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Srinivas, Geetha; Halder, Marlies; Hill, Richard; Brown, Karen; Roth, James; Draayer, Hans; Galvin, Jeffrey; Claassen, Ivo; Gifford, Glen; Woodland, Ralph; Doelling, Vivian; Jones, Brett; Stokes, William S title: Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date: 2011-12-31 journal: Procedia in Vaccinology DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005 sha: doc_id: 329466 cord_uid: u55ibep9 file: cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.json key: cord-325433-a2fynm75 authors: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 journal: Manual of Exotic Pet Practice DOI: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 sha: doc_id: 325433 cord_uid: a2fynm75 file: cache/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.json key: cord-349300-x50tvq3a authors: de Wit, Emmie; Feldmann, Friederike; Cronin, Jacqueline; Jordan, Robert; Okumura, Atsushi; Thomas, Tina; Scott, Dana; Cihlar, Tomas; Feldmann, Heinz title: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date: 2020-03-24 journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922083117 sha: doc_id: 349300 cord_uid: x50tvq3a file: cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.json key: cord-347872-naz24vct authors: Rostal, Melinda K.; Olival, Kevin J.; Loh, Elizabeth H.; Karesh, William B. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 journal: One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_271 sha: doc_id: 347872 cord_uid: naz24vct file: cache/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.json key: cord-329206-xsxkn5my authors: Vojtkovská, Veronika; Voslářová, Eva; Večerek, Vladimír title: Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review date: 2020-08-28 journal: Animals (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/ani10091527 sha: doc_id: 329206 cord_uid: xsxkn5my file: cache/cord-341263-j4ribasg.json key: cord-341263-j4ribasg authors: Gjerde, Eli-Anne B; Eide, Dag Marcus; Brønstad, Aurora; Reed, Rolf K title: Problems in physiological experimental animal models investigated with factorial design date: 2004-04-30 journal: Journal of Experimental Animal Science DOI: 10.1016/j.jeas.2004.01.002 sha: doc_id: 341263 cord_uid: j4ribasg file: cache/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.json key: cord-332233-01rdlf8l authors: Tully, Thomas N. title: CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date: 2009-12-31 journal: Manual of Exotic Pet Practice DOI: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 sha: doc_id: 332233 cord_uid: 01rdlf8l file: cache/cord-326873-11jgusov.json key: cord-326873-11jgusov authors: Dignard, Caroline; Leibler, Jessica H. title: Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review date: 2019-12-10 journal: Curr Environ Health Rep DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5 sha: doc_id: 326873 cord_uid: 11jgusov file: cache/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.json key: cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 authors: Staroverov, Sergey A.; Volkov, Alexei A.; Mezhenny, Pavel V.; Domnitsky, Ivan Yu.; Fomin, Alexander S.; Kozlov, Sergey V.; Dykman, Lev A.; Guliy, Olga I. title: Prospects for the use of spherical gold nanoparticles in immunization date: 2018-11-06 journal: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9476-5 sha: doc_id: 354904 cord_uid: 7gq2e6f0 file: cache/cord-352832-uih7alib.json key: cord-352832-uih7alib authors: Khoury, Bassam title: The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date: 2020-06-03 journal: Mindfulness (N Y) DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 sha: doc_id: 352832 cord_uid: uih7alib file: cache/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.json key: cord-349392-r71g2e9y authors: Wang, L. -F.; Eaton, B. T. title: Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS date: 2007 journal: Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13 sha: doc_id: 349392 cord_uid: r71g2e9y file: cache/cord-340939-ikomc19t.json key: cord-340939-ikomc19t authors: van Doremalen, Neeltje; Lambe, Teresa; Sebastian, Sarah; Bushmaker, Trenton; Fischer, Robert; Feldmann, Friederike; Haddock, Elaine; Letko, Michael; Avanzato, Victoria A.; Rissanen, Ilona; LaCasse, Rachel; Scott, Dana; Bowden, Thomas A.; Gilbert, Sarah; Munster, Vincent title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters date: 2019-06-06 journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462 sha: doc_id: 340939 cord_uid: ikomc19t file: cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.json key: cord-345717-ktajrf7d authors: Monagin, Corina; Paccha, Blanca; Liang, Ning; Trufan, Sally; Zhou, Huiqiong; Wu, De; Schneider, Bradley S.; Chmura, Aleksei; Epstein, Jonathan; Daszak, Peter; Ke, Changwen; Rabinowitz, Peter M. title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 sha: doc_id: 345717 cord_uid: ktajrf7d file: cache/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.json key: cord-352123-0bflqj1c authors: Csiszar, Anna; Jakab, Ferenc; Valencak, Teresa G.; Lanszki, Zsófia; Tóth, Gábor Endre; Kemenesi, Gábor; Tarantini, Stefano; Fazekas-Pongor, Vince; Ungvari, Zoltan title: Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date: 2020-08-07 journal: GeroScience DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00248-3 sha: doc_id: 352123 cord_uid: 0bflqj1c file: cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.json key: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 sha: doc_id: 319933 cord_uid: yp9ofhi8 file: cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.json key: cord-319044-5otz2w9v authors: Walsh, Michael G.; Sawleshwarkar, Shailendra; Hossain, Shah; Mor, Siobhan M. title: Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date: 2020-10-08 journal: One Health DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177 sha: doc_id: 319044 cord_uid: 5otz2w9v file: cache/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.json key: cord-026031-hnf5vayd authors: Ford, Richard B.; Mazzaferro, Elisa M. title: Emergency Care date: 2009-05-21 journal: Kirk and Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment DOI: 10.1016/b0-72-160138-3/50002-3 sha: doc_id: 26031 cord_uid: hnf5vayd file: cache/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.json key: cord-341434-2xrdv92m authors: Nowland, Megan H.; Brammer, David W.; Garcia, Alexis; Rush, Howard G. title: Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date: 2015-07-10 journal: Laboratory Animal Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9 sha: doc_id: 341434 cord_uid: 2xrdv92m file: cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.json key: cord-015021-pol2qm74 authors: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02258437 sha: doc_id: 15021 cord_uid: pol2qm74 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-animal-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006510-kruy0eex author: Weiner, H. Richard title: Diagnosis and prevention of rabies date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255139-hswef5ky author: Khan, Safdar A. title: Differential Diagnosis of Common Acute Toxicologic Versus Nontoxicologic Illness date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011899-ukrk8nej author: Bidewell, Cornelia title: Suspected adverse reaction to erysipelas vaccine in sheep date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 author: Loureiro, Natália I. V. title: Solving an ethical issue involved in experimentation with animals in a brazilian teaching laboratory date: 2006-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275465-vzw509cl author: Ferella, Alejandra title: Dinámica de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus respiratorio sincicial bovino date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268114-z5vcgqxd author: Larson, R.L. title: Epidemiology and disease control in everyday beef practice date: 2008-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017112-5men6dfk author: Gupta, Varsha title: Biosafety and Bioethics date: 2016-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 author: van der Logt, J. T. M. title: Microbiological effects and quality control in laboratory rodents date: 2013-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016782-aods92rf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022255-5s2l1kua author: Kunstyr, Ivo title: Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275959-mat7ul7c author: Johnson, Kristen A title: The future of animal science departments date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286050-l7868xqi author: Holloway, Lewis title: COVID-19 and a shifted perspective on infectious farm animal disease research date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 author: Salman, M. D. title: The role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale: The impact of training and outreach programs date: 2009-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022242-pb1p6vrd author: Stalheim, O.H.V. title: Major Infectious Diseases date: 2012-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285933-zcz7zte6 author: Rethorst, David N. title: Animal Health Equipment Management date: 2015-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 author: McIntyre, K. Marie title: A Quantitative Prioritisation of Human and Domestic Animal Pathogens in Europe date: 2014-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104226-bb4lyvhy author: nan title: Monoclonal antiprothrombinase (3D4.3) prevents mortality from murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) infection date: 1992-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002945-29nj4f05 author: Ambrose, Rebecca K. title: In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c) date: 2018-01-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009385-mcfnhscj author: BLECHA, FRANK title: Rationale for Using Immunopotentiators in Domestic Food Animals date: 2012-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281979-ab1hel2r author: LI, Xiao Yan title: The Main Biological Hazards in Animal Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Strategies for Control date: 2016-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273993-rkqijcxn author: Menchaca, A. title: CRISPR in livestock: From editing to printing date: 2020-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp author: Ehnert, Karen title: Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date: 2009-01-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018706-gykw2nvt author: Yadav, Mahendra Pal title: Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date: 2020-02-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259050-482nk9je author: Mätz‐Rensing, K. title: Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date: 2009-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-259050-482nk9je.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268142-lmkfxme5 author: Schafrum Macedo, Aline title: Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? date: 2019-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023731-jqgervt7 author: FENNER, FRANK title: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases date: 2014-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294312-ju6vuywm author: Rohde, Rodney E. title: Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date: 2019-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 author: Schaefer, A. L. title: The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography date: 2012-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274052-rjud75iz author: Horzinek, Marian C. title: Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats date: 2006-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017154-h8hxroos author: Wielinga, Peter R. title: One Health and Food Safety date: 2014-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305501-srq1bo2v author: Fèvre, Eric M. title: Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date: 2006-02-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273284-1udq0roo author: Green, Jennah title: Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278195-1sle0d1j author: Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title: The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281512-79g22dk6 author: Aguirre, A. Alonso title: Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics date: 2020-07-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280427-smqc23vr author: Singla, Rubal title: Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence date: 2020-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018404-jdu4h00e author: DuBourdieu, Dan title: Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals date: 2019-03-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022512-939pika7 author: Merck, Melinda D. title: Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases date: 2015-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022512-939pika7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022512-939pika7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022512-939pika7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254264-jkug3jpz author: Schaefer, A. L. title: The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves date: 2007-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author: Rosenberg, Ronald title: Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date: 2014-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002957-gw2cow0d author: Gray, Darren W. title: DIVA metabolomics: Differentiating vaccination status following viral challenge using metabolomic profiles date: 2018-04-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266746-c0urbl6l author: Hicks, T.M. title: Protein-Rich By-Products: Production Statistics, Legislative Restrictions, and Management Options date: 2016-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009381-q9s38fkh author: Roth, James A. title: Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date: 2007-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289605-gvc673ij author: Klaunberg, Brenda A. title: Considerations for Setting up a Small-Animal Imaging Facility date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031482-atltc10d author: Arkow, Phil title: Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date: 2020-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-031482-atltc10d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294956-9o3utlfx author: Gray, Carol title: Legal and Ethical Aspects of ‘Best Interests’ Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018151-5su98uan.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author: Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title: The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date: 2017-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292742-mio4przi author: McAloose, Denise title: From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292742-mio4przi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author: Malik, Yashpal Singh title: Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date: 2019-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017955-oipail5l author: Wilkie, David A. title: The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings date: 2013-08-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017955-oipail5l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294478-3ickafd3 author: Kapil, Sanjay title: Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date: 2008-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author: Hardstaff, Jo L title: Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date: 2015-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009583-ldkjqco6 author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267188-1ldynibm author: Woldehanna, Sara title: An expanded One Health model: Integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface date: 2014-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285628-36gyix12.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018145-kssjdn8y author: Niemann, Heiner title: Transgenic Farm Animals: Current Status and Perspectives for Agriculture and Biomedicine date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021457-wymtn8q9 author: Susanne, Rensing title: Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262336-onghrm7y author: Nevarez, Javier title: CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281874-dxbvfwqu author: McFarland, Richard title: Non-animal replacement methods for human vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021158-075vh5jg author: Fortané, Nicolas title: Antimicrobial resistance: preventive approaches to the rescue? Professional expertise and business model of French “industrial” veterinarians date: 2020-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author: von Essen, Erica title: Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022708-rr3xua38 author: nan title: News date: 2019-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281819-2roflnan author: Neethirajan, Suresh title: Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281819-2roflnan.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299539-f7i4lq2w author: Bachofen, Claudia title: Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups date: 2010-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311260-eyvaazfj author: Rao, Ghanta N. title: Refinement of long-term toxicity and carcinogenesis studies() date: 2004-09-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018566-dd5gw66t author: Armbruster, Walter J. title: The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date: 2018-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author: Wiebers, David O. title: What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date: 2020-06-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277573-g3z3gq1m author: Buffenstein, Rochelle title: Naked Mole Rat date: 2011-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336884-dyju6w15 author: Fielding, C.L. title: Disease Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection and High Case Fatality Rate date: 2014-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265299-oovkoiyj author: Hickman, D.L. title: Commonly Used Animal Models date: 2016-11-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331401-bhl729up author: Rantsios, A.T. title: Zoonoses date: 2015-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331401-bhl729up.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275171-uokqn2u8 author: Zhang, Li title: Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China date: 2008-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017208-7oew461e author: Aurigemma, Rosemarie title: Regulatory Aspects in the Development of Gene Therapies date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017208-7oew461e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305175-1wg0wodr author: Dolzhikova, I. V. title: Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2020 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352832-uih7alib author: Khoury, Bassam title: The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date: 2020-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352832-uih7alib.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313072-8ndt7a2g author: Gazda, Lawrence S. title: A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials date: 2016-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258389-1u05w7r4 author: Verma, Anju title: Animal tissue culture principles and applications date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028275-szb45jm2 author: Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title: Animal models for human disease date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315362-u9slrjmk author: Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title: Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date: 2008-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309247-5arpo7gn author: Manskikh, V. N. title: Spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) date: 2017-12-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000777-7cty5s6o author: Merten, O.-W. title: Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view date: 2002-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279146-8d3dym7g author: Bowlin, Melissa S. title: Grand Challenges in Migration Biology date: 2010-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349300-x50tvq3a author: de Wit, Emmie title: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date: 2020-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022404-cz3ruqxx author: Scott, Danny W. title: Dermatoses of Pet Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307067-cpc1yefj author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341263-j4ribasg author: Gjerde, Eli-Anne B title: Problems in physiological experimental animal models investigated with factorial design date: 2004-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337028-8fh4pe3i author: Reyes, Leticia title: Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation date: 2009-01-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author: Roberts, Anjeanette title: Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date: 2006-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 author: Staroverov, Sergey A. title: Prospects for the use of spherical gold nanoparticles in immunization date: 2018-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319044-5otz2w9v author: Walsh, Michael G. title: Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326873-11jgusov author: Dignard, Caroline title: Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review date: 2019-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326873-11jgusov.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345717-ktajrf7d author: Monagin, Corina title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352123-0bflqj1c author: Csiszar, Anna title: Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315293-kng4z4kf author: Quesenberry, Katherine E. title: Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340939-ikomc19t author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters date: 2019-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author: Correa, M.T. title: Slum Livestock Agriculture date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349392-r71g2e9y author: Wang, L. -F. title: Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325433-a2fynm75 author: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347872-naz24vct author: Rostal, Melinda K. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347872-naz24vct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author: Anderson, Nancy L. title: Pet Rodents date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329466-u55ibep9 author: Kulpa-Eddy, Jodie title: Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018332-893cckyz author: Price, Jason D. title: Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness date: 2017-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018332-893cckyz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author: NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282101-2usqpy2j author: Hassan, Atef A. title: Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325273-w79fnkq1 author: Batchelder, Margaret title: Gerbils date: 2011-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332233-01rdlf8l author: Tully, Thomas N. title: CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022506-fkddo12n author: Griffin, Brenda title: Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date: 2011-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 author: PEIFFER, ROBERT L. title: Animals in Ophthalmic Research: Concepts and Methodologies date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329206-xsxkn5my author: Vojtkovská, Veronika title: Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293151-g3758oes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author: nan title: Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date: 1982 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author: nan title: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date: 2006-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m author: Nowland, Megan H. title: Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022561-rv5j1201 author: Boes, Katie M. title: Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date: 2017-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014516-r59usk02 author: nan title: Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2015-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014516-r59usk02.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009729-69swjzic author: nan title: Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date: 2013-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-009729-69swjzic.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-267671-ys43n672.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026031-hnf5vayd author: Ford, Richard B. title: Emergency Care date: 2009-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-animal-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006510-kruy0eex author = Weiner, H. Richard title = Diagnosis and prevention of rabies date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1859 sentences = 137 flesch = 46 summary = The risk of rabies exposure can often be assessed by understanding the local reservoirs of the disease. In locales where domestic animal rabies has not been controlled, dog bites are by far the most common mode of transmission. These symptoms, which occur when the virus first reaches the central nervous system, are so nonspecific that only careful history-taking would suggest the disease. History of exposure to a potentially rabid animal limits what may otherwise become a diagnosis of exclusion, since rabies causes few findings that distinguish it from other viral encephalitides. Persons who face episodic and usually recognized exposure to the virus, a category which includes spelunkers, veterinarians, animal control and wildlife workers, and travelers to foreign areas In occupations where exposure risk is infrequent and comes from recognized sources (animal workers in areas of low enzooticity) should receive the primary vaccination course without further testing or booster. cache = ./cache/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017955-oipail5l author = Wilkie, David A. title = The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings date = 2013-08-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12662 sentences = 668 flesch = 46 summary = However, if the purpose of such a study is to screen for adverse effects on any ocular tissue including, at a minimum, the adnexal structures (eyelids and conjunctiva), anterior segment (cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens), and posterior segment (vitreous and fundus), the following must be included: Additional procedures may be included depending on the objective of the examination. Additional examination procedures such as direct ophthalmoscopy, corneal staining, tonometry, pachymetry, fluorescein angiography, photographic documentation (anterior or posterior segment), electrodiagnostic testing, ultrasonography, OCT, and other tests may be indicated depending on the study and toxicologic effects of interest. Examples of ocular findings that may be progressive during the course of the study and Common background abnormalities will vary by species, but may include ocular trauma associated with shipping, congenital embryonic remnants such as persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) and persistent hyaloid artery (PHA), extravasation of blood in association with a PHA, corneal opacity/dystrophy, coloboma (iris, lens, choroid), cataract, micropapilla, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinal dysplasia [1, 7-9, 11, 16-28] . cache = ./cache/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265299-oovkoiyj author = Hickman, D.L. title = Commonly Used Animal Models date = 2016-11-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14966 sentences = 817 flesch = 54 summary = The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition (National Research Council, 2011) is an internationally accepted document that outlines and discusses globally accepted environmental parameters for housing different species of animals including the mouse. Rats have been used as animal models in numerous areas of research from space exploration to answering more basic scientific questions regarding nutrition, genetics, immunology, neurology, infectious disease, metabolic disease, and behavior. Being social creatures, ideally rabbits should be housed in compatible pairs or trios unless contraindicated by the research objectives or by incompatibility of the animals (Sohn and Couto, 2012) . Rabbits are very easily heat stressed and thus must be kept at significantly lower temperatures than other laboratory animals like rats and mice. Historically, chickens (Gallus domesticus) are the most common bird species studied in biomedical and agricultural research and are a classic model in areas such as immunology, virology, infectious disease, embryology, and toxicology (Scanes and McNabb, 2003; Kaiser, 2012) . cache = ./cache/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287839-cslrz4yp author = Ehnert, Karen title = Border Health: Who's Guarding the Gate? date = 2009-01-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5342 sentences = 338 flesch = 56 summary = The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011899-ukrk8nej author = Bidewell, Cornelia title = Suspected adverse reaction to erysipelas vaccine in sheep date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 734 sentences = 51 flesch = 60 summary = THE APHA and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) would like to draw vets' attention to potential adverse reactions associated with the use of porcine vaccines in sheep, especially if footrot vaccines have previously been administered. Lameness due to erysipelas had been diagnosed in a previous lamb crop, so in January 2020, following cascade principles, ewes were vaccinated with Porcilis Ery (MSD Animal Health) (2 ml intramuscularly) six to seven weeks before the start of lambing. In the twin-bearing group, within 48 hours of vaccination, four sheep had died, 18 had aborted and 12 showed signs of severe lethargy and anorexia. The abortions were attributed to the suspected adverse reaction and a report was submitted to the VMD. There have been a small number of adverse reaction reports made to the VMD following the use of porcine erysipelas vaccine in sheep. In addition, veterinary surgeons are reminded to report any suspected adverse reactions to the VMD at www. cache = ./cache/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33175 sentences = 2065 flesch = 49 summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. cache = ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262336-onghrm7y author = Nevarez, Javier title = CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13284 sentences = 806 flesch = 49 summary = The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. cache = ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018706-gykw2nvt author = Yadav, Mahendra Pal title = Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date = 2020-02-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9686 sentences = 390 flesch = 41 summary = The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and 'spill-over' and 'spill-back'; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. cache = ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017208-7oew461e author = Aurigemma, Rosemarie title = Regulatory Aspects in the Development of Gene Therapies date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18290 sentences = 816 flesch = 37 summary = Table 1 Beyond a Good Idea: What the Successful Investigator Has Already Done With a Project Leading to Commercial Development Defined candidate biologic (or molecule) Made comparisons with similar products Characteristics of product are consistent with pharmaceutical requirements Production scale is adequate Product characterization is adequate Laboratory reference standard exists In vitro potency assay has been developed Stability studies develop confidence product is a "drug" Reproducible model systems have confirmed in vivo activity with clinical product Early animal work includes some toxicology Scale-up requirements practical for initial clinical trials In general, reflects experience and scientific maturity of investigator In addition to the US agencies that develop the regulations that govern drug development and licensing, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) was formed in April 1990 involving the United States, the European Union, and Japan to address the issue of globalizing such regulations. cache = ./cache/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002945-29nj4f05 author = Ambrose, Rebecca K. title = In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c) date = 2018-01-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6608 sentences = 664 flesch = 63 summary = Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 subgenotype 1c in extracts from cattle samples using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). cache = ./cache/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104226-bb4lyvhy author = nan title = Monoclonal antiprothrombinase (3D4.3) prevents mortality from murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) infection date = 1992-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4669 sentences = 243 flesch = 51 summary = The induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection and disease. The results reported here demonstrate that a neutralizing antibody to PCA protects animals from fulminant hepatitis and death associated with MHV-3 infection, and supports the notion that PCA is a potent inflammatory mediator that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury resulting from MHV-3 infection. In contrast, mice infected with MHV-3 but treated with antibody to PCA showed a marked reduction in liver disease in all groups (25, 50 , and 100/.r ( were a few small loci of inflammatory cells with no necrosis (Fig. 2 D) . No fibrin was seen in the livers of infected mice treated with 100/~g of mAb. Treatment with anti-PCA alone resulted in no detectable histological evidence of liver disease in nonirLf~ed animals. cache = ./cache/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031482-atltc10d author = Arkow, Phil title = Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date = 2020-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9862 sentences = 434 flesch = 35 summary = These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children's advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. cache = ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 author = Loureiro, Natália I. V. title = Solving an ethical issue involved in experimentation with animals in a brazilian teaching laboratory date = 2006-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2829 sentences = 130 flesch = 44 summary = These were i) avoid the use of laboratory animals that would be sacrificed; ii) the inclusion of other topics of metabolism such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis and catabolism, and ketogenesis in the experimental discussion; iii) the experiment should have low cost and be performed after the relevant theory material is studied; and finally iv) it also should be easy and fast, due to the limited time of the practical class. In this article, we will present the protocol and approach used in this practice class, also including the evaluation by student teaching assistants and undergraduate students from nine different courses ("Biological Science," "Pharmacy," "Medicine," "Veterinary Medicine," "Nutrition," "Nursing," "Odontology," "Chemistry," and "Industrial Chemistry"). After the preparation of the protocol and arranging all necessary laboratory material including the guarurine, it was possible to evaluate this new practical class with the group of student teaching assistants from the Biochemistry discipline (n ϭ 6). cache = ./cache/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268114-z5vcgqxd author = Larson, R.L. title = Epidemiology and disease control in everyday beef practice date = 2008-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1589 sentences = 69 flesch = 38 summary = A cattle population's environment includes its housing type, animal density, air quality, and exposure to mud or dust and other health antagonists such as parasites and stress; these environmental factors influence the innate immunity of a herd by their impact on immunosuppression. One component of epidemiology is understanding the interaction among animals, potential pathogens, and the environment, in order to implement a herd-specific biosecurity plan [1, 2] . Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. For disease with no easily defined carrier state or for which accurate tests are not available, vaccination should be considered as a primary biosecurity tool if vaccination will result in an increased percentage of animal resistant to infection or a decreased likelihood of transmission of the agent (IBR). cache = ./cache/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017154-h8hxroos author = Wielinga, Peter R. title = One Health and Food Safety date = 2014-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7618 sentences = 348 flesch = 46 summary = Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Given that 70 % of the rural population in poor countries is dependent on livestock as working animals to survive (FAO 2002) , the effect of these animals carrying a zoonotic disease can be dramatic, both relative to human health directly, but also as it affects the potential to earn an income. For global infectious disease safety national authorities report to WHO important outbreaks of human disease which have the potential of cross-border spread, under the auspices of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (WHO 2005) . Collaboration between the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and the OIE have generated important guidance on how an integrated approach and the prudent use of antimicrobials may reduce the emergence of AMR in (food-)animals and subsequently in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5812 sentences = 313 flesch = 41 summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021158-075vh5jg author = Fortané, Nicolas title = Antimicrobial resistance: preventive approaches to the rescue? Professional expertise and business model of French “industrial” veterinarians date = 2020-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12209 sentences = 563 flesch = 53 summary = Using recent debates on the AMR problem, it proposes to examine the relationship between the development of professional veterinary expertise and of the drug market, based on the case of a specific segment of the profession, namely veterinarians specializing in industrial poultry and pig production in western France. Indeed, it is common to hear professional organizations or public authorities state that in order to reduce their economic dependence on antibiotic sales, vets must rethink their activity by favouring preventive approaches to animal health which would involve a diversified range of services and would contribute to placing vets in an advisory role with a holistic vision of livestock farming or even of the food supply chain (VetFuturs France 2018) . cache = ./cache/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017112-5men6dfk author = Gupta, Varsha title = Biosafety and Bioethics date = 2016-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7056 sentences = 456 flesch = 51 summary = Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. cache = ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022404-cz3ruqxx author = Scott, Danny W. title = Dermatoses of Pet Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15517 sentences = 1067 flesch = 51 summary = Finally, these small creatures, especially mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are frequently used for studying models of human diseases (e.g., hereditary hypotrichoses and ichthyoses in mice and rats), for examining the pathogenesis of various dermatoses also seen in humans (e.g., contact hypersensitivity and candidiasis in guinea pigs), for evaluating therapeutic agents used in various human dermatoses (e.g., treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in guinea pigs and the use of retinoids in rhino mice), for studying percutaneous absorption and various aspects of dermatopharmacology (e.g., the mouse tail assay for studying epidermal drug effects), and for screening the potential irritancy or sensitization of topical agents (e.g., the guinea pig Draize test for contact allergens and the rabbit skin test for topical irritants)." cache = ./cache/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author = NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title = Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24560 sentences = 1604 flesch = 55 summary = The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. cache = ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268142-lmkfxme5 author = Schafrum Macedo, Aline title = Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? date = 2019-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3706 sentences = 296 flesch = 49 summary = title: Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? Our aim here is to provide a broad overview of animal modeling and its ethical implications, followed by a narrower focus on bone research and the role rabbits are playing in the current scenario. 12 Five key bioethical points are considered when assessing the moral status of animal subjects in research: the presence of life, the ability to feel and perceive stimuli, the level of cognitive behavior, the degree of sociability, and the ability to proliferate. Animal models have taught us much about bone disorders and have been central to developing many treatments throughout history. 8, 17, 51 Rabbits are appealing models for bone research. Rabbits have potential as bone models but conclusive studies are still lacking. Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research Osteoporosis-bone remodeling and animal models cache = ./cache/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259050-482nk9je author = Mätz‐Rensing, K. title = Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date = 2009-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2348 sentences = 164 flesch = 50 summary = Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. The present case report describes an outbreak of respiratory diseases among rhesus monkeys induced by S. One month later, four more female animals developed severe upper respiratory tract infection. A fatal outbreak of streptococcus infection occurred in one of six breeding colonies housed in an indoor/outdoor facility. It was assumed that contact to a visitor with upper respiratory disease led to the initial infection of two elderly and closely related animals. The problem of the described outbreak for the breeding colony was not only the initial fatal infection but also the death of the first six animals. Outbreak of infection caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus among laboratory primates cache = ./cache/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255139-hswef5ky author = Khan, Safdar A. title = Differential Diagnosis of Common Acute Toxicologic Versus Nontoxicologic Illness date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 859 sentences = 50 flesch = 34 summary = This article provides a display table laying out the differential diagnosis of common acute toxicologic versus nontoxicologic illnesses in small animals. Upon presentation of an acutely ill animal, a veterinary professional must consider poisoning as a potential cause among the differentials. Before obtaining a complete case history, the first goal should be to stabilize the patient and preserve life of the acutely ill animal irrespective of the cause. A majority of clinical cases on presentation are treated supportively as only a very few specific antidotes are available or needed for treating specific poisonings. Other samples for toxicology testing in a diagnostic laboratory include whole blood for heavy metal analysis (lead), blood cholinesterases (organophosphate poisoning), and presence of pesticides (anticoagulant rodenticides). Table 1 outlines some important toxicologic versus nontoxicologic rule-outs based on clinical abnormalities one must consider in an acutely ill animal. An acutely ill animal with sudden onset of clinical effects may often have multiple major clinical signs/abnormalities present. cache = ./cache/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281979-ab1hel2r author = LI, Xiao Yan title = The Main Biological Hazards in Animal Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Strategies for Control date = 2016-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3024 sentences = 166 flesch = 38 summary = Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Although Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (published jointly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health 1999, USA) is the gold standard for laboratory biosafety, the actual biosafety programs applied to control biological hazards in individual facilities depend on numerous factors, including the agents being used, the source of funding, and local codes, among others. Based on a combination of our own practical experience and consultation of these references [9] , here we consider aerosols, zoonoses, and laboratory-associated infections as the main biological hazards in ABSL-2 facilities. cache = ./cache/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4012 sentences = 187 flesch = 43 summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277573-g3z3gq1m author = Buffenstein, Rochelle title = Naked Mole Rat date = 2011-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13792 sentences = 705 flesch = 51 summary = Since usually only one female breeds in a naked mole rat colony, the majority of animals (males and females) spend their entire lives in a suspended sterile "prepubescent" reproductive state. Naked mole rats support the evolutionary theory of aging which posits that species that have evolved in areas of low extrinsic mortality such as thermally buffered, sealed burrows that are protected from predation will evolve mechanisms better-suited for extended tissue maintenance and concomitant longevity; whereas those species living in a dangerous environment fraught with challenging climatic conditions and/or high predation risk will evolve life history traits that facilitate early reproduction and shorter lifespans. Hormonal and behavioral correlates of male dominance and reproductive status in captive colonies of the naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber Behavioral and hormonal changes in female naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) following removal of the breeding female from a colony cache = ./cache/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018404-jdu4h00e author = DuBourdieu, Dan title = Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals date = 2019-03-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8788 sentences = 436 flesch = 47 summary = Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. This provides a rationale for the observations that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows may also afford passive immune protection against human pathogens in both humans and animals (Li-Chan et al. The animal industry has recognized this issue and has developed methods to produce specific antibodies in high titer against specific diseases that can be delivered in colostrum products. Passive antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases is a concept which dates back more than 120 years, to the 1890s, when the use of serum from immunized animals provided the first effective treatment options against infections with Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Hey 2015) . Passive immunity provided by chicken egg antibodies will gain increasing use in production animals. cache = ./cache/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294312-ju6vuywm author = Rohde, Rodney E. title = Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date = 2019-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4488 sentences = 281 flesch = 60 summary = While in fact, today's treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal's nervous system, then to the brain. cache = ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273993-rkqijcxn author = Menchaca, A. title = CRISPR in livestock: From editing to printing date = 2020-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6877 sentences = 331 flesch = 42 summary = When applied in large animals, CRISPR involves timeand cost-consuming projects, and it is mandatory not only to choose the best approach for genome editing, but also for embryo production, zygote microinjection or electroporation, cryopreservation and embryo transfer. In addition, we discuss some CRISPR applications to enhance livestock production in the context of a growing global demand of food, in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the impact of farming on the environment, enhancing pest control, animal welfare and health. The wide range of CRISPR applications in large animals include improving productive traits, enhancing animal welfare through adaptation and resilience, conferring resistance to infectious and transmissible diseases, generating animal models for biomedical research, and suppressing other species considered as pests for livestock. Genome editing mediated by SCNT is applied by some laboratories in some kind of projects (e.g., multiplex editing), but the high efficiency of CRISPR after direct microinjection into zygotes has allowed an easier approach (sheep: [6, 7, 15, 16] ; goats: [9, 17] ; pigs: [11, 13] ). cache = ./cache/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299315-s43gw24k author = Capps, Benjamin title = One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date = 2015-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10082 sentences = 485 flesch = 48 summary = In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. cache = ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022708-rr3xua38 author = nan title = News date = 2019-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8656 sentences = 431 flesch = 55 summary = In the November 2018 report 'Motivation, Satisfaction and Retention: Understanding the importance of vets' day to day work experiences' from the BVA and the University of Exeter, two of the key findings included 'feeling like one fits in with those who have been successful before you, and having role models' as being important to motivating veterinarians, facilitating their professional satisfaction and retaining them in the profession. The federal Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is currently leading a working group comprising representatives from state governments, the Australian Veterinary Association, RSPCA Australia and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is currently developing their 7th strategic plan (2021-2024) and they too are looking at their future role, particularly on global issues such as food security, climate change, species conservation and the future of the veterinary profession. cache = ./cache/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023731-jqgervt7 author = FENNER, FRANK title = Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases date = 2014-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6992 sentences = 320 flesch = 39 summary = Having allocated it to a particular family (e.g., Adenoviridae), one can then go on to determine the species or serotype (e.g., canine Immunodiffusion Antibody neutralizes infectivity of virion; inhibits cytopathology, reduces plaques, or protects animals Antibody inhibits viral hemagglutination Antigen-antibody complex binds complement, which is thereafter unavailable for the lysis of hemolysissensitized sheep red blood cells Antibody-aggregated virions are visible by electron microscopy Antibody labeled with fluorochrome binds to intracellular antigen; fluoresces by UV microscopy Peroxidase-labeled antibody binds to intracellular antigen; colored precipitate forms on adding substrate Enzyme-labeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody); substrate changes color Radiolabeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody), e.g., attached to solid phase Antibodies and soluble antigens produce visible lines of precipitate in a gel adenovirus 1) by more discriminating serological procedures. cache = ./cache/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266746-c0urbl6l author = Hicks, T.M. title = Protein-Rich By-Products: Production Statistics, Legislative Restrictions, and Management Options date = 2016-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6279 sentences = 296 flesch = 48 summary = Overall, increased global demand for animal-based products requires a substantially greater increase in plant and other feed resources, which will subsequently generate a much larger volume of protein-rich materials than currently produced. Since then, concern over the risks posed by ABPs, including infectious diseases (such as swine fever, foot and mouth) and other contaminants (such as dioxins), to human and animal health, has resulted in strict regulations regarding their safe handling and disposal (cunningham, 2003 ; department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). As such, most countries now have local regulations put in place that are typically broad in scope and directly affect any person or business that generates, uses, disposes, stores, handles, or transports food waste containing animal products and ABPs derived from the food processing industry. The regulations also control the use of ABPs as feed, fertilizer, and technical products with rules for their transformation via composting and biogas operations and their disposal via rendering and incineration (department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). cache = ./cache/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018566-dd5gw66t author = Armbruster, Walter J. title = The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date = 2018-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11422 sentences = 530 flesch = 35 summary = This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom's (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. cache = ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000777-7cty5s6o author = Merten, O.-W. title = Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view date = 2002-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14936 sentences = 650 flesch = 48 summary = These may include the use of production media devoid of animal derived substances, validation of viral clearance in downstream processing or analytics for detecting adventitious viruses in cell culture and final biological product. However, the best means to increase the biological safety of the produced viral vaccines is the use of diploid or continuous cell lines, because it can be determined that such cells are free of animal derived viruses: This can be achieved by establishing master (seed stock) and working (distribution and user stocks) cell banks which have been rigorously tested and validated for the absence of microbial as well as viral contaminants (see chapter by Freshney and the section on 'Testing-virus screening in cell banks' of this article). As animal derived substances such as serum can be contaminated by adventitious viruses, γ irradition is, after routine quality control for virus detection, the best method to increase the safety of using serum in the production of animal cell culture derived biologicals. cache = ./cache/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author = Rosenberg, Ronald title = Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date = 2014-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6688 sentences = 306 flesch = 45 summary = RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254264-jkug3jpz author = Schaefer, A. L. title = The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves date = 2007-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4610 sentences = 232 flesch = 49 summary = Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively). In the current study, the criteria for a gold standard for true positive disease was defined as any animal displaying two or more of the following symptoms: A core temperature of 40°C or higher, a white blood cell count of less than 7 or greater than 11 · 1000 lL À1 , a clinical score of 3 or higher and a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of less than 0.1 or greater than 0.8. Data collected in the present study demonstrated that infrared thermography scans of the orbital area in calves was efficacious as an early identifier of bovine respiratory disease onset. cache = ./cache/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022506-fkddo12n author = Griffin, Brenda title = Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date = 2011-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23797 sentences = 1308 flesch = 50 summary = Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . cache = ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4986 sentences = 304 flesch = 49 summary = Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. cache = ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022255-5s2l1kua author = Kunstyr, Ivo title = Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2693 sentences = 159 flesch = 43 summary = Finally, monitoring programs help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The term 'SPF' means that the absence of individually listed microorganisms has been demonstrated for a population by regular monitoring of a sufficient number of animals at appropriate ages by appropriate and accepted methods. Finally, monitoring programmes help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The Federation of the European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) publish recommendations dealing with health monitoring of either breeding colonies or experimental units (Kraft et al., 1994; Rehbinder et al., 1996) . cache = ./cache/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022561-rv5j1201 author = Boes, Katie M. title = Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date = 2017-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 52276 sentences = 2784 flesch = 39 summary = Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. cache = ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275465-vzw509cl author = Ferella, Alejandra title = Dinámica de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus respiratorio sincicial bovino date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3261 sentences = 177 flesch = 54 summary = Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd from Santa Fe province, Argentina RESUMEN El virus respiratorio sincicial bovino (VRSB) es uno de los principales agentes responsables de enfermedad respiratoria en bovinos, tanto de tambos como de cría. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. These results are in concordance with those reported by Tuncer et al., who detected the presence of maternal antibodies in 100% of the calves sampled at one month of age in dairy herds from Turkey 13 . cache = ./cache/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 author = van der Logt, J. T. M. title = Microbiological effects and quality control in laboratory rodents date = 2013-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3261 sentences = 193 flesch = 38 summary = The significance of biomedical research using laboratory animals has increased substantially because of the increased awareness of an-imal producers and investigators of the need to use high-quality animals with standardized microbiological status, under environmentally defined conditions, in their experiments. Programs to assess the health status of rodents, and characterize their microbiological status were improved, and monitoring data thereafter showed that breeders were able to produce and supply clean, specified pathogen free (SPF) animals (15, 16) . It is abundantly clear that for good comparison of experimental results obtained by different research groups, international standardization of programs used for microbiological characterization of SPF laboratory rodents is indispensable. Programs used for characterization of the microbiological status and routine monitoring should include daily clinical observation of the animals, histopathological searches for lesions of infectious diseases, cultures for bacteria and fungi, serological tests especially for viruses, and parasitological tests. cache = ./cache/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285933-zcz7zte6 author = Rethorst, David N. title = Animal Health Equipment Management date = 2015-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3665 sentences = 236 flesch = 60 summary = Before disinfection, the equipment should be cleaned with soap and hot water at the end of each day and stored in a dry area. Equipment used for processing and treating cattle should be cleaned and disinfected daily, after use. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. cache = ./cache/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author = nan title = NEWS date = 2014-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10467 sentences = 536 flesch = 56 summary = Late last year, the American Veterinary Medical Association held a forum called 'The Conversation' , 1 which involved veterinarians, ethicists and animal scientists who presented on the scientific, social, political, market, and legal aspects of how and why animal welfare decisions are made. We want to develop and advocate for good evidence-based policies that will provide the right number of veterinarians, with the right skills, in the right places, to meet Australia's need for veterinary services into the future. Some additional skills and experience that are useful include being a member of community organisations, being a member of other boards and committees, a commitment to animal health and welfare, and the ability to prepare reports for the AVA Board. The AVA has been working closely with the Australian Department of Agriculture and human health groups to join this global campaign to promote responsible use of antibiotics. cache = ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 author = McIntyre, K. Marie title = A Quantitative Prioritisation of Human and Domestic Animal Pathogens in Europe date = 2014-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4582 sentences = 215 flesch = 40 summary = By coupling the H-index method with the EID2, the primary aim of this study was to establish priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe. Its potential as a quantitative One Health indicator (i.e. a single measure applicable to both human and animal diseases) was investigated by comparing scores for human-only, zoonotic, and animal-only pathogen groups, including emerging status as this would likely drive research impact. We investigated its value as a proxy for animal disease impact by comparing domestic animal pathogen H-indices with other measures of impact including presence on the OIE list [10] , and inclusion in DISCONTOOLS [11] . The study establishes priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe, using the H-index as a proxy measure for impact. cache = ./cache/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6514 sentences = 297 flesch = 42 summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans cache = ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009583-ldkjqco6 author = nan title = NEWS date = 2014-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10317 sentences = 569 flesch = 54 summary = • ensure all team members are kept abreast of changes in the clinic and given opportunities to provide suggestions to improve patient care and client service • recognise team members for their contributions • provide all staff with adequate resources and guidance to complete their jobs in a meaningful fashion and provide opportunities for growth and professional development • ensure all team members have clearly defined roles and are given autonomy to make decisions consistent with their position in the practice • encourage colleagues and supervisors to provide guidance and social support to help team members develop coping skills • take steps to create and maintain a positive work environment -this may include addressing conflicts among co-workers, ensuring all employees are treated equally and fairly, promoting civility and collegiality • consider current staff numbers and individual workloads to prevent excessive workload. cache = ./cache/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71765 sentences = 5075 flesch = 49 summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. cache = ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273284-1udq0roo author = Green, Jennah title = Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases date = 2020-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7518 sentences = 336 flesch = 47 summary = We analyse a database of wildlife records from the UK's Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to summarise the volume and variety of non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) listed wild animal imports over a recent 5-year period (2014–2018). We obtained data pertaining to all consignments of live non-domesticated animals (excluding CITES listed species and all fish) imported into the UK recorded on the TRACES database, via a Freedom of Information request to APHA. In relation to the taxonomic class and the actual volume of wild animals traded (Columbiformes and Galliformes aside), the highest number of individual non-CITES listed live animals entering the UK during this time period were amphibians (73.1%, n = 2,492,156), followed by reptiles (16.8%, n = 578,772), mammals (4.4%; n = 150,638), birds (2.9%; n = 99,111), and arachnids (0.03%; n = 1083). cache = ./cache/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 63666 sentences = 3678 flesch = 40 summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author = Anderson, Nancy L. title = Pet Rodents date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14919 sentences = 1443 flesch = 58 summary = This chapter provides information needed to diagnose and treat the most frequently encountered problems of mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history, visualization of parasite, skin scrape, and cellophane tape test. • Clinical signs in adults are caused by secondary bacterial infections and are similar to those in MRM. Common primary or secondary pathogens causing respiratory signs in mice are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Pasteurella pneumontropica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. • Mouse poliomyelitis/encephalomyelitis, also known as Theiler disease, causes clinical signs in 1 in 10,000 infected mice. • In contrast to mice, Sendai virus rarely causes clinical signs in rats. • Pneumonia in guinea pigs usually is caused by infection with S. • Diagnosis of scurvy is based on clinical signs, the exclusion of other causes of diarrhea, and response to vitamin C therapy (see Table 177 -10). cache = ./cache/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022383-pz0htccp author = Kohn, Dennis F. title = Biology and Diseases of Rats date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20181 sentences = 1195 flesch = 50 summary = The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. cache = ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018145-kssjdn8y author = Niemann, Heiner title = Transgenic Farm Animals: Current Status and Perspectives for Agriculture and Biomedicine date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9160 sentences = 503 flesch = 40 summary = Guidelines developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA require monitoring the animals' health in a specific pathogen free (SPF) facility, sequence validation of the gene construct, characterization of the isolated recombinant protein, and monitoring the genetic stability of the transgenic animals over several generations. Some gene constructs have failed to produce economically significant amounts of protein in the milk of transgenic animals indicating that the technology needs further refinement to insure consistent high-level expression. The use of somatic nuclear transfer will accelerate production of transgenic animals for mammary gland specific synthesis of recombinant proteins. In the pig, increased transgenic expression of a bovine lactalbumin construct in the mammary gland resulted in increased lactose content and increased milk production which resulted in improved survival and development of the piglets (Wheeler et al. cache = ./cache/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17040 sentences = 872 flesch = 42 summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. cache = ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021453-vf8xbaug author = Dysko, Robert C. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 41994 sentences = 2688 flesch = 48 summary = The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. cache = ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018332-893cckyz author = Price, Jason D. title = Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness date = 2017-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22871 sentences = 832 flesch = 49 summary = Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Since capitalism bombards us with its definition of desire constantly, portrayals of what I'd like to call "postcolonial desire" in these novels offers a line of flight away from capitalist logic: a field of desire which can reorient one's sense of self and relationships to others, animals, and the environment Woodward argues that animals can be focused on in literature and writing because human rights have been secured in South Africa. Like Morris and the assemblage of characters who work against the business proposal to "develop" the land and remove the baboons from their home in The Reluctant Passenger, Camagu, the outsider to the village of Qolorha-by-Sea and protagonist of Zakes Mda's The Heart of Redness (2000), works to protect the community and environment of the village. cache = ./cache/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289605-gvc673ij author = Klaunberg, Brenda A. title = Considerations for Setting up a Small-Animal Imaging Facility date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5508 sentences = 329 flesch = 50 summary = Imaging techniques allow for the conduct of noninvasive, in vivo longitudinal small-animal studies, but also require access to expensive and complex equipment, and personnel who are properly trained in their use. In vivo imaging is a noninvasive way to gain insight into the animal's anatomy and physiology 1 ; however, the unit cost and complexity of many such methods may preclude an investigator's ability to gain access to such devices. At this time, the MIF has three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, a micro X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, two ultrasound scanners, a combined luciferase/GFP imager, and a laser Doppler imager. One must consider what types of animals and models could come to the facility for imaging, because these considerations will impact staffing choices, housing availability, and imaging modalities. A facility will need to plan for additional space for the electronics and console for the scanner as well as a preparation area outside the magnetic field. cache = ./cache/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021457-wymtn8q9 author = Susanne, Rensing title = Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6434 sentences = 408 flesch = 57 summary = The minimum equipment of a cage for callitrichids consists of a nest or sleeping-box, a sitting shelf, various branches of different size and, on different levels, a water bottle and a feeding bowl. Due to their small body size, limited gut volume, and rapid rate of food passage (Garber, 1986) callitrichids require a diet high in nutritional quality and available energy. If urine or faeces have to be sampled for 24 hours, animals have to be single housed in a metabolism cage for this period. For longer surgery, a combination of Saffan (18 mg/kg) and Valium ® (0.25 mg/animal) is reliable in common marmosets, and Ketamine (25 mg/kg) + Midazolam (25 mg/kg) for cotton-top tamarins. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which occurs very often as a latent infection in Old World Primates (OWP), seems not to be relevant in marmosets, and has been isolated from the salivary gland of tamarins without clinical symptoms (Nigida et al., 1979) . cache = ./cache/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022512-939pika7 author = Merck, Melinda D. title = Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases date = 2015-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4658 sentences = 239 flesch = 47 summary = The veterinarian plays a role in the planning of the operation, at the crime scene, the temporary shelter, and the hospital receiving cats for more advanced treatment. Shelter design should take into account the number of cats, special housing needs, ease of handling, infectious disease, temperature control, airflow, foot traffic, noise levels, animal stress, and environmental enrichment. The standard medical protocols enacted depend on the known existing conditions and diseases within the population, the expected length of stay in the temporary shelter, and the expected disposition of the cats; however, a variety of infectious diseases (including respiratory, enteric, and dermatologic pathogens) should be expected. 9 Based on observed diarrhea findings at the scene, within the temporary shelter, or diagnostic test results, it may be reasonable to treat all cats for coccidiosis. The clinical management of large-scale feline cruelty cases starts at the scene and continues to the temporary housing in a shelter or hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-022512-939pika7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022512-939pika7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278195-1sle0d1j author = Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title = The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8075 sentences = 396 flesch = 44 summary = The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . cache = ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022242-pb1p6vrd author = Stalheim, O.H.V. title = Major Infectious Diseases date = 2012-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 573 sentences = 38 flesch = 55 summary = Con sumers spend about $5 billion annually for veterinary services (Hayes, 1984) , and a significant number of people (< 100) become ill each year with a zoonotic disease (i.e., one that is transmissible from animals to man) (U.S. Public Health Service, 1984) . That policy was carried to England and then to the United States, where it was instituted and carried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, in a series of brilliant programs, and the health of our animals was greatly improved (Stalheim, 1984) . However, the diseases of fish (Snieszko, 1970) , marine mammals (Fowler, 1978) , and fur-bearing animals (Lybashenko, 1973) now command much attention by a variety of biologists. In most cases, the names of the diseases conform to those selected for the Animal Diseases Thesaurus (Veterinary Services, USDA, 1984) , which was based on the 1971 Veterinary Subject Headings of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau in England. Diseases of Fur-Bearing Animals cache = ./cache/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009729-69swjzic author = nan title = Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date = 2013-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 66970 sentences = 2764 flesch = 44 summary = Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. cache = ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8567 sentences = 354 flesch = 43 summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and 'bushmeat', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. cache = ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275171-uokqn2u8 author = Zhang, Li title = Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China date = 2008-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10001 sentences = 454 flesch = 50 summary = 2. The current situation includes four types of consumer behavior among Chinese urban residents: using wild animals as food, using medicine or tonic products containing wildlife ingredients, wearing ornaments and garments made from wildlife, and keeping wildlife as pets. Regarding wild animal protection work, the percentage of those not supportive is much higher among heavy consumers than among the other two groups. With regard to the willingness to participate in public benefit activities for wild animal protection, a high percentage of heavy consumers are willing to take part in ecological tourism and provide monetary support, but the percentage of those willing to change their consumption behavior is lower than the other two groups. In this survey, we find that currently a high percentage of Chinese urban residents is still not clear about what wild animals are protected. cache = ./cache/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281512-79g22dk6 author = Aguirre, A. Alonso title = Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics date = 2020-07-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3829 sentences = 188 flesch = 54 summary = This article will explore the connections among the current pandemic, live-animal markets, the spread of animal-related diseases, and the illicit wildlife trade and will include a set of policy recommendations prescribed to prevent future outbreaks stemming from these issues. It further explains "the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in civet cats and other wild animals in live animal markets suggests that this novel human pathogen emerged as a result of an interspecies transmission" (Poon et al., 2005 (Poon et al., , p. The devastation resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could potentially serve as a future warning for what is to come, if practices such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets are allowed to continue on a global scale. Research must focus on the central causes of the spread of zoonotic diseases such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets. cache = ./cache/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280427-smqc23vr author = Singla, Rubal title = Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence date = 2020-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7194 sentences = 381 flesch = 58 summary = The various evidence from the past clearly suggest that the evolution of the virus in both reservoir and intermediate animal hosts needs to be explored to better evaluate the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The qPCR and virus titration test conducted on the various isolated organs of the ferrets on day 4 post inoculation detected infectious virus in the nasal turbinate, soft palate and tonsils of ferrets indicating the possible replication of the virus in the upper respiratory tract of the ferrets while no infection was found in other organs such as trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of the ferrets (Kim et al. This study results stipulate ferret to have high susceptibility for the SARS-CoV-2 and this infectious virus sheds by multiple routes of body discharge specimens such as urine and faeces of the infected ferrets which serve as a potential source of viral transmission to close contact. cache = ./cache/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305501-srq1bo2v author = Fèvre, Eric M. title = Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date = 2006-02-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4939 sentences = 222 flesch = 46 summary = In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. cache = ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 author = PEIFFER, ROBERT L. title = Animals in Ophthalmic Research: Concepts and Methodologies date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24854 sentences = 1191 flesch = 46 summary = While the majority of investigations have had as their objective ultimate correlation with normal and abnormal function and structure of the human eye, laboratory studies have provided an abundance of comparative information that emphasizes that while there are numerous and amazing similarities in the peripheral visual system among the vertebrate (and even the invertebrate) animals, significant differences exist that are important to both researcher and clinician in selection of a research model and in extrapolation of data obtained from one species to another, and even among different species subdivisions. The use of laboratory animals in the investigation of infectious ocular disease has included rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, and subhuman primates. Ames and Hastings (1956) described a technique for rapid removal of the rabbit retina, together with a stump of optic nerve, for use in short-term culture experi ments including in vitro studies of retinal response to light (Ames and Gurian, 1960) . cache = ./cache/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002957-gw2cow0d author = Gray, Darren W. title = DIVA metabolomics: Differentiating vaccination status following viral challenge using metabolomic profiles date = 2018-04-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7426 sentences = 323 flesch = 36 summary = The aims of the current study were therefore to assess the performance of Reverse Phase (RP) and Hydrophobic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) separation methods for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomic profiling of bovine plasma and identify plasma metabolomic markers capable of differentiating between vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves following intranasal challenge with BPI3V. The selected panel of 383 unique AMRTPs (S3 Table) differentiating animals of different vaccination status at various time-points post-BPI3V challenge were deconvoluted to identify parent ion mass, adducts and low energy fragments using low and high energy data (Function 1 and 2 respectively), yielding 26 parent ions for elemental composition determination. The metabolomic profiling performed here in this study on post-BPI3V challenge acquired samples, has identified a unique panel of plasma metabolites which differ between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals, and significantly are involved in recognised immune response mechanisms. cache = ./cache/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281819-2roflnan author = Neethirajan, Suresh title = Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11375 sentences = 531 flesch = 35 summary = Real-time, continuous, and precise measurement of the multi-dimensions and complex intricacies of adaptive capacity of farm animals namely the mental, behavioral, and physiological states are possible only through the sensor-based approaches. Automated remote monitoring and detection of animal welfare indicating parameters using real-time analysis of sounds, images, videos, and data tracking for body and body weight conditions may improve biological metrics in livestock [14] . Farmers can more quickly detect livestock health problems by evaluating their animals' physiological responses via measurements of the temperature in body parts, respiration rate, heart rate variability, body weight, feed, emotions, non-invasive biomarkers and water intake, activity, and movement. Garrido-Izard and colleagues have monitored a combination of ear skin temperature sensors, body weight measurement, and the amount of feed consumed and the duration per animal in order to identify animal behavior changes based on the integration of their intake patterns and the thermal data. cache = ./cache/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028275-szb45jm2 author = Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title = Animal models for human disease date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11604 sentences = 616 flesch = 45 summary = To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. cache = ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275959-mat7ul7c author = Johnson, Kristen A title = The future of animal science departments date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 740 sentences = 46 flesch = 54 summary = His ideas provide an excellent foundation for articles from Argentina, China, Italy, and South Africa that describe the future of animal science research and teaching programs in these countries. They highlight the need for the incorporation of multidisciplinary training and thinking in the animal sciences curriculum and describe opportunities to embrace technology in information transfer in outreach and teaching. Rulien Grobler and her colleagues (Grobler et al., 2020) describe the dynamic animal sciences programs in South Africa and identify the need for flexibility and embracing technologies in training future animal scientists. As new methods for teaching are developed and used to meet the needs and careers of the future, animal and veterinary sciences must insure the effectiveness of the educational program offered. The similarity of challenges and needs for animal and veterinary training programs identified by the authors in this issue is both striking and comforting. cache = ./cache/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author = Malik, Yashpal Singh title = Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date = 2019-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7286 sentences = 346 flesch = 37 summary = However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . cache = ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282101-2usqpy2j author = Hassan, Atef A. title = Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17178 sentences = 959 flesch = 37 summary = Moreover, several nanocomposites can be used in various applications such as nanoshells to destroy cancer cells, alumino-silicate nanoparticles to reduce bleeding, carbon nanoparticles as sensors and for drug delivery, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for diagnosis, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as antimicrobial agents, and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve MRI imaging (Chakravarthi and Balaji, 2010; Hassan et al., 2015b) . (2015) detected that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin production by respective fungal isolates was significantly diminished until complete inhibition by increasing the dose treatment with Fe 2 O 3 NPs. Moreover, the antimicrobial action of metal nanoparticles was suggested as being due to disrupting and penetration of the cell membrane of microorganism, damage and rupture of the cell wall and leakage of cytoplasm contents (Gajbhiye et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2014 Hassan et al., , 2015a . The obtained results showed that the viability of microbial cells was inhibited and complete prevention of aflatoxin production occurred at a concentration level of 125 μg/mL of CNTs. Veterinary applications of metal nanoparticles have been used in various fields related to animal disease diagnosis and treatment as well as biological sensing. cache = ./cache/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009385-mcfnhscj author = BLECHA, FRANK title = Rationale for Using Immunopotentiators in Domestic Food Animals date = 2012-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3483 sentences = 217 flesch = 39 summary = Therefore, although fully immunocompetent at birth, domestic food animal newborns differ from other mammalian neonates in being im munologically "virgin" (Kim, 1975; Salmon, 1984) and the development of totally effective immune defenses requires 2 to 3 weeks. Because of the high incidence and economic impact of respiratory and intestinal infections in young domestic animals, it is important to review studies related to the postnatal development of the mucosaassociated immune system in the pig. Several examples of virus-related im munosuppression are well documented in domestic food animals (Table III) , including viral diseases of great economic importance such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus type-1) and pseudorabies, which cause severe pneumonia and death in cattle and pigs, respectively. If immunomodulators can be used to augment immune function at critical periods during the production of food animals, such as the neonatal period, and prior to or during exposure to stressors or patho genic organisms, then the economic loss caused by infectious disease should be reduced. cache = ./cache/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author = nan title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date = 2006-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40663 sentences = 2064 flesch = 55 summary = Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. cache = ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286050-l7868xqi author = Holloway, Lewis title = COVID-19 and a shifted perspective on infectious farm animal disease research date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 986 sentences = 44 flesch = 43 summary = As a social scientist on the team, my thinking on BVD is influenced by discussions of biosecurity, or 'making life safe' (Bingham et al. As COVID-19 took hold, we have very rapidly seen the application of all of these modes of biosecurity, which I had been thinking about in rather abstract terms and in relation to animals, back onto our own lives in very significant and concrete ways, forcing a recalibration of my perspective on animal and human infectious diseases together. Our research has been focusing on an animal disease which we have been told (e.g. by vets) should be relatively easy to eradicate through testing and/or vaccination-but BVD hasn't been eradicated, it persists. His research focuses on changing agricultural practices, particularly those involving farmed animals and technologies. cache = ./cache/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014516-r59usk02 author = nan title = Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2015-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 55041 sentences = 2919 flesch = 51 summary = Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. cache = ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author = Hardstaff, Jo L title = Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date = 2015-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6509 sentences = 304 flesch = 52 summary = Very few shipments of weaned cattle, sheep and goats require a rest period of 24 hours (Additional file 1), whereas many unweaned animals would require a 24 hour break in their journey from their point of origin to their Figure 1 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of cattle for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 2 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of pigs for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 4 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of goats for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. cache = ./cache/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285628-36gyix12 author = Stull, Jason W. title = Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date = 2015-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6763 sentences = 324 flesch = 29 summary = The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. cache = ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author = nan title = Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date = 1982 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 44844 sentences = 2433 flesch = 50 summary = In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration. cache = ./cache/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294478-3ickafd3 author = Kapil, Sanjay title = Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date = 2008-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7330 sentences = 328 flesch = 38 summary = Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''Mystery diseases'' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. cache = ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258389-1u05w7r4 author = Verma, Anju title = Animal tissue culture principles and applications date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12098 sentences = 740 flesch = 49 summary = The development of basic culture media has enabled scientists to work with a wide variety of cells under controlled conditions; this has played an important role in advancing our understanding of cell growth and differentiation, identification of growth factors, and understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal functions of various cell types. Many animal cells can be induced to grow outside of their organ or tissue of origin under defined conditions when supplemented with a medium containing nutrients and growth factors. With advancements in animal cell culture technology, a number of cell lines have evolved and are used for vaccine production, therapeutic proteins, pharmaceutical agents, and anticancerous agents. The animal cell culture can be grown for a wide variety of cell-based assays to investigate morphology, protein expression, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and toxicity in different environments. cache = ./cache/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267188-1ldynibm author = Woldehanna, Sara title = An expanded One Health model: Integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface date = 2014-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8040 sentences = 320 flesch = 45 summary = The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. In this paper we propose an expanded One Health model that highlights the social determinants of human-animal exposure, describe a study approach that operationalizes the model to explore factors that influence the risk of transmission at the individual and community level and present some results that illustrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. Finally, social factors also determine who is at risk from eating different meats: eating rats is an equal source of exposure for adults and children in both ethnic groups; the Hmong are more exposed to nonhuman primates and the Lao-Tai to bats as a result of eating; and men are more intensely exposed as they are more likely to eat raw meat compared to women. cache = ./cache/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 author = Salman, M. D. title = The role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale: The impact of training and outreach programs date = 2009-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3246 sentences = 155 flesch = 40 summary = The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. Veterinary professionals throughout the world, mainly through their animal health services, are faced with having to fulfill a crucial role in protecting their country's animal health status, providing sound surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases within their territories, and conducting scientifically valid risk analyses to establish justified import requirements. This paper presents the value and role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of training and outreach programs. cache = ./cache/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author = Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title = The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date = 2017-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6296 sentences = 314 flesch = 43 summary = Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. cache = ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292742-mio4przi author = McAloose, Denise title = From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6364 sentences = 309 flesch = 47 summary = KEYWORDS One Health, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, SARS-CoV-2, in situ hybridization, lion, rRT-PCR, tiger, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing, zoo, zoonotic infection C oronaviruses are a recognized cause of disease in humans and animals (1) . Subsequent to confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the animals, an epidemiologic investigation of zoo staff identified 10 zoo keepers and two managers who provided care for and had close (Յ1.8-m) but not direct contact with the tigers or lions between 16 March 2020 (the date on which the zoo was closed to the public due to the pandemic) and 27 March to 3 April 2020 (timeline of disease onset in the animals). Nine complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences (from four tigers, three lions, and two keepers) and eight full-length S gene sequences (from seven symptomatic animals and one asymptomatic animal) were generated directly from respiratory and/or fecal samples (Data Sets 3 and 4). cache = ./cache/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 author = Schaefer, A. L. title = The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography date = 2012-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5580 sentences = 277 flesch = 51 summary = The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). Many of the aforementioned technologies including clinical scores, haematology, acute phase proteins, cytokines, antibody response and core temperature monitoring are useful aids to the diagnosis of BRD particularly when its prevalence is high in a population and once the clinical signs of respiratory disease are present. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography to non-invasively identify animals with BRD in a population with a low prevalence of respiratory disease. The use of infrared thermography in the non-invasive, automated detection of calves displaying bovine respiratory disease cache = ./cache/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author = von Essen, Erica title = Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8260 sentences = 399 flesch = 42 summary = It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. cache = ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009381-q9s38fkh author = Roth, James A. title = Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date = 2007-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5956 sentences = 309 flesch = 39 summary = The federal government regulations for the United States of America regarding veterinary vaccines 9 Contamination with extraneous agents 9 Failure to inactivate agent in killed vaccine 9 Residual virulence of vaccine organisms 9 Vaccination of immunosuppressed animal 9 Immune suppression induced by the vaccine 9 Excessive induction of cytokine release 9 Multiple vaccines administered concurrently 9 Hypersensitivity to vaccine antigens Type I--immediate type Type IImcytotoxic type Type IIImimmune complex type Type IVmdelayed type 9 Triggering or exacerbation of hypersensitivity to nonvaccine antigens Allergies Autoimmune disease 9 Induction of neoplastic changes 9 MLV BVD vaccine triggering mucosal disease in persistently infected cattle are found in the Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). An example of vaccine-induced disease resulting from administration of vaccine to unhealthy animals is the induction of encephalitis by MLV canine distemper virus vaccine in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (Krakowka et al., 1982) . cache = ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274052-rjud75iz author = Horzinek, Marian C. title = Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats date = 2006-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4005 sentences = 264 flesch = 53 summary = Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist's viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus cache = ./cache/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11260 sentences = 629 flesch = 58 summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. cache = ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294956-9o3utlfx author = Gray, Carol title = Legal and Ethical Aspects of ‘Best Interests’ Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7374 sentences = 284 flesch = 43 summary = While recognising that similar dependencies may apply to decision-making in veterinary medicine in the UK, given the ethical imperative explicit in the oath sworn by Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (MRCVS) "that, ABOVE ALL, my constant endeavour will be to ensure the health and welfare of the animals committed to my care" [14] , the authors argue that the role of the two human parties to the veterinary treatment decision should be for both to advocate for the animal patient, enabling a decision that is in the animal's best interests in its individual medical situation and practical circumstances. The legal liabilities incumbent on both owner and veterinary surgeon under Sections 3, 4 and 9 of the AWA act as constraints to decision-making, not least the fact that killing or euthanasia of the patient are legal options open to the animal's owner under Section 9, and that due to liabilities in Section 3, Coggon's issue relating to resource provision may have a significant impact on the practical outcome of where 'best interests' lie in a specific situation. cache = ./cache/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279146-8d3dym7g author = Bowlin, Melissa S. title = Grand Challenges in Migration Biology date = 2010-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11636 sentences = 551 flesch = 41 summary = Such long-term knowledge and expertise will, over time, naturally lead to integrative studies, combining knowledge about different parts of the system to improve our understanding not only of the entire migration process, but, for example, how it connects to other life-history traits and its potential relevance for conservation. Integrating theoretical models Pennycuick (1998) argued that, in addition to field observations and laboratory-based studies, we need theoretical models to completely understand bird flight; the same is true for animal migration. It has often been observed that birds do not gain weight for one or more days following arrival at stopover sites, but it was unclear whether this search/settling behavior reflected time required to find the best feeding conditions, or a period of physiological recovery (Klaassen and Biebach 1994; Alerstam and Hedenström 1998; Guglielmo et al. cache = ./cache/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293151-g3758oes author = Nemzek, Jean A. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30297 sentences = 1818 flesch = 46 summary = This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. cache = ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281874-dxbvfwqu author = McFarland, Richard title = Non-animal replacement methods for human vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6907 sentences = 369 flesch = 35 summary = To promote and advance the development and use of scientifically valid alternative methods for human and veterinary vaccine testing, NICEATM and ICCVAM organized the International Workshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety Testing: State of the Science and Future Directions. The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. cache = ./cache/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299539-f7i4lq2w author = Bachofen, Claudia title = Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups date = 2010-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6536 sentences = 330 flesch = 50 summary = title: Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. We have recorded and applied a scoring protocol for the clinical and postmortem findings of the diseased animals and analysed possible correlations between different organ manifestations and the subgroups of persisting BVDV. We observed no statistically significant differences in the associations of viruses of a given subgroup with mucosal or pulmonary alterations or suspected MD cases (Fig. 4) , nor did we see differences with regard to different age groups, breeds or other clinical, postmortem or haematological findings (data not shown). cache = ./cache/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15722 sentences = 669 flesch = 39 summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. cache = ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315293-kng4z4kf author = Quesenberry, Katherine E. title = Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9032 sentences = 530 flesch = 51 summary = Most ferrets become relaxed with this hold, and the veterinarian can examine the oral cavity, head, and body; palpate the abdomen; vaccinate; and clean the ears. In a safety and efficacy study, Galaxy D proved effective in preventing canine distemper in young ferrets challenged after serial vaccination. Recombitek CDV (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) is also a recombinant canarypox vaccine approved for use in dogs that has been used in ferrets. 14 Two inactivated (killed) rabies vaccines are approved for use in ferrets in the United States: Imrab-3 or Imrab-3 TF (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) and Defensor 1 or Defensor 3 (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). In another study of 143 ferrets, the incidence of adverse events after administering either canine distemper (5.9%) (Fervac D), rabies (5.6%) (Imrab-3), or both vaccines (5.6%) did not differ significantly between groups. Intraosseous blood transfusions can be given to ferrets if an intravenous catheter cannot be placed. cache = ./cache/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305175-1wg0wodr author = Dolzhikova, I. V. title = Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2020 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4488 sentences = 198 flesch = 44 summary = Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). For this Studies of the immunogenicity of the combined vector vaccine revealed the induction of long-term humoral immunity in mice, while the mean titer of glycoprotein-specific antibodies equaled 1 : 121,775 two weeks after vaccination at a dose of 10 7 v.p. per mouse. [13] , immunization of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene with a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine at a dose 10 8 v.p. per mouse was shown to protect 100% of the animals from a lethal infection with MERS-CoV. cache = ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311260-eyvaazfj author = Rao, Ghanta N. title = Refinement of long-term toxicity and carcinogenesis studies() date = 2004-09-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4465 sentences = 227 flesch = 44 summary = journal: Fundam Appl Toxicol We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. However, viral infections were associated with nonneoplastic lesions in lungs, nasal cavity, liver, and other organs of rats and mice and may complicate the identification and interpretation of toxic effects of chemicals (NTP, unpublished data). cache = ./cache/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309247-5arpo7gn author = Manskikh, V. N. title = Spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) date = 2017-12-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6434 sentences = 276 flesch = 47 summary = Since the risk of tumor development is clearly age dependent [18] , this is important for com paring with data on other animal species and on colonies of naked mole rats, as well as for answering the question about the incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in this species. Although the naked mole rat is an animal with unusually long for rodents lifespan, even the first profes sionally executed pathological studies revealed in it dis eases and tissue alterations characteristic for senescent short living rodents, including lipofuscinosis, sarcopenia, cortical hyperplasia of adrenals, megalocytosis of car diomyocytes and hepatocytes, dystrophic changes of intervertebral disks, heart changes of age related type, and also renal changes represented by CPN [3, 13, 46] . cache = ./cache/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307067-cpc1yefj author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6244 sentences = 329 flesch = 50 summary = For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. Viral load was higher for lower respiratory tract tissue obtained from animals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 GFP (n = 6) than from animals receiving a prime-only (n = 6) or a prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS (n = 2) (Fig. 4B ). Notably, antigenic differences have been reported between S proteins from the Middle East and Africa (8), potentially affecting the efficacy of a vaccine based In conclusion, we show that a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS results in protection against disease progression and virus replication associated with MERS-CoV challenge in the rhesus macaque, and a prime-boost regimen reduced viral replication further. cache = ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12527 sentences = 501 flesch = 40 summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. cache = ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337028-8fh4pe3i author = Reyes, Leticia title = Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation date = 2009-01-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5823 sentences = 298 flesch = 46 summary = Animals were inoculated with sterile broth, 10(1), 10(3), 10(5), 10(7), or 10(9 )log CFU of a rat-adapted strain of Ureaplasma parvum. UTI complicated with struvite formation was characterized by an exaggerated immune response that was mostly neutrophilic (P ≤ 0.0001), with lesions that showed extensive uroepithelial hyperplasia (P ≤ 0.0001), and a predominance of IL-1α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC in the urine (P ≤ 0.02). Interestingly, the other 40% of F344 rats developed uncomplicated UTI that was characterized by low concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in urine as well as mild to moderate lesions in the lower urinary tract. In order to identify distinctive chemokine/cytokine patterns between clinical profiles associated with active infection, samples from animals within the Negative group were excluded from this analysis. As previously reported [13] , animals with asymptomatic UTI had significantly less pro-inflammatory urine cytokines and tissue damage when compared to rats with struvites. parvum in culture negative F344 rats Figure 7 Profiling the inflammatory response to different doses of U. cache = ./cache/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331401-bhl729up author = Rantsios, A.T. title = Zoonoses date = 2015-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3338 sentences = 184 flesch = 42 summary = Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. cache = ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325273-w79fnkq1 author = Batchelder, Margaret title = Gerbils date = 2011-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13698 sentences = 797 flesch = 48 summary = The introduction and development of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, as a laboratory animal is recent, compared to other rodents. The Mongolian gerbil is an animal model for listeriosis, the disease resulting from infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Blanot et al., 1997) . Mongolian gerbils were first identified as a new animal model of inherited seizures in 1968 (Thiessen et al., 1968b) . Development of seizures in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Development and hormonal control of territorial marking in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as a model for the study of the epilepsies: EEG records of seizures Natural Hymenolepis nana infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Effects of isolation-rearing on the development of social behaviors in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Mechanisms of territorial marking in the male and female Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimentally induced Tyzzer's disease in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) cache = ./cache/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315362-u9slrjmk author = Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title = Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date = 2008-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5142 sentences = 240 flesch = 45 summary = Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. cache = ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author = Roberts, Anjeanette title = Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date = 2006-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6600 sentences = 311 flesch = 40 summary = Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice cache = ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5840 sentences = 250 flesch = 39 summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. cache = ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14056 sentences = 775 flesch = 49 summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336884-dyju6w15 author = Fielding, C.L. title = Disease Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection and High Case Fatality Rate date = 2014-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2689 sentences = 170 flesch = 57 summary = Outbreaks are associated with a low case fatality rate and a small number of animals with signs of encephalopathic disease are described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of two outbreaks of ECoV infection that were associated with an high case fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Equine coronavirus had a higher case fatality rate in this group of miniature horses than previously reported in other outbreaks of varying breeds. Hyperammonemia could contribute to signs of encephalopathic disease, and the fecal viral load might be of prognostic value in affected horses. Other common enteric pathogens of horses, including Salmonella enterica, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Lawsonia intracellularis, and Neorickettsia risticii were also investigated in feces of four of the sick horses by specific PCR. In the ID outbreak, resident farm horses displayed clinical signs of disease including decreased appetite, lethargy, and fevers ≤38.9°C approximately 2-3 days after show horses returned from competition (American Miniature Horse Association World Championship Show). cache = ./cache/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313072-8ndt7a2g author = Gazda, Lawrence S. title = A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials date = 2016-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5010 sentences = 281 flesch = 40 summary = First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes -chapter 2a: source pigs-preventing xenozoonoses First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. The International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-chapter 2: source pigs cache = ./cache/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author = Wiebers, David O. title = What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date = 2020-06-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2220 sentences = 93 flesch = 44 summary = The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . cache = ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author = Correa, M.T. title = Slum Livestock Agriculture date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7383 sentences = 417 flesch = 56 summary = Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. Notwithstanding the sociocultural differences, slums have some common characteristics: poor housing, often illegitimately built on private or public land with poor drainage and unfit for agriculture; overcrowded conditions; limited access to potable water; poor sanitation and lack of sewage or waste removal; high numbers of domestic pets; and clandestine keeping of livestock. Food animals in slums are a public health concern due to their potential for transmitting zoonotic diseases, unsafe food products, the risk of physical injuries and traffic accidents, and environmental contamination. In more densely populated slums, fewer animals are kept and enterprises are likely to be small scale; where more land is available, livestock keeping is more common and on a larger scale (Box 1). cache = ./cache/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329466-u55ibep9 author = Kulpa-Eddy, Jodie title = Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11275 sentences = 618 flesch = 34 summary = The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. cache = ./cache/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325433-a2fynm75 author = Riggs, Shannon M. title = CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8873 sentences = 566 flesch = 52 summary = The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient's stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. cache = ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349300-x50tvq3a author = de Wit, Emmie title = Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date = 2020-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4533 sentences = 217 flesch = 44 summary = Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Compared to vehicle-treated control animals, prophylactic remdesivir treatment resulted in significantly lower levels of MERS-CoV replication in the lungs, with lung viral loads 2.5 to 4 logs lower in each lung lobe (Fig. 3A) . Absence of histologic lung lesions, as seen in two out of the six animals with therapeutic remdesivir treatment, has so far rarely been observed in studies testing the efficacy of MERS-CoV antivirals in nonhuman primate models (13) (14) (15) (16) ; it has only been shown once before in one out of three common marmosets treated with hyperimmune plasma at 6 h after inoculation (17) . cache = ./cache/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347872-naz24vct author = Rostal, Melinda K. title = Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date = 2012-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10049 sentences = 479 flesch = 47 summary = In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. cache = ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329206-xsxkn5my author = Vojtkovská, Veronika title = Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18218 sentences = 778 flesch = 47 summary = This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts. Some of these comprehensive tools (modified Karnofsky score, CHEW [Cat HEalth and Wellbeing] tool, owner completed measure of feline QoL, CatQoL tool, the AWAG software, Shelter Quality and the shelter dog QoL evaluation tool) could be considered for shelter cats' welfare assessment after some adjustments (these tools were developed for the use in different context, so they are not able to cover the full range of evaluation criteria requirements emerging from the shelter environment) or their principles could be used when creating a new assessment protocol. In this section, we discuss the options of assessing three categories of animal-based indicators-behavioural (Section 3.1), physiological (Section 3.2) and health (Section 3.3), which can be used to evaluate the welfare of shelter cats in a practical and scientific context. cache = ./cache/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341263-j4ribasg author = Gjerde, Eli-Anne B title = Problems in physiological experimental animal models investigated with factorial design date = 2004-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4373 sentences = 222 flesch = 51 summary = Abstract In the present study we investigated four variables using factorial design to decide if any of these could explain the variations in the control measurements of interstitial fluid pressure (P if) in rat trachea that were experienced. The experiments were performed since interstitial fluid pressure (P if ) in rat trachea in control animals was observed to be lowered, a response otherwise seen in acute inflammatory reactions such as following mast cell degranulation and neurogenic inflammation (Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Woie et al., 1993; Woie and Reed, 1994) . Under normal (non-inflammatory) conditions P if is slightly subatmospheric and the mean average and standard deviation measured over 60 or 90 min registration period for trachea is À1.45 7 0.36 mmHg. This average is taken from a total of 13 studies and 17 series of experiments containing all together 132 control animals giving a average of 7-8 animals per series (Gjerde et al., 1997 (Gjerde et al., , 2000 (Gjerde et al., , 2002 (Gjerde et al., , 2003 Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Wei et al., 1998; Woie et al., 1993 Woie and Reed, 1994 . cache = ./cache/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332233-01rdlf8l author = Tully, Thomas N. title = CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12430 sentences = 733 flesch = 56 summary = Mice can chew out of enclosures; therefore, it is important that the housing be "mouse proof." If an animal escapes, the best way to capture the pet is to place food in the center of the room. As with all diagnostic BOX 12-2 Retroorbital Blood Collection for Mice From procedures involving avian and exotic animals, an evaluation of the patient is required to determine its ability to withstand the stress associated with the assessment. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet mice. 9 Premedication and sedation doses for mice and rats are listed in Surgical procedures that are performed on mouse patients require similar techniques to those used with larger animals. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet rats. cache = ./cache/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326873-11jgusov author = Dignard, Caroline title = Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review date = 2019-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5752 sentences = 260 flesch = 33 summary = Occupational exposure to animals is associated with a myriad of health and safety risks, including zoonotic infections, occupational injury, respiratory disease, and cancer [1] [2] [3] [4] . In the last 15 years, research on zoonotic infection risk has dominated the occupational health literature on the animal workforce, highlighting in particular exposure risk to drugresistant bacteria and influenza viruses and subsequent transmission from workers to the general public [6] [7] [8] . Since 2005, research on zoonotic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly the livestock-associated MRSA strains ST398 and CC9, have identified important public health concerns stemming from the misuse and overuse of these antibiotics in agriculture [15] [16] [17] . We identified eight original research papers and one review study focused on topics related to respiratory disease, exposure to allergens and dust, and airborne bacteria among animal workers. Research in 2018 and early 2019 on occupational health and safety topics involving animal workers highlighted the risks and interventions associated with infectious disease, respiratory disease, chemical exposure, and occupational injury. cache = ./cache/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 author = Staroverov, Sergey A. title = Prospects for the use of spherical gold nanoparticles in immunization date = 2018-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5054 sentences = 287 flesch = 48 summary = We used spherical gold nanoparticles (average diameter, 15 nm) as a platform for the antigen for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The literature data demonstrate that immunization of animals with the TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) not only activates antigen-presenting cells but also increases the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid (antibody-forming) cells. Immunization with the TGEV antigen conjugated to GNPs as a carrier activates the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to their transforming activity and to the activation of antibody generation. After the virus's nucleic acid was inactivated with ribonuclease, the resultant antigen (a mixture of viral capsid proteins) was used for conjugation with GNPs and for subsequent animal immunization. A study of the respiratory activity of splenic lymphoid cells (Fig. 5) showed that after immunization with the conjugate, the activity increased 2.2-fold, as compared to the control, whereas after immunization with TGEV antigen alone, it did not change much. cache = ./cache/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352832-uih7alib author = Khoury, Bassam title = The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date = 2020-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1799 sentences = 106 flesch = 48 summary = Apathy plays a central role in the persistence of the ecological crisis (Le Duc 2017), the current surge of infectious diseases, and the transmission of viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, from animals to humans. Compassion can be defined as an embodied, integrated state with cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions that is characterized by an altruistic attitude, an emphatic concern, and a desire to alleviate suffering in oneself and in others (Khoury 2019) . Similar studies have shown positive associations between compassion to other human beings and pro-environmental tendencies, including values, intentions, and actions (Pfattheicher et al. Mindfulness and compassion practices rooted in Buddhist ethics allow for overcoming greed by cultivating non-attachment, generosity, and humbleness; hatred through generating loving-kindness to all sentient beings and to nature; and delusion by recognizing the realities of impermanence, non-self, and interconnectedness. cache = ./cache/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349392-r71g2e9y author = Wang, L. -F. title = Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7011 sentences = 301 flesch = 52 summary = Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period. Recently, two groups independently demonstrated that bats in the genus Rhinolophus are natural reservoirs of SARS-like viruses , providing strong evidence that SARS-CoV is indeed a new zoonotic virus with a wildlife origin. (2003) , SARS-CoV-like viruses were isolated from palm civets and a raccoon dog in a live animal market in southern China and serologic evidence indicted that a third species, the Chinese ferret-badger, was also infected by a similar virus. cache = ./cache/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340939-ikomc19t author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters date = 2019-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5486 sentences = 301 flesch = 52 summary = title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. All vaccinated animals challenged with NiV Malaysia survived with no signs of disease such as weight loss at any stage throughout the experiment. An adeno-associated virus vaccine expressing NiV G protein offered 50% protection against a lethal challenge with HeV in hamsters [46] . Furthermore, infectious virus could only be detected in the lungs of control animals and not in the lungs of vaccinated animals, and thus as in previous studies, ChAdOx1 NiV Belicited antibodies are able to provide protection against a lethal challenge with NiV. cache = ./cache/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345717-ktajrf7d author = Monagin, Corina title = Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date = 2018-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4585 sentences = 241 flesch = 45 summary = We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. cache = ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352123-0bflqj1c author = Csiszar, Anna title = Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4752 sentences = 225 flesch = 51 summary = Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, similar to other coronaviruses, can infect several species of animals, including companion animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets although their viral loads remain low. In late March 2020, the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) in Belgium reported that a pet cat was diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [21, 22] , showing that felines living in the household of people with COVID-19 are at risk of contracting the disease and may potentially spread the virus. On April 23, it was reported that two pet cats in New York state have tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2, which are the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in companion animals in the USA [22] . In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the situation is rapidly evolving and in the light of the recent evidence, we should be aware of the possibility that humans can be potentially infected with COVID-19 by animals, including by pet cats, dogs, or other domesticated species. cache = ./cache/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28834 sentences = 1797 flesch = 46 summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. cache = ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319044-5otz2w9v author = Walsh, Michael G. title = Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3873 sentences = 163 flesch = 39 summary = Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. cache = ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026031-hnf5vayd author = Ford, Richard B. title = Emergency Care date = 2009-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 112343 sentences = 6645 flesch = 44 summary = Fresh whole blood Coagulopathy with active hemorrhage (disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia; massive acute hemorrhage; no stored blood available) Stored whole blood Massive acute or ongoing hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage that is unresponsive to conventional crystalloid and colloid fluid therapy; unavailability of equipment required to prepare blood components Packed red blood cells Nonregenerative anemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, correction of anemia before surgery, acute or chronic blood loss Fresh frozen plasma Factor depletion associated with active hemorrhage (congenital: von Willebrand's factor, hemophilia A, hemophilia B; acquired: vitamin K antagonist, rodenticide intoxication, DIC); acute or chronic hypoproteinemia (burns, wound exudates, body cavity effusion; hepatic, renal, or gastrointestinal loss); colostrum replacement in neonates Frozen plasma Acute plasma or protein loss; chronic hypoproteinemia; (contains stable colostrum replacement in neonates; hemophilia B and clotting factors) selected clotting factor deficiencies Platelet-rich plasma* Thrombocytopenia with active hemorrhage (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, DIC); platelet function abnormality (congenital: thrombasthenia in Bassett hounds; acquired: NSAIDs, other drugs) Cryoprecipitate cache = ./cache/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341434-2xrdv92m author = Nowland, Megan H. title = Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31591 sentences = 1921 flesch = 47 summary = Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as 'snuffles', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer's disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits. cache = ./cache/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 162327 sentences = 9379 flesch = 50 summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. cache = ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-009583-ldkjqco6 cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-022708-rr3xua38 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-009694-e59kuwf1 cord-002945-29nj4f05 cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 cord-009385-mcfnhscj cord-018706-gykw2nvt cord-021457-wymtn8q9 cord-022708-rr3xua38 cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 cord-000777-7cty5s6o cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-022506-fkddo12n cord-104226-bb4lyvhy cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-021158-075vh5jg cord-277573-g3z3gq1m cord-258389-1u05w7r4 cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 cord-022561-rv5j1201 cord-254264-jkug3jpz cord-255139-hswef5ky cord-018151-5su98uan cord-022242-pb1p6vrd cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 cord-009583-ldkjqco6 cord-016292-o4cw5ufy cord-014516-r59usk02 cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-285933-zcz7zte6 cord-017112-5men6dfk cord-268114-z5vcgqxd cord-018332-893cckyz cord-009729-69swjzic cord-017154-h8hxroos cord-006510-kruy0eex cord-022255-5s2l1kua cord-275959-mat7ul7c cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-254559-3kgfwjzd cord-256615-gvq8uyfk cord-266746-c0urbl6l cord-023731-jqgervt7 cord-018404-jdu4h00e cord-006391-esnsa4u5 cord-278195-1sle0d1j cord-009381-q9s38fkh cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-017955-oipail5l cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-299539-f7i4lq2w cord-022404-cz3ruqxx cord-018145-kssjdn8y cord-023165-f6o6owg3 cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-022512-939pika7 cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-294478-3ickafd3 cord-262336-onghrm7y cord-267188-1ldynibm cord-259050-482nk9je cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-349392-r71g2e9y 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cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-340939-ikomc19t cord-315362-u9slrjmk cord-281874-dxbvfwqu cord-302222-9ad0fw6z cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-345717-ktajrf7d cord-282101-2usqpy2j cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-307067-cpc1yefj cord-281819-2roflnan cord-336884-dyju6w15 cord-325273-w79fnkq1 cord-305175-1wg0wodr cord-349300-x50tvq3a cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-352123-0bflqj1c cord-257597-jy4a8al8 cord-293151-g3758oes cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-332233-01rdlf8l cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-341434-2xrdv92m cord-319044-5otz2w9v cord-329466-u55ibep9 cord-341263-j4ribasg Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-258389-1u05w7r4 cord-274052-rjud75iz cord-009729-69swjzic cord-018145-kssjdn8y cord-022506-fkddo12n cord-292742-mio4przi cord-028275-szb45jm2 cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-286050-l7868xqi cord-017154-h8hxroos cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-273284-1udq0roo cord-294312-ju6vuywm cord-293151-g3758oes cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-275171-uokqn2u8 cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-312807-8v4r9jij cord-305501-srq1bo2v cord-329466-u55ibep9 cord-337028-8fh4pe3i cord-329206-xsxkn5my cord-352123-0bflqj1c cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-341434-2xrdv92m cord-307067-cpc1yefj cord-320988-yjxbm4tn Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-021158-075vh5jg cord-009583-ldkjqco6 cord-002957-gw2cow0d cord-011899-ukrk8nej cord-278195-1sle0d1j cord-018332-893cckyz cord-009694-e59kuwf1 cord-281874-dxbvfwqu cord-016292-o4cw5ufy cord-018404-jdu4h00e cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 cord-268114-z5vcgqxd cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 cord-023731-jqgervt7 cord-006510-kruy0eex cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-293151-g3758oes cord-018566-dd5gw66t cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-018706-gykw2nvt cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-014516-r59usk02 cord-017955-oipail5l cord-018145-kssjdn8y cord-268142-lmkfxme5 cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 cord-255139-hswef5ky cord-023165-f6o6owg3 cord-285933-zcz7zte6 cord-021457-wymtn8q9 cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 cord-022708-rr3xua38 cord-275959-mat7ul7c cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-262336-onghrm7y cord-022512-939pika7 cord-002945-29nj4f05 cord-104226-bb4lyvhy cord-009729-69swjzic cord-028275-szb45jm2 cord-275465-vzw509cl cord-281512-79g22dk6 cord-274052-rjud75iz cord-017154-h8hxroos cord-282101-2usqpy2j cord-009385-mcfnhscj cord-257597-jy4a8al8 cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-259050-482nk9je cord-279146-8d3dym7g cord-281819-2roflnan cord-302222-9ad0fw6z cord-017208-7oew461e cord-266746-c0urbl6l cord-009381-q9s38fkh cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 cord-275171-uokqn2u8 cord-022404-cz3ruqxx cord-305501-srq1bo2v cord-281979-ab1hel2r cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-022242-pb1p6vrd cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 cord-273284-1udq0roo cord-016782-aods92rf cord-256615-gvq8uyfk cord-000777-7cty5s6o cord-280427-smqc23vr cord-254264-jkug3jpz cord-311260-eyvaazfj cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-022561-rv5j1201 cord-273993-rkqijcxn cord-031482-atltc10d cord-294312-ju6vuywm cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-017112-5men6dfk cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-022506-fkddo12n cord-294956-9o3utlfx cord-277265-p8pns7r9 cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-018151-5su98uan cord-277573-g3z3gq1m cord-006391-esnsa4u5 cord-286050-l7868xqi cord-022255-5s2l1kua cord-289605-gvc673ij cord-305175-1wg0wodr cord-292742-mio4przi cord-325273-w79fnkq1 cord-254559-3kgfwjzd cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 cord-315362-u9slrjmk cord-340939-ikomc19t cord-320283-nkb9nzyt cord-331401-bhl729up cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-336884-dyju6w15 cord-307067-cpc1yefj cord-352123-0bflqj1c cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-313072-8ndt7a2g cord-326873-11jgusov cord-267188-1ldynibm cord-352832-uih7alib cord-329206-xsxkn5my cord-321901-zpi7uis1 cord-299539-f7i4lq2w cord-309247-5arpo7gn cord-329466-u55ibep9 cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-294478-3ickafd3 cord-341434-2xrdv92m cord-349300-x50tvq3a cord-026031-hnf5vayd cord-325433-a2fynm75 cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 cord-349392-r71g2e9y cord-341263-j4ribasg cord-320988-yjxbm4tn cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-345717-ktajrf7d cord-347872-naz24vct cord-258389-1u05w7r4 cord-332233-01rdlf8l cord-319044-5otz2w9v cord-312807-8v4r9jij cord-337028-8fh4pe3i cord-015021-pol2qm74 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 cord-001427-qw1e5cof cord-009385-mcfnhscj cord-011899-ukrk8nej cord-275465-vzw509cl cord-016292-o4cw5ufy cord-009583-ldkjqco6 cord-017955-oipail5l cord-018151-5su98uan cord-266746-c0urbl6l cord-279146-8d3dym7g cord-278195-1sle0d1j cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 cord-277573-g3z3gq1m cord-280427-smqc23vr cord-022708-rr3xua38 cord-018706-gykw2nvt cord-018566-dd5gw66t cord-305501-srq1bo2v cord-022506-fkddo12n cord-018332-893cckyz cord-262336-onghrm7y cord-017208-7oew461e cord-018404-jdu4h00e cord-021457-wymtn8q9 cord-289605-gvc673ij cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 cord-286050-l7868xqi cord-281512-79g22dk6 cord-002957-gw2cow0d cord-104226-bb4lyvhy cord-292742-mio4przi cord-021453-vf8xbaug cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 cord-258389-1u05w7r4 cord-273284-1udq0roo cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 cord-009694-e59kuwf1 cord-022393-s26d54ew cord-017112-5men6dfk cord-281874-dxbvfwqu cord-257597-jy4a8al8 cord-028275-szb45jm2 cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 cord-009594-0rfbmi0q cord-255139-hswef5ky cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 cord-268142-lmkfxme5 cord-014516-r59usk02 cord-267671-ys43n672 cord-285628-36gyix12 cord-031482-atltc10d cord-021158-075vh5jg cord-256903-8lyw27gh cord-254559-3kgfwjzd cord-006510-kruy0eex cord-022561-rv5j1201 cord-268114-z5vcgqxd cord-017154-h8hxroos cord-022242-pb1p6vrd cord-002945-29nj4f05 cord-264408-vk4lt83x cord-274052-rjud75iz cord-022404-cz3ruqxx cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-023731-jqgervt7 cord-293151-g3758oes cord-006391-esnsa4u5 cord-022255-5s2l1kua cord-287839-cslrz4yp cord-263667-5g51n27e cord-022383-pz0htccp cord-299539-f7i4lq2w cord-018145-kssjdn8y cord-273993-rkqijcxn cord-275959-mat7ul7c cord-022512-939pika7 cord-282101-2usqpy2j cord-275171-uokqn2u8 cord-329466-u55ibep9 cord-311260-eyvaazfj cord-294956-9o3utlfx cord-285933-zcz7zte6 cord-331401-bhl729up cord-254264-jkug3jpz cord-299315-s43gw24k cord-281979-ab1hel2r cord-256615-gvq8uyfk cord-259050-482nk9je cord-016782-aods92rf cord-023165-f6o6owg3 cord-294478-3ickafd3 cord-325433-a2fynm75 cord-341434-2xrdv92m cord-023367-ujflw19b cord-267188-1ldynibm cord-349392-r71g2e9y cord-352832-uih7alib cord-265299-oovkoiyj cord-000777-7cty5s6o cord-312807-8v4r9jij cord-325273-w79fnkq1 cord-315293-kng4z4kf cord-352123-0bflqj1c cord-009729-69swjzic cord-319044-5otz2w9v cord-009381-q9s38fkh cord-341263-j4ribasg cord-294312-ju6vuywm cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 cord-315362-u9slrjmk cord-313072-8ndt7a2g cord-281819-2roflnan cord-340939-ikomc19t cord-302222-9ad0fw6z cord-347872-naz24vct cord-337028-8fh4pe3i cord-332233-01rdlf8l cord-320988-yjxbm4tn cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 cord-349300-x50tvq3a cord-320283-nkb9nzyt cord-318407-uy0f7f2o cord-326873-11jgusov cord-321901-zpi7uis1 cord-305175-1wg0wodr cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 cord-309247-5arpo7gn cord-307067-cpc1yefj cord-318061-xe8lljz0 cord-336884-dyju6w15 cord-345717-ktajrf7d cord-277265-p8pns7r9 cord-329206-xsxkn5my cord-026031-hnf5vayd cord-015021-pol2qm74 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-026031-hnf5vayd cord-009729-69swjzic cord-026031-hnf5vayd cord-021555-rrverrsj cord-009729-69swjzic number of items: 136 sum of words: 1,835,837 average size in words: 13,498 average readability score: 46 nouns: animals; animal; disease; infection; virus; mice; cells; dogs; blood; health; cell; treatment; signs; use; species; patients; cats; diseases; study; humans; cases; studies; time; risk; days; production; control; rats; research; infections; diagnosis; group; food; vaccine; system; levels; results; response; sheep; laboratory; data; development; transmission; lesions; calves; tissue; model; cattle; number; serum verbs: used; including; cause; occur; increased; developing; associated; show; seen; based; following; found; providing; reported; resulted; producing; requires; induced; infect; considered; reduced; make; affected; identified; prevent; performed; observed; detected; leading; treated; gives; become; involves; determined; decreasing; taken; compared; known; related; describing; indicated; suggest; contains; administered; appear; allow; evaluated; obtain; needed; demonstrated adjectives: human; clinical; high; respiratory; small; important; common; many; severe; viral; specific; different; acute; veterinary; normal; new; large; infectious; immune; available; several; present; significant; non; first; possible; low; similar; wild; bacterial; zoonotic; public; effective; positive; chronic; bovine; infected; potential; experimental; higher; major; early; long; inflammatory; negative; domestic; primary; various; canine; multiple adverbs: also; however; well; often; usually; therefore; significantly; especially; even; commonly; particularly; highly; generally; frequently; less; typically; recently; respectively; previously; approximately; now; still; prior; currently; first; primarily; directly; potentially; rather; later; rapidly; always; relatively; easily; furthermore; clinically; rarely; much; together; mainly; probably; sometimes; naturally; occasionally; immediately; experimentally; alone; just; almost; additionally pronouns: it; their; they; we; its; i; our; them; his; he; you; her; itself; us; your; my; she; one; themselves; him; me; himself; yourself; myself; ourselves; s; em; oneself; talens; mine; herself; a129; zoo-; y7vsc6r7; wi~; tnf~; thei; ta; stat1; srd)dogs; scid; routine; ofil-10; oct; interferon-7; igg2c; http://thomas.loc.gov; h.