Carrel name: keyword-ards-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-ards-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.json key: cord-001262-8s7g2wvd authors: Zheng, Guoping; Huang, Lanfang; Tong, Haijiang; Shu, Qiang; Hu, Yaoqin; Ge, Menghua; Deng, Keqin; Zhang, Liuya; Zou, Bin; Cheng, Baoli; Xu, Jianguo title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study date: 2014-04-04 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-39 sha: doc_id: 1262 cord_uid: 8s7g2wvd file: cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.json key: cord-000492-ec5qzurk authors: Devaney, James; Contreras, Maya; Laffey, John G title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/cc10216 sha: doc_id: 492 cord_uid: ec5qzurk file: cache/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.json key: cord-001215-aj8nxi3x authors: Wang, Chen Yu; Calfee, Carolyn S.; Paul, Devon W.; Janz, David R.; May, Addison K.; Zhuo, Hanjing; Bernard, Gordon R.; Matthay, Michael A.; Ware, Lorraine B.; Kangelaris, Kirsten Neudoerffer title: One-year mortality and predictors of death among hospital survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-01-17 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3186-3 sha: doc_id: 1215 cord_uid: aj8nxi3x file: cache/cord-002016-vzn338ub.json key: cord-002016-vzn338ub authors: Thompson, B. Taylor; Ranieri, V. Marco title: Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no date: 2016-02-16 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4255-1 sha: doc_id: 2016 cord_uid: vzn338ub file: cache/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.json key: cord-001938-n2d5fw2f authors: Ong, David S. Y.; Spitoni, Cristian; Klein Klouwenberg, Peter M. C.; Verduyn Lunel, Frans M.; Frencken, Jos F.; Schultz, Marcus J.; van der Poll, Tom; Kesecioglu, Jozef; Bonten, Marc J. M.; Cremer, Olaf L. title: Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2016-03-01 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-015-4071-z sha: doc_id: 1938 cord_uid: n2d5fw2f file: cache/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.json key: cord-001661-dj9bxhwb authors: Kao, Kuo-Chin; Hu, Han-Chung; Chang, Chih-Hao; Hung, Chen-Yiu; Chiu, Li-Chung; Li, Shih-Hong; Lin, Shih-Wei; Chuang, Li-Pang; Wang, Chih-Wei; Li, Li-Fu; Chen, Ning-Hung; Yang, Cheng-Ta; Huang, Chung-Chi; Tsai, Ying-Huang title: Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy date: 2015-05-15 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0949-y sha: doc_id: 1661 cord_uid: dj9bxhwb file: cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.json key: cord-000539-uh3q65we authors: Zhang, Yi; Sun, Honglei; Fan, Lihong; Ma, Yuan; Sun, Yipeng; Pu, Juan; Yang, Jun; Qiao, Jian; Ma, Guangpeng; Liu, Jinhua title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029347 sha: doc_id: 539 cord_uid: uh3q65we file: cache/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.json key: cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 authors: Zhang, Xianming; Wu, Weiliang; Zhu, Yongcheng; Jiang, Ying; Du, Juan; Chen, Rongchang title: Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-01-08 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145694 sha: doc_id: 1910 cord_uid: 6zfz2ns5 file: cache/cord-000498-absjerdt.json key: cord-000498-absjerdt authors: Hagau, Natalia; Slavcovici, Adriana; Gonganau, Daniel N; Oltean, Simona; Dirzu, Dan S; Brezoszki, Erika S; Maxim, Mihaela; Ciuce, Constantin; Mlesnite, Monica; Gavrus, Rodica L; Laslo, Carmen; Hagau, Radu; Petrescu, Magda; Studnicska, Daniela M title: Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection date: 2010-11-09 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/cc9324 sha: doc_id: 498 cord_uid: absjerdt file: cache/cord-002078-38rmx65j.json key: cord-002078-38rmx65j authors: Korkmaz Ekren, Pervin; Basarik Aydogan, Burcu; Gurgun, Alev; Tasbakan, Mehmet Sezai; Bacakoglu, Feza; Nava, Stefano title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Prospective observational study date: 2016-05-31 journal: BMC Pulm Med DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0236-y sha: doc_id: 2078 cord_uid: 38rmx65j file: cache/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.json key: cord-001493-3yu2di1g authors: Fujishima, Seitaro title: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-05-07 journal: J Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32 sha: doc_id: 1493 cord_uid: 3yu2di1g file: cache/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.json key: cord-004067-psjyjvbu authors: Zhou, Yile; Yang, Yajie; Liang, Tao; Hu, Yan; Tang, Haihong; Song, Dongli; Fang, Hao title: The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS date: 2019-12-26 journal: J Transl Med DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02168-z sha: doc_id: 4067 cord_uid: psjyjvbu file: cache/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.json key: cord-003219-iryb3v0z authors: Kao, Kuo-Chin; Chang, Ko-Wei; Chan, Ming-Cheng; Liang, Shinn-Jye; Chien, Ying-Chun; Hu, Han-Chung; Chiu, Li-Chung; Chen, Wei-Chih; Fang, Wen-Feng; Chen, Yu-Mu; Sheu, Chau-Chyun; Tsai, Ming-Ju; Perng, Wann-Cherng; Peng, Chung-Kan; Wu, Chieh-Liang; Wang, Hao-Chien; Yang, Kuang-Yao title: Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning date: 2018-09-24 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0440-4 sha: doc_id: 3219 cord_uid: iryb3v0z file: cache/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.json key: cord-003198-1kw5v6rm authors: Vuillard, Constance; Pineton de Chambrun, Marc; de Prost, Nicolas; Guérin, Claude; Schmidt, Matthieu; Dargent, Auguste; Quenot, Jean-Pierre; Préau, Sébastien; Ledoux, Geoffrey; Neuville, Mathilde; Voiriot, Guillaume; Fartoukh, Muriel; Coudroy, Rémi; Dumas, Guillaume; Maury, Eric; Terzi, Nicolas; Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Yacine; Schneider, Francis; Grall, Maximilien; Guérot, Emmanuel; Larcher, Romaric; Ricome, Sylvie; Le Mao, Raphaël; Colin, Gwenhaël; Guitton, Christophe; Zafrani, Lara; Morawiec, Elise; Dubert, Marie; Pajot, Olivier; Mentec, Hervé; Plantefève, Gaëtan; Contou, Damien title: Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study date: 2018-09-11 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-018-0433-3 sha: doc_id: 3198 cord_uid: 1kw5v6rm file: cache/cord-002801-6myqgme3.json key: cord-002801-6myqgme3 authors: Yoon, Byung Woo; Lee, Seung Hyeun title: Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report date: 2017-12-20 journal: J Med Case Rep DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1514-x sha: doc_id: 2801 cord_uid: 6myqgme3 file: cache/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.json key: cord-002540-hgx0bfbz authors: Chen, Chaolei; Huang, Xiaomin; Ying, Zhaojian; Wu, Dengmin; Yu, Yani; Wang, Xiangdong; Chen, Chengshui title: Can glypican-3 be a disease-specific biomarker? date: 2017-05-16 journal: Clin Transl Med DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0146-5 sha: doc_id: 2540 cord_uid: hgx0bfbz file: cache/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.json key: cord-004450-daxz9yhp authors: Haeberle, Helene; Prohaska, Stefanie; Martus, Peter; Straub, Andreas; Zarbock, Alexander; Marx, Gernot; Zago, Manola; Giera, Martin; Koeppen, Michael; Rosenberger, Peter title: Therapeutic iloprost for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (the ThIlo trial): a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II study date: 2020-03-04 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4163-0 sha: doc_id: 4450 cord_uid: daxz9yhp file: cache/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.json key: cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 authors: Liu, Songqiao; Zhao, Zhanqi; Tan, Li; Wang, Lihui; Möller, Knut; Frerichs, Inéz; Yu, Tao; Huang, Yingzi; Pan, Chun; Yang, Yi; Qiu, Haibo title: Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method date: 2020-03-06 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-0647-z sha: doc_id: 4462 cord_uid: e8fbg6i6 file: cache/cord-004532-flo9139j.json key: cord-004532-flo9139j authors: Andrews, Peter; Azoulay, Elie; Antonelli, Massimo; Brochard, Laurent; Brun-Buisson, Christian; Dobb, Geoffrey; Fagon, Jean-Yves; Gerlach, Herwig; Groeneveld, Johan; Mancebo, Jordi; Metnitz, Philipp; Nava, Stefano; Pugin, Jerome; Pinsky, Michael; Radermacher, Peter; Richard, Christian; Tasker, Robert; Vallet, Benoit title: Year in review in intensive care medicine, 2004. I. Respiratory failure, infection, and sepsis date: 2004-12-18 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2529-5 sha: doc_id: 4532 cord_uid: flo9139j file: cache/cord-002782-mena480g.json key: cord-002782-mena480g authors: Chen, Jiajia; Wu, Jie; Hao, Shaorui; Yang, Meifang; Lu, Xiaoqing; Chen, Xiaoxiao; Li, Lanjuan title: Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) virus infection date: 2017-12-08 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17497-6 sha: doc_id: 2782 cord_uid: mena480g file: cache/cord-003397-fvrd128w.json key: cord-003397-fvrd128w authors: Herath, H. M. L. Y.; Jayasundara, J. M. H. D.; Senadhira, S. D. N.; Kularatne, S. A. M.; Kularatne, W. K. S. title: Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka date: 2018-12-29 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3631-6 sha: doc_id: 3397 cord_uid: fvrd128w file: cache/cord-003832-q1422ydi.json key: cord-003832-q1422ydi authors: Koyama, Kansuke; Katayama, Shinshu; Tonai, Ken; Shima, Jun; Koinuma, Toshitaka; Nunomiya, Shin title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors date: 2019-08-19 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2559-6 sha: doc_id: 3832 cord_uid: q1422ydi file: cache/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.json key: cord-005875-yp1ehpeg authors: Zhang, Dong; Qi, Bo-yang; Zhu, Wei- wei; Huang, Xiao; Wang, Xiao-zhi title: Crocin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by protecting against glycocalyx damage and suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways date: 2020-01-10 journal: Inflamm Res DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01314-z sha: doc_id: 5875 cord_uid: yp1ehpeg file: cache/cord-004515-x22q1f21.json key: cord-004515-x22q1f21 authors: Pottecher, Julien; Noll, Eric; Borel, Marie; Audibert, Gérard; Gette, Sébastien; Meyer, Christian; Gaertner, Elisabeth; Legros, Vincent; Carapito, Raphaël; Uring-Lambert, Béatrice; Sauleau, Erik; Land, Walter G.; Bahram, Seiamak; Meyer, Alain; Geny, Bernard; Diemunsch, Pierre title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients date: 2020-03-18 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4141-6 sha: doc_id: 4515 cord_uid: x22q1f21 file: cache/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.json key: cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 authors: Hassett, Patrick; Curley, Gerard F.; Contreras, Maya; Masterson, Claire; Higgins, Brendan D.; O’Brien, Timothy; Devaney, James; O’Toole, Daniel; Laffey, John G. title: Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury date: 2011-07-14 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2309-y sha: doc_id: 5686 cord_uid: k6t1q7q6 file: cache/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.json key: cord-003615-vpzzsdld authors: Thompson, Kelly B.; Krispinsky, Luke T.; Stark, Ryan J. title: Late immune consequences of combat trauma: a review of trauma-related immune dysfunction and potential therapies date: 2019-04-24 journal: Mil Med Res DOI: 10.1186/s40779-019-0202-0 sha: doc_id: 3615 cord_uid: vpzzsdld file: cache/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.json key: cord-005572-zdzeqc19 authors: Agarwal, Ritesh; Gupta, Dheeraj; Aggarwal, Ashutosh N.; Behera, Digamber; Jindal, Surinder K. title: Experience with ARDS caused by tuberculosis in a respiratory intensive care unit date: 2005-07-09 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-005-2721-2 sha: doc_id: 5572 cord_uid: zdzeqc19 file: cache/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.json key: cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 authors: Morty, Rory E.; Eickelberg, Oliver; Seeger, Werner title: Alveolar fluid clearance in acute lung injury: what have we learned from animal models and clinical studies? date: 2007-05-25 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0662-7 sha: doc_id: 5812 cord_uid: hx6lkuj0 file: cache/cord-012587-h3c9novk.json key: cord-012587-h3c9novk authors: Bos, Lieuwe D. J.; Paulus, Frederique; Vlaar, Alexander P. J.; Beenen, Ludo F. M.; Schultz, Marcus J. title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management date: 2020-09-17 journal: Ann Am Thorac Soc DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202004-376rl sha: doc_id: 12587 cord_uid: h3c9novk file: cache/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.json key: cord-005511-h5d2v4ga authors: Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A.; Bautista, Diego F.; Madriñán, Humberto J.; Valencia, Juan D.; Bermúdez, William F.; Quiñones, Edgardo; Calderón-Tapia, Luis Eduardo; Hernandez, Glenn; Bruhn, Alejandro; De Backer, Daniel title: Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study date: 2020-03-24 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00651-1 sha: doc_id: 5511 cord_uid: h5d2v4ga file: cache/cord-004385-xna32qve.json key: cord-004385-xna32qve authors: Zhou, Yuqing; Fu, Xiaofang; Liu, Xiaoxiao; Huang, Chenyang; Tian, Guo; Ding, Cheng; Wu, Jie; Lan, Lei; Yang, Shigui title: Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-02-20 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59732-7 sha: doc_id: 4385 cord_uid: xna32qve file: cache/cord-005621-a4bspoii.json key: cord-005621-a4bspoii authors: Roch, Antoine; Hraiech, Sami; Masson, Elodie; Grisoli, Dominique; Forel, Jean-Marie; Boucekine, Mohamed; Morera, Pierre; Guervilly, Christophe; Adda, Mélanie; Dizier, Stéphanie; Toesca, Richard; Collart, Fréderic; Papazian, Laurent title: Outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and brought to a referral center date: 2013-10-30 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-3135-1 sha: doc_id: 5621 cord_uid: a4bspoii file: cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.json key: cord-004092-wb150n8w authors: Nieman, Gary F.; Gatto, Louis A.; Andrews, Penny; Satalin, Joshua; Camporota, Luigi; Daxon, Benjamin; Blair, Sarah J.; Al-khalisy, Hassan; Madden, Maria; Kollisch-Singule, Michaela; Aiash, Hani; Habashi, Nader M. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0619-3 sha: doc_id: 4092 cord_uid: wb150n8w file: cache/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.json key: cord-005699-uf59ls0g authors: Leclerc, F.; Riou, Y.; Martinot, A.; Storme, L.; Hue, V.; Flurin, V.; Deschildre, A.; Sadik, A. title: Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf01711907 sha: doc_id: 5699 cord_uid: uf59ls0g file: cache/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.json key: cord-006773-61ezrjuq authors: Li, Hongqiang; Zhou, Runv; Wang, Chunmei; Li, Yusheng; Zheng, Guizhen; Jiang, Sen; Dong, Tiancao; Bai, Jianwen; Xu, Shumin title: T follicular regulatory cells infiltrate the human airways during the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome and regulate the development of B regulatory cells date: 2018-07-27 journal: Immunol Res DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9014-7 sha: doc_id: 6773 cord_uid: 61ezrjuq file: cache/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.json key: cord-005577-uk5wzk6m authors: Bachmann, D. C. G.; Pfenninger, J. title: Respiratory syncytial virus triggered adult respiratory distress syndrome in infants: A report of two cases date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02425060 sha: doc_id: 5577 cord_uid: uk5wzk6m file: cache/cord-005705-j765ruj1.json key: cord-005705-j765ruj1 authors: Dreyfuss, Didier title: Is it better to consent to an RCT or to care?: Μηδεν αγαν (“nothing in excess”) date: 2004-12-17 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2493-0 sha: doc_id: 5705 cord_uid: j765ruj1 file: cache/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.json key: cord-005985-csc3lfbm authors: Seeger, W.; Günther, A.; Walmrath, H. D.; Grimminger, F.; Lasch, H. G. title: Alveolar surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic prospects date: 1993 journal: Clin Investig DOI: 10.1007/bf00180100 sha: doc_id: 5985 cord_uid: csc3lfbm file: cache/cord-006251-danl62io.json key: cord-006251-danl62io authors: Jansen, Oliver; Kamp, Oliver; Waydhas, Christian; Rausch, Valentin; Schildhauer, Thomas Armin; Strauch, Justus; Buchwald, Dirk; Hamsen, Uwe title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in spina bifida and (H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2017-09-13 journal: J Artif Organs DOI: 10.1007/s10047-017-0992-3 sha: doc_id: 6251 cord_uid: danl62io file: cache/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.json key: cord-011197-bmigh2rs authors: Yener, Nazik; Üdürgücü, Muhammed title: Airway Pressure Release Ventilation as a Rescue Therapy in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-03-03 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03235-w sha: doc_id: 11197 cord_uid: bmigh2rs file: cache/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.json key: cord-005583-hmv8jjfl authors: Peters, M. J.; Tasker, R. C.; Kiff, K. M.; Yates, R.; Hatch, D. J. title: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children: case mix and the utility of respiratory severity indices date: 2013-12-27 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s001340050647 sha: doc_id: 5583 cord_uid: hmv8jjfl file: cache/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.json key: cord-006181-fkh2fzbr authors: Bednarczyk, Joseph M.; Kethireddy, Shravan; White, Christopher W.; Freed, Darren H.; Singal, Rohit K.; Bell, Dean; Ahmed, Syed Zaki; Kumar, Anand; Light, Bruce title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for blastomycosis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case series date: 2015-04-08 journal: Can J Anaesth DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0378-z sha: doc_id: 6181 cord_uid: fkh2fzbr file: cache/cord-005910-byffqwjd.json key: cord-005910-byffqwjd authors: Lewandowski, K.; Bartlett, R. H. title: Der alte Mann und die „I sea U“: Essay über Vertrauen, Schicksal und Evidenz – im Stil von Hemingway date: 2016-12-06 journal: Anaesthesist DOI: 10.1007/s00101-016-0239-3 sha: doc_id: 5910 cord_uid: byffqwjd file: cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.json key: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 authors: Raimondi, Francesco; Yousef, Nadya; Migliaro, Fiorella; Capasso, Letizia; De Luca, Daniele title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 journal: Pediatr Res DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0114-9 sha: doc_id: 5573 cord_uid: mryrl1s1 file: cache/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.json key: cord-010509-gipjuhhc authors: Xu, Jing; Pan, Tingting; Qi, Xiaoling; Tan, Ruoming; Wang, Xiaoli; Liu, Zhaojun; Tao, Zheying; Qu, Hongping; Zhang, Yi; Chen, Hong; Wang, Yihui; Zhang, Jingjing; Wang, Jie; Liu, Jialin title: Increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome was associated with high levels of plasma phenylalanine date: 2020-04-30 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01364-6 sha: doc_id: 10509 cord_uid: gipjuhhc file: cache/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.json key: cord-006237-oxbquzeg authors: Dwenger, A.; Beychok, C.; Schweitzer, G.; Pape, H. C.; Röllig, G.; Nerlich, M. L.; Jonas, E.; Funck, M.; Zimmermann, T.; Albrecht, S.; Schuster, R.; Lauschke, G.; Jaroß, W.; Kaever, V.; Schmitz, E.; Resch, K.; Brandl, H.; Böhm, W. -D.; Beckert, R.; Köstler, E.; Menschikowski, M.; Kacian, D.; Lawrence, T.; Sanders, M.; Putnam, J.; Majlessi, M.; McDonough, S.; Ryder, T.; Santana Rodríguez, J. J.; Sosa Ferrera, Z.; Afonso Perera, A.; González Díaz, V. title: Bioluminescence, chemiluminescence date: 1990 journal: Fresenius J Anal Chem DOI: 10.1007/bf00325727 sha: doc_id: 6237 cord_uid: oxbquzeg file: cache/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.json key: cord-006366-qpjvmwmp authors: Kinikar, Aarti Avinash; Kulkarni, Rajesh K.; Valvi, Chhaya T.; Mave, Vidya; Gupte, Nikhil; Khadse, Sandhya; Bhardwaj, Renu; Kagal, Anju; Puranik, Shaila; Gupta, Amita; Bollinger, Robert; Jamkar, Arun title: Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza 2009 in Pune, India date: 2011-10-20 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0578-7 sha: doc_id: 6366 cord_uid: qpjvmwmp file: cache/cord-011363-o1f398vn.json key: cord-011363-o1f398vn authors: Pitoni, Sara; D’Arrigo, Sonia; Grieco, Domenico Luca; Idone, Francesco Antonio; Santantonio, Maria Teresa; Di Giannatale, Pierluigi; Ferrieri, Alessandro; Natalini, Daniele; Eleuteri, Davide; Jonson, Bjorn; Antonelli, Massimo; Maggiore, Salvatore Maurizio title: Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics date: 2020-04-22 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-00969-5 sha: doc_id: 11363 cord_uid: o1f398vn file: cache/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.json key: cord-011286-8wxih7v6 authors: You, Qinghai; Wang, Jinmei; Jia, Dan; Jiang, Lijuan; Chang, Yuanmin; Li, Wenmei title: MiR-802 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting Peli2 date: 2019-11-06 journal: Inflamm Res DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01295-z sha: doc_id: 11286 cord_uid: 8wxih7v6 file: cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.json key: cord-005941-e4fvj54l authors: Hamm, H.; Fabel, H.; Bartsch, W. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 journal: Clin Investig DOI: 10.1007/bf00180279 sha: doc_id: 5941 cord_uid: e4fvj54l file: cache/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.json key: cord-006565-5c14oqn4 authors: Umans, U.; Golding, R.; Duraku, S.; Manoliu, R. title: Herpes simplex virus 1 pneumonia: conventional chest radiograph pattern date: 2001-02-24 journal: Eur Radiol DOI: 10.1007/s003300000696 sha: doc_id: 6565 cord_uid: 5c14oqn4 file: cache/cord-010550-lfbjvche.json key: cord-010550-lfbjvche authors: Petran, Jan; Muelly, Thorsten; Dembinski, Rolf; Steuer, Niklas; Arens, Jutta; Marx, Gernot; Kopp, Ruedger title: Validation of RESP and PRESERVE score for ARDS patients with pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (pECLA) date: 2020-05-02 journal: BMC Anesthesiol DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01010-0 sha: doc_id: 10550 cord_uid: lfbjvche file: cache/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.json key: cord-006505-u3znxf2b authors: Van Bever, H. P.; Van Doorn, J. W. D.; Demey, H. E. title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection date: 1992 journal: Eur J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/bf01954392 sha: doc_id: 6505 cord_uid: u3znxf2b file: cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.json key: cord-006700-df8ard9o authors: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C.; Suttorp, Norbert; Witzenrath, Martin title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 journal: Cell Tissue Res DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0 sha: doc_id: 6700 cord_uid: df8ard9o file: cache/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.json key: cord-019010-9xgwjvsv authors: Luna, C. M.; Valentini, R.; Rizzo, O. title: Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date: 2010-06-23 journal: Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10286-8_20 sha: doc_id: 19010 cord_uid: 9xgwjvsv file: cache/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.json key: cord-012010-5h2ox3hu authors: Bos, Lieuwe D.J.; Sinha, Pratik; Dickson, Robert P. title: Response to “COVID-19 conundrum: Clinical phenotyping based on pathophysiology as a promising approach to guide therapy in a novel illness” and “Strengthening the foundation of the house of CARDS by phenotyping on the fly” and “COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading?” date: 2020-08-03 journal: Eur Respir J DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02756-2020 sha: doc_id: 12010 cord_uid: 5h2ox3hu file: cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.json key: cord-010443-4jblod8j authors: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto; Chrousos, George P. title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00161 sha: doc_id: 10443 cord_uid: 4jblod8j file: cache/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.json key: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 authors: nan title: Lungenversagen date: 2007 journal: Chirurgische Intensivmedizin DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-29682-0_10 sha: doc_id: 17126 cord_uid: 7ebo3cy3 file: cache/cord-028337-md9om47x.json key: cord-028337-md9om47x authors: Ketcham, Scott W.; Sedhai, Yub Raj; Miller, H. Catherine; Bolig, Thomas C.; Ludwig, Amy; Co, Ivan; Claar, Dru; McSparron, Jakob I.; Prescott, Hallie C.; Sjoding, Michael W. title: Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-03 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03108-w sha: doc_id: 28337 cord_uid: md9om47x file: cache/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.json key: cord-018685-i7s04fh5 authors: Bromberg, Z.; Deutschman, C. S.; Weiss, Y. G. title: Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury date: 2007 journal: Intensive Care Medicine DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49433-1_28 sha: doc_id: 18685 cord_uid: i7s04fh5 file: cache/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.json key: cord-011875-ga0dzj3v authors: Tsolaki, Vasiliki; Zakynthinos, George E. title: Are Patients with COVID-19 Dying of or with Cardiac Injury? date: 2020-07-15 journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1083le sha: doc_id: 11875 cord_uid: ga0dzj3v file: cache/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.json key: cord-012045-1cqqj84n authors: Li, Tiao; Zou, Chunbin title: The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-07-08 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144842 sha: doc_id: 12045 cord_uid: 1cqqj84n file: cache/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.json key: cord-017853-mgsuwft0 authors: Machado, Roberto F.; Garcia, Joe G. N. title: Genomics of Acute Lung Injury and Vascular Barrier Dysfunction date: 2010-06-28 journal: Textbook of Pulmonary Vascular Disease DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_63 sha: doc_id: 17853 cord_uid: mgsuwft0 file: cache/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.json key: cord-025865-jjjr3ymt authors: Eastin, Carly; Eastin, Travis title: Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. date: 2020-06-03 journal: J Emerg Med DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.007 sha: doc_id: 25865 cord_uid: jjjr3ymt file: cache/cord-006459-9kizif98.json key: cord-006459-9kizif98 authors: Deng, Guangcun; Bi, Jianmin; Kong, Fuli; Li, Xuezhu; Xu, Qiang; Dong, Jun; Zhang, Miaojie; Zhao, Lihong; Luan, Zhihua; Lv, Nana; Qiao, Jian title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice date: 2009-11-28 journal: Arch Virol DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0560-0 sha: doc_id: 6459 cord_uid: 9kizif98 file: cache/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.json key: cord-017854-ff3gm50j authors: Bromberg, Z.; Weiss, Y. G.; Deutschman, C. S. title: Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammation date: 2007 journal: Mechanisms of Sepsis-Induced Organ Dysfunction and Recovery DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30328-6_8 sha: doc_id: 17854 cord_uid: ff3gm50j file: cache/cord-023890-z346hh2c.json key: cord-023890-z346hh2c authors: Cotogni, Paolo; Trombetta, Antonella; Muzio, Giuliana; Brizzi, Maria Felice; Canuto, Rosa Angela title: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cytokines: Their Relationship in Acute Lung Injury date: 2015 journal: Diet and Nutrition in Critical Care DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_112 sha: doc_id: 23890 cord_uid: z346hh2c file: cache/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.json key: cord-025163-iyh0d6mj authors: Ding, Lin; Zhao, Yu; Li, Xuyan; Wang, Rui; Li, Ying; Tang, Xiao; Sun, Bing; He, Hangyong title: Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers date: 2020-05-24 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05085-5 sha: doc_id: 25163 cord_uid: iyh0d6mj file: cache/cord-102679-6dpo073b.json key: cord-102679-6dpo073b authors: TRONCHE, P.-A.; LALANDE, R.; BLONDONNET, R.; ROSZYK, L.; ZHAI, R.; MORAND, D.; PEREIRA, B.; SAPIN, V.; MALINOVSKY, J.-M.; MOURVILLIER, B.; CONSTANTIN, J.-M.; COUSSON, J.; JABAUDON, M. title: Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol date: 2020-10-07 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.05.20207217 sha: doc_id: 102679 cord_uid: 6dpo073b file: cache/cord-003532-lcgeingz.json key: cord-003532-lcgeingz authors: nan title: 39th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium, 19-22 March 2019 date: 2019-03-19 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2358-0 sha: doc_id: 3532 cord_uid: lcgeingz file: cache/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.json key: cord-025920-9p5x26ge authors: Qadir, Nida; Chen, Jen-Ting title: Adjunctive Therapies in ARDS: The Disconnect Between Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice date: 2020-06-03 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.022 sha: doc_id: 25920 cord_uid: 9p5x26ge file: cache/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.json key: cord-017897-mbwm0ytg authors: Chiumello, Davide; Marino, Antonella; Cammaroto, Antonio title: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management date: 2018-10-01 journal: Practical Trends in Anesthesia and Intensive Care 2018 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94189-9_11 sha: doc_id: 17897 cord_uid: mbwm0ytg file: cache/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.json key: cord-016142-7j5cdt1b authors: Chiang, Eddie T.; Wang, Ting; Garcia, Joe G. N. title: Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers date: 2010-06-28 journal: Textbook of Pulmonary Vascular Disease DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_12 sha: doc_id: 16142 cord_uid: 7j5cdt1b file: cache/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.json key: cord-020490-sjz5mbbr authors: Mahida, R. Y.; Matsumoto, S.; Matthay, M. A. title: Extracellular Vesicles in ARDS: New Insights into Pathogenesis with Novel Clinical Applications date: 2019-11-30 journal: Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-37323-8_4 sha: doc_id: 20490 cord_uid: sjz5mbbr file: cache/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.json key: cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 authors: Kaisy, Dr. Maythem Abdulhassan Al title: Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. date: 2020-08-14 journal: Visual Journal of Emergency Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.visj.2020.100862 sha: doc_id: 252085 cord_uid: 8dq3gdo8 file: cache/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.json key: cord-005777-6rvfsx4p authors: nan title: PS 0420-0716 date: 2007-08-25 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0823-8 sha: doc_id: 5777 cord_uid: 6rvfsx4p file: cache/cord-028835-jby1btv7.json key: cord-028835-jby1btv7 authors: Rilinger, Jonathan; Zotzmann, Viviane; Bemtgen, Xavier; Schumacher, Carin; Biever, Paul M.; Duerschmied, Daniel; Kaier, Klaus; Stachon, Peter; von zur Mühlen, Constantin; Zehender, Manfred; Bode, Christoph; Staudacher, Dawid L.; Wengenmayer, Tobias title: Prone positioning in severe ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation date: 2020-07-08 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03110-2 sha: doc_id: 28835 cord_uid: jby1btv7 file: cache/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.json key: cord-033298-4d40yyzu authors: Fiedler, M. O.; Reuß, C. J.; Bernhard, M.; Beynon, C.; Hecker, A.; Jungk, C.; Nusshag, C.; Michalski, D.; Brenner, T.; Weigand, M. A.; Dietrich, M. title: Fokus Beatmung, Sauerstofftherapie und Weaning: Intensivmedizinische Studien aus 2019/2020 date: 2020-10-07 journal: Anaesthesist DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00859-7 sha: doc_id: 33298 cord_uid: 4d40yyzu file: cache/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.json key: cord-035326-qjp37j7x authors: Sryma, P.B.; Mittal, Saurabh; Madan, Karan; Mohan, Anant; Hadda, Vijay; Tiwari, Pawan; Guleria, Randeep title: Reinventing the Wheel in ARDS: Awake Proning in COVID-19 date: 2020-11-11 journal: Arch Bronconeumol DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.06.013 sha: doc_id: 35326 cord_uid: qjp37j7x file: cache/cord-013306-35jiycem.json key: cord-013306-35jiycem authors: Tarazan, Nehal; Alshehri, Moayad; Sharif, Sameer; Al Duhailib, Zainab; Møller, Morten Hylander; Belley-Cote, Emilie; Alshahrani, Mohammed; Centofanti, John; McIntyre, Lauralyn; Baw, Bandar; Meade, Maureen; Alhazzani, Waleed title: Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials date: 2020-10-23 journal: Intensive Care Med Exp DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00348-6 sha: doc_id: 13306 cord_uid: 35jiycem file: cache/cord-029646-oujgcciq.json key: cord-029646-oujgcciq authors: Gupta, Ena; Awsare, Bharat; Hiroshi, Hitoshi; Cavarocchi, Nicholas; Baram, Michael title: Don’t Drive Blind: Driving Pressure to Optimize Ventilator Management in ECMO date: 2020-07-23 journal: Lung DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00381-y sha: doc_id: 29646 cord_uid: oujgcciq file: cache/cord-253355-dii5zszf.json key: cord-253355-dii5zszf authors: Khan, Sheharyar; Choudry, Erum; Mahmood, Syed Uzair; Mulla, Aisha Y; Mehwish, Syeda title: Awake Proning: A Necessary Evil During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-03 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8989 sha: doc_id: 253355 cord_uid: dii5zszf file: cache/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.json key: cord-015126-cyhcbk1j authors: nan title: PS 0036-0344 date: 2007-08-25 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-007-0820-y sha: doc_id: 15126 cord_uid: cyhcbk1j file: cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.json key: cord-031033-v4yetn4f authors: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Dickson, Robert; Torres, Antoni; Hanberger, Håkan; Lipman, Jeffrey; Antonelli, Massimo; de Pascale, Gennaro; Bozza, Fernando; Vincent, Jean Louis; Murthy, Srinivas; Bauer, Michael; Marshall, John; Cilloniz, Catia; Bos, Lieuwe D. title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03219-4 sha: doc_id: 31033 cord_uid: v4yetn4f file: cache/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.json key: cord-254083-ea94wn3f authors: Fowler, Alexander J.; Wan, Yize I.; Carenzo, Luca; Haines, Ryan W. title: COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis date: 2020-08-15 journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1293le sha: doc_id: 254083 cord_uid: ea94wn3f file: cache/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.json key: cord-258087-93yfs7ve authors: Flores, Carlos; del Mar Pino-Yanes, Maria; Villar, Jesús title: A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury date: 2008-10-25 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/cc7098 sha: doc_id: 258087 cord_uid: 93yfs7ve file: cache/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.json key: cord-104423-fxo36z1s authors: Ghelichkhani, Parisa; Esmaeili, Maryam title: Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary date: 2020-04-11 journal: Arch Acad Emerg Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 104423 cord_uid: fxo36z1s file: cache/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.json key: cord-253129-v5lck9l7 authors: Kim, Kyeong Tae; Morton, Sophie; Howe, Sarah; Chiew, Yeong Shiong; Knopp, Jennifer L.; Docherty, Paul; Pretty, Christopher; Desaive, Thomas; Benyo, Balazs; Szlavecz, Akos; Moeller, Knut; Shaw, Geoffrey M.; Chase, J. Geoffrey title: Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-02-01 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-4035-7 sha: doc_id: 253129 cord_uid: v5lck9l7 file: cache/cord-259204-27t269pd.json key: cord-259204-27t269pd authors: Grimaldi, D.; Aissaoui, N.; Blonz, G.; Carbutti, G.; Courcelle, R.; Gaudry, S.; D'Hondt, A.; Higny, J.; Horlait, G.; Hraiech, S.; Lefebvre, L.; Lejeune, F.; Ly, A.; Piagnerelli, M.; Sauneuf, B.; Serck, N.; Soumagne, T.; Szychowiak, P.; Textoris, J.; Vandenbunder, B.; Vinsonneau, C.; Lascarrou, J. B. title: Characteristics and outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome related to COVID-19 in Belgian and French Intensive Care Units according to antiviral strategies. The COVADIS multicenter observational study. date: 2020-07-07 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.28.20141911 sha: doc_id: 259204 cord_uid: 27t269pd file: cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.json key: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 authors: Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock date: 2008-11-27 journal: Psychosom Konsiliarpsychiatr DOI: 10.1007/s11800-008-0129-x sha: doc_id: 15384 cord_uid: bz7ui5a0 file: cache/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.json key: cord-260577-t4w4pw12 authors: Imai, Yumiko; Kuba, Keiji; Penninger, Josef M. title: The renin–angiotensin system in acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2006-08-07 journal: Drug Discov Today Dis Mech DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2006.06.012 sha: doc_id: 260577 cord_uid: t4w4pw12 file: cache/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.json key: cord-256385-g1wcfrfi authors: Badraoui, Riadh; Alrashedi, Mousa M.; El-May, Michèle Véronique; Bardakci, Fevzi title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 date: 2020-08-05 journal: Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1803139 sha: doc_id: 256385 cord_uid: g1wcfrfi file: cache/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.json key: cord-258896-ck7lh9rg authors: Perez-Nieto, Orlando Ruben; Guerrero-Gutiérrez, Manuel Alberto; Zamarron-Lopez, Eder Ivan; Deloya-Tomas, Ernesto; Gasca Aldama, Jose Carlos; Ñamendys-Silva, Silvio Antonio title: Impact of Asynchronies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-08-20 journal: Crit Care Explor DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000200 sha: doc_id: 258896 cord_uid: ck7lh9rg file: cache/cord-032608-zw540s64.json key: cord-032608-zw540s64 authors: Elsayed, Hany Hasan title: Dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19, a surprise? date: 2020-09-24 journal: Cardiothorac Surg DOI: 10.1186/s43057-020-00032-1 sha: doc_id: 32608 cord_uid: zw540s64 file: cache/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.json key: cord-266423-s8lqdpvn authors: Jose, Ricardo J.; Manuel, Ari title: Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disprove the Obesity Paradox in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? date: 2020-05-22 journal: Obesity (Silver Spring) DOI: 10.1002/oby.22835 sha: doc_id: 266423 cord_uid: s8lqdpvn file: cache/cord-256051-87alqfkd.json key: cord-256051-87alqfkd authors: Revzin, Margarita V.; Raza, Sarah; Warshawsky, Robin; D’Agostino, Catherine; Srivastava, Neil C.; Bader, Anna S.; Malhotra, Ajay; Patel, Ritesh D.; Chen, Kan; Kyriakakos, Christopher; Pellerito, John S. title: Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date: 2020-10-01 journal: Radiographics DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200149 sha: doc_id: 256051 cord_uid: 87alqfkd file: cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.json key: cord-034469-ew90eef4 authors: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre; Fodor, Gergely