id sid tid token lemma pos cord-275334-0689o76n 1 1 key key NN cord-275334-0689o76n 1 2 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 1 cord-275334 cord-275334 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 2 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 2 3 0689o76n 0689o76n CD cord-275334-0689o76n 2 4 authors author NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 2 5 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 6 Amewu Amewu NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 2 8 Sena Sena NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 9 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 10 Asante Asante NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 2 12 Seth Seth NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 13 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 14 Pauw Pauw NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 2 16 Karl Karl NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 17 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 18 Thurlow Thurlow NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 2 20 James James NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 21 title title NN cord-275334-0689o76n 2 22 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 2 23 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 2 24 Economic Economic NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 25 Costs Costs NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 2 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 2 27 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 2 28 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 2 29 Sub Sub NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 30 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 2 31 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 32 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 2 33 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 3 1 Insights insight NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 3 2 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 3 3 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 3 4 Simulation Simulation NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 3 5 Exercise Exercise NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 3 6 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 3 7 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 3 8 date date NN cord-275334-0689o76n 3 9 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 3 10 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 3 11 - - SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 3 12 10 10 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 3 13 - - SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 3 14 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 3 15 journal journal NN cord-275334-0689o76n 3 16 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 4 1 Eur Eur NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 4 2 J J NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 4 3 Dev Dev NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 4 4 Res Res NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 4 5 DOI doi NN cord-275334-0689o76n 4 6 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 5 1 10.1057 10.1057 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 2 / / SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 5 3 s41287 s41287 RB cord-275334-0689o76n 5 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 5 5 020 020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 6 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 5 7 00332 00332 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 8 - - SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 5 9 6 6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 10 sha sha NN cord-275334-0689o76n 5 11 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 5 12 631feb97f712e10cd479e0043d8212e3ad127417 631feb97f712e10cd479e0043d8212e3ad127417 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 13 doc_id doc_id CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 14 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 5 15 275334 275334 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 5 16 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 5 17 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 5 18 0689o76n 0689o76n XX cord-275334-0689o76n 6 1 Globally globally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 6 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 6 3 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 6 4 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 6 5 resorted resort VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 6 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 7 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 6 8 distancing distancing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 6 10 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 11 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 6 12 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 6 13 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 6 14 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 6 15 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 6 16 reduce reduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 6 17 transmission transmission NN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 18 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 6 19 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 6 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 7 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 7 2 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 3 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 7 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 5 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 7 6 blunt blunt JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 7 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 7 8 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 7 9 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 10 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 7 11 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 7 12 high high JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 7 14 especially especially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 7 15 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 16 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 17 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 18 Saharan saharan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 19 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 7 20 where where WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 7 21 many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 22 live live JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 23 hand hand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 24 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 7 25 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 26 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 7 27 mouth mouth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 28 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 7 29 lack lack VB cord-275334-0689o76n 7 30 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 7 31 safety safety NN cord-275334-0689o76n 7 32 nets net NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 7 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 8 1 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 2 Accounting Accounting NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 3 Matrix Matrix NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 4 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 5 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 6 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 8 7 show show VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 8 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 9 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 10 ’s ’s POS cord-275334-0689o76n 8 11 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 8 12 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 8 14 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 15 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 16 force force NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 17 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 18 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 8 19 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 20 weeks week NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 8 21 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 22 April April NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 8 23 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 8 25 has have VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 8 26 likely likely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 8 27 caused cause VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 28 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 29 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 8 30 fall fall VB cord-275334-0689o76n 8 31 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 32 27.9 27.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 33 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 34 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 35 that that DT cord-275334-0689o76n 8 36 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 37 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 8 38 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 8 39 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 8 40 additional additional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 8 41 3.8 3.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 42 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 43 Ghanaians Ghanaians NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 8 44 temporarily temporarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 8 45 became become VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 8 46 poor poor JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 8 47 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 9 1 Compared compare VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 2 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 9 4 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 5 ’s ’s POS cord-275334-0689o76n 9 6 revised revise VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 7 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 9 8 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 9 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 11 1.5 1.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 9 12 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 13 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 14 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 9 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 9 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 9 17 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 18 predicts predict VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 9 19 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 9 20 contraction contraction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 22 0.6 0.6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 9 23 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 9 24 6.3 6.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 9 25 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 26 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 27 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 9 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 9 29 depending depend VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 9 30 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 31 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 9 32 speed speed NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 33 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 34 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 9 35 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 9 36 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 10 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 10 2 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 10 3 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 10 4 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 10 5 budgeted budget VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 6 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 7 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 10 8 ’s ’s POS cord-275334-0689o76n 10 9 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 10 10 Alleviation Alleviation NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 10 11 Program Program NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 10 12 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 10 13 close close VB cord-275334-0689o76n 10 14 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 10 15 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 10 16 small small JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 10 17 part part NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 18 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 19 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 10 20 estimated estimated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 10 21 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 10 22 2.3 2.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 10 23 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 10 24 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 25 gap gap NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 26 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 27 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 10 28 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 10 29 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 30 scenario scenario NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 10 32 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 33 ’s ’s POS cord-275334-0689o76n 10 34 revised revise VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 35 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 10 36 trajectory trajectory NN cord-275334-0689o76n 10 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 11 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 11 3 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 4 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 5 spreads spread VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 6 across across IN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 7 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 8 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 9 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 11 10 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 11 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 11 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 11 13 region region NN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 14 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 11 15 political political JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 16 leadership leadership NN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 17 faces face VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 18 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 11 19 almost almost RB cord-275334-0689o76n 11 20 impossible impossible JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 11 21 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 22 dilemma dilemma NN cord-275334-0689o76n 11 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 12 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 3 absence absence NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 6 vaccine vaccine NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 12 8 amidst amidst IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 9 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 10 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 11 precarious precarious JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 12 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 13 systems system NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 12 15 severe severe JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 16 shortages shortage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 17 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 18 intensive intensive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 19 care care NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 20 beds bed NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 21 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 12 22 ventilators ventilator NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 12 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 12 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 26 underlying underlie VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 12 27 poor poor JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 28 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 29 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 30 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 31 population population NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 12 33 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 34 Economist Economist NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 12 35 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 12 36 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 12 37 Bishop Bishop NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 12 38 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 12 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 12 40 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 12 41 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 12 42 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 43 imperative imperative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 44 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 45 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 46 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 12 47 slow slow VB cord-275334-0689o76n 12 48 down down RP cord-275334-0689o76n 12 49 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 12 50 viral viral JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 51 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 52 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 12 53 ensure ensure VB cord-275334-0689o76n 12 54 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 55 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 56 systems system NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 57 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 12 58 cope cope VB cord-275334-0689o76n 12 59 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 60 rising rise VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 12 61 patient patient JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 62 numbers number NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 63 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 12 64 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 65 mortality mortality NN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 66 rates rate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 12 67 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 12 68 kept keep VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 69 as as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 12 70 low low JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 71 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 12 72 possible possible JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 12 73 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 13 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 13 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 13 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 13 4 instruments instrument NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 5 available available JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 13 6 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 7 policymakers policymaker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 8 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 13 9 reduce reduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 13 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 13 11 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 13 14 virus virus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 15 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 13 16 blunt blunt JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 13 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 13 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 13 19 basically basically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 13 20 entail entail VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 13 21 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 22 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 13 23 restrict restrict VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 13 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 13 25 movement movement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 13 27 physical physical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 13 28 interaction interaction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 29 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 30 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 13 32 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 13 33 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 13 34 extreme extreme JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 13 35 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 36 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 13 37 force force VB cord-275334-0689o76n 13 38 certain certain JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 13 39 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 13 40 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 13 41 shut shut VB cord-275334-0689o76n 13 42 down down RP cord-275334-0689o76n 13 43 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 14 1 Apart apart RB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 2 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 3 skepticism skepticism NN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 4 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 5 how how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 6 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 7 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 14 8 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 14 9 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 14 10 work work VB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 12 densely densely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 13 populated populated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 14 14 informal informal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 14 15 neighborhoods neighborhood NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 14 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 14 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 14 18 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 14 19 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 20 extremely extremely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 14 21 costly costly JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 14 22 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 23 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 14 24 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 14 25 standpoint standpoint NN cord-275334-0689o76n 14 26 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 15 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 2 many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 15 3 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 15 4 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 5 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 15 6 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 15 7 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 15 8 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 15 9 living live VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 15 10 hand hand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 11 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 15 12 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 13 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 15 14 mouth mouth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 15 16 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 15 17 sudden sudden JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 15 18 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 19 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 20 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 15 21 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 15 22 devastating devastating JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 15 23 consequences consequence NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 15 24 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 25 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 15 26 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 15 27 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 28 security security NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 29 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 15 30 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 15 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 16 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 2 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 16 3 reason reason NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 16 5 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 6 stimulus stimulus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 7 programs program NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 16 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 16 9 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 16 10 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 11 packages package NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 16 12 should should MD cord-275334-0689o76n 16 13 ideally ideally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 16 14 complement complement VB cord-275334-0689o76n 16 15 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 16 16 distancing distancing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 17 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 16 18 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 16 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 16 20 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 16 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 17 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 17 2 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 3 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 17 4 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 17 5 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 17 6 costly costly JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 17 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 17 8 especially especially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 17 9 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 17 10 considering consider VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 17 11 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 12 governments government NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 17 13 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 17 14 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 17 15 anticipate anticipate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 17 16 deep deep JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 17 17 cuts cut NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 17 18 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 19 tax tax NN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 20 revenues revenue NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 17 21 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 22 economies economy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 17 23 grind grind VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 17 24 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 25 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 17 26 halt halt NN cord-275334-0689o76n 17 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 18 1 Borrowing borrowing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 2 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 18 3 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 18 4 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 5 option option NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 6 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 7 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 8 governments government NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 18 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 18 10 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 18 11 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 12 more more JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 18 13 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 14 half half PDT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 16 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 18 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 18 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 18 19 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 18 20 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 21 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 22 already already RB cord-275334-0689o76n 18 23 exceeding exceed VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 18 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 25 International International NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 26 Monetary Monetary NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 27 Fund Fund NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 28 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 18 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 18 30 IMF IMF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 18 32 55 55 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 18 33 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 34 debt debt NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 35 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 18 36 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 37 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 18 38 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 39 threshold threshold NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 18 41 Onyekwena Onyekwena NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 42 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 18 43 Ekeruche Ekeruche NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 18 44 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 18 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 18 46 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 18 47 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 18 48 ability ability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 49 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 50 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 18 51 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 18 52 provide provide VB cord-275334-0689o76n 18 53 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 18 54 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 18 55 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 18 56 severely severely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 18 57 hamstrung hamstrung JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 18 58 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 19 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 2 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 3 dilemma dilemma NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 19 5 perhaps perhaps RB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 6 best well RBS cord-275334-0689o76n 19 7 articulated articulate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 8 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 9 Hausmann Hausmann NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 19 11 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 19 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 19 13 p. p. NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 14 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 19 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 19 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 19 17 who who WP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 18 remarks remark VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 19 19 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 19 20 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 21 flatter flat JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 19 22 you -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 23 want want VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 25 contagion contagion NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 26 curve curve NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 27 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 19 28 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 19 30 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 31 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 19 32 you -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 33 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 19 34 need need VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 35 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 19 36 lock lock VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 37 down down RP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 38 your -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 19 39 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 40 - - : cord-275334-0689o76n 19 41 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 19 42 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 43 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 19 44 fiscal fiscal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 19 45 space space NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 46 you -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 19 47 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 19 48 require require VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 49 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 19 50 mitigate mitigate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 51 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 52 deeper deep JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 19 53 recession recession NN cord-275334-0689o76n 19 54 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 19 55 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 19 56 result result VB cord-275334-0689o76n 19 57 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 19 58 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 20 1 While while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 2 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 3 has have VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 4 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 20 5 control control NN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 6 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 7 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 20 8 tough tough JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 9 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 10 decisions decision NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 20 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 20 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 20 13 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 20 14 do do VB cord-275334-0689o76n 20 15 little little JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 16 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 20 17 prevent prevent VB cord-275334-0689o76n 20 18 external external JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 19 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 20 20 associated associate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 21 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 20 23 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 20 24 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 20 25 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 21 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 2 around around RB cord-275334-0689o76n 21 3 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 21 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 21 5 thirds third NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 21 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 21 8 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 21 9 economy economy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 10 under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 11 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 21 12 form form NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 15 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 21 16 quarantine quarantine NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 21 18 Deloitte Deloitte NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 21 19 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 21 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 21 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 21 22 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 21 23 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 24 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 21 25 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 21 26 disrupted disrupt VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 21 28 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 29 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 21 30 weakened weaken VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 21 32 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 21 33 commodity commodity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 34 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 21 35 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 21 36 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 37 turmoil turmoil NN cord-275334-0689o76n 21 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 22 1 Countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 22 2 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 3 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 4 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 5 Saharan saharan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 6 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 22 7 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 22 8 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 22 9 particularly particularly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 22 10 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 11 given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 12 low low JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 13 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 22 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 15 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 16 diversification diversification NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 22 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 19 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 20 openness openness NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 22 22 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 22 23 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 22 24 overreliance overreliance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 25 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 26 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 22 27 limited limited JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 28 range range NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 29 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 30 export export NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 31 commodities commodity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 22 32 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 33 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 22 34 exchange exchange NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 35 earnings earning NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 22 36 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 22 37 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 38 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 22 39 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 23 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 2 disruptions disruption NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 23 3 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 4 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 23 5 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 23 7 tourism tourism NN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 8 revenues revenue NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 23 9 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 10 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 23 11 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 23 12 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 23 13 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 23 14 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 23 15 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 16 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 23 17 decline decline VB cord-275334-0689o76n 23 18 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 19 32 32 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 20 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 23 22 UNWTO UNWTO NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 23 23 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 23 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 23 26 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 27 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 23 28 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 23 29 investment investment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 30 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 31 drop drop VB cord-275334-0689o76n 23 32 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 33 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 23 34 40 40 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 35 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 23 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 23 37 UNCTAD UNCTAD NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 23 38 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 23 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 23 40 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 24 1 Households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 24 2 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 3 sub sub JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 24 4 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 24 5 Saharan saharan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 24 6 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 24 7 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 24 8 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 24 9 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 24 10 impacted impact VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 11 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 24 13 predicted predict VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 14 23 23 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 24 15 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 16 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 18 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 24 19 remittance remittance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 20 receipts receipt NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 24 21 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 24 22 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 24 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 24 24 World World NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 24 25 Bank Bank NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 24 26 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 24 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 24 28 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 25 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 2 parallel parallel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 3 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 4 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 5 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 6 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 25 8 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 9 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 25 11 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 25 12 concern concern NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 13 globally globally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 25 14 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 25 16 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 17 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 25 18 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 19 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 25 20 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 25 21 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 22 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 23 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 24 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 25 26 whether whether IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 27 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 28 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 25 29 result result NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 30 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 31 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 32 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 33 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 25 35 disruptions disruption NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 36 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 37 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 38 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 39 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 40 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 25 41 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 25 42 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 43 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 44 systems system NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 45 linked link VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 46 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 47 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 48 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 49 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 25 50 activity activity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 51 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 25 52 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 25 53 rising rise VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 25 54 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 55 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 56 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 57 consumers consumer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 25 58 stock stock VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 59 up up RP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 60 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 25 61 resort resort VB cord-275334-0689o76n 25 62 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 63 panic panic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 64 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 25 65 buying buying NN cord-275334-0689o76n 25 66 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 25 67 Gakpo Gakpo NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 68 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 25 69 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 25 70 Glauber Glauber NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 71 et et FW cord-275334-0689o76n 25 72 al al NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 73 . . NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 25 74 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 25 75 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 25 76 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 26 1 There there EX cord-275334-0689o76n 26 2 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 26 3 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 26 4 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 5 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 6 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 7 diet diet NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 8 quality quality NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 9 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 10 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 11 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 12 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 26 13 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 26 14 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 15 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 16 push push VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 26 17 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 18 away away RB cord-275334-0689o76n 26 19 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 20 vegetables vegetable NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 26 22 fruit fruit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 26 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 26 25 animal animal NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 26 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 26 27 source source NN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 28 foods food NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 29 towards towards IN cord-275334-0689o76n 26 30 less less RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 26 31 perishable perishable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 26 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 26 33 calorie calorie JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 26 34 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 26 35 dense dense JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 26 36 staples staple NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 26 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 26 38 Headey Headey NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 26 39 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 26 40 Ruel Ruel NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 26 41 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 26 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 26 43 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 27 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 2 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 27 3 reason reason NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 27 5 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 27 6 actors actor NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 7 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 27 8 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 9 closely closely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 27 10 monitoring monitor VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 27 11 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 12 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 13 flows flow NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 14 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 27 15 commodity commodity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 16 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 27 18 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 19 governments government NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 20 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 27 21 encouraged encourage VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 22 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 27 23 ensure ensure VB cord-275334-0689o76n 27 24 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 25 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 27 26 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 27 do do VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 27 28 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 27 29 adversely adversely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 27 30 affect affect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 27 31 agri agri NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 32 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 27 33 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 27 34 systems system NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 27 35 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 28 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 28 2 objective objective NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 4 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 28 5 paper paper NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 28 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 28 8 estimate estimate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 28 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 28 10 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 28 11 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 28 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 13 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 28 14 policies policy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 28 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 28 16 external external JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 28 17 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 28 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 19 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 28 20 developing develop VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 28 21 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 22 context context NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 28 24 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 25 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 28 26 focus focus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 27 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 28 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 28 29 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 28 30 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 31 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 28 32 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 28 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 29 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 29 2 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 29 3 selected select VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 29 4 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 29 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 29 6 case case NN cord-275334-0689o76n 29 7 study study NN cord-275334-0689o76n 29 8 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 30 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 30 2 recorded record VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 30 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 30 4 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 30 5 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 30 6 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 30 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 30 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 30 9 infection infection NN cord-275334-0689o76n 30 10 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 30 11 12 12 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 30 12 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 30 13 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 30 14 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 31 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 31 2 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 3 responded respond VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 31 4 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 5 gradually gradually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 31 6 introducing introduce VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 31 7 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 31 8 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 31 9 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 31 11 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 12 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 31 14 border border NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 15 closures closure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 31 17 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 31 18 eventually eventually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 31 19 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 31 20 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 31 21 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 31 22 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 23 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 31 24 partial partial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 31 25 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 31 26 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 27 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 28 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 31 29 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 30 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 31 largest large JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 32 metropolitan metropolitan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 31 33 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 31 34 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 31 35 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 31 36 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 31 37 Kumasi Kumasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 31 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 32 1 Social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 32 2 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 32 3 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 4 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 32 5 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 6 enforced enforce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 7 nationwide nationwide RB cord-275334-0689o76n 32 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 32 9 include include VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 32 10 bans ban NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 11 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 12 conferences conference NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 32 14 workshops workshop NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 32 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 32 17 sporting sporting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 32 19 religious religious JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 32 20 events event NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 32 22 as as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 32 23 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 32 24 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 32 26 closure closure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 27 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 32 28 bars bar NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 29 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 32 30 nightclubs nightclub NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 32 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 33 1 All all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 33 2 educational educational JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 33 3 institutions institution NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 33 4 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 33 5 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 33 6 closed close VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 33 7 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 34 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 34 2 partial partial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 3 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 4 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 34 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 6 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 7 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 34 8 directed direct VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 34 9 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 34 10 residents resident NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 34 11 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 34 12 remain remain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 34 13 home home RB cord-275334-0689o76n 34 14 except except IN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 15 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 16 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 17 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 34 19 prohibited prohibit VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 20 non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 21 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 22 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 23 inter inter JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 24 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 25 city city JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 26 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 34 28 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 34 30 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 34 31 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 34 32 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 34 33 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 34 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 34 35 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 34 36 operations operation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 34 37 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 34 38 permitted permit VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 34 39 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 34 40 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 34 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 34 42 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 34 43 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 34 44 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 34 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 34 46 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 35 1 At at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 35 3 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 35 5 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 6 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 7 announced announce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 8 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 35 9 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 10 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 35 11 Ministry Ministry NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 13 Finance Finance NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 14 revised revise VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 35 16 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 17 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 18 estimate estimate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 19 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 20 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 21 downwards downwards RB cord-275334-0689o76n 35 22 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 23 6.8 6.