Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 136 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13499 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 animal 34 disease 23 human 15 cell 14 virus 13 infection 11 Health 10 Fig 9 rat 9 mouse 9 clinical 8 study 8 sign 8 cause 8 SARS 7 laboratory 7 Animal 6 vaccine 6 treatment 6 dog 6 day 6 United 5 risk 5 rabbit 5 model 5 effect 5 diagnosis 5 cat 5 blood 5 Veterinary 5 PCR 4 sheep 4 patient 4 health 4 goat 4 figure 4 dna 4 antibody 4 States 4 MERS 4 China 3 wound 3 wildlife 3 veterinary 3 tumor 3 shelter 3 research 3 pet 3 medicine 3 lesion Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 13506 animal 7283 disease 5456 infection 5076 cell 4961 virus 4128 % 3890 mouse 3546 study 3152 dog 2870 patient 2480 day 2471 cat 2421 treatment 2406 blood 2395 case 2377 vaccine 2321 rat 2304 group 2288 sign 2283 health 2149 level 2033 use 2006 system 2000 time 1995 human 1993 model 1975 risk 1910 tissue 1847 response 1843 effect 1808 result 1770 specie 1708 control 1582 production 1566 calf 1557 rabbit 1517 diagnosis 1508 antibody 1468 factor 1460 food 1433 number 1419 research 1409 method 1378 condition 1377 lesion 1368 laboratory 1353 area 1282 type 1262 strain 1257 development Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 5435 al 4506 et 4459 . 898 • 774 SARS 727 mg 697 Animal 649 Health 613 Fig 591 kg 567 United 526 C. 523 TNF 495 States 464 LPS 415 T 389 PCR 381 IV 366 CoV 350 MERS 350 E. 338 Veterinary 338 A 329 C 319 IL-6 316 Europe 313 B 303 M. 290 ELISA 284 Table 272 EU 267 II 258 S. 255 Africa 247 RNA 230 Research 228 Salmonella 226 CoV-2 221 UK 220 China 214 Food 213 Animals 211 World 209 Control 208 National 205 IL 205 Ebola 201 Group 196 New 196 Council Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 4473 it 2192 they 1707 we 721 i 609 them 347 he 295 you 166 itself 154 us 129 she 102 one 79 themselves 62 him 59 me 32 her 18 himself 9 yourself 8 myself 6 ourselves 4 s 4 em 3 oneself 2 talens 2 mine 2 herself 1 zoo- 1 y7vsc6r7 1 wi~ 1 tnf~ 1 ta 1 srd)dogs 1 oct 1 interferon-7 1 igg2c 1 http://thomas.loc.gov 1 gluts.mine 1 f6r 1 939pika7 1 3de 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 67110 be 11411 have 5114 use 3773 include 2638 cause 2247 occur 2241 do 2136 increase 1971 develop 1919 associate 1680 show 1647 see 1629 base 1623 follow 1577 find 1551 provide 1460 report 1394 result 1363 produce 1333 require 1267 induce 1245 infect 1214 consider 1201 reduce 1171 make 1164 affect 1061 identify 1057 prevent 1054 perform 1051 observe 1018 detect 978 lead 972 treat 971 give 969 become 944 involve 890 determine 889 decrease 878 take 861 compare 858 know 836 relate 832 describe 823 indicate 786 suggest 778 contain 767 administer 735 appear 722 allow 713 evaluate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5973 not 4168 also 3671 other 3265 human 3152 clinical 2884 such 2874 more 2539 most 2494 high 2225 - 1951 well 1877 however 1696 only 1642 small 1578 respiratory 1453 as 1415 important 1408 common 1397 often 1389 many 1389 low 1354 large 1334 severe 1312 viral 1301 specific 1285 different 1184 first 1170 acute 1159 veterinary 1143 normal 1125 new 1116 usually 1057 infectious 1057 immune 1017 available 1008 early 1007 long 987 several 974 present 953 significant 918 non 905 less 872 e.g. 861 possible 839 similar 823 wild 801 very 779 therefore 775 then 757 bacterial Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 737 most 312 good 278 Most 257 least 182 high 79 great 62 large 42 low 31 early 22 late 17 bad 16 easy 14 small 14 big 13 safe 8 close 7 simple 7 near 7 long 6 strong 4 strict 4 poor 3 old 3 narrow 2 wide 2 warm 2 new 2 mild 2 heavy 2 few 2 fast 2 deep 2 cheap 1 ® 1 ~trointesfimd 1 tame 1 slight 1 short 1 sharp 1 severe 1 rich 1 remote 1 rare 1 overharv 1 nmol/1 1 nfthe 1 nasty 1 myeloblast 1 lfigh 1 leastcost Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1802 most 158 least 95 well 5 long 2 highest 2 fast 1 ® 1 whereupon 1 slowest 1 shortest 1 oldest 1 near 1 lowest 1 lonest 1 latest 1 greatest 1 farthest 1 early 1 -tion Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 www 4 www.cdc.gov 3 ec.europa.eu 2 www.oie.int 2 www.informatics.jax.org 2 www.eucomm.org 2 www.aceabio.com 2 monographs.iarc.fr 1 www.zoonosis.ac.uk 1 www.wto.org 1 www.who.int 1 www.vichsec.org 1 www.traffic.org 1 www.sheltervet.org 1 www.sepa.gov.cn 1 www.rzpd.de 1 www.redorbit.com 1 www.promedmail.org 1 www.promedmail 1 www.petmicrochiplookup.org 1 www.nih.gov 1 www.niaid.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.org 1 www.nasphv.org 1 www.mousecanada 1 www.mmrrc.org 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.knockoutmouse.org 1 www.jvmeonline.org 1 www.iptonline.com 1 www.food.dtu.dk 1 www.farad.org> 1 www.ensembl.org 1 www.ebi.ac.uk 1 www.checkthechip.com 1 www.biomedcentral.com 1 www.aza.org 1 www.alnmag.com 1 trade.cites.org 1 thomas.loc.gov 1 pavlab 1 ow.ly 1 norcomm.phenogenomics.ca 1 laboratoryanimalbuyersguide.com 1 komp.org 1 jaxmice.jax.org 1 guide.labanimal 1 github.com 1 europa.eu 1 ecoli.cas.psu.edu Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 5 http://www 2 http://www.oie.int/eng/ 2 http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/residues/control_en.htm 1 http://www.zoonosis.ac.uk/ 1 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.vichsec.org 1 http://www.traffic.org/25/wild1.htm 1 http://www.sheltervet.org 1 http://www.sepa.gov.cn/natu/swdyx/swwzzybh/200211/t20021118_83384.htm 1 http://www.rzpd.de 1 http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1112751282/male-zebra-finches-fake-song-121912/ 1 http://www.promedmail.org 1 http://www.promedmail 1 http://www.petmicrochiplookup.org 1 http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jun2013/od-26.htm 1 http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/Pages/EbolaVaxresultsQA.aspx 1 http://www.ncbi.org 1 http://www.nasphv.org/ 1 http://www.mousecanada 1 http://www.mmrrc.org 1 http://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/9/1672/s1 1 http://www.knockoutmouse.org 1 http://www.jvmeonline.org/cgi/ 1 http://www.iptonline.com/articles/public/ 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome 1 http://www.informatics.jax.org/ 1 http://www.food.dtu.dk/English/Research/Research_Groups/Zoonosis_ 1 http://www.farad.org> 1 http://www.eucomm.org/docs/protocols/mouse_protocol_1_Sanger 1 http://www.eucomm.org 1 http://www.ensembl.org 1 http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/imgt/hla/ 1 http://www.checkthechip.com 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid 1 http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p0414-ebola-vaccine.html 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/general/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/9/9/prepub 1 http://www.aza.org/aza-news-releases/posts/aza-and-aazv-statement-on 1 http://www.alnmag.com/ 1 http://www.aceabio.com/UserFiles/doc/ 1 http://www.aceabio.com 1 http://trade.cites.org/ 1 http://thomas.loc.gov 1 http://pavlab 1 http://ow.ly/E2rmF 1 http://norcomm.phenogenomics.ca/index 1 http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ 1 http://monographs.iarc.fr Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 permissionsuk@wiley.com 1 vetschoice@guildinsurance.com.au 1 permissions@wiley.com 1 info@esutures.com 1 hrhotline@ava.com.au 1 emma.malcolm@ava.com.au 1 cs-japan@wiley.com 1 corporate@ava.com.au 1 avj@wiley.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 disease is not 17 infection is usually 15 animals are not 15 vaccines are available 14 disease is usually 13 animals did not 12 animals do not 12 animals is not 12 infection is often 11 animals are more 11 animals are often 11 mice are susceptible 10 mice are not 9 animals were then 9 disease is more 9 disease is often 9 mice do not 9 signs include fever 9 vaccine is available 8 infection is not 8 mice were also 8 rats do not 8 signs are present 8 treatment is available 7 animals are usually 7 cells are also 7 disease is also 7 disease is present 7 disease is rare 7 diseases are not 7 humans are not 7 infection does not 7 infections are often 7 signs are nonspecific 7 treatment is not 7 virus is highly 7 virus is very 6 animal is not 6 animals are also 6 animals showing clinical 6 infection is common 6 infections are common 6 infections are subclinical 6 mice are usually 6 mice have not 6 patient is able 6 patient is not 6 signs are not 6 signs are similar 6 studies are also Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 mice are not susceptible 3 system did not significantly 2 % produces no adverse 2 animals do not typically 2 blood is not available 2 disease is not perfectly 2 infection is not present 2 mice are not permissible 2 mice are not permissive 2 mice have no clinical 2 mice were no longer 2 patient is no longer 2 signs are not present 2 signs do not always 2 studies do not always 2 treatment is not necessary 1 % found no link 1 % have no particular 1 % see no relation 1 % see no relationship 1 . has no business 1 animal does not inadvertently 1 animal is not able 1 animal is not equivalent 1 animals are not always 1 animals are not available 1 animals are not certain 1 animals are not necessarily 1 animals are not only 1 animals are not subject 1 animals are not usually 1 animals are not well 1 animals are not yet 1 animals do not accurately 1 animals does not adversely 1 animals had no mortality 1 animals is not clear 1 animals is not much 1 animals is not necessarily 1 animals is not productive 1 animals is not sensible 1 animals is not sufficient 1 animals is not well 1 animals show no evidence 1 animals was not clearly 1 case is not uncommon 1 cases are not normally 1 cats are not suitable 1 cats is not yet 1 cats show no signs A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-281512-79g22dk6 author = Aguirre, A. Alonso title = Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics date = 2020-07-05 keywords = SARS; animal; market summary = This article will explore the connections among the current pandemic, live-animal markets, the spread of animal-related diseases, and the illicit wildlife trade and will include a set of policy recommendations prescribed to prevent future outbreaks stemming from these issues. It further explains "the identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in civet cats and other wild animals in live animal markets suggests that this novel human pathogen emerged as a result of an interspecies transmission" (Poon et al., 2005 (Poon et al., , p. The devastation resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could potentially serve as a future warning for what is to come, if practices such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets are allowed to continue on a global scale. Research must focus on the central causes of the spread of zoonotic diseases such as illicit wildlife trade and wet markets. doi = 10.1002/wmh3.348 id = cord-002945-29nj4f05 author = Ambrose, Rebecca K. title = In Vivo Characterisation of Five Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus 1 (Subgenotype 1c) date = 2018-01-19 keywords = BVDV-1; Day; animal summary = Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 subgenotype 1c in extracts from cattle samples using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . For cattle infected with BVDV-1c strain Trangie, one of the four animals tested positive on Day 2 post-infection, while all the other samples were negative throughout the sampling period (Table 1) . BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). BVDV-1c was not detected via qPCR in the nasal swab or serum samples collected from all animals on Day 21, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 55 post-infection and were deemed to be negative (data not shown). doi = 10.3390/pathogens7010012 id = cord-026009-rdhuc2n2 author = Anderson, Nancy L. title = Pet Rodents date = 2009-05-15 keywords = Key; Point; animal; base; cause; clinical; mouse; sign; table; treat summary = This chapter provides information needed to diagnose and treat the most frequently encountered problems of mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, history, visualization of parasite, skin scrape, and cellophane tape test. • Clinical signs in adults are caused by secondary bacterial infections and are similar to those in MRM. Common primary or secondary pathogens causing respiratory signs in mice are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Pasteurella pneumontropica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. • Mouse poliomyelitis/encephalomyelitis, also known as Theiler disease, causes clinical signs in 1 in 10,000 infected mice. • In contrast to mice, Sendai virus rarely causes clinical signs in rats. • Pneumonia in guinea pigs usually is caused by infection with S. • Diagnosis of scurvy is based on clinical signs, the exclusion of other causes of diarrhea, and response to vitamin C therapy (see Table 177 -10). doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50179-0 id = cord-031482-atltc10d author = Arkow, Phil title = Human–Animal Relationships and Social Work: Opportunities Beyond the Veterinary Environment date = 2020-09-05 keywords = abuse; animal; child; human; pet; social; violence summary = These venues include: agencies working in child protection and child sexual abuse; children''s advocacy centers and courthouse facility dogs; animal shelters; domestic violence shelters; public policy advocacy; clinical practice; agencies working with older and disabled populations; veterinary sentinels for intimate partner violence; and pet support services for homeless populations. Other untapped social work opportunities in animal shelters might include: strengthening collaborations with domestic violence shelters and mobile meals programs; directing and expanding pet visitation programs for long-term care facilities and animal-assisted interventions for at-risk populations; developing pet loss grief support groups; developing safety net supportive programming for individuals who experience a medical, economic or housing crisis that temporarily makes it difficult to keep an animal; defusing contentious confrontations with shelter clients; resolving customers'' complaints and needs for services; and connecting pet owners with community resources, such as low-cost pet and veterinary services, animal behavioral counselors, pet food banks, and social services agencies. doi = 10.1007/s10560-020-00697-x id = cord-018566-dd5gw66t author = Armbruster, Walter J. title = The Political Economy of US Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed date = 2018-05-30 keywords = FDA; Health; United; animal; antibiotic summary = This chapter examines the evidence for antibiotic resistance in the United States and globally, the public health implications, and the impact of—and related industry and political responses to—antibiotic use in animal feed. The major stakeholders include pharmaceutical companies, production integrators, feed suppliers, farm groups, producers, restaurants, food retailers, the public, the medical community, the scientific community, government regulators and policy makers. In 1969, the United Kingdom''s (UK) Parliament received the Swann Report, which concluded that using antimicrobials at sub-therapeutic levels in food-producing animals created risks to human and animal health (Joint Committee on the use of Antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 1969). This scenario could be exacerbated to the extent FSIS approves additional international facilities, local regulations, and inspections as "equivalent to the United States." Future trade agreements will need to include provisions which address reduced use of medically important antibiotics in producing food animals. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-92138-9_15 id = cord-017208-7oew461e author = Aurigemma, Rosemarie title = Regulatory Aspects in the Development of Gene Therapies date = 2005 keywords = FDA; animal; cell; dna; gene; product; safety; study; vector summary = Table 1 Beyond a Good Idea: What the Successful Investigator Has Already Done With a Project Leading to Commercial Development Defined candidate biologic (or molecule) Made comparisons with similar products Characteristics of product are consistent with pharmaceutical requirements Production scale is adequate Product characterization is adequate Laboratory reference standard exists In vitro potency assay has been developed Stability studies develop confidence product is a "drug" Reproducible model systems have confirmed in vivo activity with clinical product Early animal work includes some toxicology Scale-up requirements practical for initial clinical trials In general, reflects experience and scientific maturity of investigator In addition to the US agencies that develop the regulations that govern drug development and licensing, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) was formed in April 1990 involving the United States, the European Union, and Japan to address the issue of globalizing such regulations. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-785-7_29 id = cord-009385-mcfnhscj author = BLECHA, FRANK title = Rationale for Using Immunopotentiators in Domestic Food Animals date = 2012-11-05 keywords = animal; effect summary = Therefore, although fully immunocompetent at birth, domestic food animal newborns differ from other mammalian neonates in being im munologically "virgin" (Kim, 1975; Salmon, 1984) and the development of totally effective immune defenses requires 2 to 3 weeks. Because of the high incidence and economic impact of respiratory and intestinal infections in young domestic animals, it is important to review studies related to the postnatal development of the mucosaassociated immune system in the pig. Several examples of virus-related im munosuppression are well documented in domestic food animals (Table III) , including viral diseases of great economic importance such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (bovine herpesvirus type-1) and pseudorabies, which cause severe pneumonia and death in cattle and pigs, respectively. If immunomodulators can be used to augment immune function at critical periods during the production of food animals, such as the neonatal period, and prior to or during exposure to stressors or patho genic organisms, then the economic loss caused by infectious disease should be reduced. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-039235-3.50007-1 id = cord-299539-f7i4lq2w author = Bachofen, Claudia title = Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups date = 2010-03-24 keywords = BVDV; animal summary = title: Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. We have recorded and applied a scoring protocol for the clinical and postmortem findings of the diseased animals and analysed possible correlations between different organ manifestations and the subgroups of persisting BVDV. We observed no statistically significant differences in the associations of viruses of a given subgroup with mucosal or pulmonary alterations or suspected MD cases (Fig. 4) , nor did we see differences with regard to different age groups, breeds or other clinical, postmortem or haematological findings (data not shown). doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.022 id = cord-325273-w79fnkq1 author = Batchelder, Margaret title = Gerbils date = 2011-12-16 keywords = Brain; Meriones; Sibold; Thiessen; animal; figure; gerbil; mongolian; unguiculatus summary = The introduction and development of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, as a laboratory animal is recent, compared to other rodents. The Mongolian gerbil is an animal model for listeriosis, the disease resulting from infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Blanot et al., 1997) . Mongolian gerbils were first identified as a new animal model of inherited seizures in 1968 (Thiessen et al., 1968b) . Development of seizures in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Development and hormonal control of territorial marking in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as a model for the study of the epilepsies: EEG records of seizures Natural Hymenolepis nana infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Effects of isolation-rearing on the development of social behaviors in male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Mechanisms of territorial marking in the male and female Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) Experimentally induced Tyzzer''s disease in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00052-3 id = cord-011899-ukrk8nej author = Bidewell, Cornelia title = Suspected adverse reaction to erysipelas vaccine in sheep date = 2020-06-13 keywords = Animal summary = THE APHA and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) would like to draw vets'' attention to potential adverse reactions associated with the use of porcine vaccines in sheep, especially if footrot vaccines have previously been administered. Lameness due to erysipelas had been diagnosed in a previous lamb crop, so in January 2020, following cascade principles, ewes were vaccinated with Porcilis Ery (MSD Animal Health) (2 ml intramuscularly) six to seven weeks before the start of lambing. In the twin-bearing group, within 48 hours of vaccination, four sheep had died, 18 had aborted and 12 showed signs of severe lethargy and anorexia. The abortions were attributed to the suspected adverse reaction and a report was submitted to the VMD. There have been a small number of adverse reaction reports made to the VMD following the use of porcine erysipelas vaccine in sheep. In addition, veterinary surgeons are reminded to report any suspected adverse reactions to the VMD at www. doi = 10.1136/vr.m1482 id = cord-022561-rv5j1201 author = Boes, Katie M. title = Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date = 2017-02-17 keywords = EMH; Fig; anemia; animal; blood; cause; cell; chapter; disease; disorder; dog; lymph; lymphocyte; lymphoid; lymphoma; marrow; node; red; spleen summary = Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00013-8 id = cord-279146-8d3dym7g author = Bowlin, Melissa S. title = Grand Challenges in Migration Biology date = 2010-04-21 keywords = Kunz; animal; bird; migrant; migration; migratory summary = Such long-term knowledge and expertise will, over time, naturally lead to integrative studies, combining knowledge about different parts of the system to improve our understanding not only of the entire migration process, but, for example, how it connects to other life-history traits and its potential relevance for conservation. Integrating theoretical models Pennycuick (1998) argued that, in addition to field observations and laboratory-based studies, we need theoretical models to completely understand bird flight; the same is true for animal migration. It has often been observed that birds do not gain weight for one or more days following arrival at stopover sites, but it was unclear whether this search/settling behavior reflected time required to find the best feeding conditions, or a period of physiological recovery (Klaassen and Biebach 1994; Alerstam and Hedenström 1998; Guglielmo et al. doi = 10.1093/icb/icq013 id = cord-277573-g3z3gq1m author = Buffenstein, Rochelle title = Naked Mole Rat date = 2011-12-16 keywords = Buffenstein; Heterocephalus; Jarvis; animal; colony; female; mole; naked; rat; rodent summary = Since usually only one female breeds in a naked mole rat colony, the majority of animals (males and females) spend their entire lives in a suspended sterile "prepubescent" reproductive state. Naked mole rats support the evolutionary theory of aging which posits that species that have evolved in areas of low extrinsic mortality such as thermally buffered, sealed burrows that are protected from predation will evolve mechanisms better-suited for extended tissue maintenance and concomitant longevity; whereas those species living in a dangerous environment fraught with challenging climatic conditions and/or high predation risk will evolve life history traits that facilitate early reproduction and shorter lifespans. Hormonal and behavioral correlates of male dominance and reproductive status in captive colonies of the naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber Behavioral and hormonal changes in female naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) following removal of the breeding female from a colony doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-380920-9.00045-6 id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 keywords = animal; bacterial; disease; human; zoonotic summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id = cord-299315-s43gw24k author = Capps, Benjamin title = One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits date = 2015-09-16 keywords = Africa; Ebola; Health; animal; human; vaccine summary = In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Sure, while OH in this sense creates the grounds for humans to express compassion towards animals and ecosystems and to engage in novel approaches to health problems, overall it often achieves the same goals of prevention and response so far already installed in public health; so OH, in this sense, adds nothing to the ethical debate except by broadening the factors considered in any human cost-benefit analysis. Our proposal is for direct action to administer vaccinations to humans through public health and research paradigms, and additionally to animals to stave off future outbreaks in both populations. Such an approach, aimed at vaccinating animals in the first instance, would be preventative rather than reactive to an outbreak in human populations, by protecting across species and thereby creating a potential barrier to future occurrences of Ebola in the fauna. doi = 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7 id = cord-278195-1sle0d1j author = Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M. title = The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation date = 2020-06-24 keywords = Prokop; animal; emotion; fear; human; specie summary = The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) . doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277 id = cord-320988-yjxbm4tn author = Correa, M.T. title = Slum Livestock Agriculture date = 2014-08-21 keywords = India; animal; human; livestock; slum; urban summary = Notwithstanding the risk of disease transmission, slum livestock agriculture plays an essential role in the livelihoods of people and deserves consideration in urban planning and policy making. Notwithstanding the sociocultural differences, slums have some common characteristics: poor housing, often illegitimately built on private or public land with poor drainage and unfit for agriculture; overcrowded conditions; limited access to potable water; poor sanitation and lack of sewage or waste removal; high numbers of domestic pets; and clandestine keeping of livestock. Food animals in slums are a public health concern due to their potential for transmitting zoonotic diseases, unsafe food products, the risk of physical injuries and traffic accidents, and environmental contamination. In more densely populated slums, fewer animals are kept and enterprises are likely to be small scale; where more land is available, livestock keeping is more common and on a larger scale (Box 1). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00161-3 id = cord-352123-0bflqj1c author = Csiszar, Anna title = Companion animals likely do not spread COVID-19 but may get infected themselves date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; animal summary = Recent evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, similar to other coronaviruses, can infect several species of animals, including companion animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets although their viral loads remain low. In late March 2020, the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain (FASFC) in Belgium reported that a pet cat was diagnosed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 [21, 22] , showing that felines living in the household of people with COVID-19 are at risk of contracting the disease and may potentially spread the virus. On April 23, it was reported that two pet cats in New York state have tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2, which are the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in companion animals in the USA [22] . In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the situation is rapidly evolving and in the light of the recent evidence, we should be aware of the possibility that humans can be potentially infected with COVID-19 by animals, including by pet cats, dogs, or other domesticated species. doi = 10.1007/s11357-020-00248-3 id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Smith; States; United; animal; bovine; cattle; cause; clinical; day; diagnosis; differential; disease; etiology; goat; infection; lesion; necropsy; organism; ruminant; sheep; sign; treatment; virus summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id = cord-326873-11jgusov author = Dignard, Caroline title = Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review date = 2019-12-10 keywords = MRSA; animal; exposure; health; worker summary = Occupational exposure to animals is associated with a myriad of health and safety risks, including zoonotic infections, occupational injury, respiratory disease, and cancer [1] [2] [3] [4] . In the last 15 years, research on zoonotic infection risk has dominated the occupational health literature on the animal workforce, highlighting in particular exposure risk to drugresistant bacteria and influenza viruses and subsequent transmission from workers to the general public [6] [7] [8] . Since 2005, research on zoonotic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly the livestock-associated MRSA strains ST398 and CC9, have identified important public health concerns stemming from the misuse and overuse of these antibiotics in agriculture [15] [16] [17] . We identified eight original research papers and one review study focused on topics related to respiratory disease, exposure to allergens and dust, and airborne bacteria among animal workers. Research in 2018 and early 2019 on occupational health and safety topics involving animal workers highlighted the risks and interventions associated with infectious disease, respiratory disease, chemical exposure, and occupational injury. doi = 10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5 id = cord-305175-1wg0wodr author = Dolzhikova, I. V. title = Preclinical Studies of Immunogenity, Protectivity, and Safety of the Combined Vector Vaccine for Prevention of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2020 keywords = MERS; animal; vaccine summary = Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD(50) per mouse). For this Studies of the immunogenicity of the combined vector vaccine revealed the induction of long-term humoral immunity in mice, while the mean titer of glycoprotein-specific antibodies equaled 1 : 121,775 two weeks after vaccination at a dose of 10 7 v.p. per mouse. [13] , immunization of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene with a ChAdOx1 MERS vaccine at a dose 10 8 v.p. per mouse was shown to protect 100% of the animals from a lethal infection with MERS-CoV. doi = 10.32607/actanaturae.11042 id = cord-018404-jdu4h00e author = DuBourdieu, Dan title = Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals date = 2019-03-11 keywords = animal; antibody; calf; colostrum; passive summary = Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. This provides a rationale for the observations that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows may also afford passive immune protection against human pathogens in both humans and animals (Li-Chan et al. The animal industry has recognized this issue and has developed methods to produce specific antibodies in high titer against specific diseases that can be delivered in colostrum products. Passive antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases is a concept which dates back more than 120 years, to the 1890s, when the use of serum from immunized animals provided the first effective treatment options against infections with Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Hey 2015) . Passive immunity provided by chicken egg antibodies will gain increasing use in production animals. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_18 id = cord-021453-vf8xbaug author = Dysko, Robert C. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Animal; Ferguson; Peterson; Swaim; Veterinary; canine; cause; cell; clinical; day; diagnosis; disease; dog; infection; research; sign; treatment; tumor; wound summary = The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. doi = 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 keywords = LCMV; Mus; animal; disease; human; infection; laboratory; mouse; virus summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id = cord-287839-cslrz4yp author = Ehnert, Karen title = Border Health: Who''s Guarding the Gate? date = 2009-01-28 keywords = States; United; animal; import summary = The global trade market, the ease of transporting animals across continents and around the world, lower production costs in foreign countries, and market demand have resulted in a thriving pet trade of exotic animals, birds, and puppies, both purebred and small mixed breeds. Importation of livestock or other hoofed stock, birds, dogs, or other animals may require a permit and possibly quarantine in a USDA facility before the shipment is allowed to enter the United States. For example, dogs entering the United States from countries reporting cases of rabies need proof of a current rabies vaccination, or the importer must sign an agreement to confine the animal until appropriate vaccinations can be obtained and then for an additional 30 days after vaccination. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.10.012 id = cord-023731-jqgervt7 author = FENNER, FRANK title = Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases date = 2014-06-27 keywords = animal; antibody; diagnosis; viral; virus summary = Having allocated it to a particular family (e.g., Adenoviridae), one can then go on to determine the species or serotype (e.g., canine Immunodiffusion Antibody neutralizes infectivity of virion; inhibits cytopathology, reduces plaques, or protects animals Antibody inhibits viral hemagglutination Antigen-antibody complex binds complement, which is thereafter unavailable for the lysis of hemolysissensitized sheep red blood cells Antibody-aggregated virions are visible by electron microscopy Antibody labeled with fluorochrome binds to intracellular antigen; fluoresces by UV microscopy Peroxidase-labeled antibody binds to intracellular antigen; colored precipitate forms on adding substrate Enzyme-labeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody); substrate changes color Radiolabeled antibody (or antigen) binds to antigen (or antibody), e.g., attached to solid phase Antibodies and soluble antigens produce visible lines of precipitate in a gel adenovirus 1) by more discriminating serological procedures. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-253055-5.50017-7 id = cord-275465-vzw509cl author = Ferella, Alejandra title = Dinámica de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus respiratorio sincicial bovino date = 2020-05-11 keywords = BRSV; animal summary = Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus in a dairy herd from Santa Fe province, Argentina RESUMEN El virus respiratorio sincicial bovino (VRSB) es uno de los principales agentes responsables de enfermedad respiratoria en bovinos, tanto de tambos como de cría. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. The aim of this work was to study the dynamics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies from birth up to 36 months of age in a closed dairy herd of Argentina specifically around the lactation period. These results are in concordance with those reported by Tuncer et al., who detected the presence of maternal antibodies in 100% of the calves sampled at one month of age in dairy herds from Turkey 13 . doi = 10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.003 id = cord-336884-dyju6w15 author = Fielding, C.L. title = Disease Associated with Equine Coronavirus Infection and High Case Fatality Rate date = 2014-10-15 keywords = animal; horse summary = Outbreaks are associated with a low case fatality rate and a small number of animals with signs of encephalopathic disease are described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological and clinical features of two outbreaks of ECoV infection that were associated with an high case fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Equine coronavirus had a higher case fatality rate in this group of miniature horses than previously reported in other outbreaks of varying breeds. Hyperammonemia could contribute to signs of encephalopathic disease, and the fecal viral load might be of prognostic value in affected horses. Other common enteric pathogens of horses, including Salmonella enterica, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Lawsonia intracellularis, and Neorickettsia risticii were also investigated in feces of four of the sick horses by specific PCR. In the ID outbreak, resident farm horses displayed clinical signs of disease including decreased appetite, lethargy, and fevers ≤38.9°C approximately 2-3 days after show horses returned from competition (American Miniature Horse Association World Championship Show). doi = 10.1111/jvim.12480 id = cord-026031-hnf5vayd author = Ford, Richard B. title = Emergency Care date = 2009-05-21 keywords = Box; CNS; CRI; DIC; ECG; animal; blood; care; catheter; cause; clinical; dog; emergency; figure; fluid; immediate; occur; patient; place; severe; sign; surgical; table; treatment; wound summary = Fresh whole blood Coagulopathy with active hemorrhage (disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia; massive acute hemorrhage; no stored blood available) Stored whole blood Massive acute or ongoing hemorrhage; hypovolemic shock caused by hemorrhage that is unresponsive to conventional crystalloid and colloid fluid therapy; unavailability of equipment required to prepare blood components Packed red blood cells Nonregenerative anemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, correction of anemia before surgery, acute or chronic blood loss Fresh frozen plasma Factor depletion associated with active hemorrhage (congenital: von Willebrand''s factor, hemophilia A, hemophilia B; acquired: vitamin K antagonist, rodenticide intoxication, DIC); acute or chronic hypoproteinemia (burns, wound exudates, body cavity effusion; hepatic, renal, or gastrointestinal loss); colostrum replacement in neonates Frozen plasma Acute plasma or protein loss; chronic hypoproteinemia; (contains stable colostrum replacement in neonates; hemophilia B and clotting factors) selected clotting factor deficiencies Platelet-rich plasma* Thrombocytopenia with active hemorrhage (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, DIC); platelet function abnormality (congenital: thrombasthenia in Bassett hounds; acquired: NSAIDs, other drugs) Cryoprecipitate doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160138-3/50002-3 id = cord-021158-075vh5jg author = Fortané, Nicolas title = Antimicrobial resistance: preventive approaches to the rescue? Professional expertise and business model of French “industrial” veterinarians date = 2020-01-06 keywords = AMR; France; animal; antibiotic; medicine; veterinary summary = Using recent debates on the AMR problem, it proposes to examine the relationship between the development of professional veterinary expertise and of the drug market, based on the case of a specific segment of the profession, namely veterinarians specializing in industrial poultry and pig production in western France. Indeed, it is common to hear professional organizations or public authorities state that in order to reduce their economic dependence on antibiotic sales, vets must rethink their activity by favouring preventive approaches to animal health which would involve a diversified range of services and would contribute to placing vets in an advisory role with a holistic vision of livestock farming or even of the food supply chain (VetFuturs France 2018) . doi = 10.1007/s41130-019-00098-4 id = cord-305501-srq1bo2v author = Fèvre, Eric M. title = Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date = 2006-02-07 keywords = animal; disease; movement summary = In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. doi = 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004 id = cord-313072-8ndt7a2g author = Gazda, Lawrence S. title = A comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials date = 2016-11-11 keywords = Xenotransplantation; animal; cell; islet; porcine summary = First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes -chapter 2a: source pigs-preventing xenozoonoses First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes. The International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes-chapter 2: source pigs doi = 10.1111/xen.12277 id = cord-341263-j4ribasg author = Gjerde, Eli-Anne B title = Problems in physiological experimental animal models investigated with factorial design date = 2004-04-30 keywords = Reed; animal; rat summary = Abstract In the present study we investigated four variables using factorial design to decide if any of these could explain the variations in the control measurements of interstitial fluid pressure (P if) in rat trachea that were experienced. The experiments were performed since interstitial fluid pressure (P if ) in rat trachea in control animals was observed to be lowered, a response otherwise seen in acute inflammatory reactions such as following mast cell degranulation and neurogenic inflammation (Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Woie et al., 1993; Woie and Reed, 1994) . Under normal (non-inflammatory) conditions P if is slightly subatmospheric and the mean average and standard deviation measured over 60 or 90 min registration period for trachea is À1.45 7 0.36 mmHg. This average is taken from a total of 13 studies and 17 series of experiments containing all together 132 control animals giving a average of 7-8 animals per series (Gjerde et al., 1997 (Gjerde et al., , 2000 (Gjerde et al., , 2002 (Gjerde et al., , 2003 Koller and Reed, 1992; Koller et al., 1993; Wei et al., 1998; Woie et al., 1993 Woie and Reed, 1994 . doi = 10.1016/j.jeas.2004.01.002 id = cord-294956-9o3utlfx author = Gray, Carol title = Legal and Ethical Aspects of ‘Best Interests’ Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK date = 2020-06-09 keywords = animal; decision; good; interest summary = While recognising that similar dependencies may apply to decision-making in veterinary medicine in the UK, given the ethical imperative explicit in the oath sworn by Members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (MRCVS) "that, ABOVE ALL, my constant endeavour will be to ensure the health and welfare of the animals committed to my care" [14] , the authors argue that the role of the two human parties to the veterinary treatment decision should be for both to advocate for the animal patient, enabling a decision that is in the animal''s best interests in its individual medical situation and practical circumstances. The legal liabilities incumbent on both owner and veterinary surgeon under Sections 3, 4 and 9 of the AWA act as constraints to decision-making, not least the fact that killing or euthanasia of the patient are legal options open to the animal''s owner under Section 9, and that due to liabilities in Section 3, Coggon''s issue relating to resource provision may have a significant impact on the practical outcome of where ''best interests'' lie in a specific situation. doi = 10.3390/ani10061009 id = cord-002957-gw2cow0d author = Gray, Darren W. title = DIVA metabolomics: Differentiating vaccination status following viral challenge using metabolomic profiles date = 2018-04-05 keywords = UPLC; animal; bpi3v; day; vaccinated summary = The aims of the current study were therefore to assess the performance of Reverse Phase (RP) and Hydrophobic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) separation methods for Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) metabolomic profiling of bovine plasma and identify plasma metabolomic markers capable of differentiating between vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves following intranasal challenge with BPI3V. The selected panel of 383 unique AMRTPs (S3 Table) differentiating animals of different vaccination status at various time-points post-BPI3V challenge were deconvoluted to identify parent ion mass, adducts and low energy fragments using low and high energy data (Function 1 and 2 respectively), yielding 26 parent ions for elemental composition determination. The metabolomic profiling performed here in this study on post-BPI3V challenge acquired samples, has identified a unique panel of plasma metabolites which differ between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals, and significantly are involved in recognised immune response mechanisms. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0194488 id = cord-273284-1udq0roo author = Green, Jennah title = Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases date = 2020-09-11 keywords = APHA; animal; cite; import summary = We analyse a database of wildlife records from the UK''s Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) to summarise the volume and variety of non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) listed wild animal imports over a recent 5-year period (2014–2018). We obtained data pertaining to all consignments of live non-domesticated animals (excluding CITES listed species and all fish) imported into the UK recorded on the TRACES database, via a Freedom of Information request to APHA. In relation to the taxonomic class and the actual volume of wild animals traded (Columbiformes and Galliformes aside), the highest number of individual non-CITES listed live animals entering the UK during this time period were amphibians (73.1%, n = 2,492,156), followed by reptiles (16.8%, n = 578,772), mammals (4.4%; n = 150,638), birds (2.9%; n = 99,111), and arachnids (0.03%; n = 1083). doi = 10.3390/ani10091632 id = cord-022506-fkddo12n author = Griffin, Brenda title = Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date = 2011-12-05 keywords = animal; care; cat; disease; figure; health; housing; population; shelter; stress summary = Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00046-6 id = cord-017112-5men6dfk author = Gupta, Varsha title = Biosafety and Bioethics date = 2016-10-23 keywords = animal; cell; ethical; human; laboratory summary = Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Raising transgenic animals and plants has fueled ethical concerns, and the scientists have faced a lot of resistance where genetically modifi ed crop plants or reproductive cloning research of human beings is involved. Present-day biotechnology opens many opportunities in research and development, addressing medical issues and new ways to explore things; improving human health conditions, fi ght food, and feed problems; and so on. Bioethics addresses the ethical issues in all the streams of life sciences like health care, genetics, and medical research by applying the principles of morality and philosophy [ 37 ] . The study of the social and moral responses arising due to scientifi c invention or experimentation is "bioethics." Thus it led to granting of ethical clearance for any proposed research projects requiring animal or human experimenta-tions. doi = 10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_24 id = cord-256903-8lyw27gh author = Guzman, Efrain title = Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology date = 2018-12-06 keywords = animal; cell; human; mouse summary = Dendritic cells (DC) as such, and their role in immunity were first described in the 1970s and in 1995 Ralph Steinman published a series of papers describing that a cellular receptor called "DEC-205" (now CD205) was expressed on mouse DC, was involved in antigen processing (58, 59) and was detected by the monoclonal antibody NLDC-145. Studies in mice, for example, have shown the efficacy of vaccines against FMDV, however these efficacy studies have failed to be translated to the target species (cattle and pigs), presumably due to fundamental differences in the immune systems of model organisms and target species and the ability of the virus to mutate in these animals (112) . The role of bovine γδ T cells and their WC1 co-receptor in response to bacterial pathogens and promoting vaccine efficacy: a model for cattle and humans doi = 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307 id = cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author = Hardstaff, Jo L title = Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date = 2015-04-01 keywords = Europe; animal; country summary = Very few shipments of weaned cattle, sheep and goats require a rest period of 24 hours (Additional file 1), whereas many unweaned animals would require a 24 hour break in their journey from their point of origin to their Figure 1 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of cattle for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 2 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of pigs for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 4 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of goats for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4 id = cord-282101-2usqpy2j author = Hassan, Atef A. title = Nanomaterials and nanocomposite applications in veterinary medicine date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Hassan; NPs; animal; cell; effect; nanoparticle summary = Moreover, several nanocomposites can be used in various applications such as nanoshells to destroy cancer cells, alumino-silicate nanoparticles to reduce bleeding, carbon nanoparticles as sensors and for drug delivery, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for diagnosis, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) as antimicrobial agents, and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve MRI imaging (Chakravarthi and Balaji, 2010; Hassan et al., 2015b) . (2015) detected that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin production by respective fungal isolates was significantly diminished until complete inhibition by increasing the dose treatment with Fe 2 O 3 NPs. Moreover, the antimicrobial action of metal nanoparticles was suggested as being due to disrupting and penetration of the cell membrane of microorganism, damage and rupture of the cell wall and leakage of cytoplasm contents (Gajbhiye et al., 2009; Hassan et al., 2014 Hassan et al., , 2015a . The obtained results showed that the viability of microbial cells was inhibited and complete prevention of aflatoxin production occurred at a concentration level of 125 μg/mL of CNTs. Veterinary applications of metal nanoparticles have been used in various fields related to animal disease diagnosis and treatment as well as biological sensing. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-821354-4.00024-8 id = cord-265299-oovkoiyj author = Hickman, D.L. title = Commonly Used Animal Models date = 2016-11-25 keywords = Couto; Fig; Sohn; animal; model; mouse; rabbit; rat; research; study summary = The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th edition (National Research Council, 2011) is an internationally accepted document that outlines and discusses globally accepted environmental parameters for housing different species of animals including the mouse. Rats have been used as animal models in numerous areas of research from space exploration to answering more basic scientific questions regarding nutrition, genetics, immunology, neurology, infectious disease, metabolic disease, and behavior. Being social creatures, ideally rabbits should be housed in compatible pairs or trios unless contraindicated by the research objectives or by incompatibility of the animals (Sohn and Couto, 2012) . Rabbits are very easily heat stressed and thus must be kept at significantly lower temperatures than other laboratory animals like rats and mice. Historically, chickens (Gallus domesticus) are the most common bird species studied in biomedical and agricultural research and are a classic model in areas such as immunology, virology, infectious disease, embryology, and toxicology (Scanes and McNabb, 2003; Kaiser, 2012) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802151-4.00007-4 id = cord-266746-c0urbl6l author = Hicks, T.M. title = Protein-Rich By-Products: Production Statistics, Legislative Restrictions, and Management Options date = 2016-08-19 keywords = animal; feed; food; product; waste summary = Overall, increased global demand for animal-based products requires a substantially greater increase in plant and other feed resources, which will subsequently generate a much larger volume of protein-rich materials than currently produced. Since then, concern over the risks posed by ABPs, including infectious diseases (such as swine fever, foot and mouth) and other contaminants (such as dioxins), to human and animal health, has resulted in strict regulations regarding their safe handling and disposal (cunningham, 2003 ; department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). As such, most countries now have local regulations put in place that are typically broad in scope and directly affect any person or business that generates, uses, disposes, stores, handles, or transports food waste containing animal products and ABPs derived from the food processing industry. The regulations also control the use of ABPs as feed, fertilizer, and technical products with rules for their transformation via composting and biogas operations and their disposal via rendering and incineration (department for environment Food and rural Affairs, 2011). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-802391-4.00001-x id = cord-286050-l7868xqi author = Holloway, Lewis title = COVID-19 and a shifted perspective on infectious farm animal disease research date = 2020-05-12 keywords = animal summary = As a social scientist on the team, my thinking on BVD is influenced by discussions of biosecurity, or ''making life safe'' (Bingham et al. As COVID-19 took hold, we have very rapidly seen the application of all of these modes of biosecurity, which I had been thinking about in rather abstract terms and in relation to animals, back onto our own lives in very significant and concrete ways, forcing a recalibration of my perspective on animal and human infectious diseases together. Our research has been focusing on an animal disease which we have been told (e.g. by vets) should be relatively easy to eradicate through testing and/or vaccination-but BVD hasn''t been eradicated, it persists. His research focuses on changing agricultural practices, particularly those involving farmed animals and technologies. doi = 10.1007/s10460-020-10072-2 id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 keywords = Asia; animal; disease; human summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id = cord-274052-rjud75iz author = Horzinek, Marian C. title = Vaccine use and disease prevalence in dogs and cats date = 2006-10-05 keywords = animal; client; vaccination; veterinary summary = Abstract A yearly revaccination of adult pets against distemper, the adenoviral and parvoviral diseases is scientifically unwarranted, professionally obsolete and ethically questionable; other vaccinal antigens, however, may need yearly or even more frequent injections. From the immunologist''s viewpoint, the veterinary profession should weigh the perceived risks of side effects due to overvaccination together with vaccination failures against the true risks of a decreased herd immunity with the re-emergence of epidemics as a consequence. Finally, duration of immunity (DOI) experiments in dogs have now proven beyond reasonable doubt that 3 years protection is achieved against challenge with distemper, adenovirus-1 and parvovirus (Gore et al., 2005) . Post-vaccinal serology, however, is not new to companion animal medicine: evidence of antibodies to rabies virus decides whether a dog may travel. Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.002 id = cord-315362-u9slrjmk author = Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title = Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date = 2008-01-15 keywords = animal; disease; iberian; lynx summary = Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.018 id = cord-275959-mat7ul7c author = Johnson, Kristen A title = The future of animal science departments date = 2020-07-23 keywords = animal summary = His ideas provide an excellent foundation for articles from Argentina, China, Italy, and South Africa that describe the future of animal science research and teaching programs in these countries. They highlight the need for the incorporation of multidisciplinary training and thinking in the animal sciences curriculum and describe opportunities to embrace technology in information transfer in outreach and teaching. Rulien Grobler and her colleagues (Grobler et al., 2020) describe the dynamic animal sciences programs in South Africa and identify the need for flexibility and embracing technologies in training future animal scientists. As new methods for teaching are developed and used to meet the needs and careers of the future, animal and veterinary sciences must insure the effectiveness of the educational program offered. The similarity of challenges and needs for animal and veterinary training programs identified by the authors in this issue is both striking and comforting. doi = 10.1093/af/vfaa020 id = cord-294478-3ickafd3 author = Kapil, Sanjay title = Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date = 2008-05-22 keywords = ELISA; animal; diagnostic; disease; viral; virus summary = Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''''Mystery diseases'''' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.009 id = cord-255139-hswef5ky author = Khan, Safdar A. title = Differential Diagnosis of Common Acute Toxicologic Versus Nontoxicologic Illness date = 2018-11-30 keywords = animal; clinical summary = This article provides a display table laying out the differential diagnosis of common acute toxicologic versus nontoxicologic illnesses in small animals. Upon presentation of an acutely ill animal, a veterinary professional must consider poisoning as a potential cause among the differentials. Before obtaining a complete case history, the first goal should be to stabilize the patient and preserve life of the acutely ill animal irrespective of the cause. A majority of clinical cases on presentation are treated supportively as only a very few specific antidotes are available or needed for treating specific poisonings. Other samples for toxicology testing in a diagnostic laboratory include whole blood for heavy metal analysis (lead), blood cholinesterases (organophosphate poisoning), and presence of pesticides (anticoagulant rodenticides). Table 1 outlines some important toxicologic versus nontoxicologic rule-outs based on clinical abnormalities one must consider in an acutely ill animal. An acutely ill animal with sudden onset of clinical effects may often have multiple major clinical signs/abnormalities present. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.003 id = cord-352832-uih7alib author = Khoury, Bassam title = The Root Causes of COVID-19 Screech for Compassion date = 2020-06-03 keywords = animal; human summary = Apathy plays a central role in the persistence of the ecological crisis (Le Duc 2017), the current surge of infectious diseases, and the transmission of viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, from animals to humans. Compassion can be defined as an embodied, integrated state with cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions that is characterized by an altruistic attitude, an emphatic concern, and a desire to alleviate suffering in oneself and in others (Khoury 2019) . Similar studies have shown positive associations between compassion to other human beings and pro-environmental tendencies, including values, intentions, and actions (Pfattheicher et al. Mindfulness and compassion practices rooted in Buddhist ethics allow for overcoming greed by cultivating non-attachment, generosity, and humbleness; hatred through generating loving-kindness to all sentient beings and to nature; and delusion by recognizing the realities of impermanence, non-self, and interconnectedness. doi = 10.1007/s12671-020-01412-8 id = cord-289605-gvc673ij author = Klaunberg, Brenda A. title = Considerations for Setting up a Small-Animal Imaging Facility date = 2004 keywords = MIF; MRI; animal; imaging summary = Imaging techniques allow for the conduct of noninvasive, in vivo longitudinal small-animal studies, but also require access to expensive and complex equipment, and personnel who are properly trained in their use. In vivo imaging is a noninvasive way to gain insight into the animal''s anatomy and physiology 1 ; however, the unit cost and complexity of many such methods may preclude an investigator''s ability to gain access to such devices. At this time, the MIF has three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, a micro X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, two ultrasound scanners, a combined luciferase/GFP imager, and a laser Doppler imager. One must consider what types of animals and models could come to the facility for imaging, because these considerations will impact staffing choices, housing availability, and imaging modalities. A facility will need to plan for additional space for the electronics and console for the scanner as well as a preparation area outside the magnetic field. doi = 10.1038/laban0304-28 id = cord-022383-pz0htccp author = Kohn, Dennis F. title = Biology and Diseases of Rats date = 2013-11-17 keywords = Fig; SDAV; Sendai; animal; colony; disease; infection; lesion; rat; strain; tumor; virus summary = The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 id = cord-329466-u55ibep9 author = Kulpa-Eddy, Jodie title = Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date = 2011-12-31 keywords = Animal; Assay; Method; Products; requirement summary = The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. doi = 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005 id = cord-022255-5s2l1kua author = Kunstyr, Ivo title = Control of SPF Conditions: FELASA Standards date = 2007-09-02 keywords = animal summary = Finally, monitoring programs help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The term ''SPF'' means that the absence of individually listed microorganisms has been demonstrated for a population by regular monitoring of a sufficient number of animals at appropriate ages by appropriate and accepted methods. Finally, monitoring programmes help to detect and control potential sources of contamination and may therefore be of crucial importance for the management of a facility housing animals of a good microbiological quality. The Federation of the European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) publish recommendations dealing with health monitoring of either breeding colonies or experimental units (Kraft et al., 1994; Rehbinder et al., 1996) . doi = 10.1016/b978-012426400-7.50047-9 id = cord-281979-ab1hel2r author = LI, Xiao Yan title = The Main Biological Hazards in Animal Biosafety Level 2 Facilities and Strategies for Control date = 2016-04-30 keywords = China; animal; laboratory summary = Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Here, the regulations and standards related to laboratory biosafety in China are introduced, the potential biological hazards present in ABSL-2 facilities are analyzed, and a series of strategies to control the hazards are presented. Although Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (published jointly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health 1999, USA) is the gold standard for laboratory biosafety, the actual biosafety programs applied to control biological hazards in individual facilities depend on numerous factors, including the agents being used, the source of funding, and local codes, among others. Based on a combination of our own practical experience and consultation of these references [9] , here we consider aerosols, zoonoses, and laboratory-associated infections as the main biological hazards in ABSL-2 facilities. doi = 10.3967/bes2016.039 id = cord-268114-z5vcgqxd author = Larson, R.L. title = Epidemiology and disease control in everyday beef practice date = 2008-05-23 keywords = animal summary = A cattle population''s environment includes its housing type, animal density, air quality, and exposure to mud or dust and other health antagonists such as parasites and stress; these environmental factors influence the innate immunity of a herd by their impact on immunosuppression. One component of epidemiology is understanding the interaction among animals, potential pathogens, and the environment, in order to implement a herd-specific biosecurity plan [1, 2] . Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. Therefore to develop biosecurity plans for infectious disease in cattle, veterinarians must consider pathogen, environmental, and animal factors. For disease with no easily defined carrier state or for which accurate tests are not available, vaccination should be considered as a primary biosecurity tool if vaccination will result in an increased percentage of animal resistant to infection or a decreased likelihood of transmission of the agent (IBR). doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.011 id = cord-016782-aods92rf author = Lessenger, James E. title = Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date = 2006 keywords = animal; disease; farm; human; infection summary = Workers, visitors, inspectors, veterinarians, and people who live on or adjacent to farms, ranches, feedlots, processing plants, and other agricultural endeavors are at risk for contracting diseases from animals, poultry, or fish. Methods of preventing the transmission of infectious material from animals and poultry to agricultural workers mirror in many ways the safety techniques for protection from chemicals, trauma and other hazards (see Chapter 6) . Key to the prevention of the transmission of animal disease to humans is the proper processing of food products. Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish 369 Protective physical barriers in farm, ranch, or plant design allow for the raising or processing of food products without actual contact of humans with the animals or products. Production animals include cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, deer, and other animals grown in small to large farms and ranches for human consumption. doi = 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id = cord-011444-6jh3lvm3 author = Loureiro, Natália I. V. title = Solving an ethical issue involved in experimentation with animals in a brazilian teaching laboratory date = 2006-11-03 keywords = animal; sample; student summary = These were i) avoid the use of laboratory animals that would be sacrificed; ii) the inclusion of other topics of metabolism such as glycolysis, citric acid cycle, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis and catabolism, and ketogenesis in the experimental discussion; iii) the experiment should have low cost and be performed after the relevant theory material is studied; and finally iv) it also should be easy and fast, due to the limited time of the practical class. In this article, we will present the protocol and approach used in this practice class, also including the evaluation by student teaching assistants and undergraduate students from nine different courses ("Biological Science," "Pharmacy," "Medicine," "Veterinary Medicine," "Nutrition," "Nursing," "Odontology," "Chemistry," and "Industrial Chemistry"). After the preparation of the protocol and arranging all necessary laboratory material including the guarurine, it was possible to evaluate this new practical class with the group of student teaching assistants from the Biochemistry discipline (n ϭ 6). doi = 10.1002/bmb.2004.494032060404 id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 keywords = Aedes; Health; animal; disease; epidemic; human; plague; rat summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id = cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author = Malik, Yashpal Singh title = Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date = 2019-09-20 keywords = ELISA; PCR; animal; assay; detection; disease summary = However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00013-8 id = cord-309247-5arpo7gn author = Manskikh, V. N. title = Spontaneous and experimentally induced pathologies in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) date = 2017-12-15 keywords = animal; cause; mole; naked; rat summary = Since the risk of tumor development is clearly age dependent [18] , this is important for com paring with data on other animal species and on colonies of naked mole rats, as well as for answering the question about the incidence of spontaneous neoplasms in this species. Although the naked mole rat is an animal with unusually long for rodents lifespan, even the first profes sionally executed pathological studies revealed in it dis eases and tissue alterations characteristic for senescent short living rodents, including lipofuscinosis, sarcopenia, cortical hyperplasia of adrenals, megalocytosis of car diomyocytes and hepatocytes, dystrophic changes of intervertebral disks, heart changes of age related type, and also renal changes represented by CPN [3, 13, 46] . doi = 10.1134/s0006297917120094 id = cord-292742-mio4przi author = McAloose, Denise title = From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo date = 2020-10-13 keywords = CoV-2; Fig; PCR; SARS; Tiger; animal summary = KEYWORDS One Health, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, SARS-CoV-2, in situ hybridization, lion, rRT-PCR, tiger, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing, zoo, zoonotic infection C oronaviruses are a recognized cause of disease in humans and animals (1) . Subsequent to confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the animals, an epidemiologic investigation of zoo staff identified 10 zoo keepers and two managers who provided care for and had close (Յ1.8-m) but not direct contact with the tigers or lions between 16 March 2020 (the date on which the zoo was closed to the public due to the pandemic) and 27 March to 3 April 2020 (timeline of disease onset in the animals). Nine complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences (from four tigers, three lions, and two keepers) and eight full-length S gene sequences (from seven symptomatic animals and one asymptomatic animal) were generated directly from respiratory and/or fecal samples (Data Sets 3 and 4). doi = 10.1128/mbio.02220-20 id = cord-281874-dxbvfwqu author = McFarland, Richard title = Non-animal replacement methods for human vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions date = 2011-12-31 keywords = Animal; Assay; Products; requirement summary = To promote and advance the development and use of scientifically valid alternative methods for human and veterinary vaccine testing, NICEATM and ICCVAM organized the International Workshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety Testing: State of the Science and Future Directions. The goals of the international workshop were to (1) identify and promote the implementation of currently available and accepted alternative methods that can reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals in human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing; (2) review the state of the science of alternative methods and identify knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed; and (3) identify and prioritize research, development, and validation efforts needed to address these gaps in order to advance alternative methods that will also ensure continued protection of human and animal health. doi = 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.002 id = cord-001387-2g9dc5z4 author = McIntyre, K. Marie title = A Quantitative Prioritisation of Human and Domestic Animal Pathogens in Europe date = 2014-08-19 keywords = animal; index; pathogen summary = By coupling the H-index method with the EID2, the primary aim of this study was to establish priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe. Its potential as a quantitative One Health indicator (i.e. a single measure applicable to both human and animal diseases) was investigated by comparing scores for human-only, zoonotic, and animal-only pathogen groups, including emerging status as this would likely drive research impact. We investigated its value as a proxy for animal disease impact by comparing domestic animal pathogen H-indices with other measures of impact including presence on the OIE list [10] , and inclusion in DISCONTOOLS [11] . The study establishes priority lists of human and domestic animal pathogens (including zoonoses) present in Europe, using the H-index as a proxy measure for impact. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0103529 id = cord-273993-rkqijcxn author = Menchaca, A. title = CRISPR in livestock: From editing to printing date = 2020-01-29 keywords = CRISPR; Cas9; animal; dna; embryo summary = When applied in large animals, CRISPR involves timeand cost-consuming projects, and it is mandatory not only to choose the best approach for genome editing, but also for embryo production, zygote microinjection or electroporation, cryopreservation and embryo transfer. In addition, we discuss some CRISPR applications to enhance livestock production in the context of a growing global demand of food, in terms of increasing efficiency, reducing the impact of farming on the environment, enhancing pest control, animal welfare and health. The wide range of CRISPR applications in large animals include improving productive traits, enhancing animal welfare through adaptation and resilience, conferring resistance to infectious and transmissible diseases, generating animal models for biomedical research, and suppressing other species considered as pests for livestock. Genome editing mediated by SCNT is applied by some laboratories in some kind of projects (e.g., multiplex editing), but the high efficiency of CRISPR after direct microinjection into zygotes has allowed an easier approach (sheep: [6, 7, 15, 16] ; goats: [9, 17] ; pigs: [11, 13] ). doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.063 id = cord-022512-939pika7 author = Merck, Melinda D. title = Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases date = 2015-12-04 keywords = animal; case; cat; shelter summary = The veterinarian plays a role in the planning of the operation, at the crime scene, the temporary shelter, and the hospital receiving cats for more advanced treatment. Shelter design should take into account the number of cats, special housing needs, ease of handling, infectious disease, temperature control, airflow, foot traffic, noise levels, animal stress, and environmental enrichment. The standard medical protocols enacted depend on the known existing conditions and diseases within the population, the expected length of stay in the temporary shelter, and the expected disposition of the cats; however, a variety of infectious diseases (including respiratory, enteric, and dermatologic pathogens) should be expected. 9 Based on observed diarrhea findings at the scene, within the temporary shelter, or diagnostic test results, it may be reasonable to treat all cats for coccidiosis. The clinical management of large-scale feline cruelty cases starts at the scene and continues to the temporary housing in a shelter or hospital. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00069-4 id = cord-000777-7cty5s6o author = Merten, O.-W. title = Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view date = 2002-01-01 keywords = BVDV; CHO; CRL; animal; cell; contamination; line; virus summary = These may include the use of production media devoid of animal derived substances, validation of viral clearance in downstream processing or analytics for detecting adventitious viruses in cell culture and final biological product. However, the best means to increase the biological safety of the produced viral vaccines is the use of diploid or continuous cell lines, because it can be determined that such cells are free of animal derived viruses: This can be achieved by establishing master (seed stock) and working (distribution and user stocks) cell banks which have been rigorously tested and validated for the absence of microbial as well as viral contaminants (see chapter by Freshney and the section on ''Testing-virus screening in cell banks'' of this article). As animal derived substances such as serum can be contaminated by adventitious viruses, γ irradition is, after routine quality control for virus detection, the best method to increase the safety of using serum in the production of animal cell culture derived biologicals. doi = 10.1023/a:1022969101804 id = cord-345717-ktajrf7d author = Monagin, Corina title = Serologic and behavioral risk survey of workers with wildlife contact in China date = 2018-04-03 keywords = China; SARS; animal; risk summary = We report on a study conducted in Guangdong Province, China, to characterize behaviors and perceptions associated with transmission of pathogens with pandemic potential in highly exposed human populations at the animal-human interface. The present study focuses on the potential for zoonotic viral transfer through contact with wildlife in Guangdong prefectures in China, and seeks to augment our understanding and identification of risky populations, occupations, and behaviors, as well as the perceptions of risk at these interfaces. We performed a serological survey and concurrent behavioral questionnaire of individuals with wildlife contact in Guangdong Province, China, in order to better characterize occupations and community-level behavioral risks that contribute to zoonotic transmission of various wildlife pathogens with pandemic potential. We targeted high-risk individuals, defined as individuals with high levels of exposure to wildlife (wild animal blood or bodily fluids)-primarily hunters, persons working in wet markets and restaurants that butcher wild game, who could be followed over a period of time. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0194647 id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 keywords = Lyme; Nile; Rift; Valley; West; animal; disease; human; vaccine summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id = cord-259050-482nk9je author = Mätz‐Rensing, K. title = Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) date = 2009-06-07 keywords = animal; infection summary = Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. Background A severe upper respiratory tract infection occurred in a breeding group of rhesus monkeys housed together in one of six indoor/outdoor corals of the German Primate Center. The present case report describes an outbreak of respiratory diseases among rhesus monkeys induced by S. One month later, four more female animals developed severe upper respiratory tract infection. A fatal outbreak of streptococcus infection occurred in one of six breeding colonies housed in an indoor/outdoor facility. It was assumed that contact to a visitor with upper respiratory disease led to the initial infection of two elderly and closely related animals. The problem of the described outbreak for the breeding colony was not only the initial fatal infection but also the death of the first six animals. Outbreak of infection caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus among laboratory primates doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00359.x id = cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author = NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title = Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-21 keywords = animal; cause; clinical; diarrhea; disease; goat; rumen; sheep; sign; treatment summary = The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-169052-1/50006-5 id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 keywords = CDC; U.S.; United; animal; disease; health; human; medicine summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id = cord-281819-2roflnan author = Neethirajan, Suresh title = Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors date = 2020-08-26 keywords = animal; behavior; farm; livestock; sensor; technology; temperature summary = Real-time, continuous, and precise measurement of the multi-dimensions and complex intricacies of adaptive capacity of farm animals namely the mental, behavioral, and physiological states are possible only through the sensor-based approaches. Automated remote monitoring and detection of animal welfare indicating parameters using real-time analysis of sounds, images, videos, and data tracking for body and body weight conditions may improve biological metrics in livestock [14] . Farmers can more quickly detect livestock health problems by evaluating their animals'' physiological responses via measurements of the temperature in body parts, respiration rate, heart rate variability, body weight, feed, emotions, non-invasive biomarkers and water intake, activity, and movement. Garrido-Izard and colleagues have monitored a combination of ear skin temperature sensors, body weight measurement, and the amount of feed consumed and the duration per animal in order to identify animal behavior changes based on the integration of their intake patterns and the thermal data. doi = 10.3390/ani10091512 id = cord-293151-g3758oes author = Nemzek, Jean A. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2015-07-10 keywords = Animal; Ferguson; Peterson; Swaim; canine; clinical; complication; diagnosis; disease; dog; infection; laboratory; research; sign; treatment; tumor; wound summary = This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 id = cord-254559-3kgfwjzd author = Neo, Jacqueline Pei Shan title = The use of animals as a surveillance tool for monitoring environmental health hazards, human health hazards and bioterrorism date = 2017-05-31 keywords = Health; animal; human; sentinel; surveillance summary = Abstract This review discusses the utilization of wild or domestic animals as surveillance tools for monitoring naturally occurring environmental and human health hazards. Animals are an excellent channel for monitoring novel and known pathogens with outbreak potential given that more than 60 % of emerging infectious diseases in humans originate as zoonoses. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental health hazards, human health hazards, or bioterrorism. This review attempts to highlight animal illnesses, deaths, biomarkers or sentinel events, to remind human and veterinary public health programs that animal health can be used to discover, monitor or predict environmental and human health hazards, or bioterrorism. Furthermore, animals like domestic dogs and rodents spend more time outdoors and have greater exposure to the environment than humans, making them great surveillance tools for monitoring plague. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.007 id = cord-262336-onghrm7y author = Nevarez, Javier title = CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = Alligator; Crocodylus; Nile; WNV; american; animal; crocodilian; disease; figure summary = The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50009-3 id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 keywords = States; United; animal; cause; chapter; clinical; clostridium; disease; goat; infection; sheep; sign summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id = cord-018145-kssjdn8y author = Niemann, Heiner title = Transgenic Farm Animals: Current Status and Perspectives for Agriculture and Biomedicine date = 2009 keywords = animal; cell; dna; gene; production; transgenic summary = Guidelines developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA require monitoring the animals'' health in a specific pathogen free (SPF) facility, sequence validation of the gene construct, characterization of the isolated recombinant protein, and monitoring the genetic stability of the transgenic animals over several generations. Some gene constructs have failed to produce economically significant amounts of protein in the milk of transgenic animals indicating that the technology needs further refinement to insure consistent high-level expression. The use of somatic nuclear transfer will accelerate production of transgenic animals for mammary gland specific synthesis of recombinant proteins. In the pig, increased transgenic expression of a bovine lactalbumin construct in the mammary gland resulted in increased lactose content and increased milk production which resulted in improved survival and development of the piglets (Wheeler et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-85843-0_1 id = cord-341434-2xrdv92m author = Nowland, Megan H. title = Biology and Diseases of Rabbits date = 2015-07-10 keywords = Chermette; Control; Eimeria; Fox; Lawsonia; New; PCR; Pasteurella; Prevention; Songer; Zealand; animal; laboratory; rabbit; white summary = Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as ''snuffles'', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer''s disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9 id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Health; Toxocara; animal; cat; disease; dog; human; infection; pet; risk summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id = cord-022219-y7vsc6r7 author = PEIFFER, ROBERT L. title = Animals in Ophthalmic Research: Concepts and Methodologies date = 2013-11-17 keywords = Fig; IOP; animal; cell; cornea; eye; lens; model; ocular; rabbit; retinal; study; technique; tissue summary = While the majority of investigations have had as their objective ultimate correlation with normal and abnormal function and structure of the human eye, laboratory studies have provided an abundance of comparative information that emphasizes that while there are numerous and amazing similarities in the peripheral visual system among the vertebrate (and even the invertebrate) animals, significant differences exist that are important to both researcher and clinician in selection of a research model and in extrapolation of data obtained from one species to another, and even among different species subdivisions. The use of laboratory animals in the investigation of infectious ocular disease has included rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, and subhuman primates. Ames and Hastings (1956) described a technique for rapid removal of the rabbit retina, together with a stump of optic nerve, for use in short-term culture experi ments including in vitro studies of retinal response to light (Ames and Gurian, 1960) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-278006-6.50008-2 id = cord-018332-893cckyz author = Price, Jason D. title = Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness date = 2017-07-16 keywords = Bhonco; Camagu; Conroy; Luc; Morris; Qukezwa; South; animal; community; desire; law summary = Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Since capitalism bombards us with its definition of desire constantly, portrayals of what I''d like to call "postcolonial desire" in these novels offers a line of flight away from capitalist logic: a field of desire which can reorient one''s sense of self and relationships to others, animals, and the environment Woodward argues that animals can be focused on in literature and writing because human rights have been secured in South Africa. Like Morris and the assemblage of characters who work against the business proposal to "develop" the land and remove the baboons from their home in The Reluctant Passenger, Camagu, the outsider to the village of Qolorha-by-Sea and protagonist of Zakes Mda''s The Heart of Redness (2000), works to protect the community and environment of the village. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-56726-6_5 id = cord-315293-kng4z4kf author = Quesenberry, Katherine E. title = Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Mustela; animal; blood; chapter; ferret; vaccine summary = Most ferrets become relaxed with this hold, and the veterinarian can examine the oral cavity, head, and body; palpate the abdomen; vaccinate; and clean the ears. In a safety and efficacy study, Galaxy D proved effective in preventing canine distemper in young ferrets challenged after serial vaccination. Recombitek CDV (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) is also a recombinant canarypox vaccine approved for use in dogs that has been used in ferrets. 14 Two inactivated (killed) rabies vaccines are approved for use in ferrets in the United States: Imrab-3 or Imrab-3 TF (Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health) and Defensor 1 or Defensor 3 (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). In another study of 143 ferrets, the incidence of adverse events after administering either canine distemper (5.9%) (Fervac D), rabies (5.6%) (Imrab-3), or both vaccines (5.6%) did not differ significantly between groups. Intraosseous blood transfusions can be given to ferrets if an intravenous catheter cannot be placed. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00002-2 id = cord-331401-bhl729up author = Rantsios, A.T. title = Zoonoses date = 2015-09-22 keywords = Health; animal; disease summary = Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00770-4 id = cord-311260-eyvaazfj author = Rao, Ghanta N. title = Refinement of long-term toxicity and carcinogenesis studies() date = 2004-09-27 keywords = animal; chemical; study summary = journal: Fundam Appl Toxicol We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. We must continue to strive to find species and strains that can metabolize chemicals similar to humans, are small enough to be housed in large numbers, and have low prevalence of spontaneous lesions with sufficient life span to express the toxic and carcinogenic potential of chemicals. However, viral infections were associated with nonneoplastic lesions in lungs, nasal cavity, liver, and other organs of rats and mice and may complicate the identification and interpretation of toxic effects of chemicals (NTP, unpublished data). doi = 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90160-l id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Mycobacterium; animal; disease; human summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. doi = 10.3390/ani10091672 id = cord-285933-zcz7zte6 author = Rethorst, David N. title = Animal Health Equipment Management date = 2015-07-31 keywords = animal; clean; needle summary = Before disinfection, the equipment should be cleaned with soap and hot water at the end of each day and stored in a dry area. Equipment used for processing and treating cattle should be cleaned and disinfected daily, after use. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Establishing and following protocols during processing (eg, cleaning and disinfecting equipment at the end of the work day) is required to ensure a safe product that is free of defects and residues. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. Therefore, ensuring that needles are changed, implant guns are managed properly, vaccine is handled in an acceptable manner, and proper chute operation occurs is essential. doi = 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.009 id = cord-337028-8fh4pe3i author = Reyes, Leticia title = Different inflammatory responses are associated with Ureaplasma parvum-induced UTI and urolith formation date = 2009-01-26 keywords = CFU; UTI; animal summary = Animals were inoculated with sterile broth, 10(1), 10(3), 10(5), 10(7), or 10(9 )log CFU of a rat-adapted strain of Ureaplasma parvum. UTI complicated with struvite formation was characterized by an exaggerated immune response that was mostly neutrophilic (P ≤ 0.0001), with lesions that showed extensive uroepithelial hyperplasia (P ≤ 0.0001), and a predominance of IL-1α, IL-1β, and GRO/KC in the urine (P ≤ 0.02). Interestingly, the other 40% of F344 rats developed uncomplicated UTI that was characterized by low concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in urine as well as mild to moderate lesions in the lower urinary tract. In order to identify distinctive chemokine/cytokine patterns between clinical profiles associated with active infection, samples from animals within the Negative group were excluded from this analysis. As previously reported [13] , animals with asymptomatic UTI had significantly less pro-inflammatory urine cytokines and tissue damage when compared to rats with struvites. parvum in culture negative F344 rats Figure 7 Profiling the inflammatory response to different doses of U. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-9-9 id = cord-028275-szb45jm2 author = Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title = Animal models for human disease date = 2020-06-26 keywords = CIA; HLA; animal; arthritis; cell; disease summary = To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00008-2 id = cord-325433-a2fynm75 author = Riggs, Shannon M. title = CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = Figure; animal; disease; guinea; pig summary = The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient''s stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 id = cord-321901-zpi7uis1 author = Roberts, Anjeanette title = Animal models and antibody assays for evaluating candidate SARS vaccines: Summary of a technical meeting 25–26 August 2005, London, UK date = 2006-11-30 keywords = CoV; SARS; animal; antibody; vaccine summary = Scientists at the WHO Technical Meeting on Animal Models and Antibody Assays for Evaluating Candidate SARS Vaccines held on 25-26 August 2005 in South Mimms, UK, discussed many aspects of research pertaining to the use of animal models in vaccine development including available animal models, suitability of the various models, correlates of protection, critical components of potential vaccines, and the potential for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals following exposure to SARS-CoV. It may actually be worthwhile to enhance the virulence of a SARS-CoV isolate by serial passages in an animal model to produce a challenge virus stock for vaccine studies that would elicit more reproducible disease in the animals. Although none of the studies to date have shown enhanced respiratory disease following SARS-CoV challenge in previously immunized animals, further studies in this area are warranted in view of some of the available in vitro data. Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.009 id = cord-294312-ju6vuywm author = Rohde, Rodney E. title = Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date = 2019-04-19 keywords = animal; disease; rabie; virus summary = While in fact, today''s treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal''s nervous system, then to the brain. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-63979-8.00005-2 id = cord-256615-gvq8uyfk author = Rosenberg, Ronald title = Detecting the emergence of novel, zoonotic viruses pathogenic to humans date = 2014-11-22 keywords = RNA; animal; human; pathogen; virus summary = RNA viruses, with their high potential for mutation and epidemic spread, are the most common class of pathogens found as new causes of human illness. An analysis of virus discovery indicates that the small number of novel viruses discovered annually is an artifact of inadequate surveillance in tropical and subtropical countries, where even established endemic pathogens are often misdiagnosed. Many of the emerging viruses of the future are already infecting humans but remain to be uncovered by a strategy of disease surveillance in selected populations. Despite the differences in clinical presentation and geographical location, these three pathogens share three characteristics: all were unknown before found infecting humans, all are RNA viruses, and all have proven or putative non-human, animal sources. A single subtropical bat species hardly represents all mammal species and indeed many viruses are known to infect more than one species; they tested for only 9 of the 25 virus families pathogenic to humans. doi = 10.1007/s00018-014-1785-y id = cord-347872-naz24vct author = Rostal, Melinda K. title = Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date = 2012-11-02 keywords = H5N1; Health; animal; disease; wildlife summary = In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. doi = 10.1007/82_2012_271 id = cord-009381-q9s38fkh author = Roth, James A. title = Mechanistic Bases for Adverse Vaccine Reactions and Vaccine Failures date = 2007-09-28 keywords = MLV; animal; live; vaccine summary = The federal government regulations for the United States of America regarding veterinary vaccines 9 Contamination with extraneous agents 9 Failure to inactivate agent in killed vaccine 9 Residual virulence of vaccine organisms 9 Vaccination of immunosuppressed animal 9 Immune suppression induced by the vaccine 9 Excessive induction of cytokine release 9 Multiple vaccines administered concurrently 9 Hypersensitivity to vaccine antigens Type I--immediate type Type IImcytotoxic type Type IIImimmune complex type Type IVmdelayed type 9 Triggering or exacerbation of hypersensitivity to nonvaccine antigens Allergies Autoimmune disease 9 Induction of neoplastic changes 9 MLV BVD vaccine triggering mucosal disease in persistently infected cattle are found in the Virus Serum Toxin Act (VSTA) in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations (9 CFR). An example of vaccine-induced disease resulting from administration of vaccine to unhealthy animals is the induction of encephalitis by MLV canine distemper virus vaccine in dogs infected with canine parvovirus (Krakowka et al., 1982) . doi = 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80053-6 id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 keywords = H5N1; HIV; HIV-1; MPXV; Mers; NHP; Nipah; West; animal; disease; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 keywords = Nipah; SARS; animal; clinical; day; disease; experimental; human; infection; model; mouse; virus summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id = cord-265311-3lp5t9q8 author = Salman, M. D. title = The role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale: The impact of training and outreach programs date = 2009-12-01 keywords = NAHP; animal; health summary = The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. The aim of this paper is to present the design and implementation of training in disease investigation and basic veterinary epidemiology in selected countries using the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Asia strain as a disease detection model. Veterinary professionals throughout the world, mainly through their animal health services, are faced with having to fulfill a crucial role in protecting their country''s animal health status, providing sound surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases within their territories, and conducting scientifically valid risk analyses to establish justified import requirements. This paper presents the value and role of veterinary epidemiology in combating infectious animal diseases on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of training and outreach programs. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.004 id = cord-254264-jkug3jpz author = Schaefer, A. L. title = The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves date = 2007-12-31 keywords = BRD; animal; infrared; value summary = Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively). In the current study, the criteria for a gold standard for true positive disease was defined as any animal displaying two or more of the following symptoms: A core temperature of 40°C or higher, a white blood cell count of less than 7 or greater than 11 · 1000 lL À1 , a clinical score of 3 or higher and a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of less than 0.1 or greater than 0.8. Data collected in the present study demonstrated that infrared thermography scans of the orbital area in calves was efficacious as an early identifier of bovine respiratory disease onset. doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.008 id = cord-293079-z7dx6ey9 author = Schaefer, A. L. title = The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography date = 2012-10-31 keywords = BRD; animal; bovine; calf summary = The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). Many of the aforementioned technologies including clinical scores, haematology, acute phase proteins, cytokines, antibody response and core temperature monitoring are useful aids to the diagnosis of BRD particularly when its prevalence is high in a population and once the clinical signs of respiratory disease are present. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography to non-invasively identify animals with BRD in a population with a low prevalence of respiratory disease. The use of infrared thermography in the non-invasive, automated detection of calves displaying bovine respiratory disease doi = 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021 id = cord-268142-lmkfxme5 author = Schafrum Macedo, Aline title = Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? date = 2019-09-26 keywords = animal; bone; model; rabbit summary = title: Animal modeling in bone research—Should we follow the White Rabbit? Our aim here is to provide a broad overview of animal modeling and its ethical implications, followed by a narrower focus on bone research and the role rabbits are playing in the current scenario. 12 Five key bioethical points are considered when assessing the moral status of animal subjects in research: the presence of life, the ability to feel and perceive stimuli, the level of cognitive behavior, the degree of sociability, and the ability to proliferate. Animal models have taught us much about bone disorders and have been central to developing many treatments throughout history. 8, 17, 51 Rabbits are appealing models for bone research. Rabbits have potential as bone models but conclusive studies are still lacking. Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research Osteoporosis-bone remodeling and animal models doi = 10.1002/ame2.12083 id = cord-022404-cz3ruqxx author = Scott, Danny W. title = Dermatoses of Pet Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets date = 2009-05-15 keywords = Fig; alopecia; animal; ferret; lesion; rabbit; report; skin; treatment summary = Finally, these small creatures, especially mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are frequently used for studying models of human diseases (e.g., hereditary hypotrichoses and ichthyoses in mice and rats), for examining the pathogenesis of various dermatoses also seen in humans (e.g., contact hypersensitivity and candidiasis in guinea pigs), for evaluating therapeutic agents used in various human dermatoses (e.g., treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in guinea pigs and the use of retinoids in rhino mice), for studying percutaneous absorption and various aspects of dermatopharmacology (e.g., the mouse tail assay for studying epidermal drug effects), and for screening the potential irritancy or sensitization of topical agents (e.g., the guinea pig Draize test for contact allergens and the rabbit skin test for topical irritants)." doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7216-7618-0.50025-0 id = cord-280427-smqc23vr author = Singla, Rubal title = Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; animal; virus summary = The various evidence from the past clearly suggest that the evolution of the virus in both reservoir and intermediate animal hosts needs to be explored to better evaluate the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The qPCR and virus titration test conducted on the various isolated organs of the ferrets on day 4 post inoculation detected infectious virus in the nasal turbinate, soft palate and tonsils of ferrets indicating the possible replication of the virus in the upper respiratory tract of the ferrets while no infection was found in other organs such as trachea, lung, heart, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, brain and liver of the ferrets (Kim et al. This study results stipulate ferret to have high susceptibility for the SARS-CoV-2 and this infectious virus sheds by multiple routes of body discharge specimens such as urine and faeces of the infected ferrets which serve as a potential source of viral transmission to close contact. doi = 10.1007/s11259-020-09781-0 id = cord-022242-pb1p6vrd author = Stalheim, O.H.V. title = Major Infectious Diseases date = 2012-12-02 keywords = Animal summary = Con sumers spend about $5 billion annually for veterinary services (Hayes, 1984) , and a significant number of people (< 100) become ill each year with a zoonotic disease (i.e., one that is transmissible from animals to man) (U.S. Public Health Service, 1984) . That policy was carried to England and then to the United States, where it was instituted and carried out by the Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, in a series of brilliant programs, and the health of our animals was greatly improved (Stalheim, 1984) . However, the diseases of fish (Snieszko, 1970) , marine mammals (Fowler, 1978) , and fur-bearing animals (Lybashenko, 1973) now command much attention by a variety of biologists. In most cases, the names of the diseases conform to those selected for the Animal Diseases Thesaurus (Veterinary Services, USDA, 1984) , which was based on the 1971 Veterinary Subject Headings of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau in England. Diseases of Fur-Bearing Animals doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-092532-5.50015-5 id = cord-354904-7gq2e6f0 author = Staroverov, Sergey A. title = Prospects for the use of spherical gold nanoparticles in immunization date = 2018-11-06 keywords = GNP; TGEV; animal; antigen; gold summary = We used spherical gold nanoparticles (average diameter, 15 nm) as a platform for the antigen for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The literature data demonstrate that immunization of animals with the TGEV antigen coupled to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) not only activates antigen-presenting cells but also increases the proliferative activity of splenic lymphoid (antibody-forming) cells. Immunization with the TGEV antigen conjugated to GNPs as a carrier activates the respiratory activity of lymphoid cells and peritoneal macrophages, which is directly related to their transforming activity and to the activation of antibody generation. After the virus''s nucleic acid was inactivated with ribonuclease, the resultant antigen (a mixture of viral capsid proteins) was used for conjugation with GNPs and for subsequent animal immunization. A study of the respiratory activity of splenic lymphoid cells (Fig. 5) showed that after immunization with the conjugate, the activity increased 2.2-fold, as compared to the control, whereas after immunization with TGEV antigen alone, it did not change much. doi = 10.1007/s00253-018-9476-5 id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 keywords = Dr.; Health; Meyer; Public; States; United; Veterinary; animal; disease summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. doi = 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id = cord-285628-36gyix12 author = Stull, Jason W. title = Hospital-Associated Infections in Small Animal Practice date = 2015-03-31 keywords = Staphylococcus; animal; infection; risk; veterinary summary = The routine use of simple infection prevention practices can likely dramatically reduce HAIs. Infection control is the term best suited to the goal in small animal veterinary medicine of preventing (or, more practically speaking, limiting) the introduction and/or spread of pathogens with a group of patients and caregivers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently assessed domestic antibiotic resistance threats for people based on Box 1 Pathogens of concern in a small animal clinic Hospital-Associated Infections clinical and economic impact, incidence, transmissibility, availability of effective antimicrobials, and barriers to prevention. Staphylococcus S pseudintermedius and to a lesser extent S aureus are common causes of veterinary HAIs. 30 Both are frequently carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs and people (respectively), creating the potential for both endogenous infection (infection caused by bacteria the animal was harboring at the time of hospital admission) and acquisition of the pathogen during hospitalization directly or indirectly from other patients, the environment, or human caregivers. doi = 10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.009 id = cord-021457-wymtn8q9 author = Susanne, Rensing title = Husbandry and Management of New World Species: Marmosets and Tamarins date = 2007-09-02 keywords = Primates; World; animal; callitrichid; marmoset summary = The minimum equipment of a cage for callitrichids consists of a nest or sleeping-box, a sitting shelf, various branches of different size and, on different levels, a water bottle and a feeding bowl. Due to their small body size, limited gut volume, and rapid rate of food passage (Garber, 1986) callitrichids require a diet high in nutritional quality and available energy. If urine or faeces have to be sampled for 24 hours, animals have to be single housed in a metabolism cage for this period. For longer surgery, a combination of Saffan (18 mg/kg) and Valium ® (0.25 mg/animal) is reliable in common marmosets, and Ketamine (25 mg/kg) + Midazolam (25 mg/kg) for cotton-top tamarins. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which occurs very often as a latent infection in Old World Primates (OWP), seems not to be relevant in marmosets, and has been isolated from the salivary gland of tamarins without clinical symptoms (Nigida et al., 1979) . doi = 10.1016/b978-012080261-6/50010-6 id = cord-332233-01rdlf8l author = Tully, Thomas N. title = CHAPTER 12 MICE AND RATS date = 2009-12-31 keywords = animal; mouse; patient; rat; rodent; small summary = Mice can chew out of enclosures; therefore, it is important that the housing be "mouse proof." If an animal escapes, the best way to capture the pet is to place food in the center of the room. As with all diagnostic BOX 12-2 Retroorbital Blood Collection for Mice From procedures involving avian and exotic animals, an evaluation of the patient is required to determine its ability to withstand the stress associated with the assessment. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet mice. 9 Premedication and sedation doses for mice and rats are listed in Surgical procedures that are performed on mouse patients require similar techniques to those used with larger animals. Because most rodent diets are manufactured in the form of pellets or small biscuits that provide all recommended nutrients, there are few nutritional disease problems diagnosed in pet rats. doi = 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50015-9 id = cord-258389-1u05w7r4 author = Verma, Anju title = Animal tissue culture principles and applications date = 2020-06-26 keywords = CHO; animal; cell; culture; growth; line; medium; virus summary = The development of basic culture media has enabled scientists to work with a wide variety of cells under controlled conditions; this has played an important role in advancing our understanding of cell growth and differentiation, identification of growth factors, and understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal functions of various cell types. Many animal cells can be induced to grow outside of their organ or tissue of origin under defined conditions when supplemented with a medium containing nutrients and growth factors. With advancements in animal cell culture technology, a number of cell lines have evolved and are used for vaccine production, therapeutic proteins, pharmaceutical agents, and anticancerous agents. The animal cell culture can be grown for a wide variety of cell-based assays to investigate morphology, protein expression, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and toxicity in different environments. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00012-4 id = cord-329206-xsxkn5my author = Vojtkovská, Veronika title = Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review date = 2020-08-28 keywords = animal; assessment; behaviour; cat; shelter; stress; tool; welfare summary = This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts. Some of these comprehensive tools (modified Karnofsky score, CHEW [Cat HEalth and Wellbeing] tool, owner completed measure of feline QoL, CatQoL tool, the AWAG software, Shelter Quality and the shelter dog QoL evaluation tool) could be considered for shelter cats'' welfare assessment after some adjustments (these tools were developed for the use in different context, so they are not able to cover the full range of evaluation criteria requirements emerging from the shelter environment) or their principles could be used when creating a new assessment protocol. In this section, we discuss the options of assessing three categories of animal-based indicators-behavioural (Section 3.1), physiological (Section 3.2) and health (Section 3.3), which can be used to evaluate the welfare of shelter cats in a practical and scientific context. doi = 10.3390/ani10091527 id = cord-319044-5otz2w9v author = Walsh, Michael G. title = Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover date = 2020-10-08 keywords = animal; human; interface summary = Consequently, in order to block emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential (high-impact spillovers), biosurveillance systems must simultaneously consider critical animal-human interfaces, the performance and reach of the health systems, and the biosecurity of proximate transportation hubs that can serve as conduits for rapid global dissemination. The aims of the current work were therefore to (1) describe and quantify the global geography of the interfaces between mammalian and bird wildlife and humans and their domestic livestock; and (2) to synthesize the geography of the wildlifelivestock/poultry-human interface, poor health system performance , and the global network of air travel to identify cities whose global connectedness and proximity to animal-human interfaces indicate significant potential to serve as conduits for high-impact spillover. Raster data for mammalian and bird species richness, livestock and poultry densities, and human population density were acquired to describe the intersection of their geographic distributions as landscapes of potential animal-human interface. doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177 id = cord-349392-r71g2e9y author = Wang, L. -F. title = Bats, Civets and the Emergence of SARS date = 2007 keywords = China; SARS; animal summary = Virological and serological studies indicated that masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ), together with two other wildlife animals, sampled from a live animal market were infected with SARS-CoV or a closely related virus. Here, we review studies by different groups demonstrating that SARS-CoV succeeded in spillover from a wildlife reservoir (probably bats) to human population via an intermediate host(s) and that rapid virus evolution played a key role in the adaptation of SARS-CoVs in at least two nonreservoir species within a short period. Recently, two groups independently demonstrated that bats in the genus Rhinolophus are natural reservoirs of SARS-like viruses , providing strong evidence that SARS-CoV is indeed a new zoonotic virus with a wildlife origin. (2003) , SARS-CoV-like viruses were isolated from palm civets and a raccoon dog in a live animal market in southern China and serologic evidence indicted that a third species, the Chinese ferret-badger, was also infected by a similar virus. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_13 id = cord-006510-kruy0eex author = Weiner, H. Richard title = Diagnosis and prevention of rabies date = 2001 keywords = animal; exposure; rabie summary = The risk of rabies exposure can often be assessed by understanding the local reservoirs of the disease. In locales where domestic animal rabies has not been controlled, dog bites are by far the most common mode of transmission. These symptoms, which occur when the virus first reaches the central nervous system, are so nonspecific that only careful history-taking would suggest the disease. History of exposure to a potentially rabid animal limits what may otherwise become a diagnosis of exclusion, since rabies causes few findings that distinguish it from other viral encephalitides. Persons who face episodic and usually recognized exposure to the virus, a category which includes spelunkers, veterinarians, animal control and wildlife workers, and travelers to foreign areas In occupations where exposure risk is infrequent and comes from recognized sources (animal workers in areas of low enzooticity) should receive the primary vaccination course without further testing or booster. doi = 10.1007/s12019-001-0009-1 id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 keywords = BALB; C57BL/6; Control; Fig; Helicobacter; LCMV; MHV; PCR; SCID; animal; cell; complication; diagnosis; disease; dna; infection; laboratory; medicine; mouse; sign; strain; virus summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id = cord-320283-nkb9nzyt author = Wiebers, David O. title = What the COVID-19 Crisis Is Telling Humanity date = 2020-06-04 keywords = animal; human summary = The SARS-CoV-2 that has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have originated in bats and, via an intermediary such as the pangolin, to have found its way from a "wet market" where live wildlife species were being sold for human consumption in Wuhan, China, to one or more humans at that location [1] . As is likely with COVID-19, the outbreak of SARS (an earlier severe acute respiratory syndrome) in 2003 was the result of a coronavirus that originated in bats with subsequent infection of wild animals sold in live-animal street markets in China. The large-scale confinement of animals for human consumption has also played a major direct role in another ongoing health crisis in the USA and around the world -antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant infections constitute a major and growing global health threat and now kill an estimated 35,000 people in the USA and 700,000 people worldwide per year [20] . doi = 10.1159/000508654 id = cord-017154-h8hxroos author = Wielinga, Peter R. title = One Health and Food Safety date = 2014-07-19 keywords = AMR; Health; animal; disease; food summary = Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Given that 70 % of the rural population in poor countries is dependent on livestock as working animals to survive (FAO 2002) , the effect of these animals carrying a zoonotic disease can be dramatic, both relative to human health directly, but also as it affects the potential to earn an income. For global infectious disease safety national authorities report to WHO important outbreaks of human disease which have the potential of cross-border spread, under the auspices of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (WHO 2005) . Collaboration between the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission and the OIE have generated important guidance on how an integrated approach and the prudent use of antimicrobials may reduce the emergence of AMR in (food-)animals and subsequently in humans. doi = 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10 id = cord-017955-oipail5l author = Wilkie, David A. title = The Ophthalmic Examination as It Pertains to General Ocular Toxicology: Basic and Advanced Techniques and Species-Associated Findings date = 2013-08-29 keywords = Fig; IOP; OCT; animal; corneal; ocular; study summary = However, if the purpose of such a study is to screen for adverse effects on any ocular tissue including, at a minimum, the adnexal structures (eyelids and conjunctiva), anterior segment (cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens), and posterior segment (vitreous and fundus), the following must be included: Additional procedures may be included depending on the objective of the examination. Additional examination procedures such as direct ophthalmoscopy, corneal staining, tonometry, pachymetry, fluorescein angiography, photographic documentation (anterior or posterior segment), electrodiagnostic testing, ultrasonography, OCT, and other tests may be indicated depending on the study and toxicologic effects of interest. Examples of ocular findings that may be progressive during the course of the study and Common background abnormalities will vary by species, but may include ocular trauma associated with shipping, congenital embryonic remnants such as persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) and persistent hyaloid artery (PHA), extravasation of blood in association with a PHA, corneal opacity/dystrophy, coloboma (iris, lens, choroid), cataract, micropapilla, optic nerve hypoplasia, and retinal dysplasia [1, 7-9, 11, 16-28] . doi = 10.1007/7653_2013_7 id = cord-267188-1ldynibm author = Woldehanna, Sara title = An expanded One Health model: Integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface date = 2014-11-01 keywords = Health; Hmong; Lao; Tai; animal summary = The expanded model informed a new study approach to document the extent of human exposure to animals and explore the interplay of social and environmental factors that influence risk of transmission at the individual and community level. In this paper we propose an expanded One Health model that highlights the social determinants of human-animal exposure, describe a study approach that operationalizes the model to explore factors that influence the risk of transmission at the individual and community level and present some results that illustrate the effect of social factors on how people interact with animals. Finally, social factors also determine who is at risk from eating different meats: eating rats is an equal source of exposure for adults and children in both ethnic groups; the Hmong are more exposed to nonhuman primates and the Lao-Tai to bats as a result of eating; and men are more intensely exposed as they are more likely to eat raw meat compared to women. doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.059 id = cord-018706-gykw2nvt author = Yadav, Mahendra Pal title = Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date = 2020-02-23 keywords = FMD; H5N1; India; OIE; animal; disease; virus summary = The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ''spill-over'' and ''spill-back''; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_1 id = cord-275171-uokqn2u8 author = Zhang, Li title = Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China date = 2008-03-21 keywords = China; animal; chinese; consumption; wild; wildlife summary = 2. The current situation includes four types of consumer behavior among Chinese urban residents: using wild animals as food, using medicine or tonic products containing wildlife ingredients, wearing ornaments and garments made from wildlife, and keeping wildlife as pets. Regarding wild animal protection work, the percentage of those not supportive is much higher among heavy consumers than among the other two groups. With regard to the willingness to participate in public benefit activities for wild animal protection, a high percentage of heavy consumers are willing to take part in ecological tourism and provide monetary support, but the percentage of those willing to change their consumption behavior is lower than the other two groups. In this survey, we find that currently a high percentage of Chinese urban residents is still not clear about what wild animals are protected. doi = 10.1007/s10531-008-9358-8 id = cord-349300-x50tvq3a author = de Wit, Emmie title = Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection date = 2020-03-24 keywords = Fig; MERS; animal summary = Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Prophylactic remdesivir treatment initiated 24 h prior to inoculation completely prevented MERS-CoV−induced clinical disease, strongly inhibited MERS-CoV replication in respiratory tissues, and prevented the formation of lung lesions. Compared to vehicle-treated control animals, prophylactic remdesivir treatment resulted in significantly lower levels of MERS-CoV replication in the lungs, with lung viral loads 2.5 to 4 logs lower in each lung lobe (Fig. 3A) . Absence of histologic lung lesions, as seen in two out of the six animals with therapeutic remdesivir treatment, has so far rarely been observed in studies testing the efficacy of MERS-CoV antivirals in nonhuman primate models (13) (14) (15) (16) ; it has only been shown once before in one out of three common marmosets treated with hyperimmune plasma at 6 h after inoculation (17) . doi = 10.1073/pnas.1922083117 id = cord-006391-esnsa4u5 author = nan title = Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982 date = 1982 keywords = AMX; ATP; Doppler; Group; animal; blood; cell; control; day; effect; graft; increase; level; liver; method; normal; patient; rat; result; study summary = In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration. doi = 10.1007/bf01279099 id = cord-009583-ldkjqco6 author = nan title = NEWS date = 2014-10-28 keywords = AVA; Australia; Health; Veterinary; animal; crayfish; policy summary = • ensure all team members are kept abreast of changes in the clinic and given opportunities to provide suggestions to improve patient care and client service • recognise team members for their contributions • provide all staff with adequate resources and guidance to complete their jobs in a meaningful fashion and provide opportunities for growth and professional development • ensure all team members have clearly defined roles and are given autonomy to make decisions consistent with their position in the practice • encourage colleagues and supervisors to provide guidance and social support to help team members develop coping skills • take steps to create and maintain a positive work environment -this may include addressing conflicts among co-workers, ensuring all employees are treated equally and fairly, promoting civility and collegiality • consider current staff numbers and individual workloads to prevent excessive workload. doi = 10.1111/avj.137 id = cord-009594-0rfbmi0q author = nan title = NEWS date = 2014-11-26 keywords = AVA; Australian; Ebola; LIG; MERS; animal summary = Late last year, the American Veterinary Medical Association held a forum called ''The Conversation'' , 1 which involved veterinarians, ethicists and animal scientists who presented on the scientific, social, political, market, and legal aspects of how and why animal welfare decisions are made. We want to develop and advocate for good evidence-based policies that will provide the right number of veterinarians, with the right skills, in the right places, to meet Australia''s need for veterinary services into the future. Some additional skills and experience that are useful include being a member of community organisations, being a member of other boards and committees, a commitment to animal health and welfare, and the ability to prepare reports for the AVA Board. The AVA has been working closely with the Australian Department of Agriculture and human health groups to join this global campaign to promote responsible use of antibiotics. doi = 10.1111/avj.139 id = cord-009694-e59kuwf1 author = nan title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems date = 2006-06-06 keywords = Calves; Commission; Committee; EFSA; Escherichia; Scientific; Veterinary; Welfare; animal; calf; effect; feed; milk; risk summary = Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed. doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366 id = cord-009729-69swjzic author = nan title = Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats date = 2013-06-27 keywords = CONTAM; Council; Directive; EFSA; FCI; Food; Panel; Scientific; VTEC; animal; goat; inspection; meat; risk; sheep summary = Risk ranking of chemical hazards into categories of potential concern was based on the outcomes of the national residue control plans (NRCPs), as defined in Council Directive 96/23/EC for the period 2005-2010, and of other testing programmes, as well as on substance-specific parameters such as the toxicological profile and the likelihood of the occurrence of residues and contaminants in sheep and goats. It is recommended regarding chemical hazards, that FCI should be expanded for sheep and goats produced in extensive systems to provide more information on the specific environmental conditions where the animals are produced and that future monitoring programmes should be based on the risk of occurrence of chemical residues and contaminants, taking into account the completeness and quality of the FCI supplied, and the ranking of chemical substances into categories of potential concern, which ranking needs to be regularly updated. doi = 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265 id = cord-014516-r59usk02 author = nan title = Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2015-01-10 keywords = Animal; CHF; CRP; FCV; IBD; Ltd; PCR; SBP; University; cat; concentration; disease; dog; group; study summary = Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. doi = 10.1111/jvim.12491 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-022708-rr3xua38 author = nan title = News date = 2019-04-25 keywords = AVA; Australia; Veterinary; animal; pet; wildlife; work summary = In the November 2018 report ''Motivation, Satisfaction and Retention: Understanding the importance of vets'' day to day work experiences'' from the BVA and the University of Exeter, two of the key findings included ''feeling like one fits in with those who have been successful before you, and having role models'' as being important to motivating veterinarians, facilitating their professional satisfaction and retaining them in the profession. The federal Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is currently leading a working group comprising representatives from state governments, the Australian Veterinary Association, RSPCA Australia and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is currently developing their 7th strategic plan (2021-2024) and they too are looking at their future role, particularly on global issues such as food security, climate change, species conservation and the future of the veterinary profession. doi = 10.1111/avj.237 id = cord-104226-bb4lyvhy author = nan title = Monoclonal antiprothrombinase (3D4.3) prevents mortality from murine hepatitis virus (MHV-3) infection date = 1992-09-01 keywords = MHV-3; PCA; animal; antibody summary = The induction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulant activity (PCA) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection and disease. The results reported here demonstrate that a neutralizing antibody to PCA protects animals from fulminant hepatitis and death associated with MHV-3 infection, and supports the notion that PCA is a potent inflammatory mediator that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver injury resulting from MHV-3 infection. In contrast, mice infected with MHV-3 but treated with antibody to PCA showed a marked reduction in liver disease in all groups (25, 50 , and 100/.r ( were a few small loci of inflammatory cells with no necrosis (Fig. 2 D) . No fibrin was seen in the livers of infected mice treated with 100/~g of mAb. Treatment with anti-PCA alone resulted in no detectable histological evidence of liver disease in nonirLf~ed animals. doi = nan id = cord-307067-cpc1yefj author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ChAdOx1; DPI; GFP; MERS; animal summary = For Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS boosted antibody titers, and viral replication was completely absent from the respiratory tract tissue of these rhesus macaques. Viral load was higher for lower respiratory tract tissue obtained from animals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 GFP (n = 6) than from animals receiving a prime-only (n = 6) or a prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 MERS (n = 2) (Fig. 4B ). Notably, antigenic differences have been reported between S proteins from the Middle East and Africa (8), potentially affecting the efficacy of a vaccine based In conclusion, we show that a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 MERS results in protection against disease progression and virus replication associated with MERS-CoV challenge in the rhesus macaque, and a prime-boost regimen reduced viral replication further. doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aba8399 id = cord-340939-ikomc19t author = van Doremalen, Neeltje title = A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters date = 2019-06-06 keywords = Bangladesh; Fig; Malaysia; Nipah; animal summary = title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. All vaccinated animals challenged with NiV Malaysia survived with no signs of disease such as weight loss at any stage throughout the experiment. An adeno-associated virus vaccine expressing NiV G protein offered 50% protection against a lethal challenge with HeV in hamsters [46] . Furthermore, infectious virus could only be detected in the lungs of control animals and not in the lungs of vaccinated animals, and thus as in previous studies, ChAdOx1 NiV Belicited antibodies are able to provide protection against a lethal challenge with NiV. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462 id = cord-006250-cdt2wcr5 author = van der Logt, J. T. M. title = Microbiological effects and quality control in laboratory rodents date = 2013-07-01 keywords = SPF; animal; laboratory summary = The significance of biomedical research using laboratory animals has increased substantially because of the increased awareness of an-imal producers and investigators of the need to use high-quality animals with standardized microbiological status, under environmentally defined conditions, in their experiments. Programs to assess the health status of rodents, and characterize their microbiological status were improved, and monitoring data thereafter showed that breeders were able to produce and supply clean, specified pathogen free (SPF) animals (15, 16) . It is abundantly clear that for good comparison of experimental results obtained by different research groups, international standardization of programs used for microbiological characterization of SPF laboratory rodents is indispensable. Programs used for characterization of the microbiological status and routine monitoring should include daily clinical observation of the animals, histopathological searches for lesions of infectious diseases, cultures for bacteria and fungi, serological tests especially for viruses, and parasitological tests. doi = 10.1007/bf03324181 id = cord-257597-jy4a8al8 author = von Essen, Erica title = Instagranimal: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Challenges of Animal-Based Tourism date = 2020-10-08 keywords = animal; challenge; experience; human; technology; tourism; welfare summary = It discusses macrolevel drivers to animal-based tourism as an industry, the problem of cultural relativism and the role of technology in enhancing or promoting the experience. Develop, review and ensure implementation of animal welfare legislation and "best practice" guidelines in animal-based tourism among travel retailers, tour operators and animal users, emphasising the benefits from a sustainability and human perspective as well. Be a responsible tourist-inform yourself, contact travel retailers and tour operators, demand animal-friendly and ethically justifiable approaches (compassion-do no harm) to animals, humans and the environment in tourism (One Welfare). Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on the role of digital technology in animal-based tourism. Summary of workshop conclusions on legislation and policy, guidelines to tourists and calls for further research on compassionate animal-based tourism. doi = 10.3390/ani10101830