H.; Kassai, Miklos; Degrugilliers, Loic; Bayat, Sam; Petak, Ferenc; Habre, Walid title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01559-x sha: doc_id: 34469 cord_uid: ew90eef4 file: cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.json key: cord-266067-wrouqdcj authors: Haywood, Nathan; Byler, Matthew R.; Zhang, Aimee; Roeser, Mark E.; Kron, Irving L.; Laubach, Victor E. title: Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-09-17 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186820 sha: doc_id: 266067 cord_uid: wrouqdcj file: cache/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.json key: cord-271180-cnrs0zpg authors: Rizvi, Saniya; Danic, Michael; Silver, Mark; LaBond, Virginia title: Cytosorb Filter: An adjunct for survival in the COVID-19 patient in cytokine storm? A case report. date: 2020-09-18 journal: Heart Lung DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.09.007 sha: doc_id: 271180 cord_uid: cnrs0zpg file: cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.json key: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj authors: nan title: 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date: 1996 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02316512 sha: doc_id: 5646 cord_uid: xhx9pzhj file: cache/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.json key: cord-261370-jp5sqqwc authors: Bollag, Wendy B.; Gonzales, Joyce N. title: Phosphatidylglycerol and Surfactant: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19? date: 2020-09-16 journal: Med Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110277 sha: doc_id: 261370 cord_uid: jp5sqqwc file: cache/cord-014538-6a2pviol.json key: cord-014538-6a2pviol authors: Kamilia, Chtara; Regaieg, Kais; Baccouch, Najeh; Chelly, Hedi; Bahloul, Mabrouk; Bouaziz, Mounir; Jendoubi, Ali; Abbes, Ahmed; Belhaouane, Houda; Nasri, Oussama; Jenzri, Layla; Ghedira, Salma; Houissa, Mohamed; Belkadi, Kamal; Harti, Youness; Nsiri, Afak; Khaleq, Khalid; Hamoudi, Driss; Harrar, Rachid; Thieffry, Camille; Wallet, Frédéric; Parmentier-Decrucq, Erika; Favory, Raphaël; Mathieu, Daniel; Poissy, Julien; Lafon, Thomas; Vignon, Philippe; Begot, Emmanuelle; Appert, Alexandra; Hadj, Mathilde; Claverie, Paul; Matt, Morgan; Barraud, Olivier; François, Bruno; Jamoussi, Amira; Jazia, Amira Ben; Marhbène, Takoua; Lakhdhar, Dhouha; Khelil, Jalila Ben; Besbes, Mohamed; Goutay, Julien; Blazejewski, Caroline; Joly-Durand, Isabelle; Pirlet, Isabelle; Weillaert, Marie Pierre; Beague, Sebastien; Aziz, Soufi; Hafiane, Reda; Hattabi, Khalid; Bouhouri, Mohamed Aziz; Hammoudi, Driss; Fadil, Abdelaziz; Harrar, Rachid Al; Zerouali, Khalid; Medhioub, Fatma Kaaniche; Allela, Rania; Algia, Najla Ben; Cherif, Samar; Slaoui, Mohamed Taoufik; Boubia, Souhail; Hafiani, Y.; Khaoudi, A.; Cherkab, R.; Elallam, W.; Elkettani, C.; Barrou, L.; Ridaii, M.; Mehdi, Rihi El; Schimpf, Caroline; Mizrahi, Assaf; Pilmis, Benoît; Le Monnier, Alban; Tiercelet, Kelly; Cherin, Mélanie; Bruel, Cédric; Philippart, Francois; Bailly, Sébastien; Lucet, Jc; Lepape, Alain; L’hériteau, François; Aupée, Martine; Bervas, Caroline; Boussat, Sandrine; Berger-Carbonne, Anne; Machut, Anaïs; Savey, Anne; Timsit, Jean-François; Razazi, Keyvan; Rosman, Jérémy; de Prost, Nicolas; Carteaux, Guillaume; Jansen, Chloe; Decousser, Jean Winoc; Brun-Buisson, Christian; Dessap, Armand Mekontso; M’rad, Aymen; Ouali, Zouhour; Barghouth, Manel; Kouatchet, Achille; Mahieu, Rafael; Weiss, Emmanuel; Schnell, David; Zahar, Jean-Ralph; Artiguenave, Margaux; Sophie, Paktoris-Papine; Espinasse, Florence; Sayed, Faten El; Dinh, Aurélien; Charron, Cyril; Geri, Guillaume; Vieillard-Baron, Antoine; Repessé, Xavier; Kallel, Hatem; Mayence, Claire; Houcke, Stéphanie; Guegueniat, Pascal; Hommel, Didier; Dhifaoui, Kaouther; Hajjej, Zied; Fatnassi, Amira; Sellami, Walid; Labbene, Iheb; Ferjani, Mustapha; Dachraoui, Fahmi; Nakkaa, Sabrine; M’ghirbi, Abdelwaheb; Adhieb, Ali; Braiek, Dhouha Ben; Hraiech, Kmar; Ousji, Ali; Ouanes, Islem; Zaineb, Hammouda; Abdallah, Saousen Ben; Ouanes-Besbes, Lamia; Abroug, Fekri; Klein, Simon; Miquet, Mattéo; Thouret, Jean-Marc; Peigne, Vincent; Daban, Jean-Louis; Boutonnet, Mathieu; Lenoir, Bernard; Merhbene, Takoua; Derreumaux, Celine; Seguin, Thierry; Conil, Jean-Marie; Kelway, Charlotte; Blasco, Valery; Nafati, Cyril; Harti, Karim; Reydellet, Laurent; Albanese, Jacques; Aicha, Narjess Ben; Meddeb, Khaoula; Khedher, Ahmed; Ayachi, Jihene; Fraj, Nesrine; Sma, Nesrine; Chouchene, Imed; Boussarsar, Mohamed; Yedder, Soumaya Ben; Samoud, Walid; Radhouene, Bousselmi; Mariem, Bousselmi; Ammar, Asma; Cheikh, Asma Ben; Lakhal, Hend Ben; Khelfa, Messaouda; Hamdaoui, Yamina; Bouafia, Nabiha; Trampont, Timothée; Daix, Thomas; Legarçon, Vincent; Karam, Henri Hani; Pichon, Nicolas; Essafi, Fatma; Foudhaili, Nasreddine; Thabet, Hafedh; Blel, Youssef; Brahmi, Nozha; Ezzouine, Hanane; Kerrous, Mahmoud; Haoui, Saad El; Ahdil, Soufiane; Benslama, Abdellatif; Abidi, Khalid; Dendane, Tarek; Oussama, Ssouni; Belayachi, Jihane; Madani, Naoufal; Abouqal, Redouane; Zeggwagh, Amine Ali; Ghadhoune, Hatem; Chaari, Anis; Jihene, Guissouma; Allouche, Hend; Trabelsi, Insaf; Brahmi, Habib; Samet, Mohamed; Ghord, Hatem El; Habiba, Ben Sik Ali; Hajer, Nouira; Tilouch, Najla; Yaakoubi, Sondes; Jaoued, Oussama; Gharbi, Rim; Hassen, Mohamed Fekih; Elatrous, Souheil; Arcizet, Julien; Leroy, Bertrand; Abdulmalack, Caroline; Renzullo, Catherine; Hamet, Maël; Doise, Jean-Marc; Coutet, Jérôme; Cheikh, Chaigar Mohammed; Quechar, Zakaria; Joris, Magalie; Beauport, Dimitri Titeca; Kontar, Loay; Lebon, Delphine; Gruson, Bérengère; Slama, Michel; Marolleau, Jean-Pierre; Maizel, Julien; Gorham, Julie; Ameye, Lieveke; Berghmans, Thierry; Paesmans, Marianne; Sculier, Jean-Paul; Meert, Anne-Pascale; Guillot, Max; Ledoux, Marie-Pierre; Braun, Thierry; Maestraggi, Quentin; Michard, Baptiste; Castelain, Vincent; Herbrecht, Raoul; Schneider, Francis; Couffin, Severine; Lobo, David; Mongardon, Nicolas; Dhonneur, Gilles; Mounier, Roman; Le Borgne, Pierrick; Couraud, Sophie; Herbrecht, Jean-Etienne; Boivin, Alexandra; Lefebvre, François; Bilbault, Pascal; Zelmat, Setti-Aouicha; Batouche, Djamila-Djahida; Mazour, Fatima; Chaffi, Belkacem; Benatta, Nadia; Sik, Ali Habiba; Talik, I.; Perrier, Maxime; Gouteix, Eliane; Koubi, Claude; Escavy, Annabelle; Guilbaut, Victoria; Fosse, Jean-Philippe; Jazia, Rahma Ben; Abdelghani, Ahmed; Cungi, Pierre-Julien; Bordes, Julien; Nguyen, Cédric; Pierrou, Candice; Cruc, Maximilien; Benois, Alain; Duprez, Frédéric; Bonus, Thierry; Cuvelier, Grégory; Ollieuz, Sandra; Machayekhi, Sharam; Paciorkowski, Frédéric; Reychler, Gregory; Coudroy, Remi; Thille, Arnaud W.; Drouot, Xavier; Diaz, Véronique; Meurice, Jean-Claude; Robert, René; Turki, Olfa; Ben, Hmida Chokri; Assefi, Mona; Deransy, Romain; Brisson, Hélène; Monsel, Antoine; Conti, Filomena; Scatton, Olivier; Langeron, Olivier; Ghezala, Hassen Ben; Snouda, Salah; Ben, Chiekh Imen; Kaddour, Moez; Armel, Anwar; Youness, Lafrikh; Abdelhak, Bensaid; Youssef, Miloudi; Najib, Al Harrar; Mustapha, Amouzoun; Noufel, Mtioui; Mohamed, Zamd; Salma, El Khayat; Ghizlane, Medkouri; Mohamed, Benghanam; Benyounes, Ramdani; Montini, Florent; Moschietto, Sébastien; Gregoire, Emilien; Claisse, Guillaume; Guiot, Julien; Morimont, Philippe; Krzesinski, Jean-Marie; Mariat, Christophe; Lambermont, Bernard; Cavalier, Etienne; Delanaye, Pierre; Benbernou, Soumia; Ilies, Sofiane; Azza, Abdelkader; Bouyacoub, Khalida; Louail, Meriem; Mokhtari-Djebli, Houria; Arrestier, Romain; Daviaud, Fabrice; Francois, Xavier Laborne; Brocas, Elsa; Choukroun, Gérald; Peñuelas, Oscar; Lorente, José-Angel; Cardinal-Fernandez, Pablo; Rodriguez, José-Maria; Aramburu, José-Antonio; Esteban, Andres; Frutos-Vivar, Fernando; Bitker, Laurent; Costes, Nicolas; Le Bars, Didier; Lavenne, Franck; Devouassoux, Mojgan; Richard, Jean-Christophe; Mechati, Malika; Gainnier, Marc; Papazian, Laurent; Guervilly, Christophe; Garnero, Aude; Arnal, Jean Michel; Roze, Hadrien; Richard, Jean Christophe; Repusseau, Benjamin; Dewitte, Antoine; Joannes-Boyau, Olivier; Ouattara, Alexandre; Harbouze, Nadia; Amine, A. M.; Olandzobo, A. G.; Herbland, Alexandre; Richard, Marie; Girard, Nicolas; Lambron, Lucile; Lesieur, Olivier; Wainschtein, Sarah; Hubert, Sidonie; Hugues, Albane; Tran, Marc; Bouillard, Philippe; Loteanu, Vlad; Leloup, Maxime; Laurent, Alexandra; Lheureux, Florent; Prestifilippo, Alessia; Cruz, Martin Delgado Maria; Romain, Rigal; Antonelli, Massimo; Blanch, Torra Lluis; Bonnetain, Franck; Grazzia-Bocci, Maria; Mancebo, Jordi; Samain, Emmanuel; Paul, Hebert; Capellier, Gilles; Zavgorodniaia, Taissa; Soichot, Marion; Malissin, Isabelle; Voicu, Sebastian; Garçon, Pierre; Goury, Antoine; Kerdjana, Lamia; Deye, Nicolas; Bourgogne, Emmanuel; Megarbane, Bruno; Mejri, Olfa; Hmida, Marwa Ben; Tannous, Salma; Chevillard, Lucie; Labat, Laurence; Risede, Patricia; Fredj, Hana; Léger, Maxime; Brunet, Marion; Le Roux, Gaël; Boels, David; Lerolle, Nicolas; Farah, Souaad; Amiel-Niemann, Hélène; Kubis, Nathalie; Declèves, Xavier; Peyraux, Nicoals; Baud, Frederic; Serafini, Micaela; Alvarez, Jean-Claude; Heinzelman, Annette; Jozwiak, Mathieu; Millasseau, Sandrine; Teboul, Jean-Louis; Alphonsine, Jean-Emmanuel; Depret, François; Richard, Nathalie; Attal, Pierre; Richard, Christian; Monnet, Xavier; Chemla, Denis; Jerbi, Salma; Khedhiri, Wafa; Necib, Hatem; Scarfo, Paolo; Chevalier, Charles; Piagnerelli, Michael; Lafont, Alexandre; Galy, Antoine; Mancia, Claire; Zerhouni, Amel; Tabeliouna, Kheira; Gaja, Ali; Hamrouni, Bassem; Malouch, Abir; Fourati, Sami; Messaoud, Rihab; Zarrouki, Youssef; Ziadi, Amra; Rhezali, Manal; Zouizra, Zahira; Boumzebra, Drissi; Samkaoui, Mohamed Abdennasser; Brunet, Jennifer; Canoville, Bertrand; Verrier, Pierre; Ivascau, Calin; Seguin, Amélie; Valette, Xavier; Du Cheyron, Damien; Daubin, Cedric; Bougouin, Wulfran; Aissaoui, Nadia; Lamhaut, Lionel; Jost, Daniel; Maupain, Carole; Beganton, Frankie; Bouglé, Adrien; Dumas, Florence; Marijon, Eloi; Jouven, Xavier; Cariou, Alain; Poirson, Florent; Chaput, Ulriikka; Beeken, Thomas; Maxime, Leclerc; Haikel, Oueslati; Vodovar, Dominique; Chelly, Jonathan; Marteau, Philippe; Chocron, Richard; Juvin, Philippe; Loeb, Thomas; Adnet, Frederic; Lecarpentier, Eric; Riviere, Antoine; De Cagny, Bertand; Soupison, Thierry; Privat, Elodie; Escutnaire, Joséphine; Dumont, Cyrielle; Baert, Valentine; Vilhelm, Christian; Hubert, Hervé; Leteurtre, Stéphane; Fresco, Marion; Bubenheim, Michael; Beduneau, Gaetan; Carpentier, Dorothée; Grange, Steven; Artaud-Macari, Elise; Misset, Benoit; Tamion, Fabienne; Girault, Christophe; Dumas, Guillaume; Chevret, Sylvie; Lemiale, Virginie; Mokart, Djamel; Mayaux, Julien; Pène, Frédéric; Nyunga, Martine; Perez, Pierre; Moreau, Anne-Sophie; Bruneel, Fabrice; Vincent, François; Klouche, Kada; Reignier, Jean; Rabbat, Antoine; Azoulay, Elie; Frat, Jean-Pierre; Ragot, Stéphanie; Constantin, Jean-Michel; Prat, Gwenael; Mercat, Alain; Boulain, Thierry; Demoule, Alexandre; Devaquet, Jérôme; Nseir, Saad; Charpentier, Julien; Argaud, Laurent; Beuret, Pascal; Ricard, Jean-Damien; Teiten, Christelle; Marjanovic, Nicolas; Palamin, Nicola; L’Her, Erwan; Bailly, Arthur; Boisramé-Helms, Julie; Champigneulle, Benoit; Kamel, Toufik; Mercier, Emmanuelle; Le Thuaut, Aurélie; Lascarrou, Jean-Baptiste; Rolle, Amélie; De Jong, Audrey; Chanques, Gérald; Jaber, Samir; Hariri, Geoffroy; Baudel, Jean-Luc; Dubée, Vincent; Preda, Gabriel; Bourcier, Simon; Joffre, Jeremie; Bigé, Naïke; Ait-Oufella, Hafid; Maury, Eric; Mater, Houda; Merdji, Hamid; Grimaldi, David; Rousseau, Christophe; Mira, Jean-Paul; Chiche, Jean-Daniel; Sedghiani, Ines; Benabderrahim, A.; Hamdi, Dhekra; Jendoubi, Asma; Cherif, Mohamed Ali; Hechmi, Youssef Zied El; Zouheir, Jerbi; Bagate, François; Bousselmi, Radhwen; Schortgen, Frédérique; Asfar, Pierre; Guérot, Emmanuel; Fabien, Grelon; Anguel, Nadia; Sigismond, Lasocki; Matthieu, Henry-Lagarrigue; Gonzalez, Frédéric; François, Legay; Guitton, Christophe; Schenck, Maleka; Jean-Marc, Doise; Dreyfuss, Didier; Radermacher, Peter; Frère, Antoine; Martin-Lefèvre, Laurent; Colin, Gwenhaël; Fiancette, Maud; Henry-Laguarrigue, Matthieu; Lacherade, Jean-Claude; Lebert, Christine; Vinatier, Isabelle; Yehia, Aihem; Joret, Aurélie; Menunier-Beillard, Nicolas; Benzekri-Lefevre, Dalila; Desachy, Arnaud; Bellec, Fréderic; Plantefève, Gaëtan; Quenot, Jean-Pierre; Meziani, Ferhat; Tavernier, Elsa; Ehrmann, Stephan; Chudeau, Nicolas; Raveau, Tommy; Moal, Valérie; Houillier, Pascal; Rouve, Emmanuelle; Lakhal, Karim; Gandonnière, Charlotte Salmon; Jouan, Youenn; Bodet-Contentin, Laetitia; Balmier, Adrien; Messika, Jonathan; De Montmollin, Etienne; Pouyet, Victorine; Sztrymf, Benjamin; Thiagarajah, Abirami; Roux, Damien; De Chambrun, Marc Pineton; Luyt, Charles-Edouard; Beloncle, François; Zapella, Nathalie; Ledochowsky, Stanislas; Terzi, Nicolas; Mazou, Jean-Marc; Sonneville, Romain; Paulus, Sylvie; Fedun, Yannick; Landais, Mickael; Raphalen, Jean-Herlé; Combes, Alain; Amoura, Zahir; Jacquemin, Aemilia; Guerrero, Felipe; Marcheix, Bertrand; Hernandez, Nicolas; Fourcade, Olivier; Georges, Bernard; Delmas, Clément; Makoudi, Sarah; Genton, Audrey; Bernard, Rémy; Lebreton, Guillaume; Amour, Julien; Mazet, Charlotte; Bounes, Fanny; Murat, Gurbuz; Cronier, Laure; Robin, Guillaume; Biendel, Caroline; Silva, Stein; Boubeche, Samia; Abriou, Caroline; Wurtz, Véronique; Scherrer, Vincent; Rey, Nathalie; Gastaldi, Gioia; Veber, Benoit; Doguet, Fabien; Gay, Arnaud; Dureuil, Bertrand; Besnier, Emmanuel; Rouget, Antoine; Gantois, Guillaume; Magalhaes, Eric; Wanono, Ruben; Smonig, Roland; Lermuzeaux, Mathilde; Lebut, Jordane; Olivier, Andremont; Dupuis, Claire; Radjou, Aguila; Mourvillier, Bruno; Neuville, Mathilde; D’ortho, Marie Pia; Bouadma, Lila; Rouvel-Tallec, Anny; Rudler, Marika; Weiss, Nicolas; Perlbarg, Vincent; Galanaud, Damien; Thabut, Dominique; Rachdi, Emna; Mhamdi, Ghada; Trifi, Ahlem; Abdelmalek, Rim; Abdellatif, Sami; Daly, Foued; Nasri, Rochdi; Tiouiri, Hanene; Lakhal, Salah Ben; Rousseau, Geoffroy; Asmolov, Romain; Grammatico-Guillon, Leslie; Auvet, Adrien; Laribi, Said; Garot, Denis; Dequin, Pierre François; Guillon, Antoine; Fergé, Jean-Louis; Abgrall, Gwénolé; Hinault, Ronan; Vally, Shazima; Roze, Benoit; Chaplain, Agathe; Chabartier, Cyrille; Savidan, Anne-Charlotte; Marie, Sabia; Cabie, Andre; Resiere, Dabor; Valentino, Ruddy; Mehdaoui, Hossein; Benarous, Lucas; Soda-Diop, Marième; Bouzana, Fouad; Perrin, Gilles; Bourenne, Jeremy; Eon, Béatrice; Lambert, Dominique; Trebuchon, Agnes; Poncelet, Géraldine; Le Bourgeois, Fleur; Michael, Levy; Camille, Guillot; Naudin, Jérôme; Deho, Anna; Dauger, Stéphane; Sauthier, Michaël; Bergeron-Gallant, Krystale; Emeriaud, Guillaume; Jouvet, Philippe; Tiebergien, Nicolas; Jacquet-Lagrèze, Matthias; Fellahi, Jean-Luc; Baudin, Florent; Essouri, Sandrine; Javouhey, Etienne; Guérin, Claude; Lampin, Marie; Mamouri, Ouardia; Devos, Patrick; Karaca-Altintas, Yasemin; Vinchon, Matthieu; Brossier, David; Eltaani, Redha; Teyssedre, Sonia; Sabine, Meyet; Bouchut, Jean-Christophe; Peguet, Olivier; Petitdemange, Lucie; Guilbert, Anne Sophie; Aoul, Nabil Tabet; Addou, Zakaria; Aouffen, Nabil; Anas, Benqqa; Kalouch, Samira; Yaqini, Khalid; Chlilek, Aziz; Abdou, Rchi; Gravellier, Perrine; Chantreuil, Julie; Travers, Nadine; Listrat, Antoine; Le Reun, Claire; Favrais, Geraldine; Coppere, Zoe; Blanot, Stéphane; Montmayeur, Juliette; Bronchard, Régis; Rolando, Stephane; Orliaguet, Gilles; Leger, Pierre-Louis; Rambaud, Jérôme; Thueux, Emilie; De Larrard, Alexandra; Berthelot, Véronique; Denot, Julien; Reymond, Marie; Amblard, Alain; Morin-Zorman, Sarah; Lengliné, Etienne; Pichereau, Claire; Mariotte, Eric; Emmanuel, Canet; Poujade, Julien; Trumpff, Guillaume; Janssen-Langenstein, Ralf; Harlay, Marie-Line; Zaid, Noorah; Ait-Ammar, Nawel; Bonnal, Christine; Merle, Jean-Claude; Botterel, Francoise; Levesque, Eric; Riad, Zakaria; Mezidi, Mehdi; Yonis, Hodane; Aublanc, Mylène; Perinel-Ragey, Sophie; Lissonde, Floriane; Louf-Durier, Aurore; Tapponnier, Romain; Louis, Bruno; Forel, Jean-Marie; Bisbal, Magali; Lehingue, Samuel; Rambaud, Romain; Adda, Mélanie; Hraiech, Sami; Marchi, Elisa; Roch, Antoine; Guerin, Vincent; Rozencwajg, Sacha; Schmidt, Matthieu; Hekimian, Guillaume; Bréchot, Nicolas; Trouillet, Jean Louis; Besset, Sébastien; Franchineau, Guillaume; Nieszkowska, Ania; Pascal, Leprince; Loiselle, Maud; Sarah, Chemam; Laurence, Dangers; Guillemette, Thomas; Jacquens, Alice; Kerever, Sebastien; Guidet, Bertrand; Aegerter, Philippe; Das, Vincent; Fartoukh, Muriel; Hayon, Jan; Desmard, Mathieu; Fulgencio, Jean-Pierre; Zuber, Benjamin; Soufi, A.; Khaleq, K.; Hamoudi, D.; Garret, Charlotte; Peron, Matthieu; Coron, Emmanuel; Bretonnière, Cédric; Audureau, Etienne; Audrey, Winters; Christophe, Duvoux; Christian, Jacquelinet; Daniel, Azoulay; Cyrille, Feray; Aissaoui, Wissal; Rghioui, Kawtar; Haddad, Wafae; Barrou, Houcine; Carteaux-Taeib, Anna; Lupinacci, Renato; Manceau, Gilles; Jeune, Florence; Tresallet, Christophe; Habacha, Sahar; Fathallah, Ines; Zoubli, Aymen; Aloui, Rafaa; Kouraichi, Nadia; Jouet, Emilie; Badin, Julie; Fermier, Brice; Feller, Marc; Serie, Mathieu; Pillot, Jérôme; Marie, William; Gisbert-Mora, Chloé; Vinclair, Camille; Lesbordes, Pierre; Mathieu, Pascal; De Brabant, Fabienne; Muller, Emmanuel; Robaux, Marie-Aline; Giabicani, Mikhael; Marchalot, Antoine; Gelinotte, Stéphanie; Declercq, Pierre Louis; Eraldi, Jean-Pierre; Bougerol, François; Meunier-Beillard, Nicolas; Devilliers, Hervé; Rigaud, Jean-Philippe; Verrière, Camille; Ardisson, Fanny; Kentish-Barnes, Nancy; Jacq, Gwenaëlle; Chermak, Akli; Lautrette, Alexandre; Legrand, Matthieu; Soummer, Alexis; Thiery, Guillaume; Cottereau, Alice; Canet, Emmanuel; Caujolle, Marie; Allyn, Jérôme; Valance, Dorothée; Brulliard, Caroline; Martinet, Olivier; Jabot, Julien; Gallas, Thomas; Vandroux, David; Allou, Nicolas; Durand, Arthur; Nevière, Rémi; Delguste, Florian; Boulanger, Eric; Preau, Sebastien; Martin, Ruste; Cochet, Hélène; Ponthus, Jean Pierre; Amilien, Virginie; Tchir, Martial; Barsam, Elise; Ayoub, Mohsen; Georger, Jean Francois; Guillame, Izaute; Assaraf, Julie; Tripon, Simona; Mallet, Maxime; Barbara, Guilaume; Louis, Guillaume; Gaudry, Stéphane; Barbarot, Nicolas; Jamet, Angéline; Outin, Hervé; Gibot, Sébastien; Bollaert, Pierre-Edouard; Holleville, Mathilde; Legriel, Stéphane; Chateauneuf, Anne Laure; Cavelot, Sébastien; Moyer, Jean-Denis; Bedos, Jean Pierre; Merle, Philippe; Laine, Aurelie; Natalie, De Sa; Cornuault, Mathieu; Libot, Jérome; Asehnoune, Karim; Rozec, Bertrand; Dantal, Jacques; Videcoq, Michel; Degroote, Thècle; Jaillette, Emmanuelle; Zerimech, Farid; Malika, Balduyck; Llitjos, Jean-François; Amara, Marlène; Lacave, Guillaume; Pangon, Béatrice; Mavinga, José; Makunza, Joseph Nsiala; Mafuta, M. E.; Yanga, Yves; Eric, Amisi; Ilunga, Jp; Kilembe, Ma; Alby-Laurent, Fanny; Toubiana, Julie; Mokline, Amel; Laajili, Achraf; Amri, Helmi; Rahmani, Imene; Mensi, Nidhal; Gharsallah, Lazheri; Tlaili, Sofiene; Gasri, Bahija; Hammouda, Rym; Messadi, Amen Allah; Allain, Pierre-Antoine; Gault, Nathallie; Paugam-Burtz, Catherine; Foucrier, Arnaud; Chatbri, Bassem; Bourbiaa, Yousra; Thabet, Lamia; Neuschwander, Arthur; Vincent, Looten; Beck, Jennifer; Vibol, Chhor; Amelie, Yavchitz; Resche-Rigon, Matthieu; Pirracchio, Jean MantzRomain; Bureau, Côme; Decavèle, Maxens; Campion, Sébastien; Ainsouya, Roukia; Niérat, Marie-Cécile; Prodanovic, Hélène; Raux, Mathieu; Similowski, Thomas; Dubé, Bruno-Pierre; Demiri, Suela; Dres, Martin; May, Faten; Quintard, Hervé; Kounis, Ilias; Saliba, Faouzi; André, Stephane; Boudon, Marc; Ichai, Philippe; Younes, Aline; Nakad, Lionel; Coilly, Audrey; Antonini, Teresa; Sobesky, Rodolphe; De Martin, Eleonora; Samuel, Didier; Hubert, Noemie; Nay, Mai-Anh; Auchabie, Johann; Giraudeau, Bruno; Jean, Reignier; Darmon, Michaël; Ruckly, Stephane; Garrouste-Orgeas, Maïté; Gratia, Elisabeth; Goldgran-Toledano, Dany; Jamali, Samir; Dumenil, Anne Sylvie; Schwebel, Carole; Brisard, Laurent; Bizouarn, Philippe; Lepoivre, Thierry; Nicolet, Johanna; Rigal, Jean Christophe; Roussel, Jean Christian; Cheurfa, Cherifa; Abily, Julien; Lescot, Thomas; Page, Isaline; Warnier, Stéphanie; Nys, Monique; Rousseau, Anne-Françoise; Damas, Pierre; Uhel, Fabrice; Lesouhaitier, Mathieu; Grégoire, Murielle; Gaudriot, Baptiste; Gacouin, Arnaud; Le Tulzo, Yves; Flecher, Erwan; Tarte, Karin; Tadié, Jean-Marc; Georges, Quentin; Soares, M.; Jeon, Kyeongman; Oeyen, Sandra; Rhee, Chin Kook; Gruber, Pascale; Ostermann, Marlies; Hill, Quentin; Depuydt, Peter; Ferra, Christelle; Muller, Alice; Aurelie, Bourmaud; Niles, Christopher; Herbert, Fabien; Pied, Sylviane; Loridant, Séverine; François, Nadine; Bignon, Anne; Sendid, Boualem; Lemaitre, Caroline; Dupre, Celine; Zayene, Aymen; Portier, Lucie; De Freitas Caires, Nathalie; Lassalle, Philippe; Le Neindre, Aymeric; Selot, Pascal; Ferreiro, Daniel; Bonarek, Maria; Henriot, Stépahen; Rodriguez, Julie; Taddei, Mara; Di Bari, Mauro; Hickmann, Cheryl; Castanares-Zapatero, Diego; Deldicque, Louise; Van Den Bergh, Peter; Caty, Gilles; Roeseler, Jean; Francaux, Marc; Laterre, Pierre-François; Dupuis, Bastien; Machayeckhi, Sharam; Sarfati, Celine; Moore, Alex; Mendialdua, Paula; Rodet, Emilie; Pilorge, Catherine; Stephan, Francois; Rezaiguia-Delclaux, Saida; Dugernier, Jonathan; Hesse, Michel; Jumetz, Thibaud; Bialais, Emilie; Depoortere, Virginie; Michotte, Jean Bernard; Wittebole, Xavier; Jamar, François title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2017-01-10 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0224-7 sha: doc_id: 14538 cord_uid: 6a2pviol file: cache/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.json key: cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 authors: Shafiee, Abbas; Moradi, Lida; Lim, Mayasari; Brown, Jason title: Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective date: 2020-08-21 journal: Stem Cells Transl Med DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0197 sha: doc_id: 257613 cord_uid: o0q7hvn3 file: cache/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.json key: cord-273426-55vu6b3u authors: Iba, Toshiaki; Levy, Jerrold H.; Levi, Marcel; Connors, Jean Marie; Thachil, Jecko title: Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-05-26 journal: Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004458 sha: doc_id: 273426 cord_uid: 55vu6b3u file: cache/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.json key: cord-014533-6qfecv5h authors: Velasquez, T.; Mackey, G.; Lusk, J.; Kyle, U. G.; Fontenot, T.; Marshall, P.; Shekerdemian, L. S.; Coss-Bu, J. A.; Nishigaki, A.; Yatabe, T.; Tamura, T.; Yamashita, K.; Yokoyama, M.; Ruiz-Rodriguez, J. C.; Encina, B.; Belmonte, R.; Troncoso, I.; Tormos, P.; Riveiro, M.; Baena, J.; Sanchez, A.; Bañeras, J.; Cordón, J.; Duran, N.; Ruiz, A.; Caballero, J.; Nuvials, X.; Riera, J.; Serra, J.; Rutten, A. M. F.; van Ieperen, S. N. M.; Der Kinderen, E. P. H. M.; Van Logten, T.; Kovacikova, L.; Skrak, P.; Zahorec, M.; Kyle, U. G.; Akcan-Arikan, A.; Silva, J. C.; Mackey, G.; Lusk, J.; Goldsworthy, M.; Shekerdemian, L. S.; Coss-Bu, J. A.; Wood, D.; Harrison, D.; Parslow, R.; Davis, P.; Pappachan, J.; Goodwin, S.; Ramnarayan, P.; Chernyshuk, S.; Yemets, H.; Zhovnir, V.; Pulitano’, S. M.; De Rosa, S.; Mancino, A.; Villa, G.; Tosi, F.; Franchi, P.; Conti, G.; Patel, B.; Khine, H.; Shah, A.; Sung, D.; Singer, L.; Haghbin, S.; Inaloo, S.; Serati, Z.; Idei, M.; Nomura, T.; Yamamoto, N.; Sakai, Y.; Yoshida, T.; Matsuda, Y.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Takaki, S.; Yamaguchi, O.; Goto, T.; Longani, N.; Medar, S.; Abdel-Aal, I. R.; El Adawy, A. S.; Mohammed, H. M. E. H.; Mohamed, A. N.; Parry, S. M.; Knight, L. D.; Denehy, L.; De Morton, N.; Baldwin, C. E.; Sani, D.; Kayambu, G.; da Silva, V. Z. M.; Phongpagdi, P.; Puthucheary, Z. A.; Granger, C. L.; Rydingsward, J. E.; Horkan, C. M.; Christopher, K. B.; McWilliams, D.; Jones, C.; Reeves, E.; Atkins, G.; Snelson, C.; Aitken, L. M.; Rattray, J.; Kenardy, J.; Hull, A. M.; Ullman, A.; Le Brocque, R.; Mitchell, M.; Davis, C.; Macfarlane, B.; Azevedo, J. C.; Rocha, L. L.; De Freitas, F. F. M.; Cavalheiro, A. M.; Lucinio, N. M.; Lobato, M. S.; Ebeling, G.; Kraegpoeth, A.; Laerkner, E.; De Brito-Ashurst, I.; White, C.; Gregory, S.; Forni, L. G.; Flowers, E.; Curtis, A.; Wood, C. A.; Siu, K.; Venkatesan, K.; Muhammad, J. B. H.; Ng, L.; Seet, E.; Baptista, N.; Escoval, A.; Tomas, E.; Agrawal, R.; Mathew, R.; Varma, A.; Dima, E.; Charitidou, E.; Perivolioti, E.; Pratikaki, M.; Vrettou, C.; Giannopoulos, A.; Zakynthinos, S.; Routsi, C.; Atchade, E.; Houzé, S.; Jean-Baptiste, S.; Thabut, G.; Genève, C.; Tanaka, S.; Lortat-Jacob, B.; Augustin, P.; Desmard, M.; Montravers, P.; de Molina, F. J. González; Barbadillo, S.; Alejandro, R.; Álvarez-Lerma, F.; Vallés, J.; Catalán, R. M.; Palencia, E.; Jareño, A.; Granada, R. M.; Ignacio, M. L.; Cui, N.; Liu, D.; Wang, H.; Su, L.; Qiu, H.; Li, R.; Jaffal, K.; Rouzé, A.; Poissy, J.; Sendid, B.; Nseir, S.; Paramythiotou, E.; Rizos, M.; Frantzeskaki, F.; Antoniadou, A.; Vourli, S.; Zerva, L.; Armaganidis, A.; Riera, J.; Gottlieb, J.; Greer, M.; Wiesner, O.; Martínez, M.; Acuña, M.; Rello, J.; Welte, T.; Atchade, E.; Mignot, T.; Houzé, S.; Jean-Baptiste, S.; Thabut, G.; Lortat-Jacob, B.; Tanaka, S.; Augustin, P.; Desmard, M.; Montravers, P.; Soussi, S.; Dudoignon, E.; Ferry, A.; Chaussard, M.; Benyamina, M.; Alanio, A.; Touratier, S.; Chaouat, M.; Lafaurie, M.; Mimoun, M.; Mebazaa, A.; Legrand, M.; Sheils, M. A.; Patel, C.; Mohankumar, L.; Akhtar, N.; Noriega, S. K. Pacheco; Aldana, N. Navarrete; León, J. L. Ávila; Baquero, J. Durand; Bernal, F. Fernández; Ahmadnia, E.; Hadley, J. S.; Millar, M.; Hall, D.; Hewitt, H.; Yasuda, H.; Sanui, M.; Komuro, T.; Kawano, S.; Andoh, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Noda, E.; Hatakeyama, J.; Saitou, N.; Okamoto, H.; Kobayashi, A.; Takei, T.; Matsukubo, S.; Rotzel, H. B.; Lázaro, A. Serrano; Prada, D. Aguillón; Gimillo, M. Rodriguez; Barinas, O. Diaz; Cortes, M. L. Blasco; Franco, J. Ferreres; Roca, J. M. Segura; Carratalá, A.; Gonçalves, B.; Turon, R.; Mendes, A.; Miranda, F.; Mata, P. J.; Cavalcanti, D.; Melo, N.; Lacerda, P.; Kurtz, P.; Righy, C.; Rosario, L. E. de la Cruz; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Romero, J. C. García; Herrera, A. N. García; Pertuz, E. D. Díaz; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Sanz, E. Regidor; Hualde, J. Barado; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Irazabal, J. M. Guergué; Spatenkova, V.; Bradac, O.; Suchomel, P.; Urli, T.; Lazzeri, E. Heusch; Aspide, R.; Zanello, M.; Perez-Borrero, L.; Garcia-Alvarez, J. M.; Arias-Verdu, M. D.; Aguilar-Alonso, E.; Rivera-Fernandez, R.; Mora-Ordoñez, J.; De La Fuente-Martos, C.; Castillo-Lorente, E.; Guerrero-Lopez, F.; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Rosario, L. E. De la Cruz; Pertuz, E. D. Díaz; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Romero, J. C. García; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Herrera, A. N. García; Ramírez, J. Roldán; Sanz, E. Regidor; Hualde, J. Barado; León, J. P. Tirapu; Navarro-Guillamón, L.; Cordovilla-Guardia, S.; Iglesias-Santiago, A.; Guerrero-López, F.; Fernández-Mondéjar, E.; Vidal, A.; Perez, M.; Juez, A.; Arias, N.; Colino, L.; Perez, J. L.; Pérez, H.; Calpe, P.; Alcala, M. A.; Robaglia, D.; Perez, C.; Lan, S. K.; Cunha, M. M.; Moreira, T.; Santos, F.; Lafuente, E.; Fernandes, M. J.; Silva, J. G.; Rosario, L. E. de la Cruz; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Herrera, A. N. García; Romero, J. C. García; Pertuz, E. D. Díaz; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Sanz, E. Regidor; Echeverría, J. G. Armando; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Hualde, J. Barado; Podlepich, V.; Sokolova, E.; Alexandrova, E.; Lapteva, K.; Kurtz, P.; Shuinotsuka, C.; Rabello, L.; Vianna, G.; Reis, A.; Cairus, C.; Salluh, J.; Bozza, F.; Torres, J. C. Barrios; Araujo, N. J. Fernández; García-Olivares, P.; Keough, E.; Dalorzo, M.; Tang, L. K.; De Sousa, I.; Díaz, M.; Marcos-Zambrano, L. J.; Guerrero, J. E.; Gomez, S. E. Zamora; Lopez, G. D. Hernandez; Cuellar, A. I. Vazquez; Nieto, O. R. Perez; Gonzalez, J. A. Castanon; Bhasin, D.; Rai, S.; Singh, H.; Gupta, O.; Bhattal, M. K.; Sampley, S.; Sekhri, K.; Nandha, R.; Aliaga, F. A.; Olivares, F.; Appiani, F.; Farias, P.; Alberto, F.; Hernández, A.; Pons, S.; Sonneville, R.; Bouadma, L.; Neuville, M.; Mariotte, E.; Radjou, A.; Lebut, J.; Chemam, S.; Voiriot, G.; Dilly, M. P.; Mourvillier, B.; Dorent, R.; Nataf, P.; Wolff, M.; Timsit, J. F.; Ediboglu, O.; Ataman, S.; Ozkarakas, H.; Kirakli, C.; Vakalos, A.; Avramidis, V.; Obukhova, O.; Kurmukov, I. A.; Kashiya, S.; Golovnya, E.; Baikova, V. N.; Ageeva, T.; Haritydi, T.; Kulaga, E. V.; Rios-Toro, J. J.; Perez-Borrero, L.; Aguilar-Alonso, E.; Arias-Verdu, M. D.; Garcia-Alvarez, J. M.; Lopez-Caler, C.; De La Fuente-Martos, C.; Rodriguez-Fernandez, S.; Sanchez-Orézzoli, M. Gomez; Martin-Gallardo, F.; Nikhilesh, J.; Joshi, V.; Villarreal, E.; Ruiz, J.; Gordon, M.; Quinza, A.; Gimenez, J.; Piñol, M.; Castellanos, A.; Ramirez, P.; Jeon, Y. D.; Jeong, W. Y.; Kim, M. H.; Jeong, I. Y.; Ahn, M. Y.; Ahn, J. Y.; Han, S. H.; Choi, J. Y.; Song, Y. G.; Kim, J. M.; Ku, N. S.; Shah, H.; Kellner, F.; Rezai, F.; Mistry, N.; Yodice, P.; Ovnanian, V.; Fless, K.; Handler, E.; Alejos, R. Martínez; Romeu, J. D. Martí; Antón, D. González; Quinart, A.; Martí, A. Torres; Llaurado-Serra, M.; Lobo-Civico, A.; Ventura-Rosado, A.; Piñol-Tena, A.; Pi-Guerrero, M.; Paños-Espinosa, C.; Peralvo-Bernat, M.; Marine-Vidal, J.; Gonzalez-Engroba, R.; Montesinos-Cerro, N.; Treso-Geira, M.; Valeiras-Valero, A.; Martinez-Reyes, L.; Sandiumenge, A.; Jimenez-Herrera, M. F.; Helyar, S.; Riozzi, P.; Noon, A.; Hallows, G.; Cotton, H.; Keep, J.; Hopkins, P. A.; Taggu, A.; Renuka, S.; Sampath, S.; Rood, P. J. T.; Frenzel, T.; Verhage, R.; Bonn, M.; Pickkers, P.; van der Hoeven, J. G.; van den Boogaard, M.; Corradi, F.; Melnyk, L.; Moggia, F.; Pienovi, R.; Adriano, G.; Brusasco, C.; Mariotti, L.; Lattuada, M.; Bloomer, M. J.; Coombs, M.; Ranse, K.; Endacott, R.; Maertens, B.; Blot, K.; Blot, S.; Amerongen, M. P. van Nieuw; van der Heiden, E. S.; Twisk, J. W. R.; Girbes, A. R. J.; Spijkstra, J. J.; Riozzi, P.; Helyar, S.; Cotton, H.; Hallows, G.; Noon, A.; Bell, C.; Peters, K.; Feehan, A.; Keep, J.; Hopkins, P. A.; Churchill, K.; Hawkins, K.; Brook, R.; Paver, N.; Endacott, R.; Maistry, N.; van Wijk, A.; Rouw, N.; van Galen, T.; Evelein-Brugman, S.; Taggu, A.; Krishna, B.; Sampath, S.; Putzu, A.; Fang, M.; Berto, M. Boscolo; Belletti, A.; Cassina, T.; Cabrini, L.; Mistry, M.; Alhamdi, Y.; Welters, I.; Abrams, S. T.; Toh, C. H.; Han, H. S.; Gil, E. M.; Lee, D. S.; Park, C. M.; Winder-Rhodes, S.; Lotay, R.; Doyle, J.; Ke, M. W.; Huang, W. C.; Chiang, C. H.; Hung, W. T.; Cheng, C. C.; Lin, K. C.; Lin, S. C.; Chiou, K. R.; Wann, S. R.; Shu, C. W.; Kang, P. L.; Mar, G. Y.; Liu, C. P.; Dubó, S.; Aquevedo, A.; Jibaja, M.; Berrutti, D.; Labra, C.; Lagos, R.; García, M. F.; Ramirez, V.; Tobar, M.; Picoita, F.; Peláez, C.; Carpio, D.; Alegría, L.; Hidalgo, C.; Godoy, K.; Bakker, J.; Hernández, G.; Sadamoto, Y.; Katabami, K.; Wada, T.; Ono, Y.; Maekawa, K.; Hayakawa, M.; Sawamura, A.; Gando, S.; Marin-Mateos, H.; Perez-Vela, J. L.; Garcia-Gigorro, R.; Peiretti, M. A. Corres; Lopez-Gude, M. J.; Chacon-Alves, S.; Renes-Carreño, E.; Montejo-González, J. C.; Parlevliet, K. L.; Touw, H. R. W.; Beerepoot, M.; Boer, C.; Elbers, P. W. G.; Tuinman, P. R.; Abdelmonem, S. A.; Helmy, T. A.; El Sayed, I.; Ghazal, S.; Akhlagh, S. H.; Masjedi, M.; Hozhabri, K.; Kamali, E.; Zýková, I.; Paldusová, B.; Sedlák, P.; Morman, D.; Youn, A. M.; Ohta, Y.; Sakuma, M.; Bates, D.; Morimoto, T.; Su, P. L.; Chang, W. Y.; Lin, W. C.; Chen, C. W.; Facchin, F.; Zarantonello, F.; Panciera, G.; De Cassai, A.; Venrdramin, A.; Ballin, A.; Tonetti, T.; Persona, P.; Ori, C.; Del Sorbo, L.; Rossi, S.; Vergani, G.; Cressoni, M.; Chiumello, D.; Chiurazzi, C.; Brioni, M.; Algieri, I.; Tonetti, T.; Guanziroli, M.; Colombo, A.; Tomic, I.; Colombo, A.; Crimella, F.; Carlesso, E.; Gasparovic, V.; Gattinoni, L.; Neto, A. Serpa; Schmidt, M.; Pham, T.; Combes, A.; de Abreu, M. Gama; Pelosi, P.; Schultz, M. J.; Katira, B. H.; Engelberts, D.; Giesinger, R. E.; Ackerley, C.; Yoshida, T.; Zabini, D.; Otulakowski, G.; Post, M.; Kuebler, W. M.; McNamara, P. J.; Kavanagh, B. P.; Pirracchio, R.; Rigon, M. Resche; Carone, M.; Chevret, S.; Annane, D.; Eladawy, S.; El-Hamamsy, M.; Bazan, N.; Elgendy, M.; De Pascale, G.; Vallecoccia, M. S.; Cutuli, S. L.; Di Gravio, V.; Pennisi, M. A.; Conti, G.; Antonelli, M.; Andreis, D. T.; Khaliq, W.; Singer, M.; Hartmann, J.; Harm, S.; Carmona, S. Alcantara; Almudevar, P. Matia; Abellán, A. Naharro; Ramos, J. Veganzones; Pérez, L. Pérez; Valbuena, B. Lobo; Sanz, N. Martínez; Simón, I. Fernández; Arrigo, M.; Feliot, E.; Deye, N.; Cariou, A.; Guidet, B.; Jaber, S.; Leone, M.; Resche-Rigon, M.; Baron, A. Vieillard; Legrand, M.; Gayat, E.; Mebazaa, A.; Balik, M.; Kolnikova, I.; Maly, M.; Waldauf, P.; Tavazzi, G.; Kristof, J.; Herpain, A.; Su, F.; Post, E.; Taccone, F.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Lee, C.; Hatib, F.; Jian, Z.; Buddi, S.; Cannesson, M.; Fileković, S.; Turel, M.; Knafelj, R.; Gorjup, V.; Stanić, R.; Gradišek, P.; Cerović, O.; Mirković, T.; Noč, M.; Tirkkonen, J.; Hellevuo, H.; Olkkola, K. T.; Hoppu, S.; Lin, K. C.; Hung, W. T.; Chiang, C. C.; Huang, W. C.; Juan, W. C.; Lin, S. C.; Cheng, C. C.; Lin, P. H.; Fong, K. Y.; Hou, D. S.; Kang, P. L.; Wann, S. R.; Chen, Y. S.; Mar, G. Y.; Liu, C. P.; Paul, M.; Bougouin, W.; Geri, G.; Dumas, F.; Champigneulle, B.; Legriel, S.; Charpentier, J.; Mira, J. P.; Sandroni, C.; Cariou, A.; Zimmerman, J.; Sullivan, E.; Noursadeghi, M.; Fox, B.; Sampson, D.; McHugh, L.; Yager, T.; Cermelli, S.; Seldon, T.; Bhide, S.; Brandon, R. A.; Brandon, R. B.; Zwaag, J.; Beunders, R.; Pickkers, P.; Kox, M.; Gul, F.; Arslantas, M. K.; Genc, D.; Zibandah, N.; Topcu, L.; Akkoc, T.; Cinel, I.; Greco, E.; Lauretta, M. P.; Andreis, D. T.; Singer, M.; Garcia, I. Palacios; Cordero, M.; Martin, A. Diaz; Pallás, T. Aldabó; Montero, J. Garnacho; Rey, J. Revuelto; Malo, L. Roman; Montoya, A. A. Tanaka; Martinez, A. D. C. Amador; Ayala, L. Y. Delgado; Zepeda, E. Monares; Granillo, J. Franco; Sanchez, J. Aguirre; Alejo, G. Camarena; Cabrera, A. Rugerio; Montenegro, A. Pedraza; Pham, T.; Beduneau, G.; Schortgen, F.; Piquilloud, L.; Zogheib, E.; Jonas, M.; Grelon, F.; Runge, I.; Terzi, N.; Grangé, S.; Barberet, G.; Guitard, P. G.; Frat, J. P.; Constan, A.; Chrétien, J. M.; Mancebo, J.; Mercat, A.; Richard, J. C. M.; Brochard, L.; Soilemezi, E.; Koco, E.; Savvidou, S.; Nouris, C.; Matamis, D.; Di Mussi, R.; Spadaro, S.; Volta, C. A.; Mariani, M.; Colaprico, A.; Antonio, C.; Bruno, F.; Grasso, S.; Rodriguez, A.; Martín-Loeches, I.; Díaz, E.; Masclans, J. R.; Gordo, F.; Solé-Violán, J.; Bodí, M.; Avilés-Jurado, F. X.; Trefler, S.; Magret, M.; Reyes, L. F.; Marín-Corral, J.; Yebenes, J. C.; Esteban, A.; Anzueto, A.; Aliberti, S.; Restrepo, M. I.; Larsson, J. Skytte; Redfors, B.; Ricksten, S. E.; Haines, R.; Powell-Tuck, J.; Leonard, H.; Ostermann, M.; Berthelsen, R. E.; Itenov, T. S.; Perner, A.; Jensen, J. U.; Ibsen, M.; Jensen, A. E. K.; Bestle, M. H.; Bucknall, T.; Dixon, J.; Boa, F.; MacPhee, I.; Philips, B. J.; Doyle, J.; Saadat, F.; Samuels, T.; Huddart, S.; McCormick, B.; DeBrunnar, R.; Preece, J.; Swart, M.; Peden, C.; Richardson, S.; Forni, L.; Kalfon, P.; Baumstarck, K.; Estagnasie, P.; Geantot, M. A.; Berric, A.; Simon, G.; Floccard, B.; Signouret, T.; Boucekine, M.; Fromentin, M.; Nyunga, M.; Sossou, A.; Venot, M.; Robert, R.; Follin, A.; Renault, A.; Garrouste, M.; Collange, O.; Levrat, Q.; Villard, I.; Thévenin, D.; Pottecher, J.; Patrigeon, R. G.; Revel, N.; Vigne, C.; Mimoz, O.; Auquier, P.; Pawar, S.; Jacques, T.; Deshpande, K.; Pusapati, R.; Wood, B.; Pulham, R. A.; Wray, J.; Brown, K.; Pierce, C.; Nadel, S.; Ramnarayan, P.; Azevedo, J. R.; Montenegro, W. S.; Rodrigues, D. P.; Sousa, S. C.; Araujo, V. F.; Leitao, A. L.; Prazeres, P. H.; Mendonca, A. V.; Paula, M. P.; Das Neves, A.; Loudet, C. I.; Busico, M.; Vazquez, D.; Villalba, D.; Lischinsky, A.; Veronesi, M.; Emmerich, M.; Descotte, E.; Juliarena, A.; Bisso, M. Carboni; Grando, M.; Tapia, A.; Camargo, M.; Ulla, D. Villani; Corzo, L.; dos Santos, H. Placido; Ramos, A.; Doglia, J. A.; Estenssoro, E.; Carbonara, M.; Magnoni, S.; Donald, C. L. Mac; Shimony, J. S.; Conte, V.; Triulzi, F.; Stretti, F.; Macrì, M.; Snyder, A. Z.; Stocchetti, N.; Brody, D. L.; Podlepich, V.; Shimanskiy, V.; Savin, I.; Lapteva, K.; Chumaev, A.; Tjepkema-Cloostermans, M. C.; Hofmeijer, J.; Beishuizen, A.; Hom, H.; Blans, M. J.; van Putten, M. J. A. M.; Longhi, L.; Frigeni, B.; Curinga, M.; Mingone, D.; Beretta, S.; Patruno, A.; Gandini, L.; Vargiolu, A.; Ferri, F.; Ceriani, R.; Rottoli, M. R.; Lorini, L.; Citerio, G.; Pifferi, S.; Battistini, M.; Cordolcini, V.; Agarossi, A.; Di Rosso, R.; Ortolano, F.; Stocchetti, N.; Lourido, C. Mora; Cabrera, J. L. Santana; Santana, J. D. Martín; Alzola, L. Melián; del Rosario, C. García; Pérez, H. Rodríguez; Torrent, R. Lorenzo; Eslami, S.; Dalhuisen, A.; Fiks, T.; Schultz, M. J.; Hanna, A. Abu; Spronk, P. E.; Wood, M.; Maslove, D.; Muscedere, J.; Scott, S. H.; Saha, T.; Hamilton, A.; Petsikas, D.; Payne, D.; Boyd, J. G.; Puthucheary, Z. A.; McNelly, A. S.; Rawal, J.; Connolly, B.; McPhail, M. J.; Sidhu, P.; Rowlerson, A.; Moxham, J.; Harridge, S. D.; Hart, N.; Montgomery, H. E.; Jovaisa, T.; Thomas, B.; Gupta, D.; Wijayatilake, D. S.; Shum, H. P.; King, H. S.; Chan, K. C.; Tang, K. B.; Yan, W. W.; Arias, C. Castro; Latorre, J.; De La Rica, A. Suárez; Garrido, E. Maseda; Feijoo, A. Montero; Gancedo, C. Hernández; Tofiño, A. López; Rodríguez, F. Gilsanz; Gemmell, L. K.; Campbell, R.; Doherty, P.; MacKay, A.; Singh, N.; Vitaller, S.; Nagib, H.; Prieto, J.; Del Arco, A.; Zayas, B.; Gomez, C.; Tirumala, S.; Pasha, S. A.; Kumari, B. K.; Martinez-Lopez, P.; Puerto-Morlán, A.; Nuevo-Ortega, P.; Pujol, L. Martinez; Dolset, R. Algarte; González, B. Sánchez; Riera, S. Quintana; Álvarez, J. Trenado; Quintana, S.; Martínez, L.; Algarte, R.; Sánchez, B.; Trenado, J.; Tomas, E.; Brock, N.; Viegas, E.; Filipe, E.; Cottle, D.; Traynor, T.; Martínez, M. V. Trasmonte; Márquez, M. Pérez; Gómez, L. Colino; Martínez, N. Arias; Muñoz, J. M. Milicua; Bellver, B. Quesada; Varea, M. Muñoz; Llorente, M. Á. Alcalá; Calvo, C. Pérez; Hillier, S. D.; Faulds, M. C.; Hendra, H.; Lawrence, N.; Maekawa, K.; Hayakawa, M.; Ono, Y.; Kodate, A.; Sadamoto, Y.; Tominaga, N.; Mizugaki, A.; Murakami, H.; Yoshida, T.; Katabami, K.; Wada, T.; Sawamura, A.; Gando, S.; Silva, S.; Kerhuel, L.; Malagurski, B.; Citerio, G.; Chabanne, R.; Laureys, S.; Puybasset, L.; Nobile, L.; Pognuz, E. R.; Rossetti, A. O.; Verginella, F.; Gaspard, N.; Creteur, J.; Ben-Hamouda, N.; Oddo, M.; Taccone, F. S.; Ono, Y.; Hayakawa, M.; Iijima, H.; Maekawa, K.; Kodate, A.; Sadamoto, Y.; Mizugaki, A.; Murakami, H.; Katabami, K.; Wada, T.; Sawamura, A.; Gando, S.; Kodate, A.; Katabami, K.; Wada, T.; Ono, Y.; Maekawa, K.; Hayakawa, M.; Sawamura, A.; Gando, S.; Andersen, L. W.; Raymond, T.; Berg, R.; Nadkarni, V.; Grossestreuer, A.; Kurth, T.; Donnino, M.; Krüger, A.; Ostadal, P.; Janotka, M.; Vondrakova, D.; Kongpolprom, N.; Cholkraisuwat, J.; Pekkarinen, P. T.; Ristagno, G.; Masson, S.; Latini, R.; Bendel, S.; Ala-Kokko, T.; Varpula, T.; Vaahersalo, J.; Hoppu, S.; Tiainen, M.; Mion, M. M.; Plebani, M.; Pettilä, V.; Skrifvars, M.B.; Son, Y.; Kim, K. S.; Suh, G. J.; Kwon, W. Y.; Ko, J. I.; Park, M. J.; Cavicchi, F. Zama; Iesu, E.; Nobile, L.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Tanaka, H.; Otani, N.; Ode, S.; Ishimatsu, S.; Martínez, L.; Algarte, R.; Sánchez, B.; Romero, I.; Martínez, F.; Quintana, S.; Trenado, J.; Vondrakova, D.; Ostadal, P.; Kruger, A.; Janotka, M.; Malek, F.; Neuzil, P.; Yeh, Y. C.; Chen, Y. S.; Wang, C. H.; Huang, C. H.; Chao, A.; Lee, C. T.; Lai, C. H.; Chan, W. S.; Cheng, Y. J.; Sun, W. Z.; Kaese, S.; Horstmann, C.; Lebiedz, P.; Mourad, M.; Gaudard, P.; Eliet, J.; Zeroual, N.; Colson, P.; Ostadal, P.; Mlcek, M.; Hrachovina, M.; Kruger, A.; Vondrakova, D.; Janotka, M.; Mates, M.; Hala, P.; Kittnar, O.; Neuzil, P.; Jacky, A.; Rudiger, A.; Spahn, D. R.; Bettex, D. A.; Kara, A.; Akin, S.; Dos reis Miranda, D.; Struijs, A.; Caliskan, K.; van Thiel, R. J.; Dubois, E. A.; de Wilde, W.; Zijlstra, F.; Gommers, D.; Ince, C.; Marca, L.; Xini, A.; Mongkolpun, W.; Cordeiro, C. P. R.; Leite, R. T.; Lheureux, O.; Bader, A.; Rincon, L.; Santacruz, C.; Preiser, J. C.; Chao, A.; Chao, A. S.; Chen, Y. S.; Kim, W.; Ahn, C.; Cho, Y.; Lim, T. H.; Oh, J.; Choi, K. S.; Jang, B. H.; Ha, J. K.; Mecklenburg, A.; Stamm, J.; Soeffker, G.; Kubik, M.; Sydow, K.; Reichenspurner, H.; Kluge, S.; Braune, S.; Bergantino, B.; Ruberto, F.; Magnanimi, E.; Privato, E.; Zullino, V.; Bruno, K.; Pugliese, F.; Sales, G.; Girotto, V.; Vittone, F.; Brazzi, L.; Fritz, C.; Kimmoun, A.; Vanhuyse, F.; Trifan, B.; Orlowski, S.; Albuisson, E.; Tran, N.; Levy, B.; Chhor, V.; Joachim, J.; Follin, A.; Champigneulle, B.; Chatelon, J.; Fave, G.; Mantz, J.; Pirracchio, R.; Diaz, D. Díaz; Villanova, M.; Aguirregabyria, M.; Andrade, G.; López, L.; Palencia, E.; John, G.; Cowan, R.; Hart, R.; Lake, K.; Litchfield, K.; Song, J. W.; Lee, Y. J.; Cho, Y. J.; Choi, S.; Vermeir, P.; Vandijck, D.; Blot, S.; Mariman, A.; Verhaeghe, R.; Deveugele, M.; Vogelaers, D.; Chok, L.; Bachli, E. B.; Bettex, D.; Cottini, S. R.; Keller, E.; Maggiorini, M.; Schuepbach, R.; Fiks, T.; Stiphout, C.; Grevelink, M.; Vaneker, I.; Ruijter, A.; Buise, M.; Spronk, P. E.; Tena, S. Altaba; Barrachina, L. Galarza; Portillo, J. H. Rodriguez; Aznar, G. Pagés; Campos, L. Mateu; Sellés, M. D. Ferrándiz; Tomás, M. Arlandis; Muncharaz, A. Belenguer; Skinner, L.; Monsalvo, S.; Olavarria, E.; Stümpfle, R.; Na, S. J.; Park, J.; Chung, C. R.; Park, C. M.; Suh, G. Y.; Yang, J. H.; Witter, T.; Brousseau, C.; Butler, M. B.; Erdogan, M.; Dougall, P. C. Mac; Green, R. S.; Abbott, T. E. F.; Torrance, H. D. T.; Cron, N.; Vaid, N.; Emmanuel, J.; Siddiqui, S. S.; Prabu, N.; Chaudhari, H. K.; Patil, V. P.; Divatia, J. V.; Solanki, S.; Kulkarni, A. P.; Gutierrez, L. A. Rincon; Bader, A.; Brasseur, A.; Lheureux, O.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Hempel, D.; Stauffert, N.; Recker, F.; Schröder, T.; Reusch, S.; Schleifer, J.; Breitkreutz, R.; Sjövall, F.; Perner, A.; Møller, M. Hylander; Moraes, R. B.; Borges, F. K.; Guillen, J. A. V.; Zabaletta, W. J. C.; Ruiz-Ramos, J.; Ramirez, P.; Marqués-Miñana, M. R.; Villarreal, E.; Gordon, M.; Sosa, M.; Concha, P.; Castellanos, A.; Menendez, R.; Ramírez, C. Sánchez; Santana, M. Cabrera; Balcázar, L. Caipe; Escalada, S. Hípola; Viera, M. A. Hernández; Vázquez, C. F. Lübbe; Díaz, J. J. Díaz; Campelo, F. Artiles; Monroy, N. Sangil; Santana, P. Saavedra; Santana, S. Ruiz; Gutiérrez-Pizarraya, A.; Garnacho-Montero, J.; Martin, C.; Baumstarck, K.; Leone, M.; Martín-Loeches, I.; Pirracchio, R.; Legrand, M.; Mainardi, J. L.; Mantz, J.; Cholley, B.; Hubbard, A.; Frontera, P. Ruiz; Vega, L. M. Claraco; Miguelena, P. Ruiz de Gopegui; Usón, M. C. Villuendas; López, A. Rezusta; Clemente, E. Aurensanz; Ibañes, P. Gutiérrez; Aguilar, A. L. Ruiz; Palomar, M.; Olaechea, P.; Uriona, S.; Vallverdu, M.; Catalan, M.; Nuvials, X.; Aragon, C.; Lerma, F. Alvarez; Jeon, Y. D.; Jeong, W. Y.; Kim, M. H.; Jeong, I. Y.; Ahn, M. Y.; Ahn, J. Y.; Han, S. H.; Choi, J. Y.; Song, Y. G.; Kim, J. M.; Ku, N. S.; Bassi, G. Li; Xiol, E. Aguilera; Senussi, T.; Idone, F. A.; Motos, A.; Chiurazzi, C.; Travierso, C.; Fernández-Barat, L.; Amaro, R.; Hua, Y.; Ranzani, O. T.; Bobi, Q.; Rigol, M.; Torres, A.; Fernández, I. Fuentes; Soler, E. Andreu; de Vera, A. Pareja Rodríguez; Pastor, E. Escudero; Hernandis, V.; Ros Martínez, J.; Rubio, R. Jara; Torner, M. Miralbés; Brugger, S. Carvalho; Eroles, A. Aragones; Moles, S. Iglesias; Cabello, J. Trujillano; Schoenenberger, J. A.; Casals, X. Nuvials; Vidal, M. Vallverdu; Garrido, B. Balsera; Martinez, M. Palomar; Mirabella, L.; Cotoia, A.; Tullo, L.; Stella, A.; Di Bello, F.; Di Gregorio, A.; Dambrosio, M.; Cinnella, G.; Rosario, L. E. de la Cruz; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Romero, J. C. García; Herrera, A. N. García; Pertuz, E. D. Díaz; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Sanz, E. Regidor; Hualde, J. Barado; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Ramirez, J. Roldán; Takahashi, H.; Kazutoshi, F.; Okada, Y.; Oobayashi, W.; Naito, T.; Baidya, D. K.; Maitra, S.; Anand, R. K.; Ray, B. R.; Arora, M. K.; Ruffini, C.; Rota, L.; Corona, A.; Sesana, G.; Ravasi, S.; Catena, E.; Naumann, D. N.; Mellis, C.; Husheer, S. L.; Bishop, J.; Midwinter, M. J.; Hutchings, S.; Corradi, F.; Brusasco, C.; Manca, T.; Ramelli, A.; Lattuada, M.; Nicolini, F.; Gherli, T.; Vezzani, A.; Young, A.; Carmona, A. Fernández; Santiago, A. Iglesias; Guillamon, L. Navarro; Delgado, M. J. García; Delgado-Amaya, M.; Curiel-Balsera, E.; Rivera-Romero, L.; Castillo-Lorente, E.; Carrero-Gómez, F.; Aguayo-DeHoyos, E.; Healey, A. J.; Cameron, C.; Jiao, L.R.; Stümpfle, R.; Pérez, A.; Martin, S.; del Moral, O. Lopez; Toval, S.; Rico, J.; Aldecoa, C.; Oguzhan, K.; Demirkiran, O.; Kirman, M.; Bozbay, S.; Kosuk, M. E.; Asyralyyeva, G.; Dilek, M.; Duzgun, M.; Telli, S.; Aydin, M.; Yilmazer, F.; Hodgson, L. E.; Dimitrov, B. D.; Stubbs, C.; Forni, L. G.; Venn, R.; Vedage, D.; Shawaf, S.; Naran, P.; Sirisena, N.; Kinnear, J.; Dimitrov, B. D.; Hodgson, L. E.; Stubbs, C.; Forni, L. G.; Venn, R.; Londoño, J. Gonzalez; Cardenas, C. Lorencio; Ginés, A. Sánchez; Gubianas, C. Murcia; Sánchez, E. Clapes; Sirvent, J. M.; Panafidina, V.; Shlyk, I.; Ilyina, V.; Judickas, S.; Kezyte, G.; Urbanaviciute, I.; Serpytis, M.; Gaizauskas, E.; Sipylaite, J.; Sprung, C. L.; Munteanu, G.; Morales, R. C.; Kasdan, H.; Volker, T.; Reiter, A.; Cohen, Y.; Himmel, Y.; Meissonnier, J.; Banderas-Bravo, M. E.; Gómez-Jiménez, C.; García-Martínez, M. V.; Martínez-Carmona, J. F.; Fernández-Ortega, J. F.; O‘Dwyer, M. J.; Starczewska, M.; Wilks, M.; Vincent, J. L.; Torsvik, M.; Gustad, L. T.; Bangstad, I. L.; Vinje, L. J.; Damås, J. K.; Solligård, E.; Mehl, A.; Tsunoda, M.; Kang, M.; Saito, M.; Saito, N.; Akizuki, N.; Namiki, M.; Takeda, M.; Yuzawa, J.; Yaguchi, A.; Frantzeskaki, F.; Tsirigotis, P.; Chondropoulos, S.; Paramythiotou, E.; Theodorakopoulou, M.; Stamouli, M.; Gkirkas, K.; Dimopoulou, I. K.; Makiko, S.; Tsunoda, M.; Kang, M.; Yuzawa, J.; Akiduki, N.; Namiki, M.; Takeda, M.; Yaguchi, A.; Preau, S.; Ambler, M.; Sigurta, A.; Saeed, S.; Singer, M.; Jochmans, S.; Chelly, J.; Vong, L. V. P.; Sy, O.; Serbource-Goguel, J.; Rolin, N.; Weyer, C. M.; Abdallah, R. I.; Adrie, C.; Vinsonneau, C.; Monchi, M.; Mayr, U.; Huber, W.; Karsten, E.; Lahmer, T.; Thies, P.; Henschel, B.; Fischer, G.; Schmid, R. M.; Ediboglu, O.; Ataman, S.; Naz, I.; Yaman, G.; Kirakli, C.; Su, P. L.; Kou, P. S.; Lin, W. C.; Chen, C. W.; Lozano, J. A. Benítez; Sánchez, P. Carmona; Francioni, J. E. Barrueco; Ferrón, F. Ruiz; Simón, J. M. Serrano; Riad, Z.; Mezidi, M.; Aublanc, M.; Perinel, S.; Lissonde, F.; Louf-Durier, A.; Yonis, H.; Tapponnier, R.; Richard, J. C.; Louis, B.; Guérin, C.; Mezidi, M.; Yonis, H.; Aublanc, M.; Lissonde, F.; Louf-Durier, A.; Perinel, S.; Tapponnier, R.; Richard, J. C.; Guérin, C.; Marmanidou, K.; Oikonomou, M.; Nouris, C.; Loizou, C.; Soilemezi, E.; Matamis, D.; Somhorst, P.; Gommers, D.; Hayashi, K.; Hirayama, T.; Yumoto, T.; Tsukahara, K.; Iida, A.; Nosaka, N.; Sato, K.; Ugawa, T.; Nakao, A.; Ujike, Y.; Hirohata, S.; Mojoli, F.; Torriglia, F.; Giannantonio, M.; Orlando, A.; Bianzina, S.; Tavazzi, G.; Mongodi, S.; Pozzi, M.; Iotti, G. A.; Braschi, A.; Jansen, D.; Gadgil, S.; Doorduin, J.; Roesthuis, L.; van der Hoeven, J. G.; Heunks, L. M. A.; Chen, G. Q.; Sun, X. M.; He, X.; Yang, Y. L.; Shi, Z. H.; Xu, M.; Zhou, J. X.; Pereira, S. M.; Tucci, M. R.; Tonelotto, B. F. F.; Simoes, C. M.; Morais, C. C. A.; Pompeo, M. S.; Kay, F. U.; Amato, M. B. P.; Vieira, J. E.; Suzuki, S.; Mihara, Y.; Hikasa, Y.; Okahara, S.; Morimatsu, H.; Kwon, H. M.; Moon, Y. J.; Lee, S. H.; Jung, K. W.; Shin, W. J.; Jun, I. G.; Song, J. G.; Hwang, G. S.; Lee, S.; Moon, Y. J.; Kwon, H. M.; Jung, K.; Shin, W. J.; Jun, I. G.; Song, J. G.; Hwang, G. S.; Ramelli, A.; Manca, T.; Corradi, F.; Brusasco, C.; Nicolini, F.; Gherli, T.; Brianti, R.; Fanzaghi, P.; Vezzani, A.; Tudor, B. A.; Klaus, D. A.; Lebherz-Eichinger, D.; Lechner, C.; Schwarz, C.; Bodingbauer, M.; Seemann, R.; Kaczirek, K.; Fleischmann, E.; Roth, G. A.; Krenn, C. G.; Malyshev, A.; Sergey, S.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Nomura, T.; Yoshitake, E.; Idei, M.; Yoshida, T.; Takaki, S.; Yamaguchi, O.; Kaneko, M.; Goto, T.; Tencé, N.; Zaien, I.; Wolf, M.; Trouiller, P.; Jacobs, F. M.; Kelly, J. M.; Veigas, P.; Hollands, S.; Min, A.; Rizoli, S.; Robles, C. M. Coronado; de Oca Sandoval, M. A. Montes; Tarabrin, O.; Gavrychenko, D.; Mazurenko, G.; Tarabrin, P.; Garcia, I. Palacios; Martin, A. Diaz; Mendez, M. Casado; orden, V. Arellano; Noval, R. Leal; McCue, C.; Gemmell, L.; MacKay, A.; Luján, J.; Villa, P.; Llorente, B.; Molina, R.; Alcázar, L.; Juanas, C. Arenillas; Rogero, S.; Pascual, T.; Cambronero, J. A.; Almudévar, P. Matía; Domínguez, J. Palamidessi; Carmona, S. Alcántara; Castañeda, D. Palacios; Abellán, A. Naharro; Lucendo, A. Pérez; Pérez, L. Pérez; Rivas, R. Fernández; Sanz, N. Martínez; Ramos, J. Veganzones; Villamizar, P. Rodríguez; Javadpour, S.; Kalani, N.; Amininejad, T.; Jamali, S.; Sobhanian, S.; Laurent, A.; Bonnet, M.; Rigal, R.; Aslanian, P.; Hebert, P.; Capellier, G.; Contreras, M. R. Diaz; Mejías, C. Rodriguez; Ruiz, F. C. Santiago; Lombardo, M. Duro; Perez, J. Castaño; de Hoyos, E. Aguayo; Estella, A.; Viciana, R.; Fontaiña, L. Perez; Rico, T.; Madueño, V. Perez; Recuerda, M.; Fernández, L.; Sandiumenge, A.; Bonet, S.; Mazo, C.; Rubiera, M.; Ruiz-Rodríguez, J. C.; Gracia, R. M.; Espinel, E.; Pont, T.; Kotsopoulos, A.; Jansen, N.; Abdo, W. F.; Gopcevic, A.; Gavranovic, Z.; Vucic, M.; Glogoski, M. Zlatic; Penavic, L. Videc; Horvat, A.; Martin-Villen, L.; Egea-Guerero, J. J.; Revuelto-Rey, J.; Aldabo-Pallas, T.; Correa-Chamorro, E.; Gallego-Corpa, A. I.; Granados, P. Ruiz del Portal-Ruiz; Faivre, V.; Wildenberg, L.; Huot, B.; Lukaszewicz, A. C.; Simsir, M.; Mengelle, C.; Payen, D.; Sanz, N. Martinez; Valbuena, B. Lobo; de la Fuente, M. Valdivia; Almudena, P. Matía; Pérez, L. Pérez; Carmona, S. Alcántara; Abellán, A. Navarro; Simón, I. Fernández; Muñoz, J. J. Rubio; Ramos, J. Veganzones; Carmona, S. Alcantara; Almudevar, P. Matia; Abellan, A. Naharro; Lucendo, M. A. Perez; Perez, L. Perez; Dominguez, J. Palamidessi; Rivas, R. Fernandez; Villamizar, P. Rodriguez; Wee, S.; Ong, C.; Lau, Y. H.; Wong, Y.; Banderas-Bravo, M. E.; Olea-Jiménez, V.; Mora-Ordóñez, J. M.; Gómez-Jiménez, C.; Muñoz-Muñoz, J. L.; Vallejo-Báez, J.; Daga-Ruiz, D.; Lebrón-Gallardo, M.; Rialp, G.; Raurich, J. M.; Morán, I.; Martín, M. C.; Heras, G.; Mas, A.; Vallverdú, I.; Hraiech, S.; Bourenne, J.; Guervilly, C.; Forel, J. M.; Adda, M.; Sylla, P.; Mouaci, A.; Gainnier, M.; Papazian, L.; Bauer, P. R.; Kumbamu, A.; Wilson, M. E.; Pannu, J. K.; Egginton, J. S.; Kashyap, R.; Gajic, O.; Yoshihiro, S.; Sakuraya, M.; Hayakawa, M.; Hirata, A.; Kawamura, N.; Tsutui, T.; Yoshida, K.; Hashimoto, Y.; Chang, C. H.; Hu, H. C.; Chiu, L. C.; Hung, C. Y.; Li, S. H.; Kao, K. C.; Sibley, S.; Drover, J.; D’Arsigny, C.; Parker, C.; Howes, D.; Moffatt, S.; Erb, J.; Ilan, R.; Messenger, D.; Ball, I.; Boyd, J. G.; Harrison, M.; Ridi, S.; Muscedere, J.; Andrade, A. H.; Costa, R. C.; Souza, V. A.; Gonzalez, V.; Amorim, V.; Rolla, F.; Filho, C. A. C. Abreu; Miranda, R.; Atchasiri, S.; Buranavanich, P.; Wathanawatthu, T.; Suwanpasu, S.; Bureau, C.; Rolland-Debord, C.; Poitou, T.; Clavel, M.; Perbet, S.; Terzi, N.; Kouatchet, A.; Similowski, T.; Demoule, A.; Diaz, P.; Nunes, J.; Escórcio, S.; Silva, G.; Chaves, S.; Jardim, M.; Câmara, M.; Fernandes, N.; Duarte, R.; Jardim, J. J.; Pereira, C. A.; Nóbrega, J. J.; Chen, C. M.; Lai, C. C.; Cheng, K. C.; Chou, W.; Lee, S. J.; Cha, Y. S.; Lee, W. Y.; Onodera, M.; Nakataki, E.; Oto, J.; Imanaka, H.; Nishimura, M.; Khadjibaev, A.; Sabirov, D.; Rosstalnaya, A.; Akalaev, R.; Parpibaev, F.; Antonucci, E.; Rossini, P.; Gandolfi, S.; Montini, E.; Orlando, S.; van Nes, M.; Karachi, F.; Hanekom, S.; Andrade, A. H.; Pereira, U. V.; Filho, C. A. C. Abreu; Costa, R. C.; Parkin, M. S. W.; Moore, M.; Andrade, A. H.; Costa, R. C.; Carvalho, K. V. Silva; Filho, C. A. C. Abreu; Min, H. J.; Kim, H. J.; Lee, D. S.; Choi, Y. Y.; Lee, E. Y.; Song, I.; Kim, D. J.; E, Y. Y.; Kim, J. W.; Park, J. S.; Cho, Y. J.; Lee, J. H.; Suh, J. W.; Jo, Y. H.; Kim, K. S.; Lee, Y. J.; Ferrero-Calleja, J.; Merino-Vega, D.; González-Jiménez, A. I.; Sigcha, M. Sigcha; Hernández-Tejedor, A.; Martin-Vivas, A.; Gabán-Díez, Á.; Luna, R. Ruiz-de; De la Calle-Pedrosa, N.; Temprano-Gómez, I.; Afonso-Rivero, D.; Pellin-Ariño, J. I.; Algora-Weber, A.; Fumis, R. R. L.; Ferraz, A. B.; Junior, J. M. Vieira; Kirca, H.; Cakin, O.; Unal, M.; Mutlu, H.; Ramazanoglu, A.; Cengiz, M.; Nicolini, E. A.; Pelisson, F. G. F.; Nunes, R. S.; da Silva, S. L.; Carreira, M. M.; Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F.; Ferez, M. A.; Basile-Filho, A.; Chao, H. C.; Chen, C. M.; Chen, L.; Hravnak, M.; Clermont, G.; Pinsky, M.; Dubrawski, A.; Varas, J. Luján; Montero, R. Molina; Sánchez-Elvira, L. Alcázar; Díaz, P. Villa; Delgado, C. Pintado; Ruiz, B. Llorente; Guerrero, A. Pardo; Galache, J. A. Cambronero; Sherif, H.; Hassanin, H.; El Hossainy, R.; Samy, W.; Ly, H.; David, H.; Burtin, P.; Charpentier, C.; Barral, M.; Courant, P.; Fournel, E.; Gaide-Chevronnay, L.; Durand, M.; Albaladejo, P.; Payen, J. F.; Chavanon, O.; Ortiz, A. Blandino; Pozzebon, S.; Lheureux, O.; Brasseur, A.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Fumagalli, F.; Scala, S.; Affatato, R.; De Maglie, M.; Zani, D.; Novelli, D.; Marra, C.; Luciani, A.; De Zani, D.; Luini, M.; Letizia, T.; Pravettoni, D.; Staszewsky, L.; Masson, S.; Belloli, A.; Di Giancamillo, M.; Scanziani, E.; Latini, R.; Ristagno, G.; Kye, Y. C.; Suh, G. J.; Kwon, W. Y.; Kim, K. S.; Yu, K. M.; Babini, G.; Ristagno, G.; Grassi, L.; Fumagalli, F.; Bendel, S.; De Maglie, M.; Affatato, R.; Masson, S.; Latini, R.; Scanziani, E.; Reinikainen, M.; Skrifvars, M.; Kappler, F.; Blobner, M.; Schaller, S. J.; Roasio, A.; Costanzo, E.; Cardellino, S.; Iesu, E.; Cavicchi, F. Zama; Fontana, V.; Nobile, L.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Park, M.; You, K. M.; Suh, G. J.; Kwon, W. Y.; Ko, S. B.; Kim, K. S.; Xini, A.; Marca, L.; Lheureux, O.; Brasseur, A.; Vincent, J. L.; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Beane, A.; Thilakasiri, M. C. K. T.; De Silva, A. P.; Stephens, T.; Sigera, C. S.; Athapattu, P.; Jayasinghe, S.; Padeniya, A.; Haniffa, R.; Santiago, A. Iglesias; Sáez, V. Chica; Ruiz-Ruano, R. de la Chica; González, A. Sánchez; Kunze-Szikszay, N.; Wand, S.; Klapsing, P.; Wetz, A.; Heyne, T.; Schwerdtfeger, K.; Troeltzsch, M.; Bauer, M.; Quintel, M.; Moerer, O.; Cook, D. J.; Rutherford, W. B.; Scales, D. C.; Adhikari, N. K.; Cuthbertson, B. H.; Suzuki, T.; Takei, T.; Fushimi, K.; Iwamoto, M.; Nakagawa, S.; Mendsaikhan, N.; Begzjav, T.; Lundeg, G.; Dünser, M. W.; Romero, D. González; Cabrera, J. L. Santana; Santana, J. D. Martín; Padilla, Y. Santana; Pérez, H. Rodríguez; Torrent, R. Lorenzo; Kleinpell, R.; Chouris, I.; Radu, V.; Stougianni, M.; Lavrentieva, A.; Lagonidis, D.; Price, R. D. T.; Day, A.; Arora, N.; Henderson, M. A.; Hickey, S.; Costa, M. I. Almeida; Carvalho, J. P.; Gomes, A. A.; Mergulhão, P. J.; Chan, K. K. C.; Shum, H. P.; Yan, W. W.; Maghsoudi, B.; Tabei, S. H.; Masjedi, M.; Sabetian, G.; Tabatabaei, H. R.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Saigal, S.; Pakhare, A.; Joshi, R.; Pattnaik, S. K.; Ray, B.; Rousseau, A. F.; Michel, L.; Bawin, M.; Cavalier, E.; Reginster, J. Y.; Damas, P.; Bruyere, O.; Zhou, J. C.; Cauwenberghs, H.; De Backer, A.; Neels, H.; Deblier, I.; Berghmans, J.; Himpe, D.; Barea-Mendoza, J. A.; Portillo, I. Prieto; Fernández, M. Valiente; Gigorro, R. Garcia; Vela, J. L. Perez; Mateos, H. Marín; Alves, S. Chacón; Varas, G. Morales; Rodriguez-Biendicho, A.; Carreño, E. Renes; González, J. C. Montejo; Yang, J. S.; Chiang, C. H.; Hung, W. T.; Huang, W. C.; Cheng, C. C.; Lin, K. C.; Lin, S. C.; Chiou, K. R.; Wann, S. R.; Lin, K. L.; Kang, P. L.; Mar, G. Y.; Liu, C. P.; Zhou, J. C.; Choi, Y. J.; Yoon, S. Z.; Gordillo-Brenes, A.; Fernandez-Zamora, M. D.; Perez-Borrero, L.; Arias-Verdu, M. D.; Aguilar-Alonso, E.; Herruzo-Aviles, A.; Garcia-Delgado, M.; Hinojosa-Perez, R.; Curiel-Balsera, E.; Rivera-Fernandez, R.; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Rosario, L. E. De la Cruz; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Herrera, A. N. García; Sanz, E. Regidor; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Hualde, J. Barado; Pascual, O. Agudo; León, J. P. Tirapu; Irazabal, J. M. Guergue; Pérez, A. González; Fernández, P. Alvarez; Amor, L. Lopéz; Albaiceta, G. Muñiz; Lesmes, S. P. Gómez; Rosario, L. E. De la Cruz; Hernández, A. Ansotegui; Sanz, E. Regidor; Sánchez, M. J. Gómez; Calvo, S. Aldunate; Herrera, A. N. García; Hualde, J. Barado; Pascual, O. Agudo; León, J. P. Tirapu; Corona, A.; Ruffini, C.; Spazzadeschi, A.; Marrazzo, F.; Gandola, A.; Sciurti, R.; Savi, C.; Catena, E.; Ke, M. W.; Cheng, C. C.; Huang, W. C.; Chiang, C. H.; Hung, W. T.; Lin, K. C.; Lin, S. C.; Wann, S. R.; Chiou, K. R.; Tseng, C. J.; Kang, P. L.; Mar, G. Y.; Liu, C. P.; Bertini, P.; De Sanctis, F.; Guarracino, F.; Bertini, P.; Baldassarri, R.; Guarracino, F.; Buitinck, S. H.; van der Voort, P. H. J.; Oto, J.; Nakataki, E.; Tsunano, Y.; Izawa, M.; Tane, N.; Onodera, M.; Nishimura, M.; Ghosh, S.; Gupta, A.; De Gasperi, A.; Mazza, E.; Limuti, R.; Prosperi, M.; Bissenova, N.; Yergaliyeva, A.; Talan, L.; Yılmaz, G.; Güven, G.; Yoruk, F.; Altıntas, N. D.; Mukherjee, D. N.; Agarwal, L. K.; Mandal, K.; Palomar, M.; Balsera, B.; Vallverdu, M.; Martinez, M.; Garcia, M.; Castellana, D.; Lopez, R.; Barcenilla, F.; Kaminsky, G. E.; Carreño, R.; Escribá, A.; Fuentes, M.; Gálvez, V.; Del Olmo, R.; Nieto, B.; Vaquerizo, C.; Alvarez, J.; De la Torre, M. A.; Torres, E.; Bogossian, E.; Nouer, S. Aranha; Salgado, D. Ribeiro; Brugger, S. Carvalho; Jiménez, G. Jiménez; Torner, M. Miralbés; Vidal, M. Vallverdú; Garrido, B. Balsera; Casals, X. Nuvials; Gaite, F. Barcenilla; Cabello, J. Trujillano; Martínez, M. Palomar; Doganci, M.; Izdes, S.; Besevli, S. Guzeldag; Alkan, A.; Kayaaslan, B.; Ramírez, C. Sánchez; Balcázar, L. Caipe; Santana, M. Cabrera; Viera, M. A. Hernández; Escalada, S. Hípola; Vázquez, C. F. Lübbe; Penichet, S. M. Marrero; Campelo, F. Artiles; López, M. A. De La Cal; Santana, P. Saavedra; Santana, S. Ruíz; Repessé, X.; Artiguenave, M.; Paktoris-Papine, S.; Espinasse, F.; Dinh, A.; El Sayed, F.; Charron, C.; Géri, G.; Vieillard-Baron, A.; Marmanidou, K.; Oikonomou, M.; Nouris, C.; Dimitroulakis, K.; Soilemezi, E.; Matamis, D.; Ferré, A.; Guillot, M.; Teboul, J. L.; Lichtenstein, D.; Mézière, G.; Richard, C.; Monnet, X.; Pham, T.; Beduneau, G.; Schortgen, F.; Piquilloud, L.; Zogheib, E.; Jonas, M.; Grelon, F.; Runge, I.; Terzi, N.; Grangé, S.; Barberet, G.; Guitard, P. G.; Frat, J. P.; Constan, A.; Chrétien, J. M.; Mancebo, J.; Mercat, A.; Richard, J. C. M.; Brochard, L.; Prīdāne, S.; Sabeļņikovs, O.; Mojoli, F.; Orlando, A.; Bianchi, I.; Torriglia, F.; Bianzina, S.; Pozzi, M.; Iotti, G. A.; Braschi, A.; Beduneau, G.; Pham, T.; Schortgen, F.; Piquilloud, L.; Zogheib, E.; Jonas, M.; Grelon, F.; Runge, I.; Terzi, N.; Grangé, S.; Barberet, G.; Guitard, P. G.; Frat, J. P.; Constan, A.; Chrétien, J. M.; Mancebo, J.; Mercat, A.; Richard, J. C. M.; Brochard, L.; Kondili, E.; Psarologakis, C.; Kokkini, S.; Amargianitakis, V.; Babalis, D.; Chytas, A.; Chouvarda, I.; Vaporidi, K.; Georgopoulos, D.; Trapp, O.; Kalenka, A.; Mojoli, F.; Orlando, A.; Bianchi, I.; Torriglia, F.; Bianzina, S.; Pozzi, M.; Iotti, G. A.; Braschi, A.; Lozano, J. A. Benítez; Sánchez, P. Carmona; Francioni, J. E. Barrueco; Ferrón, F. Ruiz; Simón, J. M. Serrano; Spadaro, S.; Karbing, D. S.; Gioia, A.; Moro, F.; Corte, F. Dalla; Mauri, T.; Volta, C. A.; Rees, S. E.; Petrova, M. V.; Mohan, R.; Butrov, A. V.; Beeharry, S. D.; Vatsik, M. V.; Sakieva, F. I.; Gobert, F.; Yonis, H.; Tapponnier, R.; Fernandez, R.; Labaune, M. A.; Burle, J. F.; Barbier, J.; Vincent, B.; Cleyet, M.; Richard, J. C.; Guérin, C.; Shinotsuka, C. Righy; Creteur, J.; Taccone, F. S.; Törnblom, S.; Nisula, S.; Vaara, S.; Poukkanen, M.; Andersson, S.; Pettilä, V.; Pesonen, E.; Xie, Z.; Liao, X.; Kang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Kubota, K.; Egi, M.; Mizobuchi, S.; Hegazy, S.; El-Keraie, A.; El Sayed, E.; El Hamid, M. Abd; Rodrigues, N. J.; Pereira, M.; Godinho, I.; Gameiro, J.; Neves, M.; Gouveia, J.; e Silva, Z. Costa; Lopes, J. A.; Mckinlay, J.; Kostalas, M.; Kooner, G.; Dudas, G.; Horton, A.; Kerr, C.; Karanjia, N.; Creagh-Brown, B.; Forni, L.; Yamazaki, A.; Ganuza, M. Sanz; Molina, J. A. Martinez; Martinez, F. Hidalgo; Freile, M. T. Chiquito; Fernandez, N. Garcia; Travieso, P. Medrano; Bandert, A.; Frithiof, R.; Lipcsey, M.; Smekal, D.; Schlaepfer, P.; Durovray, J. D.; Plouhinec, V.; Chiappa, C.; Bellomo, R.; Schneider, A. G.; Mitchell, S.; Durrant, J.; Street, H.; Dunthorne, E.; Shears, J.; Caballero, C. Hernandez; Hutchison, R.; Schwarze, S.; Ghabina, S.; Thompson, E.; Prowle, J. R.; Kirwan, C. J.; Gonzalez, C. A.; Pinto, J. L.; Orozco, V.; Patiño, J. A.; Garcia, P. K.; Contreras, K. M.; Rodriguez, P.; Echeverri, J. E. title: ESICM LIVES 2016: part three: Milan, Italy. 1–5 October 2016 date: 2016-09-29 journal: Intensive Care Med Exp DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0100-7 sha: doc_id: 14533 cord_uid: 6qfecv5h file: cache/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.json key: cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 authors: nan title: ESICM 2010 WEDNESDAY SESSIONS 13 October 2010 date: 2010-08-31 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2001-7 sha: doc_id: 15024 cord_uid: 2xzc0uc5 file: cache/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.json key: cord-261146-ppe8br4z authors: Mohammed, Amira; F.K. Alghetaa, Hasan; Miranda, Kathryn; Wilson, Kiesha; P. Singh, Narendra; Cai, Guoshuai; Putluri, Nagireddy; Nagarkatti, Prakash; Nagarkatti, Mitzi title: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Mortality from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through the Induction of Apoptosis in Immune Cells, Leading to Cytokine Storm Suppression date: 2020-08-28 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176244 sha: doc_id: 261146 cord_uid: ppe8br4z file: cache/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.json key: cord-263879-e36l3t1g authors: Jamaati, Hamidreza; Dastan, Farzaneh; Tabarsi, Payam; Marjani, Majid; Saffaei, Ali; Hashemian, Seyed MohammadReza title: A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol date: 2020 journal: Iran J Pharm Res DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113337.14239 sha: doc_id: 263879 cord_uid: e36l3t1g file: cache/cord-272937-ala32ub5.json key: cord-272937-ala32ub5 authors: Zhao, Xuan; Zhang, Yi title: Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-06-10 journal: Engineering (Beijing) DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.015 sha: doc_id: 272937 cord_uid: ala32ub5 file: cache/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.json key: cord-279440-0mn5b0vv authors: Diehl, J-L; Peron, N.; Philippe, A.; Smadja, D. M. title: Response to Damiani and colleagues date: 2020-10-14 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00757-6 sha: doc_id: 279440 cord_uid: 0mn5b0vv file: cache/cord-014464-m5n250r2.json key: cord-014464-m5n250r2 authors: Sole-Violan, J; Sologuren, I; Betancor, E; Zhang, S; Pérez, C; Herrera-Ramos, E; Martínez-Saavedra, M; López-Rodríguez, M; Pestano, J; Ruiz-Hernández, J; Ferrer, J; Rodríguez de Castro, F; Casanova, J; Rodríguez-Gallego, C title: Lethal influenza virus A H1N1 infection in two relatives with autosomal dominant GATA-2 deficiency date: 2013-03-19 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/cc11953 sha: doc_id: 14464 cord_uid: m5n250r2 file: cache/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.json key: cord-282547-ehr9aaix authors: Chang, Jae C. title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis date: 2019-11-28 journal: Clin Appl Thromb Hemost DOI: 10.1177/1076029619887437 sha: doc_id: 282547 cord_uid: ehr9aaix file: cache/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.json key: cord-278249-vvhq9vgp authors: Blot, Mathieu; Jacquier, Marine; Aho Glele, Ludwig-Serge; Beltramo, Guillaume; Nguyen, Maxime; Bonniaud, Philippe; Prin, Sebastien; Andreu, Pascal; Bouhemad, Belaid; Bour, Jean-Baptiste; Binquet, Christine; Piroth, Lionel; Pais de Barros, Jean-Paul; Masson, David; Quenot, Jean-Pierre; Charles, Pierre-Emmanuel title: CXCL10 could drive longer duration of mechanical ventilation during COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-02 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03328-0 sha: doc_id: 278249 cord_uid: vvhq9vgp file: cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.json key: cord-276927-rxudwp2v authors: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente; Matos, Gustavo Faissol Janot; Amato, Marcelo Britto Passos; Carvalho, Carlos Roberto Ribeiro title: Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2012-08-23 journal: Crit Care Res Pract DOI: 10.1155/2012/952168 sha: doc_id: 276927 cord_uid: rxudwp2v file: cache/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.json key: cord-286133-h8jgwe4z authors: Gattinoni, Luciano; Coppola, Silvia; Cressoni, Massimo; Busana, Mattia; Rossi, Sandra; Chiumello, Davide title: Reply by Gattinoni et al. to Hedenstierna et al., to Maley et al., to Fowler et al., to Bhatia and Mohammed, to Bos, to Koumbourlis and Motoyama, and to Haouzi et al. date: 2020-08-15 journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1052le sha: doc_id: 286133 cord_uid: h8jgwe4z file: cache/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.json key: cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 authors: Zhang, John J Y; Lee, Keng Siang; Ang, Li Wei; Leo, Yee Sin; Young, Barnaby Edward title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis date: 2020-05-14 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa576 sha: doc_id: 283780 cord_uid: h4lwzpl9 file: cache/cord-277031-yt0lafin.json key: cord-277031-yt0lafin authors: McGurk, Kevin; Riveros, Toni; Johnson, Nicholas; Dyer, Sean title: A primer on proning in the emergency department date: 2020-07-04 journal: J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12175 sha: doc_id: 277031 cord_uid: yt0lafin file: cache/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.json key: cord-281945-jvnjzjds authors: Radnis, Caitlin; Qiu, Sunny; Jhaveri, Miral; DaSilva, Ivan; Szewka, Aimee; Koffman, Lauren title: Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia date: 2020-09-06 journal: J Neurol Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117119 sha: doc_id: 281945 cord_uid: jvnjzjds file: cache/cord-280965-x5ffw843.json key: cord-280965-x5ffw843 authors: Damiani, Elisa; Carsetti, Andrea; Casarotta, Erika; Domizi, Roberta; Scorcella, Claudia; Adrario, Erica; Donati, Abele title: Comment on “Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study” date: 2020-10-23 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00765-6 sha: doc_id: 280965 cord_uid: x5ffw843 file: cache/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.json key: cord-277590-u0uf88e7 authors: Gage, Ann; Higgins, Andrew; Lee, Ran; Panhwar, Muhammad Siyab; Kalra, Ankur title: Reacquainting Cardiology With Mechanical Ventilation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-03-27 journal: JACC Case Rep DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.007 sha: doc_id: 277590 cord_uid: u0uf88e7 file: cache/cord-282151-mai4eggf.json key: cord-282151-mai4eggf authors: Bai, Lu; Gu, Li; Cao, Bin; Zhai, Xiao-Li; Lu, Min; Lu, Yong; Liang, Li-Rong; Zhang, Lei; Gao, Zi-Fen; Huang, Ke-Wu; Liu, Ying-Mei; Song, Shu-Fan; Wu, Lin; Yin, Yu-Dong; Wang, Chen title: Clinical Features of Pneumonia Caused by 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus in Beijing, China date: 2015-12-16 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1036 sha: doc_id: 282151 cord_uid: mai4eggf file: cache/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.json key: cord-277648-9kxwkcbl authors: Overholt, Kalon J.; Krog, Jonathan R.; Bryson, Bryan D. title: Dissecting the common and compartment-specific features of COVID-19 severity in the lung and periphery with single-cell resolution date: 2020-06-19 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.15.147470 sha: doc_id: 277648 cord_uid: 9kxwkcbl file: cache/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.json key: cord-277788-6ls21tkr authors: Nelson, Brian C; Laracy, Justin; Shoucri, Sherif; Dietz, Donald; Zucker, Jason; Patel, Nina; Sobieszczyk, Magdalena E; Kubin, Christine J; Gomez-Simmonds, Angela title: Clinical Outcomes Associated with Methylprednisolone in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-09 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1163 sha: doc_id: 277788 cord_uid: 6ls21tkr file: cache/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.json key: cord-284598-ksoonwf9 authors: Liu, Shan; Peng, Danyi; Qiu, Huijun; Yang, Ke; Fu, Zhou; Zou, Lin title: Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19 date: 2020-05-04 journal: Stem Cell Res Ther DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8 sha: doc_id: 284598 cord_uid: ksoonwf9 file: cache/cord-285955-fzm6036f.json key: cord-285955-fzm6036f authors: Nasir, N.; Mahmood, S. F.; Habib, K.; Khanum, I.; Jamil, B. title: Treatment of ARDS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 with IL-6 antagonist Tocilizumab: a tertiary care experience from Pakistan date: 2020-06-26 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.23.20134072 sha: doc_id: 285955 cord_uid: fzm6036f file: cache/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.json key: cord-285684-iiqyzqsb authors: Li, Jin-ze; Meng, Shan-shan; Xu, Xiu-Ping; Huang, Yong-bo; Mao, Pu; Li, Yi-min; Yang, Yi; Qiu, Hai-bo; Pan, Chun title: Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier date: 2020-10-30 journal: Stem Cells Int DOI: 10.1155/2020/8861407 sha: doc_id: 285684 cord_uid: iiqyzqsb file: cache/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.json key: cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 authors: Ikegami, Saya; Jitsuiki, Kei; Nagasawa, Hiroki; Nishio, Ryota; Yanagawa, Youichi title: Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy date: 2020-06-22 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8768 sha: doc_id: 299125 cord_uid: kuvnwdn6 file: cache/cord-282474-74273qgk.json key: cord-282474-74273qgk authors: Roehrig, Stefan; Ait Hssain, Ali; Shallik, Nabil Al Hamid; Elsaid, Ingi Mohamed A.; Mustafa, Salma Faisal; Smain, Osama A. M.; Molokhia, Ashraf Abdulla; Lance, Marcus D. title: Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-09-11 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04708-1 sha: doc_id: 282474 cord_uid: 74273qgk file: cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.json key: cord-286771-77hs34jm authors: Cruces, Pablo; Retamal, Jaime; Hurtado, Daniel E.; Erranz, Benjamín; Iturrieta, Pablo; González, Carlos; Díaz, Franco title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 sha: doc_id: 286771 cord_uid: 77hs34jm file: cache/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.json key: cord-285202-aiap6z9u authors: Short, Briana; Parekh, Madhavi; Ryan, Patrick; Chiu, Maggie; Fine, Cynthia; Scala, Peter; Moses, Shirah; Jackson, Emily; Brodie, Daniel; Yip, Natalie H. title: Rapid implementation of a mobile prone team during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-25 journal: J Crit Care DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.020 sha: doc_id: 285202 cord_uid: aiap6z9u file: cache/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.json key: cord-291481-ov1gkgpc authors: Bonizzoli, Manuela; Arvia, Rosaria; di Valvasone, Simona; Liotta, Francesco; Zakrzewska, Krystyna; Azzi, Alberta; Peris, Adriano title: Human herpesviruses respiratory infections in patients with acute respiratory distress (ARDS) date: 2016-05-02 journal: Med Microbiol Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0456-z sha: doc_id: 291481 cord_uid: ov1gkgpc file: cache/cord-296435-6dergkha.json key: cord-296435-6dergkha authors: Wang, Tiehua; Liu, Zhuang; Wang, Zhaoxi; Duan, Meili; Li, Gang; Wang, Shupeng; Li, Wenxiong; Zhu, Zhaozhong; Wei, Yongyue; Christiani, David C.; Li, Ang; Zhu, Xi title: Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality: An International Study date: 2014-04-14 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094124 sha: doc_id: 296435 cord_uid: 6dergkha file: cache/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.json key: cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 authors: Li, Xu; Ma, Xiaochun title: Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? date: 2020-05-06 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9 sha: doc_id: 290392 cord_uid: kpjp0sx4 file: cache/cord-308402-37i62atc.json key: cord-308402-37i62atc authors: Barnes, Betsy J.; Adrover, Jose M.; Baxter-Stoltzfus, Amelia; Borczuk, Alain; Cools-Lartigue, Jonathan; Crawford, James M.; Daßler-Plenker, Juliane; Guerci, Philippe; Huynh, Caroline; Knight, Jason S.; Loda, Massimo; Looney, Mark R.; McAllister, Florencia; Rayes, Roni; Renaud, Stephane; Rousseau, Simon; Salvatore, Steven; Schwartz, Robert E.; Spicer, Jonathan D.; Yost, Christian C.; Weber, Andrew; Zuo, Yu; Egeblad, Mikala title: Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps date: 2020-04-16 journal: J Exp Med DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200652 sha: doc_id: 308402 cord_uid: 37i62atc file: cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.json key: cord-283779-mudwcypl authors: Lauretani, Fulvio; Ravazzoni, Giulia; Roberti, Maria Federica; Longobucco, Yari; Adorni, Elisa; Grossi, Margherita; De Iorio, Aurelio; La Porta, Umberto; Fazio, Chiara; Gallini, Elena; Federici, Raffaele; Salvi, Marco; Ciarrocchi, Erika; Rossi, Francesca; Bergamin, Marina; Bussolati, Giacomo; Grieco, Ilaria; Broccoli, Federica; Zucchini, Irene; Ielo, Giuseppe; Morganti, Simonetta; Artoni, Andrea; Arisi, Arianna; Tagliaferri, Sara; Maggio, Marcello title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 journal: Acta Biomed DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9629 sha: doc_id: 283779 cord_uid: mudwcypl file: cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.json key: cord-284332-p4c1fneh authors: Bosma, Karen J.; Taneja, Ravi; Lewis, James F. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 journal: Drugs DOI: 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 sha: doc_id: 284332 cord_uid: p4c1fneh file: cache/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.json key: cord-296656-4q0jdyrh authors: van der Stap, Janneke; Voortman, Mareye title: Acute respiratoire insufficiëntie date: 2020-07-14 journal: Nursing (Maarssen) DOI: 10.1007/s41193-020-0109-x sha: doc_id: 296656 cord_uid: 4q0jdyrh file: cache/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.json key: cord-286901-whvq8y1p authors: Vidali, Sofia; Morosetti, Daniele; Cossu, Elsa; Luisi, Maria Luisa Eliana; Pancani, Silvia; Semeraro, Vittorio; Consales, Guglielmo title: D-dimer as an indicator of prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review date: 2020-07-13 journal: ERJ Open Res DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00260-2020 sha: doc_id: 286901 cord_uid: whvq8y1p file: cache/cord-305758-6twwcp47.json key: cord-305758-6twwcp47 authors: Combes, Alain; Peek, Giles J.; Hajage, David; Hardy, Pollyanna; Abrams, Darryl; Schmidt, Matthieu; Dechartres, Agnès; Elbourne, Diana title: ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis date: 2020-10-06 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3 sha: doc_id: 305758 cord_uid: 6twwcp47 file: cache/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.json key: cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 authors: Knighton, Andrew J.; Kean, Jacob; Wolfe, Doug; Allen, Lauren; Jacobs, Jason; Carpenter, Lori; Winberg, Carrie; Berry, Jay G.; Peltan, Ithan D.; Grissom, Colin K.; Srivastava, Raj title: Multi-factorial barriers and facilitators to high adherence to lung-protective ventilation using a computerized protocol: a mixed methods study date: 2020-07-28 journal: Implement Sci Commun DOI: 10.1186/s43058-020-00057-x sha: doc_id: 290460 cord_uid: d5e6y2r8 file: cache/cord-305389-n5cppi72.json key: cord-305389-n5cppi72 authors: D’Alonzo, Daniele; De Fenza, Maria; Pavone, Vincenzo title: COVID-19 and pneumonia: a role for the uPA/uPAR system date: 2020-06-18 journal: Drug Discov Today DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.013 sha: doc_id: 305389 cord_uid: n5cppi72 file: cache/cord-296182-hhswage4.json key: cord-296182-hhswage4 authors: Meng, Lingzhong; Qiu, Haibo; Wan, Li; Ai, Yuhang; Xue, Zhanggang; Guo, Qulian; Deshpande, Ranjit; Zhang, Lina; Meng, Jie; Tong, Chuanyao; Liu, Hong; Xiong, Lize title: Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date: 2020-04-08 journal: Anesthesiology DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003296 sha: doc_id: 296182 cord_uid: hhswage4 file: cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.json key: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc authors: Myerson, Jacob W.; Patel, Priyal N.; Habibi, Nahal; Walsh, Landis R.; Lee, Yi-Wei; Luther, David C.; Ferguson, Laura T.; Zaleski, Michael H.; Zamora, Marco E.; Marcos-Contreras, Oscar A.; Glassman, Patrick M.; Johnston, Ian; Hood, Elizabeth D.; Shuvaeva, Tea; Gregory, Jason V.; Kiseleva, Raisa Y.; Nong, Jia; Rubey, Kathryn M.; Greineder, Colin F.; Mitragotri, Samir; Worthen, George S.; Rotello, Vincent M.; Lahann, Joerg; Muzykantov, Vladimir R.; Brenner, Jacob S. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 sha: doc_id: 292862 cord_uid: ezrkg0dc file: cache/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.json key: cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 authors: Wrigge, H.; Glien, C. title: Spezifische Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens date: 2020-09-23 journal: Anaesthesist DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00844-0 sha: doc_id: 303101 cord_uid: 3s9mjcf7 file: cache/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.json key: cord-303232-0lwmzjxz authors: Konig, Maximilian F; Powell, Mike; Staedtke, Verena; Bai, Ren-Yuan; Thomas, David L; Fischer, Nicole; Huq, Sakibul; Khalafallah, Adham M; Koenecke, Allison; Xiong, Ruoxuan; Mensh, Brett; Papadopoulos, Nickolas; Kinzler, Kenneth W; Vogelstein, Bert; Vogelstein, Joshua T; Athey, Susan; Zhou, Shibin; Bettegowda, Chetan title: Targeting the catecholamine-cytokine axis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm syndrome date: 2020-04-08 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051565 sha: doc_id: 303232 cord_uid: 0lwmzjxz file: cache/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.json key: cord-325755-n7vjjw9r authors: Rai, Deependra Kumar; Sharma, Priya; Kumar, Rahul title: Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis- Is it real threat? date: 2020-11-10 journal: Indian J Tuberc DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.003 sha: doc_id: 325755 cord_uid: n7vjjw9r file: cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.json key: cord-293259-o51fnvuw authors: Sinaei, Reza; Pezeshki, Sara; Parvaresh, Saeedeh; Sinaei, Roya title: Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date: 2020-09-25 journal: World J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y sha: doc_id: 293259 cord_uid: o51fnvuw file: cache/cord-316923-b81uaooh.json key: cord-316923-b81uaooh authors: Luks, Andrew M.; Swenson, Erik R. title: Reply: COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency date: 2020-09-17 journal: Ann Am Thorac Soc DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202005-430le sha: doc_id: 316923 cord_uid: b81uaooh file: cache/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.json key: cord-310069-ay4af6xr authors: Tobin, Martin J. title: Does making a diagnosis of ARDS in COVID-19 patients matter? date: 2020-07-21 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.028 sha: doc_id: 310069 cord_uid: ay4af6xr file: cache/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.json key: cord-293740-4c3yemi3 authors: Ferrando, Carlos; Suarez-Sipmann, Fernando; Mellado-Artigas, Ricard; Hernández, María; Gea, Alfredo; Arruti, Egoitz; Aldecoa, César; Martínez-Pallí, Graciela; Martínez-González, Miguel A.; Slutsky, Arthur S.; Villar, Jesús title: Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS date: 2020-07-29 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2 sha: doc_id: 293740 cord_uid: 4c3yemi3 file: cache/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.json key: cord-316647-jj8anf5g authors: Shang, You; Pan, Chun; Yang, Xianghong; Zhong, Ming; Shang, Xiuling; Wu, Zhixiong; Yu, Zhui; Zhang, Wei; Zhong, Qiang; Zheng, Xia; Sang, Ling; Jiang, Li; Zhang, Jiancheng; Xiong, Wei; Liu, Jiao; Chen, Dechang title: Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date: 2020-06-06 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1 sha: doc_id: 316647 cord_uid: jj8anf5g file: cache/cord-305703-ypeibwje.json key: cord-305703-ypeibwje authors: Veronese, Nicola; Demurtas, Jacopo; Yang, Lin; Tonelli, Roberto; Barbagallo, Mario; Lopalco, Pierluigi; Lagolio, Erik; Celotto, Stefano; Pizzol, Damiano; Zou, Liye; Tully, Mark A.; Ilie, Petre Cristian; Trott, Mike; López-Sánchez, Guillermo F.; Smith, Lee title: Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature date: 2020-04-24 journal: Front Med (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00170 sha: doc_id: 305703 cord_uid: ypeibwje file: cache/cord-315093-ifeulv55.json key: cord-315093-ifeulv55 authors: Longobardo, Alessia; Montanari, Cecilia; Shulman, Robert; Benhalim, Suzanne; Singer, Mervyn; Arulkumaran, Nishkantha title: Inhaled nitric oxide produces minimal improvement in oxygenation in COVID-19 related ARDS date: 2020-10-14 journal: Br J Anaesth DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.011 sha: doc_id: 315093 cord_uid: ifeulv55 file: cache/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.json key: cord-315866-6vcts4w3 authors: Chan, KC Allen; Tang, Nelson LS; Hui, David SC; Chung, Grace TY; Wu, Alan KL; Chim, Stephen SC; Chiu, Rossa WK; Lee, Nelson; Choi, KW; Sung, YM; Chan, Paul KS; Tong, YK; Lai, ST; Yu, WC; Tsang, Owen; Lo, YM Dennis title: Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study date: 2005-04-09 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-26 sha: doc_id: 315866 cord_uid: 6vcts4w3 file: cache/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.json key: cord-293736-nyvwv31m authors: Méry, Geoffroy; Epaulard, Olivier; Borel, Anne-Laure; Toussaint, Bertrand; Le Gouellec, Audrey title: COVID-19: Underlying Adipokine Storm and Angiotensin 1-7 Umbrella date: 2020-07-21 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01714 sha: doc_id: 293736 cord_uid: nyvwv31m file: cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.json key: cord-323566-jck799zq authors: Cheung, Oi-Yee; Graziano, Paolo; Smith, Maxwell L. title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 journal: Practical Pulmonary Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 sha: doc_id: 323566 cord_uid: jck799zq file: cache/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.json key: cord-301830-nxtfhxjd authors: Mauri, Tommaso; Spinelli, Elena; Scotti, Eleonora; Colussi, Giulia; Basile, Maria Cristina; Crotti, Stefania; Tubiolo, Daniela; Tagliabue, Paola; Zanella, Alberto; Grasselli, Giacomo; Pesenti, Antonio title: Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-28 journal: Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004386 sha: doc_id: 301830 cord_uid: nxtfhxjd file: cache/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.json key: cord-304201-fziv9a9k authors: Chiang, Chi-Huei; Shih, Jen-Fu; Su, Wei-Juin; Perng, Reury-Perng title: Eight-Month Prospective Study of 14 Patients With Hospital-Acquired Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date: 2004-11-30 journal: Mayo Clinic Proceedings DOI: 10.4065/79.11.1372 sha: doc_id: 304201 cord_uid: fziv9a9k file: cache/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.json key: cord-310240-otf9ruvj authors: Prohaska, Stefanie; Schirner, Andrea; Bashota, Albina; Körner, Andreas; Blumenstock, Gunnar; Haeberle, Helene A. title: Intravenous immunoglobulin fails to improve ARDS in patients undergoing ECMO therapy date: 2018-02-26 journal: J Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s40560-018-0278-8 sha: doc_id: 310240 cord_uid: otf9ruvj file: cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.json key: cord-309089-ex9nh1yi authors: Coperchini, Francesca; Chiovato, Luca; Croce, Laura; Magri, Flavia; Rotondi, Mario title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date: 2020-05-11 journal: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 sha: doc_id: 309089 cord_uid: ex9nh1yi file: cache/cord-324296-a9as72bx.json key: cord-324296-a9as72bx authors: Combes, Alain; Schmidt, Matthieu; Hodgson, Carol L.; Fan, Eddy; Ferguson, Niall D.; Fraser, John F.; Jaber, Samir; Pesenti, Antonio; Ranieri, Marco; Rowan, Kathryn; Shekar, Kiran; Slutsky, Arthur S.; Brodie, Daniel title: Extracorporeal life support for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-02 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06290-1 sha: doc_id: 324296 cord_uid: a9as72bx file: cache/cord-321878-bnjupaik.json key: cord-321878-bnjupaik authors: Deliwala, Smit S.; Ponnapalli, Anoosha; Seedahmed, Elfateh; Berrou, Mohammed; Bachuwa, Ghassan; Chandran, Arul title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) date: 2020-07-23 journal: Am J Case Rep DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.926136 sha: doc_id: 321878 cord_uid: bnjupaik file: cache/cord-303292-iheq50ub.json key: cord-303292-iheq50ub authors: De Jong, Audrey; Wrigge, Hermann; Hedenstierna, Goran; Gattinoni, Luciano; Chiumello, Davide; Frat, Jean-Pierre; Ball, Lorenzo; Schetz, Miet; Pickkers, Peter; Jaber, Samir title: How to ventilate obese patients in the ICU date: 2020-10-23 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06286-x sha: doc_id: 303292 cord_uid: iheq50ub file: cache/cord-306153-aurm848i.json key: cord-306153-aurm848i authors: Schenck, Edward J.; Hoffman, Katherine; Goyal, Parag; Choi, Justin; Torres, Lisa; Rajwani, Kapil; Tam, Christopher W.; Ivascu, Natalia; Martinez, Fernando J.; Berlin, David A. title: Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange in COVID-19–associated Respiratory Failure date: 2020-09-17 journal: Ann Am Thorac Soc DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202005-427rl sha: doc_id: 306153 cord_uid: aurm848i file: cache/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.json key: cord-317619-o7qfugjw authors: Nye, Steven; Whitley, Richard J.; Kong, Michele title: Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-11-24 journal: Front Pediatr DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00128 sha: doc_id: 317619 cord_uid: o7qfugjw file: cache/cord-321499-17n9tj70.json key: cord-321499-17n9tj70 authors: Marini, John J.; Dellinger, R. Phillip; Brodie, Daniel title: Integrating the evidence: confronting the COVID-19 elephant date: 2020-07-25 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06195-z sha: doc_id: 321499 cord_uid: 17n9tj70 file: cache/cord-322887-md446f9p.json key: cord-322887-md446f9p authors: Carver, Catherine; Jones, Nicholas title: Cardiac injury and ARDS meta-analysis validity – Correspondence in response to Santoso et al. date: 2020-06-27 journal: Am J Emerg Med DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.028 sha: doc_id: 322887 cord_uid: md446f9p file: cache/cord-318209-llucxztc.json key: cord-318209-llucxztc authors: Öztürk, Selçuk; Elçin, Ayşe Eser; Koca, Ayça; Elçin, Yaşar Murat title: Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives date: 2020-08-24 journal: Stem Cell Rev Rep DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10029-2 sha: doc_id: 318209 cord_uid: llucxztc file: cache/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.json key: cord-321149-hffj7s4o authors: Schmidt, Matthieu; Hajage, David; Lebreton, Guillaume; Monsel, Antoine; Voiriot, Guillaume; Levy, David; Baron, Elodie; Beurton, Alexandra; Chommeloux, Juliette; Meng, Paris; Nemlaghi, Safaa; Bay, Pierre; Leprince, Pascal; Demoule, Alexandre; Guidet, Bertrand; Constantin, Jean Michel; Fartoukh, Muriel; Dres, Martin; Combes, Alain; Luyt, Charles-Edouard; Hekimian, Guillaume; Brechot, Nicolas; Pineton de Chambrun, Marc; Desnos, Cyrielle; Arzoine, Jeremy; Guerin, Emmanuelle; Schoell, Thibaut; Demondion, Pierre; Juvin, Charles; Nardonne, Nathalie; Marin, Sofica; D'Alessandro, Cossimo; Nguyen, Bao-Long; Quemeneur, Cyril; James, Arthur; Assefi, Mona; Lepere, Victoria; Savary, Guillaume; Gibelin, Aude; Turpin, Matthieu; Elabbadi, Alexandre; Berti, Enora; Vezinet, Corinne; Bonvallot, Harold; Delmotte, Pierre-Romain; De Sarcus, Martin; Du Fayet De La Tour, Charlotte; Abbas, Samia; Maury, Eric; Baudel, Jean-Luc; Lavillegrand, Jean-Remi; Ait Oufella, Hafid; Abdelkrim, Abdelmalek; Urbina, Thomas; Virolle, Sara; Deleris, Robin; Bonny, Vincent; Le Marec, Julien; Mayaux, Julien; Morawiec, Elise title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-13 journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30328-3 sha: doc_id: 321149 cord_uid: hffj7s4o file: cache/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.json key: cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 authors: Bagate, François; Tuffet, Samuel; Masi, Paul; Perier, François; Razazi, Keyvan; de Prost, Nicolas; Carteaux, Guillaume; Payen, Didier; Mekontso Dessap, Armand title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-04 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00769-2 sha: doc_id: 328569 cord_uid: 1lx3fkv3 file: cache/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.json key: cord-324869-f14n0hk6 authors: Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas; Parikh, Niraj; Megala, Shady Maher; Predeteanu, George Silviu title: Unusual Early Recovery of a Critical COVID-19 Patient After Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C date: 2020-07-25 journal: Am J Case Rep DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.925521 sha: doc_id: 324869 cord_uid: f14n0hk6 file: cache/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.json key: cord-326805-c5co9cfq authors: Lin, Shi-hui; Zhao, Yi-si; Zhou, Dai-xing; Zhou, Fa-chun; Xu, Fang title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-29 journal: Genes Dis DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.06.009 sha: doc_id: 326805 cord_uid: c5co9cfq file: cache/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.json key: cord-318067-4hdeuweo authors: Torrego, Alfons; Pajares, Virginia; Fernández-Arias, Carmen; Vera, Paula; Mancebo, Jordi title: Bronchoscopy in Patients with COVID-19 with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Experience date: 2020-07-15 journal: Am J Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-0945le sha: doc_id: 318067 cord_uid: 4hdeuweo file: cache/cord-316056-lk2upygf.json key: cord-316056-lk2upygf authors: Lepper, Philipp M.; Muellenbach, Ralf M. title: Mechanical ventilation in early COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-06 journal: EClinicalMedicine DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100616 sha: doc_id: 316056 cord_uid: lk2upygf file: cache/cord-330257-fliudtls.json key: cord-330257-fliudtls authors: Singh, Gurmeet; Brodie, Daniel title: Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS - More Data Required date: 2020-07-16 journal: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.07.043 sha: doc_id: 330257 cord_uid: fliudtls file: cache/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.json key: cord-325408-uy5ew3ki authors: Singer, Benjamin D.; Jain, Manu; Budinger, G. R. Scott; Wunderink, Richard G. title: A Call for Rational Intensive Care in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-17 journal: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0151le sha: doc_id: 325408 cord_uid: uy5ew3ki file: cache/cord-326613-253v48i0.json key: cord-326613-253v48i0 authors: Lv, Dandan; Xu, Yiming; Cheng, Hongqiang; Ke, Yuehai; Zhang, Xue; Ying, Kejing title: A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries date: 2020-05-29 journal: Exp Cell Res DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112101 sha: doc_id: 326613 cord_uid: 253v48i0 file: cache/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.json key: cord-323303-q0hjtsgi authors: Roy, A.; Behera, S.; Pande, A.; Bhattacharjee, A.; Bhattacharyya, A.; Baidya, D. K.; Anand, R. K.; Ray, B. R.; Subramaniam, R.; Maitra, S. title: Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARS- CoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study date: 2020-09-18 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 sha: doc_id: 323303 cord_uid: q0hjtsgi file: cache/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.json key: cord-332592-bfqsyiyf authors: Goette, Andreas; Patscheke, Markus; Henschke, Frank; Hammwöhner, Matthias title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation date: 2020-09-26 journal: TH Open DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716717 sha: doc_id: 332592 cord_uid: bfqsyiyf file: cache/cord-324232-nupi7f72.json key: cord-324232-nupi7f72 authors: Villar, Jesús; Confalonieri, Marco; Pastores, Stephen M.; Meduri, G. Umberto title: Rationale for Prolonged Corticosteroid Treatment in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-29 journal: Crit Care Explor DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000111 sha: doc_id: 324232 cord_uid: nupi7f72 file: cache/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.json key: cord-325461-q8igdvq4 authors: Ryan, Donal; Frohlich, Stephen; McLoughlin, Paul title: Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS date: 2014-08-22 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-014-0028-6 sha: doc_id: 325461 cord_uid: q8igdvq4 file: cache/cord-329381-uwae8738.json key: cord-329381-uwae8738 authors: Evrard, Bruno; Goudelin, Marine; Montmagnon, Noelie; Fedou, Anne-Laure; Lafon, Thomas; Vignon, Philippe title: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-05-18 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-02958-8 sha: doc_id: 329381 cord_uid: uwae8738 file: cache/cord-330640-6ityxc64.json key: cord-330640-6ityxc64 authors: Gupta, Ashim; Kashte, Shivaji; Gupta, Manu; Rodriguez, Hugo C.; Gautam, Shraddha Singh; Kadam, Sachin title: Mesenchymal stem cells and exosome therapy for COVID-19: current status and future perspective date: 2020-08-11 journal: Hum Cell DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00407-w sha: doc_id: 330640 cord_uid: 6ityxc64 file: cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.json key: cord-341472-29opvzrj authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3578-z sha: doc_id: 341472 cord_uid: 29opvzrj file: cache/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.json key: cord-326874-rdwvsm4s authors: Wu, Chaomin; Hou, Dongni; Du, Chunling; Cai, Yanping; Zheng, Junhua; Xu, Jie; Chen, Xiaoyan; Chen, Cuicui; Hu, Xianglin; Zhang, Yuye; Song, Juan; Wang, Lu; Chao, Yen-cheng; Feng, Yun; Xiong, Weining; Chen, Dechang; Zhong, Ming; Hu, Jie; Jiang, Jinjun; Bai, Chunxue; Zhou, Xin; Xu, Jinfu; Song, Yuanlin; Gong, Fengyun title: Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis date: 2020-11-10 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03340-4 sha: doc_id: 326874 cord_uid: rdwvsm4s file: cache/cord-329985-5rji08p7.json key: cord-329985-5rji08p7 authors: Robba, Chiara; Robba, Chiara; Battaglini, Denise; Ball, Lorenzo; Patroniti, Nicolo’; Loconte, Maurizio; Brunetti, Iole; Vena, Antonio; Giacobbe, Daniele; Bassetti, Matteo; Rocco, Patricia Rieken Macedo; Pelosi, Paolo title: Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-05-11 journal: Respir Physiol Neurobiol DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103455 sha: doc_id: 329985 cord_uid: 5rji08p7 file: cache/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.json key: cord-339293-7ks3bopm authors: Nejatifard, Marzieh; Asefi, Sohrab; Jamali, Raika; Hamblin, Michael R.; Fekrazad, Reza title: Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date: 2020-10-12 journal: Cytokine DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312 sha: doc_id: 339293 cord_uid: 7ks3bopm file: cache/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.json key: cord-344829-adlp2rjy authors: de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos; Dietrich, W. Dalton; Keane, Robert W.; de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Pablo title: The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-08 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583373 sha: doc_id: 344829 cord_uid: adlp2rjy file: cache/cord-336159-w646qkjz.json key: cord-336159-w646qkjz authors: Chen, Wei; Chen, Yih-Yuan; Tsai, Ching-Fang; Chen, Solomon Chih-Cheng; Lin, Ming-Shian; Ware, Lorraine B.; Chen, Chuan-Mu title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 date: 2015-10-30 journal: Medicine (Baltimore) DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001849 sha: doc_id: 336159 cord_uid: w646qkjz file: cache/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.json key: cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 authors: Tomazini, B. M.; Maia, I. S.; Bueno, F. R.; Silva, M. V. A. O.; Baldassare, F. P.; Costa, E. L. V.; Moura, R. A. B.; Honorato, M.; Costa, A. N.; Cavalcanti, A. B.; Rosa, R.; Avezum, A.; Veiga, V. C.; Lopes, R. D.; Damiani, L. P.; Machado, F. R.; Berwanger, O.; Azevedo, L. C. P. title: COVID-19-associated ARDS treated with DEXamethasone (CoDEX): Study design and rationale for a randomized trial. date: 2020-06-26 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139303 sha: doc_id: 337010 cord_uid: dgy7qbl5 file: cache/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.json key: cord-333856-ujnhjy0s authors: Baer, Brandon; McCaig, Lynda; Yamashita, Cory; Veldhuizen, Ruud title: Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Budesonide In Vivo date: 2020-10-26 journal: Lung DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00399-2 sha: doc_id: 333856 cord_uid: ujnhjy0s file: cache/cord-335977-f00758o2.json key: cord-335977-f00758o2 authors: Martin-Loeches, I.; Lisboa, T.; Rhodes, A.; Moreno, R. P.; Silva, E.; Sprung, C.; Chiche, J. D.; Barahona, D.; Villabon, M.; Balasini, C.; Pearse, R. M.; Matos, R.; Rello, J. title: Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection date: 2010-11-24 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-2078-z sha: doc_id: 335977 cord_uid: f00758o2 file: cache/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.json key: cord-328996-3sf2i45r authors: Barthélémy, Romain; Blot, Pierre-Louis; Tiepolo, Ambre; Le Gall, Arthur; Mayeur, Claire; Gaugain, Samuel; Morisson, Louis; Gayat, Etienne; Mebazaa, Alexandre; Chousterman, Benjamin Glenn title: Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-06 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.573 sha: doc_id: 328996 cord_uid: 3sf2i45r file: cache/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.json key: cord-338319-9v8yw2pl authors: Trahtemberg, Uriel; Slutsky, Arthur S.; Villar, Jesús title: What have we learned ventilating COVID-19 patients? date: 2020-10-12 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06275-0 sha: doc_id: 338319 cord_uid: 9v8yw2pl file: cache/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.json key: cord-343743-6k3soh1l authors: Chaudhary, Sachin; Natt, Bhupinder; Bime, Christian; Knox, Kenneth S.; Glassberg, Marilyn K. title: Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused date: 2020-09-09 journal: Front Med (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00539 sha: doc_id: 343743 cord_uid: 6k3soh1l file: cache/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.json key: cord-328396-p2gvpe8i authors: Kaur, Savneet; Tripathi, Dinesh M.; Yadav, Angeera title: The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-04 journal: Front Physiol DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00989 sha: doc_id: 328396 cord_uid: p2gvpe8i file: cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.json key: cord-331500-l3hkn2li authors: Luyt, Charles-Edouard; Bouadma, Lila; Morris, Andrew Conway; Dhanani, Jayesh A.; Kollef, Marin; Lipman, Jeffrey; Martin-Loeches, Ignacio; Nseir, Saad; Ranzani, Otavio T.; Roquilly, Antoine; Schmidt, Matthieu; Torres, Antoni; Timsit, Jean-François title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z sha: doc_id: 331500 cord_uid: l3hkn2li file: cache/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.json key: cord-329585-uyze6dtu authors: Earhart, Alexander P.; Holliday, Zachary M.; Hofmann, Hunter V.; Schrum, Adam G. title: Consideration of dornase alfa for the treatment of severe COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-04-30 journal: New Microbes New Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100689 sha: doc_id: 329585 cord_uid: uyze6dtu file: cache/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.json key: cord-333520-v2sb90rc authors: Gardin, Chiara; Ferroni, Letizia; Chachques, Juan Carlos; Zavan, Barbara title: Could Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Be a Therapeutic Option for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients? date: 2020-08-26 journal: J Clin Med DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092762 sha: doc_id: 333520 cord_uid: v2sb90rc file: cache/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.json key: cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 authors: Tzotzos, Susan J.; Fischer, Bernhard; Fischer, Hendrik; Zeitlinger, Markus title: Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey date: 2020-08-21 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03240-7 sha: doc_id: 343940 cord_uid: fdnmeuh8 file: cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.json key: cord-334528-xenq90xj authors: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 journal: J Geriatr Cardiol DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 sha: doc_id: 334528 cord_uid: xenq90xj file: cache/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.json key: cord-330919-dep3v1pt authors: Whyte, Claire S; Morrow, Gael B; Mitchell, Joanne L; Chowdary, Pratima; Mutch, Nicola J title: Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date: 2020-04-23 journal: J Thromb Haemost DOI: 10.1111/jth.14872 sha: doc_id: 330919 cord_uid: dep3v1pt file: cache/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.json key: cord-346230-39oo7vnq authors: Byrne, J. D.; Shakur, R.; Collins, J.; Becker, S. L.; Young, C. C.; Boyce, H.; Traverso, C. title: Prophylaxis with tetracyclines in ARDS: Potential therapy for COVID-19-induced ARDS? date: 2020-07-28 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20154542 sha: doc_id: 346230 cord_uid: 39oo7vnq file: cache/cord-339128-npfoircv.json key: cord-339128-npfoircv authors: Blair, Robert V.; Vaccari, Monica; Doyle-Meyers, Lara A.; Roy, Chad J.; Russell-Lodrigue, Kasi; Fahlberg, Marissa; Monjure, Chris J.; Beddingfield, Brandon; Plante, Kenneth S.; Plante, Jessica A.; Weaver, Scott C.; Qin, Xuebin; Midkiff, Cecily C.; Lehmicke, Gabrielle; Golden, Nadia; Threeton, Breanna; Penney, Toni; Allers, Carolina; Barnes, Mary B.; Pattison, Melissa; Datta, Prasun K.; Maness, Nicholas J.; Birnbaum, Angela; Fischer, Tracy; Bohm, Rudolf P.; Rappaport, Jay title: Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys but not Rhesus Macaques date: 2020-11-07 journal: Am J Pathol DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.016 sha: doc_id: 339128 cord_uid: npfoircv file: cache/cord-344978-m672rnze.json key: cord-344978-m672rnze authors: Chen, Yuntian; Wang, Yi; Zhang, Yuwei; Zhang, Na; Zhao, Shuang; Zeng, Hanjiang; Deng, Wen; Huang, Zixing; Liu, Sanyuan; Song, Bin title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-06 journal: Int J Med Sci DOI: 10.7150/ijms.48432 sha: doc_id: 344978 cord_uid: m672rnze file: cache/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.json key: cord-349197-3trr8d0u authors: Ventura, Francesco; Bonsignore, Alessandro; Gentile, Raffaella; De Stefano, Francesco title: Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date: 2010-04-28 journal: J Forensic Sci DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x sha: doc_id: 349197 cord_uid: 3trr8d0u file: cache/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.json key: cord-344061-gsl84nv6 authors: Pariani, Elena; Martinelli, Marianna; Canuti, Marta; Jazaeri Farsani, Seyed Mohammad; Oude Munnink, Bas B.; Deijs, Martin; Tanzi, Elisabetta; Zanetti, Alessandro; van der Hoek, Lia; Amendola, Antonella title: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Disease in Northern Italy during the Pandemic and Postpandemic Period (2009–2011) date: 2014-06-12 journal: Biomed Res Int DOI: 10.1155/2014/241298 sha: doc_id: 344061 cord_uid: gsl84nv6 file: cache/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.json key: cord-355847-1ru15s5a authors: Convertino, Irma; Tuccori, Marco; Ferraro, Sara; Valdiserra, Giulia; Cappello, Emiliano; Focosi, Daniele; Blandizzi, Corrado title: Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-06-11 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03020-3 sha: doc_id: 355847 cord_uid: 1ru15s5a file: cache/cord-347871-w6274bdg.json key: cord-347871-w6274bdg authors: Kloc, Malgorzata; Ghobrial, Rafik M. title: The multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs as a potential treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-07-31 journal: Mult Scler Relat Disord DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102437 sha: doc_id: 347871 cord_uid: w6274bdg file: cache/cord-345028-56hg62be.json key: cord-345028-56hg62be authors: Flinspach, Armin Niklas; Zacharowski, Kai; Ioanna, Deligiannis; Adam, Elisabeth Hannah title: Volatile Isoflurane in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients—A Case Series and Systematic Review date: 2020-10-21 journal: Crit Care Explor DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000256 sha: doc_id: 345028 cord_uid: 56hg62be file: cache/cord-349201-d88g5toc.json key: cord-349201-d88g5toc authors: Yu, Feng; Zhu, Jing; Lei, Ming; Wang, Chuan‐jiang; Xie, Ke; Xu, Fang; Lin, Shi‐hui title: Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice date: 2020-10-13 journal: Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8971 sha: doc_id: 349201 cord_uid: d88g5toc file: cache/cord-352065-960xqft4.json key: cord-352065-960xqft4 authors: Rello, Jordi; Belliato, Mirko; Dimopoulos, Meletios-Athanasios; Giamarellos-bourboulis, Evangelos J.; Jaksic, Vladimir; Martin-loeches, Ignacio; Mporas, Iosif; Pelosi, Paolo; Poulakou, Garyphallia; Pournaras, Spyridon; Tamae-kakazu, Maximiliano; Timsit, Jean-François; Waterer, Grant; Tejada, Sofia; Dimopoulos, George title: Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date: 2020-10-22 journal: Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.008 sha: doc_id: 352065 cord_uid: 960xqft4 file: cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.json key: cord-349329-f0pbd968 authors: Bosteels, Cedric; Maes, Bastiaan; Van Damme, Karel; De Leeuw, Elisabeth; Declercq, Jozefien; Delporte, Anja; Demeyere, Bénédicte; Vermeersch, Stéfanie; Vuylsteke, Marnik; Willaert, Joren; Bollé, Laura; Vanbiervliet, Yuri; Decuypere, Jana; Libeer, Frederick; Vandecasteele, Stefaan; Peene, Isabelle; Lambrecht, Bart title: Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-06-05 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04451-7 sha: doc_id: 349329 cord_uid: f0pbd968 file: cache/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.json key: cord-349440-jxigsdzh authors: Gattinoni, Luciano; Camporota, Luigi; Marini, John J. title: COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading? date: 2020-07-02 journal: Eur Respir J DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02195-2020 sha: doc_id: 349440 cord_uid: jxigsdzh file: cache/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.json key: cord-353594-z1vxamvp authors: Gagiannis, Daniel; Steinestel, Julie; Hackenbroch, Carsten; Schreiner, Benno; Hannemann, Michael; Bloch, Wilhelm; Umathum, Vincent G.; Gebauer, Niklas; Rother, Conn; Stahl, Marcel; Witte, Hanno M.; Steinestel, Konrad title: Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Similarities Between Severe COVID-19 and Acute Exacerbation of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) date: 2020-10-02 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587517 sha: doc_id: 353594 cord_uid: z1vxamvp file: cache/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.json key: cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 authors: Ge, Huiqing; Pan, Qing; Zhou, Yong; Xu, Peifeng; Zhang, Lingwei; Zhang, Junli; Yi, Jun; Yang, Changming; Zhou, Yuhan; Liu, Limin; Zhang, Zhongheng title: Lung Mechanics of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: Analytics With High-Granularity Ventilator Waveform Data date: 2020-08-21 journal: Front Med (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00541 sha: doc_id: 349980 cord_uid: x1h5dhn9 file: cache/cord-354829-god79qzw.json key: cord-354829-god79qzw authors: Mao, Kaimin; Geng, Wei; Liao, Yuhan; Luo, Ping; Zhong, Hua; Ma, Pei; Xu, Juanjuan; Zhang, Shuai; Tan, Qi; Jin, Yang title: Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets date: 2020-09-23 journal: Aging (Albany NY) DOI: 10.18632/aging.104042 sha: doc_id: 354829 cord_uid: god79qzw file: cache/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.json key: cord-335975-m6lkrehi authors: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2018, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2018-02-05 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0345-7 sha: doc_id: 335975 cord_uid: m6lkrehi file: cache/cord-351624-32opyo0i.json key: cord-351624-32opyo0i authors: Kappel, Coralea; Piticaru, Joshua; Jones, Graham; Goucher, George; Cheon, Paul; Fischer, Marc; Rochwerg, Bram title: A case of possible Fournier’s gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-07-27 journal: Can J Anaesth DOI: 10.1007/s12630-020-01772-8 sha: doc_id: 351624 cord_uid: 32opyo0i file: cache/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.json key: cord-348823-u2gm3kyh authors: Baksh, Mizba; Ravat, Virendrasinh; Zaidi, Annam; Patel, Rikinkumar S title: A Systematic Review of Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-05-18 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8188 sha: doc_id: 348823 cord_uid: u2gm3kyh file: cache/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.json key: cord-341063-3rqnu5bu authors: nan title: 38th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 20-23 March 2018 date: 2018-03-29 journal: Crit Care DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-1973-5 sha: doc_id: 341063 cord_uid: 3rqnu5bu file: cache/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.json key: cord-352196-rpyoeg9n authors: Alberici, Federico; Delbarba, Elisa; Manenti, Chiara; Econimo, Laura; Valerio, Francesca; Pola, Alessandra; Maffei, Camilla; Possenti, Stefano; Lucca, Bernardo; Cortinovis, Roberta; Terlizzi, Vincenzo; Zappa, Mattia; Saccà, Chiara; Pezzini, Elena; Calcaterra, Eleonora; Piarulli, Paola; Guerini, Alice; Boni, Francesca; Gallico, Agnese; Mucchetti, Alberto; Affatato, Stefania; Bove, Sergio; Bracchi, Martina; Costantino, Ester Maria; Zubani, Roberto; Camerini, Corrado; Gaggia, Paola; Movilli, Ezio; Bossini, Nicola; Gaggiotti, Mario; Scolari, Francesco title: A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. date: 2020-05-08 journal: Kidney Int DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.030 sha: doc_id: 352196 cord_uid: rpyoeg9n file: cache/cord-352365-b9cmviny.json key: cord-352365-b9cmviny authors: Marchetti, Monia title: COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure date: 2020-06-24 journal: Ann Hematol DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04138-8 sha: doc_id: 352365 cord_uid: b9cmviny file: cache/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.json key: cord-355208-hpldjsc5 authors: Leisman, Daniel E.; Deutschman, Clifford S.; Legrand, Matthieu title: Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation date: 2020-04-28 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6 sha: doc_id: 355208 cord_uid: hpldjsc5 file: cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.json key: cord-015021-pol2qm74 authors: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02258437 sha: doc_id: 15021 cord_uid: pol2qm74 file: cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.json key: cord-355038-o2hr5mox authors: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2020-02-11 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7 sha: doc_id: 355038 cord_uid: o2hr5mox file: cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.json key: cord-005814-ak5pq312 authors: nan title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date: 1995 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02426401 sha: doc_id: 5814 cord_uid: ak5pq312 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-ards-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010550-lfbjvche author: Petran, Jan title: Validation of RESP and PRESERVE score for ARDS patients with pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (pECLA) date: 2020-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253355-dii5zszf author: Khan, Sheharyar title: Awake Proning: A Necessary Evil During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025163-iyh0d6mj author: Ding, Lin title: Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers date: 2020-05-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025865-jjjr3ymt author: Eastin, Carly title: Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. date: 2020-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006251-danl62io author: Jansen, Oliver title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in spina bifida and (H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2017-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006251-danl62io.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006251-danl62io.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006251-danl62io.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032608-zw540s64 author: Elsayed, Hany Hasan title: Dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19, a surprise? date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032608-zw540s64.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031033-v4yetn4f author: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003397-fvrd128w author: Herath, H. M. L. Y. title: Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka date: 2018-12-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 author: Zhang, Xianming title: Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-01-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 author: Morty, Rory E. title: Alveolar fluid clearance in acute lung injury: what have we learned from animal models and clinical studies? date: 2007-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000539-uh3q65we author: Zhang, Yi title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011197-bmigh2rs author: Yener, Nazik title: Airway Pressure Release Ventilation as a Rescue Therapy in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve author: Flores, Carlos title: A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury date: 2008-10-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003219-iryb3v0z author: Kao, Kuo-Chin title: Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning date: 2018-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003832-q1422ydi author: Koyama, Kansuke title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors date: 2019-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005572-zdzeqc19 author: Agarwal, Ritesh title: Experience with ARDS caused by tuberculosis in a respiratory intensive care unit date: 2005-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004092-wb150n8w author: Nieman, Gary F. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256385-g1wcfrfi author: Badraoui, Riadh title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025920-9p5x26ge author: Qadir, Nida title: Adjunctive Therapies in ARDS: The Disconnect Between Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice date: 2020-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005577-uk5wzk6m author: Bachmann, D. C. G. title: Respiratory syncytial virus triggered adult respiratory distress syndrome in infants: A report of two cases date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005583-hmv8jjfl author: Peters, M. J. title: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children: case mix and the utility of respiratory severity indices date: 2013-12-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006181-fkh2fzbr author: Bednarczyk, Joseph M. title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for blastomycosis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case series date: 2015-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-035326-qjp37j7x author: Sryma, P.B. title: Reinventing the Wheel in ARDS: Awake Proning in COVID-19 date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006366-qpjvmwmp author: Kinikar, Aarti Avinash title: Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza 2009 in Pune, India date: 2011-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259204-27t269pd author: Grimaldi, D. title: Characteristics and outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome related to COVID-19 in Belgian and French Intensive Care Units according to antiviral strategies. The COVADIS multicenter observational study. date: 2020-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259204-27t269pd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-102679-6dpo073b author: TRONCHE, P.