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 24 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 35 25 1.5 1.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 26 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 35 28 MoF MoF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 29 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 35 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 35 32 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 35 34 Minister Minister NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 35 35 warned warn VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 36 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 37 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 38 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 39 fall fall VB cord-275334-0689o76n 35 40 further further RB cord-275334-0689o76n 35 41 if if IN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 42 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 43 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 35 44 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 35 45 extended extend VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 35 46 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 36 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 36 2 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 3 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 36 4 initially initially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 36 5 extended extend VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 6 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 7 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 36 8 third third JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 36 9 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 10 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 36 11 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 36 12 officially officially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 36 13 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 14 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 36 15 20 20 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 36 16 April April NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 36 17 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 37 1 Many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 37 2 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 37 3 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 37 4 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 37 5 remain remain VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 37 6 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 7 place place NN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 8 nationwide nationwide RB cord-275334-0689o76n 37 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 37 10 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 11 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 37 12 gradual gradual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 37 13 easing easing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 15 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 37 16 commenced commence VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 37 18 June June NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 37 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 38 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 38 2 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 38 3 borders border NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 38 4 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 38 5 remain remain VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 38 6 closed closed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 38 7 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 38 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 38 9 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 38 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 38 11 writing writing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 38 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 39 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 2 estimate estimate VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 39 4 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 39 5 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 39 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 39 7 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 8 using use VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 39 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 39 10 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 11 Accounting Accounting NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 12 Matrix Matrix NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 39 14 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 39 16 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 39 17 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 39 18 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 39 19 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 39 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 40 1 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 40 2 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 3 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 40 4 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 40 5 ideally ideally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 40 6 suited suited JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 7 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 8 measuring measure VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 40 9 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 40 11 term term NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 12 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 40 14 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 15 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 40 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 17 unanticipated unanticipated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 40 19 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 20 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 40 21 onset onset NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 22 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 23 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 40 24 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 40 25 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 26 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 40 27 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 28 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 29 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 40 30 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 40 31 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 32 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 40 33 caused cause VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 34 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 40 36 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 40 37 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 40 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 41 1 Through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 2 capturing capture VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 41 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 41 4 complex complex JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 5 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 6 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 7 various various JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 8 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 9 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 10 as as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 41 11 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 41 12 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 13 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 14 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 41 16 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 17 patterns pattern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 41 19 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 41 20 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 21 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 22 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 41 23 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 41 24 used use VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 25 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 41 26 simulate simulate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 41 27 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 41 28 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 29 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 41 30 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 31 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 32 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 33 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 34 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 41 35 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 36 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 41 37 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 38 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 41 39 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 40 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 41 41 added add VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 41 43 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 41 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 41 45 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 41 46 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 47 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 41 48 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 41 49 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 50 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 51 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 41 52 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 41 53 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 42 1 Since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 42 3 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 42 4 estimate estimate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 5 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 42 7 Ministry Ministry NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 42 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 9 Finance Finance NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 42 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 42 11 2020a 2020a NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 42 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 42 13 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 42 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 42 15 focused focus VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 42 16 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 42 17 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 18 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 42 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 42 20 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 42 21 given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 42 23 extension extension NN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 42 26 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 42 28 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 42 29 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 42 30 add add VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 42 31 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 32 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 33 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 42 34 understanding understanding NN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 42 37 wide wide RB cord-275334-0689o76n 42 38 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 42 39 ranging range VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 42 40 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 42 41 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 42 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 42 43 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 42 44 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 42 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 43 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 43 2 remainder remainder NN cord-275334-0689o76n 43 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 43 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 43 5 paper paper NN cord-275334-0689o76n 43 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 43 7 structured structure VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 43 8 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 43 9 follows follow VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 43 10 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 44 1 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 44 2 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 3 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 4 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 5 Outbreak Outbreak NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 6 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 44 7 section section NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 8 provides provide VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 44 9 information information NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 10 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 11 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 12 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 13 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 44 14 outbreak outbreak NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 15 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 44 16 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 44 17 Simulating simulate VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 44 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 44 19 Economic Economic NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 20 Impacts Impacts NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 22 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 23 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 44 24 section section NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 25 introduces introduce VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 44 26 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 44 27 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 28 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 29 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 30 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 44 31 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 44 32 simulation simulation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 33 approach approach NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 34 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 44 35 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 44 36 Model Model NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 37 Results Results NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 38 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 44 39 Discussion Discussion NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 44 40 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 44 41 section section NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 42 presents present VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 44 43 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 44 44 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 45 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 46 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 44 47 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 44 48 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 44 49 Conclusions conclusion NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 44 50 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 44 51 section section NN cord-275334-0689o76n 44 52 concludes conclude VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 44 53 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 45 1 Technical technical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 45 2 information information NN cord-275334-0689o76n 45 3 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 45 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 45 5 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 45 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 45 7 provided provide VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 45 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 45 9 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 45 10 Annex Annex NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 45 11 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 45 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 46 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 2 began begin VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 46 3 preparing prepare VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 46 4 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 46 6 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 8 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 9 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 10 January January NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 11 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 46 12 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 46 14 establishment establishment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 15 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 16 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 46 17 National National NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 18 Technical Technical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 19 Coordinating Coordinating NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 20 Committee Committee NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 21 tasked task VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 22 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 46 23 review review VB cord-275334-0689o76n 46 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 46 25 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 26 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 46 27 resilience resilience NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 28 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 46 29 preparedness preparedness NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 30 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 46 31 manage manage VB cord-275334-0689o76n 46 32 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 46 33 outbreak outbreak NN cord-275334-0689o76n 46 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 46 35 MoH MoH NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 46 36 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 46 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 46 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 47 1 By by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 2 early early JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 47 3 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 47 5 President President NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 6 Nana Nana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 7 Akuffo Akuffo NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 8 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 47 9 Addo Addo NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 10 committed commit VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 11 GH¢ GH¢ NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 12 572 572 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 13 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 47 15 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 47 16 100 100 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 17 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 47 19 towards towards IN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 20 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 47 21 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 22 National National NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 23 Preparedness Preparedness NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 47 25 Response Response NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 26 Plan Plan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 47 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 47 28 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 47 29 sought seek VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 47 30 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 47 31 strengthen strengthen VB cord-275334-0689o76n 47 32 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 47 33 capacity capacity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 34 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 35 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 36 facilities facility NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 47 37 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 47 38 laboratories laboratory NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 47 39 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 47 40 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 47 41 points point NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 47 42 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 43 entry entry NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 44 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 47 45 detect detect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 47 46 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 47 47 control control VB cord-275334-0689o76n 47 48 viral viral JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 47 49 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 50 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 47 51 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 47 52 create create VB cord-275334-0689o76n 47 53 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 47 54 awareness awareness NN cord-275334-0689o76n 47 55 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 48 1 Although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 2 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 48 3 World World NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 4 Health Health NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 5 Organization Organization NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 6 report report NN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 48 8 WHO who WP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 9 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 48 11 described describe VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 12 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 13 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 14 readiness readiness NN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 15 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 48 16 deal deal VB cord-275334-0689o76n 48 17 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 48 19 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 20 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 21 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 22 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 48 23 adequate adequate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 24 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 48 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 48 26 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 27 statistics statistic NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 28 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 29 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 30 hospitalization hospitalization NN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 31 rates rate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 32 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 33 sobering sobering JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 48 35 CDC CDC NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 36 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 37 Response Response NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 38 Team Team NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 39 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 48 41 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 48 42 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 43 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 48 44 estimated estimate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 45 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 46 Intensive Intensive NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 47 Care Care NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 48 Unit Unit NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 49 beds bed NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 50 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 48 51 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 52 ventilators ventilator NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 53 available available JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 54 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 55 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 56 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 48 57 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 48 58 facilities facility NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 48 59 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 48 60 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 48 62 Arhinful Arhinful NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 48 63 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 48 64 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 49 1 GhanaWeb GhanaWeb NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 49 2 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 49 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 49 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 49 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 49 6 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 49 7 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 49 8 ill ill RB cord-275334-0689o76n 49 9 afford afford VB cord-275334-0689o76n 49 10 active active JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 49 11 infections infection NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 49 12 rates rate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 49 13 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 49 14 spiral spiral VB cord-275334-0689o76n 49 15 out out IN cord-275334-0689o76n 49 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 49 17 control control NN cord-275334-0689o76n 49 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 50 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 2 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 50 3 provides provide VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 50 4 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 50 5 timeline timeline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 7 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 8 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 50 9 against against IN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 10 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 50 11 confirmed confirm VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 50 12 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 50 13 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 50 14 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 51 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 51 2 recorded record VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 51 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 51 4 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 51 5 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 51 6 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 51 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 51 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 51 9 infection infection NN cord-275334-0689o76n 51 10 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 51 11 12 12 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 51 12 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 51 13 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 51 14 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 52 1 Soon soon RB cord-275334-0689o76n 52 2 thereafter thereafter RB cord-275334-0689o76n 52 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 52 4 President President NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 52 5 Akufo Akufo NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 52 6 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 52 7 Addo Addo NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 52 8 announced announce VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 52 9 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 52 10 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 52 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 52 12 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 52 13 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 52 14 effective effective JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 52 15 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 52 16 16 16 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 52 17 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 53 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 53 2 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 53 3 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 53 4 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 53 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 53 6 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 54 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 54 2 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 3 included include VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 54 4 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 54 5 ban ban NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 6 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 7 entering enter VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 54 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 54 9 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 10 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 11 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 12 nationals national NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 13 travelling travel VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 54 14 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 15 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 16 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 17 more more JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 54 18 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 19 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 54 20 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 54 21 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 22 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 54 23 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 54 24 ban ban NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 25 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 26 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 27 gatherings gathering NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 29 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 30 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 31 conferences conference NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 33 workshops workshop NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 35 political political JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 36 rallies rally NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 37 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 38 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 54 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 54 40 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 54 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 54 42 religious religious JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 43 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 54 45 funeral funeral NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 46 attendance attendance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 47 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 54 48 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 54 49 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 54 50 limited limit VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 51 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 52 25 25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 54 53 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 54 55 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 54 56 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 54 57 closure closure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 58 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 54 59 universities university NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 60 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 61 senior senior JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 62 high high JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 63 schools school NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 64 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 54 65 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 54 66 basic basic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 54 67 schools school NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 54 68 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 55 1 Businesses business NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 55 3 retail retail JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 55 4 outlets outlet NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 55 6 restaurants restaurant NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 55 8 hotels hotel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 55 10 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 55 11 operators operator NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 55 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 55 14 local local JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 55 15 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 16 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 55 17 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 55 18 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 55 19 operate operate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 55 20 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 55 21 had have VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 55 22 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 55 23 adhere adhere VB cord-275334-0689o76n 55 24 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 55 25 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 55 26 distancing distancing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 55 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 55 28 enhanced enhanced JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 55 29 hygiene hygiene NN cord-275334-0689o76n 55 30 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 55 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 56 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 56 2 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 56 3 started start VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 56 4 relaxing relax VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 56 5 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 56 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 56 7 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 56 8 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 56 9 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 56 10 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 56 11 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 56 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 56 13 beginning beginning NN cord-275334-0689o76n 56 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 56 15 June June NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 56 16 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 56 17 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 57 1 Although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 2 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 3 23 23 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 4 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 5 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 6 had have VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 7 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 57 8 recorded record VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 9 25 25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 10 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 57 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 57 12 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 13 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 57 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 57 16 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 17 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 57 18 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 57 19 borders border NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 57 20 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 21 closed close VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 57 23 initially initially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 57 24 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 25 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 57 26 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 57 27 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 57 28 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 29 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 57 31 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 57 32 several several JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 57 33 further further JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 57 34 extension extension NN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 35 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 36 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 37 announced announce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 38 since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 39 then then RB cord-275334-0689o76n 57 40 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 57 41 borders border NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 57 42 remain remain VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 57 43 closed closed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 57 44 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 45 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 57 46 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 47 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 48 writing writing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 57 49 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 58 1 On on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 58 2 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 58 3 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 58 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 58 6 partial partial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 58 7 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 58 8 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 58 9 announced announce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 58 10 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 58 11 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 12 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 58 13 largest large JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 58 14 metropolitan metropolitan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 58 15 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 58 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 58 17 namely namely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 58 18 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 58 20 including include VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 58 21 neighboring neighbor VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 58 22 Tema Tema NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 23 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 58 24 Kasoa Kasoa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 58 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 58 27 Kumasi Kumasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 58 29 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 58 30 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 58 31 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 58 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 58 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 59 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 59 2 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 59 3 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 59 4 extended extend VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 59 5 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 59 6 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 59 7 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 59 8 until until IN cord-275334-0689o76n 59 9 20 20 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 59 10 April April NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 59 11 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 60 1 All all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 60 2 residents resident NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 60 3 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 60 4 directed direct VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 5 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 60 6 remain remain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 60 7 home home RB cord-275334-0689o76n 60 8 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 60 9 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 60 10 leaving leave VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 60 11 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 12 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 60 13 purchases purchase NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 60 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 60 15 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 60 17 medicine medicine NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 60 19 water water NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 60 21 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 60 22 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 60 23 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 60 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 60 25 banking banking NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 26 transactions transaction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 60 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 60 28 use use NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 29 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 30 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 60 31 toilet toilet NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 32 facilities facility NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 60 33 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 60 34 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 60 35 medical medical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 60 36 care care NN cord-275334-0689o76n 60 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 60 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 61 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 61 2 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 3 further further RB cord-275334-0689o76n 61 4 prohibited prohibit VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 5 inter inter JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 6 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 7 city city JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 8 movement movement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 10 vehicles vehicle NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 61 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 61 12 aircrafts aircraft NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 61 13 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 14 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 61 16 commercial commercial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 17 purposes purpose NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 61 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 61 19 except except IN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 20 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 21 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 61 22 providing provide VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 61 23 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 61 24 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 61 25 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 61 26 moving move VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 61 27 cargo cargo NN cord-275334-0689o76n 61 28 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 62 1 Within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 2 city city NN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 3 limits limit NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 62 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 62 5 passenger passenger NN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 6 vehicles vehicle NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 62 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 62 8 taxis taxi NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 62 9 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 62 10 instructed instruct VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 11 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 62 12 reduce reduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 62 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 62 14 numbers number NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 62 15 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 16 passengers passenger NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 62 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 62 18 resulting result VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 62 19 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 20 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 62 21 estimated estimate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 22 25 25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 62 23 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 62 24 33 33 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 62 25 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 26 reduction reduction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 27 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 28 capacity capacity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 62 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 62 30 Ayamga Ayamga NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 62 31 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 62 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 62 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 63 1 Workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 63 2 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 63 3 certain certain JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 63 4 categories category NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 63 5 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 63 6 exempt exempt JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 63 7 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 63 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 63 9 stay stay NN cord-275334-0689o76n 63 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 63 11 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 63 12 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 63 13 home home NN cord-275334-0689o76n 63 14 directives directive NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 63 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 64 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 2 included include VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 64 3 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 64 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 5 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 7 members member NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 10 executive executive NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 12 legislature legislature NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 15 judiciary judiciary NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 16 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 18 ii ii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 20 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 22 distribution distribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 23 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 24 marketing marketing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 25 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 26 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 28 beverages beverage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 30 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 32 medicine medicine NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 33 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 34 paper paper NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 35 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 36 plastic plastic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 37 packages package NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 38 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 40 iii iii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 42 environmental environmental JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 64 43 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 44 sanitation sanitation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 45 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 46 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 48 iv iv LS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 50 staff staff NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 51 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 52 Volta Volta NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 53 Aluminum Aluminum NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 54 Company Company NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 55 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 56 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 57 aluminum aluminum NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 58 smelter smelter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 59 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 64 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 61 v v NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 63 road road NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 64 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 65 railway railway NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 66 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 67 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 68 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 70 vi vi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 71 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 72 mining mining NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 73 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 74 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 75 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 76 vii vii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 77 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 78 fisherfolk fisherfolk NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 79 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 80 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 81 viii viii NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 82 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 83 members member NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 84 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 85 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 86 security security NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 87 agencies agency NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 88 assigned assign VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 64 89 lawful lawful JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 64 90 duties duty NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 91 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 92 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 93 ix ix NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 94 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 95 staff staff NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 96 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 97 electricity electricity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 98 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 99 water water NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 100 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 101 telecommunications telecommunication NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 102 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 103 e e NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 104 - - NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 105 commerce commerce NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 106 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 107 digital digital JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 64 108 service service NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 109 providers provider NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 110 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 111 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 112 x x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 113 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 114 staff staff NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 115 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 116 fuel fuel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 117 stations station NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 118 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 119 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 120 xi xi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 121 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 122 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 123 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 124 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 64 125 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 126 xii xii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 127 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 128 media medium NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 129 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 64 130 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 64 131 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 132 xiii xiii NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 133 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 134 persons person NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 64 135 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 136 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 137 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 138 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 139 chain chain NN cord-275334-0689o76n 64 140 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 141 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 64 142 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 64 143 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 64 144 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 64 145 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 65 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 65 2 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 65 3 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 65 4 formally formally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 65 5 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 65 6 after after IN cord-275334-0689o76n 65 7 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 65 8 weeks week NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 65 9 primarily primarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 65 10 due due JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 65 11 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 65 12 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 65 13 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 65 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 65 15 devastating devastating JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 65 16 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 65 17 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 65 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 65 19 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 65 20 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 65 21 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 65 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 65 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 66 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 2 noted note VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 66 4 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 66 5 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 66 6 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 66 7 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 66 8 gradually gradually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 66 9 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 10 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 66 12 beginning beginning NN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 14 June June NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 66 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 66 16 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 66 17 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 66 18 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 66 19 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 66 20 borders border NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 66 21 remain remain VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 66 22 closed closed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 66 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 67 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 67 2 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 67 3 Ministry Ministry NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 67 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 67 5 Finance Finance NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 67 6 conducted conduct VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 67 7 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 67 8 early early JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 67 9 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 67 10 assessment assessment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 67 11 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 67 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 67 13 likely likely JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 67 14 budgetary budgetary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 67 15 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 67 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 67 17 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-275334-0689o76n 67 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 68 1 On on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 68 3 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 4 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 68 6 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 7 expects expect VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 68 8 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 68 9 lose lose VB cord-275334-0689o76n 68 10 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 68 11 5.68 5.68 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 68 12 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 68 13 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 14 oil oil NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 15 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 16 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 17 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 68 19 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 68 20 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 68 21 thirds third NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 68 22 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 23 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 24 crude crude JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 68 25 oil oil NN cord-275334-0689o76n 68 26 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 68 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 69 1 Non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 69 2 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 69 3 oil oil JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 69 4 revenues revenue NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 69 5 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 69 6 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 69 8 fall fall VB cord-275334-0689o76n 69 9 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 10 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 69 11 2.25 2.25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 69 12 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 69 13 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 14 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 69 16 slowdown slowdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 18 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 69 19 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 69 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 69 21 MoF MoF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 69 22 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 69 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 70 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 70 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 70 3 . . NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 70 4 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 70 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 70 6 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 71 1 Government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 71 2 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 71 3 faces face VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 71 4 significant significant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 71 5 unforeseen unforeseen JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 71 6 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 71 7 associated associate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 71 8 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 71 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 71 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 11 response response NN cord-275334-0689o76n 71 12 programs program NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 71 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 71 14 including include VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 71 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 71 16 National National NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 17 Preparedness Preparedness NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 71 19 Response Response NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 20 Program Program NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 71 22 GH¢ GH¢ VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 71 23 572 572 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 71 24 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 71 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 71 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 71 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 71 28 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 71 29 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 30 Alleviation Alleviation NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 31 Program Program NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 71 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 71 33 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 71 34 1.20 1.20 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 71 35 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 71 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 71 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 72 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 72 2 latter latter JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 3 makes make VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 4 provision provision NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 5 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 6 various various JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 7 stimulus stimulus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 72 9 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 10 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 72 12 including include VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 72 13 GH¢ GH¢ NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 72 14 600 600 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 15 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 17 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 72 18 form form NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 20 soft soft JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 21 loans loan NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 22 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 23 small small JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 72 25 medium medium JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 26 enterprises enterprise NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 72 28 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 72 29 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 72 30 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 31 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 32 banks bank NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 33 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 34 contribute contribute VB cord-275334-0689o76n 72 35 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 72 36 further further JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 37 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 38 400 400 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 39 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 40 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 72 41 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 42 320 320 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 43 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 44 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 72 45 supplement supplement VB cord-275334-0689o76n 72 46 healthcare healthcare NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 47 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 48 ' ' POS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 49 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 50 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 72 51 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 72 52 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 53 280 280 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 54 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 55 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 56 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 57 water water NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 58 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 59 subsidies subsidy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 60 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 72 61 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 62 packages package NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 63 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 72 64 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 72 65 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 72 66 grain grain NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 67 procurement procurement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 68 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 72 69 smallholders smallholder NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 72 70 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 72 71 MoF MoF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 72 72 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 72 73 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 72 74 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 73 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 2 order order NN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 3 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 73 4 finance finance VB cord-275334-0689o76n 73 5 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 73 6 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 73 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 73 8 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 73 9 cover cover VB cord-275334-0689o76n 73 10 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 73 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 12 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 73 14 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 15 obtained obtain VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 16 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 73 17 IMF IMF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 73 18 loan loan NN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 73 20 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 73 21 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 22 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 73 24 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 25 5.72 5.72 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 26 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 73 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 73 29 IMF IMF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 73 30 2020b 2020b CD cord-275334-0689o76n 73 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 73 32 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 74 1 Interest interest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 2 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 74 4 loan loan NN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 5 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 6 around around IN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 7 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 74 8 1.7 1.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 74 9 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 74 10 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 74 11 become become VB cord-275334-0689o76n 74 12 payable payable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 74 13 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 74 14 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 74 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 74 16 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 74 17 . . NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 74 18 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 74 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 74 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 75 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 2 summary summary NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 75 4 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 5 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 75 6 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 75 7 unforeseen unforeseen JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 75 8 program program NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 9 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 75 10 related relate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 11 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 12 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 75 13 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 75 14 estimated estimate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 15 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 16 around around IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 17 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 75 18 11.4 11.4 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 75 19 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 75 20 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 75 21 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 75 22 raises raise VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 75 23 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 75 24 fiscal fiscal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 75 25 deficit deficit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 26 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 27 4.7 4.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 75 28 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 29 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 30 projected project VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 31 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 75 32 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 33 7.8 7.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 75 34 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 36 revised revise VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 75 37 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 75 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 76 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 76 2 new new JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 76 3 IMF IMF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 76 4 loan loan NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 76 6 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 76 7 comes come VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 76 8 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 76 10 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 11 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 76 12 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 76 13 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 76 14 debt debt NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 15 stock stock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 16 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 76 17 already already RB cord-275334-0689o76n 76 18 GH¢ GH¢ VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 76 19 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 76 20 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 76 21 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 76 22 60 60 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 76 23 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 25 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 76 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 76 27 MoF MoF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 76 28 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 76 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 76 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 76 31 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 76 32 cover cover VB cord-275334-0689o76n 76 33 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 34 half half NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 76 37 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 76 38 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 76 39 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 76 40 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 76 41 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 76 42 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 77 1 Government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 2 further further RB cord-275334-0689o76n 77 3 proposes propose VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 77 4 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 77 5 defer defer VB cord-275334-0689o76n 77 6 interest interest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 7 spending spending NN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 8 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 9 existing exist VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 77 10 loans loan NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 77 11 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 77 13 Bank Bank NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 15 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 77 17 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 77 18 temporarily temporarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 77 19 reduce reduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 77 20 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 77 21 suspend suspend VB cord-275334-0689o76n 77 22 payments payment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 77 23 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 24 sovereign sovereign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 77 25 investment investment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 26 funds fund NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 77 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 77 28 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 77 29 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 77 30 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 77 31 Stabilization Stabilization NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 32 Fund Fund NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 33 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 77 34 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 77 35 Heritage Heritage NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 36 Fund Fund NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 77 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 78 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 78 2 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 78 3 plans plan VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 78 4 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 78 5 reduce reduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 78 6 planned plan VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 78 7 capital capital NN cord-275334-0689o76n 78 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 78 9 current current JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 78 10 expenditure expenditure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 78 11 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 78 12 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 78 13 1.25 1.25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 78 14 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 78 15 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 78 16 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 78 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 78 18 MoF MoF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 78 19 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 78 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 78 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 79 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 2 recognition recognition NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 5 socioeconomic socioeconomic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 6 importance importance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 9 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 10 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 79 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 13 vulnerabilities vulnerability NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 79 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 16 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 17 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 79 18 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 19 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 20 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 79 21 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 22 Minister Minister NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 79 23 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 24 Agriculture Agriculture NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 79 25 released release VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 79 26 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 27 press press NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 28 statement statement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 29 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 30 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 79 31 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 79 32 explicitly explicitly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 79 33 exempting exempt VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 79 34 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 79 35 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 36 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 79 37 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 38 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 39 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 79 40 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 41 COVID-19 covid-19 CC cord-275334-0689o76n 79 42 related related JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 79 43 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 79 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 79 45 MoFA MoFA NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 79 46 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 79 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 79 48 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 80 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 80 2 meant mean VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 80 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 80 4 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 80 6 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 80 7 farmers farmer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 8 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 80 9 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 80 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 80 11 farming farming NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 12 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 13 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 80 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 80 15 ii ii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 80 17 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 18 suppliers supplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 19 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 80 20 retailers retailer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 21 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 80 22 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 80 23 distribution distribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 80 25 sales sale NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 27 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 28 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 80 29 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 80 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 80 31 iii iii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 80 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 81 1 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 81 2 transportation transportation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 4 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 5 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 6 within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 7 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 8 zones zone NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 81 10 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 81 12 rest rest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 81 15 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 16 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 81 17 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 81 18 uninterrupted uninterrupted JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 81 19 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 81 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 81 21 iv iv LS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 81 23 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 24 processing processing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 25 companies company NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 26 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 81 27 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 81 28 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 29 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 81 30 distribution distribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 31 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 32 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 81 33 products product NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 34 ; ; , cord-275334-0689o76n 81 35 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 81 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 81 37 v v NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 81 39 subsidized subsidize VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 40 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 41 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 81 42 seed seed NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 43 subsidies subsidy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 81 44 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 81 45 continue continue VB cord-275334-0689o76n 81 46 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 81 47 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 81 48 provided provide VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 49 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 50 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 81 51 Planting planting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 52 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 53 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 81 54 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 81 55 Jobs Jobs NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 81 56 program program NN cord-275334-0689o76n 81 57 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 82 1 Despite despite IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 2 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 82 3 pronouncement pronouncement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 82 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 82 6 Ministry Ministry NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 82 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 8 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 82 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 82 10 Agriculture Agriculture NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 82 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 82 12 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 82 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 82 14 acknowledged acknowledge VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 82 15 reports report NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 17 unavailability unavailability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 18 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 19 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 20 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 21 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 82 22 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 82 24 instances instance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 25 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 26 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 27 security security NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 28 personnel personnel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 29 restricting restrict VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 82 30 movements movement NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 31 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 32 traders trader NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 33 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 34 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 35 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 36 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 82 37 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 38 despite despite IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 39 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 82 40 exempt exempt JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 82 41 status status NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 42 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 82 43 increases increase NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 44 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 45 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 46 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 47 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 48 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 82 49 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 50 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 82 51 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 82 52 increased increase VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 53 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 54 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 55 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 56 producing produce VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 82 57 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 58 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 82 59 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 60 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 61 due due JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 82 62 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 63 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 64 chain chain NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 65 challenges challenge NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 66 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 82 67 low low JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 82 68 patronage patronage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 69 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 82 70 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 82 71 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 83 1 There there EX cord-275334-0689o76n 83 2 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 83 3 several several JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 83 4 reports report NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 5 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 83 6 local local JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 83 7 authorities authority NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 8 temporarily temporarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 83 9 closing close VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 83 10 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 11 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 83 12 restricting restrict VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 83 13 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 83 14 because because IN cord-275334-0689o76n 83 15 patrons patron NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 16 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 83 17 traders trader NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 18 failed fail VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 83 19 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 83 20 adhere adhere VB cord-275334-0689o76n 83 21 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 83 22 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 83 23 distancing distancing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 83 24 protocols protocol NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 83 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 83 26 IFPRI IFPRI NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 83 27 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 83 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 83 29 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 84 1 Supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 84 2 chain chain NN cord-275334-0689o76n 84 3 challenges challenge NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 84 4 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 84 5 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 84 6 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 84 7 reported report VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 84 8 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 85 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 2 example example NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 3 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 85 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 5 cocoa cocoa NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 6 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 7 anticipates anticipate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 8 significant significant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 9 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 10 due due JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 11 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 12 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 13 lack lack NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 15 access access NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 16 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 17 credit credit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 85 19 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 20 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 21 market market NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 22 contraction contraction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 24 Ayitey Ayitey NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 85 25 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 27 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 85 28 cashew cashew NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 29 farmers farmer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 30 experienced experience VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 31 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 32 50 50 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 33 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 34 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 35 drop drop NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 36 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 37 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 38 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 39 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 40 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 41 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 42 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 43 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 44 investors investor NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 45 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 46 unable unable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 47 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 85 48 travel travel VB cord-275334-0689o76n 85 49 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 50 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 85 51 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 85 52 procure procure VB cord-275334-0689o76n 85 53 nuts nut NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 55 B&FT B&FT : cord-275334-0689o76n 85 56 Online online JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 57 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 59 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 85 60 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 85 61 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 62 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 63 planting planting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 64 season season NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 65 approaching approach VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 85 66 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 85 67 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 68 analysts analyst NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 69 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 85 70 concerned concerned JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 71 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 72 commercial commercial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 73 farmers farmer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 85 74 plant plant NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 75 less less JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 85 76 crop crop NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 77 area area NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 78 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 79 normal normal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 85 80 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 81 anticipation anticipation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 82 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 83 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 85 84 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 85 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 86 consumer consumer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 87 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 85 88 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 89 Goldstreet Goldstreet NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 85 90 Business Business NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 85 91 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 85 92 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 85 93 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 86 1 Globally globally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 86 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 86 3 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 86 4 commerce commerce NN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 5 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 86 6 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 86 8 contract contract VB cord-275334-0689o76n 86 9 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 10 13 13 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 86 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 86 12 32 32 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 86 13 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 14 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 15 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 86 16 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 17 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 86 18 result result NN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 86 20 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 86 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 86 22 Walker Walker NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 86 23 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 86 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 86 25 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 87 1 If if IN cord-275334-0689o76n 87 2 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 87 3 disruptions disruption NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 87 4 spill spill VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 87 5 over over RP cord-275334-0689o76n 87 6 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 87 7 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 87 8 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 87 9 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 87 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 87 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 87 12 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 87 13 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 87 14 important important JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 87 15 implications implication NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 87 16 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 87 17 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 87 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 88 1 First first RB cord-275334-0689o76n 88 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 88 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 88 4 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 88 5 affect affect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 88 6 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 88 7 availability availability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 88 8 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 88 9 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 89 1 As as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 89 2 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-275334-0689o76n 89 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 4 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 89 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 89 6 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 89 7 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 89 8 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 9 needs need NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 89 10 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 89 11 increasingly increasingly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 89 12 met meet VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 13 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 14 imports import NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 89 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 89 16 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 17 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 89 18 increases increase NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 89 19 recently recently RB cord-275334-0689o76n 89 20 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 89 21 seen see VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 22 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 23 processed process VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 24 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 89 25 imports import NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 89 26 especially especially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 89 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 89 28 Aragie Aragie NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 89 29 et et FW cord-275334-0689o76n 89 30 al al NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 89 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 89 32 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 89 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 89 34 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 90 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 90 2 places place VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 90 3 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 90 4 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 90 6 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 90 7 position position NN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 8 should should MD cord-275334-0689o76n 90 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 90 10 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 90 11 required require VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 12 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 90 13 shift shift VB cord-275334-0689o76n 90 14 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 15 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 90 16 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 17 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 90 18 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 19 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 90 20 notice notice NN cord-275334-0689o76n 90 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 91 1 Second second RB cord-275334-0689o76n 91 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 91 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 91 4 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 91 5 affect affect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 91 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 91 7 availability availability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 91 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 91 9 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 91 10 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 91 11 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 92 1 Should Should MD cord-275334-0689o76n 92 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 92 3 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 92 4 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 5 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 6 chain chain NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 7 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 92 8 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 9 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 92 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 92 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 92 13 timing timing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 14 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 92 15 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 92 16 disastrous disastrous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 92 17 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 18 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 92 19 since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 20 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 92 21 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 22 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 92 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 92 24 75 75 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 92 25 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 27 annual annual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 92 28 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 29 needs need NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 92 30 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 92 31 imported import VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 32 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 92 34 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 92 35 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 92 36 quarters quarter NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 92 37 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 38 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 92 39 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 40 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 41 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 42 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 43 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 92 44 planting planting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 92 45 season season NN cord-275334-0689o76n 93 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 93 2 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 93 3 Fertilizer Fertilizer NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 93 4 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 93 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 93 6 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 94 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-275334-0689o76n 94 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 94 3 almost almost RB cord-275334-0689o76n 94 4 80 80 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 94 5 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 7 that that DT cord-275334-0689o76n 94 8 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 9 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 94 10 procured procure VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 11 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 94 13 Planting planting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 15 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 94 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 94 17 Jobs Jobs NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 94 18 program program NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 94 20 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 94 21 subsidizes subsidize VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 94 22 50 50 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 94 23 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 94 26 retail retail JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 94 27 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 94 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 94 29 MoFA MoFA NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 94 30 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 94 31 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 94 32 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 94 33 Fertilizer Fertilizer NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 94 34 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 94 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 94 36 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 95 1 Given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 95 3 precarious precarious JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 95 4 financial financial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 95 5 position position NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 7 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 8 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 9 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 95 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 95 12 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 13 suppliers supplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 95 14 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 95 15 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 95 16 cautious cautious JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 95 17 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 18 delivering deliver VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 95 19 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 95 20 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 21 credit credit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 95 23 Gyasi Gyasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 95 24 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 95 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 95 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 95 27 especially especially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 95 28 given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 29 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 95 30 experience experience NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 31 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 32 2013 2013 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 95 33 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 95 34 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 35 cash cash NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 36 flow flow NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 37 problems problem NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 95 38 led lead VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 95 39 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 40 fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 41 suppliers supplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 95 42 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 95 43 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 95 44 paid pay VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 95 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 96 1 None none NN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 2 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 3 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 96 4 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 96 5 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 96 6 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 7 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 8 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 96 9 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 96 10 intended intend VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 11 consequences consequence NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 96 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 96 13 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 96 14 policies policy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 96 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 97 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 2 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 97 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 97 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 97 5 do do VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 97 6 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 97 7 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 97 8 simulate simulate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 97 9 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 97 11 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 12 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 97 13 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 97 15 agrifood agrifood NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 16 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 97 19 modeling modeling NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 20 exercise exercise NN cord-275334-0689o76n 97 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 98 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 98 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 98 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 98 4 do do VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 98 5 measure measure VB cord-275334-0689o76n 98 6 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 98 7 decompose decompose VB cord-275334-0689o76n 98 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 98 9 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 98 10 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 98 11 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 98 12 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-275334-0689o76n 98 13 within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 98 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 98 15 broader broad JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 98 16 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 98 17 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 98 18 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 98 19 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 98 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 99 1 Generally generally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 99 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 4 discussion discussion NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 5 here here RB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 6 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 99 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 8 importance importance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 10 continually continually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 11 monitoring monitor VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 99 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 13 situation situation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 14 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 15 farms farm NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 99 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 99 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 18 retail retail JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 99 19 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 99 20 wholesale wholesale JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 99 21 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 99 22 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 23 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 24 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 99 25 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 26 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 99 27 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 28 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 29 indirectly indirectly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 30 despite despite IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 31 policies policy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 99 32 implemented implement VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 33 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 99 34 protect protect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 99 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 36 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 37 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 38 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 99 39 adverse adverse JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 99 40 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 99 41 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 42 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-275334-0689o76n 99 43 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 100 1 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 2 Accounting Accounting NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 3 Matrix Matrix NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 100 5 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 100 7 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 8 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 100 9 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 10 ideally ideally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 100 11 suited suited JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 12 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 13 measuring measure VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 100 14 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 15 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 100 16 term term NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 17 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 100 19 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 20 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 100 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 22 unanticipated unanticipated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 100 24 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 25 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 100 26 onset onset NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 27 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 28 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 100 29 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 100 30 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 31 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 100 32 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 33 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 34 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 100 35 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 100 36 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 37 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 38 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 100 39 caused cause VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 40 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 41 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 100 42 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 43 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 100 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 100 45 Breisinger Breisinger NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 46 et et NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 47 al al NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 100 48 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 100 49 2009 2009 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 100 50 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 100 51 Round round JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 100 52 2003 2003 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 100 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 100 54 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 101 1 At at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 3 heart heart NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 6 multiplier multipli JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 101 7 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 8 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 101 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 10 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 101 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 101 12 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 13 economywide economywide JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 101 14 database database NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 15 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 16 captures capture VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 101 17 resource resource NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 18 flows flow NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 101 19 associated associate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 20 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 21 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 22 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 101 23 transactions transaction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 101 24 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 25 take take VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 101 26 place place NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 27 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 28 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 29 economy economy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 101 31 usually usually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 101 32 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 34 course course NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 36 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 101 37 financial financial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 101 38 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 101 39 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 102 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 2 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 102 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 102 4 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 102 5 represents represent VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 102 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 102 7 structure structure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 102 10 economy economy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 11 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 12 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 102 13 point point NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 14 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 15 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 102 17 showing show VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 102 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 102 19 relationships relationship NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 20 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 21 actors actor NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 102 23 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 102 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 102 25 productive productive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 102 26 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 102 28 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 102 30 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 102 32 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 102 33 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 102 34 institutions institution NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 102 36 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 37 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 38 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 39 how how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 102 40 they -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 102 41 interact interact VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 102 42 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 102 43 transact transact VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 102 44 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 45 commodity commodity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 46 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 102 47 factor factor NN cord-275334-0689o76n 102 48 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 102 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 102 50 Round round JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 102 51 2003 2003 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 102 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 102 53 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 103 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 2 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 3 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 4 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 6 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 7 study study NN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 8 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 103 9 calibrated calibrate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 10 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 11 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 12 2018 2018 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 103 13 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 15 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 103 17 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 18 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 103 19 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 20 update update NN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 22 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 23 2015 2015 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 103 24 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 25 developed develop VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 103 26 jointly jointly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 103 27 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 28 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 29 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 30 Services Services NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 103 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 103 32 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 103 33 Institute Institute NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 34 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 103 35 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 36 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 103 37 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 38 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 103 39 Economic Economic NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 40 Research Research NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 41 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 103 42 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 103 43 IFPRI IFPRI NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 103 45 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 46 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 103 47 ISSER ISSER NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 48 & & CC cord-275334-0689o76n 103 49 IFPRI IFPRI NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 103 50 2017 2017 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 103 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 103 52 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 104 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 104 3 macro macro NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 104 5 framework framework NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 6 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 104 8 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 9 draws draw VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 10 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 11 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 12 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 13 sources source NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 14 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 15 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 16 accounts account NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 18 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 19 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 21 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 104 22 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 23 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 104 25 balance balance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 27 payments payment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 28 statistics statistic NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 30 UNCTAD UNCTAD NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 31 2018 2018 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 32 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 104 33 IMF IMF NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 34 2020a 2020a CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 36 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 37 2018 2018 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 38 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 104 39 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 104 40 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 41 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 104 42 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 104 43 microlevel microlevel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 44 structure structure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 45 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 46 constructed construct VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 47 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 48 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 104 49 variety variety NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 50 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 51 sources source NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 52 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 53 different different JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 104 54 years year NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 55 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 104 56 including include VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 104 57 crop crop NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 58 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 59 estimates estimate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 60 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 61 2018 2018 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 62 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 63 FAO FAO NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 64 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 66 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 104 67 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 68 survey survey NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 69 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 104 70 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 71 2013 2013 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 72 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 73 2014 2014 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 74 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 75 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 76 2014 2014 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 77 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 78 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 104 79 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 104 80 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 104 81 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 82 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 104 83 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 104 84 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 104 85 use use NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 86 table table NN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 87 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 104 88 2004 2004 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 89 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 90 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 104 91 2010 2010 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 104 92 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 104 93 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 105 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 105 2 latter latter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 105 3 remains remain VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 105 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 105 5 latest late JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 105 6 available available JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 105 7 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 105 8 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 105 9 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 105 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 105 11 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 105 12 relationships relationship NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 105 13 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 105 14 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 105 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 106 1 While while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 106 3 updated update VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 4 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 106 5 has have VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 106 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 106 7 2018 2018 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 106 8 base base NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 9 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 106 10 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 106 12 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 13 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 106 14 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 106 15 applied apply VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 16 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 17 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 106 18 accounts account NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 106 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 106 20 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 21 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 106 23 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 106 24 population population NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 25 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 106 26 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 27 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 106 28 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 106 29 permit permit VB cord-275334-0689o76n 106 30 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 106 31 assessment assessment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 32 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 106 34 likely likely JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 106 35 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 106 36 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 37 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 106 38 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 39 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 106 40 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 106 41 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 106 42 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 106 43 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 106 44 values value NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 106 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 107 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 107 2 ensures ensure VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 107 3 comparability comparability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 107 4 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 107 5 current current JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 107 6 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 107 7 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 107 8 forecasts forecast NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 107 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 107 10 other other JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 107 11 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 107 12 aggregates aggregate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 107 13 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 108 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 108 2 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 108 3 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 4 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 5 provides provide VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 108 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 108 7 mechanism mechanism NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 8 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 9 estimating estimate VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 108 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 108 11 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 108 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 13 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 108 14 external external JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 108 15 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 108 17 typically typically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 108 18 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 108 19 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 108 20 change change NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 21 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 22 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 108 23 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 24 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 25 goods good NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 108 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 108 27 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 108 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 29 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 30 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 108 33 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 34 total total JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 108 35 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 37 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 38 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 40 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 41 commodities commodity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 108 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 43 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 44 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 108 45 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 108 46 … … NFP cord-275334-0689o76n 108 47 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 108 48 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 49 n n NN cord-275334-0689o76n 108 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 108 51 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 109 1 Through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 2 capturing capture VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 109 3 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 109 5 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 109 7 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 8 relationships relationship NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 109 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 109 10 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 109 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 109 12 functional functional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 109 13 distribution distribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 15 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 109 17 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 109 18 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 19 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 109 20 generates generate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 109 21 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 109 22 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 23 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 109 24 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 109 26 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 109 28 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 109 29 changes change NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 109 30 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 31 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 109 32 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 109 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 110 1 Final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 110 2 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 110 4 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 5 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 110 7 typically typically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 110 8 includes include VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 110 9 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 10 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 11 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 110 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 110 13 investments investment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 110 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 110 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 110 16 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 110 17 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 111 1 Household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 2 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 3 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 4 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 111 5 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 111 6 treated treat VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 7 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 8 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 111 9 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 111 10 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 111 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 12 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 111 13 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 14 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 111 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 111 16 depending depend VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 111 17 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 111 18 preferences preference NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 111 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 112 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 112 3 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 4 here here RB cord-275334-0689o76n 112 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 112 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 112 7 assume assume VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 112 8 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 9 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 10 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 112 11 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 112 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 112 13 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 112 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 112 15 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 112 16 change change NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 18 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 19 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 112 20 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 112 21 result result VB cord-275334-0689o76n 112 22 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 23 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 112 24 secondary secondary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 112 25 round round NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 27 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 28 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 112 29 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 112 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 113 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 2 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 3 consistent consistent JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 4 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 6 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 7 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 8 horizon horizon NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 10 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 11 simulations simulation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 113 13 accounts account VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 16 ability ability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 17 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 113 19 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 113 21 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 22 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 113 23 maintain maintain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 113 24 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 25 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 26 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 27 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 28 shortrun shortrun NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 29 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 30 drawing draw VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 113 31 down down RP cord-275334-0689o76n 113 32 savings saving NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 33 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 113 34 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 113 35 ultimately ultimately RB cord-275334-0689o76n 113 36 avoids avoid VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 37 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 38 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 113 39 estimation estimation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 40 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 41 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 42 multipliers multiplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 43 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 113 44 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 45 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 46 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 113 47 common common JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 48 concern concern NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 49 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 50 fixed fix VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 51 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 113 52 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 53 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 54 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 113 55 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 56 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 113 57 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 58 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 113 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 113 60 Haggblade Haggblade NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 113 61 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 113 62 Hazell Hazell NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 113 63 1989 1989 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 113 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 113 65 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 114 1 A a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 114 2 commonly commonly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 114 3 used use VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 4 variant variant NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 5 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 114 7 standard standard JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 114 8 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 114 9 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 10 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 11 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 114 12 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 114 13 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 114 14 semiinput semiinput NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 15 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 114 16 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 17 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 114 18 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 114 19 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 114 20 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 21 constrained constrain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 22 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 114 23 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 114 24 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 25 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 114 26 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 115 1 Under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 2 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 115 3 semiinput semiinput JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 115 5 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 6 specification specification NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 8 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 9 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 10 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 115 11 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 115 12 more more JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 115 13 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 115 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 115 15 e.g. e.g. RB cord-275334-0689o76n 115 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 17 Z Z NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 18 k k NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 20 k k NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 21 ∈ ∈ NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 22 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 23 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 115 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 25 … … NFP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 27 c c NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 28 n n NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 115 30 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 31 treated treat VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 32 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 33 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 115 35 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 115 37 associated associated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 38 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 39 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 40 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 115 42 E E NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 115 43 k k NN cord-275334-0689o76n 115 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 115 45 becoming become VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 115 46 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 115 47 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 116 1 Theoretically theoretically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 3 such such PDT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 4 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 5 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 6 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 116 7 closure closure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 8 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 116 9 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 116 10 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 11 used use VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 12 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 116 13 simulate simulate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 14 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 15 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 16 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 116 17 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 18 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 20 e.g. e.g. RB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 22 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 23 reduction reduction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 24 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 25 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 26 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 27 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 28 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 29 mine mine NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 30 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 116 31 factory factory NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 32 closing closing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 33 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 34 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 116 35 implicitly implicitly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 36 then then RB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 37 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 38 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 116 39 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 40 satisfied satisfied JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 116 41 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 42 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 116 43 reduction reduction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 44 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 116 45 net net JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 116 46 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 116 47 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 116 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 116 49 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 116 50 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 51 essentially essentially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 116 52 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 116 53 imports import NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 116 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 116 55 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 117 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 117 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 117 3 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 117 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 117 5 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 117 6 realistic realistic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 117 7 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 117 8 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 117 9 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 117 10 context context NN cord-275334-0689o76n 117 11 where where WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 117 12 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 117 13 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 117 14 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 117 15 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 117 16 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 117 17 constrained constrain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 117 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 118 1 Since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 2 many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 118 5 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 6 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 7 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 8 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 118 9 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-275334-0689o76n 118 10 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 11 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 118 12 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 118 13 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 14 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 118 15 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 16 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 118 18 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 118 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 118 20 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 21 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 22 constrained constrain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 23 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 24 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 25 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 26 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 27 productive productive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 28 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 118 30 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 31 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 32 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 33 reduced reduce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 34 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 35 limitations limitation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 36 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 37 what what WP cord-275334-0689o76n 118 38 consumers consumer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 39 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 118 40 purchase purchase VB cord-275334-0689o76n 118 41 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 118 42 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 118 43 apply apply VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 118 44 changes change NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 45 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 46 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 118 47 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 118 48 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 49 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 118 51 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 118 52 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 118 53 ΔE ΔE NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 118 54 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 118 56 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 57 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 118 58 proxy proxy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 59 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 60 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 118 61 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 62 either either DT cord-275334-0689o76n 118 63 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 64 and/or and/or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 118 65 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 118 66 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 119 1 At at RB cord-275334-0689o76n 119 2 least least RBS cord-275334-0689o76n 119 3 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 119 4 potential potential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 119 5 limitation limitation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 6 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 7 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 119 8 simulation simulation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 9 approach approach NN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 10 relates relate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 119 11 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 119 13 fact fact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 14 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 15 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 16 constraints constraint NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 119 17 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 119 18 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 119 19 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 119 20 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 21 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 22 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 119 23 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 119 24 forward forward JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 119 25 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 119 26 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 120 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 120 2 example example NN cord-275334-0689o76n 120 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 120 4 if if IN cord-275334-0689o76n 120 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 120 6 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 1 A a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 121 2 supplies supply NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 121 3 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 4 inputs input NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 121 5 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 121 7 downstream downstream JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 8 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 9 B b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 121 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 121 12 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 13 A A NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 121 14 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 121 15 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 16 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 17 reduced reduce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 18 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 19 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 121 20 negative negative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 21 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 22 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 24 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 121 25 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 26 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 121 28 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 29 B B NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 121 30 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 121 31 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 32 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 121 33 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 121 34 automatically automatically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 121 35 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 121 36 constrained constrain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 121 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 122 1 Even even RB cord-275334-0689o76n 122 2 if if IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 122 4 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 5 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 6 exceeds exceed VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 122 8 initial initial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 9 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 11 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 12 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 122 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 122 15 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 16 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 122 17 treat treat VB cord-275334-0689o76n 122 18 negative negative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 19 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 20 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 122 22 say say UH cord-275334-0689o76n 122 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 122 24 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 122 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 122 26 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 27 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 122 28 positive positive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 29 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 30 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 31 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 122 33 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 122 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 122 35 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 36 imports import NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 122 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 122 38 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 122 39 thus thus RB cord-275334-0689o76n 122 40 ensuring ensure VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 122 41 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 42 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 43 B b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 44 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 122 45 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 46 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 47 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 122 48 constrained constrain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 49 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 50 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 122 51 lack lack NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 52 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 53 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 122 54 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 55 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 122 56 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 123 1 A a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 123 2 way way NN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 3 around around IN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 4 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 123 5 problem problem NN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 123 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 123 8 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 123 9 shock shock VB cord-275334-0689o76n 123 10 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 11 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 12 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 13 B B NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 123 14 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 123 15 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 123 16 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 124 1 Note note VB cord-275334-0689o76n 124 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 124 3 however however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 124 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 124 5 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 124 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 124 7 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 124 8 does do VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 124 9 capture capture VB cord-275334-0689o76n 124 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 124 11 effect effect NN cord-275334-0689o76n 124 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 124 13 backward backward JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 124 14 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 124 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 125 1 Thus thus RB cord-275334-0689o76n 125 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 125 3 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 125 4 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 6 downstream downstream JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 125 7 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 8 B b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 9 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 125 10 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 11 resulting result VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 125 12 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 13 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 125 14 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 15 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 125 17 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 125 18 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 19 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 20 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 125 21 lead lead VB cord-275334-0689o76n 125 22 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 23 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 125 24 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 25 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 26 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 27 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 28 upstream upstream JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 125 29 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 30 A A NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 125 31 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 125 32 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 125 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 126 1 A a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 126 2 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 3 point point NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 4 worth worth JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 5 noting note VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 126 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 7 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 126 9 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 126 11 run run NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 12 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 13 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 14 assumes assume VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 15 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 16 technical technical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 17 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 18 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 126 19 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 20 relationships relationship NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 126 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 126 22 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 23 choices choice NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 126 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 25 producers producer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 126 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 126 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 126 28 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 29 patterns pattern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 126 30 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 31 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 126 32 do do VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 126 33 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 126 34 change change VB cord-275334-0689o76n 126 35 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 36 response response NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 37 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 38 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 126 39 simulated simulated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 126 40 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 126 41 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 127 1 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 127 2 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 127 3 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 127 4 therefore therefore RB cord-275334-0689o76n 127 5 assume assume VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 127 6 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 127 7 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 127 8 fixed fix VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 127 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 127 10 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 127 11 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 127 12 generally generally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 127 13 considered consider VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 127 14 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 127 15 drawback drawback NN cord-275334-0689o76n 127 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 127 17 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 127 18 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 127 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 128 1 Since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 2 flexible flexible JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 128 3 prices price NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 128 4 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 128 5 behavioral behavioral JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 128 6 responses response NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 128 7 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 128 8 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 9 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 10 general general JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 128 11 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 12 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 128 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 128 14 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 128 15 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 128 16 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 128 17 often often RB cord-275334-0689o76n 128 18 thought think VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 19 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 128 20 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 128 21 superior superior JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 128 22 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 23 fixed fix VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 24 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 128 25 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 128 26 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 128 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 129 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 129 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 129 3 considering consider VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 129 4 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 129 7 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 129 8 constitute constitute VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 129 9 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 10 almost almost RB cord-275334-0689o76n 129 11 catastrophic catastrophic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 12 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 14 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 129 16 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 17 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 129 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 129 19 rather rather RB cord-275334-0689o76n 129 20 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 21 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 22 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 23 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 24 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 25 where where WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 129 26 adjustments adjustment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 129 27 work work VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 129 28 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 29 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 30 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 129 31 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 32 market market NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 33 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 129 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 129 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 36 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 129 37 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 38 framework framework NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 39 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 40 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 41 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 42 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 43 context context NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 44 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 129 45 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 46 least least JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 129 47 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 48 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 129 49 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 129 50 run run NN cord-275334-0689o76n 129 51 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 130 1 For for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 130 2 more more JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 130 3 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 130 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 130 5 equations equation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 130 6 making make VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 130 7 up up RP cord-275334-0689o76n 130 8 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 130 9 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 130 10 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 130 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 130 12 please please UH cord-275334-0689o76n 130 13 refer refer VB cord-275334-0689o76n 130 14 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 130 15 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 130 16 Annex Annex NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 130 17 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 130 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 131 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 131 2 distinguish distinguish VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 131 3 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 131 4 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 131 5 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 131 6 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 131 7 induced induce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 131 8 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 131 9 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 131 10 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 131 11 external external JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 131 12 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 131 13 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 131 14 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 132 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 2 explained explain VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 3 previously previously RB cord-275334-0689o76n 132 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 132 5 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 132 6 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 132 7 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 132 8 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 9 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 10 changes change NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 132 11 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 132 13 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 132 14 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 15 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 132 17 ΔE ΔE NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 132 18 c c NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 132 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 132 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 21 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 132 22 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 132 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 133 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 2 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 133 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 5 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 6 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 133 8 listed list VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 9 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 10 Table Table NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 133 11 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 133 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 133 13 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 133 14 defined define VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 15 along along IN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 16 individual individual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 17 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 18 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 133 19 clusters cluster NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 21 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 22 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 133 23 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 133 24 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 25 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 26 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 133 27 various various JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 28 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 133 29 related related JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 30 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 133 31 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 32 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 133 33 external external JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 133 34 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 133 35 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 134 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 2 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 3 defines define VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 4 86 86 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 134 5 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 134 6 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 7 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 134 8 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 9 mapped map VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 10 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 134 11 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 12 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 134 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 134 14 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 15 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 16 necessarily necessarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 17 uniquely uniquely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 18 so so RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 19 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 134 20 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 21 example example NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 134 23 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 24 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 25 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 26 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 27 impacted impact VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 28 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 29 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 30 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 31 partial partial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 32 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 33 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 34 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 35 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 36 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 37 as as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 38 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 134 39 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 40 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 41 reductions reduction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 134 42 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 43 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 44 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 45 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 134 46 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 47 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 48 investments investment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 134 49 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 134 50 impacts impact VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 51 physical physical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 134 52 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 53 spending spending NN cord-275334-0689o76n 134 54 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 135 1 Underlying underlie VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 135 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 135 3 86 86 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 135 4 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 135 5 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 135 6 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 135 7 detailed detailed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 135 8 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 135 9 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 135 10 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 135 11 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 135 12 use use NN cord-275334-0689o76n 135 13 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 135 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 135 15 175 175 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 135 16 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 135 17 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 135 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 135 19 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 135 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 136 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-275334-0689o76n 136 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 136 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 4 defining define VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 136 5 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 6 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 136 7 level level NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 8 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 136 9 across across IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 11 86 86 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 136 12 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 136 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 136 14 consider consider VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 136 15 implications implication NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 136 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 17 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 18 prescriptions prescription NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 136 19 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 20 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 21 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 136 22 detailed detailed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 136 23 175 175 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 136 24 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 25 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 136 26 level level NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 136 28 estimate estimate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 136 29 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 30 weighted weighted JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 136 31 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 136 32 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 33 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 34 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 136 35 applied apply VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 36 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 37 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 38 relevant relevant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 136 39 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 136 40 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 41 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 136 42 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 136 43 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 137 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 2 shown show VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 4 Table Table NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 137 5 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 137 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 7 18 18 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 137 8 potential potential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 137 9 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 10 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 137 11 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 137 12 identified identify VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 14 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 15 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 16 directives directive NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 137 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 18 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 137 19 means mean VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 137 20 four four CD cord-275334-0689o76n 137 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 22 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 137 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 24 namely namely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 137 25 farming farming NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 27 mining mining NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 29 water water NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 30 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 137 31 energy energy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 33 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 137 34 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 35 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 137 36 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 137 37 fully fully RB cord-275334-0689o76n 137 38 exempt exempt JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 137 39 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 40 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 137 41 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 137 42 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 138 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 138 2 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 138 3 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 138 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 138 5 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 6 course course NN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 138 8 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 138 9 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 10 indirectly indirectly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 138 11 due due JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 138 12 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 13 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 138 14 entering enter VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 138 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 138 16 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 17 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 138 19 remaining remain VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 138 20 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 138 21 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 138 22 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 139 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 2 assessment assessment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 4 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 5 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 6 allows allow VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 7 us -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 139 8 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 139 9 classify classify VB cord-275334-0689o76n 139 10 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 11 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 139 12 impact impact VB cord-275334-0689o76n 139 13 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 14 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 15 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 139 16 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 139 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 18 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 20 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 139 21 extreme extreme JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 22 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 139 23 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 139 25 case case NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 26 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 27 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 29 hospitality hospitality NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 139 32 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 33 remittances remittance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 35 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 139 36 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 37 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 38 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 39 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 40 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 139 41 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 42 excess excess NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 43 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 44 50 50 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 139 45 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 46 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 47 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 139 48 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 49 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 51 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 139 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 53 ii ii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 55 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 139 56 high high JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 57 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 139 58 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 59 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 139 60 case case NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 61 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 62 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 63 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 64 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 65 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 66 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 67 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 68 education education NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 69 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 70 sports sport NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 71 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 139 72 entertainment entertainment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 73 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 74 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 139 75 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 76 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 77 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 78 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 139 79 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 139 80 50 50 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 139 81 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 82 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 83 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 84 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 85 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 86 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 87 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 139 88 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 89 iii iii NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 90 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 91 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 139 92 moderate moderate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 93 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 139 94 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 95 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 139 96 case case NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 97 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 98 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 99 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 100 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 101 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 102 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 103 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 104 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 105 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 139 106 _SP cord-275334-0689o76n 139 107 Author Author NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 139 108 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 109 compilation compilation JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 110 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 111 revenue revenue NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 112 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 139 113 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 114 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 139 115 investments investment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 139 116 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 117 supply supply VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 139 118 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 119 less less JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 139 120 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 121 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 139 122 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 123 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 139 124 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 139 125 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 140 1 More more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 140 2 detailed detailed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 140 3 information information NN cord-275334-0689o76n 140 4 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 140 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 140 6 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 140 7 applied apply VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 140 8 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 140 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 140 10 86-and 86-and CD cord-275334-0689o76n 140 11 175-sector 175-sector CD cord-275334-0689o76n 140 12 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 140 13 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 140 14 available available JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 140 15 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 140 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 140 17 authors author NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 140 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 141 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 141 2 define define VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 141 3 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 141 4 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 5 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 141 6 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 7 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 9 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 141 10 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 11 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 141 12 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 13 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 141 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 141 16 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 141 17 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 141 18 components component NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 141 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 142 1 While while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 142 3 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 142 5 calibrated calibrate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 6 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 7 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 142 8 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 142 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 142 10 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 142 11 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 142 12 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 142 13 apply apply VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 142 14 within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 142 16 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 142 17 zones zone NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 142 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 143 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 2 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 143 3 instances instance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 143 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 143 5 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 143 6 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 143 7 adjusted adjust VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 8 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 143 10 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 11 zone zone NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 12 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 143 13 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 14 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 15 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 16 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 143 17 wide wide JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 143 18 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 143 19 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 143 21 see see VB cord-275334-0689o76n 143 22 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 143 23 column column NN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 24 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 143 25 Table Table NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 143 26 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 143 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 143 28 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 144 1 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 144 2 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 144 3 Kumasi Kumasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 144 4 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 144 5 important important JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 144 6 commercial commercial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 144 7 hubs hub NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 144 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 144 9 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 144 10 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 145 1 Census Census NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 2 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 145 3 labor labor NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 4 force force NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 5 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 145 6 show show VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 7 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 145 9 specific specific JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 145 10 districts district NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 145 11 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 12 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 13 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 14 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 145 15 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 16 home home RB cord-275334-0689o76n 145 17 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 18 25 25 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 145 19 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 21 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 145 22 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 145 23 population population NN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 145 25 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 145 26 similar similar JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 145 27 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 28 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 29 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 145 30 workforce workforce NN cord-275334-0689o76n 145 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 146 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 146 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 146 3 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 4 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 146 6 higher high JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 146 7 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 146 8 skilled skilled JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 9 nature nature NN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 11 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 12 jobs job NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 146 13 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 146 14 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 146 15 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 146 17 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 18 zone zone NN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 19 earn earn VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 146 20 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 146 21 significant significant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 22 wage wage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 23 premium premium NN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 24 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 25 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 146 26 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 146 27 other other JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 28 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 29 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 146 30 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 146 31 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 146 32 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 147 1 Based base VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 2 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 3 Labor Labor NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 4 Force Force NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 5 Survey Survey NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 6 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 147 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 8 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 9 2016 2016 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 147 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 13 estimate estimate VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 14 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 147 16 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 17 districts district NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 147 18 account account VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 19 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 20 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 21 28 28 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 22 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 147 23 46 46 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 24 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 25 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 26 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 27 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 28 industry industry NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 29 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 147 30 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 32 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 147 33 33 33 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 34 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 36 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 147 37 37 37 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 38 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 147 39 41 41 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 40 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 41 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 42 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 147 43 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 44 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 147 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 46 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 147 47 39 39 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 147 48 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 147 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 147 50 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 148 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 2 first first RB cord-275334-0689o76n 148 3 report report VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 4 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 148 6 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 7 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 148 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 9 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 10 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 148 12 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 13 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 148 15 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 148 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 17 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 148 18 case case NN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 20 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 21 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 148 22 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 23 force force NN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 24 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 25 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 148 26 weeks week NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 148 27 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 28 30 30 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 148 29 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 30 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 148 31 20 20 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 148 32 April April NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 148 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 149 1 When when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 149 2 calculating calculate VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 149 3 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 4 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 149 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 6 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 7 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 149 8 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 9 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 10 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 149 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 12 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 13 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 149 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 149 16 denominator denominator NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 149 18 baseline baseline JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 19 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 149 21 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 22 scaled scale VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 23 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 149 25 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 26 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 27 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 149 28 adjusted adjust VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 29 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 30 seasonal seasonal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 31 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 149 32 based base VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 33 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 149 34 historical historical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 35 quarterly quarterly JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 149 36 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 149 37 data datum NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 149 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 150 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 150 2 second second JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 150 3 set set NN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 5 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 150 6 looks look VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 150 7 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 150 9 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 150 10 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 150 12 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 150 13 calendar calendar NN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 14 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 150 16 starting start VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 150 17 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 18 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 150 19 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 151 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 151 2 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 151 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 151 4 before before IN cord-275334-0689o76n 151 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 151 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 151 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 151 8 extending extend VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 151 9 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 151 10 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 151 11 four four CD cord-275334-0689o76n 151 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 152 1 Following follow VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 152 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 152 3 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 4 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 152 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 152 7 assume assume VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 152 8 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 9 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 152 10 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 152 11 either either RB cord-275334-0689o76n 152 12 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 13 quickly quickly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 152 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 152 15 resulting result VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 152 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 17 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 152 18 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 152 19 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 20 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 152 21 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 152 22 gradually gradually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 152 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 152 24 resulting result VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 152 25 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 26 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 152 27 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 152 28 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 152 30 Table table NN cord-275334-0689o76n 152 31 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 152 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 152 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 153 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 153 2 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 3 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 153 4 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 5 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 6 scenarios scenario NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 153 7 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 153 8 equally equally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 9 represent represent VB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 10 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 153 11 scenario scenario NN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 12 where where WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 13 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 14 actors actor NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 153 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 153 16 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 17 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 18 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 153 19 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 21 own own JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 22 health health NN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 153 24 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 153 25 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 26 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 153 27 return return VB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 28 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 29 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 153 30 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 31 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 153 32 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 33 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 153 34 usual usual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 153 35 scenario scenario NN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 36 even even RB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 37 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 38 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 153 39 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 153 40 fully fully RB cord-275334-0689o76n 153 41 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 153 42 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 154 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 154 2 first first RB cord-275334-0689o76n 154 3 consider consider VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 154 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 154 5 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 154 6 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 154 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 154 8 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 154 9 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 154 10 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 154 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 154 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 155 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 155 2 3 3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 155 3 shows show VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 155 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 155 5 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 155 6 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 155 7 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 155 8 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 155 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 155 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 155 11 components component NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 155 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 156 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 156 2 largest large JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 156 3 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 156 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 156 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 6 absolute absolute JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 156 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 156 8 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 156 9 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 156 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 156 11 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 156 12 recorded record VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 13 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 156 15 industrial industrial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 156 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 17 − − CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 18 26.8 26.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 19 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 21 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 156 22 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 156 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 24 − − CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 25 33.1 33.1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 26 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 28 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 156 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 156 30 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 156 31 contribute contribute VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 156 32 over over IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 33 90 90 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 34 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 156 37 recorded recorded JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 156 38 27.9 27.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 156 39 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 40 loss loss NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 41 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 42 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 156 43 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 44 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 45 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 156 46 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 47 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 49 left leave VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 50 panel panel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 156 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 156 52 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 157 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 157 2 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 157 3 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 157 4 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 5 GH¢ gh¢ CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 6 6.3 6.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 7 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 8 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 157 9 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 157 10 1.3 1.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 11 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 12 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 13 lost lose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 14 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 15 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 157 17 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 157 18 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 157 19 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 20 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 157 22 right right JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 157 23 panel panel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 157 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 157 25 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 158 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 158 2 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 158 3 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 4 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 5 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 158 6 relatively relatively RB cord-275334-0689o76n 158 7 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 158 8 ; ; : cord-275334-0689o76n 158 9 should should MD cord-275334-0689o76n 158 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 158 11 become become VB cord-275334-0689o76n 158 12 necessary necessary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 158 13 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 158 14 reintroduce reintroduce VB cord-275334-0689o76n 158 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 158 16 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 17 again again RB cord-275334-0689o76n 158 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 19 future future NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 20 - - : cord-275334-0689o76n 158 21 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 158 22 notion notion NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 23 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 158 24 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 158 25 floated float VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 26 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 27 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 28 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 29 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 30 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 31 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 158 32 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 33 battles battle NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 158 34 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 158 35 bring bring VB cord-275334-0689o76n 158 36 infections infection NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 158 37 under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 38 control control NN cord-275334-0689o76n 158 39 - - : cord-275334-0689o76n 158 40 every every DT cord-275334-0689o76n 158 41 additional additional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 158 42 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 2 4 4 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 159 3 provides provide VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 159 4 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 159 5 breakdown breakdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 159 8 contribution contribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 9 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 159 10 total total JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 159 11 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 159 12 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 159 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 14 several several JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 159 15 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 159 17 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 18 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 159 19 described describe VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 20 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 159 21 Table Table NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 159 22 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 159 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 160 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 2 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 3 contributions contribution NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 5 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 6 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 7 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 8 depend depend VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 160 9 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 11 severity severity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 15 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 160 17 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 18 geographical geographical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 19 scope scope NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 21 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 22 implementation implementation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 160 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 25 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 26 size size NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 27 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 28 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 29 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 30 within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 31 each each DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 32 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 33 channel channel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 160 35 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 160 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 37 extent extent NN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 38 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 39 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 40 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 41 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 42 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 160 43 exist exist VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 160 44 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 160 45 affected affected JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 46 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 47 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 160 48 other other JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 160 49 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 160 50 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 160 51 _SP cord-275334-0689o76n 161 1 -$1.3 -$1.3 : cord-275334-0689o76n 161 2 bil bil NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 161 3 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 162 1 -$1.8 -$1.8 : cord-275334-0689o76n 162 2 bil bil NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 162 3 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 163 1 -$2.2 -$2.2 : cord-275334-0689o76n 163 2 bil bil NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 163 3 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 164 1 -$2.7 -$2.7 : cord-275334-0689o76n 164 2 bil bil NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 164 3 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 165 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 165 2 severe severe JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 165 3 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 165 4 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 5 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 6 non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 165 7 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 165 8 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 165 9 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 10 operations operation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 165 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 12 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 165 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 165 14 Kumasi Kumasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 165 15 contribute contribute VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 165 16 about about RB cord-275334-0689o76n 165 17 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 165 18 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 165 19 fifth fifth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 20 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 165 21 overall overall JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 165 22 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 165 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 166 1 Restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 166 2 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 166 4 hospitality hospitality NN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 5 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 166 6 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 7 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 166 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 166 9 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 166 10 limitations limitation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 166 11 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 12 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 13 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 166 14 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 166 15 contribute contribute VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 166 16 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 166 17 further further JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 166 18 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 166 19 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 166 20 fifths fifth NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 166 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 167 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 167 2 construction construction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 3 sub sub NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 4 - - NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 5 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 6 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 167 7 suffers suffer VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 8 additional additional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 9 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 167 10 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 167 12 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 167 14 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 15 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 16 investment investment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 17 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 18 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 167 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 167 20 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 167 21 lead lead VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 167 22 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 23 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 167 24 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 25 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 167 26 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 167 27 capital capital NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 28 stock stock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 29 formation formation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 167 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 168 1 Although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 2 primary primary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 3 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 4 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 168 5 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 168 6 excluded exclude VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 7 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 8 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 9 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 168 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 168 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 168 12 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 13 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 14 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 15 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 168 16 shielded shield VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 17 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 18 adverse adverse JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 19 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 168 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 21 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 168 22 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 168 24 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 25 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 168 26 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 27 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 168 28 15.6 15.6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 168 29 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 168 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 168 31 see see VB cord-275334-0689o76n 168 32 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 168 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 169 1 3 3 LS cord-275334-0689o76n 169 2 earlier early RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 169 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 169 4 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 170 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 170 2 unintended unintended JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 3 knock knock VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 170 4 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 170 5 on on RP cord-275334-0689o76n 170 6 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 170 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 170 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 9 related related JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 10 policies policy NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 170 11 highlight highlight VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 170 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 170 13 importance importance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 170 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 170 15 using use VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 170 16 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 170 17 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 170 18 framework framework NN cord-275334-0689o76n 170 19 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 170 20 explicitly explicitly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 170 21 captures capture VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 22 inter inter JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 23 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 24 industry industry JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 25 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 170 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 170 27 measures measure VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 28 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 170 29 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 170 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 171 1 To to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 171 2 understand understand VB cord-275334-0689o76n 171 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 171 4 significance significance NN cord-275334-0689o76n 171 5 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 171 6 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 171 7 inter inter JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 8 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 9 industry industry JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 10 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 171 11 better well RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 171 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 171 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 171 14 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 15 useful useful JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 16 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 171 17 consider consider VB cord-275334-0689o76n 171 18 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 171 19 along along IN cord-275334-0689o76n 171 20 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 171 21 entire entire JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 22 agri agri JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 171 23 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 171 24 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 171 25 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 171 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 171 27 AFS AFS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 171 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 171 29 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 172 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 172 2 AFS AFS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 172 3 accounts account VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 172 4 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 5 36.4 36.4 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 172 6 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 8 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 172 9 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 10 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 172 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 172 12 consists consist VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 172 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 14 primary primary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 172 15 agriculture agriculture NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 17 19.5 19.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 172 18 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 20 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 172 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 172 23 agroprocessing agroprocesse VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 172 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 25 3.5 3.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 172 26 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 172 29 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 30 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 172 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 32 hotels hotel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 172 33 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 172 34 restaurants restaurant NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 172 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 37 3.8 3.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 172 38 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 40 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 172 41 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 172 42 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 43 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 44 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 172 45 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 46 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 172 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 48 9.6 9.6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 172 49 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 172 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 172 51 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 173 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 2 5 5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 173 3 shows show NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 173 4 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 5 AFS AFS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 173 6 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 173 7 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 173 8 amount amount NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 9 19.8 19.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 173 10 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 11 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 173 12 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 173 13 323 323 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 173 14 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 173 15 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 16 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 17 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 173 18 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 19 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 173 20 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 21 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 173 22 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 174 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 2 respect respect NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 3 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 4 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 174 5 within within IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 6 each each DT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 7 AFS AFS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 174 8 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 174 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 174 11 find find VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 174 12 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 14 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 15 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 174 16 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 174 18 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 19 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 20 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 21 directly directly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 22 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 23 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 24 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 174 25 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 174 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 174 27 reduced reduce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 28 patronage patronage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 29 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 30 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 31 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 32 fall fall NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 33 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 34 tourism tourism NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 35 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 174 36 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 37 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 38 declines decline VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 39 significantly significantly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 40 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 41 relative relative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 42 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 174 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 174 44 -61.5 -61.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 174 45 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 174 47 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 174 48 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 174 49 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 50 accounts account VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 51 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 52 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 53 large large JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 54 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 55 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 56 overall overall JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 57 AFS AFS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 174 58 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 174 59 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 174 60 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 174 61 despite despite IN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 62 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 174 63 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 174 64 relatively relatively RB cord-275334-0689o76n 174 65 small small JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 174 66 subsector subsector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 174 67 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 175 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 2 6 6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 175 3 provides provide VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 175 4 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 175 5 breakdown breakdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 175 8 contribution contribution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 10 different different JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 175 11 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 12 channels channel NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 175 13 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 14 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 175 15 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 175 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 17 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 175 18 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 175 19 agri agri NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 20 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 175 21 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 22 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 23 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 175 24 reconfirms reconfirm VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 175 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 175 26 substantial substantial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 175 27 effect effect NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 28 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 175 29 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 30 hotel hotel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 175 32 restaurant restaurant NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 33 operations operation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 175 34 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 175 35 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 175 37 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 38 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 175 39 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 176 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 176 2 next next RB cord-275334-0689o76n 176 3 turn turn NN cord-275334-0689o76n 176 4 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 176 5 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 176 6 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 176 7 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 177 1 Given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 177 3 nature nature NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 177 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 7 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 177 8 introduced introduce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 177 10 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 11 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 177 12 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 177 13 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 14 primarily primarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 177 15 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 16 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 17 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 18 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 177 19 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 177 20 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 177 21 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 22 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 177 23 lesser less JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 177 24 extent extent NN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 177 26 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 177 27 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 177 28 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 177 29 remittances remittance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 177 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 178 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 2 shown show VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 4 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 178 5 . . NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 178 6 7 7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 178 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 178 8 total total JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 178 9 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 10 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 11 falls fall VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 178 12 26.8 26.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 178 13 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 14 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 178 16 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 17 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 18 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 19 livelihoods livelihood NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 178 20 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 178 21 temporarily temporarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 178 22 lost lose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 178 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 179 1 If if IN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 2 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 3 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 4 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 179 5 assumed assume VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 6 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 179 8 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 179 9 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 179 11 round round JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 12 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 13 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 179 14 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 179 15 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 179 16 resulted result VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 17 further further RB cord-275334-0689o76n 179 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 19 declines decline NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 179 20 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 21 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 22 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 179 23 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 179 25 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 179 26 hence hence RB cord-275334-0689o76n 179 27 larger large JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 179 28 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 29 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 30 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 179 31 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 179 32 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 179 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 179 34 distributional distributional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 35 pattern pattern NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 36 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 37 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 179 38 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 179 39 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 179 40 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 179 41 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 42 similar similar JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 43 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 44 what what WP cord-275334-0689o76n 179 45 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 179 46 shown show VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 47 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 179 48 figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 179 49 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 180 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 2 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 180 3 regard regard NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 180 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 180 6 find find VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 180 7 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 8 higher high JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 180 9 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 180 10 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 11 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 12 suffer suffer VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 180 13 greater great JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 180 14 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 15 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 16 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 17 lower low JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 180 18 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 180 19 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 20 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 180 22 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 180 23 reflects reflect VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 180 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 180 25 stronger strong JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 180 26 ties tie NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 27 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 28 formal formal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 180 29 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 30 job job NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 31 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 180 33 particularly particularly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 180 34 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 180 36 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 37 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 180 38 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 39 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 40 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 180 41 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 180 42 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 180 43 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 180 44 sectors sector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 45 most most RBS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 46 severely severely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 180 47 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 48 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 49 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 180 50 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 180 51 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 181 1 Although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 181 3 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 4 primarily primarily RB cord-275334-0689o76n 181 5 targets target VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 6 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 7 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 8 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 181 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 181 10 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 11 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 181 12 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 181 13 limited limited JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 14 degree degree NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 181 16 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 17 non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 18 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 19 farm farm JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 20 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 181 22 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 23 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 24 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 25 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 181 26 affected affect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 27 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 28 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 29 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 181 30 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 181 32 transport transport NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 33 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 34 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 35 nationwide nationwide RB cord-275334-0689o76n 181 36 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 181 37 as as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 181 38 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 181 39 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 40 indirectly indirectly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 181 41 via via IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 42 spillover spillover NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 43 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 44 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 45 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 46 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 47 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 181 48 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 49 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 181 50 agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 181 51 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 181 52 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 182 1 Figure figure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 2 8 8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 182 3 presents present VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 182 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 182 5 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 182 6 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 7 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 8 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 9 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 182 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 182 12 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 183 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 2 generating generate VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 183 3 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 4 estimates estimate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 183 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 183 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 183 7 assume assume VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 183 8 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 183 10 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 11 slowdown slowdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 12 translates translate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 183 13 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 14 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 183 15 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 17 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 18 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 183 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 184 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 2 reality reality NN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 184 4 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 184 5 employers employer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 184 6 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 184 7 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 184 8 continued continue VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 9 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 184 10 pay pay VB cord-275334-0689o76n 184 11 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 184 12 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 13 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 14 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 184 15 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 184 16 would would MD cord-275334-0689o76n 184 17 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 184 18 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 19 able able JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 184 20 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 184 21 draw draw VB cord-275334-0689o76n 184 22 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 23 savings saving NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 184 24 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 184 25 sustain sustain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 184 26 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 184 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 185 1 As as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 2 such such JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 185 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 185 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 185 5 result result NN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 6 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 185 7 overstate overstate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 185 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 185 9 actual actual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 185 10 experience experience NN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 11 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 12 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 185 13 poor poor JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 185 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 185 15 i.e. i.e. FW cord-275334-0689o76n 185 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 185 17 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 185 19 perspective perspective NN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 20 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 21 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 185 22 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 185 23 ability ability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 24 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 185 25 access access VB cord-275334-0689o76n 185 26 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 185 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 186 1 But but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 186 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 186 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 186 4 nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-275334-0689o76n 186 5 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 186 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 186 7 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 186 10 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 12 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 186 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 14 wage wage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 186 15 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 186 16 and/ and/ NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 186 17 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 186 18 profits profit NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 186 19 foregone foregone JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 186 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 187 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 187 2 find find VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 187 3 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 187 5 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 187 6 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 8 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 9 increases increase VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 187 10 12.5 12.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 187 11 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 12 points point NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 187 13 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 14 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 187 15 base base NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 17 24.2 24.2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 187 18 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 19 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 20 36.7 36.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 187 21 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 187 23 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 187 24 equates equate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 187 25 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 26 3.8 3.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 187 27 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 187 28 additional additional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 187 29 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 187 30 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 187 31 below below IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 32 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 187 33 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 34 line line NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 35 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 36 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 187 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 188 1 Rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 188 2 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 3 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 188 4 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 188 5 somewhat somewhat RB cord-275334-0689o76n 188 6 shielded shield VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 7 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 8 negative negative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 188 9 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 10 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 188 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 188 12 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 188 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 188 14 still still RB cord-275334-0689o76n 188 15 account account VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 188 16 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 17 37 37 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 188 18 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 188 20 1.4 1.4 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 188 21 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 188 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 188 23 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 24 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 188 25 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 188 26 fall fall VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 188 27 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 28 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 188 29 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 189 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 189 2 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 3 because because IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 4 many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 5 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 6 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 7 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 189 8 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 189 9 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 189 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 11 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 12 just just RB cord-275334-0689o76n 189 13 above above IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 189 15 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 16 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 17 line line NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 189 19 so so RB cord-275334-0689o76n 189 20 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 189 21 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 189 22 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 23 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 24 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 189 25 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 26 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 27 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 28 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 29 adverse adverse JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 189 30 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 189 31 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 189 32 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 190 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 3 earlier early JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 190 4 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 5 report report NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 6 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 8 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 9 experienced experience VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 10 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 11 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 190 12 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 13 threeweek threeweek JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 14 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 15 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 190 17 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 190 18 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 190 19 measure measure VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 190 20 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 21 likely likely JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 22 annual annual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 23 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 25 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 190 26 under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 27 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 190 28 scenarios scenario NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 29 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 190 30 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 31 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 32 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 33 scenario scenario NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 190 35 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 36 assumes assume VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 37 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 38 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 39 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 190 40 quickly quickly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 190 41 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 42 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 190 43 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 44 activities activity NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 45 rapidly rapidly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 190 46 return return VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 190 47 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 48 pre pre JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 49 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 50 crisis crisis JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 51 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 52 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 190 53 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 190 54 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 55 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 56 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 57 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 58 assumes assume VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 59 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 60 more more RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 190 61 gradual gradual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 62 easing easing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 63 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 64 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 190 65 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 190 66 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 190 67 tentative tentative JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 68 return return NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 69 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 70 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 71 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 190 72 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 73 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 190 74 usual usual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 190 75 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 190 76 see see VB cord-275334-0689o76n 190 77 Table table NN cord-275334-0689o76n 190 78 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 190 79 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 190 80 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 191 1 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 191 2 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 191 3 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 191 4 shown show VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 191 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 191 6 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 191 7 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 192 1 9 9 LS cord-275334-0689o76n 192 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 193 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 193 3 full full JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 193 4 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 5 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 193 6 commencing commence VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 193 7 towards towards IN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 193 9 end end NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 193 12 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 13 one one CD cord-275334-0689o76n 193 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 193 15 Q1 Q1 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 193 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 193 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 193 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 193 19 loss loss NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 20 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 21 that that DT cord-275334-0689o76n 193 22 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 23 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 193 24 minimal minimal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 193 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 193 26 − − NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 27 0.7 0.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 193 28 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 193 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 193 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 194 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 194 2 biggest big JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 194 3 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 194 5 felt feel VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 6 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 7 Q2 Q2 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 194 8 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 194 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 194 10 actual actual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 194 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 12 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 194 13 imposed impose VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 194 15 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 16 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 194 17 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 194 18 loss loss NN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 20 24.2 24.2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 194 21 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 22 27.4 27.4 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 194 23 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 24 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 194 25 quarterly quarterly JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 194 26 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 194 27 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 195 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 195 2 Note note VB cord-275334-0689o76n 195 3 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 195 4 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 195 5 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 195 6 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 195 7 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 195 8 slightly slightly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 195 9 lower low JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 195 10 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 195 11 those those DT cord-275334-0689o76n 195 12 reported report VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 195 13 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 195 14 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 195 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 196 1 3 3 LS cord-275334-0689o76n 196 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 196 3 because because IN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 196 5 account account VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 196 6 here here RB cord-275334-0689o76n 196 7 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 8 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 196 9 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 196 10 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 196 11 eased ease VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 12 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 196 14 immediate immediate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 196 15 post post JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 196 16 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 196 17 lockdown lockdown JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 196 18 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 19 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 196 20 still still RB cord-275334-0689o76n 196 21 falls fall VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 196 22 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 196 23 Q2 Q2 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 196 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 196 25 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 197 1 Further further RB cord-275334-0689o76n 197 2 easing easing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 4 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 197 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 6 Q3 Q3 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 197 7 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 197 8 Q4 Q4 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 197 9 result result VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 197 10 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 11 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 197 12 ranging range VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 197 13 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 14 6.9 6.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 197 15 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 16 15.9 15.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 197 17 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 197 19 2.2 2.2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 197 20 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 197 21 4.9 4.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 197 22 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 197 24 respectively respectively RB cord-275334-0689o76n 197 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 197 26 depending depend VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 197 27 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 28 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 197 29 speed speed NN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 30 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 31 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 197 32 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 198 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 2 estimated estimated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 3 weighted weighted JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 4 average average JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 5 loss loss NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 6 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 7 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 8 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 198 10 calendar calendar NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 11 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 12 ranges range VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 13 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 14 8.6 8.6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 198 15 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 16 12.3 12.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 198 17 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 198 19 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 198 20 translates translate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 21 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 22 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 198 23 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 24 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 198 25 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 26 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 198 27 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 28 real real JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 198 29 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 30 contraction contraction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 31 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 32 2.3 2.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 198 33 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 198 34 6.3 6.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 198 35 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 36 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 198 37 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 198 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 199 1 Government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 2 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 199 3 own own JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 199 4 expectation expectation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 5 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 199 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 199 7 slowdown slowdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 9 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 10 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 11 6.8 6.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 199 12 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 199 13 1.5 1.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 199 14 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 15 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 199 16 calendar calendar NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 17 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 199 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 199 19 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 199 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 199 21 10 10 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 199 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 199 23 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 200 1 These these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 200 2 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 200 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 200 4 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 200 5 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 200 6 revision revision NN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 7 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 200 8 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 200 9 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 10 too too RB cord-275334-0689o76n 200 11 optimistic optimistic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 200 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 200 13 although although IN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 200 15 projection projection NN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 16 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 17 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 18 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 200 19 done do VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 20 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 21 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 200 22 time time NN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 23 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 200 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 200 25 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 26 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 200 27 planned plan VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 28 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 200 29 last last VB cord-275334-0689o76n 200 30 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 200 31 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 200 32 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 200 33 weeks week NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 200 34 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 201 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-275334-0689o76n 201 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 201 3 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 5 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 6 framework framework NN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 7 captures capture VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 8 both both CC cord-275334-0689o76n 201 9 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 10 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 201 11 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 12 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 201 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 201 15 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 201 16 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 201 17 explain explain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 201 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 201 19 less less RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 201 20 optimistic optimistic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 21 outlook outlook NN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 22 shown show VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 23 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 201 24 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 201 25 projections projection NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 201 26 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 202 1 Compared compare VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 2 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 202 4 12.5 12.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 202 5 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 6 point point NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 7 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 202 10 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 11 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 12 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 13 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 202 15 Fig Fig NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 202 16 . . NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 202 17 11 11 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 202 18 shows show VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 202 19 how how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 202 20 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 202 21 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 22 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 23 gradually gradually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 202 24 returns return VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 202 25 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 26 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 202 27 baseline baseline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 202 29 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 202 30 precrisis precrisis NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 202 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 202 32 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 33 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 34 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 202 36 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 37 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 38 Q2 Q2 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 202 39 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 202 40 Q4 Q4 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 202 41 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 203 1 By by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 203 3 end end NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 203 6 calendar calendar NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 7 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 8 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 203 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 203 10 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 11 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 12 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 203 13 likely likely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 203 14 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 203 15 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 16 0.8 0.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 203 17 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 203 18 1.7 1.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 203 19 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 20 points point NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 203 21 higher high JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 203 22 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 23 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 24 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 203 25 baseline baseline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 203 26 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 204 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 204 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 204 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 204 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 204 5 evident evident JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 204 6 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 204 7 millions million NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 204 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 204 9 Ghanaians Ghanaians NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 204 10 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 204 11 suffer suffer VB cord-275334-0689o76n 204 12 deprivations deprivation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 204 13 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 204 14 Q2 Q2 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 204 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 204 16 Q3 Q3 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 204 17 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 204 18 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 204 19 require require VB cord-275334-0689o76n 204 20 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 204 21 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 204 22 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 205 1 Future future JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 205 2 analyses analysis NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 3 should should MD cord-275334-0689o76n 205 4 consider consider VB cord-275334-0689o76n 205 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 205 6 mitigating mitigate VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 205 7 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 205 10 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 11 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 12 programs program NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 13 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 205 14 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 15 has have VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 205 16 established establish VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 17 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 18 part part NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 205 21 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 22 Alleviation Alleviation NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 23 Program Program NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 205 25 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 205 26 include include VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 27 availability availability NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 28 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 29 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 30 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 205 31 backed back VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 32 soft soft JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 205 33 loans loan NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 34 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 205 35 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 205 36 water water NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 37 rates rate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 38 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 205 39 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 40 supplements supplement NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 41 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 42 healthcare healthcare NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 43 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 205 45 see see VB cord-275334-0689o76n 205 46 " " `` cord-275334-0689o76n 205 47 Financing Financing NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 48 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 205 49 Budget Budget NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 205 50 Considerations Considerations NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 205 51 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 205 52 section section NN cord-275334-0689o76n 205 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 205 54 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 206 1 Not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 206 2 much much JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 206 3 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 206 4 known know VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 5 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 206 7 targeting targeting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 9 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 206 10 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 206 11 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 206 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 206 13 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 14 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 15 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 206 16 funds fund NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 206 17 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 206 18 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 206 19 disbursed disburse VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 206 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 207 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 207 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 207 4 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 5 200 200 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 6 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 7 budgeted budget VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 8 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 207 10 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 207 11 Alleviation Alleviation NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 207 12 Program Program NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 207 13 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 14 close close VB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 15 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 16 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 207 17 small small JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 18 part part NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 20 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 207 21 estimated estimated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 22 US$ us$ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 23 2.3 2.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 24 billion billion CD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 25 GDP gdp NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 26 gap gap NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 27 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 28 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 29 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 30 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 31 scenario scenario NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 32 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 207 33 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 34 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 207 35 revised revise VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 36 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 207 37 trajectory trajectory NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 38 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 207 39 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 207 40 unless unless IN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 41 very very RB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 42 well well RB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 43 targeted targeted JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 44 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 207 45 do do VB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 46 little little JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 47 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 207 48 alleviate alleviate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 207 49 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 207 50 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 207 51 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 207 52 term term NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 53 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 54 effects effect NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 207 55 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 56 COVID-19 covid-19 NN cord-275334-0689o76n 207 57 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 208 1 Following follow VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 208 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 3 example example NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 5 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 6 across across IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 8 globe globe NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 208 10 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 208 11 responded respond VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 208 12 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 13 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 14 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 15 outbreak outbreak NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 16 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 17 introducing introduce VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 208 18 nationwide nationwide JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 19 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 20 distancing distance VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 208 21 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 22 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 208 23 travel travel NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 24 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 208 26 closing close VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 208 27 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 28 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 29 borders border NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 208 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 208 32 implementing implement VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 208 33 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 34 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 208 35 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 208 36 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 37 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 38 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 39 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 40 country country NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 41 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 42 largest large JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 43 metropolitan metropolitan JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 44 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 45 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 46 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 208 47 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 208 48 Kumasi Kumasi NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 208 49 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 208 50 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 51 restricted restrict VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 208 52 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 208 53 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 54 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 208 55 marketing marketing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 56 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 208 57 non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 58 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 59 essential essential JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 208 60 goods good NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 61 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 208 62 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 208 63 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 209 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 209 2 objective objective NN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 4 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 209 5 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 209 6 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 209 7 was be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 209 8 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 209 9 limit limit VB cord-275334-0689o76n 209 10 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 209 11 importation importation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 12 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 209 13 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 14 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 209 16 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 209 17 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 210 1 As as RB cord-275334-0689o76n 210 2 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-275334-0689o76n 210 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 210 4 concerns concern NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 210 5 about about IN cord-275334-0689o76n 210 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 210 7 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 210 8 implications implication NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 210 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 210 10 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 210 11 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 210 12 were be VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 210 13 widespread widespread JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 210 14 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 210 15 certainly certainly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 210 16 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 210 17 unfounded unfounded JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 210 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 211 1 In in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 2 addition addition NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 3 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 4 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 5 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 6 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 211 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 211 9 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 10 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 11 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 12 disrupting disrupt VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 211 13 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 14 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 15 chains chain NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 211 17 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 18 activity activity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 211 20 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 211 21 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 211 22 translate translate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 211 23 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 24 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 211 25 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 26 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 211 27 sharp sharp JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 28 reductions reduction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 29 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 30 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 211 31 revenues revenue NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 32 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 211 33 foreign foreign JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 34 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 35 investments investment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 36 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 211 37 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 211 38 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 211 39 remittances remittance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 211 40 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 212 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 212 2 objective objective NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 4 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 212 5 study study NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 212 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 212 8 estimate estimate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 212 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 212 10 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 212 11 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 212 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 13 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 14 vis vis FW cord-275334-0689o76n 212 15 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 212 16 à à FW cord-275334-0689o76n 212 17 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 212 18 vis vis FW cord-275334-0689o76n 212 19 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 20 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 212 21 value value NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 22 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 212 23 added add VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 24 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 212 25 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 26 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 212 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 212 28 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 29 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 212 31 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 212 32 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 33 using use VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 212 34 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 212 35 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 36 Accounting Accounting NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 37 Matrix Matrix NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 212 39 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 212 41 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 42 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 43 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 212 44 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 212 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 213 1 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 213 2 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 3 models model NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 213 4 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 213 5 ideally ideally RB cord-275334-0689o76n 213 6 suited suited JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 7 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 8 measuring measure VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 213 9 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 10 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 213 11 term term NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 12 direct direct JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 213 14 indirect indirect JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 15 impacts impact NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 213 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 17 unanticipated unanticipated JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 213 19 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 20 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 213 21 onset onset NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 22 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 23 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 213 24 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 213 25 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 26 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 213 27 side side NN cord-275334-0689o76n 213 28 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 213 29 shocks shock NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 213 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 214 1 Results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 214 2 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 214 4 multiplier multipli JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 214 5 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 6 show show VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 214 7 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 8 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 214 9 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 214 10 partial partial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 214 13 despite despite IN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 14 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 214 15 implemented implement VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 16 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 17 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 214 18 relatively relatively RB cord-275334-0689o76n 214 19 short short JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 20 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 21 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 214 22 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 214 23 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 214 24 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 214 25 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 214 26 major major JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 27 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 28 areas area NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 214 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 214 30 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 214 31 impose impose VB cord-275334-0689o76n 214 32 heavy heavy JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 33 economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 214 34 costs cost NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 214 35 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 215 1 National national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 2 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 215 3 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 4 estimated estimate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 5 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 215 6 fall fall VB cord-275334-0689o76n 215 7 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 8 27.9 27.9 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 215 9 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 10 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 215 12 three three CD cord-275334-0689o76n 215 13 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 215 14 week week NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 15 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 16 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 17 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 215 18 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 19 agri agri NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 20 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 215 21 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 22 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 23 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 215 24 losses loss NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 215 25 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 215 26 estimated estimate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 27 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 28 19.8 19.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 215 29 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 215 31 even even RB cord-275334-0689o76n 215 32 though though IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 33 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 215 34 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 35 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 36 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 37 largely largely RB cord-275334-0689o76n 215 38 excluded exclude VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 39 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 215 40 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 215 41 restrictive restrictive JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 42 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 43 related related JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 215 44 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 215 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 216 1 Even even RB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 2 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 3 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 4 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 216 5 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 216 6 now now RB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 7 gradually gradually RB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 8 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 216 9 lifted lift VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 216 11 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 216 12 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 216 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 216 14 e.g. e.g. RB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 216 16 social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 216 17 distancing distancing NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 18 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 216 19 border border NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 20 closures closure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 216 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 216 22 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 216 23 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 24 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 216 25 remain remain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 26 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 27 place place NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 28 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 29 longer long RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 216 30 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 216 31 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 32 business business NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 33 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 216 34 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 35 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 216 36 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 216 37 restart restart VB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 38 operations operation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 216 39 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 216 40 reach reach VB cord-275334-0689o76n 216 41 pre pre JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 216 42 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 216 43 crisis crisis JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 216 44 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 216 45 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 216 46 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 217 1 Under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 217 3 fast fast JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 217 4 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 217 5 slow slow JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 217 6 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 7 scenarios scenario NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 217 8 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 217 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 217 10 estimate estimate VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 217 11 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 12 annual annual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 217 13 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 217 14 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 217 15 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 217 16 8.6 8.6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 217 17 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 18 12.3 12.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 217 19 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 20 lower low JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 217 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 217 22 respectively respectively RB cord-275334-0689o76n 217 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 217 24 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 217 26 baseline baseline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 27 due due IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 28 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 217 29 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 217 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 218 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 218 2 implies imply VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 218 3 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 218 4 contraction contraction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 218 7 GDP GDP NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 218 8 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 9 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 11 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 12 2.3 2.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 218 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 218 14 6.3 6.3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 218 15 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 16 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 17 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 218 18 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 218 19 which which WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 218 20 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 218 21 significantly significantly RB cord-275334-0689o76n 218 22 less less RBR cord-275334-0689o76n 218 23 optimistic optimistic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 218 24 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 218 26 official official JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 218 27 revised revise VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 28 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 29 target target NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 30 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 31 1.5 1.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 218 32 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 218 33 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 219 1 With with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 2 respect respect NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 3 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 4 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 5 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 219 6 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 219 7 assuming assume VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 219 8 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 219 9 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 10 slowdown slowdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 11 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 12 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 13 translates translate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 219 14 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 15 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 219 16 proportionate proportionate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 219 17 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 19 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 20 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 21 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 219 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 219 23 find find VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 219 24 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 219 26 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 219 27 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 28 headcount headcount NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 29 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 30 increases increase NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 219 31 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 32 12.5 12.5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 219 33 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 34 points point NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 219 35 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 36 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 219 37 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 38 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 39 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 40 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 219 41 base base NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 42 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 43 24.2 24.2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 219 44 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 219 45 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 220 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 220 2 substantial substantial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 220 3 increase increase NN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 220 5 albeit albeit IN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 6 temporary temporary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 220 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 220 8 translates translate VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 220 9 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 10 an an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 220 11 additional additional JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 220 12 3.8 3.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 220 13 million million CD cord-275334-0689o76n 220 14 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 220 15 falling fall VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 220 16 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 17 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 18 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 19 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 220 20 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 221 1 Since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 2 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 221 3 employers employer NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 221 4 continued continue VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 221 5 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 221 6 pay pay VB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 7 workers worker NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 221 8 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 9 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 221 11 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 221 12 since since IN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 13 some some DT cord-275334-0689o76n 221 14 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 221 15 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 221 16 have have VB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 17 had have VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 221 18 savings saving NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 221 19 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 221 20 fall fall VB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 21 back back RB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 22 on on RP cord-275334-0689o76n 221 23 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 221 24 sustain sustain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 25 consumption consumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 221 27 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 221 28 result result NN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 29 may may MD cord-275334-0689o76n 221 30 overstate overstate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 221 31 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 221 32 actual actual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 221 33 experience experience NN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 34 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 221 35 being be VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 221 36 poor poor JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 221 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 222 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-275334-0689o76n 222 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 222 3 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 222 4 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 222 5 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 222 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 222 7 severity severity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 222 10 shock shock NN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 11 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 12 terms term NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 222 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 14 wage wage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 222 15 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 222 16 or or CC cord-275334-0689o76n 222 17 profits profit NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 222 18 foregone foregone JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 222 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 223 1 During during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 3 rest rest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 5 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 223 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 223 7 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 8 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 223 9 ' ' POS cord-275334-0689o76n 223 10 current current JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 11 incomes income NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 223 12 recover recover VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 223 13 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 223 15 almost almost RB cord-275334-0689o76n 223 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 223 17 pre pre JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 18 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 19 crisis crisis JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 20 levels level NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 223 21 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 23 end end NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 25 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 26 fourth fourth JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 27 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 28 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 223 29 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 30 national national JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 223 31 poverty poverty NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 32 rate rate NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 33 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 223 34 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 223 35 between between IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 36 0.8 0.8 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 223 37 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 223 38 1.7 1.7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 223 39 percentage percentage NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 40 points point NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 223 41 higher high JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 223 42 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 43 at at IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 44 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 45 start start NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 46 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 47 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 223 48 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 223 49 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 224 1 While while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 224 3 expected expect VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 4 recovery recovery NN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 5 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 6 good good JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 7 news news NN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 8 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 9 most most JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 224 10 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 224 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 224 12 millions million NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 224 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 14 people people NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 224 15 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 224 16 experience experience VB cord-275334-0689o76n 224 17 temporary temporary JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 18 hardships hardship NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 224 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 224 20 especially especially RB cord-275334-0689o76n 224 21 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 224 23 second second JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 224 25 third third JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 26 quarter quarter NN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 27 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 224 28 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 224 29 will will MD cord-275334-0689o76n 224 30 require require VB cord-275334-0689o76n 224 31 significant significant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 32 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 224 33 targeted targeted JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 224 34 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 35 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 224 36 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 225 1 Further further JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 225 2 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 3 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 225 4 needed need VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 5 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 225 6 assess assess VB cord-275334-0689o76n 225 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 225 8 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 10 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 11 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 12 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 225 13 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 225 14 have have VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 225 15 already already RB cord-275334-0689o76n 225 16 been be VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 17 announced announce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 225 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 226 1 However however RB cord-275334-0689o76n 226 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 226 3 many many JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 226 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 5 these these DT cord-275334-0689o76n 226 6 tend tend VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 226 7 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 226 8 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 226 9 biased bias VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 10 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 11 favor favor NN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 13 urban urban JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 226 14 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 226 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 226 16 whereas whereas IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 17 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 226 18 results result NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 226 19 show show VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 226 20 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 21 around around IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 22 37 37 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 226 23 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 24 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 25 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 226 26 that that WDT cord-275334-0689o76n 226 27 become become VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 226 28 poor poor JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 226 29 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 30 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 226 31 lockdown lockdown NN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 32 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 33 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 226 34 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 226 35 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 226 36 households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 226 37 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 227 1 Special special JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 227 2 support support NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 3 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 227 4 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 5 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 227 6 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 7 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 8 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 227 9 also also RB cord-275334-0689o76n 227 10 warranted warrant VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 227 12 not not RB cord-275334-0689o76n 227 13 only only RB cord-275334-0689o76n 227 14 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 227 15 protect protect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 227 16 rural rural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 227 17 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 18 livelihoods livelihood NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 227 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 227 20 but but CC cord-275334-0689o76n 227 21 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 227 22 ensure ensure VB cord-275334-0689o76n 227 23 stable stable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 227 24 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 227 25 safe safe JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 227 26 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 27 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 28 across across IN cord-275334-0689o76n 227 29 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 227 30 markets market NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 227 31 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 228 1 Conflict conflict NN cord-275334-0689o76n 228 2 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 228 3 interest interest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 1 On on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 2 behalf behalf NN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 3 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 4 all all DT cord-275334-0689o76n 229 5 authors author NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 229 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 229 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 229 8 corresponding correspond VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 229 9 author author NN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 10 states state VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 229 11 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 12 there there EX cord-275334-0689o76n 229 13 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 229 14 no no DT cord-275334-0689o76n 229 15 conflict conflict NN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 17 interest interest NN cord-275334-0689o76n 229 18 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 230 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 230 2 Economic Economic NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 230 3 Costs Costs NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 230 4 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 230 5 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 230 6 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 230 7 Sub Sub NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 230 8 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 230 9 Saharan Saharan NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 230 10 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 231 1 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 231 2 Insights insight NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 231 3 … … NFP cord-275334-0689o76n 232 1 Following follow VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 232 2 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 232 3 example example NN cord-275334-0689o76n 232 4 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 232 5 Breisinger Breisinger NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 232 6 et et NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 232 7 al al NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 232 8 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 233 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 233 2 2009 2009 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 233 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 233 4 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 233 5 consider consider VB cord-275334-0689o76n 233 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 233 7 simple simple JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 233 8 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 233 9 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 233 10 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 11 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 233 12 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 13 model model NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 14 represented represent VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 15 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 16 two two CD cord-275334-0689o76n 233 17 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 18 equations equation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 233 19 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 233 20 where where WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 233 21 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 233 23 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 24 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 233 25 andZ andZ NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 233 26 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 233 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 233 28 equals equal VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 233 29 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 233 30 sum sum NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 31 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 32 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 233 33 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 34 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 35 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 233 36 private private JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 233 37 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 38 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 233 39 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 233 40 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 233 41 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 233 42 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 234 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 234 2 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 234 3 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 234 4 andE ande CD cord-275334-0689o76n 234 5 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 234 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 234 7 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 234 8 assumed assume VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 234 9 here here RB cord-275334-0689o76n 234 10 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 234 11 include include VB cord-275334-0689o76n 234 12 government government NN cord-275334-0689o76n 234 13 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 234 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 234 15 investments investment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 234 16 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 234 17 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 234 18 exports export NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 234 19 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 235 1 Intermediate intermediate JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 235 2 input input NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 3 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 235 5 expressed express VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 6 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 7 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 235 8 function function NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 9 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 10 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 235 11 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 235 13 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 14 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 235 15 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 235 16 X X NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 235 17 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 235 18 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 235 19 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 235 20 relevant relevant JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 235 21 technical technical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 235 22 coefficients coefficient NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 235 23 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 235 24 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 235 25 ij ij NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 235 27 denote denote VB cord-275334-0689o76n 235 28 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 29 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 30 commodity commodity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 31 i i PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 235 32 required require VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 235 33 per per IN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 34 unit unit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 35 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 235 36 commodity commodity NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 235 37 j j NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 235 38 produced produce VBD cord-275334-0689o76n 235 39 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 236 1 Household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 2 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 3 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 236 4 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 5 turn turn NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 6 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 236 7 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 236 8 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 236 9 fixed fixed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 236 10 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 236 12 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 13 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 236 15 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 16 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 236 17 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 237 1 Thus thus RB cord-275334-0689o76n 237 2 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 237 3 Supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 237 4 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 237 5 made make VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 237 6 up up RP cord-275334-0689o76n 237 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 237 8 domestically domestically RB cord-275334-0689o76n 237 9 produced produce VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 237 10 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 237 11 imported import VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 237 12 goods good NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 237 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 237 14 services service NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 237 15 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 238 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 2 assume assume VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 3 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 4 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 5 production production NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 6 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 7 i i PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 8 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 10 fixed fixed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 11 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 13 b b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 14 i i PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 16 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 17 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 18 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 19 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 20 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 238 21 Households household NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 22 derive derive VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 23 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 24 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 25 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 26 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 238 27 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 28 assumption assumption NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 29 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 238 30 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 31 fixed fixed JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 32 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 34 v v NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 35 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 37 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 38 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 39 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 238 40 Substituting substitute VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 238 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 42 3 3 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 238 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 44 into into IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 46 1a 1a NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 48 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 238 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 50 1b 1b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 238 52 yields yield VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 53 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 54 following follow VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 238 55 equations equation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 56 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 238 57 Rearranging rearrange VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 238 58 so so IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 59 that that IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 60 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 61 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 62 components component NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 63 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 64 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 65 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 66 left left NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 67 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 238 68 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 69 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 70 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 71 components component NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 72 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 238 73 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 74 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 75 right right NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 76 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 238 77 simplifying simplify VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 238 78 further further JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 238 79 yields yield NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 80 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 238 81 multiplier multipli JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 238 82 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 83 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 238 84 equations equation NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 238 85 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 239 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 239 2 can can MD cord-275334-0689o76n 239 3 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 239 4 expressed express VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 239 5 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 239 6 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 239 7 format format NN cord-275334-0689o76n 239 8 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 239 9 follows follow VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 239 10 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 240 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 240 2 first first JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 240 3 term term NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 4 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 6 6 6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 240 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 8 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 240 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 240 10 identity identity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 11 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 13 I i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 15 minus minus CC cord-275334-0689o76n 240 16 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 240 17 coefficient coefficient NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 18 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 20 M M NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 240 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 22 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 240 23 while while IN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 24 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-275334-0689o76n 240 25 inverse inverse NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 27 I i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 28 − − NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 240 29 M M NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 240 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 240 31 −1 −1 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 240 32 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 240 33 known know VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 34 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 35 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 240 36 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 37 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 240 38 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 241 1 Thus thus RB cord-275334-0689o76n 241 2 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 241 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 4 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 5 notation notation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 6 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 7 vectors vector NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 241 8 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 241 10 E E NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 241 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 241 12 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 241 13 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 241 14 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 15 equation equation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 16 becomes become VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 241 17 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 241 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 241 19 1a 1a NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 241 21 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 241 22 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 241 23 = = NFP cord-275334-0689o76n 242 1 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 242 2 11 11 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 242 3 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 242 4 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 242 5 + + CC cord-275334-0689o76n 243 1 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 243 2 12 12 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 243 3 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 4 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 243 5 + + SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 243 6 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 7 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 243 8 Y y NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 9 + + CC cord-275334-0689o76n 243 10 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 11 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 243 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 243 13 1b 1b NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 243 15 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 243 16 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 243 17 = = NFP cord-275334-0689o76n 244 1 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 244 2 21 21 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 3 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 244 4 1 1 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 5 + + CC cord-275334-0689o76n 244 6 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 244 7 22 22 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 8 X x NN cord-275334-0689o76n 244 9 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 10 + + SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 244 11 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 244 12 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 13 Y y NN cord-275334-0689o76n 244 14 + + CC cord-275334-0689o76n 244 15 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 244 16 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 244 18 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 244 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 245 1 This this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 245 2 allows allow VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 245 3 us -PRON- PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 245 4 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 245 5 calculate calculate VB cord-275334-0689o76n 245 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 245 7 change change NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 9 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 245 10 supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 245 12 Z z NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 245 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 15 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 245 16 given give VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 17 change change NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 19 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 245 20 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 245 22 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 245 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 245 24 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 246 1 Output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 2 multipliers multiplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 246 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 246 4 derived derive VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 5 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 6 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 246 7 output output NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 8 vector vector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 9 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 246 10 X X NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 246 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 246 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 246 13 employment employment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 14 multipliers multiplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 246 15 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 246 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 246 17 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 18 multipliers multiplier NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 246 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 246 20 derived derive VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 21 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 246 23 income income NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 24 measure measure NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 25 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 246 26 Y Y NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 246 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 246 28 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 246 29 calculated calculate VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 30 through through IN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 31 substitution substitution NN cord-275334-0689o76n 246 32 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 247 1 Equation equation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 247 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 247 3 7 7 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 247 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 247 5 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 247 6 generalizable generalizable JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 247 7 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 247 8 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 247 9 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 247 10 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 247 11 any any DT cord-275334-0689o76n 247 12 dimension dimension NN cord-275334-0689o76n 247 13 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 248 1 Note note VB cord-275334-0689o76n 248 2 when when WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 248 3 household household NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 4 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 6 3 3 LS cord-275334-0689o76n 248 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 8 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 248 9 treated treat VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 10 as as IN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 11 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 248 12 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 248 13 this this DT cord-275334-0689o76n 248 14 component component NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 15 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 16 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 17 forms form NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 248 18 part part NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 19 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 20 final final JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 248 21 demand demand NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 23 E e NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 25 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 248 26 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 248 27 coefficient coefficient NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 28 matrix matrix NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 30 M M NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 248 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 32 simply simply RB cord-275334-0689o76n 248 33 excludes exclude VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 248 34 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 248 35 various various JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 248 36 share share NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 37 parameters parameter NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 248 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 248 39 c c NN cord-275334-0689o76n 248 40 i i PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 248 41 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 249 1 b b LS cord-275334-0689o76n 249 2 i i PRP cord-275334-0689o76n 249 3 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 249 4 v v NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 249 5 i i NN cord-275334-0689o76n 249 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 249 7 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 250 1 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 250 2 Fertilizer Fertilizer NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 250 3 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 251 1 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 251 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 252 1 Fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 252 2 statistics statistic NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 252 3 overview overview VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 252 4 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 252 5 Strategic strategic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 252 6 public public JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 252 7 spending spending NN cord-275334-0689o76n 252 8 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 253 1 Scenarios scenario NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 253 2 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 253 3 lessons lesson NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 253 4 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 253 5 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 254 1 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-275334-0689o76n 254 2 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 254 3 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 254 4 has have VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 255 1 67 67 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 255 2 ventilators ventilator NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 255 3 - - : cord-275334-0689o76n 255 4 Health Health NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 255 5 Minister Minister NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 255 6 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 255 7 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 256 1 Trotros Trotros NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 256 2 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 256 3 carry carry VB cord-275334-0689o76n 256 4 just just RB cord-275334-0689o76n 256 5 2 2 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 256 6 passengers passenger NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 256 7 per per IN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 8 row row NN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 9 from from IN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 10 today today NN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 11 Tumble Tumble NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 256 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 13 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 256 14 cocoa cocoa NN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 15 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 256 16 causes cause NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 257 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 257 2 $ $ $ cord-275334-0689o76n 257 3 1bn 1bn NN cord-275334-0689o76n 257 4 deficit deficit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 257 5 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 257 6 COCOBOD COCOBOD NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 257 7 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 257 8 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 258 1 Local local JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 258 2 cashew cashew NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 3 industry industry NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 4 suffers suffer VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 258 5 50 50 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 258 6 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 7 price price NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 8 drop drop NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 9 COVID-19-"Enormous covid-19-"enormous JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 258 10 gap gap NN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 11 " " '' cord-275334-0689o76n 258 12 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 13 ventilators ventilator NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 258 14 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 258 15 Africa- Africa- NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 259 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 259 2 worry worry NN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 3 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 259 4 no no DT cord-275334-0689o76n 259 5 one one NN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 259 7 sure sure JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 259 8 how how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 259 9 big big JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 259 10 Social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 259 11 accounting accounting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 12 matrices matrix NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 259 13 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 259 14 multiplier multiplier VB cord-275334-0689o76n 259 15 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 16 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 259 17 An an DT cord-275334-0689o76n 259 18 introduction introduction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 19 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 259 20 exercises exercise NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 259 21 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 260 1 Food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 2 security security NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 3 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 4 practice practice NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 5 technical technical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 260 6 guide guide NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 7 5 5 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 260 8 Severe severe JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 260 9 outcomes outcome NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 260 10 among among IN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 11 patients patient NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 260 12 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 14 disease disease NN cord-275334-0689o76n 260 15 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 261 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 261 2 COVID-19)-United COVID-19)-United NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 261 3 States States NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 261 4 Economic economic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 261 5 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 261 8 Covid-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 261 9 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 10 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 11 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 261 12 economy economy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 13 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 261 14 ghana ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 261 15 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 262 1 Summary summary NN cord-275334-0689o76n 262 2 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 262 3 fiscal fiscal JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 262 4 measures measure NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 262 5 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 262 6 deloitte deloitte NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 262 7 views view VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 262 8 FAO FAO NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 262 9 statistical statistical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 262 10 databases database NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 262 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 262 12 FAOSTAT FAOSTAT NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 262 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 263 1 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 263 2 virus virus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 263 3 spread spread NN cord-275334-0689o76n 263 4 prompts prompt VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 263 5 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 263 6 insecurity insecurity NN cord-275334-0689o76n 263 7 fears fear NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 263 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 263 9 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 263 10 ICU ICU NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 263 11 beds bed NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 263 12 ready ready JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 263 13 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 263 14 contain contain VB cord-275334-0689o76n 263 15 critical critical JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 263 16 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 263 17 cases case NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 263 18 - - : cord-275334-0689o76n 263 19 Oppong Oppong NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 263 20 Nkrumah Nkrumah NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 264 1 COVID-19 covid-19 LS cord-275334-0689o76n 264 2 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 264 3 Trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 264 4 restrictions restriction NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 264 5 are be VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 264 6 worst bad JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 264 7 possible possible JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 264 8 response response NN cord-275334-0689o76n 264 9 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 264 10 safeguard safeguard VB cord-275334-0689o76n 264 11 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 264 12 security security NN cord-275334-0689o76n 265 1 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 265 2 pandemic pandemic NN cord-275334-0689o76n 265 3 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 265 4 How how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 265 5 prepared prepared JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 265 6 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 265 7 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 265 8 's 's POS cord-275334-0689o76n 265 9 rice rice NN cord-275334-0689o76n 265 10 sector sector NN cord-275334-0689o76n 265 11 ? ? . cord-275334-0689o76n 266 1 Supply supply NN cord-275334-0689o76n 266 2 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 266 3 use use VB cord-275334-0689o76n 266 4 table table NN cord-275334-0689o76n 266 5 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 266 6 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 267 1 /13 /13 . cord-275334-0689o76n 268 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 268 2 living living NN cord-275334-0689o76n 268 3 standards standard NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 268 4 survey survey VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 268 5 round round RB cord-275334-0689o76n 268 6 6 6 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 269 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 269 2 GLSS6 GLSS6 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 269 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 269 4 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 269 5 Main main JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 269 6 report report NN cord-275334-0689o76n 269 7 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 269 8 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 270 1 2016 2016 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 270 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 271 1 2015 2015 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 271 2 labor labor NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 271 3 force force NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 271 4 report report NN cord-275334-0689o76n 271 5 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 272 1 Accra Accra NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 272 2 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 273 1 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 273 2 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 273 3 Service Service NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 273 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 273 5 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 273 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 274 1 Rebased Rebased NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 274 2 2013 2013 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 274 3 - - SYM cord-275334-0689o76n 274 4 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 274 5 annual annual JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 274 6 gross gross JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 274 7 domestic domestic JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 274 8 product product NN cord-275334-0689o76n 274 9 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 1 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-275334-0689o76n 275 2 monitoring monitor VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 275 3 dashboard dashboard NN cord-275334-0689o76n 275 4 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 5 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 6 Services Services NNPS cord-275334-0689o76n 275 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 275 8 GSS GSS NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 275 10 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 275 11 Institute Institute NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 12 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 275 13 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 14 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 275 15 Social Social NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 16 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 275 17 Economic Economic NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 18 Research Research NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 275 20 ISSER ISSER NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 275 22 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 275 23 International International NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 24 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 25 Policy Policy NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 26 Research Research NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 27 Institute Institute NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 275 29 IFPRI IFPRI NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 275 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 276 1 Fertilizer fertilizer NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 2 statistics statistic NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 276 3 expert expert NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 4 Agricultural agricultural JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 276 5 technology technology NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 6 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 276 7 farm farm NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 8 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 276 9 non non JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 276 10 - - JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 276 11 farm farm JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 276 12 growth growth NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 13 linkages linkage NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 276 14 Flattening flatten VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 276 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 276 16 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 276 17 curve curve NN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 18 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 276 19 developing develop VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 276 20 countries country NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 277 1 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 277 2 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 277 3 nutrition nutrition NN cord-275334-0689o76n 277 4 crisis crisis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 277 5 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 278 1 What what WP cord-275334-0689o76n 278 2 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 278 3 expect expect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 278 4 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 278 5 how how WRB cord-275334-0689o76n 278 6 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 278 7 protect protect VB cord-275334-0689o76n 278 8 IFPRI IFPRI NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 278 9 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 279 1 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 279 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 280 1 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 280 2 policy policy NN cord-275334-0689o76n 280 3 response response NN cord-275334-0689o76n 280 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 280 5 CPR CPR NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 280 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 280 7 portal portal NN cord-275334-0689o76n 280 8 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 281 1 International International NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 2 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 3 Policy Policy NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 4 Research Research NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 5 Institute Institute NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 6 Balance Balance NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 7 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 8 payments payment NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 281 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 281 10 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 281 11 investment investment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 12 position position NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 13 statistics statistic NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 281 14 Request request NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 15 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 16 disbursement disbursement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 17 under under IN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 18 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 281 19 rapid rapid JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 281 20 credit credit NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 21 facility facility NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 22 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 281 23 Press Press NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 24 release release NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 25 Planting planting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 26 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 281 27 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 28 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 281 29 Jobs Jobs NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 30 Campaign Campaign NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 281 31 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 282 1 Implementation implementation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 2 modalities modality NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 282 3 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 282 4 campaign campaign NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 5 impact impact NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 6 Budget budget NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 7 highlights highlight NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 282 8 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 9 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 282 10 Government Government NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 282 11 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 12 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 282 13 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 14 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 282 15 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 282 16 financial financial JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 282 17 year year NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 18 Statement Statement NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 282 19 to to IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 20 parliament parliament NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 21 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 282 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 24 alleviation alleviation NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 25 programme programme NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 26 Press Press NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 282 27 statement statement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 28 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 282 29 Hon Hon NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 282 30 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 283 1 Minister Minister NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 2 for for IN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 3 Food Food NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 4 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 283 5 Agriculture Agriculture NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 6 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 7 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 283 8 Distribution Distribution NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 9 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 283 10 Marketing Marketing NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 11 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 12 food food NN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 13 items item NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 283 14 during during IN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 15 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 283 16 period period NN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 17 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 18 restriction restriction NN cord-275334-0689o76n 283 19 Press Press NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 20 Release Release NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 283 21 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 284 1 Update update NN cord-275334-0689o76n 284 2 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 284 3 Preparedness Preparedness NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 284 4 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 284 5 2019 2019 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 285 1 Novel Novel NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 285 2 Corona Corona NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 285 3 Virus Virus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 285 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 285 5 2019-nCOV 2019-nCOV NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 285 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-275334-0689o76n 285 7 Outbreak outbreak NN cord-275334-0689o76n 285 8 Is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 285 9 a a DT cord-275334-0689o76n 285 10 debt debt NN cord-275334-0689o76n 285 11 crisis crisis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 285 12 looming loom VBG cord-275334-0689o76n 285 13 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 285 14 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 285 15 ? ? . cord-275334-0689o76n 286 1 Social social JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 286 2 accounting accounting NN cord-275334-0689o76n 286 3 matrices matrix NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 286 4 and and CC cord-275334-0689o76n 286 5 SAM SAM NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 286 6 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 286 7 based base VBN cord-275334-0689o76n 286 8 multiplier multiplier NN cord-275334-0689o76n 286 9 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 286 10 Africa Africa NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 286 11 is be VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 286 12 woefully woefully RB cord-275334-0689o76n 286 13 ill ill RB cord-275334-0689o76n 286 14 - - HYPH cord-275334-0689o76n 286 15 equipped equipped JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 286 16 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 286 17 cope cope VB cord-275334-0689o76n 286 18 with with IN cord-275334-0689o76n 286 19 Covid-19 Covid-19 NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 286 20 The the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 286 21 Presidency Presidency NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 286 22 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 287 1 2020 2020 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 287 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 288 1 Speeches speech NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 288 2 . . . cord-275334-0689o76n 289 1 March March NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 2 15 15 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 289 3 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 4 could could MD cord-275334-0689o76n 289 5 cut cut VB cord-275334-0689o76n 289 6 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 289 7 investment investment NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 8 by by IN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 9 40 40 CD cord-275334-0689o76n 289 10 % % NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 11 , , , cord-275334-0689o76n 289 12 new new JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 289 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 289 14 show show VBP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 15 Trade Trade NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 16 analysis analysis NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 17 information information NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 18 system system NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 19 Impact Impact NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 20 assessement assessement NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 21 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 22 the the DT cord-275334-0689o76n 289 23 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 289 24 outbreak outbreak NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 25 on on IN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 26 international international JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 289 27 tourism tourism NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 28 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 29 : : : cord-275334-0689o76n 289 30 ' ' `` cord-275334-0689o76n 289 31 Drop drop VB cord-275334-0689o76n 289 32 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 33 global global JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 289 34 trade trade NN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 35 to to TO cord-275334-0689o76n 289 36 be be VB cord-275334-0689o76n 289 37 worse bad JJR cord-275334-0689o76n 289 38 than than IN cord-275334-0689o76n 289 39 WHO who WP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 40 African African NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 289 41 Region Region NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 290 1 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-275334-0689o76n 290 2 readiness readiness NN cord-275334-0689o76n 290 3 status status NN cord-275334-0689o76n 290 4 v2 v2 NN cord-275334-0689o76n 291 1 World World NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 291 2 Bank Bank NNP cord-275334-0689o76n 291 3 predicts predict VBZ cord-275334-0689o76n 291 4 sharpest sharp JJS cord-275334-0689o76n 291 5 decline decline NN cord-275334-0689o76n 291 6 of of IN cord-275334-0689o76n 291 7 remittances remittance NNS cord-275334-0689o76n 291 8 in in IN cord-275334-0689o76n 291 9 recent recent JJ cord-275334-0689o76n 291 10 history history NN