Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 82 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6221 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 air 9 pollution 9 SARS 8 particle 7 indoor 5 patient 5 Fig 4 ventilation 4 system 4 exposure 4 covid-19 4 COVID-19 3 study 3 room 3 pressure 3 flow 3 filter 3 effect 3 disease 3 building 3 bioaerosol 3 airborne 2 ward 2 virus 2 supply 2 sampler 2 pathogen 2 passenger 2 health 2 flight 2 figure 2 asthma 2 aircraft 2 London 2 HEPA 2 CoV-2 2 COPD 2 Air 1 wind 1 velocity 1 travel 1 transmission 1 temperature 1 syndrome 1 symptom 1 space 1 sampling 1 sample 1 respiratory 1 release Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 6280 air 1839 particle 1481 study 1387 pollution 1214 % 1172 exposure 1112 effect 1087 ventilation 1082 patient 1078 system 1049 disease 1045 concentration 964 filter 958 health 922 virus 903 rate 878 infection 866 building 848 time 820 flow 814 risk 806 room 786 level 777 pressure 765 transmission 754 case 702 area 673 environment 660 temperature 630 model 614 quality 606 control 579 surface 574 result 569 number 565 velocity 561 aerosol 552 efficiency 538 bioaerosol 529 method 528 datum 527 pollutant 525 condition 516 value 509 droplet 504 analysis 495 difference 489 sample 487 factor 484 source Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1283 al 1044 et 721 . 507 SARS 435 Fig 325 Air 282 COVID-19 262 PM 240 China 232 Health 230 m 224 CoV-2 184 HEPA 168 Table 161 s 144 Hong 142 Kong 133 C 129 USA 123 SBS 114 HVAC 113 −1 113 EAHX 110 Coriolis 105 US 105 CO 99 States 98 United 94 Eq 93 CFD 93 Africa 88 London 83 World 82 COPD 80 K 79 IL-6 78 Pollution 78 Figure 77 Q 75 bioaerosol 72 PCR 71 Pa 71 Environmental 70 Organization 68 sha 67 Europe 65 T 64 Italy 63 RSV 63 L Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1708 it 947 we 478 they 131 them 77 i 41 itself 35 us 31 he 25 one 24 themselves 9 you 8 him 7 she 2 u 2 il-1β 1 β 1 you're 1 splunc1 1 s 1 ourselves 1 ours 1 oneself 1 me 1 is~0.1 1 interests:[65 1 himself 1 herewith 1 covid-19 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 17104 be 2443 have 1768 use 1055 show 675 increase 663 include 554 reduce 477 base 448 do 422 provide 421 consider 409 cause 384 associate 383 find 353 follow 313 measure 312 make 308 compare 305 exhale 292 occur 291 relate 288 take 287 require 283 affect 267 lead 266 develop 265 result 261 report 252 collect 252 carry 248 obtain 236 control 229 identify 229 generate 228 determine 227 calculate 225 give 224 decrease 223 see 220 remain 213 accord 211 expose 210 know 208 perform 205 become 205 assess 204 contain 199 produce 199 improve 198 observe Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1339 not 1329 high 1075 also 913 such 903 airborne 880 indoor 825 other 811 respiratory 725 more 707 low 693 - 629 large 603 well 533 human 506 different 467 however 467 environmental 458 small 456 only 428 long 424 most 415 as 399 infectious 370 important 328 less 326 many 306 very 306 microbial 293 first 292 same 287 significant 286 then 279 therefore 278 non 261 several 259 relative 250 experimental 246 specific 246 so 246 bacterial 242 medical 241 due 240 outdoor 239 viral 239 public 238 even 235 average 229 possible 226 acute 221 total Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 most 87 high 61 Most 59 least 58 good 44 large 39 low 24 great 17 bad 9 small 9 late 8 close 7 near 4 warm 4 simple 4 fast 4 big 3 strong 3 old 3 cold 2 poor 2 early 1 wide 1 weak 1 strict 1 southernmost 1 sick 1 new 1 hot 1 easy 1 deep 1 common 1 clear 1 busy 1 broad 1 Least 1 0:0016 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 260 most 35 least 12 well 2 lowest 1 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 doi.org 2 www.arpalazio.net 2 orcid.org 2 chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw 1 www.who.int 1 www.voanews.com 1 www.oag.com 1 www.mayoclinic.org 1 www.flowerweb.com 1 www.floraldaily.com 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cargoforwarder.eu 1 textbookofbacteriology.net 1 sites.google.com 1 qiime.org 1 lot.dhl.com 1 gro-intelligence.com 1 globalriskinsights.com 1 github.com 1 dx.doi.org 1 creativecommons.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.06.20169433 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 2 http://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.720 2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0649-7 2 http://chao.stat.nthu.edu.tw/wordpress/paper/119.pdf 1 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ 1 http://www.voanews.com/africa/kenyas-flower-producers-eye-us-market 1 http://www.oag.com 1 http://www.mayoclinic.org/ 1 http://www.flowerweb.com/ 1 http://www.floraldaily.com/article/9016096/zimbabwe-making-flowerexports-blossom-again/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/travel/menin-guidelines.htm 1 http://www.cargoforwarder.eu/2019/04/22/addis-ababa-airport-onway-to-challenge-dubai/ 1 http://www.arpalazio.net/main/aria/doc/pubblicazioni 1 http://www.arpalazio.net/ 1 http://textbookofbacteriology.net/staph.html 1 http://sites.google.com/site/ 1 http://qiime.org/scripts/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4780-7157 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2054-2187 1 http://lot.dhl.com/kenyan-flower-exports-in-full-bloom/ 1 http://gro-intelligence.com/insights/articles/east-african-floricultureblossoming 1 http://globalriskinsights.com/2016/10/radar-foreign-investors-attackethiopia/ 1 http://github.com/marc-mallet/moranbah 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.019 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.155 1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0623-4 1 http://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0441-0 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 lzzhang@scut.edu.cn Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 patient exhaled pollutants 17 patient exhaled flow 6 study did not 6 system is not 5 air is not 4 % increased risk 4 air is also 4 studies carried out 3 air is more 3 air is small 3 air is then 3 concentration exhaled air 3 filter is close 3 flow is laminar 3 flow is more 3 particles are more 3 patient exhaled droplets 3 pollution is not 3 pollution was not 3 rate is very 3 risk is not 3 study carried out 3 transmission is dependent 3 ventilation is more 2 air does not 2 air is lower 2 air is obviously 2 air is smaller 2 air is usually 2 air is very 2 building is virtually 2 buildings are often 2 buildings is also 2 case is much 2 concentration is generally 2 concentrations are different 2 concentrations did not 2 effect is better 2 effect is not 2 effects are also 2 exposure did not 2 filter had higher 2 flow is generally 2 health are well 2 infections is not 2 level is low 2 particle is much 2 particles are likely 2 particles are not 2 particles do not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 air is not only 1 air has no boundaries 1 air is not available 1 air is not entirely 1 diseases do not usually 1 effect is not as 1 effects were not relevant 1 filter did not negatively 1 filter showed no filter 1 filters are not fully 1 filters provide no protection 1 flow is not laminar 1 health is not only 1 infections is not completely 1 infections is not immediately 1 level is not so 1 levels is not clear 1 m are not sufficient 1 particle is not enough 1 particles are not completely 1 patients are not aware 1 patients had no effect 1 patients have no chorioretinal 1 patients is not specific 1 pollution are not limited 1 pollution is not at 1 pollution is not random 1 pressure did not significantly 1 rate is not sufficient 1 risk is not clear 1 risk is not limited 1 risk is not scientifically 1 room is not air 1 room is not positive 1 studies did not formally 1 studies found no evidence 1 studies reporting no tuberculosis 1 study found no evidence 1 study found no significant 1 system is not necessary 1 system is not sufficient 1 system is not well 1 time does not necessarily 1 transmission is not yet 1 transmission occur not only 1 ventilation is not feasible A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-305810-e3lf2ddk author = Arafat, S. M. Yasir title = Climate and clean air responses to COVID-19: a comment date = 2020-06-24 keywords = air summary = Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) had released images suggesting an improvement of the environmental quality and reduction of the emission of NO 2 up to 30% post-lockdown in China (Muhammad et al. A call for comments has been made in regard to the climate and clean air responses to COVID-19 so that the proper attention could be warranted to sustain the improved air quality during the busy days of life (Agrawala et al. So far as the air pollution is concerned, the current COVID-19 related lockdown has been proved to be a blessing in disguise. All the countries should develop the air pollution surveillance system to measure, monitor, and regulate the air quality level (Kutlar Joss et al. Call for comments: climate and clean air responses to covid-19 COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state The New Indian Express (2020) Air pollution levels in Delhi drop by 49% post-lockdown doi = 10.1007/s00038-020-01415-1 id = cord-355567-60sfv60p author = Azuma, Kenichi title = Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control date = 2020-11-03 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Japan; SARS; air; ventilation summary = Recently, 36 researchers insisted on the potential risk of indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the importance of sufficient and effective ventilation, particle filtration, and air sterilization as infection control measures inside buildings [43] . Therefore, the MHLW published a document titled "Prevention of the COVID-19 Clusters" Abbreviation: SARS-CoV severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Fig. 1 Traditional Japanese office building HVAC systems: a a centralized HVAC system; and b a centralized ventilation system with an individual air-conditioning system on March 1, 2020 [94] , showing the need for adequate ventilation in buildings because a ventilation standard for infection control has not been established in general buildings in Japan and the characteristics of indoor spaces where the clusters occurred might include poor ventilation and crowding. doi = 10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2 id = cord-021922-de9o76q0 author = Bagshaw, Michael title = Aircraft Cabin Environment date = 2009-05-15 keywords = air; aircraft; airline; cabin; flight; medical; passenger summary = Two of six investigations conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) between 1992 and 1995 have indicated that the transmission of TB from a symptomatic person to other passengers or crew members does occur during air travel. ▪ fitness to travel is in doubt as a result of recent illness, hospitalization, injury, surgery or instability of an acute or chronic medical condition ▪ special services are required (e.g. oxygen, stretcher or authority to carry or use accompanying medical equipment such as a ventilator or a nebulizer). Cabin crew members receive training in advanced first aid and basic life support and the use of the emergency medical equipment carried on board the aircraft. 2. One approved emergency medical kit shall be provided for each aircraft during each passenger flight and shall be located so as to be readily accessible to crew members. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-03453-1.10046-x id = cord-005326-fsx6s913 author = Balocco, Carla title = Hospital ventilation simulation for the study of potential exposure to contaminants date = 2011-12-04 keywords = CFD; Fig; HVAC; air; room summary = The present article investigates the airflow patterns, distribution and velocity, and the particulate dispersion inside an existing typical hospitalization room equipped with an HVAC, with variable air volume (VAV) primary air system, combined with a ceiling radiant panel, for immunesuppressed patients, never modelled before. Transient simulations, applied to a three-dimensional model of the room, considering most typical positions of two patients, investigated the airflow patterns associated with different cough conditions, in order to develop an understanding of the effects of these arrangements on the regions of droplet fallout. In the present paper the following conditions were taken into account: the negative pressure of the isolation room provides the airflow performance that effectively controls the mean free path and dispersion of particles with respect to the atmospheric standard pressure; the droplets are initially larger and the evaporation will reduce their dimension; the droplets contain glycol-proteins, lipid-proteins and lipid-glycids constituents of the mucous and also viral particles; these molecules are often very long, some of them reaching 2200 nm (Cunningham 1910; Marianne et al. doi = 10.1007/s12273-011-0019-6 id = cord-284880-xsh3wkqy author = Bandaly, Victor title = The Fate of Mengovirus on Fiberglass Filter of Air Handling Units date = 2017-06-28 keywords = air; filter; study; virus summary = The aim of this work is to study the characterization of viral bioaerosols in indoor environments and to understand the fate of mengovirus eukaryote RNA virus on glass fiber filter F7 used in AHU. Regarding the virus infectivity on the filter under a constant air flow, mengovirus was remained infectious during 10 h after aerosolization. From an average of 4.43 9 10 8 PFU L -1 of initial solution of virus aerosolized, 3.43 9 10 2 PFU cm -2 of infectious mengovirus was detected after 25 min of air flow. With a continuous air flow in the system, the persistence of mengovirus was assessed at different times and showed infectivity on the filter up to 10 h after aerosolization (Fig. 7) . Thus, time has an effect on the infectivity of the virus; this study showed that, with a continuous air flow in the doi = 10.1007/s12560-017-9310-8 id = cord-341644-egbahelm author = Benmarhnia, Tarik title = Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden from COVID-19: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities date = 2020-07-17 keywords = air; covid-19 summary = In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on: i) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations and explain spatio-temporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; ii) the indirect impacts of interventions treated as natural experiments to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Such environmental justice issues are critical and may contribute to explain the reported differential impacts of COVID-19 on race/ethnic communities in the US Occupational health (59, 60) can also provide critical actionable evidence by identifying highrisk workers given that some workplace conditions (e.g. health care providers and caregivers; water and wastewater sector; construction workers…) may increase severity of health outcomes or interact with other risks such as extreme heat (61) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa148 id = cord-032752-9ighp3gx author = Bhagat, Rajesh K. title = Effects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-28 keywords = air; flow; plume; space; ventilation summary = Increased rates of transmission occur not only for buildings, but also on public transportation where people are likely to be in the presence of an infected person in a crowded indoor space for relatively long periods of time and, therefore, exposed to airborne particles (e.g. Hu et al. Since carbon dioxide is also exhaled and carried by the ventilation flow we propose that concentration levels of CO 2 can be used to indicate the potential presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the air, and that high levels should trigger remedial action to reduce the risk of infection. The additional ventilation rate needed to ensure a lower layer of the same height can be calculated by considering the combined effect of two unequal plumes (Cooper & Linden 1996) and is a factor of approximately 1 + (W ex /W) 1/3 ((h − h M )/(h − h V )) 5/3 , where W ex is the heat flux in the exhaled breath, h M the height of the mouth. doi = 10.1017/jfm.2020.720 id = cord-322364-uo49h1ku author = Button, Kenneth title = The economics of Africa''s floriculture air-cargo supply chain date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Africa; Europe; Kenya; air; chain; flower; supply summary = Air transportation often plays a critical role when the supply-chain involves high-value, non-durable, relatively light-weight, and compact consignments such as flowers, and geographically when regions are difficult to access by other trunk modes. (2014) , using South Africa''s international trade data, shows air transportation generally has a comparative advantage when the trunk-haul movement is over relatively long distances, the perishables involved are light weight, low volume and high value items, and especially if the shelf-life of the product is short. 34 As a consequence, about 10% of the flowers are moved through Kilimanjaro International Airport which can only offer belly-hold space, with the remainder being exported through Nairobi which also has easier, if longer, surface transportation access as well as significantly more air cargo capacity, South Africa is the most mature producer of floriculture products in Africa, with an industry dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. doi = 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102789 id = cord-016682-7eslhs77 author = Chandrappa, Ramesha title = Air Pollution and Disasters date = 2015-08-22 keywords = air; earthquake; fire; release summary = This chapter elaborates major air pollution issues due to earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, epidemics, extreme temperature, insect infestation, mass movement, wars, and fire accidents. where, Q i release rate of pollutants into atmosphere M i measured air concentration of pollutants C i dilution factor (calculated under assumption of unit release rate) Total release of pollutant is calculated using following equation Most of the natural disasters in urban area trigger technological accidents. Disaster-related hazardous material releases may affect large areas and people. Air pollution in the affected areas due to the Great Hanshin Earthquake in Hyogo, Japan on 17th January 1995 resulted in maximum TSP concentration of 150 µg/m 3 at five locations (Gotoh et al. The Chernobyl disaster that occurred on 26th April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine due to fire and explosion, resulted in release of radioactive material into the atmosphere that spread over western USSR and Europe. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-21596-9_8 id = cord-018095-for6qa1s author = Chandrappa, Ramesha title = Major Issues of Air Pollution date = 2015-08-22 keywords = air; atmosphere; effect; increase; ozone; pollutant; pollution summary = Issues like atmospheric brown cloud, climate change, hazardous air pollutants, black/muddy snow which are hardly discussed few decades back have now gaining importance. Air pollutant can affect plant physiological or biochemical processes resulting in significant loss of growth/yield as well as changes in nutritional quality (Ashmore and Marshall 1999) . The change in land use has also affected the production and transport of natural air pollutants like dust, pollen grains, spores, virus and bacteria. Health forests across the world is being affected by Air pollutants due to increasing tropospheric ozone concentrations, raise atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, as well as acidic precipitation. Crop failure can occur due to-(a) impact of air pollutants on crop''s health, (2) climate change, (3) UV ray penetration due to damage to ozone layer. Surface level Ozone is a secondary air pollutant created in the atmosphere from the oxidation of NO x under bright sunlight as well as volatile organic. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-21596-9_1 id = cord-339540-qvub5v2e author = Chen, Chun title = A simple method for differentiating direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in mechanically ventilated rooms date = 2018-03-17 keywords = air; exposure; ventilation summary = After analyzing the data, a simple method was developed to differentiate direct and indirect exposure in mixing and displacement ventilated rooms. Therefore, we used the local air velocity (U) at the center of the target person''s breathing zone calculated by the model above as an indicator to differentiate the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants. Therefore, the threshold local air velocity was set at 0.05 m/s in the method for differentiating the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in mixing ventilated rooms. The proposed method was used to differentiate the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants for the 133 mixing ventilation cases. Therefore, the threshold local air velocity was set at 0.07 m/s in the method for differentiating the direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in displacement ventilated rooms. (3) The proposed method can reasonably differentiate direct and indirect exposure to exhaled contaminants in both mixing and displacement ventilated rooms. doi = 10.1007/s12273-018-0441-0 id = cord-340421-i0fjr2vw author = Cho, Yu Sung title = Development of an automated wet-cyclone system for rapid, continuous and enriched bioaerosol sampling and its application to real-time detection date = 2019-04-01 keywords = ARBSW; air; flow; liquid summary = Based on a high air-to-liquid-flow-rate ratio (∼ 1.4 × 10(5)) and a stable liquid thin film within a wet-cyclone, the system achieved excellent sampling performance as indicated by the high concentration and viability of bioaerosols (> 95% collection efficiency for > 0.5-μm-diameter particles, > 95% biological collection efficiency for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus). Considerable research has focused on the development of wet-cyclone bioaerosol samplers [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] ; however, these have a large particle cut-off diameter, and a low particle collection efficiency and aerosol-to-liquid transfer rate; furthermore, the twophase flow operation is unstable and few fully integrated bioaerosol sampling systems are capable of continuous real-time sampling. For real-time continuous particle sampling with a high concentration ratio, the liquid sampling medium should form a stable film on the wall of the cyclone under the high air flow rate condition. doi = 10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.155 id = cord-289138-33agf2j4 author = Ciofi-Silva, Caroline Lopes title = Negative pressure of the environmental air in the cleaning area of the materials and sterilization center: a systematic review date = 2016-09-01 keywords = CSD; aerosol; air summary = OBJECTIVE: to analyze the scientific evidence on aerosols generated during cleaning activities of health products in the Central Service Department (CSD) and the impact of the negative pressure of the ambient air in the cleaning area to control the dispersion of aerosols to adjacent areas. RESULTS: the five technical documents reviewed recommend that the CSD cleaning area should have a negative differential ambient air pressure, but scientific articles on the impact of this intervention were not found. Thus, the objective of this systematic literature review was to analyze the scientific evidence for the formation of aerosols during the MD cleaning activities in CSD and the impact of negative air pressure, or to the safety of the material to be sterilized, and for health professionals in the adjacent areas too. About the size of the particles, it was evidenced in this review that the aerosol generated after the use of pressurized water surface cleaning devices were smaller than 5μm (13, 16) . doi = 10.1590/1518-8345.1140.2781 id = cord-337316-ialg7d7e author = Cori, Liliana title = Risk Perception of Air Pollution: A Systematic Review Focused on Particulate Matter Exposure date = 2020-09-03 keywords = air; perception; pollution; study summary = To systematically examine the articles selected, the explored dimensions of perception (understanding/sensorial perception; reactions/psychological consequences; reactions/physical consequences; behaviors) were categorized by 20 features (awareness; belief; knowledge; concern; risk perception; worry; fear; outrage; familiarity; trust; annoyance; anxiety; life quality change; self-reported health symptoms; avoidance of the problem; search for information; exposure reduction; proactivity; request for action; and acceptance). Cross-sectional study by questionnaire to evaluate relationships between concern on health effects of air pollution and personal and environmental factors. The results of this analysis, presented in Table 2 , showed that for "understanding" (44) , most of the articles focused on awareness (32); for "reactions/psychological" (48), more represented risk perception (23); for "reactions/physical" (44) , the declared symptoms were most represented (26); and for "behaviours" (38) , exposure reduction (13) and search for information (12) were the most represented. People, place and pollution: Investigating relationships between air quality perceptions, health concerns, exposure, and individual-and area-level characteristics doi = 10.3390/ijerph17176424 id = cord-301067-wk3cf0b7 author = Corpus-Mendoza, Asiel N. title = Decrease of mobility, electricity demand, and NO2 emissions on COVID-19 times and their feedback on prevention measures date = 2020-11-01 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; air summary = As a consequence of the prevention measures implemented to contain the virus, cities around the world are experiencing a decrease in urban mobility and electricity demand that have positively affected the air quality. At the same time, we analyse the evolution of confirmed COVID-19 cases and compare them with the start of prevention measures and changes in sectors affected in different countries to discuss the effectiveness in time in which they are applied. These measures are classified in 5 categories in the original dataset, however, we reclassify them and discuss them in terms of their effects on health, and economy, but mainly on the environment by analysing changes in mobility, electricity generation, and air quality index (AQI) before and after the pandemic. At the same time, the analysis of changes in mobility and electricity demand along the evaluation of T D and I CR from the I C curves allow to discuss the timely execution of the prevention measures, which works as a feedback to consider and plan actions for the current pandemic or future global events. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143382 id = cord-344266-ug2uew71 author = Crema, E. title = The SARS-COV-2 outbreak around the Amazon rainforest: the relevance of the airborne transmission date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COV-2; SARS; air summary = Currently, this phenomenon has gained tragic relevance due to the uncontrolled dispersion of the Covid-19 throughout the planet, since airborne transmission is one of the forms of viral contamination, as well as the direct reception of drops exhaled by a contaminated person and the contact with infected surfaces. A relevant study issued in the journal Nature revealed the existence of the RNA of the SARS-COV-2 in aerosols collected from the air of several closed environments and open places of two hospitals in Wuhan dedicated only to patients infected with Covid-19 (12) . This indication is based only on old studies about the direct transmission by larger drops, dangerously ignoring the contamination by the virus airborne in droplets that remain suspended in the air for several hours, and even days after the environment has been visited by an infected person. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.06.20169433 id = cord-325388-xs9lot5s author = Culmer, P. title = Delivering oxygen-enriched CPAP respiratory support using a non-invasive ventilation device date = 2020-04-11 keywords = air summary = title: Delivering oxygen-enriched CPAP respiratory support using a non-invasive ventilation device Our intention is to maximise use of existing resources available to HCPs, as NIV and sleep apnoea (CPAP) machines are widely available, to deliver therapeutic benefit and potentially avoid the need for positive pressure ventilation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This offers the possibility to entrain O2 either at the system''s low pressure air inlet, or in the pressurised air-stream near the ventilation mask as shown in Figure 1 . . is representative of the relative performance of these two configurations and suggests that relatively low flow-rates of oxygen can be used to obtain therapeutic FiO2 levels. In conclusion, positive pressure ventilators can provide an effective means to deliver CPAP with oxygen-enriched air for therapeutic intervention using standard equipment and fittings, whilst minimising the oxygen demands on hospital infrastructure when treating large numbers of patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20055665 id = cord-291113-iizj932l author = Cumbo, Enzo title = Alternative Methods of Sterilization in Dental Practices Against COVID-19 date = 2020-08-08 keywords = SARS; air; virus summary = It is time to consider a dental practice quite similar to a hospital surgery room, where particular attention should be paid to problems related to the spread of infections caused by air and surface contaminations, especially a time when viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have emerged as an important public health problem due to their ability to spread through close person-to-person contact. Ultraviolet light has proven effective against corona viruses and, therefore, could be used against COVID-19 both in the case of bioaerosols and in the sterilization of contaminated environmental surfaces in which this microorganism is present-in particular, on products of unstable composition that cannot be treated by conventional means [62, 63] . Now that the risk of spreading COVID-19 is very high, it is necessary to pay particular attention to all the sterilization procedures that should be reviewed, improved, and perhaps used in combinations to obtain a final result that aims to complete the sterilization of all structures present in the operating room, including air, which for some dangerous diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, is the transmission route. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165736 id = cord-326396-ngez3hwb author = D''Agostino, D. title = The employment of an earth-to-air heat exchanger as pre-treating unit of an air conditioning system for energy saving: a comparison among different worldwide climatic zones date = 2020-10-03 keywords = AHU; EAHX; air; heat; temperature summary = Earth-to-air heat exchanger is a very promising technology but mandatory is the optimization of the system to the purpose of appropriately setting the design parameters (such as diameter, length and number of tubes, displacements of the tubes, air velocity), according to the installations specifics and limits as well as to the geographical zone, in order to let the EAHX system showing the highest energy performances [14] . [23] that, with their one dimensional CFD transient model of EAHX experimentally validated, asserted that with reference to Egyptian weather: i) the larger are duct diameter, length and distance, the higher is the inlet-outlet temperature span; ii) greater air flow velocities reduce the inlet-outlet temperature span; iii) the duct material does not affect significantly the heat exchange between the air and the ground. doi = 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110517 id = cord-011314-at65nvda author = De Weerdt, Annick title = Pre-admission air pollution exposure prolongs the duration of ventilation in intensive care patients date = 2020-03-17 keywords = ICU; air summary = For each patient''s home address, daily air pollutant exposure [particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) and ≤ 10 µm (PM(10)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and black carbon (BC)] up to 10 days prior to hospital admission was modeled using a high-resolution spatial–temporal model. In analogy with the recent finding that patient preadmission medical and sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., medication use, immune status, frailty) can influence the course and outcome and even the degree of respiratory failure during intensive care unit (ICU) admission [8] [9] [10] , we investigated the association between short-term exposure to residential ambient air pollution and the duration of mechanical ventilation in ICU patients. Short-term ambient particulate and gaseous air pollution exposure prior to ICU admission significantly prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation irrespective of preexisting lung disease or ICU admission diagnosis. doi = 10.1007/s00134-020-05999-3 id = cord-277147-k11rl70f author = Detrick, Barbara title = Elevated serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL9 in autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) patients date = 2018-03-15 keywords = CXCL9; IL-6; air summary = title: Elevated serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL9 in autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) patients Twenty-four serum samples from 18 AIR patients were initially analyzed by a multiplex immunoassay system for the presence of 5 cytokines and 1 chemokine. A comparison of CXCL9 levels detected in the sera from AIR patients and normal individuals is shown in Table 2 . The third patient also had severe disease that was associated with a high level of IL-6 (1 out of 2 samples) but normal levels of CXCL9. Although the presence of CXCL9 and IL-6 was not always detected in the same serum sample, patients with severe disease more frequently had elevated CXCL9, IL-6 or both cytokines in their sera. Clearly, the presence of IL-6 and CXCL9 in AIR patients is not specific to this disease since these molecules can be identified in systemic inflammatory and autoimmune processes. doi = 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.014 id = cord-321657-2s1npse5 author = Du, Sean Quan title = Mathematical modeling of interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses in COVID‐19 and implications for viral pathogenesis date = 2020-05-13 keywords = air; cell; drug summary = 4 In this paper, we used mathematical modeling to investigate the dynamics of the viral infection/replication inside a human host, in particular, the influenza and the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as the interactions of target cells with the innate and AIRs. Our model suggests that most of the differences between the two types of infections can potentially be attributed to the timing mismatch between the two immune responses. More specifically, influenza is a very acute infection; all vulnerable cells are completely depleted and viruses are more or less cleared by the innate immune response, before the adaptive immune response (AIR), which has a transient nature, reaches a significant level. We proposed an immune-suppressing treatment based on the leanings of our modeling study, which is to apply immunosuppressive drugs during the early phase of infection to reduce the AIRs to a level low enough not to interfere with the innate immune response. doi = 10.1002/jmv.25866 id = cord-263537-sh8julcb author = Dutheil, Frédéric title = The Indirect Benefit on Respiratory Health From the World’s Effort to Reduce Transmission of SARS – CoV-2 date = 2020-04-10 keywords = air summary = [1] [2] [3] [4] The World Health Organization estimates that ambient air pollution causes 25% of COPD cases (ie, 65 million cases) and 26% of respiratory infection deaths (ie, 600,000 preventable deaths per year). 5 Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, is also associated with asthma 6 and pneumonia 7 prevalence among children. 13 The public health benefit of the world''s efforts to reduce transmission of COVID-19 may have indirect health benefits by lowering the impact of air pollution. Association of particulate matter air pollution and hospital visits for respiratory diseases: a time-series study from Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies'' Environmental Committee, Part 2: air pollution and organ systems Short-term association between ambient air pollution and pneumonia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of time-series and casecrossover studies doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.062 id = cord-348994-ly2fop7d author = Faustini, Annunziata title = Attributable Risk to Assess the Health Impact of Air Pollution: Advances, Controversies, State of the Art and Future Needs date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Air; Pollution; effect; exposure; study summary = It also summarizes the ongoing discussion about the designs and methods for assessing the air pollution impact with particular attention to improvements due to spatio-temporal analysis and other new approaches, such as studying short term effects in cohorts, and the still discussed methods of predicting the values of attributable risk (AR). The most important problems with these studies were recognized by the researchers themselves, i.e., (1) not having studied other factors potentially responsible for the effects, including air pollutants other than particulate matter (PM), (2) not having individual measurements of exposure, which could prefigure exposure measurement errors, (3) having measured mortality that was premature only by a few days, which is an effect of limited public-health impact, (4) having used different methods to study this association in different cities. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124512 id = cord-018303-dvuwhpyq author = Garibaldi, Brian T. title = Aeromedical Evacuation of Patients with Contagious Infections date = 2019-02-27 keywords = Ebola; Lassa; USAF; air; aircraft; patient summary = Topics include a review of the ecology of aircraft cabins and engineering features of aircraft ventilation systems that minimize the risk of disease transmission; examples of point source outbreaks related to air travel; in-flight preventive measures including the use of patient isolators; and US military and international policy and legal aspects of transporting patients with communicable diseases. Examples include in-flight transmission of tuberculosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), smallpox, and measles.The chapter will also discuss experience in transporting patients with contagious diseases including viral hemorrhagic fevers and new patient isolation technologies that were used for the long-distance transport of patients with Ebola virus disease during the 2014–2016 West African epidemic. In response to concerns generated by lethal viral hemorrhagic fevers, and a possible need to transport patients with these diseases by air, the ventilation and air-conditioning systems on pressurized, long-range transport aircraft were studied to evaluate the aerodynamics of aerosolized microorganisms [19] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-15903-0_20 id = cord-292928-a4bn30ul author = Ghosh, Bipasha title = Review of bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms date = 2015-10-03 keywords = PCR; air; airborne; bacterial; bioaerosol; dna; indoor; microorganism; particle; sampler summary = This review also provides the information on the concentration levels of various airborne microorganisms in different indoor environments, their associated health effects as well as various bioaerosol control mechanisms worked upon till now. A recently developed electrostatic precipitator had no charging unit in the inlet while the physical collection efficiency strongly depended on the precipitation voltage which eventually depended on the charge present on the airborne microbes naturally due to aerosolization (Kunkel, 1950; Flagan, 2001 ) thereby making collection possible by differentiating between the positively and negatively charged microorganisms by adding a signature to the bioaerosol particle sampled (Lee et al., 2004a; ; Lee et al., 2004b) . Whole genome sequencing has also been applied to study the airborne microbial community in various indoor and outdoor environments of NYC after collecting air samples using a Wet Cyclone Portable Air Sampler at the flow rate of 450 L/min (Yooseph et al., 2013) . doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.018 id = cord-266478-642m488a author = Gino, Bruno title = Automated Inflating Resuscitator (AIR): Design and Development of a 3D-Printed Ventilator Prototype and Corresponding Simulation Scenario Based on the Management of a Critical COVID-19 Patient date = 2020-07-11 keywords = BVM; COVID-19; air; patient summary = title: Automated Inflating Resuscitator (AIR): Design and Development of a 3D-Printed Ventilator Prototype and Corresponding Simulation Scenario Based on the Management of a Critical COVID-19 Patient The aim of this technical report is twofold: first, to describe the design and manufacturing process of the automated inflating resuscitator (AIR), a 3D-printed ventilator training device which operates on the principle of pushing a bag valve mask; second, to present a simulation scenario that can be used for training health professionals how to use this and similar, low-cost, 3D-printed ventilators in the context of ventilator shortages caused by COVID-19. In addition to the description of the ventilator, we also present a simulation case using AIR to train safety, operational ability, crisis resource management, and communication skills. If there is a limited supply of participants, the paramedics team can only be reported by the facilitators, as the main objective of this simulation is training with the use of AIR and care involving a patient with COVID-19. doi = 10.7759/cureus.9134 id = cord-316201-08pyx98r author = Grout, Andrea title = Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date = 2017-02-01 keywords = air; disease; passenger summary = 2 Aircraft can now travel to almost any part of the world within 24 h, and can enable spread of infection either by inflight infection transmission or by transporting infectious passengers or vectors-eg, malaria-infected mosquitoes-from endemic to non-endemic regions, thus putting populations in destination countries at risk. 5 To reduce the risk of on-board disease transmission, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides cabin crews with information on general infection control measures and guidelines to identify ill and potentially infectious passengers. 4 Management of the risk of transporting infected passengers requires knowledge of transmission dynamics and the potential effectiveness of airport entry and exit screening measures, the ability to appropriately isolate or quarantine individual passengers on an aircraft, and adequately trained aircrew who are able to identify signs of infection and take appropriate measures. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30476-5 id = cord-018760-blwguyl4 author = Guleria, Randeep title = Health Effects of Changing Environment date = 2019-03-22 keywords = air; disease; health; pollution summary = Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Similarly, in India there is strong evidence linking lower respiratory tract infection to indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuels in household. Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_6 id = cord-329135-g8fuax6p author = Haig, C.W. title = Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies date = 2016-04-01 keywords = air; bioaerosol; collection; particle; sampler; sampling summary = Numerous successful studies are described that point to best practice in bioaerosol sampling, from the use of small personal samplers to monitor workers'' pathogen exposure through to large static samplers collecting airborne microbes in various healthcare settings. 11, 53 If the target microbe is unknown and a general assessment of bioaerosol particles present in an environment is sought, then the use of different types of sampling devices will mitigate the limitations of individual samplers, making a comprehensive study more likely. Correlation between active and passive sampling was also described during a study comparing different ventilation regimes in OTs. 12 Using a Surface Air System sampler (SAS, International Pbi, Milan, Italy) operating at 180 L/min and settle plates, both with tryptic soy agar, the study showed that unidirectional airflows within OTs did not guarantee low counts of airborne bacteria. Effect of sampling time and air humidity on the bioefficiency of filter samplers for bioaerosol collection doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.017 id = cord-325565-cz9f65ca author = Heederik, Dick J.J. title = Go slow to go fast: A plea for sustained scientific rigor in air pollution research during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-06-25 keywords = air; covid-19 summary = The second study used European data and, based on simple correlation analyses, associated long term (Jan-Feb 2020) exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the troposphere (resolution ~7*3.5km), assessed using satellite data, and absolute numbers of COVID-19-related deaths. [5] Positive associations were seen between levels of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide and increased COVID-19 mortality and reported number of cases, without adjustment for population size, age distribution or other confounding variables. In particular the two ecological studies which crudely correlate reported numbers of COVID-19 cases or mortality to regional air pollution levels ignored the time of introduction of COVID-19 in the different areas, did not take into account disease dynamics in any way, and ignored basic epidemiologic principles by using inadequate measures of disease frequency. The effect of air pollution on disease prognosis can be studied using more conventional approaches after COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1183/13993003.01361-2020 id = cord-016744-jzhuq4te author = Hui, David S. C. title = Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: Models to Assess Air and Particle Dispersion date = 2013-05-29 keywords = HPS; NIV; air summary = particles generated during tidal breathing [ 8 ] , NIV may disperse potentially infected aerosols, especially when patients cough and sneeze frequently, contributing to nosocomial transmission of infl uenza. As there is no reliable, safe marker that can be introduced into human lungs for experimental purposes, the laser smoke visualization method and the human patient simulator (HPS) model have been adopted as the method for studying exhaled air dispersion during application of various types of respiratory therapy in hospital medical wards, including the negative-pressure isolation room [ 10 -13 ] . Sections through the leakage jet plume were then revealed by a thin, green laser light sheet (532 nm wavelength, continuous-wave A laser beam located on the right side of the bed lateral to the human patient simulator illuminates the exhaled air particles leaking from the exhalation ports of the face mask in the coronal plane. doi = 10.1007/978-3-7091-1496-4_2 id = cord-295469-5an7836u author = Ijaz, M. Khalid title = Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies date = 2016-09-02 keywords = air; airborne; indoor; pathogen summary = The following groups of human pathogens are covered because of their known or potential airborne spread: vegetative bacteria (staphylococci and legionellae), fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium spp and Stachybotrys chartarum), enteric viruses (noroand rotaviruses), respiratory viruses (influenza and coronaviruses), mycobacteria (tuberculous and nontuberculous), and bacterial spore formers (Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis). The following groups of human pathogens are covered because of their known or potential airborne spread: vegetative bacteria (staphylococci and legionellae), fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium spp and Stachybotrys chartarum), enteric viruses (noro-and rotaviruses), respiratory viruses (influenza and coronaviruses), mycobacteria (tuberculous and nontuberculous), and bacterial spore formers (Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis). 71 Based on our considerable experience in the study of airborne human pathogens, 13, 25, 39, 43, 72 we have built an aerobiology chamber (Fig 2) designed to meet the requirements of the EPA guidelines and have used this to study the effects that a variety of air decontamination technologies have on the airborne survival and inactivation of vegetative bacteria, viruses (bacteriophage), and bacterial spore-formers (Sattar et al, unpublished data) . doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.008 id = cord-346751-x3gd19kq author = Kelly, Frank J. title = Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action date = 2020-11-08 keywords = London; air; asthma; health; pollution; quality summary = There is now consistent evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP; particularly nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ]) is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma across the entire life course, and evidence is accumulating for a link between poor indoor air quality and new cases [5, 6] . However, whilst largescale LEZs can deliver improvements in urban air quality, data suggest that, at least in densely populated European cities, more ambitious schemes are required to meet legislative limits and deliver improvements to childhood respiratory health, including asthma symptoms [35] . The introduction and rigorous evaluation of zones with greater reductions in pollutant concentrations are clearly warranted and may benefit from adjuvant clean air zones that introduce no vehicle idling areas, minimise congestion and support active and low-emission travel through the integration of public transport networks, including park-and-ride schemes. doi = 10.1007/s41030-020-00138-1 id = cord-018902-oninjtsn author = Kowalski, Wladyslaw title = Commercial Buildings date = 2009-07-09 keywords = UVGI; air; building; food; system summary = Another alternative for improving air quality in office buildings and reducing the incidence of disease transmission between office workers is to locate recirculating UV units or Upper Room systems around the building to deal with local problems. Air disinfection systems that use UV have little or no effect on non-microbiological contaminants but if pathogens or allergens are the cause of the problem then UV systems may be applied to reduce the hazard. Many molds like Aspergillus and Penicillium are common contaminants of the outdoor and indoor air that can grow on food and although they are not food pathogens they are potential inhalation hazards for food industry workers. UV air disinfection systems may also be useful in controlling airborne hazards that result from hazards are created by industrial food processes that forcibly aerosolize contaminants. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-01999-9_18 id = cord-333078-8cto831y author = Kruizinga, Matthijs D. title = Technical validity and usability of a novel smartphone‐connected spirometry device for pediatric patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis date = 2020-07-08 keywords = Air; FEV1 summary = title: Technical validity and usability of a novel smartphone‐connected spirometry device for pediatric patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis The average difference between the Air Next and conventional spirometry was 40 mL for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and 3 mL for forced vital capacity (FVC). CONCLUSION: The Air Next device shows validity for the measurement of FEV1 and FVC in a pediatric patient population. 2, 3 Researchers have investigated the clinical value of home-based measurements of several devices for pediatric asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study is to determine the agreement between the Air Next spirometer and conventional spirometry and to evaluate the usability of the device for children and parents when used at home. A total of 2047 spirometry measurements were performed with the Air Next device during the course of the study, resulting in an average compliance of 78%. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24932 id = cord-129086-ra2njvcz author = Kumar, Sanjay title = The perspective of fluid flow behavior of respiratory droplets and aerosols through the facemasks in context of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-10-10 keywords = N95; air; droplet; facemask; flow; respiratory summary = However, in more recent times, the focus has shifted towards the theoretical investigations of fluid flow mechanisms involved in the virus-laden particles prevention by facemasks. 44 While these experimental studies are essential for the broad characterization and design evaluation of respiratory facemasks, further theoretical and numerical methods and algorithm-based investigations provide a better insight into the facemask''s fluid flow dynamics and the droplet leakage through the facemask openings. The computational fluid flow models have shown their potentials in an improved prediction of the spreading of respiratory virus-laden droplets and aerosols, sensitive to the ambient environment, and crucial to the public health responses. The results revealed that the small droplets travel a larger distance and remain suspended in the air for a longer time under the influence of airflow, supporting the mandatory use of facemasks to prevent the virus. In recent years, the respiratory droplets flow behavior through the facemasks has typically well-predicted using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. doi = nan id = cord-286563-pv974q32 author = Kuo, Nae-Wen title = Development and application of an integrated indoor air quality audit to an international hotel building in Taiwan date = 2007-12-20 keywords = IAQ; air; indoor summary = Indoor air quality (IAQ) has begun to surface as an important issue that affects the comfort and health of people; however, there is little research concerned about the IAQ monitoring of hotels up to now. Hotels, one type commercial buildings, are designed to provide high levels of comfort for guests; however, the thermal comfort and inadequate indoor air quality are often complaints (Bohdanowicz and Martinac 2002) . Moreover, space conditioning (heating, cooling, and ventilation for the purpose of maintaining high standards of air quality and thermal comfort) typically accounts for about half the total energy consumed in hotels (Rada 1996) . In addition, the indoor air quality of hotel buildings affects the health of guests especially in bacteria sector. The recommended values of exposure for carbon monoxide should not exceed 2.0 ppm in Taiwan Chiang 2004) and Hong Kong (Indoor Air Quality Management Group 2003) . doi = 10.1007/s10661-007-0105-5 id = cord-017080-erbftqgh author = Lau, Stephen S.Y. title = Physical Environment of Tall Residential Buildings: The Case of Hong Kong date = 2010-12-12 keywords = Hong; Kong; air; building; high summary = Recent study identifies the following urban design issues as a means to a better quality and comfortable urban environment: lack of breezeways air paths; tall and bulky buildings closely packed causing undesirable wind breaks to urban fabric; uniform building heights resulting in wind skimming over the top of buildings and not being re-routed into the fabric; tight narrow streets not aligned with prevailing wind with tall buildings resulting in urban canyons; lack of urban permeability-with few open spaces, minimal gaps between buildings, excessive podium structures reducing air volumes at ground levels; large building blocks forming wind barriers; projections from buildings and obstructions on narrow streets and general lack of soft landscaping, shading and greenery as contributing to poor air ventilation and environmental quality in high-rise, compact built areas (Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005; Hong Kong Planning Department, 2006b) . doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-9738-5_3 id = cord-304031-poh3te9j author = Leder, K. title = Respiratory infections during air travel date = 2005-01-13 keywords = SARS; air summary = Issues regarding cabin air quality and the potential risks of transmission of respiratory infections during flight have been investigated and debated previously, but, with the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza outbreaks, these issues have recently taken on heightened importance. Confined space, limited ventilation, prolonged exposure times and recirculating air, all common to air travel, are demonstrated risk factors for the transmission of upper respiratory tract infections in other settings and create the potential for the spread of respiratory pathogens during flight. Aspects of the aircraft cabin environment that influence the potential transmission of respiratory pathogens on airplanes will be outlined here and then the Internal Medicine Journal 2005; 35: 50-55 evidence for the occurrence of outbreaks of respiratory illness among airline passengers will be reviewed. The majority of patients (68%) had recently completed a series of commercial aircraft flights, and the authors concluded that air travel played a role in the transmission of disease among the 60 infected persons. doi = 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2004.00696.x id = cord-223292-ct8xyntw author = Lemey, Philippe title = The seasonal flight of influenza: a unified framework for spatiotemporal hypothesis testing date = 2012-10-22 keywords = H3N2; air; predictor summary = Because passenger flux emerged as the main predictor in our phylogeographic model (see 3.3.1), we also identified discrete air communities in the worldwide air transportation network (see 3.2.1) and applied these as location states to our sequence sample. We integrate genetic, spatial and air transportation data within a single full probabilistic evolutionary model and simultaneously estimate the parameters of phylogeographic diffusion using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis implemented in BEAST [23] . To test the impact of sampling effects, we considered origin and destination sample sizes (number of H3N2 sequences included per discrete location state in the phylogeographic analysis) as separate predictors. To identify key factors in seasonal influenza dispersal, we inferred the phylogeographic history of globally sampled A/H3N2 viruses between 2002 and 2007, while simultaneously evaluating the contribution of several potential diffusion predictors using a novel Bayesian model selection procedure. doi = nan id = cord-298696-rsifxvtj author = Lim, Meng-Kin title = Global response to pandemic flu: more research needed on a critical front date = 2006-10-13 keywords = Health; SARS; air summary = Given that air transportation is the one feature that most differentiates present day transmission scenarios from those in 1918, our present inability to prevent spread of influenza by international air travel, as reckoned by the World Health Organization, constitutes a major weakness in the current global preparedness plan against pandemic flu. Alas, the 2005 WHO report Avian influenza: assessing the pandemic has dismally concluded that "If only a few countries are affected, travel-related measures, such as exit screening for persons departing from affected areas, might delay international spread somewhat, but cannot stop it. Against a conservatively estimated US$800 billion a year that a human pandemic of avian influenza could cost the global economy [24] , not to mention the incalculable cost in terms of human lives [25] , it seems incredible that the aviation lessons of SARS have not led to an acceleration of scientific research and health policy evaluation aimed at strengthening public health defenses on the air transportation front. doi = 10.1186/1478-4505-4-8 id = cord-328182-z094b51b author = Lim, Taesub title = Predictions and measurements of the stack effect on indoor airborne virus transmission in a high-rise hospital building date = 2011-04-21 keywords = air; floor; pressure summary = Thus research has been preceded scrutinizing stack effect on the indoor airborne virus transmission in large hospitals by conducting both the field measurement and numerical analysis according to the outdoor temperature and the releasing vertical points of the tracer gas assumed as a viral contaminant. A sample high-rise hospital was selected, and pressure difference measurements related to the stack effect were carried out for the entire building in order to examine general airflow patterns. Even though the time of measurement was in April when the inside and outside temperature difference was comparatively smaller than in December, in the upper section of the building, an air flow with unpleasantly high wind speed was flowing out from the elevator shaft when the elevator doors were opened. When the elevator doors are operating under normal conditions, the initial simulation estimates that were used to analyze the air movements in the test hospital showed that the pressure differences in the first and second basement floors were about 8 Pa greater than the actual pressure difference measurements. doi = 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.015 id = cord-304013-nzigx0k0 author = Lipinski, Tom title = Review of ventilation strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission in high occupancy buildings date = 2020-09-13 keywords = COVID-19; Natural; SARS; Ventilation; air; system; transmission summary = This paper will discuss the factors affecting air particle properties in-terms of flow dynamics and critically analyse current ventilation strategies and mechanisms and identify areas for improvement in the search for the reduction of indoor infections. The study by the University of Oregon [54, 58] observed that Natural Ventilation with a plentiful supply of fresh air dilutes and removes contaminated air much more effectively than fan driven, recirculated air movement, significantly reducing the risk of infection, as shown in Figure 17 . Displacement ventilation with a generously sized natural inlet is preferred as it can move stale, contaminated air directly to the exhaust of the room in a laminar fashion whilst the concentration of small droplets and airborne particles in the indoor air is significantly reduced. doi = 10.1016/j.ijft.2020.100045 id = cord-257875-6lgn6u38 author = Liu, Tiantian title = Design of an air isolation and purification (AIP) deskfor medical use and characterization of its efficacy in ambient air isolation and purification date = 2020-06-26 keywords = AIP; air; desk summary = The wind-curtain can significantly block the exhale air of patient being transmitted to the respiratory area of doctor setting in the opposite of AIP desk. In order to prevent and control NIs, it is vital for hospitals to take necessary procedures to isolate sources of infections and transmissions to ensure the quality of medical care and protection of vulnerable patients and medical personnel. We recently designed an air isolation and purification (AIP) desk integrated air isolation and air filtration/purification functions for the purpose of reducing hospital NIs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model which usually used to assess the effectiveness of hospital ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices and ventilation systems for the purpose of infection control [20] [21] [22] was adopted in the AIP desk. The air purification efficacy of the AIP desk in a contaminated room was assessed using cigarette smoke to simulate particulate pollution. Thus, the wind-curtain formed by AIP desk can effectively block smoke particulates and the aerosol pathogen from the patient''s area to the doctor''s area. doi = 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.06.002 id = cord-002474-2l31d7ew author = Lv, Yang title = Actual measurement, hygrothermal response experiment and growth prediction analysis of microbial contamination of central air conditioning system in Dalian, China date = 2017-04-03 keywords = Cladosporium; air; model; system summary = title: Actual measurement, hygrothermal response experiment and growth prediction analysis of microbial contamination of central air conditioning system in Dalian, China Based on the data of Cladosporium in hygrothermal response experiment, this paper used the logistic equation and the Gompertz equation to fit the growth predictive model of Cladosporium genera in different temperature and relative humidity conditions, and the square root model was fitted based on the two environmental factors. Besides, according to the tested microbial density and the identified genome sequence of collected microorganisms, the hygrothermal response experiment of dominant fungal was detected, and the fitting analysis was carried out based on the prediction model, followed by a series of statistical analysis. The unit A showed the obvious microbial contamination status, though all components and airborne microorganism meet the Hygienic specification of central air conditioning ventilation system in public buildings of China 22 . doi = 10.1038/srep44190 id = cord-282346-y5zm7z3y author = Ma, Qingxin title = Understanding the knowledge gaps between air pollution controls and health impacts including pathogen epidemic date = 2020-07-19 keywords = air; pollution summary = Encouragingly, the current mass reduction-oriented pollution control is making substantial achievements, as the data from Chinese Environmental Monitoring Stations show a significant drop in the annual average concentrations of particulate matters (i.e., PM(10) and PM(2.5)) and SO(2). On one hand, long-term health impacts of fine air particles have to be closely probed through both epidemiological and laboratory studies, and the toxic effects owing to the interactions between particles and associated chemical pollutants should be differentially teased out. Although significant achievements have been reached due to the efforts in improving air quality in recent decades, there still exist many hurdles with respect to health issues to be addressed, e.g., geographical differences in pathophysiological responses to air pollution, insufficient long-term epidemiological data, uncertainty on the divergent toxicities due to the complicated interactions among versatile environmental factors from different sources, and previously neglected or underestimated adverse effects. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109949 id = cord-329414-zueqafmn author = Mallet, Marc Daniel title = Meteorological normalisation of PM(10) using machine learning reveals distinct increases of nearby source emissions in the Australian mining town of moranbah date = 2020-08-17 keywords = PM(10; air; formula summary = title: Meteorological normalisation of PM(10) using machine learning reveals distinct increases of nearby source emissions in the Australian mining town of moranbah Here, two machine learning algorithms (gradient boosted regression and random forest) have been implemented to model and then meteorologically normalise PM(10) mass concentrations measured in Moranbah. The objective of this study is to exploit the recent advances in machine learn-88 ing to investigate the trends in PM 10 in Moranbah and assess the impact of 89 changes in local industrial actions on air quality using open-access datasets 90 and techniques. The secondary intent is to establish a methodology for this meteorological 95 normalisation that accounts for the influence of nearby fires, which are an 96 important source of particulate matter in the Australian dry season, as well 97 as other environmental factors such as soil water content. doi = 10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.001 id = cord-261736-jlwctmxw author = Marchand, Geneviève title = Bacteria emitted in ambient air during bronchoscopy—a risk to health care workers? date = 2016-12-01 keywords = air; patient; room summary = The aim of this study was to qualify and quantify bioaerosol concentrations during bronchoscopy to evaluate the occupational risk to HCWs. Knowing the real exposure is essential to encouraging HCWs to implement better prevention protocols and wear personal protective equipment if needed. The average concentrations (colony forming units/meters 3 of air) and the standard deviations of the culturable bacteria measured in the 2 bronchoscopy rooms are presented in Table 1 . To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure and identify the actual bacterial flora present in the ambient air of a room while bronchoscopies are being performed on patients. The identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria sp, and Corynebacterium sp shows that culturable bacteria from oral, nasal, and pulmonary flora were present in the air of the rooms during bronchoscopy procedures. It provides clear evidence of the presence of culturable opportunistic bacteria originating from the respiratory tract of patients in the air of bronchoscopy rooms. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.04.241 id = cord-003640-psnec2qp author = Mbareche, Hamza title = Bioaerosols Play a Major Role in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Content in Agricultural Environment date = 2019-04-16 keywords = air; control; farmer; non; pig; sample summary = Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. An ecological analysis was conducted to reveal the variation in the community composition between the three sample groups (nasopharynx of pig farmers and non-exposed controls and air from pig farms). Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups. Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups. doi = 10.3390/ijerph16081375 id = cord-274520-c674wkmt author = Moelling, Karin title = Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection date = 2020-05-28 keywords = SARS; air; human; pollution summary = title: Air Microbiome and Pollution: Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health, Including SARS Coronavirus Infection e authors concluded that there was likely no risk for contracting infectious diseases from pollutant-associated microbes, but they recommended fixing soil by vegetation to reduce the amount of airborne microbes originating from fecal and terrestrial sources, including potential allergens [31] . As observed in the New York City subway, bacterial communities showed significant similarities with those of outdoor air samples, with some human skin-associated bacteria also being present. ere is evidence that people exposed to severe air pollution are more susceptible to infection with the present SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus and experience stronger symptoms, not only in large cities of China but also in other parts of the world [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] . Potential human pathogens are typically below the detection limit in air samples even from closed environments such as subway systems, which means that there is not likely a significant risk for infection [31, 32, [34] [35] [36] [37] . doi = 10.1155/2020/1646943 id = cord-022155-9759i9wr author = Nag, Pranab Kumar title = Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses date = 2018-08-18 keywords = SBS; air; asthma; building; exposure; fungal; indoor; office; symptom; syndrome; ventilation summary = The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Different research groups emphasized on the association of prevalence of SBS symptoms among the office workers with the organic floor dust concentration, the floor covering of the workplaces, the age of the building, and the kind of ventilation system in operation. The assertion from the BASE study of the association of SBS with the increasing difference in concentration of CO 2 between indoor and outdoor brings forward the suggestion that a relative increase in the ventilation rates per person in an office building may reduce the prevalence of SBS symptoms. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-2577-9_3 id = cord-009825-6cargkwy author = Nazaroff, William W title = Indoor bioaerosol dynamics date = 2014-12-27 keywords = air; airborne; bioaerosol; figure; indoor; particle summary = The review summarizes knowledge about size‐dependent particle deposition in different regions of the respiratory tract, techniques for measuring indoor bioaerosols, and evidence for diseases caused by airborne exposure to bioaerosols. Then, the article proceeds to discuss several additional processes that can affect indoor bioaerosol levels: deposition onto room surfaces, bioaerosol intrusion from outdoor air, indoor emission sources, and other factors, including bioaerosol control, airborne growth and decay, and indoor transport and mixing. In the summaries to follow, I highlight several field-sampling studies whose results provide important clues about bioaerosol concentrations, associated particle-size distributions, and potential influencing factors. The importance of deposition as a removal mechanism for airborne bioaerosol particles can be explored by comparing b to the air exchange rate. For these larger particles, deposition is an important mechanism influencing the fate of bioaerosols even for buildings with relatively high air exchange rates. doi = 10.1111/ina.12174 id = cord-277425-ttfmm946 author = Nenna, Raffaella title = Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, weather conditions and air pollution in an Italian urban area: An observational study date = 2017-07-03 keywords = RSV; air summary = A regional agency network collected meteorological data (mean temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity) and the following air pollutants: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, benzene and suspended particulate matter measuring less than 10 µm (PM(10)) and less than 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) in aerodynamic diameter. To achieve this, we analyzed epidemiological data for 14 respiratory viruses detected in nasal washing samples and mean weekly data for weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity) along with air pollutant concentrations from the regional agency for environmental protection (ARPA) network (http://www.arpalazio.net/ main/aria/doc/pubblicazioni). In this prospective study enrolling infants hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis during 10 seasonal epidemics in Rome, Italy we found a strong correlation between peak RSV activity (but not peak activity for the other 13 viruses investigated) and cold temperatures, higher relative humidity and air pollutants, especially benzene. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.014 id = cord-254758-ubw0chrf author = Newbold, Stephen C. title = Effects of Physical Distancing to Control COVID-19 on Public Health, the Economy, and the Environment date = 2020-08-04 keywords = U.S.; air; covid-19; distancing; physical; pollution summary = Using recent estimates of the association between airborne particulate matter and the virulence of COVID-19, we find that accounting for air pollution co-benefits can significantly increase the intensity and duration of the optimal physical distancing policy. We develop an integrated epidemiological-economic model that includes a standard model of disease transmission, the monetized value of COVID-19 deaths averted and lives saved from exposure to air pollution, and the short-and long-run costs of physical distancing. Initial results of these studies suggest that airborne particulate matter could have a significant positive mediating influence on COVID-19 fatalities, so we use our model to explore the potential effect of this link on the optimal physical distancing policy. To examine the potential importance of such a link for the optimal physical distancing policy, we include an interaction between air pollution and the COVID-19 case fatality ratio, which appears in Eq. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00440-1 id = cord-314048-1dp4zkus author = Nwanaji-Enwerem, Jamaji C. title = Another invisible enemy indoors: COVID-19, human health, the home, and United States indoor air policy date = 2020-07-08 keywords = air; indoor summary = After the emergence of the respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), many exposure and environmental health scientists promptly recognized the potentially catastrophic public health ramifications of concurrent infectious and air pollution-mediated disease. Hence, poor household indoor air quality is a long-standing public health issue with even greater relevance now that many individuals are spending more time at home. At present, the Environmental Protection Agency does not regulate indoor air, and state-level legislation has resulted in a patchwork of national coverage. Rather, similar to efforts drawing attention to increases in domestic abuse and the mental health consequences of isolation [8, 9] , it is an opportunity to name poor household indoor air quality as a long-standing public health issue with increased relevance during the present pandemic. Furthermore, efforts to make homes airtight to improve energy efficiency have created buildings with reduced outdoor ventilation rates resulting in the buildup of indoor pollutants to harmful levels that would be otherwise unacceptable outdoors [11, 12] . doi = 10.1038/s41370-020-0247-x id = cord-016869-pzwlxtd6 author = Pal, Subrata title = The Lung and Its Transplantation and Artificial Replacement date = 2013-01-08 keywords = air; lung summary = The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by a cartilagenous septum and is lined by fine hairs that filter the dust particles from the air. The pulmonary artery from the heart containing impure blood enters the lungs and branches into minute capillaries that surround the alveoli. This air then enters the pharynx, then the larynx, and then into the trachea. Artificial lungs mimic the function of real lungs, adding oxygen to, and removing carbon dioxide from, the blood. On the other hand, current artificial lungs are only capable of a maximum gas exchange rate of 0.25-0.40 l/min, limiting their use to the short-term respiratory support for patients at rest. Silicone has been used as the membrane material in some commercially available artificial lungs due to its biocompatibility, durability, stability, and high permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-6255-2_15 id = cord-351180-g13zteit author = Park, Kyu-Tae title = Filtration and inactivation of aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 by a CNT air filter fabricated using electro-aerodynamic deposition date = 2014-08-31 keywords = CNT; Fig; air; filter summary = Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were coated on a sample of glass fiber air filter medium at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using electro-aerodynamic deposition (EAD). Using CNT-coated filter samples, virus aerosol filtration and anti-viral tests were carried out using the aerosol number counting method and the plaque counting method, respectively. Using CNT coated filter samples, virus aerosol filtration and anti-viral tests were carried out using the aerosol number counting technique and the plaque counting method, respectively. Materials and methods After compressed air was passed through a clean air supply consisting of an oil trap, diffusion dryer, and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, the particle-free compressed air entered a Collison type atomizer (9302, TSI Inc., USA), which was filled with 9 ml of de-ionized water and 1 ml of 1% CNT solution. Fabrication of a multi-walled carbon nanotube-deposited glass fiber air filter for the enhancement of nano and submicron aerosol particle filtration and additional antibacterial efficacy doi = 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.019 id = cord-102285-ca74vhq3 author = Pařil, Vilém title = Assessment of the burden on population due to transport-related air pollution: The Czech core motorway network date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Czech; Republic; air; pollution summary = This paper aims to assess one aspect of a negative externality of transport related to air pollution from particulate matter up to 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) and its impact on human health, using the example of the key Czech Republic highway D1. In order to determine the health impacts on the population of the Czech Republic living near the D1 motorway with a focus on acute and chronic morbidity and the resulting monetary valuation, we selected three European studies to which we assigned the exposure-response function (ERF cases / (year · person · μg / m 3 )], and used their monetary valuation per case or per day based on individual health effects and risk groups (see Table A -HEATCO -Developing harmonized European approaches for transport costing and project assessment, 2006 (Bickel et al., 2006) . doi = 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123111 id = cord-332365-20u06444 author = Raciti, Loredana title = Can volcanic trace elements facilitate Covid-19 diffusion? A hypothesis stemming from the Mount Etna area, Sicily date = 2020-06-27 keywords = Etna; Mount; Sicily; air summary = We suppose that ash and gases emitted from the Mount Etna contributed to air pollution, potentially favouring the major contagion of COVID-19 in the eastern flank of the mountain, as in Catania city. Heavy metals have been dosed in the groundwater of the Etna (used for water plants or to drink), especially in the eastern and southern sectors of the volcano, and they are believed to contribute to intoxication of public health and to pulmonary or neurodegenerative diseases [12, 14, 15] . This is the first paper that elaborates the hypothesis of a potential role of volcanic gases and heavy metals-related air pollution, combined to specific climatic conditions and regional topography, in favouring severe COVID-19 diffusion in Sicily. This is the first paper that elaborates the hypothesis of a potential role of volcanic gases and heavy metals-related air pollution, combined to specific climatic conditions and regional topography, in favouring severe COVID-19 diffusion in Sicily. doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110058 id = cord-233294-jnic4o2j author = Ravazi, Maryam title = In situ Measurement of Airborne Particle Concentration in a Real Dental Office: Implications for Disease Transmission date = 2020-08-19 keywords = air; particle summary = We studied the effects of air purification (on/off), door condition (open/close), and particle sizes on the temporal concentration distribution of particles. Furthermore, research on the effects of air purifiers is needed to develop guidelines and protocols to reduce waiting time between patients and ensure the safe operation of dental offices. Figure 4a shows the lowest particle concentrations in the room when the high-speed air purifier is running from the beginning of the operation. The particle removal time varies with particle size although the air purifier and open door help reduce the concentration of all-size particles in the generation zone. • In the worst-scenario scenario with no protection system in the closed-door office and continuous high-speed drilling, it takes 95 min for 0.5 m particles to return to background level and that it takes a shorter time for particles larger than 0.5 m to be removed from the air. Running high-speed air purifier at the beginning of the operation is the most effective scenario in reducing airborne particle concentrations. doi = nan id = cord-349807-ar77cnsa author = Rouadi, Philip W. title = Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD) date = 2020-10-05 keywords = COPD; air; airway; effect; exposure summary = 79 InIn-vivovivo studies in both human and animal models suggest pollutant exposure induces inflammatory changes in normal, chronically diseased and allergic nasal and sinonasal tissues ( Table 1 ). 160 Moreover, in vitro studies suggest air pollution may suppress innate and adaptive immunity and increases susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections in both human and animal clinical models, following short-or long-term exposure (see Table 2 ). 161 Also, in vitro Rrhinovirus (RV) 16 infectivity following nitrogen oxide and ozone exposure in human respiratory epithelial cells Loss of low-level DEP-exposed MDMf along their differentiation into macrophages likely due to dysfunctional (loss of mitochondrial membrane electrical potential and lysosomal function) and phenotypic (TLRmediated reduction in CD14 and CD11 surface marker expression) structural changes in MDMf of healthy exposed individuals. We reviewed evidence for the involvement of oxidative stress pathways and their nature in healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory airway diseases following exposure to a spectrum of important chemical, allergic and infectious air contaminants. doi = 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100467 id = cord-013097-3ujnmxhx author = Rufino de Sousa, Nuno title = Operative and Technical Modifications to the Coriolis(®) µ Air Sampler That Improve Sample Recovery and Biosafety During Microbiological Air Sampling date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Coriolis; Fig; HEPA; air summary = A Coriolis modified with these operative and technical improvements was used to collect aerosols carrying microspheres released inside a Biosafety Level-3 laboratory during simulations of microbiological spills and aerosol dispersals. After completion of the aerosolization cycle, a collector cone was unsealed, loaded onto the Coriolis and the sampler operated at the manufacturer-designated flow rate of 300 L air min −1 . Despite the generation of few airborne particles from this simulation, it was nevertheless possible to use the Coriolis in conjunction with flow cytometry to detect FluoSpheres aerosolized from the spill (Fig. 5B ). In line, significant numbers of FluoSpheres were detected by Coriolis air sampling (Fig. 6B ) and followed the general decay of particles in the BSL-3 suite due to forced ventilation. We have recently used the HEPA-modified Coriolis with the cumulative sampling protocol in our aerosol chamber to investigate the performance of a portable electrostatic air sampler for tuberculosis (Rufino de Sousa et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1093/annweh/wxaa053 id = cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author = Río, Francisco García title = Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date = 2007-02-28 keywords = COPD; air; disease; flight; oxygen; patient; travel summary = 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport. doi = 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7 id = cord-274355-6hiutrct author = Satheesan, Manoj Kumar title = A numerical study of ventilation strategies for infection risk mitigation in general inpatient wards date = 2020-02-22 keywords = air; particle; patient; ward summary = This study investigates the transport mechanism and deposition patterns of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) within a typical six bedded general inpatient ward cubicle through numerical simulation. Although it is widely assumed that increasing the air change rate (ACH) can reduce infection risks, it was shown that the risk of exposure to pathogens could increase with an increased ventilation rate under certain circumstances BUILD SIMUL https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0623-4 Satheesan et al. As the number of research studies on ventilation systems for general inpatient wards with respect to air change rate and exhaust airflow rate is limited, this study evaluates the combined impacts of these two parameters on the airflow as well as infection risk distributions of droplet nuclei of size 0.167 μm (i.e. MERS-CoV) within an air-conditioned general inpatient ward cubicle. Furthermore, the randomness associated with particle deposition rates (r w , r c , and r f ) under different air change rate conditions can be attributed to the asymmetric airflow distribution patterns and locations of the infected patients. doi = 10.1007/s12273-020-0623-4 id = cord-330463-j4cf7vzs author = Sattar, Syed A. title = Indoor air as a vehicle for human pathogens: Introduction, objectives, and expectation of outcome date = 2016-09-02 keywords = air; indoor; pathogen summary = In this international workshop, a panel of 6 experts will expound on the following: (1) the potential for indoor air to spread a wide range of human pathogens, plus engineering controls to reduce the risk for exposure to airborne infectious agents; (2) the behavior of aerosolized infectious agents indoors and the use of emerging air decontamination technologies; (3) a survey of quantitative methods to recover infectious agents and their surrogates from indoor air with regard to survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens; (4) mathematical models to predict the movement of pathogens indoors and the use of such information to optimize the benefits of air decontamination technologies; and (5) synergy between different infectious agents, such as legionellae and fungi, in the built environment predisposing to possible transmission-related health impacts of aerosolized biofilm-based opportunistic pathogens. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.010 id = cord-199268-fue7ri4h author = Schafer, Benjamin title = Covid-19 impact on air quality in megacities date = 2020-07-01 keywords = Delhi; London; air summary = In London, despite smaller average concentrations, we still observe high-pollutant states and an increased tendency towards extreme events (a higher kurtosis during lockdown). In contrast to previous studies on air pollution during Covid-19 lockdown, such as [15] [16] [17] , we investigate the detailed probability distributions of different pollutants, analysing various locations within the cities. Before moving on to probability distributions and moments,we have to point out that Delhi has a much higher concentration of P M 10 due to its sub-tropical climate and the high frequency of dust storms [13, 21, 22] but also the decrease due to the lockdown is much more impressive than in the overall less-polluted London. The picture for Delhi is quite different: Without a lockdown, the pollutant concentrations are regularly 3 to 5 times as high as in London, indicating a much worse air quality in general. doi = nan id = cord-103972-kbv9kh6z author = Singer, Gregor title = Air Pollution Increases Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2020-04-10 keywords = AQI; Arizona; air; county; influenza summary = We show robustness to (i) different weather controls, (ii) additional fixed effects, (iii) multilevel clustering of standard errors, (iv) different winsorization and interpolation of the raw AQI data, (v) including out-state patients at hospitals, (vi) focusing on states with a long time series only, (vii) using missing values instead of zeros for county-months with no hospital admissions, and (viii) using a linear ordinary least squares instead of a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimator. We use the standard deviation of the AQI during the influenza season (12.79) as well as the average inpatient hospitalization numbers (3.01) for the calculation of absolute effects based on our Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood estimation. We estimate the relationship between influenza-related inpatient hospitalizations H cym and the lagged air quality index AQI cym−1 at the county c by calendar month m by year y level using a Poisson model: doi = 10.1101/2020.04.07.20057216 id = cord-353209-qkhfp66l author = Steiner, Daniel J. title = Array-based analysis of SARS-CoV-2, other coronaviruses, and influenza antibodies in convalescent COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-16 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; air summary = We report a multiplex label-free antigen microarray on the Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR) platform for detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS, three circulating coronavirus strains (HKU1, 229E, OC43) and three strains of influenza. Aminereactive substrates for fabrication of AIR arrays were provided by Adarza BioSystems, Inc. For ELISA assays, SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike and RBD were produced in-house using a mammalian expression system, 20,21 as was influenza A/H1N1/California 2009 hemagglutinin. To that end, we have presented preliminary data on a 15-plex array on the AIR platform, developed in response to the need to study SARS-CoV-2 but incorporating antigens for other coronaviruses and influenza. Responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens on the array effectively discriminated between serum samples from uninfected and COVID-19 convalescent subjects, with generally good correlation to ELISA data. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.15.153064 id = cord-284820-29uiq6at author = Wang, Junfeng title = Heterogeneous Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Air Quality in Northern China date = 2020-11-11 keywords = China; air; covid-19 summary = We found that the traffic restrictions, especially the restriction of intra-city travel intensity (TI), exhibited a significant heterogeneous effect on NO(2) with a decrease of approximately 13.6%, and every one-unit increase in control measures intensity reduced the concentration of air pollutants by approximately 2–4%. Our study chose data including daily air pollutant concentrations and weather conditions in the BTH region and designed a DID model to quantitatively identify the effect of control measures on air pollution during the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, real-time monitoring data from China''s air pollution monitoring stations were used to demonstrate air pollutant concentration trends before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, and a DID model was used to estimate the causal effect of the implementation of lockdown measures on air quality, controlling for the interference of meteorological, vacation, and other important factors. The implementation of control measures reduced air pollution, which provided empirical evidence on the identification of the causal effect of lockdown measures on air quality during the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116179 id = cord-014919-fne8p8h8 author = Wu, Yan title = Air infiltration induced inter-unit dispersion and infectious risk assessment in a high-rise residential building date = 2017-07-10 keywords = air; infiltration; wind summary = The effect of wind direction on inter-unit dispersion level is significant, and the presence of a contaminant source in the windward side results in the highest cross-infection risks in other adjacent units on the same floor. ( , 2011 further studied the characteristics of inter-unit dispersion induced by single-sided natural ventilation and the cross-contamination around a HRR building using CFD modeling approach and wind tunnel experiments. Mak (2014, 2016) systematically evaluated and improved the CFD methods for simulating the single-sided natural ventilation and inter-unit dispersion, especially in predicting of coupled indoor and outdoor airflow and dispersion, and it was found that not only vertically upward, but also vertically downward and horizontal transmission can occur under wind effects along the façade. To investigate the effect of air tightness on inter-unit pollutant dispersion and cross-infection, cases with different leakage data of windows and doors (representing external airflow path and internal airflow path, respectively) were calculated. doi = 10.1007/s12273-017-0388-6 id = cord-313825-bbjxd86y author = Xia, Tian title = Pulmonary diseases induced by ambient ultrafine and engineered nanoparticles in twenty-first century date = 2016-10-08 keywords = Fig; ROS; air; particle; pollution summary = The lung is the first target organ for air pollution and PM exposure is associated with reduced lung function, increased lung inflammation, asthma, respiratory infections, lung cancer and exacerbation of COPD, which lead to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress affecting blood, vasculature, heart and brain, ultimately contribute to the premature mortality ( Fig. 2) [3, 8, 14, 16] . These specific features of UFPs can significantly contribute to the adverse effects through ROS over-production by the redox-active organic chemicals and metals on particle surface, resulting in cellular oxidative stress [18, 19, 21, 44, 48] . These include: (i) carbon core of PM and UFPs could induce ROS generation and oxidative stress; (ii) catalytic conversion of PAHs to quinones by cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum; (iii) quinone redox cycling by NADPH-dependent P450 reductase in microsomes; (iv) mitochondrial perturbation leading to electron leakage in the inner membrane; and (v) NADPH oxidase activity in the macrophage surface membrane and associated phagosomes. doi = 10.1093/nsr/nww064 id = cord-015906-69srun8l author = Xu, Zhonglin title = Design Points for Negative Pressure Isolation Ward date = 2016-12-01 keywords = air; pressure; room; ward summary = 9. According to GB51039-2014 "Code for design of general hospital", for the return air grille in the HVAC system in the auxiliary room for isolation ward area, air filters with initial pressure drop less than 50 Pa, the one-pass penetration for microbes not larger than 10% and the one-pass arrestance for particles not larger than 5% should be installed. 4, the primary and secondary air supply outlets as shown in Fig. 7.3 should be chosen for the negative pressure isolation ward. The air return opening above the door of the buffer room can remove the pollutant from the airflow leaving the ward immediately, which is shown in Fig. 7 .8. For the ordinary negative pressure isolation ward, at least one buffer room should be set outside the ward based on the actual condition. Based on the data in Table 2 .4, For the ward where the door of the room is not air-tight, this flow rate of the exhaust air is equivalent to the pressure difference with value slightly more than 1 Pa indoors. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-2923-3_7 id = cord-024148-6ag1eskv author = Xu, Zhonglin title = Three Misunderstandings for Design of Negative Pressure Ward date = 2016-12-01 keywords = air; difference; pressure summary = Table 2 .5 shows the experimental data on the influence of the magnitude of the negative pressure difference on the outward leakage rate of pollution during the opening process of doors. In order to avoid the influence of supply air, indoor vortex and opening/closing of doors on the measurement of pressure difference, which should be paid attention to especially for small room, exterior hood should be placed at the original test hole and the vent hole should be set beneath the hood, which is shown in Fig. 2.4 . It is shown in this figure that with the increase of the negative pressure difference value indoors, the number of particles dispersed outwards during opening and closing of doors reduces slightly. Even though the pressure difference indoors is positive and the door is air-tight, exchange of pollution airflow cannot be prevented during dynamic condition, such as opening and closing of doors. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-2923-3_2 id = cord-032157-q1sbvjvx author = Xu, Zhonglin title = Calculation Theory of Nonuniform Distribution in Cleanroom date = 2013-08-14 keywords = air; area summary = In general, the larger the nonuniform distributions of indoor airflow and dust particles are, the larger the difference between the measured values and the calculated values according to the uniform distribution theory will be. It can be seen from Table 11 .1 that with the same filters and air change rate, the lesser the number of air supply outlet is, the higher the average indoor particle concentration is, when it is compared with the calculated value by the uniform distribution method. In order to make the airflow and particle concentration fields uniform, there must be sufficient air flow rate to dilute, and the dilution area should be as large as possible, until the whole room. For a small number of air change rate, the measured particle concentration is higher than the calculated value. For a large number of air change rate, the measured particle concentration is lower than calculated value. doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39374-7_11 id = cord-032165-nyj72o21 author = Xu, Zhonglin title = Movement of Indoor Fine Particle date = 2013-08-08 keywords = air; particle; velocity summary = So the total deposition amount of particles on the surface with area 1 cm 2 per hour can be obtained in the cleanroom, where the airborne particle concentration is 1,000 pc/L and the air velocity is 0.3 m/s. Table 6 .11 shows the comparison of measured data and calculated data about the deposition amount of particles on the surface with unit area in the room with air supply. In the flowing air, small particles will follow the movement of airflow with the same velocity [10] . From the above analysis, when there is air supply with a certain speed in the room where the indoor area is very small, the buoyant flow generated will cause very large influence, when the fluorescent lamp was installed at a relative high position of the vertical wall (such as above 1.5 m). doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39374-7_6 id = cord-032188-y02b92pe author = Xu, Zhonglin title = Characteristics of Air Filters date = 2013-08-14 keywords = HEPA; air; efficiency; filter; particle summary = When the air filter is operated under lower flow rate, the efficiency increases and the pressure drop decreases. This is because the dust deposited is comparatively large for air filters with low efficiency and the filter medium is sparse, which will cause particles to penetrate when pressure drop increases and cause deposited particles to rebound and resuspend. Particle counting efficiency of glass fibrous medium-efficiency air filter (d f ¼ 16 μm, H ¼ 20 mm, α ¼ 0.037, v ¼ 0.28 m/s) with atmospheric dust was performed at Institute of HVAC of China Academy of Building Research, which is shown in Table 4 .13. The pressure drop of nuclear microporous membrane is large, so it is not suitable for common air filter, but it is very useful for special filtration (for the application field where particles with diameter larger than certain value are not allowed to penetrate). doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-39374-7_4 id = cord-283377-uifevl1o author = Ye, Jin title = Using air curtains to reduce short-range infection risk in consulting ward: A numerical investigation date = 2020-06-26 keywords = air; figure; supply summary = For the supply air velocity 3 m/s, strong turbulence was observed behind the patient at supply air angle 20° shown in Figure 4 (f), which enhanced mixing airflow in the consulting ward and increases the doctor''s exposure to the patient exhaled pollutants. Thus, most of the patient exhaled pollutants were controlled in a circular range and the mass fraction of tracer gas near the doctor''s mouth was lower than that at supply air angle 20°. Compared with the consulting desk with supply air velocity 2 m/s and supply air angle 0°, stable air curtain was observed in front of the doctor shown in Figure 5 (b), preventing the patient exhaled flow from directly flowing to the doctor breath zone. Though the patient exhaled flow first moved vertically towards the ceiling but then moved horizontally towards the doctor''s area in a certain height, the pollutant concentration in the head and breath zone of the doctor were kept at a lower level compared to the consulting desk without air curtain in Figure 5(a) . doi = 10.1007/s12273-020-0649-7 id = cord-255036-vpw40g40 author = Zhang, L.Z. title = Thermodynamic modeling of a novel air dehumidification system date = 2004-08-14 keywords = air; energy; system summary = The proposed system incorporates a membrane-based total heat exchanger into a mechanical air dehumidification system, where the fresh air flows through the enthalpy exchanger, the evaporator and the condenser subsequently. In this manner, the total heat or enthalpy from the exhaust is recovered, and both the temperature and the humidity of the fresh air are decreased, which results in energy saving. Even though more detailed models are proposed by some authors, see [7, 8] , they are compli-List of symbols A tot total exchange area (m 2 ) C 0 constants in sorption curves COP coefficient of performance c p specific heat (kJ kg À1 K À1 ) D wm water diffusivity in membrane (kg m À1 s À1 ) h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) k s convective mass transfer coefficient in supply side (kg m À2 s À1 ) m_ mass flow rate (kg/s) Dp total pressure rise (Pa) q heat (kW) cated and case-sensitive. doi = 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.06.019 id = cord-289541-y7lewk1t author = Zhang, Li-Zhi title = Fabrication of a lithium chloride solution based composite supported liquid membrane and its moisture permeation analysis date = 2006-05-01 keywords = air; membrane; moisture summary = The membrane is composed of three layers: two hydrophobic protective layers and a sandwiched hydrophilic support layer in which LiCl solution is immobilized to facilitate water vapor transfer. Further, the supported liquid layer only accounts for 12% of the total moisture transfer resistance in the cell, indicating that there is much potential for further performance improvement. The core material of an MTHR ventilator are vapor-permeable membranes, therefore both heat and moisture are transferred between these two air streams when they flow through the unit. However, moisture diffusion coefficients in such polymer membranes are usually very low, in the order of 10 −12 to 10 −13 m 2 s −1 [11, 18] , while MTHR ventilators only have limited transmembrane vapor partial pressure difference, consequently performances are quite limited currently. To improve the performances of MTHR ventilators, in this study, a novel membrane, a composite SLM, which employs LiCl liquid solution immobilized in a porous support membrane to facilitate the transport of moisture, is prepared. doi = 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.09.035 id = cord-308833-ei1faruy author = Zheng, Xiaohong title = Experimental investigation of integrated air purifying technology for bioaerosol removal and inactivation in central air-conditioning system date = 2004 keywords = SARS; air summary = In this research, high voltage static electricity and ultraviolet technologies were integrated to an air purifying device which can be used to trap and kill airborne bacteria and viruses in central air-conditioning systems. This provides a basis for using this particular phage strain as a viral simulant in place of SARS CoV and other airborne viruses in the tests for evaluation of bioaerosol removal and inactivation by different types of air purifiers. Fig. 4(a) shows that the plaques formed on a GSM plate were used to sample the airflow containing phage aerosol generated with a source suspension with 10 5 pfu/mL when the integrated air purifier was turned off. In addition to particle removal test, airborne bacteria were also sampled in the experimental room with the integrated air purifier. Based upon the integrated technology of high voltage electric field, ultraviolet ray, composite silver material, and activated carbon fibers, an air purifying device has been developed to prevent airborne bacteria and virus spread through central air-conditioning system. doi = 10.1007/bf03182817 id = cord-289340-scwhwurr author = Zhu, Shengwei title = Experimental and numerical investigation of micro-environmental conditions in public transportation buses date = 2010-03-17 keywords = air; bus summary = The thrust of this investigation is two-fold: (a) develop and use a CFD model to understand the bus micro-environmental conditions, especially the ventilation effectiveness and air distribution system, and how they may affect the dilution and removal of any internally generated air pollutant; (b) perform an extensive field campaign using the Harvard University shuttle bus system and monitor continuously the indoor environmental quality as well as the personal exposure levels of passengers for a variety of air pollutants including CO, CO 2 , and particulate matter in its various respirable size fractions such as PM 2.5 , PM 10 and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Air temperature, relative humidity and the concentration levels of CO 2 , CO and particulate matters in three size fractions, PM 10 and PM 2.5 , and ultrafine particles (UFPs) were continuously measured in the bus. doi = 10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.03.004