&e.; gluts.mine; f6r proper nouns: •; SARS; mg; Animal; Health; Fig; kg; United; C.; TNF; States; LPS; T; PCR; IV; CoV; MERS; E.; Veterinary; A; C; IL-6; Europe; B; M.; ELISA; Table; EU; II; S.; Africa; RNA; Research; Salmonella; CoV-2; UK; China; Food; Animals; World; Control; National; IL; Ebola; Group; New; Council; Laboratory; Disease; Pathogenesis keywords: animal; disease; human; health; cell; virus; infection; rat; mouse; clinical; veterinary; study; sign; sars; cause; laboratory; day; vaccine; united; treatment; dog; risk; rabbit; pcr; model; mers; effect; diagnosis; cat; blood; states; sheep; patient; goat; dna; control; china; antibody; wound; wildlife; welfare; tumor; shelter; research; pet; nipah; method; medicine; lesion; h5n1 one topic; one dimension: animals file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159774/ titles(s): NEWS three topics; one dimension: animal; animals; patients file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271342/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163758/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/ titles(s): Emergency Care | Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats | Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches five topics; three dimensions: may animals disease; animal animals human; mice infection may; patients il cells; animal animals mole file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271342/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08010268, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158316/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288913/ titles(s): Emergency Care | Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities | Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System | Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches | Non-animal replacement methods for human vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions Type: cord title: keyword-animal-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 20:44 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:animal ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-281512-79g22dk6 author: Aguirre, A. Alonso title: Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics date: 2020-07-05 words: 3829 sentences: 188 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281512-79g22dk6.txt summary: This article will explore the connections among the current pandemic, live-animal markets, the spread of animal-related diseases, and the illicit wildlife trade and will include a set of policy recommendations prescribed to prevent future outbreaks stemming from these issues. It further explains "the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in civet cats and other wild animals in live animal markets suggests that this novel human pathogen emerged as a result of an interspecies transmission" (Poon et al., 2005 (Poon et al., , p. The devastation resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could potentially serve as a future warning for what is to come, if practices such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets are allowed to continue on a global scale. Research must focus on the central causes of the spread of zoonotic diseases such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets. abstract: Although the exact origin of SARS‐CoV‐2, the etiologic agent of COVID‐19, is currently unknown, there is substantial evidence to suggest the source of transmission of the virus occurred within the Wuhan wet market. In these markets, bats and wild animals are frequently sold and stored in close contact. During several of the world's past pandemics, bats were essential to the spread of zoonotic diseases from bat to another animal or to humans directly. Live animal markets create the perfect conditions for novel viruses such as COVID‐19 to emerge. This paper suggests that to prevent future pandemics, the sale of exotic animals be banned at wet markets. It also advocates for the integration of the analysis of illicit trade with the study of zoonotic disease transmission and pandemics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837772/ doi: 10.1002/wmh3.348 id: cord-002945-29nj4f05 author: Ambrose, Rebecca K. title: In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c) date: 2018-01-19 words: 6608 sentences: 664 pages: flesch: 63 cache: ./cache/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002945-29nj4f05.txt summary: Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 subgenotype 1c in extracts from cattle samples using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is strongly associated with several important diseases of cattle, such as bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and haemoragic lesions. To date many subgenotypes have been reported for BVDV-1, currently ranging from subgenotype 1a to subgenotype 1u. While BVDV-1 has a world-wide distribution, the subgenotypes have a more restricted geographical distribution. As an example, BVDV-1 subgenotypes 1a and 1b are frequently detected in North America and Europe, while the subgenotype 1c is rarely detected. In contrast, BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c is by far the most commonly reported in Australia. Despite this, uneven distribution of the biological importance of the subgenotypes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterise the in vivo properties of five strains of BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c in cattle infection studies. No overt respiratory signs were reported in any of the infected cattle regardless of strain. Consistent with other subgenotypes, transient pyrexia and leukopenia were commonly identified, while thrombocytopenia was not. The quantity of virus detected in the nasal secretions of transiently infected animals suggested the likelihood of horizontal transmission was very low. Further studies are required to fully understand the variability and importance of the BVDV-1 subgenotype 1c. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5874738/ doi: 10.3390/pathogens7010012 id: cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author: Anderson, Nancy L. title: Pet Rodents date: 2009-05-15 words: 14919 sentences: 1443 pages: flesch: 58 cache: ./cache/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026009-rdhuc2n2.txt summary: This chapter provides information needed to diagnose and treat the most frequently encountered problems of mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history, visualization of parasite, skin scrape, and cellophane tape test. • Clinical signs in adults are caused by secondary bacterial infections and are similar to those in MRM. Common primary or secondary pathogens causing respiratory signs in mice are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Pasteurella pneumontropica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. • Mouse poliomyelitis/encephalomyelitis, also known as Theiler disease, causes clinical signs in 1 in 10,000 infected mice. • In contrast to mice, Sendai virus rarely causes clinical signs in rats. • Pneumonia in guinea pigs usually is caused by infection with S. • Diagnosis of scurvy is based on clinical signs, the exclusion of other causes of diarrhea, and response to vitamin C therapy (see Table 177 -10). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271187/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50179-0 id: cord-031482-atltc10d author: Arkow, Phil title: Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date: 2020-09-05 words: 9862 sentences: 434 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031482-atltc10d.txt summary: These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children''s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers'' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. abstract: A species-spanning approach that incorporates clients’ relationships with their companion animals into family genograms, schools of social work curricula, continuing education, interviews, assessments, and interventions offers increased career opportunities, professional and personal growth and development, and a more comprehensive resolution of clients’ issues, social justice concerns, and the prevention of family violence. This article identifies six reasons why social workers should be cognizant of human–animal relationships and introduces nine ways, with action steps, in which social workers can include these relationships into training and practice outside the more developed field of veterinary social work. These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children’s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Such attention to the human–animal bond can utilize social workers’ problem-solving skills to improve delivery of services, identify clients’ risk and resiliency factors, enhance social and environmental justice, expand academic inquiry, and increase attention to all of the vulnerable members of families and communities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7474507/ doi: 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id: cord-018566-dd5gw66t author: Armbruster, Walter J. title: The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date: 2018-05-30 words: 11422 sentences: 530 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018566-dd5gw66t.txt summary: This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom''s (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. abstract: This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. In 1969, the Swann Report in the United Kingdom noted a dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria in food animals receiving low levels of antibiotics in their feed. While the Food and Drug Administration of the United States sought to control antibiotics in animal feed as far back as 1977, only in 2016 were such regulations fully implemented. The farm-level costs of such controls are estimated by the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service to be minimal, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s estimates of the public health costs of antibiotic resistance without implementing controls are $7 billion annually. The complex interactions which exist between economic interests, regulatory policy, and human and animal health are explored in this chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123476/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_15 id: cord-017208-7oew461e author: Aurigemma, Rosemarie title: Regulatory Aspects in the Development of Gene Therapies date: 2005 words: 18290 sentences: 816 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017208-7oew461e.txt summary: Table 1 Beyond a Good Idea: What the Successful Investigator Has Already Done With a Project Leading to Commercial Development Defined candidate biologic (or molecule) Made comparisons with similar products Characteristics of product are consistent with pharmaceutical requirements Production scale is adequate Product characterization is adequate Laboratory reference standard exists In vitro potency assay has been developed Stability studies develop confidence product is a "drug" Reproducible model systems have confirmed in vivo activity with clinical product Early animal work includes some toxicology Scale-up requirements practical for initial clinical trials In general, reflects experience and scientific maturity of investigator In addition to the US agencies that develop the regulations that govern drug development and licensing, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) was formed in April 1990 involving the United States, the European Union, and Japan to address the issue of globalizing such regulations. abstract: Preclinical therapeutics development research is directed toward fulfilling two overlapping sets of goals. A set of scientific goals includes defining the best molecule or biologic construct for the task at hand, and proving the case for its development. The second set of goals addresses regulatory requirements necessary to introduce the agent into human subjects. In the case of “small molecule” drugs, in most cases the identity of the molecule and appropriate safety studies are straightforward. In contrast, the development of biologic agents, including gene therapies discussed here, presents distinct challenges. The nature of the “drug” may be an organism subject to mutation or selection of variants through recombination. Its properties may vary depending on the scale and method of its preparation, purification, and storage. How to test adequately for its safety prior to first introduction in humans may not be straightforward owing to intrinsic differences in response to the agent expected in humans as compared to animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121712/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-785-7_29 id: cord-009385-mcfnhscj author: BLECHA, FRANK title: Rationale for Using Immunopotentiators in Domestic Food Animals date: 2012-11-05 words: 3483 sentences: 217 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009385-mcfnhscj.txt summary: Therefore, although fully immunocompetent at birth, domestic food animal newborns differ from other mammalian neonates in being im munologically "virgin" (Kim, 1975; Salmon, 1984) and the development of totally effective immune defenses requires 2 to 3 weeks. Because of the high incidence and economic impact of respiratory and intestinal infections in young domestic animals, it is important to review studies related to the postnatal development of the mucosaassociated immune system in the pig. Several examples of virus-related im munosuppression are well documented in domestic food animals (Table III) , including viral diseases of great economic importance such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus type-1) and pseudorabies, which cause severe pneumonia and death in cattle and pigs, respectively. If immunomodulators can be used to augment immune function at critical periods during the production of food animals, such as the neonatal period, and prior to or during exposure to stressors or patho genic organisms, then the economic loss caused by infectious disease should be reduced. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149658/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039235-3.50007-1 id: cord-299539-f7i4lq2w author: Bachofen, Claudia title: Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups date: 2010-03-24 words: 6536 sentences: 330 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299539-f7i4lq2w.txt summary: title: Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. We have recorded and applied a scoring protocol for the clinical and postmortem findings of the diseased animals and analysed possible correlations between different organ manifestations and the subgroups of persisting BVDV. We observed no statistically significant differences in the associations of viruses of a given subgroup with mucosal or pulmonary alterations or suspected MD cases (Fig. 4) , nor did we see differences with regard to different age groups, breeds or other clinical, postmortem or haematological findings (data not shown). abstract: Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an economically important cattle disease with a world-wide distribution that is caused by BVD virus, a pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. BVD viruses are genetically highly variable. They are classified into two genetic species (BVDV-1 and -2) that are further divided into numerous subgroups, particularly for BVDV-1. The complexity of these viruses is also reflected in their interaction with the host animals. Infections are either transient or persistent and can cause a wide spectrum of clinical signs, from no or very mild disease to severe forms, reminiscent of viral haemorrhagic fevers. In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. In addition, we have examined potential virulence properties of BVDV-1 subgroups during persistent infection by comparing the viral subgroups present in clinical cases with those detected in persistently infected (PI) animals sampled for epidemiological criteria, irrespective of their health condition. Furthermore, the clinical and postmortem findings were compared with respect to genetic characteristics of the viruses isolated from these animals. Our results indicate that the BVDV positive animals fall roughly into two categories, depending on the primary organ affected and the age, with lung-centred pathology occurring mainly in young animals and mucosal pathology predominantly in older animals. Furthermore, we found a markedly higher proportion of representatives of the BVDV-1e subgroup in stillborn calves and aborted foetuses originating from epidemically unrelated cattle herds, suggesting that BVDV-1e may play a special role in prenatal and perinatal losses. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509004398 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.022 id: cord-325273-w79fnkq1 author: Batchelder, Margaret title: Gerbils date: 2011-12-16 words: 13698 sentences: 797 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325273-w79fnkq1.txt summary: The introduction and development of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, as a laboratory animal is recent, compared to other rodents. The Mongolian gerbil is an animal model for listeriosis, the disease resulting from infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Blanot et al., 1997) . Mongolian gerbils were first identified as a new animal model of inherited seizures in 1968 (Thiessen et al., 1968b) . Development of seizures in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Development and hormonal control of territorial marking in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as a model for the study of the epilepsies: EEG records of seizures Natural Hymenolepis nana infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Effects of isolation-rearing on the development of social behaviors in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Mechanisms of territorial marking in the male and female Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimentally induced Tyzzer''s disease in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) abstract: The gerbil is usually nonaggressive and is one of the easiest rodents to maintain and handle. Its disposition, curious nature, relative freedom from naturally occurring infectious diseases, and adaptability to its environment have contributed to its popularity as a laboratory animal. Gerbils are found in deserts and semiarid geographical regions of the world. The Mongolian gerbils that are available today originated from 20 pairs of captured animals that were maintained in 1935 in a closed, random-bred colony at the Kitasato Institute in Japan. Gerbils have several unique anatomical and physiological features. Mature gerbils are smaller than rats, but larger than mice. Mongolian gerbils are attracted to saliva and use salivary cues to discriminate between siblings and nonsiblings, and females use oral cues in the selection of sociosexual partners. Gerbils have been used as experimental models in a number of areas of biomedical research. Gerbils are excellent subjects for laboratory animal research as they are susceptible to bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens that affect humans and other species. Gerbils may have spontaneous seizures secondary to stress such as handling, cage change, abrupt noises, or changes in the environment. Cystic ovaries are seen commonly in female gerbils over 1 year of age. Gerbils have unique characteristics, which make them appropriate for a number of animal models. Classically, gerbils have been used in research involving stroke, parasitology, infectious diseases, epilepsy, brain development and behavior, and hearing. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123809209000523 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00052-3 id: cord-011899-ukrk8nej author: Bidewell, Cornelia title: Suspected adverse reaction to erysipelas vaccine in sheep date: 2020-06-13 words: 734 sentences: 51 pages: flesch: 60 cache: ./cache/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011899-ukrk8nej.txt summary: THE APHA and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) would like to draw vets'' attention to potential adverse reactions associated with the use of porcine vaccines in sheep, especially if footrot vaccines have previously been administered. Lameness due to erysipelas had been diagnosed in a previous lamb crop, so in January 2020, following cascade principles, ewes were vaccinated with Porcilis Ery (MSD Animal Health) (2 ml intramuscularly) six to seven weeks before the start of lambing. In the twin-bearing group, within 48 hours of vaccination, four sheep had died, 18 had aborted and 12 showed signs of severe lethargy and anorexia. The abortions were attributed to the suspected adverse reaction and a report was submitted to the VMD. There have been a small number of adverse reaction reports made to the VMD following the use of porcine erysipelas vaccine in sheep. In addition, veterinary surgeons are reminded to report any suspected adverse reactions to the VMD at www. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7365565/ doi: 10.1136/vr.m1482 id: cord-022561-rv5j1201 author: Boes, Katie M. title: Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date: 2017-02-17 words: 52276 sentences: 2784 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt summary: Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158316/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00013-8 id: cord-279146-8d3dym7g author: Bowlin, Melissa S. title: Grand Challenges in Migration Biology date: 2010-04-21 words: 11636 sentences: 551 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279146-8d3dym7g.txt summary: Such long-term knowledge and expertise will, over time, naturally lead to integrative studies, combining knowledge about different parts of the system to improve our understanding not only of the entire migration process, but, for example, how it connects to other life-history traits and its potential relevance for conservation. Integrating theoretical models Pennycuick (1998) argued that, in addition to field observations and laboratory-based studies, we need theoretical models to completely understand bird flight; the same is true for animal migration. It has often been observed that birds do not gain weight for one or more days following arrival at stopover sites, but it was unclear whether this search/settling behavior reflected time required to find the best feeding conditions, or a period of physiological recovery (Klaassen and Biebach 1994; Alerstam and Hedenström 1998; Guglielmo et al. abstract: Billions of animals migrate each year. To successfully reach their destination, migrants must have evolved an appropriate genetic program and suitable developmental, morphological, physiological, biomechanical, behavioral, and life-history traits. Moreover, they must interact successfully with biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Migration therefore provides an excellent model system in which to address several of the “grand challenges” in organismal biology. Previous research on migration, however, has often focused on a single aspect of the phenomenon, largely due to methodological, geographical, or financial constraints. Integrative migration biology asks ‘big questions’ such as how, when, where, and why animals migrate, which can be answered by examining the process from multiple ecological and evolutionary perspectives, incorporating multifaceted knowledge from various other scientific disciplines, and using new technologies and modeling approaches, all within the context of an annual cycle. Adopting an integrative research strategy will provide a better understanding of the interactions between biological levels of organization, of what role migrants play in disease transmission, and of how to conserve migrants and the habitats upon which they depend. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558203/ doi: 10.1093/icb/icq013 id: cord-277573-g3z3gq1m author: Buffenstein, Rochelle title: Naked Mole Rat date: 2011-12-16 words: 13792 sentences: 705 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277573-g3z3gq1m.txt summary: Since usually only one female breeds in a naked mole rat colony, the majority of animals (males and females) spend their entire lives in a suspended sterile "prepubescent" reproductive state. Naked mole rats support the evolutionary theory of aging which posits that species that have evolved in areas of low extrinsic mortality such as thermally buffered, sealed burrows that are protected from predation will evolve mechanisms better-suited for extended tissue maintenance and concomitant longevity; whereas those species living in a dangerous environment fraught with challenging climatic conditions and/or high predation risk will evolve life history traits that facilitate early reproduction and shorter lifespans. Hormonal and behavioral correlates of male dominance and reproductive status in captive colonies of the naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber Behavioral and hormonal changes in female naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) following removal of the breeding female from a colony abstract: Naked mole rats are mouse-sized rodents that have become an important animal model in biomedical research. They play a unique mammalian role in behavioral and ecophysiological research of life underground. This chapter studies the general physiology, anatomy of organ systems, husbandry, and uses in research of the naked mole rats. Naked mole rats belong to the order Rodentia in that they have two incisor teeth on the upper and lower arcade that continuously grow. The skin is loose, wrinkled, and brownish pink in color. The body is for the most part absent of hairs with the exception of tactile hairs that are regularly arranged throughout the body and which are particularly prominent around the face and to a lesser extent on the tail. They are typically housed at 28–30°C, and at 50–60% relative humidity. Because naked mole rats are social and have cooperative behaviors, the study of their conduct has more applicability to people. The chapter describes the models of experimental research on the naked mole rat such as the model of reproductive suppression, model of somatosensory processing, model of bone elongation, and model of aging. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123809209000456 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00045-6 id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 words: 5812 sentences: 313 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt summary: Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. abstract: An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of “One Health” approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. Key points: A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections. The global “One Health” approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general. New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196475/ doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id: cord-299315-s43gw24k author: Capps, Benjamin title: One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date: 2015-09-16 words: 10082 sentences: 485 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299315-s43gw24k.txt summary: In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. abstract: The 2013 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, as of writing, is declining in reported human cases and mortalities. The resulting devastation caused highlights how health systems, in particular in West Africa, and in terms of global pandemic planning, are ill prepared to react to zoonotic pathogens. In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Only recently have two phase 2/3 Ebola human vaccine trials been started in West Africa. This paper argues for a conceptual change in pandemic preparedness. We first discuss the ethics of One Health. Next, we focus on the current Ebola outbreak and defines its victims. Third, we present the notion of a ‘shared benefit’ approach, grounded in One Health, and argue for the vaccination of wild apes in order to protect both apes and humans. We believe that a creation of such inter-species immunity is an exemplar of One Health, and that it is worth pursuing as a coextensive public health approach. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214867/ doi: 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7 id: cord-278195-1sle0d1j author: Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title: The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date: 2020-06-24 words: 8075 sentences: 396 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt summary: The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . abstract: Animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural, and economic functions that they represent. This has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. The objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show toward wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal population management. We reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. An analysis of the emotions on wildlife and factors causing them is described in this study. We identified a controversy about these emotions. Large predators such as wolves, coyotes, bears, big felids, and reptiles, such as snakes and geckos, promote mainly anger, fear, and disgust. This is likely due to the perceptions, beliefs, and experiences that societies have historically built around them. However, in some social groups these animals have promoted emotions such as happiness due to their values for people. Likewise, sadness is an emotion expressed for the threatening situations that animals are currently facing. Furthermore, we associated the conservation status of wildlife species identified in the study with human emotions to discuss their relevance for emerging conservation strategies, particularly focused on endangered species promoting ambiguous emotions in different social groups. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32670150/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277 id: cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author: Correa, M.T. title: Slum Livestock Agriculture date: 2014-08-21 words: 7383 sentences: 417 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320988-yjxbm4tn.txt summary: Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. Notwithstanding the sociocultural differences, slums have some common characteristics: poor housing, often illegitimately built on private or public land with poor drainage and unfit for agriculture; overcrowded conditions; limited access to potable water; poor sanitation and lack of sewage or waste removal; high numbers of domestic pets; and clandestine keeping of livestock. Food animals in slums are a public health concern due to their potential for transmitting zoonotic diseases, unsafe food products, the risk of physical injuries and traffic accidents, and environmental contamination. In more densely populated slums, fewer animals are kept and enterprises are likely to be small scale; where more land is available, livestock keeping is more common and on a larger scale (Box 1). abstract: Slums are unplanned squatter human settlements in peri-urban and urban areas where more than 800 million people live. These densely populated areas lack basic public services. Livestock raised in these conditions compete with humans for space and water, and pose a risk to human and animal health. Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444525123001613 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00161-3 id: cord-352123-0bflqj1c author: Csiszar, Anna title: Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date: 2020-08-07 words: 4752 sentences: 225 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352123-0bflqj1c.txt summary: Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, similar to other coronaviruses, can infect several species of animals, including companion animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets although their viral loads remain low. In late March 2020, the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) in Belgium reported that a pet cat was diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [21, 22] , showing that felines living in the household of people with COVID-19 are at risk of contracting the disease and may potentially spread the virus. On April 23, it was reported that two pet cats in New York state have tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2, which are the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in companion animals in the USA [22] . In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the situation is rapidly evolving and in the light of the recent evidence, we should be aware of the possibility that humans can be potentially infected with COVID-19 by animals, including by pet cats, dogs, or other domesticated species. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). From the epidemiological data, the picture emerges that the more severe etiopathologies among COVID-19 patients are found in elderly people. The risk of death due to COVID-19 increases exponentially with age. Eight out of 10 COVID-19 related deaths occur in people older than 65 years of age. Older patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer have a much higher case fatality rate. Governments and public health authorities all over the world have realized that protections of vulnerable older adults should be a priority during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease. The SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally transmitted likely from a bat or a pangolin to humans. Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, similar to other coronaviruses, can infect several species of animals, including companion animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets although their viral loads remain low. While the main source of infection transmission therefore is human to human, there are a few rare cases of pets contracting the infection from a SARS-CoV-2-infected human. Although there is no evidence that pets actively transmit SARS-CoV-2 via animal-to-human transmission, senior pet ownership potentially may pose a small risk to older adults by (1) potentially enabling animal-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the most vulnerable population and (2) by increasing the exposition risk for the elderly due to the necessity to care for the pet and, in the case of dogs, to take them outside the house several times per day. In this overview, the available evidence on SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets is considered and the potential for spread of COVID-19 from companion animals to older individuals and the importance of prevention are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00248-3 doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00248-3 id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 words: 71765 sentences: 5075 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt summary: These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id: cord-326873-11jgusov author: Dignard, Caroline title: Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review date: 2019-12-10 words: 5752 sentences: 260 pages: flesch: 33 cache: ./cache/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326873-11jgusov.txt summary: Occupational exposure to animals is associated with a myriad of health and safety risks, including zoonotic infections, occupational injury, respiratory disease, and cancer [1] [2] [3] [4] . In the last 15 years, research on zoonotic infection risk has dominated the occupational health literature on the animal workforce, highlighting in particular exposure risk to drugresistant bacteria and influenza viruses and subsequent transmission from workers to the general public [6] [7] [8] . Since 2005, research on zoonotic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly the livestock-associated MRSA strains ST398 and CC9, have identified important public health concerns stemming from the misuse and overuse of these antibiotics in agriculture [15] [16] [17] . We identified eight original research papers and one review study focused on topics related to respiratory disease, exposure to allergens and dust, and airborne bacteria among animal workers. Research in 2018 and early 2019 on occupational health and safety topics involving animal workers highlighted the risks and interventions associated with infectious disease, respiratory disease, chemical exposure, and occupational injury. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the last year, an increasing number of studies have reported on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission in Africa and Asia and in migrant workers. We reviewed original research on occupational health and safety of animal workers published from January 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019, with a targeted focus on infectious disease studies published in these populations. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies focused on occupational exposures to infectious agents, dust and allergens, pesticides, and occupational injury. Research on zoonotic MRSA used whole genome–sequencing technologies to evaluate transmission in Africa and Asia. Swine worker exposure to porcine coronavirus and emerging influenza A viruses was documented in China. 16s RNA amplicon sequencing identified distinct microbiota compositions in households with active animal farmers. Multiple bioaerosol exposures were assessed for industrial dairy workers. Occupational injury studies highlighted the struggles of Latino animal workers in the USA. SUMMARY: These studies highlighted the global expansion of zoonotic antibiotic resistance and identified novel occupational zoonoses of concern. The integration of microbiome assessment and compound mixtures into the evaluation of dust and endotoxin exposures for animal workers marks a new direction for this work. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5 doi: 10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5 id: cord-305175-1wg0wodr author: Dolzhikova, I. V. title: Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date: 2020 words: 4488 sentences: 198 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305175-1wg0wodr.txt summary: Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). For this Studies of the immunogenicity of the combined vector vaccine revealed the induction of long-term humoral immunity in mice, while the mean titer of glycoprotein-specific antibodies equaled 1 : 121,775 two weeks after vaccination at a dose of 10 7 v.p. per mouse. [13] , immunization of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene with a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine at a dose 10 8 v.p. per mouse was shown to protect 100% of the animals from a lethal infection with MERS-CoV. abstract: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing. url: https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11042 doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.11042 id: cord-018404-jdu4h00e author: DuBourdieu, Dan title: Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals date: 2019-03-11 words: 8788 sentences: 436 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt summary: Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. This provides a rationale for the observations that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows may also afford passive immune protection against human pathogens in both humans and animals (Li-Chan et al. The animal industry has recognized this issue and has developed methods to produce specific antibodies in high titer against specific diseases that can be delivered in colostrum products. Passive antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases is a concept which dates back more than 120 years, to the 1890s, when the use of serum from immunized animals provided the first effective treatment options against infections with Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Hey 2015) . Passive immunity provided by chicken egg antibodies will gain increasing use in production animals. abstract: Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. These antibodies have been shown protect production and companion animals from a number of pathogens. This chapter reviews the immune system for the principles of immune response to antigens and the synthesis of immunoglobulins of the five classes of antibodies in the body. Colostrum antibodies are described for passive immunity protection in animals such as calves. Chicken egg antibodies are another source of antibodies for passive immunity. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are also used to provide passive immunity in the veterinary field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123268/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_18 id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 words: 41994 sentences: 2688 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt summary: The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149775/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 words: 17040 sentences: 872 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt summary: Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. abstract: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id: cord-287839-cslrz4yp author: Ehnert, Karen title: Border Health: Who''s Guarding the Gate? date: 2009-01-28 words: 5342 sentences: 338 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287839-cslrz4yp.txt summary: The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. abstract: Changes in the global trade market have led to a thriving international pet trade in exotic animals, birds, and puppies. The flood of animals crossing the United States' borders satisfies the public demand for these pets but is not without risk. Imported pets may be infected with diseases that put animals or the public at risk. Numerous agencies work together to reduce the risk of animal disease introduction, but regulations may need to be modified to ensure compliance. With more than 280,000 dogs and 183,000 wildlife shipments being imported into the United States each year, veterinarians must remain vigilant so they can recognize potential threats quickly. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561608001976 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id: cord-023731-jqgervt7 author: FENNER, FRANK title: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases date: 2014-06-27 words: 6992 sentences: 320 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023731-jqgervt7.txt summary: Having allocated it to a particular family (e.g., Adenoviridae), one can then go on to determine the species or serotype (e.g., canine Immunodiffusion Antibody neutralizes infectivity of virion; inhibits cytopathology, reduces plaques, or protects animals Antibody inhibits viral hemagglutination Antigen-antibody complex binds complement, which is thereafter unavailable for the lysis of hemolysissensitized sheep red blood cells Antibody-aggregated virions are visible by electron microscopy Antibody labeled with fluorochrome binds to intracellular antigen; fluoresces by UV microscopy Peroxidase-labeled antibody binds to intracellular antigen; colored precipitate forms on adding substrate Enzyme-labeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody); substrate changes color Radiolabeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody), e.g., attached to solid phase Antibodies and soluble antigens produce visible lines of precipitate in a gel adenovirus 1) by more discriminating serological procedures. abstract: Tests for the specific diagnosis of a viral infection in an animal are of two general types: (1) those that demonstrate the presence of the virus and (2) those that demonstrate the presence of specific viral antibody. The provision, by a single laboratory, of a comprehensive service for the diagnosis of viral infections of domestic animals is a formidable undertaking. There are about 200 individual viral species in some 20 different viral families that infect the eight major domestic animal species. If antigenic types within an individual viral species are considered and the number of animal species is broadened to include turkey, duck, and zoo and laboratory animals, then the number of individual viruses exceeds 1000. It is, therefore, not surprising that few single laboratories could have available the necessary specific reagents, skills, and experience for the diagnosis of such a large number of infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173550/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-253055-5.50017-7 id: cord-275465-vzw509cl author: Ferella, Alejandra title: Dinámica de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus respiratorio sincicial bovino date: 2020-05-11 words: 3261 sentences: 177 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275465-vzw509cl.txt summary: Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd from Santa Fe province, Argentina RESUMEN El virus respiratorio sincicial bovino (VRSB) es uno de los principales agentes responsables de enfermedad respiratoria en bovinos, tanto de tambos como de cría. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. These results are in concordance with those reported by Tuncer et al., who detected the presence of maternal antibodies in 100% of the calves sampled at one month of age in dairy herds from Turkey 13 . abstract: Abstract Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the most relevant agents responsible for respiratory disease in cattle from both dairy and beef farms. BRSV is spread by horizontal contact causing a constant presence of seropositive animals that favors viral circulation throughout the year. Moreover, reinfections with BRSV are frequent between animals regardless of their age as BRSV does not confer long-lasting protective immunity. Several studies have demonstrated the circulation of BRSV in cattle from different regions of the world; however, little is known about the dynamics of BRSV infection in cows before and after they begin lactation. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. Passive maternal antibodies against BRSV started to decrease monthly and became almost undetectable at 8 months of age. We detected two potential infection points at months 11 and 27 after birth, in which 30% and 45% of the animals showed seroconversion, respectively. Specifically, an increase in the proportion of seropositive cows after the start of lactation suggests that they became reinfected around the time they began lactating. We demonstrate the importance of understanding BRSV dynamics in a closed dairy herd to review the vaccination schedule of the animals to achieve protection against BRSV infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.003 doi: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.003 id: cord-336884-dyju6w15 author: Fielding, C.L. title: Disease Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection and High Case Fatality Rate date: 2014-10-15 words: 2689 sentences: 170 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336884-dyju6w15.txt summary: Outbreaks are associated with a low case fatality rate and a small number of animals with signs of encephalopathic disease are described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of two outbreaks of ECoV infection that were associated with an high case fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Equine coronavirus had a higher case fatality rate in this group of miniature horses than previously reported in other outbreaks of varying breeds. Hyperammonemia could contribute to signs of encephalopathic disease, and the fecal viral load might be of prognostic value in affected horses. Other common enteric pathogens of horses, including Salmonella enterica, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Lawsonia intracellularis, and Neorickettsia risticii were also investigated in feces of four of the sick horses by specific PCR. In the ID outbreak, resident farm horses displayed clinical signs of disease including decreased appetite, lethargy, and fevers ≤38.9°C approximately 2-3 days after show horses returned from competition (American Miniature Horse Association World Championship Show). abstract: BACKGROUND: Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is associated with clinical disease in adult horses. Outbreaks are associated with a low case fatality rate and a small number of animals with signs of encephalopathic disease are described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of two outbreaks of ECoV infection that were associated with an high case fatality rate. ANIMALS: 14 miniature horses and 1 miniature donkey testing fecal positive for ECoV from two related disease outbreaks. METHODS: Retrospective study describing the epidemiological findings, clinicopathological findings, and fecal viral load from affected horses. RESULTS: In EcoV positive horses, 27% (4/15) of the animals died or were euthanized. Severe hyperammonemia (677 μmol/L, reference range ≤60 μmol/L) was identified in one animal with signs of encephalopathic disease that subsequently died. Fecal viral load (ECoV genome equivalents per gram of feces) was significantly higher in the nonsurvivors compared to animals that survived (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Equine coronavirus had a higher case fatality rate in this group of miniature horses than previously reported in other outbreaks of varying breeds. Hyperammonemia could contribute to signs of encephalopathic disease, and the fecal viral load might be of prognostic value in affected horses. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12480 doi: 10.1111/jvim.12480 id: cord-026031-hnf5vayd author: Ford, Richard B. title: Emergency Care date: 2009-05-21 words: 112343 sentences: 6645 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026031-hnf5vayd.txt summary: Fresh whole blood Coagulopathy with active hemorrhage (disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia; massive acute hemorrhage; no stored blood available) Stored whole blood Massive acute or ongoing hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage that is unresponsive to conventional crystalloid and colloid fluid therapy; unavailability of equipment required to prepare blood components Packed red blood cells Nonregenerative anemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, correction of anemia before surgery, acute or chronic blood loss Fresh frozen plasma Factor depletion associated with active hemorrhage (congenital: von Willebrand''s factor, hemophilia A, hemophilia B; acquired: vitamin K antagonist, rodenticide intoxication, DIC); acute or chronic hypoproteinemia (burns, wound exudates, body cavity effusion; hepatic, renal, or gastrointestinal loss); colostrum replacement in neonates Frozen plasma Acute plasma or protein loss; chronic hypoproteinemia; (contains stable colostrum replacement in neonates; hemophilia B and clotting factors) selected clotting factor deficiencies Platelet-rich plasma* Thrombocytopenia with active hemorrhage (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, DIC); platelet function abnormality (congenital: thrombasthenia in Bassett hounds; acquired: NSAIDs, other drugs) Cryoprecipitate abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271342/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160138-3/50002-3 id: cord-021158-075vh5jg author: Fortané, Nicolas title: Antimicrobial resistance: preventive approaches to the rescue? Professional expertise and business model of French “industrial” veterinarians date: 2020-01-06 words: 12209 sentences: 563 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021158-075vh5jg.txt summary: Using recent debates on the AMR problem, it proposes to examine the relationship between the development of professional veterinary expertise and of the drug market, based on the case of a specific segment of the profession, namely veterinarians specializing in industrial poultry and pig production in western France. Indeed, it is common to hear professional organizations or public authorities state that in order to reduce their economic dependence on antibiotic sales, vets must rethink their activity by favouring preventive approaches to animal health which would involve a diversified range of services and would contribute to placing vets in an advisory role with a holistic vision of livestock farming or even of the food supply chain (VetFuturs France 2018) . abstract: This article focuses on the development of veterinary medicine in the industrial pig and poultry production sector. In the current context of controversies over the public problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the veterinary profession is tending to promote a model of preventive medicine that is supposed to reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock farming. However, veterinarians specializing in pig and poultry production (“industrial vets”) have in fact been adopting such approaches to animal health for several decades. Based on 28 interviews with pig and poultry veterinarians practicing or having practiced in western France between the 1970s and the 2010s, the article aims to understand how such a form of professional expertise has developed, and the business model that underpins it. Contrary to public discourses which promote preventive approaches as a way to diversify professional expertise and to disconnect veterinary incomes from drug sales, it is indeed this economic model that has allowed the development of such approaches within industrial livestock farming. Modern strategies for reducing antibiotic use should therefore seek less to renew the professional expertise of veterinarians than to find new ways to valorize it economically. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149086/ doi: 10.1007/s41130-019-00098-4 id: cord-305501-srq1bo2v author: Fèvre, Eric M. title: Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date: 2006-02-07 words: 4939 sentences: 222 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt summary: In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. abstract: Domestic and wild animal population movements are important in the spread of disease. There are many recent examples of disease spread that have occurred as a result of intentional movements of livestock or wildlife. Understanding the volume of these movements and the risks associated with them is fundamental in elucidating the epidemiology of these diseases, some of which might entail zoonotic risks. The importance of the worldwide animal trade is reviewed and the role of the unregulated trade in animals is highlighted. A range of key examples are discussed in which animal movements have resulted in the introduction of pathogens to previously disease-free areas. Measures based on heightened surveillance are proposed that mitigate the risks of new pathogen introductions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16460942/ doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004 id: cord-313072-8ndt7a2g author: Gazda, Lawrence S. title: A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials date: 2016-11-11 words: 5010 sentences: 281 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313072-8ndt7a2g.txt summary: First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes -chapter 2a: source pigs-preventing xenozoonoses First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. The International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-chapter 2: source pigs abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of porcine islets to replace insulin‐producing islet β‐cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. These challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. In this study, we describe a robust porcine islet‐screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for clinical trials. METHODS: A four‐checkpoint program systematically screens the donor herd (Large White – Yorkshire × Landrace F1 hybrid animals), individual sentinel and pancreas donor animals and, critically, the islet macrobeads themselves. Molecular assays screen for more than 30 known viruses, while electron microscopy and in vitro studies are employed to screen for potential new or divergent (emergent) viruses. RESULTS: Of 1207 monthly samples taken from random animals over a 2‐year period, only a single positive result for Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was observed, demonstrating the high level of biosecurity maintained in the source herd. Given the lack of clinical signs, positive antibody titers for Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine parvovirus, and Influenza A confirm the efficacy of the herd vaccination program. Porcine respiratory coronavirus was found to be present in the herd, as expected for domestic swine. Tissue homogenate samples from six sentinel and 11 donor animals, over the same 2‐year period, were negative for the presence of viruses when co‐cultured with six different cell lines from four species. The absence of adventitious viruses in separate islet macrobead preparations produced from 12 individual pancreas donor animals was confirmed using validated molecular (n = 32 viruses), in vitro culture (cells from four species), and transmission electron microscopy assays (200 cell profiles per donor animal) over the same 2‐year period. There has been no evidence of viral transmission following the implantation of these same encapsulated and functional porcine islets into non‐immunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques for up to 4 years. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all time points were negative for PCV (Type 2), PLHV, PRRSV, PCMV, and PERV‐A, PERV‐B, and PERV‐C by PCR analysis in all six recipient animals. CONCLUSION: The four‐checkpoint program is a robust and reliable method for characterization of the microbiological safety of encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.12277 doi: 10.1111/xen.12277 id: cord-341263-j4ribasg author: Gjerde, Eli-Anne B title: Problems in physiological experimental animal models investigated with factorial design date: 2004-04-30 words: 4373 sentences: 222 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341263-j4ribasg.txt summary: Abstract In the present study we investigated four variables using factorial design to decide if any of these could explain the variations in the control measurements of interstitial fluid pressure (P if) in rat trachea that were experienced. The experiments were performed since interstitial fluid pressure (P if ) in rat trachea in control animals was observed to be lowered, a response otherwise seen in acute inflammatory reactions such as following mast cell degranulation and neurogenic inflammation (Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Woie et al., 1993; Woie and Reed, 1994) . Under normal (non-inflammatory) conditions P if is slightly subatmospheric and the mean average and standard deviation measured over 60 or 90 min registration period for trachea is À1.45 7 0.36 mmHg. This average is taken from a total of 13 studies and 17 series of experiments containing all together 132 control animals giving a average of 7-8 animals per series (Gjerde et al., 1997 (Gjerde et al., , 2000 (Gjerde et al., , 2002 (Gjerde et al., , 2003 Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Wei et al., 1998; Woie et al., 1993 Woie and Reed, 1994 . abstract: Abstract In the present study we investigated four variables using factorial design to decide if any of these could explain the variations in the control measurements of interstitial fluid pressure (P if) in rat trachea that were experienced. This approach requires only a fraction of the animals normally needed when studying each factor separately. P if in tracheal tissue was measured with the servocontrolled counterpressure system using sharpened micropipettes. The measurements were performed over a period of 60min and are presented as mean for every 15min period. The factors investigated in the study were: three strains of female rats (Strain) two brands of diets (Food); two breeder companies (Source); and finally two batches of the same set of animals to repeat the experiment twice (Week), using a total of 48 animals. There was a highly significant effect within Strain the first week (p=0.007), but this response was not observed the second week. The interaction between Strain×Week was significant (p=0.007) while the main effects Strain or Week alone were not significant. The response pattern for Strain and Food was inconsistent for the two experimental weeks studied. These experiments made it possible for us to simultaneously test several factors and exclude these factors as the reason for the observed changes in our experiments since the experiments did not allow the conclusion that one or several of these factors could explain the variation in P if. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939860004000057 doi: 10.1016/j.jeas.2004.01.002 id: cord-294956-9o3utlfx author: Gray, Carol title: Legal and Ethical Aspects of ‘Best Interests’ Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK date: 2020-06-09 words: 7374 sentences: 284 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294956-9o3utlfx.txt summary: While recognising that similar dependencies may apply to decision-making in veterinary medicine in the UK, given the ethical imperative explicit in the oath sworn by Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (MRCVS) "that, ABOVE ALL, my constant endeavour will be to ensure the health and welfare of the animals committed to my care" [14] , the authors argue that the role of the two human parties to the veterinary treatment decision should be for both to advocate for the animal patient, enabling a decision that is in the animal''s best interests in its individual medical situation and practical circumstances. The legal liabilities incumbent on both owner and veterinary surgeon under Sections 3, 4 and 9 of the AWA act as constraints to decision-making, not least the fact that killing or euthanasia of the patient are legal options open to the animal''s owner under Section 9, and that due to liabilities in Section 3, Coggon''s issue relating to resource provision may have a significant impact on the practical outcome of where ''best interests'' lie in a specific situation. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: Making decisions about medical treatment for animal patients involves two key decision-makers, the animal owner and the veterinary surgeon. We aim to show that these decisions should and can be based on the ‘best interests’ of the animal, with both human decision-makers acting as advocates for the animal requiring treatment. We suggest that the role of the animal owner is similar to that of a parent in making decisions for a child, drawing on legal cases to demonstrate the limits of parental (and owner) decision-making. To provide a firmer basis for ‘best interests’ decision-making, we adapt the factors included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and demonstrate how these could be used with a typical clinical situation. Finally, we analyse the decisions from an ethical point of view. ABSTRACT: Medical decisions for young children are made by those with parental responsibility, with legal involvement only if the decision is potentially detrimental to the child’s welfare. While legally classified as property, some argue that animals are in a similar position to children; treatment decisions are made by their owners, posing a legal challenge only if the proposed treatment has the potential to cause harm or unnecessary suffering, as defined by animal protection legislation. This paper formulates the approach to a ‘best interests’ calculation, utilising the factors included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and relying on exchange of information between the human parties involved. Although this form of decision-making must primarily protect the animal from unnecessary suffering, it recognises that the information provided by the owner is critical in articulating the animal’s non-medical interests, and hence in formulating what is in the animal’s best overall welfare interests. While statute law does not mandate consideration of ‘best interests’ for animals, this approach might reasonably be expected as a professional imperative for veterinary surgeons. Importantly, this version of a ‘best interests’ calculation can be incorporated into existing ethical frameworks for medical decision-making and the humane treatment of animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32526900/ doi: 10.3390/ani10061009 id: cord-002957-gw2cow0d author: Gray, Darren W. title: DIVA metabolomics: Differentiating vaccination status following viral challenge using metabolomic profiles date: 2018-04-05 words: 7426 sentences: 323 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002957-gw2cow0d.txt summary: The aims of the current study were therefore to assess the performance of Reverse Phase (RP) and Hydrophobic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) separation methods for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomic profiling of bovine plasma and identify plasma metabolomic markers capable of differentiating between vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves following intranasal challenge with BPI3V. The selected panel of 383 unique AMRTPs (S3 Table) differentiating animals of different vaccination status at various time-points post-BPI3V challenge were deconvoluted to identify parent ion mass, adducts and low energy fragments using low and high energy data (Function 1 and 2 respectively), yielding 26 parent ions for elemental composition determination. The metabolomic profiling performed here in this study on post-BPI3V challenge acquired samples, has identified a unique panel of plasma metabolites which differ between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals, and significantly are involved in recognised immune response mechanisms. abstract: Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a major source of economic loss within the agricultural industry. Vaccination against BRD-associated viruses does not offer complete immune protection and vaccine failure animals present potential routes for disease spread. Serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is possible using antigen-deleted vaccines, but during virus outbreaks DIVA responses are masked by wild-type virus preventing accurate serodiagnosis. Previous work by the authors has established the potential for metabolomic profiling to reveal metabolites associated with systemic immune responses to vaccination. The current study builds on this work by demonstrating for the first time the potential to use plasma metabolite profiling to differentiate between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals following infection-challenge. Male Holstein Friesian calves were intranasally vaccinated (Pfizer RISPOVAL(®)PI3+RSV) and subsequently challenged with Bovine Parainfluenza Virus type-3 (BPI3V) via nasal inoculation. Metabolomic plasma profiling revealed that viral challenge led to a shift in acquired plasma metabolite profiles from day 2 to 20 p.i., with 26 metabolites identified whose peak intensities were significantly different following viral challenge depending on vaccination status. Elevated levels of biliverdin and bilirubin and decreased 3-indolepropionic acid in non-vaccinated animals at day 6 p.i. may be associated with increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen scavenging at periods of peak virus titre. During latter stages of infection, increased levels of N-[(3α,5β,12α)-3,12-dihydroxy-7,24-dioxocholan-24-yl]glycine and lysophosphatidycholine and decreased enterolactone in non-vaccinated animals may reflect suppression of innate immune response mechanisms and progression to adaptive immune responses. Levels of hexahydrohippurate were also shown to be significantly elevated in non-vaccinated animals from days 6 to 20 p.i. These findings demonstrate the potential of metabolomic profiling to identify plasma markers that can be employed in disease diagnostic applications to both differentially identify infected non-vaccinated animals during disease outbreaks and provide greater information on the health status of infected animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5886402/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194488 id: cord-273284-1udq0roo author: Green, Jennah title: Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-11 words: 7518 sentences: 336 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273284-1udq0roo.txt summary: We analyse a database of wildlife records from the UK''s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to summarise the volume and variety of non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) listed wild animal imports over a recent 5-year period (2014–2018). We obtained data pertaining to all consignments of live non-domesticated animals (excluding CITES listed species and all fish) imported into the UK recorded on the TRACES database, via a Freedom of Information request to APHA. In relation to the taxonomic class and the actual volume of wild animals traded (Columbiformes and Galliformes aside), the highest number of individual non-CITES listed live animals entering the UK during this time period were amphibians (73.1%, n = 2,492,156), followed by reptiles (16.8%, n = 578,772), mammals (4.4%; n = 150,638), birds (2.9%; n = 99,111), and arachnids (0.03%; n = 1083). abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: The UK imports wild animals for commercial purposes from countries all across the world. We analyse a database of wildlife records from the UK’s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to summarise the volume and variety of non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) listed wild animal imports over a recent 5-year period (2014–2018). We found that over 48 million individual animals were imported into the UK from 90 countries across nine global regions from 2014–2018. In terms of volume (semi-domesticated pigeons and game birds aside), amphibians were the most commonly imported group (73%), followed by reptiles (17%), mammals (4%), and birds (3%). The highest number of import records came from Europe and Africa, but the largest volume of animals came from North America and Asia. We review the potential for infectious diseases emerging from these vast and varied wildlife imports and discuss the potential threats they pose to public health. We also draw attention to an observed current lack of detail in the APHA database and suggest that better record keeping and reporting could help prevent and manage the introduction of infectious diseases. ABSTRACT: International wildlife trade is recognised as a major transmission pathway for the movement of pathogenic organisms around the world. The UK is an active consumer of non-native live wild animals and is therefore subject to the risks posed by pathogen pollution from imported wildlife. Here, we characterise a key yet overlooked portion of the UK wildlife import market. We evaluate the trade in live non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) wild terrestrial animals entering the UK over a 5-year period using data reported by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). Between 2014 and 2018, over 48 million individual animals, across five taxonomic classes and 24 taxonomic orders, were imported into the UK from 90 countries across nine global regions. The largest volumes of wild animals were imported from North America and Asia, and most of the import records were from Europe and Africa. Excluding Columbiformes (pigeons) and Galliformes (‘game birds’), amphibians were the most imported taxonomic class (73%), followed by reptiles (17%), mammals (4%), birds (3%), and arachnids (<1%). The records described herein provide insight into the scope and scale of non-CITES listed wildlife imported in to the UK. We describe the potential for pathogen pollution from these vast and varied wildlife imports and highlight the potential threats they pose to public health. We also draw attention to the lack of detail in the UK wildlife import records, which limits its ability to help prevent and manage introduced infectious diseases. We recommend that improved record keeping and reporting could prove beneficial in this regard. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32932890/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091632 id: cord-022506-fkddo12n author: Griffin, Brenda title: Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date: 2011-12-05 words: 23797 sentences: 1308 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt summary: Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158173/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00046-6 id: cord-017112-5men6dfk author: Gupta, Varsha title: Biosafety and Bioethics date: 2016-10-23 words: 7056 sentences: 456 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017112-5men6dfk.txt summary: Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. abstract: The advancement in technology is likely to tame several life forms present on earth. Microorganisms are posing a big challenge due to difficulties encountered to control the diseases caused by them. Working with deadly disease-causing microorganisms for their characterization, diagnostics or therapeutics and vaccine development purposes are posing increasingly potential biosafety problems for laboratory workers. Thus, an appropriate biosafe working environment may protect workers from laboratory-induced infections. Biotechnology has the ability to solve the upcoming problems of the world’s increasing population. However, there is often reluctance among the public to accept and support biotechnological products in medicine, industry, or agriculture. There are many safety and ethical issues raised for GM crops and human cloning. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modified crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Thus, biosafety and bioethics are continuously being expanded to combine the rationale of ever-increasing scientific knowledge in biotechnology that is often in conflict with the long-standing social and moral value system of our society. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121592/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_24 id: cord-256903-8lyw27gh author: Guzman, Efrain title: Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date: 2018-12-06 words: 6514 sentences: 297 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256903-8lyw27gh.txt summary: Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans abstract: By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30574508/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id: cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author: Hardstaff, Jo L title: Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date: 2015-04-01 words: 6509 sentences: 304 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298052-mbg6e2j1.txt summary: Very few shipments of weaned cattle, sheep and goats require a rest period of 24 hours (Additional file 1), whereas many unweaned animals would require a 24 hour break in their journey from their point of origin to their Figure 1 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of cattle for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 2 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of pigs for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 4 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of goats for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. abstract: BACKGROUND: Trade in live animals can contribute to the introduction of exotic diseases, the maintenance and spread endemic diseases. Annually millions of animals are moved across Europe for the purposes of breeding, fattening and slaughter. Data on the number of animals moved were obtained from the Directorate General Sanco (DG Sanco) for 2011. These were converted to livestock units to enable direct comparison across species and their movements were mapped, used to calculate the indegrees and outdegrees of 27 European countries and the density and transitivity of movements within Europe. This provided the opportunity to discuss surveillance of European livestock movement taking into account stopping points en-route. RESULTS: High density and transitivity of movement for registered equines, breeding and fattening cattle, breeding poultry and pigs for breeding, fattening and slaughter indicates that hazards have the potential to spread quickly within these populations. This is of concern to highly connected countries particularly those where imported animals constitute a large proportion of their national livestock populations, and have a high indegree. The transport of poultry (older than 72 hours) and unweaned animals would require more rest breaks than the movement of weaned animals, which may provide more opportunities for disease transmission. Transitivity is greatest for animals transported for breeding purposes with cattle, pigs and poultry having values of over 50%. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrated that some species (pigs and poultry) are traded much more frequently and at a larger scale than species such as goats. Some countries are more vulnerable than others due to importing animals from many countries, having imported animals requiring rest-breaks and importing large proportions of their national herd or flock. Such knowledge about the vulnerability of different livestock systems related to trade movements can be used to inform the design of animal health surveillance systems to facilitate the trade in animals between European member states. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4 doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4 id: cord-282101-2usqpy2j author: Hassan, Atef A. title: Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine date: 2020-05-01 words: 17178 sentences: 959 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282101-2usqpy2j.txt summary: Moreover, several nanocomposites can be used in various applications such as nanoshells to destroy cancer cells, alumino-silicate nanoparticles to reduce bleeding, carbon nanoparticles as sensors and for drug delivery, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for diagnosis, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as antimicrobial agents, and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve MRI imaging (Chakravarthi and Balaji, 2010; Hassan et al., 2015b) . (2015) detected that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin production by respective fungal isolates was significantly diminished until complete inhibition by increasing the dose treatment with Fe 2 O 3 NPs. Moreover, the antimicrobial action of metal nanoparticles was suggested as being due to disrupting and penetration of the cell membrane of microorganism, damage and rupture of the cell wall and leakage of cytoplasm contents (Gajbhiye et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2014 Hassan et al., , 2015a . The obtained results showed that the viability of microbial cells was inhibited and complete prevention of aflatoxin production occurred at a concentration level of 125 μg/mL of CNTs. Veterinary applications of metal nanoparticles have been used in various fields related to animal disease diagnosis and treatment as well as biological sensing. abstract: Nowadays, nanotechnology has made huge, significant advancements in biotechnology and biomedicine related to human and animal science, including increasing health safety, production, and the elevation of national income. There are various fields of nanomaterial applications in veterinary medicine such as efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools, drug delivery, animal nutrition, breeding and reproduction, and valuable additives. Additional benefits include the detection of pathogens, protein, biological molecules, antimicrobial agents, feeding additives, nutrient delivery, and reproductive aids. There are many nanomaterials and nanocomposites that can be used in nanomedicine such as metal nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots. In the near future, nanotechnology research will have the ability to produce novel tools for improving animal health and production. Therefore, this chapter was undertaken to spotlight novel methods created by nanotechnology for application in the improvement of animal health and production. In addition, the toxicity of nanomaterials is fully discussed to avoid the suspected health hazards of toxicity for animal health safety. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128213544000248 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821354-4.00024-8 id: cord-265299-oovkoiyj author: Hickman, D.L. title: Commonly Used Animal Models date: 2016-11-25 words: 14966 sentences: 817 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265299-oovkoiyj.txt summary: The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition (National Research Council, 2011) is an internationally accepted document that outlines and discusses globally accepted environmental parameters for housing different species of animals including the mouse. Rats have been used as animal models in numerous areas of research from space exploration to answering more basic scientific questions regarding nutrition, genetics, immunology, neurology, infectious disease, metabolic disease, and behavior. Being social creatures, ideally rabbits should be housed in compatible pairs or trios unless contraindicated by the research objectives or by incompatibility of the animals (Sohn and Couto, 2012) . Rabbits are very easily heat stressed and thus must be kept at significantly lower temperatures than other laboratory animals like rats and mice. Historically, chickens (Gallus domesticus) are the most common bird species studied in biomedical and agricultural research and are a classic model in areas such as immunology, virology, infectious disease, embryology, and toxicology (Scanes and McNabb, 2003; Kaiser, 2012) . abstract: This chapter provides an introduction to animals that are commonly used for research. It presents information on basic care topics such as biology, behavior, housing, feeding, sexing, and breeding of these animals. The chapter provides some insight into the reasons why these animals are used in research. It also gives an overview of techniques that can be utilized to collect blood or to administer drugs or medicine. Each section concludes with a brief description of how to recognize abnormal signs, in addition to lists of various diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021514000074 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802151-4.00007-4 id: cord-266746-c0urbl6l author: Hicks, T.M. title: Protein-Rich By-Products: Production Statistics, Legislative Restrictions, and Management Options date: 2016-08-19 words: 6279 sentences: 296 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266746-c0urbl6l.txt summary: Overall, increased global demand for animal-based products requires a substantially greater increase in plant and other feed resources, which will subsequently generate a much larger volume of protein-rich materials than currently produced. Since then, concern over the risks posed by ABPs, including infectious diseases (such as swine fever, foot and mouth) and other contaminants (such as dioxins), to human and animal health, has resulted in strict regulations regarding their safe handling and disposal (cunningham, 2003 ; department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). As such, most countries now have local regulations put in place that are typically broad in scope and directly affect any person or business that generates, uses, disposes, stores, handles, or transports food waste containing animal products and ABPs derived from the food processing industry. The regulations also control the use of ABPs as feed, fertilizer, and technical products with rules for their transformation via composting and biogas operations and their disposal via rendering and incineration (department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). abstract: Congruent to a rapidly growing population is the generation of horticultural and agricultural by-products and waste. The modern-day food cycle includes agricultural production, postharvest handling and storage, food processing and packaging, and distribution and retail, ending with consumption and waste disposal. Of these, agricultural production and postharvest handling and storage result in unintended losses and by-products whereas the other steps generally result in food waste. Approximately one-third of the worldwide food production is wasted each year. Although it is most desirable to prevent waste and by-product formation, followed by reuse or recycling, the formation of by-products and waste is inevitable, and management options must be innovative and also meet legislative requirements. However, management options are mostly a compromise between what is viewed acceptable based on legal requirements and local perceptions, and what is deemed technologically and financially feasible. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012802391400001X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802391-4.00001-x id: cord-286050-l7868xqi author: Holloway, Lewis title: COVID-19 and a shifted perspective on infectious farm animal disease research date: 2020-05-12 words: 986 sentences: 44 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286050-l7868xqi.txt summary: As a social scientist on the team, my thinking on BVD is influenced by discussions of biosecurity, or ''making life safe'' (Bingham et al. As COVID-19 took hold, we have very rapidly seen the application of all of these modes of biosecurity, which I had been thinking about in rather abstract terms and in relation to animals, back onto our own lives in very significant and concrete ways, forcing a recalibration of my perspective on animal and human infectious diseases together. Our research has been focusing on an animal disease which we have been told (e.g. by vets) should be relatively easy to eradicate through testing and/or vaccination-but BVD hasn''t been eradicated, it persists. His research focuses on changing agricultural practices, particularly those involving farmed animals and technologies. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10072-2 doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10072-2 id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 words: 4012 sentences: 187 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt summary: However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. abstract: This chapter discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases (EID) of humans that have an origin in other vertebrate animals (zoonoses). This is a broad topic, worthy of a book in its own right. This chapter will therefore provide only an overview of key concepts of drivers of the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and particularly infectious diseases with a major disease burden in humans. As the authors mainly work in Asia, the focus of this chapter is Asia, but many of the lessons learned in this region are likely to apply elsewhere. More than 60 % of the world population live in Asia, a region with some of the fastest developing economies in the world. Yet, despite tremendous advances, infectious diseases still remain a major burden for the human population in Asia. Of the estimated 2.1 million deaths in children aged less than 5 years in Southeast Asia in 2010, 47 % are attributable to infectious causes (Liu et al., Lancet 379:2151–2161, 2012). As such, Asia is both vulnerable to imported EIDs and a global focus of major social and environmental change that may facilitate the emergence and dissemination of new pathogens. However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120534/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id: cord-274052-rjud75iz author: Horzinek, Marian C. title: Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats date: 2006-10-05 words: 4005 sentences: 264 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274052-rjud75iz.txt summary: Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist''s viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus abstract: Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. Base immunisation is redefined: it is complete only after the multivalent booster in the second year of life. A yearly revaccination interview, not necessarily an injection, should become the new standard. This interview is a professional service that must be taught, expertly performed and invoiced. Adult animals should be “vaccinated to measure”, taking age, breed, lifestyle, the epidemiologic situation, etc. into account. Post-vaccination serology should become a guide in revaccination decisions. For a solid herd immunity, more animals of the population must be vaccinated. The profession should issue regular updates of the ‘code of vaccination practice’. To counteract vaccination antagonism, a concerted action of academia, the veterinary profession and industry is required. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113506001362 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.002 id: cord-315362-u9slrjmk author: Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title: Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date: 2008-01-15 words: 5142 sentences: 240 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt summary: Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. abstract: The Iberian lynx is the most endangered felid species in the world, confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain, where less than 200 individuals survive. Little is known about the diseases that affect these animals in the wild or in captivity. Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Urinalyses from records were available for 9 of the necropsied animals and blood and urine samples from 23 free ranging and captive Iberian lynxes were prospectively obtained in order to evaluate the renal function of the living population. A focal, diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) that progressed with age was diagnosed in all but one of the animals in different stages not associated to concurrently known infectious diseases. Positive immunoexpression of IgM and IgG was observed in the glomerular capillary basement membranes and intramembranous electron-dense deposits, compatible with immune complexes (ICs) were seen with electron microscopy. The immunogold labelling was also positive for IgM and IgG in the electron-dense areas. The serum biochemistry and urinalyses also revealed signs of mild chronic kidney disease in 16 of the 23 animals evaluated. In conclusion, the membranous glomerulopathy affecting the Iberian lynx is a progressive disease of immune origin. We postulate a possible genetic predisposition towards the disease, enhanced by inbreeding and a possible connection to an immune-mediated systemic disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931707/ doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.018 id: cord-275959-mat7ul7c author: Johnson, Kristen A title: The future of animal science departments date: 2020-07-23 words: 740 sentences: 46 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275959-mat7ul7c.txt summary: His ideas provide an excellent foundation for articles from Argentina, China, Italy, and South Africa that describe the future of animal science research and teaching programs in these countries. They highlight the need for the incorporation of multidisciplinary training and thinking in the animal sciences curriculum and describe opportunities to embrace technology in information transfer in outreach and teaching. Rulien Grobler and her colleagues (Grobler et al., 2020) describe the dynamic animal sciences programs in South Africa and identify the need for flexibility and embracing technologies in training future animal scientists. As new methods for teaching are developed and used to meet the needs and careers of the future, animal and veterinary sciences must insure the effectiveness of the educational program offered. The similarity of challenges and needs for animal and veterinary training programs identified by the authors in this issue is both striking and comforting. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfaa020 doi: 10.1093/af/vfaa020 id: cord-294478-3ickafd3 author: Kapil, Sanjay title: Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date: 2008-05-22 words: 7330 sentences: 328 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt summary: Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''''Mystery diseases'''' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. abstract: In this article, the authors are specifically concerned with the timely and accurate detection of emerging diseases of small animals that are viral in origin. Veterinarians are bound to encounter emerging viruses in their practice. The problem is unavoidable, because viruses are highly mutagenic. Even the immune response dictates the nature of virus that evolves in a host. If the clinical signs and diagnostic methods fail to correlate, the veterinarian should work with the diagnostic laboratory to solve the diagnostic puzzle. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501276/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.009 id: cord-255139-hswef5ky author: Khan, Safdar A. title: Differential Diagnosis of Common Acute Toxicologic Versus Nontoxicologic Illness date: 2018-11-30 words: 859 sentences: 50 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255139-hswef5ky.txt summary: This article provides a display table laying out the differential diagnosis of common acute toxicologic versus nontoxicologic illnesses in small animals. Upon presentation of an acutely ill animal, a veterinary professional must consider poisoning as a potential cause among the differentials. Before obtaining a complete case history, the first goal should be to stabilize the patient and preserve life of the acutely ill animal irrespective of the cause. A majority of clinical cases on presentation are treated supportively as only a very few specific antidotes are available or needed for treating specific poisonings. Other samples for toxicology testing in a diagnostic laboratory include whole blood for heavy metal analysis (lead), blood cholinesterases (organophosphate poisoning), and presence of pesticides (anticoagulant rodenticides). Table 1 outlines some important toxicologic versus nontoxicologic rule-outs based on clinical abnormalities one must consider in an acutely ill animal. An acutely ill animal with sudden onset of clinical effects may often have multiple major clinical signs/abnormalities present. abstract: This article provides a display table laying out the differential diagnosis of common acute toxicologic versus nontoxicologic illnesses in small animals. Major clinical abnormalities are listed, along with common toxicologic rule outs and nontoxicologic rule outs. Further readings are also provided. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195561618300822 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.003 id: cord-352832-uih7alib author: Khoury, Bassam title: The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date: 2020-06-03 words: 1799 sentences: 106 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352832-uih7alib.txt summary: Apathy plays a central role in the persistence of the ecological crisis (Le Duc 2017), the current surge of infectious diseases, and the transmission of viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, from animals to humans. Compassion can be defined as an embodied, integrated state with cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions that is characterized by an altruistic attitude, an emphatic concern, and a desire to alleviate suffering in oneself and in others (Khoury 2019) . Similar studies have shown positive associations between compassion to other human beings and pro-environmental tendencies, including values, intentions, and actions (Pfattheicher et al. Mindfulness and compassion practices rooted in Buddhist ethics allow for overcoming greed by cultivating non-attachment, generosity, and humbleness; hatred through generating loving-kindness to all sentient beings and to nature; and delusion by recognizing the realities of impermanence, non-self, and interconnectedness. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837597/ doi: 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 id: cord-289605-gvc673ij author: Klaunberg, Brenda A. title: Considerations for Setting up a Small-Animal Imaging Facility date: 2004 words: 5508 sentences: 329 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289605-gvc673ij.txt summary: Imaging techniques allow for the conduct of noninvasive, in vivo longitudinal small-animal studies, but also require access to expensive and complex equipment, and personnel who are properly trained in their use. In vivo imaging is a noninvasive way to gain insight into the animal''s anatomy and physiology 1 ; however, the unit cost and complexity of many such methods may preclude an investigator''s ability to gain access to such devices. At this time, the MIF has three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, a micro X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, two ultrasound scanners, a combined luciferase/GFP imager, and a laser Doppler imager. One must consider what types of animals and models could come to the facility for imaging, because these considerations will impact staffing choices, housing availability, and imaging modalities. A facility will need to plan for additional space for the electronics and console for the scanner as well as a preparation area outside the magnetic field. abstract: Imaging techniques allow for the conduct of noninvasive, in vivo longitudinal small-animal studies, but also require access to expensive and complex equipment, and personnel who are properly trained in their use. The authors describe their planning and staffing of the NIH Mouse Imaging Facility, and highlight important issues to consider when designing a similar facility. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15235626/ doi: 10.1038/laban0304-28 id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 words: 20181 sentences: 1195 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt summary: The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155635/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 id: cord-329466-u55ibep9 author: Kulpa-Eddy, Jodie title: Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date: 2011-12-31 words: 11275 sentences: 618 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329466-u55ibep9.txt summary: The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. abstract: Abstract NICEATM and ICCVAM convened an international workshop to review the state of the science of human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing methods and to identify opportunities to advance new and improved methods that can further reduce, refine, and replace animal use. Six topics were addressed in detail by speakers and workshop participants and are reported in a series of six reports. This workshop report, the second in the series, provides recommendations for current and future use of non-animal methods and strategies for veterinary vaccine potency testing. Workshop participants recommended that future efforts to replace animal use give priority to vaccines (1) that use large numbers of animals per test and for which many serials are produced annually, (2) that involve significant animal pain and distress during procedures, (3) for which the functional protective antigen has been identified, (4) that involve foreign animal/zoonotic organisms that are dangerous to humans, and (5) that involve pathogens that can be easily spread to wildlife populations. Vaccines identified as the highest priorities were those for rabies, Leptospira spp., Clostridium spp., Erysipelas, foreign animal diseases (FAD), poultry diseases, and fish diseases. Further research on the identification, purification, and characterization of vaccine protective antigens in veterinary vaccines was also identified as a priority. Workshop participants recommended priority research, development, and validation activities to address critical knowledge and data gaps, including opportunities to apply new science and technology. Recommendations included (1) investigations into the relative impact of various adjuvants on antigen quantification assays, (2) investigations into extraction methods that could be used for vaccines containing adjuvants that can interfere with antigen assays, and (3) review of the current status of rabies and tetanus human vaccine in vitro potency methods for their potential application to the corresponding veterinary vaccines. Workshop participants recommended enhanced international harmonization and cooperation and closer collaborations between human and veterinary researchers to expedite progress. Implementation of the workshop recommendations is expected to advance alternative in vitro methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing that will benefit animal welfare and replace animal use while ensuring continued protection of human and animal health. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005 id: cord-022255-5s2l1kua author: Kunstyr, Ivo title: Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards date: 2007-09-02 words: 2693 sentences: 159 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022255-5s2l1kua.txt summary: Finally, monitoring programs help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The term ''SPF'' means that the absence of individually listed microorganisms has been demonstrated for a population by regular monitoring of a sufficient number of animals at appropriate ages by appropriate and accepted methods. Finally, monitoring programmes help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The Federation of the European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) publish recommendations dealing with health monitoring of either breeding colonies or experimental units (Kraft et al., 1994; Rehbinder et al., 1996) . abstract: Only experimental animals of a good microbiological quality will give any kind of guarantee of an experiment undisturbed by health hazards. It is for this reason that so-called (specific pathogen free) SPF animals are used for animal experiments. Certain requirements are necessary to maintain the desired SPF organism. Physical barriers together with appropriate operating methods aim at preventing contamination with pathogens and penetration by wild rodents. As a consequence, barrier units are not easily accessible for personnel, which is sometimes considered a disadvantage by experimenters. Finally, monitoring programs help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The main purpose of health monitoring is to detect or prevent infections, which might influence physiological characteristics of animals or their health. Appropriate health monitoring helps to avoid imprecise results and allows all the experiments necessary to be carried out with a minimum number of animal. It is found that sufficient number of animals have to be monitored to obtain relevant information on a given population. It is important that the monitoring must be performed on a regular basis to detect unwanted microorganisms in good time. The recommended frequency is every 12 week. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155494/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012426400-7.50047-9 id: cord-281979-ab1hel2r author: LI, Xiao Yan title: The Main Biological Hazards in Animal Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Strategies for Control date: 2016-04-30 words: 3024 sentences: 166 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281979-ab1hel2r.txt summary: Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Although Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (published jointly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health 1999, USA) is the gold standard for laboratory biosafety, the actual biosafety programs applied to control biological hazards in individual facilities depend on numerous factors, including the agents being used, the source of funding, and local codes, among others. Based on a combination of our own practical experience and consultation of these references [9] , here we consider aerosols, zoonoses, and laboratory-associated infections as the main biological hazards in ABSL-2 facilities. abstract: Concern about the biological hazards involved in microbiological research, especially research involving laboratory animals, has increased in recent years. Working in an animal biosafety level 2 facility (ABSL-2), commonly used for research on infectious diseases, poses various biological hazards. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895398816300514 doi: 10.3967/bes2016.039 id: cord-268114-z5vcgqxd author: Larson, R.L. title: Epidemiology and disease control in everyday beef practice date: 2008-05-23 words: 1589 sentences: 69 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268114-z5vcgqxd.txt summary: A cattle population''s environment includes its housing type, animal density, air quality, and exposure to mud or dust and other health antagonists such as parasites and stress; these environmental factors influence the innate immunity of a herd by their impact on immunosuppression. One component of epidemiology is understanding the interaction among animals, potential pathogens, and the environment, in order to implement a herd-specific biosecurity plan [1, 2] . Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. For disease with no easily defined carrier state or for which accurate tests are not available, vaccination should be considered as a primary biosecurity tool if vaccination will result in an increased percentage of animal resistant to infection or a decreased likelihood of transmission of the agent (IBR). abstract: It is important for food animal veterinarians to understand the interaction among animals, pathogens, and the environment, in order to implement herd-specific biosecurity plans. Animal factors such as the number of immunologically protected individuals influence the number of individuals that a potential pathogen is able to infect, as well as the speed of spread through a population. Pathogens differ in their virulence and contagiousness. In addition, pathogens have various methods of transmission that impact how they interact with a host population. A cattle population's environment includes its housing type, animal density, air quality, and exposure to mud or dust and other health antagonists such as parasites and stress; these environmental factors influence the innate immunity of a herd by their impact on immunosuppression. In addition, a herd's environment also dictates the “animal flow” or contact and mixing patterns of potentially infectious and susceptible animals. Biosecurity is the attempt to keep infectious agents away from a herd, state, or country, and to control the spread of infectious agents within a herd. Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, or parasites) alone are seldom able to cause disease in cattle without contributing factors from other infectious agents and/or the cattle's environment. Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider the pathogen, as well as environmental and animal factors. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.011 doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.011 id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 words: 4986 sentences: 304 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016782-aods92rf.txt summary: Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121171/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id: cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 author: Loureiro, Natália I. V. title: Solving an ethical issue involved in experimentation with animals in a brazilian teaching laboratory date: 2006-11-03 words: 2829 sentences: 130 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011444-6jh3lvm3.txt summary: These were i) avoid the use of laboratory animals that would be sacrificed; ii) the inclusion of other topics of metabolism such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis and catabolism, and ketogenesis in the experimental discussion; iii) the experiment should have low cost and be performed after the relevant theory material is studied; and finally iv) it also should be easy and fast, due to the limited time of the practical class. In this article, we will present the protocol and approach used in this practice class, also including the evaluation by student teaching assistants and undergraduate students from nine different courses ("Biological Science," "Pharmacy," "Medicine," "Veterinary Medicine," "Nutrition," "Nursing," "Odontology," "Chemistry," and "Industrial Chemistry"). After the preparation of the protocol and arranging all necessary laboratory material including the guarurine, it was possible to evaluate this new practical class with the group of student teaching assistants from the Biochemistry discipline (n ϭ 6). abstract: Changes are occurring within Brazilian institutes of higher education; currently several universities are reviewing their course offerings and teaching approaches to determine if they meet the needs of today's undergraduate students. When changes are made to the curriculum of experimental courses, there should be an understood guarantee that all efforts to avoid ethical and biosafety issues have been diligently considered. Ethical considerations lead us to create an alternative experimental session to be conducted that eliminated the use of rats, the conventional in vivo model employed for learning metabolism of glycogen in our university. To avoid possible biosafety issues, we prepared an alternative sample to simulate human urine, which we called guarurine. Using our new method, it is possible to verify positive results imitating a diabetic and starving people samples for detection of glucose and ketone. The alternative tool described herein is not only particularly suited to bypass the ethics of using animals for teaching, but also permits the discussion of significant aspects of pathological and physiological situations such as diabetics and starvation in a simple, safe, and interesting way. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232745/ doi: 10.1002/bmb.2004.494032060404 id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 words: 8567 sentences: 354 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt summary: Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. abstract: The Introduction to the edited volume summarises the chapters of the volume and discusses their contribution in the context of current historical and anthropological studies of zoonotic and vector-borne disease, with a particular focus on how epidemic blame is articulated in different historical, social and political contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122954/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id: cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author: Malik, Yashpal Singh title: Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date: 2019-09-20 words: 7286 sentences: 346 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt summary: However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . abstract: The application of innovative diagnostic technologies for the detection of animal pathogens at an early stage is essential in restricting the economic loss incurred due to emerging infectious animal diseases. The desirable characteristics of such diagnostic methods are easy to use, cost-effective, highly sensitive, and specific, coupled with the high-throughput detection capabilities. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are still the most common assays used for the detection of animal pathogens across the globe. However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Furthermore, animal disease diagnostics need to be updated regularly to capture new, emerging and divergent infectious pathogens, and biotechnological innovations are helpful in fulfilling the rising demand for such diagnostics for the welfare of the society. Therefore, this chapter primarily describes and discusses in detail the serological, molecular, novel high-throughput, and POC assays to detect pathogens affecting farm and companion animals. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128163528000138 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00013-8 id: cord-309247-5arpo7gn author: Manskikh, V. N. title: Spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) date: 2017-12-15 words: 6434 sentences: 276 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309247-5arpo7gn.txt summary: Since the risk of tumor development is clearly age dependent [18] , this is important for com paring with data on other animal species and on colonies of naked mole rats, as well as for answering the question about the incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in this species. Although the naked mole rat is an animal with unusually long for rodents lifespan, even the first profes sionally executed pathological studies revealed in it dis eases and tissue alterations characteristic for senescent short living rodents, including lipofuscinosis, sarcopenia, cortical hyperplasia of adrenals, megalocytosis of car diomyocytes and hepatocytes, dystrophic changes of intervertebral disks, heart changes of age related type, and also renal changes represented by CPN [3, 13, 46] . abstract: The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber, Rüppell, 1842) is a unique eusocial rodent with unusually long lifespan. Therefore, the study of spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in these animals is one of the most important tasks of gerontology. Various infections, noninfectious pathologies (including age-dependent changes), and tumors have been described in the naked mole rat. The most frequent pathologies are traumas (bite wounds), purulent and septic complications of traumatic injuries, renal tubular calcinosis, chronic progressive nephropathy, hepatic hemosiderosis, testicular interstitial cell hyperplasia, calcinosis cutis, cardiomyopathy, and dysbiosis-related infectious lesions of the digestive system. However, the summarized data on pathology (including tumor incidence) and on the causes of mortality are insufficient. There are only few publications about the results of experiments where pathologies were induced in the naked mole rat. All these problems could be subjects for promising future studies without which adequate studies on mechanisms providing the long lifespan of the naked mole rat are impossible, as well as the elucidation of causes of tumor resistance of this species. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29486700/ doi: 10.1134/s0006297917120094 id: cord-292742-mio4przi author: McAloose, Denise title: From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo date: 2020-10-13 words: 6364 sentences: 309 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292742-mio4przi.txt summary: KEYWORDS One Health, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, SARS-CoV-2, in situ hybridization, lion, rRT-PCR, tiger, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing, zoo, zoonotic infection C oronaviruses are a recognized cause of disease in humans and animals (1) . Subsequent to confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the animals, an epidemiologic investigation of zoo staff identified 10 zoo keepers and two managers who provided care for and had close (Յ1.8-m) but not direct contact with the tigers or lions between 16 March 2020 (the date on which the zoo was closed to the public due to the pandemic) and 27 March to 3 April 2020 (timeline of disease onset in the animals). Nine complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences (from four tigers, three lions, and two keepers) and eight full-length S gene sequences (from seven symptomatic animals and one asymptomatic animal) were generated directly from respiratory and/or fecal samples (Data Sets 3 and 4). abstract: Despite numerous barriers to transmission, zoonoses are the major cause of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Among these, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and ebolaviruses have killed thousands; the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has killed millions. Zoonoses and human-to-animal cross-species transmission are driven by human actions and have important management, conservation, and public health implications. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which presumably originated from an animal reservoir, has killed more than half a million people around the world and cases continue to rise. In March 2020, New York City was a global epicenter for SARS-CoV-2 infections. During this time, four tigers and three lions at the Bronx Zoo, NY, developed mild, abnormal respiratory signs. We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory secretions and/or feces from all seven animals, live virus in three, and colocalized viral RNA with cellular damage in one. We produced nine whole SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the animals and keepers and identified different SARS-CoV-2 genotypes in the tigers and lions. Epidemiologic and genomic data indicated human-to-tiger transmission. These were the first confirmed cases of natural SARS-CoV-2 animal infections in the United States and the first in nondomestic species in the world. We highlight disease transmission at a nontraditional interface and provide information that contributes to understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission across species. url: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02220-20 doi: 10.1128/mbio.02220-20 id: cord-281874-dxbvfwqu author: McFarland, Richard title: Non-animal replacement methods for human vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date: 2011-12-31 words: 6907 sentences: 369 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281874-dxbvfwqu.txt summary: To promote and advance the development and use of scientifically valid alternative methods for human and veterinary vaccine testing, NICEATM and ICCVAM organized the International Workshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety Testing: State of the Science and Future Directions. The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. abstract: Abstract NICEATM and ICCVAM convened an international workshop to review the state of the science of human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing methods, and to identify opportunities to advance new and improved methods that can further reduce, refine, and replace animal use. This report addresses methods and strategies identified by workshop participants for replacement of animals used for potency testing of human vaccines. Vaccines considered to have the highest priority for future efforts were (1) vaccines for which antigen quantification methods are already developed but not validated, (2) vaccines/components that require the largest number of animals, (3) vaccines that require an in vivo challenge test, and (4) vaccines with in vivo tests that are highly variable and cause a significant number of invalid tests. Vaccine potency tests identified as the highest priorities for replacement were those for diphtheria and tetanus, pertussis (whole cell and acellular), rabies, anthrax, polio vaccine (inactivated) and complex combination vaccines based on DT or DTwP/aP. Research into understanding the precise mechanism of protection afforded by vaccines and the identification of clinically relevant immunological markers are needed to facilitate the successful implementation of in vitro testing alternatives. This report also identifies several priority human vaccines and associated research objectives that are necessary to successfully implement in vitro vaccine potency testing alternatives. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32288913/ doi: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.002 id: cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 author: McIntyre, K. Marie title: A Quantitative Prioritisation of Human and Domestic Animal Pathogens in Europe date: 2014-08-19 words: 4582 sentences: 215 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001387-2g9dc5z4.txt summary: By coupling the H-index method with the EID2, the primary aim of this study was to establish priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe. Its potential as a quantitative One Health indicator (i.e. a single measure applicable to both human and animal diseases) was investigated by comparing scores for human-only, zoonotic, and animal-only pathogen groups, including emerging status as this would likely drive research impact. We investigated its value as a proxy for animal disease impact by comparing domestic animal pathogen H-indices with other measures of impact including presence on the OIE list [10] , and inclusion in DISCONTOOLS [11] . The study establishes priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe, using the H-index as a proxy measure for impact. abstract: Disease or pathogen risk prioritisations aid understanding of infectious agent impact within surveillance or mitigation and biosecurity work, but take significant development. Previous work has shown the H-(Hirsch-)index as an alternative proxy. We present a weighted risk analysis describing infectious pathogen impact for human health (human pathogens) and well-being (domestic animal pathogens) using an objective, evidence-based, repeatable approach; the H-index. This study established the highest H-index European pathogens. Commonalities amongst pathogens not included in previous surveillance or risk analyses were examined. Differences between host types (humans/animals/zoonotic) in pathogen H-indices were explored as a One Health impact indicator. Finally, the acceptability of the H-index proxy for animal pathogen impact was examined by comparison with other measures. 57 pathogens appeared solely in the top 100 highest H-indices (1) human or (2) animal pathogens list, and 43 occurred in both. Of human pathogens, 66 were zoonotic and 67 were emerging, compared to 67 and 57 for animals. There were statistically significant differences between H-indices for host types (humans, animal, zoonotic), and there was limited evidence that H-indices are a reasonable proxy for animal pathogen impact. This work addresses measures outlined by the European Commission to strengthen climate change resilience and biosecurity for infectious diseases. The results include a quantitative evaluation of infectious pathogen impact, and suggest greater impacts of human-only compared to zoonotic pathogens or scientific under-representation of zoonoses. The outputs separate high and low impact pathogens, and should be combined with other risk assessment methods relying on expert opinion or qualitative data for priority setting, or could be used to prioritise diseases for which formal risk assessments are not possible because of data gaps. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138073/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103529 id: cord-273993-rkqijcxn author: Menchaca, A. title: CRISPR in livestock: From editing to printing date: 2020-01-29 words: 6877 sentences: 331 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273993-rkqijcxn.txt summary: When applied in large animals, CRISPR involves timeand cost-consuming projects, and it is mandatory not only to choose the best approach for genome editing, but also for embryo production, zygote microinjection or electroporation, cryopreservation and embryo transfer. In addition, we discuss some CRISPR applications to enhance livestock production in the context of a growing global demand of food, in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the impact of farming on the environment, enhancing pest control, animal welfare and health. The wide range of CRISPR applications in large animals include improving productive traits, enhancing animal welfare through adaptation and resilience, conferring resistance to infectious and transmissible diseases, generating animal models for biomedical research, and suppressing other species considered as pests for livestock. Genome editing mediated by SCNT is applied by some laboratories in some kind of projects (e.g., multiplex editing), but the high efficiency of CRISPR after direct microinjection into zygotes has allowed an easier approach (sheep: [6, 7, 15, 16] ; goats: [9, 17] ; pigs: [11, 13] ). abstract: Precise genome editing of large animals applied to livestock and biomedicine is nowadays possible since the CRISPR revolution. This review summarizes the latest advances and the main technical issues that determine the success of this technology. The pathway from editing to printing, from engineering the genome to achieving the desired animals, does not always imply an easy, fast and safe journey. When applied in large animals, CRISPR involves time- and cost-consuming projects, and it is mandatory not only to choose the best approach for genome editing, but also for embryo production, zygote microinjection or electroporation, cryopreservation and embryo transfer. The main technical refinements and most frequent questions to improve this disruptive biotechnology in large animals are presented. In addition, we discuss some CRISPR applications to enhance livestock production in the context of a growing global demand of food, in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the impact of farming on the environment, enhancing pest control, animal welfare and health. The challenge is no longer technical. Controversies and consensus, opportunities and threats, benefits and risks, ethics and science should be reconsidered to enter into the CRISPR era. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32088034/ doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.063 id: cord-022512-939pika7 author: Merck, Melinda D. title: Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases date: 2015-12-04 words: 4658 sentences: 239 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-022512-939pika7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022512-939pika7.txt summary: The veterinarian plays a role in the planning of the operation, at the crime scene, the temporary shelter, and the hospital receiving cats for more advanced treatment. Shelter design should take into account the number of cats, special housing needs, ease of handling, infectious disease, temperature control, airflow, foot traffic, noise levels, animal stress, and environmental enrichment. The standard medical protocols enacted depend on the known existing conditions and diseases within the population, the expected length of stay in the temporary shelter, and the expected disposition of the cats; however, a variety of infectious diseases (including respiratory, enteric, and dermatologic pathogens) should be expected. 9 Based on observed diarrhea findings at the scene, within the temporary shelter, or diagnostic test results, it may be reasonable to treat all cats for coccidiosis. The clinical management of large-scale feline cruelty cases starts at the scene and continues to the temporary housing in a shelter or hospital. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158179/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00069-4 id: cord-000777-7cty5s6o author: Merten, O.-W. title: Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view date: 2002-01-01 words: 14936 sentences: 650 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000777-7cty5s6o.txt summary: These may include the use of production media devoid of animal derived substances, validation of viral clearance in downstream processing or analytics for detecting adventitious viruses in cell culture and final biological product. However, the best means to increase the biological safety of the produced viral vaccines is the use of diploid or continuous cell lines, because it can be determined that such cells are free of animal derived viruses: This can be achieved by establishing master (seed stock) and working (distribution and user stocks) cell banks which have been rigorously tested and validated for the absence of microbial as well as viral contaminants (see chapter by Freshney and the section on ''Testing-virus screening in cell banks'' of this article). As animal derived substances such as serum can be contaminated by adventitious viruses, γ irradition is, after routine quality control for virus detection, the best method to increase the safety of using serum in the production of animal cell culture derived biologicals. abstract: In contrast to contamination by microbes and mycoplasma, which can be relatively easily detected, viral contamination present a serious threat because of the difficulty in detecting some viruses and the lack of effective methods of treating infected cell cultures. While some viruses are capable of causing morphological changes to infected cells (e.g. cytopathic effect)which are detectable by microscopy some viral contaminations result in the integration of the viral genome as provirus, this causes no visual evidence, by means of modification of the cellular morphology. Virus production from such cell lines, are potentially dangerous for other cell cultures (in research labs)by cross contaminations, or for operators and patients (in the case of the production of injectable biologicals) because of potential infection. The only way to keep cell cultures for research, development, and the biotech industry virus-free is the prevention of such contaminations. Cell cultures can become contaminated by the following means: firstly, they may already be contaminated as primary cultures (because the source of the cells was already infected), secondly, they were contaminated due to the use of contaminated raw materials, or thirdly, they were contaminated via an animal passage. This overview describes the problems and risks associated with viral contaminations in animal cell culture, describes the origins of these contaminations as well as the most important virsuses associated with viral contaminations in cell culture. In addition, ways to prevent viral contaminations as well as measures undertaken to avoid and assess risks for viral contaminations as performed in the biotech industry are briefly described. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3463984/ doi: 10.1023/a:1022969101804 id: cord-345717-ktajrf7d author: Monagin, Corina title: Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date: 2018-04-03 words: 4585 sentences: 241 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345717-ktajrf7d.txt summary: We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. abstract: We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. A risk factor/exposure survey was administered to individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife. Serological testing was performed to evaluate prior infection with several wildlife viral pathogens. Follow up serology was performed on a subset of the cohort as well as close contacts of individuals. 1,312 individuals were enrolled in the study. Contact with a wide range of wildlife species was reported in both occupational and occasional contexts. The overall proportion of individuals seropositive to any of the tested wildlife pathogens was approximately 4.0%. However, persons employed as butchers demonstrated a seropositivity of 9.0% to at least one pathogen of interest. By contrast, individuals working as hunters had lower rates of seropositivity. Among the study population, a number of other behaviors showed correlation with seropositivity, including contact with particular wildlife species such as field rats. These results demonstrate the need to further explore zoonotic risks of particular activities regarding wildlife contact, and to better understand risks of persons working as butchers with wildlife species. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 words: 15722 sentences: 669 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt summary: A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. abstract: Abstract This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is discussed, and one example (West Nile vaccine) of a single product developed for use in animals and humans is described. Framework II vaccines are indicated for domesticated animals as a means of preventing disease in both animals and humans. The agents of concern are transmitted directly or indirectly (e.g. via arthropod vectors) from animals to humans. A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Framework III vaccines are used to immunize wild animals as a means of preventing transmission of disease agents to humans and domesticated animals. Examples are reservoir-targeted, oral bait rabies, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines. Given the speed and lost cost of veterinary vaccine development, some interventions based on the immunization of animals could lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive advances in public health. Opportunities for vaccine-based approaches to preventing zoonotic and emerging diseases that integrate veterinary and human medicine (the One Health paradigm) are emphasized. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id: cord-259050-482nk9je author: Mätz‐Rensing, K. title: Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date: 2009-06-07 words: 2348 sentences: 164 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259050-482nk9je.txt summary: Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. The present case report describes an outbreak of respiratory diseases among rhesus monkeys induced by S. One month later, four more female animals developed severe upper respiratory tract infection. A fatal outbreak of streptococcus infection occurred in one of six breeding colonies housed in an indoor/outdoor facility. It was assumed that contact to a visitor with upper respiratory disease led to the initial infection of two elderly and closely related animals. The problem of the described outbreak for the breeding colony was not only the initial fatal infection but also the death of the first six animals. Outbreak of infection caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus among laboratory primates abstract: Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. The clinical signs of the disease included severe purulent conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, respiratory distress and lethargy. Six of 45 animals died within a few days after developing signs of infection. Methods and results Histopathologic and microbiologic examinations of the dead animals were consistent with a severe fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia. Microbiology revealed a Lancefield group C streptococcus identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as the causative agent of infection. Conclusions The infection was passed on from animal to animal but did not spread to the other five breeding groups nearby. Extensive diagnostic testing failed to reveal the consisting presence of copathogens in individual cases. A visitor with upper respiratory disease was suspected as source of infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x id: cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author: NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-21 words: 24560 sentences: 1604 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt summary: The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167521/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169052-1/50006-5 id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 words: 12527 sentences: 501 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt summary: For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. abstract: Abstract Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life—resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production changes has provided the ability to produce otherwise unaffordable animal protein and animal health worldwide. The landscape however on which vaccinology was discovered and applied over the past 200 years, even in the past 10 years has and is undergoing continuous change. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. The need to return to and/or develop new education-based models for turning the tide from the heavily return-on-investment therapeutic era of the last century into one where the investment into the preventative sciences and medicine lead to sustainable cultural and cost-effective public health and economic changes of the future is never more evident than today. The new complex problems of the new millennium will require new educational models that train para- and professional people for thinking and solving complex inter-related biological, ecological, public-, political/economic problems. The single profession that is best positioned to impact vaccinology is Veterinary Medicine. It’s melding with human medicine and their role in future comparative and conservation-based programs will be critical to the successful application of vaccines into the 21st century. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08010268 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id: cord-281819-2roflnan author: Neethirajan, Suresh title: Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors date: 2020-08-26 words: 11375 sentences: 531 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281819-2roflnan.txt summary: Real-time, continuous, and precise measurement of the multi-dimensions and complex intricacies of adaptive capacity of farm animals namely the mental, behavioral, and physiological states are possible only through the sensor-based approaches. Automated remote monitoring and detection of animal welfare indicating parameters using real-time analysis of sounds, images, videos, and data tracking for body and body weight conditions may improve biological metrics in livestock [14] . Farmers can more quickly detect livestock health problems by evaluating their animals'' physiological responses via measurements of the temperature in body parts, respiration rate, heart rate variability, body weight, feed, emotions, non-invasive biomarkers and water intake, activity, and movement. Garrido-Izard and colleagues have monitored a combination of ear skin temperature sensors, body weight measurement, and the amount of feed consumed and the duration per animal in order to identify animal behavior changes based on the integration of their intake patterns and the thermal data. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: Strategy for the protection and welfare of farm animals, and the sustainable animal production is dependent on the thorough understanding of the adaptation physiology. Real-time, continuous, and precise measurement of the multi-dimensions and complex intricacies of adaptive capacity of farm animals namely the mental, behavioral, and physiological states are possible only through the sensor-based approaches. This paper critically reviews the latest sensor technologies as assessment tools for the adaptation physiology of farm animals and explores their advantages over traditional measurement methods. Digital innovation, diagnostics, genetic testing, biosensors, and wearable animal devices are important tools that enable the development of decision support farming platforms and provides the path for predicting diseases in livestock. Sensor fusion data from a multitude of biochemical, emotional, and physiological functions of the farm animals not only helps to identify the most productive animal but also allows farmers to predict which individual animal may have greater resilience to common diseases. Insights into the cost of adoption of sensor technologies on farms including computing capacity, human resources in training, and the sensor hardware are being discussed. ABSTRACT: Despite recent scientific advancements, there is a gap in the use of technology to measure signals, behaviors, and processes of adaptation physiology of farm animals. Sensors present exciting opportunities for sustained, real-time, non-intrusive measurement of farm animal behavioral, mental, and physiological parameters with the integration of nanotechnology and instrumentation. This paper critically reviews the sensing technology and sensor data-based models used to explore biological systems such as animal behavior, energy metabolism, epidemiology, immunity, health, and animal reproduction. The use of sensor technology to assess physiological parameters can provide tremendous benefits and tools to overcome and minimize production losses while making positive contributions to animal welfare. Of course, sensor technology is not free from challenges; these devices are at times highly sensitive and prone to damage from dirt, dust, sunlight, color, fur, feathers, and environmental forces. Rural farmers unfamiliar with the technologies must be convinced and taught to use sensor-based technologies in farming and livestock management. While there is no doubt that demand will grow for non-invasive sensor-based technologies that require minimum contact with animals and can provide remote access to data, their true success lies in the acceptance of these technologies by the livestock industry. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32859060/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091512 id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 words: 30297 sentences: 1818 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt summary: This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. abstract: Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000122 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 id: cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author: Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title: The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date: 2017-05-31 words: 6296 sentences: 314 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254559-3kgfwjzd.txt summary: Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. abstract: Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Besides providing early warning to natural hazards, animals can also provide early warning to societal hazards like bioterrorism. Animals are ideal surveillance tools to humans because they share the same environment as humans and spend more time outdoors than humans, increasing their exposure risk. Furthermore, the biologically compressed lifespans of some animals may allow them to develop clinical signs more rapidly after exposure to specific pathogens. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Lastly, we hope that this review will encourage the implementation of animals as a surveillance tool by clinicians, veterinarians, ecosystem health professionals, researchers and governments. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113517302134 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.007 id: cord-262336-onghrm7y author: Nevarez, Javier title: CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date: 2009-12-31 words: 13284 sentences: 806 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt summary: The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a general overview of the anatomy, physiology, and treatment methodology for crocodilians. Most crocodilians grow to be larger than other reptile species and, therefore, have significant space requirements. Like most animals requiring an aquatic environment, crocodilians need water that is clean and free of disease. Crocodilians have a true hard palate in the roof of the mouth that ends caudally in a soft palate. This soft palate has a ventral flap which is referred to as the velum palati. The respiratory system of crocodilians consists of well-developed lungs benefiting from a very effective inspiration aided by the intercostal muscles and the septum post hepaticum. Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart as opposed to the three-chambered heart found in other reptiles and amphibians. The temperature and humidity requirements for crocodilians in captivity vary with the species. An understanding of crocodilian biology and natural history is needed to try and duplicate their natural environment. An important consideration is the allowance of circadian variations in light cycle and temperatures to mimic their natural environment. This is not the case in many commercial operations, where they are maintained at a fairly constant temperature and humidity to achieve faster growth. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416001195500093 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50009-3 id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 words: 33175 sentences: 2065 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt summary: The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id: cord-018145-kssjdn8y author: Niemann, Heiner title: Transgenic Farm Animals: Current Status and Perspectives for Agriculture and Biomedicine date: 2009 words: 9160 sentences: 503 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018145-kssjdn8y.txt summary: Guidelines developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA require monitoring the animals'' health in a specific pathogen free (SPF) facility, sequence validation of the gene construct, characterization of the isolated recombinant protein, and monitoring the genetic stability of the transgenic animals over several generations. Some gene constructs have failed to produce economically significant amounts of protein in the milk of transgenic animals indicating that the technology needs further refinement to insure consistent high-level expression. The use of somatic nuclear transfer will accelerate production of transgenic animals for mammary gland specific synthesis of recombinant proteins. In the pig, increased transgenic expression of a bovine lactalbumin construct in the mammary gland resulted in increased lactose content and increased milk production which resulted in improved survival and development of the piglets (Wheeler et al. abstract: The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985 by microinjection of foreign DNA into zygotic pronuclei. This was the method of choice for more than 20 years, but more efficient protocols are now available, based on somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) which permits targeted genetic modifications. Although the efficiency of transgenic animal production by microinjection technology is low, many animals with agriculturally important transgenic traits were produced. Typical applications included improved carcass composition, lactational performance, and wool production as well as enhanced disease resistance and reduced environmental impact. Transgenic animal production for biomedical applications has found broad acceptance. In 2006 the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) approved the commercialization of the first recombinant protein drug produced by transgenic animals. Recombinant antithrombin III, produced in the mammary gland of transgenic goats, was launched as ATryn® for prophylactic treatment of patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency. Pigs expressing human immunomodulatory genes have contributed to significant progress in xenotransplantation research with survival periods of non-human primates receiving transgenic porcine hearts or kidneys approaching six months. Lentiviral vectors and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) technology are also emerging as important tools for transgenesis. As the genome sequencing projects for various farm animal species progress, it has become increasingly practical to target the removal or modification of individual genes. We anticipate that this approach to animal breeding will be instrumental in meeting global challenges in agricultural production in the future and will open new horizons in biomedicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122947/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-85843-0_1 id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m author: Nowland, Megan H. title: Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date: 2015-07-10 words: 31591 sentences: 1921 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt summary: Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as ''snuffles'', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer''s disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits. abstract: Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095274000109 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9 id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 words: 14056 sentences: 775 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt summary: For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id: cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 author: PEIFFER, ROBERT L. title: Animals in Ophthalmic Research: Concepts and Methodologies date: 2013-11-17 words: 24854 sentences: 1191 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022219-y7vsc6r7.txt summary: While the majority of investigations have had as their objective ultimate correlation with normal and abnormal function and structure of the human eye, laboratory studies have provided an abundance of comparative information that emphasizes that while there are numerous and amazing similarities in the peripheral visual system among the vertebrate (and even the invertebrate) animals, significant differences exist that are important to both researcher and clinician in selection of a research model and in extrapolation of data obtained from one species to another, and even among different species subdivisions. The use of laboratory animals in the investigation of infectious ocular disease has included rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, and subhuman primates. Ames and Hastings (1956) described a technique for rapid removal of the rabbit retina, together with a stump of optic nerve, for use in short-term culture experi ments including in vitro studies of retinal response to light (Ames and Gurian, 1960) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155455/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-278006-6.50008-2 id: cord-018332-893cckyz author: Price, Jason D. title: Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness date: 2017-07-16 words: 22871 sentences: 832 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018332-893cckyz.txt summary: Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Since capitalism bombards us with its definition of desire constantly, portrayals of what I''d like to call "postcolonial desire" in these novels offers a line of flight away from capitalist logic: a field of desire which can reorient one''s sense of self and relationships to others, animals, and the environment Woodward argues that animals can be focused on in literature and writing because human rights have been secured in South Africa. Like Morris and the assemblage of characters who work against the business proposal to "develop" the land and remove the baboons from their home in The Reluctant Passenger, Camagu, the outsider to the village of Qolorha-by-Sea and protagonist of Zakes Mda''s The Heart of Redness (2000), works to protect the community and environment of the village. abstract: This chapter offers a critique of animal rights approaches for their weakness in relying on the passage of laws, and in depending upon their proper administration by legal authorities to attempt the protection of animals. Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Drawing from Deleuze and Guattari’s work on desire and the law in Kafka (1986), the chapter considers the potential of desire to offer creative alternatives, outside of legal discourse, toward the protection of animals and the larger community. Additionally, it recognizes how indigenous environmental knowledge and notions of desire offer ways of relating to animals that can challenge capitalist instrumentalization. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123182/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56726-6_5 id: cord-315293-kng4z4kf author: Quesenberry, Katherine E. title: Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets date: 2020-05-29 words: 9032 sentences: 530 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315293-kng4z4kf.txt summary: Most ferrets become relaxed with this hold, and the veterinarian can examine the oral cavity, head, and body; palpate the abdomen; vaccinate; and clean the ears. In a safety and efficacy study, Galaxy D proved effective in preventing canine distemper in young ferrets challenged after serial vaccination. Recombitek CDV (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) is also a recombinant canarypox vaccine approved for use in dogs that has been used in ferrets. 14 Two inactivated (killed) rabies vaccines are approved for use in ferrets in the United States: Imrab-3 or Imrab-3 TF (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) and Defensor 1 or Defensor 3 (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). In another study of 143 ferrets, the incidence of adverse events after administering either canine distemper (5.9%) (Fervac D), rabies (5.6%) (Imrab-3), or both vaccines (5.6%) did not differ significantly between groups. Intraosseous blood transfusions can be given to ferrets if an intravenous catheter cannot be placed. abstract: The approach to preventive medicine and basic veterinary care in ferrets is very similar to that used in dogs and cats. Special equipment needs are minimal, and pet ferrets can be easily incorporated into a general small animal practice. This chapter describes the unique aspects of handling, restraint, and clinical and treatment techniques used in ferrets. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323484350000022 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00002-2 id: cord-331401-bhl729up author: Rantsios, A.T. title: Zoonoses date: 2015-09-22 words: 3338 sentences: 184 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt summary: Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. abstract: Zoonoses are “those diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.” Relevant lists of zoonotic diseases are presented. Factors, including environmental aspects that may influence the manifestation of zoonoses and their significance for public health, are discussed. Foodborne, nonfoodborne, and vector-borne diseases are presented, followed by an article on preventative actions and control measures. Specific reference is made to the ‘One Health’ concept, since, for zoonoses containment, an integrated approach and cooperation between all responsible health professionals, at all levels, is a sine qua non precondition. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472007704 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00770-4 id: cord-311260-eyvaazfj author: Rao, Ghanta N. title: Refinement of long-term toxicity and carcinogenesis studies() date: 2004-09-27 words: 4465 sentences: 227 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311260-eyvaazfj.txt summary: journal: Fundam Appl Toxicol We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. However, viral infections were associated with nonneoplastic lesions in lungs, nasal cavity, liver, and other organs of rats and mice and may complicate the identification and interpretation of toxic effects of chemicals (NTP, unpublished data). abstract: The chance that alternatives will completely replace animals for toxicology research in the foreseeable future is nil. Continual refinement of animal toxicity and carcinogenesis studies, however, can be an effective means of reducing the numbers of animals used and conserving time and resources without compromising scientific quality. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Adequate care of animals with control of variables such as light, temperature, diet, bedding, diseases, and genetic characters of laboratory animals will decrease the variability. Humane considerations and euthanasia of animals with large masses and other conditions interfering with eating and drinking, major injuries and ulcers related to husbandry and treatment, and diseases indicating pain and suffering will help not only to alleviate further pain and distress but also to facilitate collection of tissues without secondary complications for detection of chemical treatment-related lesions. Limiting the duration of studies to decrease the variability due to ageassociated changes will also refine long-term studies. Other considerations for refinement of carcinogenesis studies include selection of the most sensitive sex of one or more species for evaluation of selected chemicals in a class where toxic and carcinogenic potential of other representative chemicals are known. Genetically engineered animal models with known oncogenes may reduce the duration and increase the sensitivity of carcinogenesis studies with a reduction in the use of animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2197145/ doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90160-l id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 words: 5840 sentences: 250 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt summary: ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957467/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091672 id: cord-285933-zcz7zte6 author: Rethorst, David N. title: Animal Health Equipment Management date: 2015-07-31 words: 3665 sentences: 236 pages: flesch: 60 cache: ./cache/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285933-zcz7zte6.txt summary: Before disinfection, the equipment should be cleaned with soap and hot water at the end of each day and stored in a dry area. Equipment used for processing and treating cattle should be cleaned and disinfected daily, after use. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. abstract: Proper health equipment management requires significant attention to detail. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Overall cleanliness of equipment and facilities is important not only from a food safety standpoint but many view these as an overall indicator of attention to detail in the entire production system. Ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and that proper chute operation occurs is essential. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749072015000249 doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.009 id: cord-337028-8fh4pe3i author: Reyes, Leticia title: Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation date: 2009-01-26 words: 5823 sentences: 298 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337028-8fh4pe3i.txt summary: Animals were inoculated with sterile broth, 10(1), 10(3), 10(5), 10(7), or 10(9 )log CFU of a rat-adapted strain of Ureaplasma parvum. UTI complicated with struvite formation was characterized by an exaggerated immune response that was mostly neutrophilic (P ≤ 0.0001), with lesions that showed extensive uroepithelial hyperplasia (P ≤ 0.0001), and a predominance of IL-1α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC in the urine (P ≤ 0.02). Interestingly, the other 40% of F344 rats developed uncomplicated UTI that was characterized by low concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in urine as well as mild to moderate lesions in the lower urinary tract. In order to identify distinctive chemokine/cytokine patterns between clinical profiles associated with active infection, samples from animals within the Negative group were excluded from this analysis. As previously reported [13] , animals with asymptomatic UTI had significantly less pro-inflammatory urine cytokines and tissue damage when compared to rats with struvites. parvum in culture negative F344 rats Figure 7 Profiling the inflammatory response to different doses of U. abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies show a strong association between Ureaplasmas and urogenital tract disease in humans. Since healthy humans can be colonized with Ureaplasmas, its role as a pathogen remains controversial. In order to begin to define the role of the host in disease, we developed a rodent model of urinary tract infection (UTI) using Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Animals were inoculated with sterile broth, 10(1), 10(3), 10(5), 10(7), or 10(9 )log CFU of a rat-adapted strain of Ureaplasma parvum. RESULTS: Infected animals exhibited two distinct profiles, asymptomatic UTI and UTI complicated with struvite urolithiasis. Inoculum dose of U. parvum affected the incidence of UTI, and 50% to 57% of animals inoculated with ≥ 10(7 )CFU of U. parvum remained infected (p < 0.04). However, inoculum dose did not influence immune response to U. parvum. Asymptomatic UTI was characterized by a minimal immune response that was predominantly monocytic and lymphocytic, with limited lesions, and elevated urinary levels of IFN-γ, IL-18 and MCP-1 (P ≤ 0.02). UTI complicated with struvite formation was characterized by an exaggerated immune response that was mostly neutrophilic (P ≤ 0.0001), with lesions that showed extensive uroepithelial hyperplasia (P ≤ 0.0001), and a predominance of IL-1α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC in the urine (P ≤ 0.02). Animals with asymptomatic UTI also had a significantly high rate of kidney infection (P ≤ 0.0005). CONCLUSION: Complications associated with U. parvum infection are primarily dependent upon host-specific factors rather than Ureaplasma microbial load. The immune response in F344 rats is similar to that which occurs in humans with ureaplasmal associated disease. Therefore, this model of infection is a useful tool for elucidating U. parvum-host interactions that confer UTI and disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-9-9 doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-9 id: cord-028275-szb45jm2 author: Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title: Animal models for human disease date: 2020-06-26 words: 11604 sentences: 616 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt summary: To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. abstract: This chapter introduces some types of animal models which are used for better understanding the disease mechanisms and its treatment. These experimental models fall into two categories: spontaneous models and induced models. Among the diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as an autoimmune disease was considered. To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. In addition, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS) was explained in detail to represent a standard method to investigate in its mechanism, finding the way for the amelioration of this incurable neurological disorder. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329115/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00008-2 id: cord-325433-a2fynm75 author: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 words: 8873 sentences: 566 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt summary: The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient''s stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the health and medical care issues of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have wide bodies with short limbs. They have a short, flat nose, laterally placed eyes, and hairless external pinnae. The dentition of the guinea pig is described as aradicular hypsodont. Guinea pigs are best housed in well-ventilated, wire-sided cages with solid bottoms. If housed indoors, guinea pig enclosures do not require a cover, as these animals do not typically jump or climb. Heavy food containers are recommended to make dumping of the receptacle more difficult. All food containers should be easy to disinfect and should be cleaned regularly, because guinea pigs have a habit of soiling their food bowls. These animals, native to the Andes Mountains, are very susceptible to hyperthermia and should never be housed in temperatures greater than 80°F. High humidity can also exacerbate a guinea pig's sensitivity to elevated temperatures by increasing the heat index. Guinea pigs often do not exhibit clinical signs early in a disease process. Therefore, a thorough physical examination can be extremely useful in determining the overall health status of the animal. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416001195500202 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 id: cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author: Roberts, Anjeanette title: Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date: 2006-11-30 words: 6600 sentences: 311 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321901-zpi7uis1.txt summary: Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice abstract: Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in the Guangdong province of China in late 2002 and spread to 29 countries. By the end of the outbreak in July 2003, the CDC and WHO reported 8437 cases with a 9.6% case fatality rate. The disease was caused by a previously unrecognized coronavirus, SARS-CoV. Drawing on experience with animal coronavirus vaccines, several vaccine candidates have been developed and evaluated in pre-clinical trials. Available data suggest that vaccines should be based on the the 180kDa viral spike protein, S, the only significant neutralization antigen capable of inducing protective immune responses in animals. In the absence of clinical cases of SARS, candidate vaccines should be evaluated for efficacy in animal models, and although it is uncertain whether the United States Food and Drug Administration's “animal rule” would apply to licensure of a SARS vaccine, it is important to develop standardized animal models and immunological assays in preparation for this eventuality. This report summarizes the recommendations from a WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25–26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, provides guidance on the use of animal models, and outlines the steps to develop standard reagents and assays for immunological evaluation of candidate SARS vaccines. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06008231 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.009 id: cord-294312-ju6vuywm author: Rohde, Rodney E. title: Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date: 2019-04-19 words: 4488 sentences: 281 pages: flesch: 60 cache: ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt summary: While in fact, today''s treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal''s nervous system, then to the brain. abstract: Humankind has somewhat of a dark, yet almost fascinating, supernatural relationship with rabies. Even after Pasteur's rabies vaccine discovery, globally people continue to be stricken with it today. History has carried along the myths and legends that surround this diabolical virus. Some still believe that rabies treatment requires 20 or more shots to the stomach by some monstrously long needle. However, today's treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised) in the arm, plus human rabies immune globulin. This chapter explores the misunderstood concepts of rabies prevalence, signs and symptoms, exposures, and treatment protocols. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323639798000052 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-63979-8.00005-2 id: cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author: Rosenberg, Ronald title: Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date: 2014-11-22 words: 6688 sentences: 306 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256615-gvq8uyfk.txt summary: RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. abstract: RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. Despite great advances made in diagnostic technology since the 1950s, the annual rate at which novel virulent viruses have been found has remained at 2–3. Most emerging viruses are zoonoses; they have jumped from mammal or bird hosts to humans. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y doi: 10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y id: cord-347872-naz24vct author: Rostal, Melinda K. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 words: 10049 sentences: 479 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt summary: In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. abstract: Wildlife are frequently a neglected component of One Health; however, the linkages between the health of wildlife and human, domestic animal, and environmental health are clear. The majority of emerging zoonotic diseases are linked to wildlife, primarily driven by anthropogenic land changes. Despite this risk, wildlife have important links to people as environmental indicators, food security and safety, and through human livelihoods. This chapter will describe these linkages and demonstrate the need to understand these linkages through targeted surveillance and understanding the ecology of wildlife diseases. While the management of wildlife diseases presents a significant challenge, such practices will greatly improve the health of people, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117192/ doi: 10.1007/82_2012_271 id: cord-009381-q9s38fkh author: Roth, James A. title: Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date: 2007-09-28 words: 5956 sentences: 309 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009381-q9s38fkh.txt summary: The federal government regulations for the United States of America regarding veterinary vaccines 9 Contamination with extraneous agents 9 Failure to inactivate agent in killed vaccine 9 Residual virulence of vaccine organisms 9 Vaccination of immunosuppressed animal 9 Immune suppression induced by the vaccine 9 Excessive induction of cytokine release 9 Multiple vaccines administered concurrently 9 Hypersensitivity to vaccine antigens Type I--immediate type Type IImcytotoxic type Type IIImimmune complex type Type IVmdelayed type 9 Triggering or exacerbation of hypersensitivity to nonvaccine antigens Allergies Autoimmune disease 9 Induction of neoplastic changes 9 MLV BVD vaccine triggering mucosal disease in persistently infected cattle are found in the Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). An example of vaccine-induced disease resulting from administration of vaccine to unhealthy animals is the induction of encephalitis by MLV canine distemper virus vaccine in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (Krakowka et al., 1982) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149317/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80053-6 id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464 sentences: 1865 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 28834 sentences: 1797 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt summary: An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. abstract: Abstract As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158948000385 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id: cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 author: Salman, M. D. title: The role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale: The impact of training and outreach programs date: 2009-12-01 words: 3246 sentences: 155 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265311-3lp5t9q8.txt summary: The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. Veterinary professionals throughout the world, mainly through their animal health services, are faced with having to fulfill a crucial role in protecting their country''s animal health status, providing sound surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases within their territories, and conducting scientifically valid risk analyses to establish justified import requirements. This paper presents the value and role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of training and outreach programs. abstract: Abstract The effectiveness of detection and control of highly contagious animal diseases is dependent on a solid understanding of their nature and implementation of scientifically sound methods by people who are well trained. The implementation of specific detection methods and tools requires training and application in natural as well as field conditions. The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. Indonesia, Egypt, Nigeria, Turkey, and Vietnam were each identified as either a priority country where AI was spreading rapidly or a country at risk for infection. In each of these countries, a training program on epidemiological concepts, field investigation methodology, and detection of H5N1 Asia strain cases was conducted. This report includes the impact of these training sessions on national animal health programs, including follow-up activities of animal health officers who went through these training sessions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781798/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.004 id: cord-254264-jkug3jpz author: Schaefer, A. L. title: The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves date: 2007-12-31 words: 4610 sentences: 232 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254264-jkug3jpz.txt summary: Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively). In the current study, the criteria for a gold standard for true positive disease was defined as any animal displaying two or more of the following symptoms: A core temperature of 40°C or higher, a white blood cell count of less than 7 or greater than 11 · 1000 lL À1 , a clinical score of 3 or higher and a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of less than 0.1 or greater than 0.8. Data collected in the present study demonstrated that infrared thermography scans of the orbital area in calves was efficacious as an early identifier of bovine respiratory disease onset. abstract: Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex causes considerable distress to domestic livestock and economic hardship to the beef industry. Furthermore, the resulting extensive use of antimicrobial treatments is a growing concern from the perspective of facilitating antibiotic resistant microbes. The earlier detection of BRD would enable an earlier, more targeted treatment regime and earlier isolation of infected individuals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of non-invasive infrared thermography in the early detection of BRD in cattle. Studies were conducted on 133 head of weaned calves. Data demonstrated that infrared thermography was able to identify animals at early stages of illness, often several days to over one week before clinical signs were manifest. Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively). url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528807000100 doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.008 id: cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 author: Schaefer, A. L. title: The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography date: 2012-10-31 words: 5580 sentences: 277 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt summary: The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). Many of the aforementioned technologies including clinical scores, haematology, acute phase proteins, cytokines, antibody response and core temperature monitoring are useful aids to the diagnosis of BRD particularly when its prevalence is high in a population and once the clinical signs of respiratory disease are present. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography to non-invasively identify animals with BRD in a population with a low prevalence of respiratory disease. The use of infrared thermography in the non-invasive, automated detection of calves displaying bovine respiratory disease abstract: Abstract Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) causes considerable economic loss and biosecurity cost to the beef industry globally and also results in significant degradation to the welfare of affected animals. The successful treatment of this disease depends on the early, timely and cost effective identification of affected animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of an automated, RFID driven, noninvasive infrared thermography technology to determine BRD in cattle. Sixty-five calves averaging 220kg were exposed to standard industry practices of transport and auction. The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). The study also demonstrated that such biometric data can be non-invasively and automatically collected based on a system developed around the animal’s water station. It is concluded that the deployment of such systems in the cattle industry would aid animal managers and practitioners in the identification and management of BRD in cattle populations. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528811003833 doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021 id: cord-268142-lmkfxme5 author: Schafrum Macedo, Aline title: Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? date: 2019-09-26 words: 3706 sentences: 296 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268142-lmkfxme5.txt summary: title: Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? Our aim here is to provide a broad overview of animal modeling and its ethical implications, followed by a narrower focus on bone research and the role rabbits are playing in the current scenario. 12 Five key bioethical points are considered when assessing the moral status of animal subjects in research: the presence of life, the ability to feel and perceive stimuli, the level of cognitive behavior, the degree of sociability, and the ability to proliferate. Animal models have taught us much about bone disorders and have been central to developing many treatments throughout history. 8, 17, 51 Rabbits are appealing models for bone research. Rabbits have potential as bone models but conclusive studies are still lacking. Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research Osteoporosis-bone remodeling and animal models abstract: Animal models are live subjects applied to translational research. They provide insights into human diseases and enhance biomedical knowledge. Livestock production has favored the pace of human social development over millennia. Today's society is more aware of animal welfare than past generations. The general public has marked objections to animal research and many species are falling into disuse. The search for an ideal methodology to replace animal use is on, but animal modeling still holds great importance to human health. Bone research, in particular, has unmet requirements that in vitro technologies cannot yet fully address. In that sense, standardizing novel models remains necessary and rabbits are gaining in popularity as potential bone models. Our aim here is to provide a broad overview of animal modeling and its ethical implications, followed by a narrower focus on bone research and the role rabbits are playing in the current scenario. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773091/ doi: 10.1002/ame2.12083 id: cord-022404-cz3ruqxx author: Scott, Danny W. title: Dermatoses of Pet Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets date: 2009-05-15 words: 15517 sentences: 1067 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022404-cz3ruqxx.txt summary: Finally, these small creatures, especially mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are frequently used for studying models of human diseases (e.g., hereditary hypotrichoses and ichthyoses in mice and rats), for examining the pathogenesis of various dermatoses also seen in humans (e.g., contact hypersensitivity and candidiasis in guinea pigs), for evaluating therapeutic agents used in various human dermatoses (e.g., treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in guinea pigs and the use of retinoids in rhino mice), for studying percutaneous absorption and various aspects of dermatopharmacology (e.g., the mouse tail assay for studying epidermal drug effects), and for screening the potential irritancy or sensitization of topical agents (e.g., the guinea pig Draize test for contact allergens and the rabbit skin test for topical irritants)." abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155656/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-7618-0.50025-0 id: cord-280427-smqc23vr author: Singla, Rubal title: Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence date: 2020-09-14 words: 7194 sentences: 381 pages: flesch: 58 cache: ./cache/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280427-smqc23vr.txt summary: The various evidence from the past clearly suggest that the evolution of the virus in both reservoir and intermediate animal hosts needs to be explored to better evaluate the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The qPCR and virus titration test conducted on the various isolated organs of the ferrets on day 4 post inoculation detected infectious virus in the nasal turbinate, soft palate and tonsils of ferrets indicating the possible replication of the virus in the upper respiratory tract of the ferrets while no infection was found in other organs such as trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of the ferrets (Kim et al. This study results stipulate ferret to have high susceptibility for the SARS-CoV-2 and this infectious virus sheds by multiple routes of body discharge specimens such as urine and faeces of the infected ferrets which serve as a potential source of viral transmission to close contact. abstract: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to infect both humans and animals. However, the evidence of inter-transmission of coronavirus between humans and companion animals is still a debatable issue. There is substantial evidence that the virus outbreak is fueled by zoonotic transmission because this new virus belongs to the same family of viruses as SARS-CoV associated with civet cats, and MERS-CoV associated with dromedary camels. While the whole world is investigating the possibility about the transmission of this virus, the transmission among humans is established, but the interface between humans and animals is not much evident. Not only are the lives of human beings at risk, but there is an equal potential threat to the animal world. With multiple reports claiming about much possibility of transmission of COVID-19 from humans to animals, there has been a significant increase in the number of pets being abandoned by their owners. Additionally, the risk of reverse transmission of COVID-19 virus from companion pets like cats and dogs at home is yet another area of concern. The present article highlights different evidence of human-animal interface and necessitates the precautionary measures required to combat with the consequences of this interface. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have suggested various ways to promote awareness and corroborate practices for helping people as well as animals to stay secure and healthy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32926266/ doi: 10.1007/s11259-020-09781-0 id: cord-022242-pb1p6vrd author: Stalheim, O.H.V. title: Major Infectious Diseases date: 2012-12-02 words: 573 sentences: 38 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022242-pb1p6vrd.txt summary: Con sumers spend about $5 billion annually for veterinary services (Hayes, 1984) , and a significant number of people (< 100) become ill each year with a zoonotic disease (i.e., one that is transmissible from animals to man) (U.S. Public Health Service, 1984) . That policy was carried to England and then to the United States, where it was instituted and carried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, in a series of brilliant programs, and the health of our animals was greatly improved (Stalheim, 1984) . However, the diseases of fish (Snieszko, 1970) , marine mammals (Fowler, 1978) , and fur-bearing animals (Lybashenko, 1973) now command much attention by a variety of biologists. In most cases, the names of the diseases conform to those selected for the Animal Diseases Thesaurus (Veterinary Services, USDA, 1984) , which was based on the 1971 Veterinary Subject Headings of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau in England. Diseases of Fur-Bearing Animals abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155480/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-092532-5.50015-5 id: cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 author: Staroverov, Sergey A. title: Prospects for the use of spherical gold nanoparticles in immunization date: 2018-11-06 words: 5054 sentences: 287 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354904-7gq2e6f0.txt summary: We used spherical gold nanoparticles (average diameter, 15 nm) as a platform for the antigen for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The literature data demonstrate that immunization of animals with the TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) not only activates antigen-presenting cells but also increases the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid (antibody-forming) cells. Immunization with the TGEV antigen conjugated to GNPs as a carrier activates the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to their transforming activity and to the activation of antibody generation. After the virus''s nucleic acid was inactivated with ribonuclease, the resultant antigen (a mixture of viral capsid proteins) was used for conjugation with GNPs and for subsequent animal immunization. A study of the respiratory activity of splenic lymphoid cells (Fig. 5) showed that after immunization with the conjugate, the activity increased 2.2-fold, as compared to the control, whereas after immunization with TGEV antigen alone, it did not change much. abstract: Recent years have seen extremely fast development of new viral nanovaccines and diagnostic agents using nanostructures prepared by biological and chemical synthesis. We used spherical gold nanoparticles (average diameter, 15 nm) as a platform for the antigen for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The literature data demonstrate that immunization of animals with the TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) not only activates antigen-presenting cells but also increases the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid (antibody-forming) cells. The contents of γ-IFN, IL-1β, and IL-6 in animals immunized with GNP-antigen conjugates were found to be higher than those in intact animals or in animals given the antigen alone. The increased concentration of IL-1β in the immunized animals directly correlated with the activity of macrophages and stimulated B cells, which produce this cytokine when activated. The increased concentration of IL-6 indicates that the injected preparations are stimulatory to cellular immunity. Immunization with the TGEV antigen conjugated to GNPs as a carrier activates the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to their transforming activity and to the activation of antibody generation. Furthermore, the use of this conjugate allows marked improvement of the structure of the animals’ immune organs and restores the morphological–functional state of these organs. The microanatomical changes (increased number of follicles) indicate the activation of the B-dependent zone of the spleen and, consequently, the development of a humoral-type immunological reaction. The degradative processes observed in the animals immunized with TGEV antigen alone are evidence of weak resistance to pathogen attack. These results can be used to develop vaccines against this infection by employing TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles as a carrier. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30402771/ doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9476-5 id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 words: 11260 sentences: 629 pages: flesch: 58 cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt summary: Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. abstract: Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id: cord-285628-36gyix12 author: Stull, Jason W. title: Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date: 2015-03-31 words: 6763 sentences: 324 pages: flesch: 29 cache: ./cache/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285628-36gyix12.txt summary: The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. abstract: Hospital-associated infections (HAIs) occur in veterinary hospitals of all types and sizes, and their frequency is likely to increase. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, and infectious diarrhea are the HAIs most frequently identified in veterinary medicine. A hospital infection control program, consisting of an infectious disease control officer, written protocols, and staff training, is critical to reducing HAIs and promoting patient, staff, and client health. Infection control protocols (plans) should include discussion of hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, cleaning and disinfection, patient management, with-in hospital surveillance, and antimicrobial stewardship. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559054/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 id: cord-021457-wymtn8q9 author: Susanne, Rensing title: Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins date: 2007-09-02 words: 6434 sentences: 408 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021457-wymtn8q9.txt summary: The minimum equipment of a cage for callitrichids consists of a nest or sleeping-box, a sitting shelf, various branches of different size and, on different levels, a water bottle and a feeding bowl. Due to their small body size, limited gut volume, and rapid rate of food passage (Garber, 1986) callitrichids require a diet high in nutritional quality and available energy. If urine or faeces have to be sampled for 24 hours, animals have to be single housed in a metabolism cage for this period. For longer surgery, a combination of Saffan (18 mg/kg) and Valium ® (0.25 mg/animal) is reliable in common marmosets, and Ketamine (25 mg/kg) + Midazolam (25 mg/kg) for cotton-top tamarins. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which occurs very often as a latent infection in Old World Primates (OWP), seems not to be relevant in marmosets, and has been isolated from the salivary gland of tamarins without clinical symptoms (Nigida et al., 1979) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149791/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012080261-6/50010-6 id: cord-332233-01rdlf8l author: Tully, Thomas N. title: CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date: 2009-12-31 words: 12430 sentences: 733 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332233-01rdlf8l.txt summary: Mice can chew out of enclosures; therefore, it is important that the housing be "mouse proof." If an animal escapes, the best way to capture the pet is to place food in the center of the room. As with all diagnostic BOX 12-2 Retroorbital Blood Collection for Mice From procedures involving avian and exotic animals, an evaluation of the patient is required to determine its ability to withstand the stress associated with the assessment. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet mice. 9 Premedication and sedation doses for mice and rats are listed in Surgical procedures that are performed on mouse patients require similar techniques to those used with larger animals. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet rats. abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on mice and rats, and provides detailed information that may be useful for veterinarians treating these animals. Mice are continuous, polyestrous rodents that should be bred in polygamous or monogamous setups because of the males' aggressive territoriality behavior. When breeding mice that have been housed in a polygamous ratio, there may be one male with two to six females. Females are removed from a polygamous cage before parturition, whereas the monogamous pair is maintained together with the young until weaning. Mice are maintained in environments that are similar to other small rodents but require a thorough cleaning of their cage more often because of their malodorous urine. Ventilation is essential for small rodent housing to prevent irritation of the respiratory tract from ammonia vapors generated by urine. Quarantining is important when a new animal is being introduced into a setting in which there is an established group. As with other animals, a 30-day quarantine period is recommended, along with a physical examination and fecal parasite check. To maintain oversight of breeding animals' health and reduce the exposure of young animals to infectious disease and parasites, routine screening of representative animals within the colony is recommended. In very large colonies, special caging, food, and water may be necessary to prevent exposure to disease organisms. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416001195500159 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 id: cord-258389-1u05w7r4 author: Verma, Anju title: Animal tissue culture principles and applications date: 2020-06-26 words: 12098 sentences: 740 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258389-1u05w7r4.txt summary: The development of basic culture media has enabled scientists to work with a wide variety of cells under controlled conditions; this has played an important role in advancing our understanding of cell growth and differentiation, identification of growth factors, and understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal functions of various cell types. Many animal cells can be induced to grow outside of their organ or tissue of origin under defined conditions when supplemented with a medium containing nutrients and growth factors. With advancements in animal cell culture technology, a number of cell lines have evolved and are used for vaccine production, therapeutic proteins, pharmaceutical agents, and anticancerous agents. The animal cell culture can be grown for a wide variety of cell-based assays to investigate morphology, protein expression, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and toxicity in different environments. abstract: Animal cell culture technology in today’s scenario has become indispensable in the field of life sciences, which provides a basis to study regulation, proliferation, and differentiation and to perform genetic manipulation. It requires specific technical skills to carry out successfully. This chapter describes the essential techniques of animal cell culture as well as its applications. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128117101000124 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00012-4 id: cord-329206-xsxkn5my author: Vojtkovská, Veronika title: Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review date: 2020-08-28 words: 18218 sentences: 778 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329206-xsxkn5my.txt summary: This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts. Some of these comprehensive tools (modified Karnofsky score, CHEW [Cat HEalth and Wellbeing] tool, owner completed measure of feline QoL, CatQoL tool, the AWAG software, Shelter Quality and the shelter dog QoL evaluation tool) could be considered for shelter cats'' welfare assessment after some adjustments (these tools were developed for the use in different context, so they are not able to cover the full range of evaluation criteria requirements emerging from the shelter environment) or their principles could be used when creating a new assessment protocol. In this section, we discuss the options of assessing three categories of animal-based indicators-behavioural (Section 3.1), physiological (Section 3.2) and health (Section 3.3), which can be used to evaluate the welfare of shelter cats in a practical and scientific context. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: The welfare of animals in shelters draws the attention of both the scientific and general public. It is possible to assess the well-being of cats in shelters using tools that are based on indicators used to reveal problematic aspects of welfare. This review aims to provide an insight into available methods of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators. ABSTRACT: At any moment, there are millions of cats housed in foster care facilities for abandoned and stray animals for various reasons worldwide. Care, management and regulation among these facilities differ. Moreover, shelters can never substitute the full comfort of a good home for the animal, and the welfare of cats in shelters is a subject of discussion in many respects. Cats are animals sensitive to changes; for most of them, placement in a shelter is a stressful experience because of changes in routine, environment and the presence of other animals. Stress is reflected in changes in behaviour, causes fluctuations in physiological values and disrupts the immune system, which is a predisposition to the development or reactivation of disease. Evaluation of the presence and intensity of negative impacts is possible through the use of evaluation tools based on indicators that help set the environment and management of keeping so as to disrupt the quality of life as little as possible. Although a comprehensive and valid welfare tool that would evaluate animal-based and at the same time resource-based (or management-based) indicators of cats in shelters is not currently available, it is possible to use partial evaluation of individual welfare indicators to assess welfare. This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872242/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091527 id: cord-319044-5otz2w9v author: Walsh, Michael G. title: Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date: 2020-10-08 words: 3873 sentences: 163 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319044-5otz2w9v.txt summary: Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. abstract: The health and economic impacts of infectious disease pandemics are catastrophic as most recently manifested by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emerging infections that lead to substantive epidemics or pandemics are typically zoonoses that cross species boundaries at vulnerable points of animal-human interface. The sharing of space between wildlife and humans, and their domesticated animals, has dramatically increased in recent decades and is a key driver of pathogen spillover. Increasing animal-human interface has also occurred in concert with both increasing globalisation and failing health systems, resulting in a trifecta with dire implications for human and animal health. Nevertheless, to date we lack a geographical description of this trifecta that can be applied strategically to pandemic prevention. This investigation provides the first geographical quantification of the intersection of animal-human interfaces, poor human health system performance and global connectivity via the network of air travel. In so doing, this work provides a systematic, data-driven approach to classifying spillover hazard based on the distribution of animal-human interfaces while simultaneously identifying globally connected cities that are adjacent to these interfaces and which may facilitate global pathogen dissemination. We present this geography of high-impact spillover as a tool for developing targeted surveillance systems and improved health infrastructure in vulnerable areas that may present conduits for future pandemics. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352771420302780 doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177 id: cord-349392-r71g2e9y author: Wang, L. -F. title: Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS date: 2007 words: 7011 sentences: 301 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349392-r71g2e9y.txt summary: Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period. Recently, two groups independently demonstrated that bats in the genus Rhinolophus are natural reservoirs of SARS-like viruses , providing strong evidence that SARS-CoV is indeed a new zoonotic virus with a wildlife origin. (2003) , SARS-CoV-like viruses were isolated from palm civets and a raccoon dog in a live animal market in southern China and serologic evidence indicted that a third species, the Chinese ferret-badger, was also infected by a similar virus. abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was the first pandemic transmissible disease of previously unknown aetiology in the twenty-first century. Early epidemiologic investigations suggested an animal origin for SARS-CoV. Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Recently, horseshoe bats in the genus Rhinolophus have been identified as natural reservoir of SARS-like coronaviruses. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848070/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13 id: cord-006510-kruy0eex author: Weiner, H. Richard title: Diagnosis and prevention of rabies date: 2001 words: 1859 sentences: 137 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006510-kruy0eex.txt summary: The risk of rabies exposure can often be assessed by understanding the local reservoirs of the disease. In locales where domestic animal rabies has not been controlled, dog bites are by far the most common mode of transmission. These symptoms, which occur when the virus first reaches the central nervous system, are so nonspecific that only careful history-taking would suggest the disease. History of exposure to a potentially rabid animal limits what may otherwise become a diagnosis of exclusion, since rabies causes few findings that distinguish it from other viral encephalitides. Persons who face episodic and usually recognized exposure to the virus, a category which includes spelunkers, veterinarians, animal control and wildlife workers, and travelers to foreign areas In occupations where exposure risk is infrequent and comes from recognized sources (animal workers in areas of low enzooticity) should receive the primary vaccination course without further testing or booster. abstract: Over a million Americans are bitten by animals every year. Since the rabies vaccine is uniformly effective and the disease is uniformly fatal when the vaccine is not given, management decisions must be made promptly. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101946/ doi: 10.1007/s12019-001-0009-1 id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 words: 63666 sentences: 3678 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt summary: Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. abstract: Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000031 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id: cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author: Wiebers, David O. title: What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date: 2020-06-04 words: 2220 sentences: 93 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320283-nkb9nzyt.txt summary: The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498068/ doi: 10.1159/000508654 id: cord-017154-h8hxroos author: Wielinga, Peter R. title: One Health and Food Safety date: 2014-07-19 words: 7618 sentences: 348 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017154-h8hxroos.txt summary: Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Given that 70 % of the rural population in poor countries is dependent on livestock as working animals to survive (FAO 2002) , the effect of these animals carrying a zoonotic disease can be dramatic, both relative to human health directly, but also as it affects the potential to earn an income. For global infectious disease safety national authorities report to WHO important outbreaks of human disease which have the potential of cross-border spread, under the auspices of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (WHO 2005) . Collaboration between the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and the OIE have generated important guidance on how an integrated approach and the prudent use of antimicrobials may reduce the emergence of AMR in (food-)animals and subsequently in humans. abstract: Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore food becomes an important vehicle for many zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decades has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. One Health formulates clearly both the need for, and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. Here we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food derived from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. Some diseases have global epidemic—or pandemic—potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural- and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are ‘neglected diseases’ in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. Here we will discuss these three different foodborne disease categories, paying extra attention to the important problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, we present some of the One Health inspired solutions that may help reduce the threat of several of the foodborne diseases discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121645/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10 id: cord-017955-oipail5l author: Wilkie, David A. title: The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings date: 2013-08-29 words: 12662 sentences: 668 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017955-oipail5l.txt summary: However, if the purpose of such a study is to screen for adverse effects on any ocular tissue including, at a minimum, the adnexal structures (eyelids and conjunctiva), anterior segment (cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens), and posterior segment (vitreous and fundus), the following must be included: Additional procedures may be included depending on the objective of the examination. Additional examination procedures such as direct ophthalmoscopy, corneal staining, tonometry, pachymetry, fluorescein angiography, photographic documentation (anterior or posterior segment), electrodiagnostic testing, ultrasonography, OCT, and other tests may be indicated depending on the study and toxicologic effects of interest. Examples of ocular findings that may be progressive during the course of the study and Common background abnormalities will vary by species, but may include ocular trauma associated with shipping, congenital embryonic remnants such as persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) and persistent hyaloid artery (PHA), extravasation of blood in association with a PHA, corneal opacity/dystrophy, coloboma (iris, lens, choroid), cataract, micropapilla, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinal dysplasia [1, 7-9, 11, 16-28] . abstract: Ocular toxicology pertains to toxicologic effects of drugs administered topically, intraocularly, or systemically. It should also include evaluation of adverse effects of ophthalmic devices such as contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and glaucoma implants. The ophthalmic examination is able to provide detailed in-life information and is used in combination with clinical observations, clinical pathology, and histopathology to assess potential toxicologic effects. The ophthalmologist must be familiar with the wide range of species used in the field of toxicology, be familiar with the anatomic variations associated with these species, be able to determine what is an inherited or a breed-related finding from a study-related effect, be competent with the required ophthalmic equipment, and be capable of examining this wide range of animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122657/ doi: 10.1007/7653_2013_7 id: cord-267188-1ldynibm author: Woldehanna, Sara title: An expanded One Health model: Integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface date: 2014-11-01 words: 8040 sentences: 320 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267188-1ldynibm.txt summary: The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. In this paper we propose an expanded One Health model that highlights the social determinants of human-animal exposure, describe a study approach that operationalizes the model to explore factors that influence the risk of transmission at the individual and community level and present some results that illustrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. Finally, social factors also determine who is at risk from eating different meats: eating rats is an equal source of exposure for adults and children in both ethnic groups; the Hmong are more exposed to nonhuman primates and the Lao-Tai to bats as a result of eating; and men are more intensely exposed as they are more likely to eat raw meat compared to women. abstract: Zoonotic disease emergence is not a purely biological process mediated only by ecologic factors; opportunities for transmission of zoonoses from animals to humans also depend on how people interact with animals. While exposure is conditioned by the type of animal and the location in which interactions occur, these in turn are influenced by human activity. The activities people engage in are determined by social as well as contextual factors including gender, age, socio-economic status, occupation, social norms, settlement patterns and livelihood systems, family and community dynamics, as well as national and global influences. This paper proposes an expanded “One Health” conceptual model for human-animal exposure that accounts for social as well as epidemiologic factors. The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. The approach includes a formative phase using qualitative and participatory methods, and a representative, random sample survey to quantify exposure to animals in a variety of settings. The paper discusses the different factors that were considered in developing the approach, including the range of animals asked about and the parameters of exposure that are included, as well as factors to be considered in local adaptation of the generic instruments. Illustrative results from research using this approach in Lao PDR are presented to demonstrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. We believe that the expanded model can be similarly operationalized to explore the interactions of other social and policy-level determinants that may influence transmission of zoonoses. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0277953614007199 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.059 id: cord-018706-gykw2nvt author: Yadav, Mahendra Pal title: Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date: 2020-02-23 words: 9686 sentences: 390 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt summary: The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ''spill-over'' and ''spill-back''; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. abstract: The epidemics and pandemics of a few infectious diseases during the past couple of decades have accentuated the significance of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) due to their influence on public health. Although Asia region has been identified as the epicentre of many EIDs and upcoming infections, several new pathogens have also emerged in the past in other parts of the world. Furthermore, the emergence of new viral diseases/infections, such as Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, avian influenza A (H5N1), Nipah virus, Zika virus and swine influenza A (H1N1) virus, from time to time is a glaring example threatening adversely both animal and public health globally. Infectious diseases are dynamic and concerning due to their epidemiology and aetiological agents, which is manifested within a host, pathogen and environment continuum involving domestic animals, wildlife and human populations. The complex relationship among host populations and other environmental factors creates conditions for the emergence of diseases. The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ‘spill-over’ and ‘spill-back’; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. This chapter provides the experience gained in the control and management of a few important TADs and EIDs along with the successes, constraints, limitations and future research needs for developing better control approaches. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123659/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_1 id: cord-275171-uokqn2u8 author: Zhang, Li title: Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China date: 2008-03-21 words: 10001 sentences: 454 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275171-uokqn2u8.txt summary: 2. The current situation includes four types of consumer behavior among Chinese urban residents: using wild animals as food, using medicine or tonic products containing wildlife ingredients, wearing ornaments and garments made from wildlife, and keeping wildlife as pets. Regarding wild animal protection work, the percentage of those not supportive is much higher among heavy consumers than among the other two groups. With regard to the willingness to participate in public benefit activities for wild animal protection, a high percentage of heavy consumers are willing to take part in ecological tourism and provide monetary support, but the percentage of those willing to change their consumption behavior is lower than the other two groups. In this survey, we find that currently a high percentage of Chinese urban residents is still not clear about what wild animals are protected. abstract: Commercial trade in wildlife is the major cause of species endangerment and a main threat to animal welfare in China and its neighboring countries. Driven by consumptive use for food and traditional medicine, the large volume of both legal and illegal trade in wildlife has caused great destruction to ecosystems and pushed many species to the brink of extinction. Data gathered from trading hubs at ports, boundary markets, city markets and stores, indicates the large amount of wildlife traded in the region of Guangxi, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces, a direct result of the numerous wildlife markets available. In a survey distributed in various trading places, while about half of the respondents agreed that wildlife should be protected, 60% of them had consumed wildlife at some point in the last 2 years. The results also indicated that law and regulation on wildlife trade control is insufficient. Wildlife trade controls are very limited because of bias on the utilization of wildlife as a natural resource to be exploited by the government agencies. The survey also shows that the current situation of wildlife consumption in key cities in China is serious, especially the consumption for food. The main consumption groups in China are male and young people with high education levels and good incomes. The key in public awareness publicity and education is to give them more information on the negative impacts of wildlife consumption and knowledge of protection. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9358-8 doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9358-8 id: cord-349300-x50tvq3a author: de Wit, Emmie title: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date: 2020-03-24 words: 4533 sentences: 217 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349300-x50tvq3a.txt summary: Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Compared to vehicle-treated control animals, prophylactic remdesivir treatment resulted in significantly lower levels of MERS-CoV replication in the lungs, with lung viral loads 2.5 to 4 logs lower in each lung lobe (Fig. 3A) . Absence of histologic lung lesions, as seen in two out of the six animals with therapeutic remdesivir treatment, has so far rarely been observed in studies testing the efficacy of MERS-CoV antivirals in nonhuman primate models (13) (14) (15) (16) ; it has only been shown once before in one out of three common marmosets treated with hyperimmune plasma at 6 h after inoculation (17) . abstract: The continued emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. Remdesivir (GS-5734) effectively inhibited MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV in a mouse model. Here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of MERS-CoV infection, the rhesus macaque. Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Therapeutic remdesivir treatment initiated 12 h postinoculation also provided a clear clinical benefit, with a reduction in clinical signs, reduced virus replication in the lungs, and decreased presence and severity of lung lesions. The data presented here support testing of the efficacy of remdesivir treatment in the context of a MERS clinical trial. It may also be considered for a wider range of coronaviruses, including the currently emerging novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. url: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922083117 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922083117 id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author: nan title: Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date: 1982 words: 44844 sentences: 2433 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt summary: In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101735/ doi: 10.1007/bf01279099 id: cord-009583-ldkjqco6 author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-10-28 words: 10317 sentences: 569 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt summary: • ensure all team members are kept abreast of changes in the clinic and given opportunities to provide suggestions to improve patient care and client service • recognise team members for their contributions • provide all staff with adequate resources and guidance to complete their jobs in a meaningful fashion and provide opportunities for growth and professional development • ensure all team members have clearly defined roles and are given autonomy to make decisions consistent with their position in the practice • encourage colleagues and supervisors to provide guidance and social support to help team members develop coping skills • take steps to create and maintain a positive work environment -this may include addressing conflicts among co-workers, ensuring all employees are treated equally and fairly, promoting civility and collegiality • consider current staff numbers and individual workloads to prevent excessive workload. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159738/ doi: 10.1111/avj.137 id: cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author: nan title: NEWS date: 2014-11-26 words: 10467 sentences: 536 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009594-0rfbmi0q.txt summary: Late last year, the American Veterinary Medical Association held a forum called ''The Conversation'' , 1 which involved veterinarians, ethicists and animal scientists who presented on the scientific, social, political, market, and legal aspects of how and why animal welfare decisions are made. We want to develop and advocate for good evidence-based policies that will provide the right number of veterinarians, with the right skills, in the right places, to meet Australia''s need for veterinary services into the future. Some additional skills and experience that are useful include being a member of community organisations, being a member of other boards and committees, a commitment to animal health and welfare, and the ability to prepare reports for the AVA Board. The AVA has been working closely with the Australian Department of Agriculture and human health groups to join this global campaign to promote responsible use of antibiotics. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159774/ doi: 10.1111/avj.139 id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author: nan title: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date: 2006-06-06 words: 40663 sentences: 2064 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt summary: Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163428/ doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 id: cord-009729-69swjzic author: nan title: Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date: 2013-06-27 words: 66970 sentences: 2764 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009729-69swjzic.txt summary: Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. abstract: A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk‐based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk‐categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post‐mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post‐mortem inspection is applied. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163758/ doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265 id: cord-014516-r59usk02 author: nan title: Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2015-01-10 words: 55041 sentences: 2919 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt summary: Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858066/ doi: 10.1111/jvim.12491 id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 words: 162327 sentences: 9379 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt summary: It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/ doi: 10.1007/bf02258437 id: cord-022708-rr3xua38 author: nan title: News date: 2019-04-25 words: 8656 sentences: 431 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt summary: In the November 2018 report ''Motivation, Satisfaction and Retention: Understanding the importance of vets'' day to day work experiences'' from the BVA and the University of Exeter, two of the key findings included ''feeling like one fits in with those who have been successful before you, and having role models'' as being important to motivating veterinarians, facilitating their professional satisfaction and retaining them in the profession. The federal Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is currently leading a working group comprising representatives from state governments, the Australian Veterinary Association, RSPCA Australia and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is currently developing their 7th strategic plan (2021-2024) and they too are looking at their future role, particularly on global issues such as food security, climate change, species conservation and the future of the veterinary profession. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159766/ doi: 10.1111/avj.237 id: cord-104226-bb4lyvhy author: nan title: Monoclonal antiprothrombinase (3D4.3) prevents mortality from murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) infection date: 1992-09-01 words: 4669 sentences: 243 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104226-bb4lyvhy.txt summary: The induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection and disease. The results reported here demonstrate that a neutralizing antibody to PCA protects animals from fulminant hepatitis and death associated with MHV-3 infection, and supports the notion that PCA is a potent inflammatory mediator that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury resulting from MHV-3 infection. In contrast, mice infected with MHV-3 but treated with antibody to PCA showed a marked reduction in liver disease in all groups (25, 50 , and 100/.r ( were a few small loci of inflammatory cells with no necrosis (Fig. 2 D) . No fibrin was seen in the livers of infected mice treated with 100/~g of mAb. Treatment with anti-PCA alone resulted in no detectable histological evidence of liver disease in nonirLf~ed animals. abstract: The induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection and disease. Previously, we have shown that induction of PCA by MHV-3 correlated with resistance/susceptibility to infection in different mouse strains. In this study, all BALB/cJ mice that were infected with 10(3) plaque-forming units of MHV-3 developed severe liver disease and died within 96-120 h. Examination of the livers of these animals showed marked hepatic necrosis, deposition of fibrin, and cellular expression of PCA by direct immunofluorescence staining in areas of necrosis as well as in hepatic sinusoids. Splenic mononuclear cells recovered from these mice expressed high concentrations of PCA with time after infection. Infusion into mice of a high-titered monoclonal antibody that neutralized PCA (3D4.3) attenuated the development of hepatic necrosis and enhanced survival in a dose- dependent manner. All of the animals receiving 100 micrograms, and 44% and 22% of the animals that received 50 and 25 micrograms per day, respectively, survived for 10 d and made a full recovery. Administration of the antibody resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in fibrin deposition, PCA expression as detected by direct immunofluorescence staining and by a functional assay. In animals treated with high concentrations of antibody, titers of antibody to PCA fell from 87 +/- 15 micrograms/ml to 100 +/- 7 ng/ml during the active phase of the disease, consistent with sequestration due to binding of the immunoglobulin to cells expressing PCA. Surviving animals, when rechallenged with MHV-3, had a 40% mortality, consistent with the known rates of metabolism of immunoglobulin. This further suggested that protection was by a passive mechanism. The results reported here demonstrate that a neutralizing antibody to PCA protects animals from fulminant hepatitis and death associated with MHV-3 infection, and supports the notion that PCA is a potent inflammatory mediator that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury resulting from MHV-3 infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2119354/ doi: nan id: cord-307067-cpc1yefj author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date: 2020-06-10 words: 6244 sentences: 329 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307067-cpc1yefj.txt summary: For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. Viral load was higher for lower respiratory tract tissue obtained from animals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 GFP (n = 6) than from animals receiving a prime-only (n = 6) or a prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS (n = 2) (Fig. 4B ). Notably, antigenic differences have been reported between S proteins from the Middle East and Africa (8), potentially affecting the efficacy of a vaccine based In conclusion, we show that a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS results in protection against disease progression and virus replication associated with MERS-CoV challenge in the rhesus macaque, and a prime-boost regimen reduced viral replication further. abstract: Developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. The vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. MERS-CoV replication in type I and II pneumocytes of ChAdOx1 MERS–vaccinated animals was absent. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. We also found that antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 MERS in rhesus macaques neutralized six different MERS-CoV strains. Transgenic human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 mice vaccinated with ChAdOx1 MERS were completely protected against disease and lethality for all different MERS-CoV strains. The data support further clinical development of ChAdOx1 MERS. url: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8399 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8399 id: cord-340939-ikomc19t author: van Doremalen, Neeltje title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters date: 2019-06-06 words: 5486 sentences: 301 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt summary: title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. All vaccinated animals challenged with NiV Malaysia survived with no signs of disease such as weight loss at any stage throughout the experiment. An adeno-associated virus vaccine expressing NiV G protein offered 50% protection against a lethal challenge with HeV in hamsters [46] . Furthermore, infectious virus could only be detected in the lungs of control animals and not in the lungs of vaccinated animals, and thus as in previous studies, ChAdOx1 NiV Belicited antibodies are able to provide protection against a lethal challenge with NiV. abstract: Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic re-emerging virus that causes outbreaks in South East Asia. Currently, no approved and licensed vaccine or antivirals exist. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV(B), a simian adenovirus-based vaccine encoding NiV glycoprotein (G) Bangladesh, in Syrian hamsters. Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. Furthermore, no pathological lung damage was observed. A single-dose of ChAdOx1 NiV(B) also prevented disease and lethality from heterologous challenge with NiV Malaysia. While we were unable to detect infectious virus in swabs or tissue of animals challenged with the heterologous strain, a very limited amount of viral RNA could be found in lung tissue by in situ hybridization. A single dose of ChAdOx1 NiV(B) also provided partial protection against Hendra virus and passive transfer of antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 NiV(B) vaccination partially protected Syrian hamsters against NiV Bangladesh. From these data, we conclude that ChAdOx1 NiV(B) is a suitable candidate for further NiV vaccine pre-clinical development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31170144/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462 id: cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 author: van der Logt, J. T. M. title: Microbiological effects and quality control in laboratory rodents date: 2013-07-01 words: 3261 sentences: 193 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006250-cdt2wcr5.txt summary: The significance of biomedical research using laboratory animals has increased substantially because of the increased awareness of an-imal producers and investigators of the need to use high-quality animals with standardized microbiological status, under environmentally defined conditions, in their experiments. Programs to assess the health status of rodents, and characterize their microbiological status were improved, and monitoring data thereafter showed that breeders were able to produce and supply clean, specified pathogen free (SPF) animals (15, 16) . It is abundantly clear that for good comparison of experimental results obtained by different research groups, international standardization of programs used for microbiological characterization of SPF laboratory rodents is indispensable. Programs used for characterization of the microbiological status and routine monitoring should include daily clinical observation of the animals, histopathological searches for lesions of infectious diseases, cultures for bacteria and fungi, serological tests especially for viruses, and parasitological tests. abstract: Numerous viruses, mycoplasmas, bacteria and parasites have been associated with infectious diseases in laboratory animals. It is clear that pathogenic agents causing overt disease represent a serious hazard to research results in both short- as well as long-term studies. However, these organisms may contaminate colonies without causing any clinical or pathological symptom. This makes research less reliable because of the more subtle effects of the silent infections, especially in long-term studies as in aging research. The establishment of animal colonies that were free from these (micro-) organisms has increased substantially the value of animals used in biomedical research. Characterization of the health status and microbiological monitoring of the animals in experiments are particularly important. This paper reviews many of the major considerations in the efforts to maintain animals free of unwanted organisms, including quality and sources of animals, transportation and quarantine, maintenance during experimentation, microbiological characterization and monitoring of animals and environment. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 5: 317–323, 1993) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100735/ doi: 10.1007/bf03324181 id: cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author: von Essen, Erica title: Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date: 2020-10-08 words: 8260 sentences: 399 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257597-jy4a8al8.txt summary: It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: Animals of countless species, wild as well as tame, can now entertain tourists on their holidays. The popularity, however, of animal-based tourism comes with significant risks for the welfare of these animals. Many animals are kept in small confinements, are broken down to interact obediently with tourists, or are made to perform, entertain, transport or even give their lives for human leisure. In this paper, the challenges of animal-based tourism are presented from the perspectives of interdisciplinary researchers. The challenges are discussed based on a two-day symposium with workshop sessions. We bring attention to the problem of cultural relativism and the difficulty of imposing universal standards of animal welfare. We conclude that reforms and individual travel decisions as a result of biosecurity concerns will impact animal welfare. In addition to this, we observe that technology has a dual role to play in enhancing edutainment but also potentially inviting new challenges. In the end, we declare some possibilities for compassionate animal based tourism. ABSTRACT: By animal-based tourism, a host of activities offering passive viewing or active interaction with wild, semi-wild or captive animals is included. The multibillion dollar industry is on the rise globally today, offering modes of engagement with animals that trade on increasingly embodied close encounters with non-human animals. As new modes of animal-based tourism proliferate, such as sloth selfies, visiting cat cafes, swimming with sharks and agri-tourism petting zoos, animal welfare standards risk deteriorating. In the following paper, we collate concerns over animal welfare into a discussion on the challenges facing animal-based tourism. Our synthesis is the first to consider the full spectrum of such animal-based tourism: across agri-, hunting, zoo and safari tourism, to name a few, and crossing consumptive and non-consumptive boundaries. A literature review is first provided. Findings are then presented thematically following workshops at an international interdisciplinary symposium of leading tourism, animal welfare, ethics and leisure sciences scholars together with practitioners of the industry. It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. We indicate ways forward toward implementing a compassionate animal-based tourism. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33050024/ doi: 10.3390/ani10101830 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel