory function, an extension of CT scan lesions and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. A right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension as a consequence of fibrosis or an acute pulmonary embolism, and rhythm disorders (extrasystoles, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, atrial fibrillation) are sometimes observed. Tubular damage causes necrosis, which may lead to end-stage chronic renal failure, in a silent course that requires a prolonged surveillance. Brain damage may be related to the virus or may result from anoxia in ventilated patients, strokes or acute disseminated autoimmune encephalomyelitis which, if it affects the peripheral nerves and the diaphragm, may worsen respiratory disorders. After an often short acute phase, poorly qualified disorders may be observed.


id: cord-286408-bhrrb5s7
title: Medical sequelae of COVID-19
author: nan
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-286408-bhrrb5s7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286408-bhrrb5s7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952180/
doi: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.005
abstract: nan
summary:
  authors: nan The lung is the most frequently affected organ in the acute phase of the disease, and epidemics due to other coronaviruses such as Sars-CoV and Mer-CoV have shown that pulmonary fibrosis can persist after the initial infection. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is a frequent consequence of respiratory distress observed in the acute phase of the disease. Heart failure, myocardial necrosis, and arrythmia persist after the acute phase and require a prolonged monitoring and an appropriate treatment. Brain damage may be directly related to the virus or more often the consequence of prolonged anoxia in patients on artificial ventilation, strokes, or an autoimmune syndrome such as an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis which, if accompanied by peripheral disorders and affecting the diaphragm, can aggravate respiratory disorders. Patients apparently recovering from the acute episode have been found to require prolonged convalescence or to complain of new symptoms after a period of remission.


id: cord-287648-nhsn4cru
title: Usefulness of echocardiography to detect cardiac involvement in COVID‐19 patients
author: Cameli, Matteo
date: 2020-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-287648-nhsn4cru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287648-nhsn4cru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14779
doi: 10.1111/echo.14779
summary:
  Therefore, the use of echocardiography, according to the safety local protocols and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment, could be useful firstly to discriminate between primary cardiac disease or COVID‐19–related myocardial damage, and then for assessing and monitoring COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications: acute myocarditis and arrhythmias, acute heart failure, sepsis‐induced myocardial impairment, and right ventricular failure derived from treatment with high‐pressure mechanical ventilation. 7 In two studies by Shi et al 8 and Guo et al, 9 among 460 and 187 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, respectively, 20% and 28% had acute myocardial injury, which was associated with higher mortality and incidence of complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), malignant arrhythmias, acute renal injury, and coagulopathy. 21 Accordingly, current reports suggest that the majority of COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury without evidence of epicardial coronary artery thrombosis, show imaging data supporting the diagnosis of acute myocarditis 21, 22 ; also, cases of fulminant myocarditis and fatal arrhythmias have been described.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak is a current global healthcare burden, leading to the life‐threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, evidence showed that, even if the prevalence of COVID‐19 damage consists in pulmonary lesions and symptoms, it could also affect other organs, such as heart, liver, and spleen. Particularly, some infected patients refer to the emergency department for cardiovascular symptoms, and around 10% of COVID‐19 victims had finally developed heart injury. Therefore, the use of echocardiography, according to the safety local protocols and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment, could be useful firstly to discriminate between primary cardiac disease or COVID‐19–related myocardial damage, and then for assessing and monitoring COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications: acute myocarditis and arrhythmias, acute heart failure, sepsis‐induced myocardial impairment, and right ventricular failure derived from treatment with high‐pressure mechanical ventilation. The present review aims to enlighten the applications of transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of myocardial damage in COVID‐19 patients.


id: cord-288229-d3s8oe53
title: ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION SURGERY IN PATIENT WITH COVID-19
author: Akgul, Ahmet
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-288229-d3s8oe53.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288229-d3s8oe53.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32562625/
doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.005
summary:
  title: ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION SURGERY IN PATIENT WITH COVID-19 We present a case of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection in a patient with covid-19 under treatment of ACE inhibitors. We present a case of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection in a patient with covid-19 under treatment of ACE inhibitors. This is one of the first acute aortic surgery case among patients with COVID-19. This is one of the first acute aortic surgery case among patients with COVID-19. Although there are an increasing number of reports regarding the effects of Coronavirus on cardiovascular system, acute dissection of the aorta among patients with COVID-19 has not been presented. Computed tomography revealed Type A aortic dissection flap extending through right common iliac artery, and ground-glass opacities in both lungs with nodular infiltration in right apex (Figure 1 ).

abstract:
  Abstract Acute aortic dissection is one of the most common life-threatening disease which affects aortic vessel. We present a case of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection in a patient with covid-19 under treatment of ACE inhibitors. A 68-year-old female complaining of acute chest pain and dyspnea admitted to the emergency clinic of our hospital on May 6, 2020. She had history of diabetes and hypertension. This is one of the first acute aortic surgery case among patients with COVID-19.


id: cord-289090-7x2752j4
title: Microbiology of otitis media: A moving target
author: Vergison, Anne
date: 2008-12-23
txt: ./txt/cord-289090-7x2752j4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289090-7x2752j4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.006
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.006
summary:
  Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and group A Streptococcus are the leading causes of bacterial AOM worldwide. This review provides some insight into the microbiology of AOM in an era of antibiotic resistance and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. Acute otitis media-diagnosis and treatment in the era of antibiotic resistant organisms: updated clinical practice guidelines Can acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: a randomised double-blind efficacy study Association of clinical signs and symptoms with pneumococcal acute otitis media by serotype -implications for vaccine effect Acute otitis media due to penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

abstract:
  Abstract The microbiology of acute otitis media (AOM) is linked to the nasopharyngeal commensal flora. This respiratory ecosystem undergoes various selective pressures, such as antibiotic consumption and vaccine use. Socio-economic conditions also influence the bacterial composition of the nasopharynx. Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and group A Streptococcus are the leading causes of bacterial AOM worldwide. This paper will discuss the causes and consequences of recent shifts in the underlying microbiology of AOM.


id: cord-289816-rlwoy8ms
title: Acute myocardial infarction and large coronary thrombosis in a patient with COVID‐19
author: Tedeschi, Delio
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-289816-rlwoy8ms.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289816-rlwoy8ms.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.29179
doi: 10.1002/ccd.29179
summary:
  This is a case report of a 60‐year‐old male, without any cardiovascular risk factor and no cardiac history admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Due to high levels of proinflammatory mediators, diffuse coronary thrombosis could occur even in patients without cardiac history or comorbidities. This clinical case suggests that coronary thrombosis in COVID‐19 patients may be unresponsive to optimal pharmacological (GP IIb–IIIa infusion) and mechanical treatment (PCI). The chest X-ray revealed evidence of pneumonia with bilateral multiple interstitial ill-defined patchy opacities ( When admitted, the patient was treated with dexamethasone (12 mg iv), hydroxychloroquine (200 mg twice daily), antiviral drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir-2 tablets 200/50 mg twice daily), oxygen support (Venturi mask FiO2 40%), antibiotic prophylaxis with ceftriaxone (2 g iv), and venous thromboembolic (VTE) prophylaxis with enoxaparin (4,000 U.I. sc). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  This is a case report of a 60‐year‐old male, without any cardiovascular risk factor and no cardiac history admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). After 7 days, the blood tests showed a significant rise of inflammatory and procoagulant markers, along with a relevant elevation of high‐sensitivity Troponin I. Electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) were consistent with a diagnosis of infero‐posterolateral acute myocardial infarction and the patient was transferred to the isolated Cath Lab for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The angiography showed an acute massive thrombosis of a dominant right coronary artery without clear evidence of atherosclerosis. Despite the optimal pharmacological therapies and different PCI techniques, the final TIMI flow was 0/1 and after 3 hr the clinical condition evolved in cardiac arrest for pulseless electric activity. Acute coronary syndrome–ST‐elevation myocardial infarction is a relevant complication of COVID‐19. Due to high levels of proinflammatory mediators, diffuse coronary thrombosis could occur even in patients without cardiac history or comorbidities. This clinical case suggests that coronary thrombosis in COVID‐19 patients may be unresponsive to optimal pharmacological (GP IIb–IIIa infusion) and mechanical treatment (PCI).


id: cord-291517-ifei60ly
author: Dixon, Luke
date: 2020-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-291517-ifei60ly.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291517-ifei60ly.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32457227/
doi: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000789
summary:
  title: COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in a patient with aplastic anemia where there was early brain stem-predominant involvement. Nasopharyngeal swab testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was positive, and CT during admission demonstrated diffuse swelling of the brain stem. 2 Here, we report a further case of possible COVID-19-related necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy associated with early brain stem involvement. Extensive abnormal signal and microhemorrhage were found in a symmetrical distribution within the dorsolateral putamina, ventrolateral thalamic nuclei, subinsular regions, splenium of the corpus callosum, cingulate gyri, and subcortical Glossary ANE = acute necrotizing encephalopathy; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; GCS = Glasgow Coma Score; GTCS = generalized tonic-clonic seizure; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

title:
  COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in a patient with aplastic anemia where there was early brain stem-predominant involvement. METHODS: Evaluation of cause, clinical symptoms, and treatment response. RESULTS: A 59-year-old woman with a background of transfusion-dependent aplastic anemia presented with seizures and reduced level of consciousness 10 days after the onset of subjective fever, cough, and headache. Nasopharyngeal swab testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was positive, and CT during admission demonstrated diffuse swelling of the brain stem. She required intubation and mechanical ventilation for airway protection, given her reduced level of consciousness. The patient's condition deteriorated, and MRI on day 6 demonstrated worsening brain stem swelling with symmetrical hemorrhagic lesions in the brain stem, amygdalae, putamina, and thalamic nuclei. Appearances were consistent with hemorrhagic ANE with early brain stem involvement. The patient showed no response to steroid therapy and died on the eighth day of admission. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 may be associated with an acute severe encephalopathy and, in this case, was considered most likely to represent an immune-mediated phenomenon. As the pandemic continues, we anticipate that the spectrum of neurologic presentation will broaden. It will be important to delineate the full clinical range of emergent COVID-19-related neurologic disease.


id: cord-294062-3esrg1jw
author: Tam, Clarence C.
date: 2018-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-294062-3esrg1jw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294062-3esrg1jw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3358-4
doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3358-4
summary:
  In this study, we assessed whether semi-quantitative microbial load availab from real-time PCR assays can differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic states for common respiratory agents in a cohort of basic military trainees at two Royal Thai Army barracks. Our analysis also indicated a significantly lower average rhinovirus load in non-acute samples collected either at the start or at the end of the training period compared to acute samples (p-values < 0.05) ( Table 4 ). Ct-value distribution for selected a bacteria and b viruses detected in non-acute samples collected at the start or end of the training period (orange bars) or acute samples from individuals experiencing an upper respiratory tract infection during follow-up (blue bars). Description of data: Semi-quantitative microbial load in non-acute and acute throat and nasal swab samples from Thai Army recruits, determined using a commercial multiplex real-time PCR assay comprising 33 bacterial, viral and fungal targets; includes names, labels, and coding for individual variables.

title:
  Association between semi-quantitative microbial load and respiratory symptoms among Thai military recruits: a prospective cohort study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays have improved diagnostic sensitivity for a wide range of pathogens. However, co-detection of multiple agents and bacterial colonization make it difficult to distinguish between asymptomatic infection or illness aetiology. We assessed whether semi-quantitative microbial load data can differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic states for common respiratory pathogens. METHODS: We obtained throat and nasal swab samples from military trainees at two Thai Army barracks. Specimens were collected at the start and end of 10-week training periods (non-acute samples), and from individuals who developed upper respiratory tract infection during training (acute samples). We analysed the samples using a commercial multiplex respiratory panel comprising 33 bacterial, viral and fungal targets. We used random effects tobit models to compare cycle threshold (Ct) value distributions from non-acute and acute samples. RESULTS: We analysed 341 non-acute and 145 acute swab samples from 274 participants. Haemophilus influenzae type B was the most commonly detected microbe (77.4% of non-acute and 64.8% of acute samples). In acute samples, nine specific microbe pairs were detected more frequently than expected by chance. Regression models indicated significantly lower microbial load in non-acute relative to acute samples for H. influenzae non-type B, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus, although it was not possible to identify a Ct-value threshold indicating causal etiology for any of these organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Semi-quantitative measures of microbial concentration did not reliably differentiate between illness and asymptomatic colonization, suggesting that clinical symptoms may not always be directly related to microbial load for common respiratory infections. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3358-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-294638-tuxwmv0v
author: Alawadhi, Abdulla
date: 2018-03-12
txt: ./txt/cord-294638-tuxwmv0v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294638-tuxwmv0v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29593631/
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00130
summary:
  CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old girl known to have sickle cell disease (SCD) presented an acquired demyelinating syndrome (ADS) with diplopia due to sudden unilateral fourth nerve palsy. We report a new case of AHEM associated to a Ran Binding Protein (RANBP)-2 variant and responsive to combined craniectomy, intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP), and IVIG as inaugural manifestation of multisystemic autoimmunity in a girl with sickle cell disease (SCD). Moreover, although hemorrhagic stroke has been described in SCD patients receiving transfusion or corticosteroids, it was in the context of elevated blood pressure which was not present in our case (13) . Previously healthy patients with pathogenic mutations in RANBP2 can present acutely with encephalopathy and convulsions in the context of an infection, with brain imaging revealing involvement of the brainstem, thalami, putamina, cerebellum and external capsules, and claustrum (10) . Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in a patient with sickle cell disease: a case report

title:
  Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (AHEM) is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein (RANBP2) gene variant and the response to decompressive craniectomy and high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in life-threatening AHEM. DESIGN: Single case study. CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old girl known to have sickle cell disease (SCD) presented an acquired demyelinating syndrome (ADS) with diplopia due to sudden unilateral fourth nerve palsy. She received five pulses of IVMP (30 mg/kg/day). Two weeks after steroid weaning, she developed right hemiplegia and coma. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a left frontal necrotico-hemorrhagic lesion and new multifocal areas of demyelination. She underwent decompressive craniotomy and evacuation of an ongoing left frontoparietal hemorrhage. Comprehensive investigations ruled out vascular and infectious process. The neurological deterioration stopped concomitantly with combined neurosurgical drainage of the hematoma, decompressive craniotomy, IVMP, and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). She developed during the following months Crohn disease and sclerosing cholangitis. After 2-year follow-up, there was no new neurological manifestation. The patient still suffered right hemiplegia and aphasia, but was able to walk. Cognitive/behavioral abilities significantly recovered. A heterozygous novel rare missense variant (c.4993A>G, p.Lys1665Glu) was identified in RANBP2, a gene associated with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. RANBP2 is a protein playing an important role in the energy homeostasis of neuronal cells. CONCLUSION: In any ADS occurring in the context of SCD and/or autoimmune condition, we recommend to slowly wean steroids and to closely monitor the patient after weaning to quickly treat any recurrence of neurological symptom with IVMP. This case report, in addition to others, stresses the likely efficacy of combined craniotomy, IVIG, and IVMP treatments in AHEM. RANBP2 mutations may sensitize the brain to inflammation and predispose to AHEM.


id: cord-294807-1zuw3pp7
title: COVID-19 and Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Postpartum Patient
author: Khodamoradi, Zohre
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-294807-1zuw3pp7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294807-1zuw3pp7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32396506/
doi: 10.3201/eid2608.201383
summary:
  We report a 36-year-old woman in Iran who sought care for left shoulder pain and cough 5 days after a scheduled cesarean section. Acute pulmonary embolism has been associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, but no cases have been reported with Middle East respiratory syndrome (2, 3) . We report a patient in Iran who sought care for cough and shoulder pain 5 days after an uncomplicated cesarean delivery in whom an acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 infection were subsequently diagnosed. CTA or ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis may be important for COVID-19-positive pregnant or postpartum patients who have signs or symptoms of possible venous embolism, given their potentially heightened risk. In this patient population, with an already elevated risk for venous embolism, physicians should be aware of the potential for concurrent mild COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism.

abstract:
  We report a 36-year-old woman in Iran who sought care for left shoulder pain and cough 5 days after a scheduled cesarean section. Acute pulmonary embolism and coronavirus disease were diagnosed. Physicians should be aware of the potential for these concurrent conditions in postpartum women.


id: cord-295206-vetdsk48
title: Bronchitis
author: Woodfork, Karen
date: 2008-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295206-vetdsk48.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780080552323630260
doi: 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.63026-0
abstract: Bronchitis is characterized by bronchial inflammation that results in …
summary:
  This inflammation can be acute in nature, usually resulting from a viral infection, or it may be a long-standing manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of conditions involving airway obstruction, decreased maximal expiratory airflow, and breathing-related symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving cough and sputum production, with or without wheezing, that lasts for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) . The medications available for the treatment of chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not decrease the progressive decline in respiratory function that is characteristic of this condition. It has been shown to decrease the work of breathing in severe, stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may potentially be useful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) , Rodrigo et al (2002) .


id: cord-295216-eff02z0i
author: Ahluwalia, Ranbir
date: 2020-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-295216-eff02z0i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295216-eff02z0i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04671-x
doi: 10.1007/s00381-020-04671-x
summary:
  While some recommendations apply to neurosurgery, particularly endoscopic sinonasal and skull base recommendations [2] , no manuscripts exist to systematically stratify risk associated with delay in common pediatric neurosurgical procedures. Urgent cases that present an immediate threat to the patient''s life or neurologic well-being (e.g., shunt malfunction, acute hematoma evacuation, tumor with hydrocephalus, empyema, spinal cord compression) are straightforward and undergo prompt surgical intervention. [27] of the membership of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery (ASPN) demonstrated a strong preference for using presence of a syrinx regardless of symptoms in the setting of Chiari I malformation as a threshold for surgery [27] . In a cohort of 35 patients with total obstetric brachial palsy injury, younger age at the time of surgery correlated with better functional recovery (r = − 0.356, p = 0.049), particularly with finger and thumb flexion [59] . Patients with Chiari malformation type I presenting with acute neurological deficits: case series

title:
  The impact of imposed delay in elective pediatric neurosurgery: an informed hierarchy of need in the time of mass casualty crisis

abstract:
  SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19, coronavirus, has created unique challenges for the medical community after national guidelines called for the cancellation of all elective surgery. While there are clear cases of elective surgery (benign cranial cosmetic defect) and emergency surgery (hemorrhage, fracture, trauma, etc.), there is an unchartered middle ground in pediatric neurosurgery. Children, unlike adults, have dynamic anatomy and are still developing neural networks. Delaying seemingly elective surgery can affect a child’s already vulnerable health state by further impacting their neurocognitive development, neurologic functioning, and potential long-term health states. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that “elective” pediatric neurosurgery should be risk-stratified, and multi-institutional informed guidelines established.


id: cord-296605-p67twx7a
title: Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
author: LAU, Arthur Chun-Wing
date: 2004-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-296605-p67twx7a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296605-p67twx7a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912185/
doi: nan
summary:
  title: Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Most SARS patients would require high flow oxygen supplementation, 20–30% required intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency care, and 13–26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The management of critically ill SARS patients requires timely institution of pharmacotherapy where applicable and supportive treatment (oxygen therapy, noninvasive and invasive ventilation). More than onethird of all the SARS patients required high flow oxygen therapy [4] , 20-30% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission or high dependency care, and 13-26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [5, 6] . Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China Evaluation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in treatment for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Clinical observation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

abstract:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is frequently complicated with acute respiratory failure. In this article, we aim to focus on the management of the subgroup of SARS patients who are critically ill. Most SARS patients would require high flow oxygen supplementation, 20–30% required intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency care, and 13–26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In some of these patients, the clinical course can progress relentlessly to septic shock and/or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The management of critically ill SARS patients requires timely institution of pharmacotherapy where applicable and supportive treatment (oxygen therapy, noninvasive and invasive ventilation). Superimposed bacterial and other opportunistic infections are common, especially in those treated with mechanical ventilation. Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothoraces and pneumomediastinum may arise spontaneously or as a result of positive ventilatory assistance. Older age is a consistently a poor prognostic factor. Appropriate use of personal protection equipment and adherence to infection control measures is mandatory for effective infection control. Much of the knowledge about the clinical aspects of SARS is based on retrospective observational data and randomized-controlled trials are required for confirmation. Physicians and scientists all over the world should collaborate to study this condition which may potentially threaten human existence.


id: cord-302862-znnlyz3y
title: Transverse Myelitis
author: Lim, Peter A.C.
date: 2019-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-302862-znnlyz3y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302862-znnlyz3y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323549479001620
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54947-9.00162-0
summary:
  Following the acute management, which may include use of steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and plasma exchange, a comprehensive medical rehabilitation program is important to optimize recovery from the resultant impairments and disabilities and manage associated complications. Factors associated with poor outcomes include severe initial symptoms with spinal shock, delayed presentation to the hospital after maximum deficits have already occurred, development of syringomyelia, and extensive MRI lesions. Patients with TM may present in the ambulatory clinic, urgent care center, or hospital setting with complaints of weakness of the limbs, sensory impairments, pain, and difficulties with the bowel and bladder. The functional limitations in a patient with TM usually depend on the level of spinal cord involvement and corresponding muscles affected. Effective management of intractable neuropathic pain using an intrathecal morphine pump in a patient with acute transverse myelitis

abstract:
  Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory condition across the spinal cord, along one or more levels and in the absence of compression. Idiopathic acute TM is rare and with improvements in diagnostic tools and longer follow-up, the etiology which may include post-infectious, multiple sclerosis, or neuromyelitis optica often becomes clearer. The patient may present acutely with weakness, sensory impairments, or bowel and bladder changes. A careful history, physical examination, and appropriate diagnostic studies including blood tests and an MRI scan may help determine the diagnosis and etiology. Following the acute management, which may include use of steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and plasma exchange, a comprehensive medical rehabilitation program is important to optimize recovery from the resultant impairments and disabilities and manage associated complications. Complications such as paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain, spasticity, contractures, neurogenic bladder and bowels, skin breakdown, and psychological issues will benefit from the expertise of the physiatrist. Rehabilitation will include functional restoration with therapy as well as compensation of residual impairment with mobility and various other assistive devices.


id: cord-305618-tq401g18
author: Kim, Beom Joon
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-305618-tq401g18.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305618-tq401g18.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.01291
doi: 10.5853/jos.2020.01291
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society If hospitals and emergency rooms establish pre-arrival screening measures for COVID-19, including assessment of travel history and respiratory symptoms, it would save time for acute stroke care. Measures to contain SARS-CoV-2 transmission during acute stroke care in the emergency room in case of outof-hospital occurrence or at the place of onset in case of in-hospital stroke (1) All medical staff should use personal protective equipment (PPE), including full-sleeved gown, N95 respirator, eye protection (goggles or face shields), and gloves. Otherwise, designate an angiography suite for treating a stroke patient with COVID-19 and prepare isolation measures beforehand. It is recommended that each stroke center develops and updates an institutional protocol for providing safe and efficient stroke care amid the COVID-19 pandemic, based on its medical resources, local epidemics, and emerging prevention and treatment options against COVID-19.

title:
  Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society


id: cord-305856-xt3zxajf
title: COVID-2019 – A comprehensive pathology insight
author: Shanmugam, Chandrakumar
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-305856-xt3zxajf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305856-xt3zxajf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979742/
doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153222
summary:
  Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. The current pandemic of corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) led to complete lockdown in many countries contributing to major socio-economic crisis and irreparable recession, globally. [22, 31, 32, 33] Similar to SARS CoV, a recent study reported non-O blood group specifically group A had higher infection and death rates due to COVID-19 owing to absence of protective anti-A IgM antibodies. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China

abstract:
  Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. The lungs are the main organs affected leading to pneumonia and respiratory failure in severe cases that may need mechanical ventilation. Occasionally patient may present with gastro-intestinal, cardiac and neurologic symptoms with or without lung involvement. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. Other organs like liver and kidneys may be involved secondarily. Currently the treatment is principally symptomatic and prevention by proper use of personal protective equipment and other measures is crucial to limit the spread. In the midst of pandemic there is paucity of literature on pathological features including pathogenesis, hence in this review we provide the current pathology centered understanding of COVID-19. Furthermore, the pathogenetic pathway is pivotal in the development of therapeutic targets.


id: cord-308201-lavcsqov
author: Desforges, Marc
date: 2019-12-20
txt: ./txt/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308201-lavcsqov.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010014
doi: 10.3390/v12010014
summary:
  Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells.

title:
  Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

abstract:
  Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.


id: cord-310205-j57x9ke6
title: Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis
author: Alcaide, Maria L.
date: 2007-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310205-j57x9ke6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561078/
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.001
summary:
  A major task of the primary care physician is to identify those patients with acute pharyngitis who require specific antimicrobial therapy and to avoid unnecessary and potentially deleterious treatment in the great majority who suffer from a benign, self-limited, usually viral infection. In the minority of patients who are severely ill or toxic at presentation and in whom clinical and epidemiologic evidence leads to a high index of suspicion, oral antimicrobial therapy may be initiated while awaiting the results of the throat culture. Treatment of GAS pharyngitis is recommended to prevent acute rheumatic fever, prevent suppurative complications [28] , shorten the clinical course (although only modestly) [28] , and reduce transmission of the infection in family and school units. Within days to weeks after initial infection with HIV type 1, 50% to 90% of patients develop a constellation of symptoms known as the ''''acute retroviral syndrome.'''' Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgias, and mucocutaneous ulcerations are the landmarks of the syndrome [58] [59] [60] [61] .

abstract:
  Acute pharyngitis is one of the most common illnesses for which patients visit primary care physicians. Most cases are of viral origin, and with few exceptions these illnesses are both benign and self-limited. The most important bacterial cause is the beta-hemolytic group A streptococcus. There are other uncommon or rare types of pharyngitis. For some of these treatment is required or available, and some may be life threatening. Among those discussed in this article are diphtheria, gonorrhea, HIV infection, peritonsillar abscess, and epiglottitis.


id: cord-311529-tv324cx1
title: Encefalomielite acuta disseminata
author: Fromont, A.
date: 2010-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-311529-tv324cx1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311529-tv324cx1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1634707210704992
doi: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70499-2
summary:
  Anticorpi diretti contro gli antigeni della mielina sono riscontrabili nei pazienti che hanno sviluppato un''EMAD dopo la vaccinazione con il vaccino Semple attenuato vivo, prodotto su colture di tessuti del sistema nervoso di conigli o capre [32] . Secondo i grandi studi pediatrici (Tabella 5) [2, 4, 7-9, 11, 52] , i segni clinici presentati dai bambini sono, il più delle volte, un quadro di encefalopatia, cefalee, manifestazioni cerebellari, un interessamento dei nervi cranici, una neurite ottica. Secondo Tenembaum [31] i disturbi della coscienza, l''atassia, i deficit motori, l''interessamento del tronco cerebrale si riscontrano sia nell''adulto sia nel bambino, mentre una febbre di lunga durata, gli attacchi epilettici e le cefalee si verificano più spesso nel bambino. Questi studi hanno diversi limiti, tra cui l''eterogeneità dei criteri di diagnosi delle sclerosi multiple pediatriche e durate del follow-up molto varie.

abstract:
  L’encefalomielite acuta disseminata (EMAD) è una malattia infiammatoria autoimmune che coinvolge il cervello e il midollo spinale. Descritta soprattutto nel bambino, generalmente fa seguito a un episodio infettivo o a una vaccinazione, ma può essere idiopatica. La sua presentazione clinica comprende un’encefalopatia acuta associata a segni e a sintomi neurologici multifocali. La sua diagnosi si basa sulla clinica e sulla risonanza magnetica, che rivela lesioni multifocali della sostanza bianca in ipersegnale T2 mal delimitate, della stessa età, che prendono il gadolinio e possono anche riguardare il talamo e i nuclei della base. Il liquor può mostrare un’iperlinfocitosi con iperproteinorrachia e, a volte, la presenza di bande oligoclonali transitorie. La sua prognosi è piuttosto favorevole, passato l’episodio monofasico, con un trattamento specifico. È quindi fondamentale escludere fino dall’inizio le sue molte diagnosi differenziali. Il trattamento dell’EMAD, di prima scelta, consiste in boli di corticosteroidi endovenosi a forti dosi. In caso di insuccesso bisogna ricorrere agli scambi plasmatici o alle immunoglobuline endovenose. Anche se, di solito, è monofasica, possono verificarsi altri episodi che fanno allora pensare a un’EMAD multifasica. Tuttavia, in alcuni casi queste nuove poussées sono una modalità di esordio di un’autentica sclerosi multipla.


id: cord-313253-um3qu8xr
title: Acute myocarditis: an overview on emerging evidence
author: Magnani, Silvia
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-313253-um3qu8xr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313253-um3qu8xr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2020.07.003
doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.07.003
abstract: nan
summary:
  Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart that may present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from an asymptomatic state to infarct-like chest pain, severe heart failure, and lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias. The authors have reported data from a large Italian multicenter registry including 220 patients with acute myocarditis confirmed by EBM. The authors found that a pool of variables including presentation with hemodynamic decompensation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% and a QRS duration >120 msec characterize a subgroup of patients with "complicated" acute myocarditis whom may benefit from mechanical hemodynamic support. According to a German registry including children and young adults (median age 13-years) admitted to the hospital for acute myocarditis presenting with decompensated heart failure, the need for mechanical hemodynamic support was as high as 14% while in-hospital death/heart transplant rate was 8%, and the overall mortality rate was 5%. In a large European Study of Epidemiology and Treatment of Inflammatory Heart Disease, presence of viral genome was found in only 12% of 3055 symptomatic cases.


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
author: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0122726220300859?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004
summary:
  De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400).

title:
  ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19

abstract:
  Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Se identificó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, en los meses siguientes se expandió rápidamente a todos los continentes y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la reconoció como una pandemia global el 11 de marzo de 2020. La mayoría de los individuos son asintomáticos pero una baja proporción ingresan a cuidados intensivos con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Este consenso tiene como objetivo actualizar la declaratoria inicial emitida por la Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Crítica (AMCI) para el manejo del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19 dentro de las áreas críticas de las instituciones de salud. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó dos técnicas de consenso formal para construir las recomendaciones finales: Delphi modificada y grupos nominales. Se construyeron preguntas por la estrategia PICO. 10 grupos nominales desarrollaron recomendaciones para cada unidad temática. El producto del consenso fue evaluado y calificado en una ronda Delphi y se discutió de forma virtual por los relatores de cada núcleo y los representantes de sociedades médicas científicas afines al manejo del paciente con COID-19. Resultados: 80 expertos nacionales participaron en la actualización del consenso AMCI, especialistas en Medicina Critica y Cuidados Intensivos, Nefrología, Neurología, Neumología, bioeticistas, Medicina interna, Anestesia, Cirugía General, Cirugía de cabeza y cuello, Cuidados Paliativos, Enfermeras Especialistas en Medicina crítica, Terapeutas respiratorias especialistas en medicina crítica y Fisioterapia, con experiencia clínica en la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo. La declaratoria emite recomendaciones en los ámbitos más relevantes para la atención en salud de los casos de COVID-19 al interior de las unidades de cuidados intensivos en el contexto nacional de Colombia. Conclusiones: un grupo significativo multidisciplinario de profesionales expertos en medicina crítica emiten mediante técnicas de consenso formal recomendaciones sobre la mejor práctica para la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19. Las recomendaciones deben ser adaptadas a las condiciones específicas, administrativas y estructurales de las distintas unidades de cuidados intensivos del país. Background and objectives: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. In the following months it spread quickly to all continents and was recognised as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020. Most cases of infection remain asymptomatic, while a low proportion require intensive care, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. This consensus aims to update the initial statement issued by the Colombian Association of Critical Medicine (AMCI) for the management of the critically ill patient with COVID-19 within the critical areas of health institutions. Methods: This study used two formal consensus techniques to construct the final recommendations: modified Delphi and nominal groups. Questions were constructed using the PICO strategy. Recommendations for each thematic unit were developed by 10 nominal groups. The consensus product was evaluated and qualified in a Delphi round, and was discussed virtually by the speaker of each nucleus, as well as the representatives of scientific medical societies related to the management of the patient with COVID-19. Results: A total of 80 national experts participated in the update of the AMCI consensus, all specialists in Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Nephrologists, Neurologists, Chest physician, bioethicists, Internal medicine specialists, Anaesthetists, General Surgeons, head and neck surgery, palliative care, Nurses Specialised in Critical Medicine, Respiratory therapists specialised in critical medicine and Physiotherapy, with clinical experience in the care of critically ill patients. This update issues recommendations in the most relevant areas for health care of COVID-19 patients within the intensive care units, contextualised for Colombia. Conclusions: A significant multidisciplinary group of professionals, who are experts in critical medicine, reviewed and issued recommendations on best practice for the care of critically ill patients with COVID-19 through formal consensus techniques. Recommendations must be adapted to the specific, administrative, and structural conditions of the different intensive care units in the country.


id: cord-318277-j073u7ga
title: Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present
author: Sapey, Elizabeth
date: 2019-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035
doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035
summary:
  An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

abstract:
  In the nineteenth century, it was recognised that acute attacks of chronic bronchitis were harmful. 140 years later, it is clearer than ever that exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) are important events. They are associated with significant mortality, morbidity, a reduced quality of life and an increasing reliance on social care. ECOPD are common and are increasing in prevalence. Exacerbations beget exacerbations, with up to a quarter of in-patient episodes ending with readmission to hospital within 30 days. The healthcare costs are immense. Yet despite this, the tools available to diagnose and treat ECOPD are essentially unchanged, with the last new intervention (non-invasive ventilation) introduced over 25 years ago. An ECOPD is ‘an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy’. This symptom and healthcare utility-based definition does not describe pathology and is unable to differentiate from other causes of an acute deterioration in breathlessness with or without a cough and sputum. There is limited understanding of the host immune response during an acute event and no reliable and readily available means to identify aetiology or direct treatment at the point of care (POC). Corticosteroids, short acting bronchodilators with or without antibiotics have been the mainstay of treatment for over 30 years. This is in stark contrast to many other acute presentations of chronic illness, where specific biomarkers and mechanistic understanding has revolutionised care pathways. So why has progress been so slow in ECOPD? This review examines the history of diagnosing and treating ECOPD. It suggests that to move forward, there needs to be an acceptance that not all exacerbations are alike (just as not all COPD is alike) and that clinical presentation alone cannot identify aetiology or stratify treatment.


id: cord-323566-jck799zq
title: Acute Lung Injury
author: Cheung, Oi-Yee
date: 2017-11-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323442848000065
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5
abstract:
  A wide variety of insults can produce acute lung damage, inclusive of those that injure the lungs directly. The clinical syndrome of acute onset respiratory distress, dyspnea, and bilateral infiltrates is referred to as acute respiratory distress syndrome. The histologic counterpart of acute respiratory distress syndrome is diffuse alveolar damage, classically characterized by hyaline membranes. Other histologic features of acute lung injury include intraalveolar fibrin, organization, interstitial edema, and reactive pneumocytes. Diffuse alveolar damage and other histologic features of acute lung injury are nonspecific as to etiology, and once identified require the pathologist to search the biopsy for further features that may help identify a specific etiology. This chapter reviews the temporal sequence of acute lung injury and explores the large variety of specific etiologic causes with emphasis on helpful histologic features to identify.


id: cord-324810-92fosk3c
title: Role of Antimicrobial Agents in the Management of Exacerbations of COPD
author: Sharma, Sat
date: 2012-08-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15987232/
doi: 10.2165/00151829-200504030-00001
abstract:
  Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a common occurrence and characterize the natural history of the disease. Over the past decade, new knowledge has substantially enhanced our understanding of the pathogenesis, outcome and natural history of AECOPD. The exacerbations not only greatly reduce the quality of life of these patients, but also result in hospitalization, respiratory failure, and death. The exacerbations are the major cost drivers in consumption of healthcare resources by COPD patients. Although bacterial infections are the most common etiologic agents, the role of viruses in COPD exacerbations is being increasingly recognized. The efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations has established a causative role for bacterial infections. Recent molecular typing of sputum isolates further supports the role of bacteria in AECOPD. Isolation of a new strain of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae was associated with a considerable risk of an exacerbation. Lower airway bacterial colonization in stable patients with COPD instigates airway inflammation, which leads to a protracted self-perpetuating vicious circle of progressive lung damage and disease progression. A significant proportion of patients treated for COPD exacerbation demonstrate incomplete recovery, and frequent exacerbations contribute to decline in lung function. The predictors of poor outcome include advanced age, significant impairment of lung function, poor performance status, comorbid conditions and history of previous frequent exacerbations requiring antibacterials or systemic corticosteroids. These high-risk patients, who are likely to harbor organisms resistant to commonly used antimicrobials, should be identified and treated with antimicrobials with a low potential for failure. An aggressive management approach in complicated exacerbations may reduce costs by reducing healthcare utilization and hospitalization.


id: cord-325405-cu4nx891
author: Luo, Lingfei
date: 2019-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-325405-cu4nx891.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325405-cu4nx891.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31292502/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46480-6
summary:
  Logistic regression analyses with sex stratification showed that abdominal pain, fever and ingestion of unsafe food at restaurants were independent factors more frequently associated with bacterial gastroenteritis irrespective of sex; red cell-positive fecal matter was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.28 only in males; and white blood cell count was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an OR of 1.02 only in females. No significant differences in the age, percentage of local residents, frequency of vomiting, frequency of watery stools, frequency of diarrhea, duration of diarrhea, rate dehydration, heart rate, blood pressure, or rate of ingesting possible unsafe food variables was observed between the viral and bacterial gastroenteritis groups ( Independent factors differentially associated with pathogen by sex. Among males, univariate analyses showed that nausea, vomiting frequency, watery stools, abdominal pain, fever, ingesting unsafe food at restaurants, fecal leukocyte-positive, fecal red cell-positive and white blood cell count were potential independent factors that were differentially associated with viral and bacterial gastroenteritis.

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical differences between sexes and pathogens in a three-year surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis in Shanghai

abstract:
  Acute infectious gastroenteritis cases in Shanghai, reported over three years, were analyzed. Pathogens were identified in 1031 patients; of these, 725 and 306 were bacterial and viral cases, respectively. Vibrio parahemolyticus and Salmonella were the dominant bacteria, and Caliciviridae and Reoviridae were the dominant viral families in the local area. The acute gastroenteritis epidemic peaks appeared in August and January, which represented the active peak periods of bacteria and viruses, respectively. Logistic regression analyses with sex stratification showed that abdominal pain, fever and ingestion of unsafe food at restaurants were independent factors more frequently associated with bacterial gastroenteritis irrespective of sex; red cell-positive fecal matter was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.28 only in males; and white blood cell count was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an OR of 1.02 only in females. Pathogen stratification showed that age, vomiting and red cell-positive fecal matter were associated with males with ORs of 0.99, 0.61 and 1.71, respectively, in bacterial gastroenteritis; and the migrant ratio was higher in males with an OR of 2.29 only in viral gastroenteritis. In conclusion, although bacterial and viral gastroenteritis shared many features, epidemiological and clinical factors differed between sexes and pathogens.


id: cord-330919-dep3v1pt
author: Whyte, Claire S
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14872
doi: 10.1111/jth.14872
summary:
  The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. In severe cases, patients with COVID-19 develop a type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and multiorgan failure. However, the principal fibrinolytic inhibitor described in the pathogenesis of ARDS is plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is known to be elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ALI [11, 61] . Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as a Novel Treatment for Refractory COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Activator (tPA) Treatment for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Case Series

title:
  Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19

abstract:
  The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology of ARDS results from acute inflammation within the alveolar space and prevention of normal gas exchange. The increase in proinflammatory cytokines within the lung leads to recruitment of leukocytes, further propagating the local inflammatory response. A consistent finding in ARDS is the deposition of fibrin in the air spaces and lung parenchyma. COVID‐19 patients show elevated D‐Dimers and fibrinogen. Fibrin deposits are found in the lungs of patients due to the dysregulation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. Prophylaxis treatment of COVID‐19 patients with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is important to limit coagulopathy. However, to degrade pre‐existing fibrin in the lung it is essential to promote local fibrinolysis. In this review, we discuss the repurposing of fibrinolytic drugs, namely tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), to treat COVID‐19 associated ARDS. tPA is an approved intravenous thrombolytic treatment, and the nebulizer form has been shown to be effective in plastic bronchitis and is currently in Phase II clinical trial. Nebulizer plasminogen activators may provide a targeted approach in COVID‐19 patients to degrade fibrin and improving oxygenation in critically ill patients.


id: cord-331910-s474ecvk
author: Thota, Sai Manohar
date: 2020-08-17
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6794
doi: 10.1002/ptr.6794
title:
  Natural products as home‐based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID‐19

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has rapidly spread across the globe affecting 213 countries or territories with greater than six million confirmed cases and about 0.37 million deaths, with World Health Organization categorizing it as a pandemic. Infected patients present with fever, cough, shortness of breath, and critical cases show acute respiratory infection and multiple organ failure. Likelihood of these severe indications is further enhanced by age as well as underlying comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular, or thoracic problems, as well as due to an immunocompromised state. Currently, curative drugs or vaccines are lacking, and the standard of care is limited to symptom management. Natural products like ginger, turmeric, garlic, onion, cinnamon, lemon, neem, basil, and black pepper have been scientifically proven to have therapeutic benefits against acute respiratory tract infections including pulmonary fibrosis, diffuse alveolar damage, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as associated septic shock, lung and kidney injury, all of which are symptoms associated with COVID‐19 infection. This review highlights the potential of these natural products to serve as home‐based, inexpensive, easily accessible, prophylactic agents against COVID‐19.


id: cord-331939-6okbdw7a
title: Acute pulmonary embolism multimodality imaging prior to endovascular therapy
author: Sin, David
date: 2020-08-30
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-020-01980-9
doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-01980-9
abstract:
  The manuscript discusses the application of CT pulmonary angiography, ventilation–perfusion scan, and magnetic resonance angiography to detect acute pulmonary embolism and to plan endovascular therapy. CT pulmonary angiography offers high accuracy, speed of acquisition, and widespread availability when applied to acute pulmonary embolism detection. This imaging modality also aids the planning of endovascular therapy by visualizing the number and distribution of emboli, determining ideal intra-procedural catheter position for treatment, and signs of right heart strain. Ventilation–perfusion scan and magnetic resonance angiography with and without contrast enhancement can also aid in the detection and pre-procedural planning of endovascular therapy in patients who are not candidates for CT pulmonary angiography.


id: cord-333696-3ci9re9a
title: COVID-19 and the Central Nervous System
author: Alomari, Safwan O.
date: 2020-08-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32828027/
doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106116
abstract:
  • As the number of patients with COVID-19 is increasing worldwide, it is necessary to stress on the importance of the atypical clinical presentations (including those related to the nervous system) of COVID-19 infection, since they might be the initial manifestations. • Literature on this regard should be sent by the international and local health committees to all health-care providers during this COVID -19 pandemic, to make sure that all providers are well informed and aware of these cases. • More studies are deeply needed to enable the concerned committees to make evidence-based guidelines for prevention, early detection and appropriate management of these cases.


id: cord-334528-xenq90xj
title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations
author: Chen, Hsing I
date: 2011-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783284/
doi: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044
summary:
  This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs

abstract:
  Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be associated with various disorders. Recent investigation has involved clinical studies in collaboration with clinical investigators and pathologists on the pathogenetic mechanisms of ALI or ARDS caused by various disorders. This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS.


id: cord-336053-cjq7szcn
title: Cardiovascular System in COVID-19: Simply a Viewer or a Leading Actor?
author: Mottola, Filiberto Fausto
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-336053-cjq7szcn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336053-cjq7szcn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867137/
doi: 10.3390/life10090165
summary:
  Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Compared to those without an increase in TnT, these patients were more likely to require invasive or non-invasive ventilation (22% versus 4%, and 46% versus 4%, respectively) and to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (59% versus 15%) or acute kidney injury (9% versus 0%; p < 0.001 for all); in addition, the mortality rate was higher (51.2% vs. A recent meta-analysis showed that cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values were significantly higher in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to those observed with mild forms [14] . However, myocardial damage alone is not enough and there are other factors involved in enhancing the arrhythmic risk in COVID-19: in fact, in these patients, only half showed acute cardiac injury despite the high frequency of arrhythmias [32] .

abstract:
  As of January 2020, a new pandemic has spread from Wuhan and caused thousands of deaths worldwide. Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Cardiovascular manifestations have been highlighted especially in older and more fragile patients and in those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. In this review, we will examine the cardiac involvement associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on the pathophysiological mechanism underlying manifestations and their clinical implication, taking into account the main scientific papers published to date.


id: cord-336159-w646qkjz
author: Chen, Wei
date: 2015-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001849
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000001849
summary:
  title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. An abrupt decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate in 2003 was coincident with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that year. 42, [44] [45] [46] Interestingly, in the current study, there was an abrupt decrease in mortality in 2003, which coincided with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Asia 22 and an increase in incidence of ARDS (Fig. 1A) . Clinical epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes Acute respiratory distress syndrome: estimated incidence and mortality rate in a 5 millionperson population base

title:
  Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011

abstract:
  Most epidemiological studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been conducted in western countries, and studies in Asia are limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality of ARDS in Taiwan. We conducted a nationwide inpatient cohort study based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 1997 and 2011. A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. The overall crude incidence of ARDS was 15.74 per 100,000 person-years, and increased from 2.53 to 19.26 per 100,000 person-years during the study period. The age-adjusted incidence of ARDS was 15.19 per 100,000 person-years. The overall in-hospital mortality was 57.8%. In-hospital mortality decreased from 59.7% in 1997 to 47.5% in 2011 (P < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate was lowest (33.5%) in the youngest patients (age 18–29 years) and highest (68.2%) in the oldest patients (>80 years, P < 0.001). The overall 1-year mortality rate was 72.1%, and decreased from 75.8% to 54.7% during the study period. Patients who died during hospitalization were older (69 ± 17 versus 62 ± 19, P < 0.001) and predominantly male (69.8% versus 65.3%, P < 0.001). In addition, patients who died during hospitalization had significantly higher medical costs (6421 versus 5825 US Dollars, P < 0.001) and shorter lengths of stay (13 versus 19 days, P < 0.001) than patients who survived. We provide the first large-scale epidemiological analysis of ARDS incidence and outcomes in Asia. Although the overall incidence was lower than has been reported in a prospective US study, this may reflect underdiagnosis by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition code and identification of only patients with more severe ARDS in this analysis. Overall, there has been a decreasing trend in in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates in recent years, likely because of the implementation of lung-protective ventilation.


id: cord-337137-0ey40gzw
title: How the SARS coronavirus causes disease: host or organism?
author: Lo, Anthony WI
date: 2005-12-17
txt: ./txt/cord-337137-0ey40gzw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337137-0ey40gzw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16362992/
doi: 10.1002/path.1897
summary:
  Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new viral disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV ( Figure 1 ) [1, 2] . Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in-situ hybridization study of fatal cases Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in pneumocytes of the lung Immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and ultrastructural localization of SARS-associated coronavirus in lung of a fatal case of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Taiwan Retroviruses pseudotyped with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein efficiently infect cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein up-regulates expression of fibrinogen in lung epithelial cells Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection

abstract:
  The previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has ended. However, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel SARS coronavirus (CoV), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. The pathology of fatal cases of SARS is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. Specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. These contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. Both pathogen and host factors are important in the pathogenesis of SARS. The choice of specific receptors and the unique genome of the SARS‐CoV are important elements in understanding the biology of the pathogen. For the host cells, the outcome of SARS‐CoV infection, whether there are cytopathic effects or not, depends on the cell types that are infected. At the whole‐body level, immune‐mediated damage, due to activation of cytokines and/or chemokines and, perhaps, autoimmunity, may play key roles in the clinical and pathological features of SARS. Continued research is still required to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and to combat this new emerging human infectious disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


id: cord-339303-feiy6xed
title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemic and change of people''s health behavior in China
author: Tan, Xiaodong
date: 2004-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-339303-feiy6xed.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339303-feiy6xed.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15150138/
doi: 10.1093/her/cyg074
summary:
  title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemic and change of people''s health behavior in China Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has become a new worldwide epidemic whose origin was until recently unknown. This study presents an inquiry into people''s knowledge and self-reported changes in behavior in response to the epidemic. Most respondents took action to avoid being infected by SARS, including, most commonly, efforts to improve indoor ventilation, to disinfect the indoor environment and to increase hand-washing frequency. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a new flu-like disease that made its appearance in late 2002 and spread to over 30 countries by mid-2003. The adoption of these measures, due to the initially unclear nature of SARS transmission, actually increased panic among the Chinese people who began wearing masks, reducing the chances of outdoor activities, disinfecting the environment and washing their hands. Seven questions about health behavior change in the previous 2 weeks addressed recent preventive measures generally and hand-washing specifically.

abstract:
  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has become a new worldwide epidemic whose origin was until recently unknown. It is the unpredictable nature of this epidemic that makes people want answers to some important questions about what they can do to protect themselves. This study presents an inquiry into people's knowledge and self-reported changes in behavior in response to the epidemic. Respondents were drawn from seven major occupational groups in the large central city of Wuhan. Although most respondents knew of SARS, there was still 8.4% who did not know about it. Knowledge was lowest among farmers who had come to the city for temporary work. Most respondents took action to avoid being infected by SARS, including, most commonly, efforts to improve indoor ventilation, to disinfect the indoor environment and to increase hand-washing frequency. Self-reported increases in hand-washing frequency were significant; however, among the seven occupational groups, reports of increased hand-washing were consistently greater among commercial service workers, students and farmers. While it seems that possible fears induced by the epidemic led to these changes, there are still about one-third of respondents who do not wash their hands as frequently as desired. There is also the challenge of devising strategies for maintaining the desired frequency of hand-washing among those who did change.


id: cord-339686-oybnk1j8
author: Suassuna, José Hermógenes Rocco
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-339686-oybnk1j8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339686-oybnk1j8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-s107
doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-s107
summary:
  title: Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. Every professional involved in nephrological care must provide the best possible assistance to the patients under their responsibility, adopt practices that minimize their personal risk of contamination, that of their patients and the whole range of other professionals who participate in hospital kidney support, including nurses and technicians, dialysis staff, healthcare professionals from all areas (for example, doctors and nurses in intensive care medicine), laboratory and radiology technicians, cleaning and transport staff, etc.

title:
  Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine

abstract:
  We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.


id: cord-343637-3g4tosjx
title: Post‐Acute Care Preparedness in a COVID‐19 World
author: Tumlinson, Anne
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-343637-3g4tosjx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343637-3g4tosjx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343366/
doi: 10.1111/jgs.16519
summary:
  For example, SNFs take a high portion of post-acute discharges for rehabilitative care, and they also serve as the nursing home residence for a very frail population that lives in these facilities for long periods of time. Despite these flexibilities, the potential for COVID-19 infection of buildings and post-acute care workers (whose access to PPE is much lower than in hospital settings) continues to pose significant and growing public health threats that hamper the ability of post-acute providers to help address hospital capacity constraints. Given the ongoing risk of inundation at hospitals, with the concomitant demand to identify alternative settings of care for noninfectious patients displaced by COVID-19 patients, public health professionals should be considering how to ensure optimal use of post-acute care resources. Local public health leaders must also identify post-acute care options for COVID-19-positive patients.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has led to a surge of patients requiring post‐acute care. In order to support federal, state and corporate planning, we offer a four‐stage regionally oriented approach to achieving optimal systemwide resource allocation across a region's post‐acute service settings and providers over time. In the first stage, the post‐acute care system must, to the extent possible, help relieve acute hospitals of non‐COVID‐19 patients to create as much inpatient capacity as possible over the surge period. In the second stage after the initial surge as subsided, post‐acute providers must protect vulnerable populations from COVID‐19, prepare treat‐in‐place protocols for non‐COVID‐19 admissions, and create and formalize COVID‐19 specific settings. In the third stage after a vaccine has been developed or an effective prophylactic option is available, post‐acute care providers must assist with distribution and administration of vaccinations and prophylaxis, develop strategies to deliver non‐COVID‐19 related medical care, and begin to transition to the post‐COVID‐19 landscape. In the final stage, we must create health advisory bodies to review post‐acute sector's response, identify opportunities to improve performance going forward, and develop a pandemic response plan for post‐acute care providers.


id: cord-345222-otfnrarh
title: Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis
author: Ciccarelli, Simona
date: 2013-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345222-otfnrarh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s12718
doi: 10.2147/idr.s12718
summary:
  4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy.

abstract:
  Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as “food supplement,” seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of “doing the least”: oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs.


id: cord-349197-3trr8d0u
title: Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People
author: Ventura, Francesco
date: 2010-04-28
txt: ./txt/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x
summary:
  In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators by local epithelial and endothelial cells, causing inflammation, hypoxemia resulting often in multiple organ failure (MOF), and disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) (1) . The clinical presentation, the radiological and laboratory findings in one case, and the postmortem examination with histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological exams in both cases, led us to conclude for an acute cardio-respiratory failure secondary to bilateral pneumonia with DAD and consequently ARDS associated with sepsis and DIC.

abstract:
  Abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange. This condition is often lethal, usually requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to an intensive care unit. We present two fatal cases of hidden pneumonia in young people and discuss the pathophysiological mechanism of ARDS with reference to the histological pattern. A complete forensic approach by means of autopsy and histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological, examination was carried out. In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study.


id: cord-353717-jjd90fyh
author: Singhavi, Ravi
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-353717-jjd90fyh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353717-jjd90fyh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133827/
doi: 10.7759/cureus.10657
summary:
  title: A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 In this report, we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia with acute myocarditis and cardiogenic shock in a male patient with COVID-19 infection. In this report, we presented a case of a COVID-19 patient who developed acute myocarditis and severe acute hemolytic anemia, as evident from peripheral blood smear showing schistocytes (fragmented RBCs) in peripheral smear with acute severe anemia along with elevated LDH, which is also a surrogate marker for hemolysis. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature.

title:
  A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases are on the rise globally, and mortality- and survival-related data are emerging every day. In addition, upcoming reports are suggestive of increased risk of cardiac ailments in high-risk patients. In the context of cardiac involvement, acute myocarditis has become one of the unexplored areas in COVID-19 patients, which could influence the long-term outcomes. In this report, we present a rare case that warrants further study on the subject due to the paucity of data in the literature. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 has been formally reported in the literature. The bedside echocardiogram had shown a possibility of acute myocarditis. The patient’s marked left ventricular (LV) functional recovery without coronary intervention further corroborates the same. Clinicians should be aware of the diversity of cardiovascular/hematological complications, as well as focused cardiac ultrasound study and the importance of echocardiography as a good screening modality for cardiovascular and hematological complications of COVID-19 infection.


id: cord-355560-vsxe97xs
title: SARS-CoV-2 leading to Acute Pancreatitis: an unusual presentation
author: Alves, Amanda Mandarino
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-355560-vsxe97xs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355560-vsxe97xs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32961108/
doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.08.011
summary:
  During SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) pandemic, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, several studies described the involvement of other tissues besides the respiratory tract, such as the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection is challenging due to the need to rule out other etiologies as well the notable heterogeneous presentations. The mechanisms of pancreatic injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection include direct cytopathic effects or indirect systemic inflammatory and immune-mediated cellular responses, resulting in organ damage or secondary enzyme abnormalities [1] . This case report describes a patient with COVID-19 that developed severe acute pancreatitis. ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreatic islet cells [16] , therefore SARS-CoV-2 infection can theoretically cause islet damage resulting in acute diabetes [7] . ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

abstract:
  During SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) pandemic, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, several studies described the involvement of other tissues besides the respiratory tract, such as the gastrointestinal tract. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, the functional virus host cell receptor expressed by organs and tissues, seems to have an important role in the pathophysiology and presentation of this disease. In pancreas, this receptor is expressed in both exocrine glands and islets, being a potential target for the virus and subsequent pancreatic injury. There are few articles reporting pancreatic injury in COVID-19 patients but most of them do not report acute pancreatitis. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection is challenging due to the need to rule out other etiologies as well the notable heterogeneous presentations. Herein we report the case of a patient with COVID-19 who developed severe acute pancreatitis.