-A. title: Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 author: Liu, Songqiao title: Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method date: 2020-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020490-sjz5mbbr author: Mahida, R. Y. title: Extracellular Vesicles in ARDS: New Insights into Pathogenesis with Novel Clinical Applications date: 2019-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006700-df8ard9o author: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017897-mbwm0ytg author: Chiumello, Davide title: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management date: 2018-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 author: nan title: Lungenversagen date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003198-1kw5v6rm author: Vuillard, Constance title: Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study date: 2018-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253129-v5lck9l7 author: Kim, Kyeong Tae title: Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010443-4jblod8j author: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258896-ck7lh9rg author: Perez-Nieto, Orlando Ruben title: Impact of Asynchronies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002540-hgx0bfbz author: Chen, Chaolei title: Can glypican-3 be a disease-specific biomarker? date: 2017-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006237-oxbquzeg author: Dwenger, A. title: Bioluminescence, chemiluminescence date: 1990 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003615-vpzzsdld author: Thompson, Kelly B. title: Late immune consequences of combat trauma: a review of trauma-related immune dysfunction and potential therapies date: 2019-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001938-n2d5fw2f author: Ong, David S. Y. title: Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2016-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011286-8wxih7v6 author: You, Qinghai title: MiR-802 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting Peli2 date: 2019-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012045-1cqqj84n author: Li, Tiao title: The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012587-h3c9novk author: Bos, Lieuwe D. J. title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266423-s8lqdpvn author: Jose, Ricardo J. title: Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disprove the Obesity Paradox in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001262-8s7g2wvd author: Zheng, Guoping title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study date: 2014-04-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017853-mgsuwft0 author: Machado, Roberto F. title: Genomics of Acute Lung Injury and Vascular Barrier Dysfunction date: 2010-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004532-flo9139j author: Andrews, Peter title: Year in review in intensive care medicine, 2004. I. Respiratory failure, infection, and sepsis date: 2004-12-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004532-flo9139j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002016-vzn338ub author: Thompson, B. Taylor title: Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no date: 2016-02-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002801-6myqgme3 author: Yoon, Byung Woo title: Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report date: 2017-12-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004067-psjyjvbu author: Zhou, Yile title: The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS date: 2019-12-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006505-u3znxf2b author: Van Bever, H. P. title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection date: 1992 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104423-fxo36z1s author: Ghelichkhani, Parisa title: Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary date: 2020-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005910-byffqwjd author: Lewandowski, K. title: Der alte Mann und die „I sea U“: Essay über Vertrauen, Schicksal und Evidenz – im Stil von Hemingway date: 2016-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256051-87alqfkd author: Revzin, Margarita V. title: Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002078-38rmx65j author: Korkmaz Ekren, Pervin title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Prospective observational study date: 2016-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254083-ea94wn3f author: Fowler, Alexander J. title: COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis date: 2020-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002782-mena480g author: Chen, Jiajia title: Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) virus infection date: 2017-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002782-mena480g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002782-mena480g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-002782-mena480g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000492-ec5qzurk author: Devaney, James title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011875-ga0dzj3v author: Tsolaki, Vasiliki title: Are Patients with COVID-19 Dying of or with Cardiac Injury? date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-033298-4d40yyzu author: Fiedler, M. O. title: Fokus Beatmung, Sauerstofftherapie und Weaning: Intensivmedizinische Studien aus 2019/2020 date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019010-9xgwjvsv author: Luna, C. M. title: Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date: 2010-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001493-3yu2di1g author: Fujishima, Seitaro title: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005699-uf59ls0g author: Leclerc, F. title: Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010509-gipjuhhc author: Xu, Jing title: Increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome was associated with high levels of plasma phenylalanine date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 author: Kaisy, Dr. Maythem Abdulhassan Al title: Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. date: 2020-08-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006565-5c14oqn4 author: Umans, U. title: Herpes simplex virus 1 pneumonia: conventional chest radiograph pattern date: 2001-02-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012010-5h2ox3hu author: Bos, Lieuwe D.J. title: Response to “COVID-19 conundrum: Clinical phenotyping based on pathophysiology as a promising approach to guide therapy in a novel illness” and “Strengthening the foundation of the house of CARDS by phenotyping on the fly” and “COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading?” date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006459-9kizif98 author: Deng, Guangcun title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice date: 2009-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006459-9kizif98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004450-daxz9yhp author: Haeberle, Helene title: Therapeutic iloprost for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (the ThIlo trial): a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II study date: 2020-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017854-ff3gm50j author: Bromberg, Z. title: Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammation date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005621-a4bspoii author: Roch, Antoine title: Outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and brought to a referral center date: 2013-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000498-absjerdt author: Hagau, Natalia title: Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection date: 2010-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000498-absjerdt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 author: Hassett, Patrick title: Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury date: 2011-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028337-md9om47x author: Ketcham, Scott W. title: Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028337-md9om47x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005985-csc3lfbm author: Seeger, W. title: Alveolar surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic prospects date: 1993 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013306-35jiycem author: Tarazan, Nehal title: Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-013306-35jiycem.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author: Raimondi, Francesco title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005875-yp1ehpeg author: Zhang, Dong title: Crocin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by protecting against glycocalyx damage and suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways date: 2020-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 author: Shafiee, Abbas title: Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018685-i7s04fh5 author: Bromberg, Z. title: Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004515-x22q1f21 author: Pottecher, Julien title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients date: 2020-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011363-o1f398vn author: Pitoni, Sara title: Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics date: 2020-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005705-j765ruj1 author: Dreyfuss, Didier title: Is it better to consent to an RCT or to care?: Μηδεν αγαν (“nothing in excess”) date: 2004-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284598-ksoonwf9 author: Liu, Shan title: Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19 date: 2020-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028835-jby1btv7 author: Rilinger, Jonathan title: Prone positioning in severe ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001215-aj8nxi3x author: Wang, Chen Yu title: One-year mortality and predictors of death among hospital survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272937-ala32ub5 author: Zhao, Xuan title: Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005511-h5d2v4ga author: Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A. title: Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study date: 2020-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296656-4q0jdyrh author: van der Stap, Janneke title: Acute respiratoire insufficiëntie date: 2020-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282151-mai4eggf author: Bai, Lu title: Clinical Features of Pneumonia Caused by 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus in Beijing, China date: 2015-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006773-61ezrjuq author: Li, Hongqiang title: T follicular regulatory cells infiltrate the human airways during the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome and regulate the development of B regulatory cells date: 2018-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029646-oujgcciq author: Gupta, Ena title: Don’t Drive Blind: Driving Pressure to Optimize Ventilator Management in ECMO date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279440-0mn5b0vv author: Diehl, J-L title: Response to Damiani and colleagues date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034469-ew90eef4 author: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 author: Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock date: 2008-11-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285202-aiap6z9u author: Short, Briana title: Rapid implementation of a mobile prone team during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023890-z346hh2c author: Cotogni, Paolo title: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cytokines: Their Relationship in Acute Lung Injury date: 2015 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285955-fzm6036f author: Nasir, N. title: Treatment of ARDS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 with IL-6 antagonist Tocilizumab: a tertiary care experience from Pakistan date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280965-x5ffw843 author: Damiani, Elisa title: Comment on “Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study” date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277031-yt0lafin author: McGurk, Kevin title: A primer on proning in the emergency department date: 2020-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277590-u0uf88e7 author: Gage, Ann title: Reacquainting Cardiology With Mechanical Ventilation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260577-t4w4pw12 author: Imai, Yumiko title: The renin–angiotensin system in acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2006-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004385-xna32qve author: Zhou, Yuqing title: Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004385-xna32qve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263879-e36l3t1g author: Jamaati, Hamidreza title: A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol date: 2020 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261370-jp5sqqwc author: Bollag, Wendy B. title: Phosphatidylglycerol and Surfactant: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19? date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303232-0lwmzjxz author: Konig, Maximilian F title: Targeting the catecholamine-cytokine axis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm syndrome date: 2020-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315093-ifeulv55 author: Longobardo, Alessia title: Inhaled nitric oxide produces minimal improvement in oxygenation in COVID-19 related ARDS date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310069-ay4af6xr author: Tobin, Martin J. title: Does making a diagnosis of ARDS in COVID-19 patients matter? date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282474-74273qgk author: Roehrig, Stefan title: Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282474-74273qgk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001661-dj9bxhwb author: Kao, Kuo-Chin title: Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy date: 2015-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005941-e4fvj54l author: Hamm, H. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316923-b81uaooh author: Luks, Andrew M. title: Reply: COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 author: Li, Xu title: Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286133-h8jgwe4z author: Gattinoni, Luciano title: Reply by Gattinoni et al. to Hedenstierna et al., to Maley et al., to Fowler et al., to Bhatia and Mohammed, to Bos, to Koumbourlis and Motoyama, and to Haouzi et al. date: 2020-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281945-jvnjzjds author: Radnis, Caitlin title: Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia date: 2020-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277788-6ls21tkr author: Nelson, Brian C title: Clinical Outcomes Associated with Methylprednisolone in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 author: Wrigge, H. title: Spezifische Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286771-77hs34jm author: Cruces, Pablo title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322887-md446f9p author: Carver, Catherine title: Cardiac injury and ARDS meta-analysis validity – Correspondence in response to Santoso et al. date: 2020-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-322887-md446f9p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 author: Zhang, John J Y title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis date: 2020-05-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 author: Ikegami, Saya title: Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325755-n7vjjw9r author: Rai, Deependra Kumar title: Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis- Is it real threat? date: 2020-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271180-cnrs0zpg author: Rizvi, Saniya title: Cytosorb Filter: An adjunct for survival in the COVID-19 patient in cytokine storm? A case report. date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301830-nxtfhxjd author: Mauri, Tommaso title: Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308402-37i62atc author: Barnes, Betsy J. title: Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps date: 2020-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308402-37i62atc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305703-ypeibwje author: Veronese, Nicola title: Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330257-fliudtls author: Singh, Gurmeet title: Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS - More Data Required date: 2020-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330257-fliudtls.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306153-aurm848i author: Schenck, Edward J. title: Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange in COVID-19–associated Respiratory Failure date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-306153-aurm848i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315866-6vcts4w3 author: Chan, KC Allen title: Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study date: 2005-04-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286901-whvq8y1p author: Vidali, Sofia title: D-dimer as an indicator of prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296182-hhswage4 author: Meng, Lingzhong title: Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date: 2020-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296182-hhswage4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321499-17n9tj70 author: Marini, John J. title: Integrating the evidence: confronting the COVID-19 elephant date: 2020-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326805-c5co9cfq author: Lin, Shi-hui title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305389-n5cppi72 author: D’Alonzo, Daniele title: COVID-19 and pneumonia: a role for the uPA/uPAR system date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266067-wrouqdcj author: Haywood, Nathan title: Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305758-6twwcp47 author: Combes, Alain title: ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321878-bnjupaik author: Deliwala, Smit S. title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273426-55vu6b3u author: Iba, Toshiaki title: Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285684-iiqyzqsb author: Li, Jin-ze title: Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291481-ov1gkgpc author: Bonizzoli, Manuela title: Human herpesviruses respiratory infections in patients with acute respiratory distress (ARDS) date: 2016-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293736-nyvwv31m author: Méry, Geoffroy title: COVID-19: Underlying Adipokine Storm and Angiotensin 1-7 Umbrella date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316056-lk2upygf author: Lepper, Philipp M. title: Mechanical ventilation in early COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323303-q0hjtsgi author: Roy, A. title: Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARS- CoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310240-otf9ruvj author: Prohaska, Stefanie title: Intravenous immunoglobulin fails to improve ARDS in patients undergoing ECMO therapy date: 2018-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304201-fziv9a9k author: Chiang, Chi-Huei title: Eight-Month Prospective Study of 14 Patients With Hospital-Acquired Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date: 2004-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296435-6dergkha author: Wang, Tiehua title: Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality: An International Study date: 2014-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-296435-6dergkha.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326613-253v48i0 author: Lv, Dandan title: A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326613-253v48i0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318067-4hdeuweo author: Torrego, Alfons title: Bronchoscopy in Patients with COVID-19 with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Experience date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324869-f14n0hk6 author: Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas title: Unusual Early Recovery of a Critical COVID-19 Patient After Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C date: 2020-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293740-4c3yemi3 author: Ferrando, Carlos title: Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 author: Knighton, Andrew J. title: Multi-factorial barriers and facilitators to high adherence to lung-protective ventilation using a computerized protocol: a mixed methods study date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278249-vvhq9vgp author: Blot, Mathieu title: CXCL10 could drive longer duration of mechanical ventilation during COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325408-uy5ew3ki author: Singer, Benjamin D. title: A Call for Rational Intensive Care in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283779-mudwcypl author: Lauretani, Fulvio title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324232-nupi7f72 author: Villar, Jesús title: Rationale for Prolonged Corticosteroid Treatment in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277648-9kxwkcbl author: Overholt, Kalon J. title: Dissecting the common and compartment-specific features of COVID-19 severity in the lung and periphery with single-cell resolution date: 2020-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329381-uwae8738 author: Evrard, Bruno title: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329381-uwae8738.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v author: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title: Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2012-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 author: Bagate, François title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293259-o51fnvuw author: Sinaei, Reza title: Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date: 2020-09-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324296-a9as72bx author: Combes, Alain title: Extracorporeal life support for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321149-hffj7s4o author: Schmidt, Matthieu title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323566-jck799zq author: Cheung, Oi-Yee title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-323566-jck799zq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author: Coperchini, Francesca title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332592-bfqsyiyf author: Goette, Andreas title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation date: 2020-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341472-29opvzrj author: Curley, Gerard F. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303292-iheq50ub author: De Jong, Audrey title: How to ventilate obese patients in the ICU date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282547-ehr9aaix author: Chang, Jae C. title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis date: 2019-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329585-uyze6dtu author: Earhart, Alexander P. title: Consideration of dornase alfa for the treatment of severe COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328996-3sf2i45r author: Barthélémy, Romain title: Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261146-ppe8br4z author: Mohammed, Amira title: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Mortality from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through the Induction of Apoptosis in Immune Cells, Leading to Cytokine Storm Suppression date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325461-q8igdvq4 author: Ryan, Donal title: Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS date: 2014-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329985-5rji08p7 author: Robba, Chiara title: Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336159-w646qkjz author: Chen, Wei title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 date: 2015-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339293-7ks3bopm author: Nejatifard, Marzieh title: Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347871-w6274bdg author: Kloc, Malgorzata title: The multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs as a potential treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317619-o7qfugjw author: Nye, Steven title: Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 author: Tomazini, B. M. title: COVID-19-associated ARDS treated with DEXamethasone (CoDEX): Study design and rationale for a randomized trial. date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326874-rdwvsm4s author: Wu, Chaomin title: Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis date: 2020-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344061-gsl84nv6 author: Pariani, Elena title: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Disease in Northern Italy during the Pandemic and Postpandemic Period (2009–2011) date: 2014-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 author: Tzotzos, Susan J. title: Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349197-3trr8d0u author: Ventura, Francesco title: Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date: 2010-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330640-6ityxc64 author: Gupta, Ashim title: Mesenchymal stem cells and exosome therapy for COVID-19: current status and future perspective date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343743-6k3soh1l author: Chaudhary, Sachin title: Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351624-32opyo0i author: Kappel, Coralea title: A case of possible Fournier’s gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339128-npfoircv author: Blair, Robert V. title: Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys but not Rhesus Macaques date: 2020-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-339128-npfoircv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349440-jxigsdzh author: Gattinoni, Luciano title: COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading? date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335977-f00758o2 author: Martin-Loeches, I. title: Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection date: 2010-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335977-f00758o2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author: Myerson, Jacob W. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338319-9v8yw2pl author: Trahtemberg, Uriel title: What have we learned ventilating COVID-19 patients? date: 2020-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333856-ujnhjy0s author: Baer, Brandon title: Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Budesonide In Vivo date: 2020-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346230-39oo7vnq author: Byrne, J. D. title: Prophylaxis with tetracyclines in ARDS: Potential therapy for COVID-19-induced ARDS? date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345028-56hg62be author: Flinspach, Armin Niklas title: Volatile Isoflurane in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients—A Case Series and Systematic Review date: 2020-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345028-56hg62be.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344978-m672rnze author: Chen, Yuntian title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344978-m672rnze.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355847-1ru15s5a author: Convertino, Irma title: Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353594-z1vxamvp author: Gagiannis, Daniel title: Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Similarities Between Severe COVID-19 and Acute Exacerbation of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348823-u2gm3kyh author: Baksh, Mizba title: A Systematic Review of Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344829-adlp2rjy author: de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos title: The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352065-960xqft4 author: Rello, Jordi title: Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352065-960xqft4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352196-rpyoeg9n author: Alberici, Federico title: A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. date: 2020-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330919-dep3v1pt author: Whyte, Claire S title: Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date: 2020-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh author: Bosma, Karen J. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328396-p2gvpe8i author: Kaur, Savneet title: The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016142-7j5cdt1b author: Chiang, Eddie T. title: Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers date: 2010-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349201-d88g5toc author: Yu, Feng title: Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318209-llucxztc author: Öztürk, Selçuk title: Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives date: 2020-08-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318209-llucxztc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355208-hpldjsc5 author: Leisman, Daniel E. title: Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334528-xenq90xj author: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g author: Shang, You title: Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date: 2020-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 author: Ge, Huiqing title: Lung Mechanics of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: Analytics With High-Granularity Ventilator Waveform Data date: 2020-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331500-l3hkn2li author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352365-b9cmviny author: Marchetti, Monia title: COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333520-v2sb90rc author: Gardin, Chiara title: Could Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Be a Therapeutic Option for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients? date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354829-god79qzw author: Mao, Kaimin title: Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-354829-god79qzw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349329-f0pbd968 author: Bosteels, Cedric title: Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015126-cyhcbk1j author: nan title: PS 0036-0344 date: 2007-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014538-6a2pviol author: Kamilia, Chtara title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2017-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005777-6rvfsx4p author: nan title: PS 0420-0716 date: 2007-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author: nan title: 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date: 1996 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003532-lcgeingz author: nan title: 39th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium, 19-22 March 2019 date: 2019-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 author: nan title: ESICM 2010 WEDNESDAY SESSIONS 13 October 2010 date: 2010-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014533-6qfecv5h author: Velasquez, T. title: ESICM LIVES 2016: part three: Milan, Italy. 1–5 October 2016 date: 2016-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335975-m6lkrehi author: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2018, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2018-02-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014464-m5n250r2 author: Sole-Violan, J title: Lethal influenza virus A H1N1 infection in two relatives with autosomal dominant GATA-2 deficiency date: 2013-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 23 resourceName b'cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355038-o2hr5mox author: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2020-02-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341063-3rqnu5bu author: nan title: 38th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 20-23 March 2018 date: 2018-03-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 21 resourceName b'cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005814-ak5pq312 author: nan title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date: 1995 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-ards-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000492-ec5qzurk author = Devaney, James title = Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date = 2011-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6012 sentences = 313 flesch = 39 summary = Plasmid transfer (closed Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of the dsDNA circles) Very ineffi cient Na + ,K + -ATPase rescues endotoxin-induced lung injury [60] Nonviral DNA complexes Complexes protect DNA Less effi cient than viral vectors Cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na + ,K + -(lipoplexes or polyplexes) Modifying transgene DNA to eliminate bacterial motifs [75, 76] Development of high-effi ciency tissue-specifi c promoters [77] [78] [79] [80] Development of promoters that regulate gene expression [83] Enhanced therapeutic targeting Nebulization technologies [9] Strategies to target the pulmonary endothelium [10] Improved cellular uptake of vector Surface active agents to enhance vector spread [84] Reduce ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins [85] Better therapeutic targets Enhancement or restoration of lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function [86] Strengthening lung defense mechanisms against injury [87] Speeding clearance of infl ammation and infection Enhancement of the repair process following ALI/ARDS [88] . cache = ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031033-v4yetn4f author = Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title = The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5110 sentences = 235 flesch = 27 summary = In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study found that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome represents a new tool for diagnosis in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Alternatively, the mere onset of critical illness-be it sepsis, ARDS or any number of conditions, is associated with alterations of the gut Fig. 2 Island model for the development of lung injury based on sites of dysbiosis microbiome, which may be independent of antibiotic administration [61] . cache = ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004450-daxz9yhp author = Haeberle, Helene title = Therapeutic iloprost for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (the ThIlo trial): a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II study date = 2020-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5848 sentences = 383 flesch = 48 summary = Several preclinical studies have revealed a beneficial effect of iloprost on the control of pulmonary inflammation, and in a small number of patients with ARDS, iloprost treatment resulted in improved oxygenation. For safety reasons, after treatment of 100 patients (day 28 after last dose investigational medicinal product [IMP] Patient 100) within the study, an interim analysis for an increased risk for pulmonary hemorrhage ≥ grade III according to Common Terminology (Toxicity) Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0 in the treatment (iloprost) arm will be performed and the results discussed with the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). When possible, however, the patient or his legal representative is to be informed both in writing and verbally by the investigator before any study-specific procedure is Iloprost or NaCl 0.9% (control) X X X X X Clinical assessment including outcome X X X X X X X X X Laboratory testing X X X X X X X X Adverse/serious adverse event monitoring X X X X X X X Plasma biomarkers X X X X X X Barthel Index X X X X SOFA score X X X X X X X X Health-related questionnaire X VES X performed. cache = ./cache/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003832-q1422ydi author = Koyama, Kansuke title = Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors date = 2019-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4659 sentences = 242 flesch = 40 summary = title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors This study aimed to investigate the biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in two subtypes of ARDS: patients with direct common risk factors (dARDS) and those with idiopathic or immune-related diseases (iARDS), which are classified as "ARDS without common risk factors" based on the Berlin definition. Although no risk factors or causes are identified in this subgroup of ARDS, recent studies have shown that many patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia have clinical features that suggest an underlying immune process, indicating that the pathobiology of idiopathic and immunerelated diseases may partially overlap [9, 10] . The aim of this study was to examine the profiles of the plasma biomarkers that reflect coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in patients with idiopathic/immune-related ARDS (iARDS) and in those with common direct risk factors (dARDS). cache = ./cache/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006700-df8ard9o author = Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title = Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date = 2014-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10609 sentences = 582 flesch = 32 summary = However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation via either the alveolar (e.g., in pneumonia and mechanical ventilation) or the vascular lumen (e.g., in bacteremia and sepsis), pulmonary endothelial barrier homeostasis may be disturbed, resulting in increased permeability, protein-rich fluid extravasation, lung oedema and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with mortality rates ranging from 27 to 45 % depending on severity (Ranieri, et al. Although the underlying mechanisms of leukocyte mediated barrier failure are of highest scientific interest, therapeutic interference to ameliorate acute lung injury by depletion or blocking of cell recruitment should raise concerns as neutrophils and monocytes are key players of pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses and therapeutic intervention at this level might leave the patient functionally immunosuppressed. In mice, Ang-1-induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation stimulated the p190RhoGTPaseactivating protein (p190RhoGAP) via PI3-kinase and Rac1 to inactivate RhoA, resulting in reduced F-actin stress fibre formation and diminished endothelial permeability (Mammoto et al. cache = ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005572-zdzeqc19 author = Agarwal, Ritesh title = Experience with ARDS caused by tuberculosis in a respiratory intensive care unit date = 2005-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2201 sentences = 126 flesch = 43 summary = OBJECTIVE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Abstract Objective: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Conclusions: Tuberculosis is an uncommon but definite cause of ARDS, and in patients with ARDS of obscure aetiology where the cliniAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common disorder in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity [1] . At admission to the RICU, diagnosis of ARDS was established on the basis of acute onset respiratory distress, bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph, PaO/FiO 2 ratio <200, and no clinical or radiological evidence of left atrial hypertension [9] . Tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with a very high mortality [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] . Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in miliary tuberculosis: a twelve-year experience cache = ./cache/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010550-lfbjvche author = Petran, Jan title = Validation of RESP and PRESERVE score for ARDS patients with pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (pECLA) date = 2020-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3764 sentences = 202 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: In a retrospective single center cohort study we calculated and evaluated RESP, PRESERVE, and SOFA score for 73 ARDS patients with pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist treated between 2002 and 2016 using the XENIOS iLA Membrane Ventilator. Specific mortality risk scores, especially the Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction (RESP) score [1] and the PRedicting dEath for SEvere ARDS on VV-ECMO (PRE-SERVE) score [2] , were developed and validated for ARDS patients with veno-venous high-flow Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). RESP and/or PRESERVE scores have been compared and evaluated in several studies for ECMO therapy [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] , but both scores as well as SOFA score have not been validated for ARDS patients treated with a primary extracorporeal CO 2 removal, like pECLA. In this retrospective study we tested the hypothesis that RESP and PRESERVE score are suitable to assume the mortality risk of pECLA therapy in case of ARDS and are superior to the SOFA score, which is not specific for Extracorporeal Lung Support and ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003532-lcgeingz author = nan title = 39th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium, 19-22 March 2019 date = 2019-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 79997 sentences = 5146 flesch = 52 summary = It's proposed to evaluate the association between myocardial injury biomarkers, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), with inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1Β , IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 / IL-23p40, IL17A, IL-21 and TNF-α ) and biomarkers, C protein reactive (CPR) and procalcitonin (PCT), in septic patients Methods: This was a prospective cohort study performed in three intensive care units, from September 2007 to September 2010 enrolling patients with sepsis (infection associated with organ dysfunction), and septic shock (hypotension refractory by fluids infusion requiring vasopressor). Blood samples were collected up to 48h after the development of first organ dysfunction (D0) and on the 7th day after inclusion in the study (D7) Results: Ninety-five patients were enrolled, with median age 64 years (interquatile?48-78), APACHE II: median 19 (14-22), SOFA: median 8 (5-10); 24.2% were admitted in ICU with sepsis and 75.8% with septic shock. cache = ./cache/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005875-yp1ehpeg author = Zhang, Dong title = Crocin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by protecting against glycocalyx damage and suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways date = 2020-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5136 sentences = 346 flesch = 47 summary = OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms of crocin against glycocalyx damage and inflammatory injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mice and LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS: This study showed that crocin can improve the pulmonary vascular permeability in mice with LPS-induced ARDS and inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathways of high mobility group box, nuclear factor κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. The preceding results indicated that crocin might inhibit the expression of HPA by inhibiting the upstream protein of CTL in LPS-induced ARDS mice and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The results in vivo showed that the expression of MMP-9 by LPS stimulation was significantly increased compared with that of the control group (Fig. 4c, d) . These results suggested that crocin can inhibit the activation of MAPK pathway in LPS-induced ARDS mice and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The HMGB1 and NF-κB signaling pathway also regulate lung injury of the inflammatory process. cache = ./cache/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-035326-qjp37j7x author = Sryma, P.B. title = Reinventing the Wheel in ARDS: Awake Proning in COVID-19 date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2390 sentences = 143 flesch = 47 summary = 7 Though this may be due to confounding by the severity of illness leading to a more complicated course in intubated patients, it is possible that ventilator-induced lung injury and hemodynamic effects of ventilation played a role and may argue for the judicious use of non-invasive respiratory support in COVID-19. In case of any respiratory distress ROX index of ≤2.85 at 2 h, and ≤3.47 at 6 h may suggest poor response and should prompt escalation of care In case of sustained improvement in saturation to more than 93% in room air after 2 h of stopping prone positioning pattern may suggest an added advantage of PP in COVID-19 ARDS patients. Most recently, awake proning in 50 patients of COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure in the emergency department resulted in significant improvement in saturation from 84% to 94% at the same concentration of inspired oxygen, and 64% patients improved avoiding intubation. cache = ./cache/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005577-uk5wzk6m author = Bachmann, D. C. G. title = Respiratory syncytial virus triggered adult respiratory distress syndrome in infants: A report of two cases date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1392 sentences = 97 flesch = 49 summary = Two infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection which resulted eventually in classical adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are presented. The first patient recovered with residual restrictive changes determined during a follow-up 2.5 months later, whereas the second infant died because of ARDS, pulmonary interstitial emphysema and hypoxemic hypoxia. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most frequent cause of acute viral infections of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children [1] . During the winter 1990/91 we treated two infants in whom RSV infection triggered severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Only two cases of RSV triggered acute hypoxemic failure ("ARDS") have been described in the literature [8] , we report two additional cases with particular emphasis on respiratory system mechanics. Our two patients with clearly documented RSV infection fulfilled the classical criteria of severe ARDS for infants and children as reported by Pfenninger et al. cache = ./cache/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025163-iyh0d6mj author = Ding, Lin title = Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers date = 2020-05-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4545 sentences = 244 flesch = 44 summary = title: Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers pneumoniae pneumonia induced ARDS in a case series of adults and youth hospitalized with radiographically confirmed CAP prospectively enrolled in an observational cohort study in two university teaching hospitals, from November 2017 to October 2019. pneumoniae induced ARDS were adequately supported with HFNC or NIV, 50% required intubation, RM and prone position were effective in 30% intubated cases, and 20% needed ECMO support; 5) when early anti-mycoplasmal drugs together with sufficient respiratory support are given, the survival rate was high with no need for corticosteroids; and 6) younger patients with lower PaO 2 / FiO 2 and APACHE II scores, and higher PCT and higher neutrophil cell proportion at ICU admission were more likely to require intubation. cache = ./cache/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020490-sjz5mbbr author = Mahida, R. Y. title = Extracellular Vesicles in ARDS: New Insights into Pathogenesis with Novel Clinical Applications date = 2019-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4789 sentences = 239 flesch = 18 summary = Several studies have reported that intravenous administration of endothelial extracellular vesicles in rodents induced lung injury with alveolar neutrophilic infiltration, pulmonary edema, elevated inflammatory cytokines (myeloperoxidase [MPO] , interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and increased lung endothelial permeability [6] [7] [8] . Intravenous administration of these extracellular vesicles to naïve mice caused lung injury via macrophage TLR4 activation, including increased alveolar vascular permeability and inflammatory cell infiltration [17] . In a pig model of influenza-induced lung injury, administration of mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles similarly reduced lung injury, alveolar protein permeability, and inflammatory cytokine release. In addition, an experimental model of infant respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn mice showed a therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles isolated from mesenchymal stromal cells in reducing lung injury and restoring lung function, in part through induction of antiinflammatory and pro-resolving macrophages [35] . cache = ./cache/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 author = Morty, Rory E. title = Alveolar fluid clearance in acute lung injury: what have we learned from animal models and clinical studies? date = 2007-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6230 sentences = 313 flesch = 37 summary = To complement that report this review focuses on how intact organ and animal models and clinical studies have facilitated our understanding of alveolar edema fluid clearance in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Given the established importance of the type II cell in AFC [6] and the emerging importance of the type I cell in AFC with the recent discovery that type I cells also contain functional sodium and chloride channels [12] , this epithelial damage Fig. 1 Factors that cause impaired alveolar fluid clearance in ALI/ARDS that have been investigated in animal and organ models and in clinical studies. This idea was further supported by the observations that adenovirus-mediated transfer of β-adrenergic receptor genes to live rats improved AFC due to increased sensitivity to endogenous catecholamines and consequent upregulation of Na,K-ATPase activity and ENaC protein expression the lung [73] . cache = ./cache/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005583-hmv8jjfl author = Peters, M. J. title = Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children: case mix and the utility of respiratory severity indices date = 2013-12-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3992 sentences = 207 flesch = 45 summary = In an individual patient, such a response to intervention should be indicated by their best, rather than worst, measure of gas exchange, Therefore, the purpose of the present prospective, single institution study of AHRF in children was to assess whether the best, early respiratory indices in non-survivors were significantly different from those who survived. Table 2 Comparison of previously published [2] [3] [4] [5] respiratory severity parameters with the present series (PPV positive predictive value for mortality, VI ventilation index, OI oxygenation index, PIP peak inspiratory pressure (cmH20), A-aDO 2 alveolar arterial oxygen gradient (mmHg), MAP mean airway pressure (cmH20), LR + the likelihood ratio for a positive test result, i.e. the ratio of finding the predictor in non-survivors to finding it in survivors) * indicates intermediate to high diagnostic impact, ns not significant Proposed PPV LR + PPV p predictors (95 % confidence interval) in present study cache = ./cache/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025865-jjjr3ymt author = Eastin, Carly title = Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. date = 2020-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1030 sentences = 64 flesch = 57 summary = Additionally the majority of cases were suspected, not confirmed, and some of the children remained hospitalized at the end of the study therefore severity of disease may not be accurate. The authors concluded that COVID-19 caused infection in all ages without obvious gender differences, however younger children appeared to have higher severity of disease. Presenting symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically include fever, dyspnea, myalgia, and cough. This study reports characteristics of and potential risk factors for patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or who died as a result of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Patients aged 21 to 83 who had confirmed COVID-19 and were admitted to Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan, China between December 25, 2019 and January 26, 2020 were included in this retrospective study. cache = ./cache/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253355-dii5zszf author = Khan, Sheharyar title = Awake Proning: A Necessary Evil During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2758 sentences = 167 flesch = 53 summary = Patients presenting with ARDS need mechanical ventilation, as their lungs are unable to oxygenate blood on their own due to fluid accumulation. One way to manage this excess pressure of fluid build-up around the lung tissues is to relieve the dorsal alveoli by prompting the patient to lie face down on the stomach; this is called awake proning. Awake proning delays the use of mechanical ventilation and facilitates the patients with severe ARDS or severe pneumonia in maintaining the supply of oxygen to the body tissues. As it progresses, the disease presents with more severe symptoms like viral pneumonia, which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The blood oxygen levels also improved after the cycles of prone positioning, and endotracheal intubation was avoided in patients with ARDS, which would have been the only option to opt from if awake proning was not administered [17] . A COVID-19 patient presenting with severe pneumonia or ARDS can be managed with awake proning as a supportive treatment to relieve symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003198-1kw5v6rm author = Vuillard, Constance title = Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study date = 2018-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4851 sentences = 242 flesch = 42 summary = The following data were collected on a standardized anonymized case record form: demographic characteristics (age, gender), severity scores upon ICU admission (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [23] and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II [24] ), main comorbidities, delay between first respiratory sign and ICU admission, clinical examination (respiratory and extra-respiratory manifestations) and laboratory findings at the time of ICU admission (blood leukocytes and platelets counts, serum procalcitonine, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase and creatinine levels, PaO 2 /FiO 2 with FiO 2 calculated according to the following formula [25, 26] : FiO 2 = oxygen flow in liter per minute × 0.04 + 0.21 when standard oxygen was used), radiological findings on chest X-ray and CT scan, cytological and bacteriological analyses of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, type of positive autoantibodies (Jo-1, PL7, PL12, OJ, EJ, KS, Zo, YRS/Tyr/ Ha or aMDA-5), immunosuppressive treatments received (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, basiliximab, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate, intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma exchange), organ supports in the ICU (invasive mechanical ventilation, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), renal replacement therapy, vasopressors), ICU and hospital length of stay, ICU and hospital mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002016-vzn338ub author = Thompson, B. Taylor title = Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no date = 2016-02-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1257 sentences = 64 flesch = 34 summary = Rescue therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) usually target patients with severe hypoxia and/ or hypercarbia refractory to conventional therapies and are considered when rapid deterioration in the patient's condition over a period of hours suggests an increased risk of death. These encouraging data suggest corticosteroids at lower doses early in the course of pneumonia or ARDS improve lung function but that the onset of action is too slow and inconsistent and the magnitude of the effect too small to be recommended as a reliable life-saving rescue therapy. Table 1 Steroid-responsive conditions which may present with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Some diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis leading to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, require additional immunosupressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or rituximab [7] . Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005910-byffqwjd author = Lewandowski, K. title = Der alte Mann und die „I sea U“: Essay über Vertrauen, Schicksal und Evidenz – im Stil von Hemingway date = 2016-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3367 sentences = 409 flesch = 49 summary = Die haben bewiesen, dass 6 ml/kg bei volumenkontrollierter Beatmung genau das richtige Verfahren ist." "Wäre es nicht besser, ihn aufzusetzen und auf der Seite zu lagern? Anecdotes as topic · Evidence-based medicine · Intensive care units · Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Sepsis "Und wäre es nicht besser, ihn wach werden zu lassen und ihm Spontanatmung zu ermöglichen?" "Keine Evidenz. Und noch was: War das nicht die Studie, in der uraltes Blut transfundiert wurde?" "Ja, aber es gibt nun mal diese Evidenz, und wirhaltenuns daran. Im Laufe der letzten 16 Jahre hat dieses Protokoll weite Akzeptanz gefunden; es haben sich aber auch folgende neue Sichtweisen und Modifikationen ergeben: Die Grenzen für das Oxygenierungsziel sind möglicherweise zu niedrig angesetzt. Eine Metaanalyse, die 3 randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien ("randomized controlled trial", RCT) der gleichen Arbeitsgruppe einschloss, ergab, dass die Kurzzeitanwendung (48 h) von Cisatracurium bei ARDS-Patienten zu einer Verbesserung der Krankenhaussterblichkeitsrate und zu einem niedrigeren Risiko für die Entwicklung eines Barotraumas führt. cache = ./cache/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259204-27t269pd author = Grimaldi, D. title = Characteristics and outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome related to COVID-19 in Belgian and French Intensive Care Units according to antiviral strategies. The COVADIS multicenter observational study. date = 2020-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3871 sentences = 223 flesch = 50 summary = Background Limited data are available for antiviral therapy efficacy especially for the most severe patients under mechanical ventilation suffering from Covid-19 related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Methods Observational multicenter cohort of patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS, comparing antiviral strategies (none, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (L/R), others (combination or remdesivir). Limited data are available for antiviral therapy efficacy especially for the most severe patients under mechanical ventilation suffering from Covid-19 related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Observational multicenter cohort of patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS, comparing antiviral strategies (none, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (L/R), others (combination or remdesivir). In moderate to severe ARDS COVID-19 patients, we did not observe an association between treatment with hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir/ritonavir and ventilatory free days as compared to no antiviral treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000539-uh3q65we author = Zhang, Yi title = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date = 2012-01-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4620 sentences = 247 flesch = 51 summary = BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present mouse model, the number of leukocytes observed in the BALF of virus-infected mice significantly increased compared with the control mice on day 8 p.i. Different counts in BALF showed that the proportion of neutrophils dramatically increased. cache = ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015126-cyhcbk1j author = nan title = PS 0036-0344 date = 2007-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 59175 sentences = 3672 flesch = 54 summary = We compared them with ≥70 years old and an ICU stay < 30 days patients, the differences in ICU mortality, Apache II, age, gender and the necessity for renal replacement therapy (RRT) were not significant (see table) . The patients with mild form of acute pancreatitis had low mortality rate (similar to general ward population) despite positive ICU admission criteria in our case series with fifty per cent development of severe form with organ dysfunction/failure later on. Collected data:Demographics,Management prior and during ICU hospitalization (sedation, catecolamin drug use, blood product transfusion, intra-cranial pressure monitoring, neurosurgical emergency surgery etc.),CT-Scan results, Daily worst Glasgow coma scale, admission Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. This prospective interventional study performed in a surgical Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary University Hospital included 35 (21 males) mechanically ventilated and sedated patients with acute cardiovascular failure requiring cardiac output measurement (transpulmonary thermodilution technique)and a fluid challenge. cache = ./cache/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253129-v5lck9l7 author = Kim, Kyeong Tae title = Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8900 sentences = 540 flesch = 54 summary = BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at minimum respiratory elastance during mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may improve patient care and outcome. The Clinical utilisation of respiratory elastance (CURE) trial is a two-arm, randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the performance of PEEP selected at an objective, model-based minimal respiratory system elastance in patients with ARDS. Secondary outcomes include length of time of MV, ventilator-free days (VFD) up to 28 days, ICU and hospital length of stay, AUC of oxygen saturation (SpO(2))/FiO(2) during MV, number of desaturation events (SpO(2) < 88%), changes in respiratory mechanics and chest x-ray index scores, rescue therapies (prone positioning, nitric oxide use, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and hospital and 90-day mortality. Following the study, a phase-2 randomised controlled trial (RCT) was designed to assess mechanical ventilation at minimal elastance PEEP in patients with ARDS versus standard practice of care in a single-centre hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010443-4jblod8j author = Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title = General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date = 2020-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18827 sentences = 815 flesch = 23 summary = In critical illness, NF-κB-driven systemic inflammation, also known as a "cytokine storm" (14) , activates a multi-system response that includes at least three major domains: (i) the stress system composed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus-norepinephrine/sympathetic nervous system activated to provide sufficient energy and hemodynamic stability to overcome the initial phase of critical illness (15) ; (ii) the acute-phase reaction (APR), which has several adaptive functions, including increasing the production of procoagulant factors in preparation for possible tissue damage (16) ; and (iii) the tissue defense response (TDR) of the target organs [ Figure 1 ; (11, 17) ]. In patients with septic shock (170, 171) or ARDS (172, 173) , prolonged glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone) treatment resulted in the following: (i) increased plasma activated protein C levels (173); (ii) reduction in markers of endothelial injury such as sICAM-1 (35); (iii) rapid and consistent improvement in capillary perfusion, independently of the cortisol response to ACTH (170) ; and (iv) improvement in alveolar-capillary (172) and renal (171) endothelial permeability. cache = ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256385-g1wcfrfi author = Badraoui, Riadh title = Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6071 sentences = 332 flesch = 48 summary = title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 A better understood of ARDS key features and the pathophysiological injuries of the pulmonary parenchyma are linked to lessons learned from previous severe diseases associated previous coronaviruses outbreaks (especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The novel coronavirus, finally named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, and it's inducing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020; Khailany et al., 2020) . While SARS-CoV-2 induces mild symptoms in several infected patients (low pathogenic), it can also be associated with a fast onset of widespread infection in the lungs worsened in an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . Lessons learned from previous severe diseases caused by coronaviruses outbreaks (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more recently SARS-CoV-2 lead to a better understood of ARDS key features associated COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002540-hgx0bfbz author = Chen, Chaolei title = Can glypican-3 be a disease-specific biomarker? date = 2017-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3085 sentences = 147 flesch = 34 summary = BACKGROUND: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface-bound proteoglycan which has been identified as a potential biomarker candidate in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of our review is to evaluate whether GPC3 has utility as a disease-specific biomarker, to discuss the potential involvement of GPC3 in cell biology, and to consider the changes of GPC3 gene and protein expression and regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, severe pneumonia, and ARDS. Specific role of GPC3 in cancer and inflammatory disease at different times seems to have a clear and reasonable disease control, e.g., severe pneumonia with or without ARDS, or virus-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared with other liver diseases [3, 4] . cache = ./cache/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004532-flo9139j author = Andrews, Peter title = Year in review in intensive care medicine, 2004. I. Respiratory failure, infection, and sepsis date = 2004-12-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9246 sentences = 474 flesch = 44 summary = The authors concluded that their findings are important for trial design because of the observed differences in outcome, and proposed the use of standardized ventilator settings for patient enrollment. As indicated by Yu and Singh [46] , "over 300 studies have been published in peer-review journals in the past 8 years dealing with management of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)." However, no consensus exists to date on the best way for identifying patients with true lung infection, for selecting early appropriate antimicrobial therapy, or for avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics. [52] designed a study in 108 patients with 171 VAPs to assess the impact on the duration of MV and the use of antibiotic treatment of the results of a diagnostic technique: the percentage of infected cells in liquid obtained with BAL, i.e., the value of direct examination. cache = ./cache/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004092-wb150n8w author = Nieman, Gary F. title = Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date = 2020-01-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8067 sentences = 435 flesch = 50 summary = Understanding how ARDS alters the dynamic alveolar inflation physiology enables us to adjust the mechanical breath profile (MB P -all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates and the time at inspiration and expiration at which they are applied) necessary to minimize VILI [12] . The ARDSnet Low Vt (LVt) method is intended to protect the non-dependent normal lung tissue from overdistension (OD) and reduce alveolar recruitment/ derecruitment (R/D) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), while resting severely injured tissue by allowing it to remain collapsed throughout the ventilation cycle [2] . Abbreviations ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury; APRV: airway pressure release ventilation; FRC: functional residual capacity; TCAV: time-controlled adaptive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; TC-PEEP: time controlled-positive end expiratory pressure; T Low : time at low pressure; T High : time at high pressure; P High : pressure at inspiration; P Low : pressure at expiration; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; E FT : expiratory flow termination; E FP : expiratory flow peak; RCT : randomized controlled trial; OLA: open lung approach; MB P : mechanical breath pattern; CT: computerized axial tomography. cache = ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005621-a4bspoii author = Roch, Antoine title = Outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and brought to a referral center date = 2013-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4710 sentences = 259 flesch = 49 summary = PURPOSE: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Abstract Purpose: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Conclusions: Age, SOFA score, and a diagnosis of influenza may be used to accurately evaluate the risk of death in ARDS patients considered for retrieval under ECMO from distant hospitals. The technique of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves placing them on a venovenous or venoarterial life-support circuit with a membrane oxygenator to temporarily take over the gas exchange and, sometimes, cardiac function [1] . In the present study, we evaluated early prognostic factors in ARDS patients treated with ECMO in distant hospitals by our mobile team and brought to our center during a 3-year period. cache = ./cache/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001938-n2d5fw2f author = Ong, David S. Y. title = Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2016-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4483 sentences = 200 flesch = 36 summary = Furthermore, CMV reactivation in critically ill patients has been associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation [2, 4, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] , an increased length of stay in the ICU [3, 5, 9, 10, 13] , and excess mortality [2, 4, [7] [8] [9] . Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether these findings imply that CMV reactivation is a truly independent risk factor with respect to these observed poor clinical outcomes because most studies that have assessed these associations did not adequately account for all possible sources of bias. Possible confounders that were screened included all patient characteristics and therapeutic interventions listed in Table 1 , and some markers of disease severity: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU intensive care unit, PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, P/F partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (APACHE) IV score, presence of septic shock, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting. cache = ./cache/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004385-xna32qve author = Zhou, Yuqing title = Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4494 sentences = 234 flesch = 39 summary = title: Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis We obtained the following data: (a) characteristics of studies (design, setting, country, period, methodological details for quality assessment); (b) characteristics of participants (demographics, co-morbid illnesses, disease severity, numbers in each group, influenza virus type); (c) characteristics of interventions (type, dose, timing and duration of corticosteroid use); and (d) outcomes. Another study reporting the result of 62 patients with acute respiratory failure due to influenza showed no statistically significant difference between low dose and high dose corticosteroid therapy (8/19 versus 7/19, p > 0.05) 16 . The overall findings of this meta-analysis indicated that patients with pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome who were administered corticosteroids had significantly higher mortality and incidence of nosocomial infection but the use of corticosteroids did not influence the length of hospital stay. cache = ./cache/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256051-87alqfkd author = Revzin, Margarita V. title = Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8850 sentences = 448 flesch = 39 summary = Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Although SARS-CoV-2 disease (or coronavirus disease 2019 ) primarily manifests as a lung infection, with symptoms ranging from those of a mild upper respiratory infection to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), other multisystemic manifestations of this disease and related complications are becoming more commonly recognized (3) . Thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), peripheral venous and arterial thrombosis, and acute stroke (seen also in patients older than 50 years without risk factors) have all been reported (50-57). On the basis of the pattern and distribution of the opacities and the presence or absence of certain clinical signs (such as obesity), the authors developed a chest radiography severity scoring system that could be used as a prognostic factor of outcomes in young adult patients with COVID-19 (Fig 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011197-bmigh2rs author = Yener, Nazik title = Airway Pressure Release Ventilation as a Rescue Therapy in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3492 sentences = 181 flesch = 47 summary = OBJECTIVES: To describe experience with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) refractory to conventional low tidal volume ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the hypothesis that APRV may offer potential clinical advantages for ventilatory management and may be considered as an alternative rescue mechanical ventilation mode in pediatric ARDS patients refractory to conventional ventilation. No consensus has been reached on the optimal mode of ventilation for pediatric ARDS patients refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) using low tidal volume combined with sufficient positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). In adult patients with ARDS, compared with other conventional ventilatory modes, APRV may improve oxygenation due to increased recruitment of lung volumes, length of stay in the intensive care unit and ventilator-free days [5, 6] . cache = ./cache/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025920-9p5x26ge author = Qadir, Nida title = Adjunctive Therapies in ARDS: The Disconnect Between Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice date = 2020-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1215 sentences = 67 flesch = 43 summary = In this issue of CHEST, Duggal et al 2 set out to address an important issue: the use of adjunctive therapies in patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a timely subject in the setting of COVID-19. Although the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG-SAFE) previously assessed the frequency of adjunctive therapy use all patients with ARDS, 3 a closer look at patients with a PaO 2 /FIO 2 ratio <150 is needed, as it is primarily this subset of patients in whom adjunctive therapies are recommended. This study 2 sheds some light on the patient-, clinician-, and systems-level factors associated with the use of adjunctive therapy, but many questions remain. Randomized controlled trials, including the Reevaluation Of Systemic Early Neuromuscular Blockade (ROSE) 6 and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (EOLIA), 7 chestjournal.org blockade or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with ARDS with specific levels of hypoxia. Patterns of use of adjunctive therapies in patients with early moderate to severe ARDS: insights from the LUNG SAFE Study cache = ./cache/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 author = nan title = Lungenversagen date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4324 sentences = 512 flesch = 42 summary = Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference" (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden. Bei Patienten mit ALI/ARDS kann das Auftreten apoptotischer Vorgänge an pulmonalen epithelialen Zellen (Song Y et al., 1999 , Li et al., 2004 , Martin et al., 2005 (Abraham, 2003) derselben, sodass es zur Aufrechterhaltung eines von Leukozyten geführten inflammatorischen Prozesses kommt, der typisch für eine akute Lungenschädigung ist (Wang et al., 1999 , Yum et al., 2001 Die verminderte Apoptose der Neutrophilen ist bedingt durch: 1. Beneficial effects of the "Open lung Approach" with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrom; A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation Combining high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and recruitment maneuvers in adults with early acute respiratory distress syndrome: the treatment with oscillation and an Open Lung Strategy (TOOLS) trial pilot study Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient cache = ./cache/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001215-aj8nxi3x author = Wang, Chen Yu title = One-year mortality and predictors of death among hospital survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2014-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4561 sentences = 212 flesch = 43 summary = PURPOSE: Advances in supportive care and ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have resulted in declines in short-term mortality, but risks of death after survival to hospital discharge have not been well described. Our objective was to quantify the difference between short-term and long-term mortality in ARDS and to identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year among hospital survivors. Abstract Purpose: Advances in supportive care and ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have resulted in declines in short-term mortality, but risks of death after survival to hospital discharge have not been well described. Our objective was to quantify the difference between shortterm and long-term mortality in ARDS and to identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year among hospital survivors. We sought to quantify the survival gap between short-and long-term ARDS mortality and identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year for hospital survivors. cache = ./cache/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029646-oujgcciq author = Gupta, Ena title = Don’t Drive Blind: Driving Pressure to Optimize Ventilator Management in ECMO date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3539 sentences = 187 flesch = 53 summary = Higher driving pressure after initiation of ECMO is associated with increased adjusted 30-day mortality. Initial mechanical ventilator setting protocol after ECMO support was as follows: tidal volume 4-5 ml/ kg PBW; PEEP 5-10 cm H2O; peak inspiratory pressure 25-30 cm H 2 O; respiratory rate 10-12 breaths per minute; and FiO2 adjusted to maintain arterial oxygen saturation above 90%. The increase in driving pressure after ECMO is likely related to a protocolized application of ventilator settings including lower PEEP after initiation of ECMO. A recent study showed that near apneic ventilation in a pig model of acute lung injury supported by ECMO when compared to conventional protective ventilation decreased driving pressure by 40% and reduced mechanical power 10 times [5] . Elevated driving pressure after ECMO initiation was associated with increased adjusted 30-day mortality among both VA-and VV-ECMO. Association of driving pressure with mortality among ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004515-x22q1f21 author = Pottecher, Julien title = Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients date = 2020-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6812 sentences = 337 flesch = 44 summary = title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients Dornase alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved recombinant DNase, which cleaves extracellular DNA and may therefore break up the backbone of NETs and DAMPs. Aerosolized dornase alfa was shown to reduce trauma-induced lung injury in experimental models and to improve arterial oxygenation in ventilated patients. The primary trial objective is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in severe trauma patients during the first 7 days from 45% to 30% by providing aerosolized dornase alfa as compared to placebo. The primary objective of the TRAUMADORNASE study is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderateto-severe hypoxaemia from 45% to 30% in severe trauma patients during the first 7 ICU days by providing aerosolized dornase alfa once during the first 2 ICU days as compared to equivalent provision of placebo (NaCl 0.9%). cache = ./cache/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011875-ga0dzj3v author = Tsolaki, Vasiliki title = Are Patients with COVID-19 Dying of or with Cardiac Injury? date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1306 sentences = 79 flesch = 44 summary = Indeed, they quote a sentence in which Dr. Laghi and I say that physicians do not initiate mechanical ventilation consequent to "slotting a patient into a particular diagnostic pigeonhole." (2) Dr. Modesto-Alapont and colleagues claim that the Berlin definition enhances the ability to make a precise diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cardiac involvement probably complicates severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients, but the true incidence (considering specific echocardiographic findings) and the attributable mortality are aspects not yet well clarified. Very few reports have used echocardiographic criteria beyond biomarkers to diagnose cardiac injury, but none have differentiated between myocarditis, cardiomyopathy (stress or septic), ACS, and acute heart failure in the era of COVID-19. In a recent report involving 416 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, 19.7% presented with "acute myocardial injury." The diagnosis relied on increased cardiac biomarker (hypersensitive troponin I) levels, regardless of the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings (3). cache = ./cache/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 author = Liu, Songqiao title = Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method date = 2020-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3646 sentences = 228 flesch = 50 summary = title: Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method Our objective was to evaluate the air distribution, ventilatory and hemodynamic effects of individual mPaw titration during HFOV in ARDS animal based on oxygenation and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). CONCLUSION: Our data suggested personalized optimal mPaw titration by EIT-based indices improves regional ventilation distribution and lung homogeneity during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. But the ventilation distribution and homogeneity remain unknown toward the methods mentioned above to titrate mPaw. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) might allow the clinician to better adjust these ventilatory settings. In the present study, our objective was to evaluate the air distribution, ventilatory, and hemodynamic effects of individual mPaw titration in HFOV based on oxygenation and EIT. Our data provide personalized optimal mPaw titration in HFOV with EIT-based indices, which may provide a new insight of regional ventilation distribution and lung homogeneity during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. cache = ./cache/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006459-9kizif98 author = Deng, Guangcun title = Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice date = 2009-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3874 sentences = 217 flesch = 52 summary = Clinical signs, pathological changes and viral replication in lungs, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed at different time points after infection. Our data show that H9N2 viral infection resulted in ARDS in mice, and this may facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of future potential H9N2 disease in humans. Arterial blood gas, white blood cell counts, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and viral titers in the lungs were measured at different times. In H9N2-virus-infected mice, we observed that circulating leukocytes dramatically decreased in the blood and that a great number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the lungs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice cache = ./cache/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258087-93yfs7ve author = Flores, Carlos title = A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury date = 2008-10-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4736 sentences = 216 flesch = 37 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI. This quality assessment of genetic association studies with positive findings in susceptibility or outcome of ALI and ARDS identified a total of 29 articles and 16 genes. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CXCL2, chemokine CXC motif ligand 2; F5, coagulation factor V; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; MBL2, mannose-binding lectin-2; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MV, mechanical ventilation; MYLK, myosin light-chain kinase; NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 factor; PBEF, pre-B cell-enhancing factor; PLAU, plasminogen activator urokinase; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SFTPB, surfactant pulmonaryassociated protein B; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TR, tandem repeat (polymorphism); VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Positive genetic association studies with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome susceptibility and/or outcome (by year of publication) cache = ./cache/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017897-mbwm0ytg author = Chiumello, Davide title = The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management date = 2018-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4825 sentences = 215 flesch = 35 summary = In order to guarantee a better patient adaptation to the ventilator, to reduce the oxygen consumption related to the respiratory muscle activity and to guarantee a protective transpulmonary pressure, the use of neuromuscular blockers is accepted in clinical practice [49] . The indications for the prone positioning have changed over time: once it was used to improve arterial oxygenation in the most severe forms of respiratory failure [53, 54] ; while nowadays it aims to achieve a more homogeneous distribution of stress and strain within the lung parenchyma, acting in synergy with the remaining therapies and protecting against the ventilator induced lung injury [55] . Lung recruitability is better estimated according to the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome at standard 5 cm H2O rather than higher positive end-expiratory pressure: a retrospective cohort study Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial cache = ./cache/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-102679-6dpo073b author = TRONCHE, P.-A. title = Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5172 sentences = 282 flesch = 47 summary = title: Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol Therefore, collection of this fluid represents a promising, non-invasive method for sampling the distal airspace in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and for facilitating a mechanistic understanding of this devastating disease. Methods and analysis: A total of 30 adult patients within 24 hours of meeting the Berlin criteria for moderate-severe ARDS and receiving inhaled sevoflurane as standard sedation in participating centres will be eligible for inclusion into this investigator-initiated, exploratory, prospective, bicentre study. The primary hypothesis of the ANAISS study is that fluid collection from the AnaConDa-S device could be a novel method for assessing the distal airspace in mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS who are receiving inhaled sedation with sevoflurane. cache = ./cache/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003397-fvrd128w author = Herath, H. M. L. Y. title = Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka date = 2018-12-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2553 sentences = 176 flesch = 50 summary = title: Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka We describe a patient with rapidly progressing ARDS and myocarditis secondary to spotted fever caused by Rickettsia conorii. He was confirmed to have spotted fever rickettsial infection with rising titre of indirect immunofluorescence antibodies to Ricketssia conorii and made a complete recovery with appropriate antibiotic therapy and supportive care. Emergence of spotted fever group of rickettsial infections in the hilly central province of Sri Lanka was first observed in early nineties [1] . The following case report highlights myocarditis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as complications in a severely ill patient with spotted fever group of rickettsioses where timely diagnosis and intervention saved the life. This case demonstrates a rather rare presentation of spotted fever rickettsial infection where patient deteriorated within short time leading to shock and ARDS. Cutaneous manifestations of spotted fever rickettsial infections in the Central Province of Sri Lanka: a descriptive study cache = ./cache/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author = Raimondi, Francesco title = Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date = 2018-07-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5975 sentences = 323 flesch = 41 summary = We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). 24 However, the same process seems more variable and heterogeneous in human neonates, as LUS appearance may be influenced by respiratory support, gestational age, fluid intake, pre-existing condition (pure RDS or a more complex situation with superimposed lung inflammation and surfactant catabolism, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the eventual simultaneous development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In the meantime, available data demonstrate that a visually calculated LUS score is a useful and easy tool to predict surfactant need in preterm neonates with RDS, to evaluate lung aeration while titrating the respiratory support or to be used as a research outcome measure. cache = ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005985-csc3lfbm author = Seeger, W. title = Alveolar surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic prospects date = 1993 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5558 sentences = 247 flesch = 26 summary = Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: (a) lack of surface-active compounds (phospholipids, apoproteins) due to reduced generation/release by diseased pneumocytes or to increased loss of material (this feature includes changes in the relative composition of the surfactant phospholipid and/or apoprotein profiles); (b) inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage (inhibitory potencies of different plasma proteins have been defined); (c) "incorporation" of surfactant phospholipids and apoproteins into polymerizing fibrin upon hyaline membrane formation; and (d) damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators (proteases, oxidants, nonsurfactant lipids). Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: (a) lack of surface-active compounds (phospholipids, apoproteins) due to reduced generation/ release by diseased pneumocytes or to increased loss of material (this feature includes changes in the relative composition of the surfactant phospholipid and/or apoprotein profiles); (b) inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage (inhibitory potencies of different plasma proteins have been defined); (c) °' incorporation" of surfacrant phospholipids and apoproteins into polymerizing fibrin upon hyaline membrane formation; and (d) damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators (proteases, oxidants, nonsurfactant lipids). cache = ./cache/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005511-h5d2v4ga author = Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A. title = Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study date = 2020-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5219 sentences = 275 flesch = 44 summary = We sought to evaluate the relationships between dynamic variations in V(D)/V(T) and extra-pulmonary microcirculatory blood flow detected at sublingual mucosa hypothesizing that an altered microcirculation, which is a generalized phenomenon during severe inflammatory conditions, could influence ventilation/perfusion mismatching manifested by increases in V(D)/V(T) fraction during early stages of ARDS. Thus, considering microcirculatory dysfunction during inflammatory conditions as a generalized phenomenon, which may involve systemic and pulmonary vascular beds, we hypothesized that alterations in microvascular blood flow distribution evaluated at the sublingual mucosa as representative of an extra-pulmonary territory could be related to variations in dead-space ventilation V D /V T during early phases of moderate and severe ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011286-8wxih7v6 author = You, Qinghai title = MiR-802 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting Peli2 date = 2019-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4625 sentences = 323 flesch = 50 summary = Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory disorder commonly characterized by infection or injury inducing the development of diffuse alveolar damage that results in severe hypoxemia. Macrophages are a key cell type in lung in response to LPS challenge and proinflammatory cytokine production is a critical step that mediates LPSinduced tissue damage. To evaluate the effect of miR-802 on LPS-induced lung acute injury in vivo, the mice were administrated with miR-802 or scramble control intragastrically before being subjected to sepsis challenge. As shown (Fig. 5b) , co-transfection of Peli2 with miR-802 abolished the antagonizing effect of the miRNA on LPS-induced TNFα expression. In ARDS, modified expression of miRNAs has been studied to develop the diagnosis and treatment for a The protein expressions of Peli2 in lung tissues between LPS-induced ARDS model and sham group were compared by ELISA analysis (n = 15, for each group). cache = ./cache/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005941-e4fvj54l author = Hamm, H. title = The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date = 1992 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12897 sentences = 644 flesch = 38 summary = Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung cache = ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006181-fkh2fzbr author = Bednarczyk, Joseph M. title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for blastomycosis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case series date = 2015-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3529 sentences = 232 flesch = 42 summary = This report describes the clinical course of four consecutive patients with blastomycosis-related ARDS treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during 2009-2014. 3 Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been utilized for the management of severe ARDS to facilitate gas exchange, allow lung rest by deescalation of ventilatory support, and provide time for resolution of the underlying disease. 7 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is generally considered in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia or hypercapnia despite a lung protective ventilation strategy or in those where the maintenance of adequate gas exchange requires potentially injurious applied volumes or pressures. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be an effective treatment modality for patients with blastomycosis-related ARDS and refractory hypoxemia despite optimal mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in fulminant blastomycosis in Germany cache = ./cache/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006366-qpjvmwmp author = Kinikar, Aarti Avinash title = Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza 2009 in Pune, India date = 2011-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3309 sentences = 170 flesch = 43 summary = METHODS: Data were abstracted from available hospital records of children less than 12 y of age, who were admitted to Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India, with confirmed pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection from August 2009 through January 2010. A recent publication reported that factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality in adults and children were, requirement for invasive ventilation at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, older age and presence of any co-existing conditions [6] . The following data were collected: demographic characteristics like age, gender and location of residence; clinical characteristics on admission including duration of symptoms, co-morbid illnesses; clinical findings at presentation; and hospital course including use of antibiotics, corticosteroids and antiviral drugs, requirement of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)or mechanical ventilation, presence of co-infections, laboratory and radiologic findings. cache = ./cache/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266423-s8lqdpvn author = Jose, Ricardo J. title = Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disprove the Obesity Paradox in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 718 sentences = 41 flesch = 54 summary = Obesity is associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and is referred to as the obesity paradox.1 ARDS is a type of respiratory failure characterised by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs and is usually the result of infectious or chemical injury. Obesity is associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and this is referred to as the obesity paradox (2) . Clinicians tend to consider patients with obesity at higher risk of worse outcomes; thus, this might result in earlier admission to the intensive care unit for monitoring purposes in normal circumstances (6) . Taken together, these elements may contribute to difficulties for patients with obesity in accessing care during a pandemic if they are wrongly perceived by clinicians and policy makers to be at a higher risk for worse outcomes.O cache = ./cache/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012587-h3c9novk author = Bos, Lieuwe D. J. title = Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1457 sentences = 91 flesch = 51 summary = title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management Most patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe COVID-19 meet the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and proven therapies for ARDS not related to COVID-19 are likely effective in these patients as well. Based on these preliminary data, we conclude that compliance and an estimation of lung weight do not correlate in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS. ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease. Personalised mechanical ventilation tailored to lung morphology versus low positive endexpiratory pressure for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in France (the LIVE study): a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002782-mena480g author = Chen, Jiajia title = Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) virus infection date = 2017-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3021 sentences = 179 flesch = 55 summary = Our findings suggest that pulmonary function and imaging findings improved during the first 6 months especially for those with ARDS, however long-term lung disability and psychological impairment in H7N9 survivors persisted at 2 years after discharge from the hospital. In survivors of H5N1 virus infection, radiologic abnormalities including ground-glass opacities with a reticular pattern remained evident at the 12-month follow-up visit 10 . A study of the long-term outcomes of survivors with ARDS reported a mild restrictive pattern on lung-function testing, with a mild-to-moderate reduction in carbon monoxide diffusion capacity at 3 months; The median DLCO improved by 9% of the predicted value from 3 to 12 months 13 . A meta-analysis showed that recovery in the HRQoL of ARDS survivors occurred during the first 6 months after discharge 20 , but no significant improvement was evident at the 2-year follow-up in our study. Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge cache = ./cache/cord-002782-mena480g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002782-mena480g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005699-uf59ls0g author = Leclerc, F. title = Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1483 sentences = 95 flesch = 48 summary = title: Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia After 3 h of inhaled NO (i h at 80 ppm), PEEP was reduced from 10-6 cm H20; crepitations were noted and PIP, peak inspiratory pressure; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; *, FIO 2 delivered by the ventilator; tcSaO2, transcutaneous oxygen saturation (mean value of at least 3 measurements during the period); SAP and MAP, systolic and mean arterial pressures; nd, not determined pulmonary infiltrates worsened, suggesting pulmonary oedema, and leading to increase PEEP to I2 cm H20. Then, his condition progressively improved; 20 days after inhaled NO withdrawal, daytime controlled ventilation could be stopped with oxygen (1 l/rain into the tracheostomy tube) tcSaO 2 was 100%, and capillary blood gas was pH 7,44 units PCO z 52 mmHg. Three months after this RSV infection, his condition was the same as that before ARDS and remained stable with oral aminophylline, salbutamol, and cisapride. A controlled trial of aerosolized ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection cache = ./cache/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011363-o1f398vn author = Pitoni, Sara title = Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics date = 2020-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4042 sentences = 214 flesch = 48 summary = title: Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics Previous authors highlighted that replacing HME with HH decreases dead space, promotes CO 2 clearance and allows V T and plateau pressure reduction during ARDS [17] [18] [19] [20] : however, no data clarify to what extent ∆P is reduced by this approach and whether this is safe in patients with concomitant brain injury, for whom tight control of PaCO 2 is mandatory and any intervention has to be evaluated also from the perspective of cerebral hemodynamics. The use of HH in patients with brain injury and ARDS reduces instrumental dead space and allows to reduce tidal volume and driving pressure in isocapnic conditions, with no alveolar derecruitment, hypoxemia, changes in cerebral perfusion pressure nor blood flow. cache = ./cache/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 author = Zhang, Xianming title = Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2016-01-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3991 sentences = 241 flesch = 53 summary = title: Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe ARDS. Therefore, we hypothesized that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. In an oleic acid-induced model of experimental ARDS in beagles, our findings suggested that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. In an oleic acid-induced ARDS model, our study showed that BIPAP AP had lower mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in lung tissues and less total cumulative histopathological lung injury scores compared with BIPAP SB group. cache = ./cache/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017854-ff3gm50j author = Bromberg, Z. title = Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammation date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2408 sentences = 152 flesch = 43 summary = Most HSPs are constitutively and ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperones that guide the normal folding, intracellular disposition, and proteolytic turnover of many of the key regulators of cell growth and survival [14] . Thus, the protective process involves the interaction of many different HSPs. For example, HSP90, which comprises 1-2% of total cellular protein in non-stress conditions [15] , supports meta-stable protein conformations and expresses a high affinity binding state to hormone receptors. Several in vitro models have proven that heat shock or elevated levels of HSP70 suppresses NF-κB activity and that this inhibition of NF-κB results in a general reduction in the inflammatory response [44, 46, 71, 73] . Major heat shock protein hsp70 protects tumor cells from tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity Anti-inflammatory effect of heat shock protein induction is related to stabilization of I kappa B alpha through preventing I kappa B kinase activation in respiratory epithelial cells cache = ./cache/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002078-38rmx65j author = Korkmaz Ekren, Pervin title = Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Prospective observational study date = 2016-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3579 sentences = 253 flesch = 45 summary = title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? The primary outcome of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and contribution in diagnosis and/or modification of the ongoing treatment of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients with ARDS treated with NIV. METHODS: ARDS patients treated with NIV and who require FOB as the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure were included the study. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may be required in some patients with acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICU), mainly as diagnostic tool or to remove abundant secretions [7, 8] . Abbreviations APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EPAP: expiratory positive airway pressures; FOB: fiberoptic bronchoscopy; ICU: intensive care unit; IPAP: inspiratory positive airway pressure; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure. cache = ./cache/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 author = Hassett, Patrick title = Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury date = 2011-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3763 sentences = 215 flesch = 40 summary = title: Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury PURPOSE: Superoxide is produced by activated neutrophils during the inflammatory response to stimuli such as endotoxin, can directly or indirectly injure host cells, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We wished to determine the potential for pulmonary overexpression of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) to reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury. Endotoxin instillation produced a severe lung injury, which was attenuated by EC-SOD overexpression in comparison to animals that received vehicle or null vector. EC-SOD completely attenuated the decrease in static lung compliance (Fig. 2b ) and the increase in peak airway pressure (Fig. 2c) following endotoxin-induced injury. In conclusion, intrapulmonary delivery of EC-SOD decreased the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury, demonstrating the potential beneficial effects of EC-SOD overexpression in the setting of ALI. cache = ./cache/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002801-6myqgme3 author = Yoon, Byung Woo title = Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report date = 2017-12-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2560 sentences = 144 flesch = 38 summary = title: Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report Respiratory syncytial virus-induced severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome in immunocompetent adults has been rarely described. We report a case of respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome occurring in a previously healthy man successfully treated with orally administered ribavirin. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the potential usefulness of orally administered ribavirin as a therapeutic option for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection, at least in an immunocompetent host. RSV-induced severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in immunocompromised patients is not uncommon. Here we report a case of ARDS due to RSV occurring in a previously healthy adult successfully treated with orally administered ribavirin. In addition, this case suggests that orally administered ribavirin could be a therapeutic option even for severe pneumonia or ARDS due to RSV, at least in immunocompetent hosts, especially if other antiviral agents are unavailable. cache = ./cache/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003219-iryb3v0z author = Kao, Kuo-Chin title = Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning date = 2018-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4357 sentences = 214 flesch = 44 summary = title: Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, in evaluating the effect of prone positioning in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS, pneumonia severity index, renal replacement therapy and increase in dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS receiving prone positioning. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, PSI, renal replacement therapy and increased dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS receiving prone positioning. The present study in influenza pneumonia-related ARDS patients receiving prone positioning also found that increased dynamic driving pressure (hazard ratio 1.372, 95% confidence interval 1.095-1.718; p = 0.006) was identified as After multivariate Cox regression analysis, it was found that PSI, renal replacement therapy and increased dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumoniarelated ARDS receiving prone positioning. cache = ./cache/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010509-gipjuhhc author = Xu, Jing title = Increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome was associated with high levels of plasma phenylalanine date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5987 sentences = 327 flesch = 50 summary = Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed on metabolomic profiles from blood plasma of ARDS patients and healthy controls to screen for "functional metabolites", which were determined by variable importance in projection (VIP) scores and P value. Previous studies have performed metabolomic analysis of plasma, pulmonary edema fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in ARDS patients, preliminarily results revealed a broad range of metabolites that could help in diagnosis and stratify ARDS [3] [4] [5] [6] . Blood plasma samples of patients with ARDS and healthy controls were collected, and metabolomics analysis was conducted to find differential metabolites and altered pathways that are associated with the ARDS mortality. Of note, we showed that the level of Phenylalanine increased in the non-survivors compared to the survivors and we confirmed using a mouse model that Phenylalanine administration increased the lung injury and mortality of mice with ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017853-mgsuwft0 author = Machado, Roberto F. title = Genomics of Acute Lung Injury and Vascular Barrier Dysfunction date = 2010-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9177 sentences = 397 flesch = 32 summary = In this chapter, we utilize a systems biology approach combining cellular signaling pathway analysis with population-based association studies to review established and suspected candidate genes that contribute to dysfunction of endothelial cell barrier integrity and ALI susceptibility. Genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors and mediators, receptors for barrier-regulatory agonists, and mechanical-stress-sensitive genes expressed in endothelium which regulate inflammatory responses also serve as attractive ALI candidate genes and are representative of the diverse but fertile areas of exploration for candidate SNPs affecting ALI susceptibility and severity. Interrogating the prospective pathways involved in endothelial permeability and correlation with these differentially expressed genes in VALI models identified the most putative ALI genes such as myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1, cMet, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mechanical stress [37, 38] . Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human and animal models of acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis: association of a promoter polymorphism and increased gene expression cache = ./cache/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012010-5h2ox3hu author = Bos, Lieuwe D.J. title = Response to “COVID-19 conundrum: Clinical phenotyping based on pathophysiology as a promising approach to guide therapy in a novel illness” and “Strengthening the foundation of the house of CARDS by phenotyping on the fly” and “COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading?” date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2153 sentences = 117 flesch = 39 summary = take issue with our interpretation of the respiratory physiology of COVID-19, arguing that it is based merely on "small cohort studies," instead arguing that "a high proportion of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients exhibit near-normal lung compliance." [1] Yet the low respiratory compliance of COVID19 patients has now been extensively demonstrated by studies totaling more than 800 COVID-19 patients [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , including a direct comparison with non-COVID ARDS patients that revealed no difference in respiratory compliance. In his response to our Editorial, Dr. Rajendram reveals a curious misinterpretation of our Editorial: "Thus, whilst the net effect of the ARDSNet protocol is beneficial at the level of the study population, theoretically, it may harm select patients… contrary to the opinions of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and Bos and colleagues, the ARDSNet protocol is not a panacea." Putting aside the wishful thinking of a supportive intervention functioning as a "panacea" for a condition with persistent mortality of 30-40%, the correspondent (along with Drs. Cherian et al.) seems to think that we dispute the heterogeneity of ARDS, and advocate for a "one-size-fits-all" approach to its clinical management. cache = ./cache/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004067-psjyjvbu author = Zhou, Yile title = The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS date = 2019-12-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5176 sentences = 333 flesch = 48 summary = Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen significantly differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in cultured TCs stimulated with LPS, and the regulation of downstream angiogenesis genes by these miRNAs was analysed and verified. The PI3K p110α inhibitor decreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in LPS-stimulated TCs and reversed the enhancing effect of TCs culture medium on EOMA cells proliferation. In the current study, the p110α isoform in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway was demonstrated to be involved in miR-21a-3p-mediated angiogenic factor induction in TCs. However, the alteration of other protein levels and HIF-1α in TCs treated with LPS and the miR-21a-3p inhibitor indicated that more complex signalling pathways were involved in regulating the angiogenic function of TCs. Culture medium from LPS-induced TCs promoted EOMA cells proliferation in vitro, accompanied by elevated levels of VEGF mRNA and secretion, which further demonstrated that the functional miR-21a-3p was generated by TCs. These data support the hypothesis that miR-21a-3p plays a role in angiogenesis and profoundly demonstrate the mechanisms mediated by PI3K p110α. cache = ./cache/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001661-dj9bxhwb author = Kao, Kuo-Chin title = Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy date = 2015-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4381 sentences = 218 flesch = 46 summary = title: Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy INTRODUCTION: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is the pathological hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), however, the presence of DAD in the clinical criteria of ARDS patients by Berlin definition is little known. A pathological finding of DAD in ARDS patients is associated with hospital mortality and there are no clinical characteristics that could identify DAD patients before open lung biopsy. The following data were collected from the hospital chart of each patient and analyzed: age, sex, underlying diseases, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score on the day of ICU admission [28] , sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on the day of ICU admission and the day of open lung biopsy [29] , lung injury score (LIS) [30] , PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, PEEP, tidal volume, diagnostic procedures before open lung biopsy (HRCT or BAL), complications related to surgery (i.e., postoperative air leak, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, bleeding, and wound infection), pathological diagnosis, hospital mortality, and therapeutic alterations. cache = ./cache/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000498-absjerdt author = Hagau, Natalia title = Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection date = 2010-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5209 sentences = 302 flesch = 52 summary = To and colleagues found higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine in the group of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viral A(H1N1) influenza, throughout the initial 10 days after symptom onset [8] . The aim of our study was to further investigate the profile of Th1 and Th17 mediators and interferoninductible protein-10 (IP-10), an innate-immunity mediator, as early host response in a group of critical and noncritical hospitalized patients with nvA(H1N1) from Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and to correlate them with the clinical aspects. IL-15 is significantly higher at admission (P1) and 3 days later (P2) in the nvA(H1N1)-ARDS group for nonsurvivors versus survivors, so it might be pathogenic in lung injury influenza A virus infection. An increased level of IP-10 was found in the Spanish group as early response to nvA(H1N1) infection in both hospitalized and mild patient disease, as in the present study, while in the Hong Kong group IP-10 was significantly higher in critical patients only. cache = ./cache/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001493-3yu2di1g author = Fujishima, Seitaro title = Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2014-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3096 sentences = 159 flesch = 36 summary = Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines play major roles in acute inflammation and the development of inflammatory lung diseases, including ARDS. Increased levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are associated with death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network: Plasma surfactant protein levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury cache = ./cache/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003615-vpzzsdld author = Thompson, Kelly B. title = Late immune consequences of combat trauma: a review of trauma-related immune dysfunction and potential therapies date = 2019-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8886 sentences = 363 flesch = 34 summary = Trauma leads to the dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, which places the injured at risk for several late consequences, including delayed wound healing, late onset sepsis and infection, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are significant for their association with the increased morbidity and mortality of wounded personnel. Patients with less severe trauma may develop late MODS due to new surgical stress, general anesthesia, transfusion of blood products, infection, or ischemia/reperfusion injury triggering the reactivation of the inflammatory response in a "two-hit" model of MODS [19, 58] . Among these consequences, delayed wound healing, late onset sepsis and infection, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and persistent inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolic syndrome are significant in their association with the increased morbidity and mortality of wounded personnel. cache = ./cache/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006237-oxbquzeg author = Dwenger, A. title = Bioluminescence, chemiluminescence date = 1990 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4992 sentences = 258 flesch = 45 summary = The oxygen radical production was measured by luminol (0.4 mmol/1 test) and/or lucigenin (0.23 retool/1 test) enhanced chemiluminescence response (CL) (Biolumat LB 9505, Berthold) in absence or in presence of different stimuli, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP, Sigma; 3.5 • 10-6 tool/1 test), zymosan A (Sigma; 3.5 mg/ml test), latex (Unisphere latex 22, 0.8 gin, Serva; 2 gl/ml test), lipopolysaccharide (LPS from E. The aim of the present study was to examine, if PGE 1 might 80 influence injury to EC, caused by LPS-primed neutrophils, and furthermore, if this effect could be explained by a diminished oxygen radical production, measured by chemiluminescence (CL). Addition of 0.1 gg of radical trap (MDTQ-DA) to each zymosan stimulated whole blood sample reduced CL response by 7 0 -90 p.c. Following induction of haemorrhagic-necrotising pancreatitis, high quantities of toxic oxygen metabolites are released from pancreatic tissue, contributing to the development of MOF. cache = ./cache/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006251-danl62io author = Jansen, Oliver title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in spina bifida and (H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2017-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1696 sentences = 86 flesch = 36 summary = We report on a 45-year-old spina bifida patient with confirmed H1N1 influenza virus infection causing acute respiratory failure, who was successfully weaned from 42-day veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) treatment with an excellent outcome. Adding prone positioning therapy to ECMO patients is recommended by the guidelines for adult respiratory failure from the extracorporeal life support organization if radiological imaging shows posterior consolidation of the lung fields [8] . As ECMO blood flow could be reduced and, therefore, resulted in less inflow pressure problems and less dependency on the patients' position, we began to establish a regimen of intermittent prone positioning therapy to improve alveolar recruitment of the posterior consolidated lung fields and, therefore, pulmonary capacity (Fig. 3) . Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients cache = ./cache/cord-006251-danl62io.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006251-danl62io.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032608-zw540s64 author = Elsayed, Hany Hasan title = Dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19, a surprise? date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 959 sentences = 53 flesch = 48 summary = In fact, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign panel recently recommended that "mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 related ARDS should be managed similarly to other patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU" [3] . In fact, Villar and his colleagues have published the largest meta-analysis of using dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome few months back and this has shown a mortality benefit [6] . In fact, 1772 patients with severe COVID-19 ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation in the RECOVERY trial did not receive steroids. I believe that most intensivists around the world were using dexamethasone for their patients with severe COVID-19 developing ARDS before the RECOVERY trial results were released based on the evidence they had on how to manage this unique entity from a variety of causes. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial cache = ./cache/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028337-md9om47x author = Ketcham, Scott W. title = Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4751 sentences = 259 flesch = 48 summary = Patients with ARDS more often had pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death (28% vs 19%; p = 0.04) and were also more likely to die while requiring significant respiratory support (82% vs 64%; p < 0.01). Specifically, two critical-care trained physicians reviewed each AHRF hospitalization to determine whether patients met Berlin Criteria [15, 16] for ARDS: (1) new or worsening respiratory symptoms began within 1 week of a known clinical insult, (2) PaO 2 /FIO 2 ≤ 300 while receiving a positive end-expiratory pressure ≥ 5 cm H 2 O, (3) bilateral opacities on chest x-ray, (4) unlikely to be cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and (5) no other explanation for these findings. In this contemporary cohort study of 385 patients who died after AHRF, the most common primary causes of death were sepsis and pulmonary dysfunction. cache = ./cache/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005777-6rvfsx4p author = nan title = PS 0420-0716 date = 2007-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 59217 sentences = 3634 flesch = 53 summary = We prospectively recorded data of all patients who were newly diagnosed with AF and all those with a septic shock on a surgical ICU (no cardiac surgery) during a one year period according to the requirements of the local ethical committee. Our aim was to evaluate the predictive role of admission APACHE II, admission and total maximum SOFA score, hypoalbuminemia, increased serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, lactate, and serum blood glucose for the 30-day mortality of septic patients admitted to medical ICU. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation and to evaluate mortality associated factors (timing and accurancy of diagnosis, timing of surgery, severity score and organ failure, surgical and medical treatments). Data were extracted independently to assess intention to treat intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and pneumothorax, and associated complications of the implemented intervention. cache = ./cache/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-033298-4d40yyzu author = Fiedler, M. O. title = Fokus Beatmung, Sauerstofftherapie und Weaning: Intensivmedizinische Studien aus 2019/2020 date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3486 sentences = 462 flesch = 46 summary = Tab. 1 Die Standardtherapie bei der Beatmung von Patienten mit einem akuten Lungenversagen (ARDS) wird als lungenprotektive Beatmung bezeichnet und beinhaltet die Anwendung von niedrigem Tidalvolumen und eine Begrenzung des oberen Plateaudrucks [9] . Ein erhöhter respiratorischer Antrieb ("respiratory drive") bei Patienten im schweren ARDS ohne tiefe Sedierung und ohne Muskelrelaxierung kann das Risiko einer "ventilatorinduzierten Lungenschädigung" ("ventilator induced lung injury", VILI) erhöhen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der ACURASYS-und ROSE-Studie sind Muskelrelaxanzien erst einzusetzen, wenn eine Reihe von lungenprotektiven Maßnahmen zur Beatmung eingehalten wird und diese nicht ausreichend ist, um den Patienten vor einem VILI zu bewahren oder die Oxygenierung darunter nicht besser wird. Beitler JR, Sarge T, Banner-Goodspeed VM et al (2019) Effect of titrating positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FiO2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. cache = ./cache/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001262-8s7g2wvd author = Zheng, Guoping title = Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study date = 2014-04-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4924 sentences = 286 flesch = 52 summary = title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Many studies, including publications from our group [11, 12] , have demonstrated compelling evidence of the benefits of MSCs from both bone marrow [13] [14] [15] and adipose tissues [16] [17] [18] in animal models for lung injury and ARDS. In this randomized, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial, the primary goal was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients. cache = ./cache/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005705-j765ruj1 author = Dreyfuss, Didier title = Is it better to consent to an RCT or to care?: Μηδεν αγαν (“nothing in excess”) date = 2004-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7508 sentences = 375 flesch = 47 summary = Another contention of the present paper is this [14] : critical care physicians may still believe that RCTs remain the best tool for improving knowledge and care, and in this case they must accept to use the means needed to achieve the end and therefore to insist on mandatory informed consent from the patient or proxy; or they may realize that the game is not worth the candle and they must then turn to other forms of research that are ranked less highly in the pyramid of evidence-based medicine [15] . Before discussing the problem of informed consent to research a critical appraisal of the scientific and ethical validity of RCTs in critical care medicine is in order. cache = ./cache/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013306-35jiycem author = Tarazan, Nehal title = Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4726 sentences = 239 flesch = 48 summary = Eligible studies met all of the following criteria: (1) the design was a parallel-group RCT; (2) the population was adults with ARDS of any severity; (3) the intervention included any continuous NMBA infusion, at any dose or duration, compared to placebo or no continuous NMBA infusion but allowing the use of as needed NMBA boluses; (4) outcomes included any of: mortality at 28 days, ICU discharge, or hospital discharge (truncated at 90 days); long-term outcomes (physical function at 3 months; quality of life at 3 months; cognitive function at 3 months); ICU-acquired weakness; duration of mechanical ventilation; ventilator-free days (VFDs); ICU or hospital length of stay; barotrauma (including pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumatocele, or subcutaneous emphysema); or changes in oxygenation measured by using the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PO 2 /FiO 2 ratio). cache = ./cache/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104423-fxo36z1s author = Ghelichkhani, Parisa title = Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary date = 2020-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1237 sentences = 74 flesch = 49 summary = This disease exacerbates in a number of patients and causes pulmonary edema, multi-organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 10% of patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) develop ARDS (3) and despite all the treatment advances made, the rate of mortality is still high among these patients and has been reported to be between * Corresponding Author: Maryam Esmaeili; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nosrat St., Tohid Sq.,Tehran, Iran. Additionally, in another meta-analysis it was revealed that prone position can only reduce mortality due to ARDS when patients are ventilated with low tidal volume, the treatment is started within the initial 48 hours of initiation of the disease, and patients have severe hypoxia. Available meta-analyses show that prone position can decrease mortality in ARDS patients when performed in the initial hours of disease manifestation, in patients with severe impaired oxygenation and for a long time (8) . cache = ./cache/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018685-i7s04fh5 author = Bromberg, Z. title = Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3735 sentences = 229 flesch = 42 summary = Following injury, regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells proceeds via an organized paradigm where ATII cells and other specific stem cells appear to function as progenitor cells for ATI cells [16 -17] (Fig. 1 ). Cyclin A/cdk2 accumulates during S phase and its activation triggers the transition to G2, a phase characterized by the accumulation of cyclin B/cdc2, which results in the inhibition of DNA replication, cell growth and new protein synthesis [26, 27] The Wnt/␤catenin Cell Signaling Pathway An activated form of q -catenin was expressed in respiratory epithelial cells of the developing lung. Activation of q -catenin caused ectopic differentiation of ATII-like cells in conducting airways, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airspace enlargement, demonstrating a critical role for the Wnt/ q -catenin signal transduction pathway in the differentiation of the respiratory epithelium in the postnatal lung [31] . Pulmonary edema fluid from patients with acute lung injury augments in vitro alveolar epithelial repair by an IL-1beta-dependent mechanism cache = ./cache/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012045-1cqqj84n author = Li, Tiao title = The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7468 sentences = 563 flesch = 38 summary = IL-1R8/Sigirr [40] Suppresses lung inflammation [40] PTEN [41] Regulates cell apoptosis [41] MCL1 [42] Regulates transformation of fibroblasts [42] STAT1 [55] Regulates IFN Signaling [55] STING [56] Negatively regulates antiviral responses [56] USP-14 I-kB [31] Increases cytokine release [31] CBP [32] Lung inflammation [32] USP-15 IκBα [57] NF-κB activation [57] USP-17 HDAC2 [58] Reverses glucocorticoid resistance [58] TRAF2/TRAF3 [59] Lung inflammation [59] [92] Inhibits type I IFN signaling and antiviral response [92] POH1 pro-IL-1β [93] Negatively regulates the immune response [93] BRCC3 NLRP3 [94] Promotes the inflammasome activation [94] STAMBP NALP7 [95] Reduces pro-inflammatory stress [95] Alveolar residential macrophages are central to the development of the inflammatory response by recruiting neutrophils and circulating macrophages to the site of injury, their functions are modulated by deubiquitinating enzymes [96, 97] . cache = ./cache/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019010-9xgwjvsv author = Luna, C. M. title = Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date = 2010-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4578 sentences = 192 flesch = 35 summary = Consistent with this particular situation, the health system in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires began to show evidences of collapse, use of ventilators increased critically, achieving an extremely unusual level; about a quarter of the available ICU beds were occupied by young and previously healthy patients with ARDS associated with severe bilateral pneumonia due to 'swine flu' who needed mechanical ventilation. These figures are difficult to extrapolate globally and to confirm, as epidemiological studies looking at the population at risk in different world areas are lacking, but the huge number of severely ill patients with ARDS due to primary influenza pneumonia (an extremely unusual complication) observed in the Southern Cone, suggest that these estimations could be realistic. Viral cultures of respiratory specimens, especially if A 29 year-old obese male with arterial hypertension secondary to Cushing's disease (hypophyseal adenoma) developed bilateral pneumonia and died from respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after 13 days on mechanical ventilation, with multiple organ failure, including renal and hemodynamic compromise requiring high doses of vasopressors. cache = ./cache/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258896-ck7lh9rg author = Perez-Nieto, Orlando Ruben title = Impact of Asynchronies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 821 sentences = 43 flesch = 49 summary = To the Editor: T he severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Mexico, in the month of May, has reached an alarming case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%, with a high prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Asynchronies are common in patients with ARDS, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is common and can occur in all ventilatory modes. Patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 that needed intubation and IMV present a challenge for the physician and have been associated with a mortality rate of 24.5% (2) , despite this, to this date, it has not been described the prevalence of asynchronies in patients with ARDS because of COVID-19 infection and its relationship with the prognosis of their disease. Studies are needed to determine the prevalence of asynchronies in patients with IMV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with poor results. Asynchronies during mechanical ventilation are associated with mortality Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006565-5c14oqn4 author = Umans, U. title = Herpes simplex virus 1 pneumonia: conventional chest radiograph pattern date = 2001-02-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2787 sentences = 157 flesch = 46 summary = The aim of this study was to describe the findings on plain chest radiographs in patients with herpes simplex virus pneumonia (HSVP). Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the findings on plain chest radiographs in patients with herpes simplex virus pneumonia (HSVP). The radiologist may suggest the diagnosis of HSVP when bilateral airspace consolidation or mixed opacities appear in a susceptible group of patients who are not thought to have ARDS or pulmonary edema. Each chest radiograph was evaluated for the following findings: pattern of lung opacities (airspace consolidation, interstitial opacities, or mixed); location (unilateral, bilateral, focal, diffuse) and extent (segmental, lobar, whole lung) of the abnormalities; atelectasis (not-present, lobar, segmental, subsegmental); pleural effusion (not present, moderate, i.e., less than one-third of the hemithorax, large, i.e., more than one-third of the hemithorax). cache = ./cache/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016142-7j5cdt1b author = Chiang, Eddie T. title = Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers date = 2010-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16055 sentences = 658 flesch = 28 summary = In this chapter, we will (1) address the role of cytoskeletal rearrangement in mechanistic regulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function and permeability, (2) define current strategies designed to enhance the integrity of the lung vascular endothelium, and (3) identify vascular biomarkers and potential prognostic determinants of acute inflammation. Phosphorylation of the substrate myosin light chain (MLC) by nmMLCK is central to paracellular gap formation and increased permeability by many edemagenic agents, including thrombin [18] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [19] , both in vitro and in preclinical models of inflammatory lung injury. Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated pathways exert a prominent effect on barrier regulation in a time-and speciesspecific manner without significantly increasing MLC phosphorylation and without inducing formation of actin stress fibers, but with alterations in other components of the endothelial cytoskeleton [18, 83, 84] . cache = ./cache/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006773-61ezrjuq author = Li, Hongqiang title = T follicular regulatory cells infiltrate the human airways during the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome and regulate the development of B regulatory cells date = 2018-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4379 sentences = 268 flesch = 64 summary = First, we observed that the Foxp3 expression level in mini-BAL samples was not significantly different between Tfr cells and non-Tfr Treg cells (Fig. 2b) . The IL-10 expression by non-Tfr Treg cells and Tfr cells was lower in healthy controls and significantly higher in ARDS PBMCs and ARDS mini-BAL (Fig. 3c) . The higher IL-10 and TGF-β in ARDS mini-BAL compared to autologous PBMCs likely indicated that the Tfr and non-Tfr Treg cells in the lung infiltrates were further activated. As a result, the suppression studies were performed using Tfr cells from PBMCs. Since the Tfr cells from Fig. 2 The frequency of Treg cells and Tfr cells in the mini-BAL from ARDS patients at day 1, day 2, and day 3 after disease onset. NS not significant Fig. 3 The expression of inhibitory molecules by non-Tfr Treg cells and Tfr cells from healthy controls and ARDS patients. cache = ./cache/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 author = Kaisy, Dr. Maythem Abdulhassan Al title = Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. date = 2020-08-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1157 sentences = 77 flesch = 50 summary = title: Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID -19 Patient. Thus, in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection lungs are fragile and especially those with positive pressure ventilations, the dangers of pneumothorax arise, and comprehensive management is warranted. A 42 years old male patient was transferred to our hospital, intubated on mechanical ventilation, he had a 1 week history of fever, cough and shortness of breath, with positive PCR test for COVID-19, and CT scan showing extensive bilateral multiple, multilobed ground glass appearance with areas of consolidation, there was no given history of previous lung diseases or smoking history ( Figure 1 ). A portable chest x-ray was ordered, and the patient was found to have significant amount of left sided -pneumothorax with underlying lung collapse , mild mediastinal shift to the right side, with progressive course regarding the right side opacities (Figure 2 ), compared to previous x-ray. cache = ./cache/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254083-ea94wn3f author = Fowler, Alexander J. title = COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis date = 2020-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1731 sentences = 87 flesch = 40 summary = We appreciate the authors' clinical observations and their expertise; however, we have several concerns with these two recommendations, which diverge from the best established evidence for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For reference, patients enrolled in the PROSEVA (Prone Positioning in Severe ARDS) trial had a mean respiratory system compliance of 35 ml/cm H 2 O (SD, 15) at the time of enrollment (3). Evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests that prone positioning and low VT ventilation are the precise strategies for gentle ventilation that patients with ARDS, "typical" or not, should receive. Importantly, the authors suggest that recommended treatment strategies for severe COVID-19 pneumonia based on ARDS management (3) may lead to disease progression and excess harm (1, 2) . Second, we can use the DAG to determine a minimal adjustment set of variables to reliably estimate the direct effect of our exposure (ARDS ventilation strategy in COVID-19 L-phenotype patients) and outcome (ICU mortality). cache = ./cache/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023890-z346hh2c author = Cotogni, Paolo title = Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cytokines: Their Relationship in Acute Lung Injury date = 2015 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6954 sentences = 303 flesch = 40 summary = However, at present, the issue of lipid therapy in ALI/ARDS is still controversial due, at least in part, to inconclusive or contradicting results in several recent clinical trials using n-3 PUFAs. Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are inflammatory diseases whose clinical severity depends on the grade of inflammatory response. The first RCT showed the ability of an enteral formula with a high n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio (1:1) to reduce pulmonary inflammation and improve clinical outcomes, i.e., better oxygenation, shorter requirement for mechanical ventilation, shorter ICU-LOS, and less incidence of new organ failure; however, no difference in mortality was observed in ARDS patients (Gadek et al. The first RCT analyzed the effect of an enteral n-3 PUFA-enriched diet in septic patients with ALI or ARDS showing that the administration of the study formula, compared to a control formula with less lipids than in the previous three studies, was associated to a shorter ICU-LOS but not to an improvement in gas exchange or in a lower incidence of novel organ failures (Grau-Carmona et al. cache = ./cache/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006505-u3znxf2b author = Van Bever, H. P. title = Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection date = 1992 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1529 sentences = 98 flesch = 48 summary = title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection A 13-year-old boy is described who developed severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), biochemical pancreatitis and skin vasculitis after an acute respiratory infection due toMycoplasma pneumoniae. Four days before admis-Offprint requests to: H.P. Van Bever Abbreviation." ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome Fig. 1 . Chest X-ray film at day 4 after admission, showing diffuse bilateral infiltrates tropics, including dopamine (25 gg/kg per minute), dobutamine (15 ~tg/kg per minute) and noradrenaline (16 gg/min). Our patient was discharged without clinical symptoms, but with major disturbances of the lung function tests, suggesting that there might be some degree of interstitial fibrosis. M. pneumoniae infections have been associated with the development of ARDS in adults [3, 4, 6] . Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by Mycoplasma pneurnoniae Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric patients. cache = ./cache/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028835-jby1btv7 author = Rilinger, Jonathan title = Prone positioning in severe ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3896 sentences = 232 flesch = 52 summary = BACKGROUND: Prone positioning (PP) has shown to improve survival in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To this point, it is unclear if PP is also beneficial for ARDS patients treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support. METHODS: We report retrospective data of a single-centre registry of patients with severe ARDS requiring VV ECMO support between October 2010 and May 2018. CONCLUSION: In this propensity score matched cohort of severe ARDS patients requiring VV ECMO support, prone positioning at any time was not associated with improved weaning or survival. In case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support may be considered when lung-protective mechanical ventilation is not able to prevent hypoxia or hypercapnia [1] [2] [3] . We performed a retrospective analysis of ARDS patients treated with PP during ECMO support at our centre. cache = ./cache/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 author = Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer title = Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock date = 2008-11-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2526 sentences = 255 flesch = 37 summary = From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on healthIn the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO 2 triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study Post-traumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem Health-related quality of life and posttrauamtic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 author = Shafiee, Abbas title = Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3427 sentences = 199 flesch = 43 summary = To date, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) products, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their derivatives (eg, exosomes) for coronavirus infections, which could be applied for the COVID‐19. Over the COVID-19 outbreak, the funding for many TERM projects is being cut, which has a significant impact on the present and future of Current clinical trials highlight the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Effective multi-institutional collaboration and adequate funding from government and nongovernment sources are also needed to collect and analyze the data from ongoing and new human trials, to better understand the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) infection, a hint for COVID-19 treatment. Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial cache = ./cache/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 72031 sentences = 4734 flesch = 56 summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer's exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. cache = ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034469-ew90eef4 author = Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title = Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4840 sentences = 262 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. Conversely, ventilating the lungs with PVV resulted in a significant decrease in tissue damping in control animals (T1-T5, p < 0.01), whereas no change in respiratory mechanics was detected in the ARDS model. In the present study, a combined approach consisting of lung functional and structural assessment was used to investigate differences in the global and regional effects of PVV and the conventional monotonous pressure-controlled mode in a pediatric model of normal lungs and ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014464-m5n250r2 author = Sole-Violan, J title = Lethal influenza virus A H1N1 infection in two relatives with autosomal dominant GATA-2 deficiency date = 2013-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 98961 sentences = 5553 flesch = 54 summary = Results In preliminary analysis of categorical data, a signifi cantly (Fisher exact test) greater proportion of patients with compared with without the following fi ndings did not survive; history of alcohol use (P = 0.05); the presence of lethargy (P = 0.01), confusion (P = 0.03), nausea (P = 0.04), abdominal pain (P = 0.02), or the need for vasopressors (P = 0.002), oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or steroids (all P = 0.004) at presentation; and excessive bleeding at surgery (P = 0.01). Methods To prospectively re-evaluate the normal range and to analyze the potential impact of biometric data on ICG-PDR, we measured ICG-PDR (i.v. injection of 0.25 mg/kg ICG; LiMON, Pulsion, Munich, Introduction Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO 2 ) represents a well-recognized parameter of oxygen delivery (DO 2 )-consumption (VO 2 ) mismatch and its use has been advocated in critically ill patients in order to guide hemodynamic resuscitation [1] and oxygen delivery optimization. cache = ./cache/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280965-x5ffw843 author = Damiani, Elisa title = Comment on “Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study” date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 811 sentences = 49 flesch = 38 summary = title: Comment on "Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study" on the evaluation of respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 that was recently published in the Annals of Intensive Care [1] . In 22 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, the authors observed high physiological dead space (V D /V T ) and ventilatory ratio (VR). In a recent report, we described the sublingual microcirculation of mechanically ventilated patients with severe SARS-COV-2 pneumonia and showed an inverse correlation between perfused vessel density (PVD) and D-dimers [4] . Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study All authors read and approved the final manuscript. cache = ./cache/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286133-h8jgwe4z author = Gattinoni, Luciano title = Reply by Gattinoni et al. to Hedenstierna et al., to Maley et al., to Fowler et al., to Bhatia and Mohammed, to Bos, to Koumbourlis and Motoyama, and to Haouzi et al. date = 2020-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1931 sentences = 99 flesch = 51 summary = However, as evidenced by this correspondence, our scientific community seems divided into two broad categories: On one side are the believers that coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia must be defined as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-and that is it. Dr. Bos, Dr. Maley and colleagues, and Dr. Haouzi and colleagues in their letters conclude, as do many others in our scientific community, that COVID-19 pneumonia is not atypical but fits the conventional ARDS definition and that higher respiratory system compliance (Crs) may be a normal finding in the syndrome. Actually, we have observed that patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from Wuhan often present "better" compliance and "worse" PA O 2 -Pa O 2 gradient at low PEEP. cache = ./cache/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278249-vvhq9vgp author = Blot, Mathieu title = CXCL10 could drive longer duration of mechanical ventilation during COVID-19 ARDS date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6238 sentences = 346 flesch = 45 summary = In addition, since most patients need to undergo mechanical ventilation in this context, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) could exacerbate tissue damage as well as local and systemic inflammation, thus acting as a "second hit." Our team has previously shown that mitochondrial alarmins (i.e., mitochondrial DNA) are released by human epithelial cells submitted to cyclic stretch, and these alarmins are also recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from either ventilated rabbits or ARDS patients. This comprehensive evaluation of systemic and pulmonary immune response showed that the higher CXCL10 concentrations in both the systemic and alveolar compartments of patients with COVID-19 ARDS were associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Finally, in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, higher mitochondrial DNA concentrations in the plasma and ELF compartment were highly correlated with alveolar inflammation, as assessed by BALF cell count and ELF IL-8 and IL-1β concentrations. cache = ./cache/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014538-6a2pviol author = Kamilia, Chtara title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2017-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 61068 sentences = 3463 flesch = 49 summary = Other parameters that were significantly different between the patients who died and those who survived were an advanced age, an elevated IGS II score at hospital admission, an elevated SOFA score at study entry, a late healthcare-associated infection and several biological variables: a high C reactive protein, low albumin and prealbumin and a poor percent of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, all measured at day 7. Parameters collected were demographic features, comorbidities, regular treatment, dyspnea assessed by the MRC scale, initial clinical severity reflected by SAPS II and APACHE II scores, modalities and ICU admission deadlines, initial arterial blood gas analysis, management of patients in the ICU (ventilation modalities, prescription of antibiotics, use of vasoactive drugs) and their outcomes (incidence of nosocomial infections and their sites, length of stay and ICU mortality). cache = ./cache/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266067-wrouqdcj author = Haywood, Nathan title = Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6939 sentences = 348 flesch = 44 summary = The ability of EVLP to rehabilitate lungs injured in a porcine sepsis model [21] has provided the basis for a similar application-the use of isolated lung perfusion in vivo in the management of ARDS. Here, early animal studies have demonstrated the ability of in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) to rehabilitate sepsis-induced ARDS [22] . Below, we review the history and current evidence for isolated lung perfusion techniques, with a focus on how EVLP has provided the basis for and led to investigations into the use of IVLP for the treatment of ARDS. Using both murine and porcine models, we have demonstrated that the addition of a selective adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist to the EVLP perfusate is associated with less pulmonary edema, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved lung function [43, 44] . cache = ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282547-ehr9aaix author = Chang, Jae C. title = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis date = 2019-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11511 sentences = 637 flesch = 33 summary = 7 Recently, two proposed hemostatic mechanisms have opened the door in the understanding of ARDS from molecular pathogenesis associated with endotheliopathy that promotes inflammation and coagulation disorder in sepsis and other critical illnesses [8] [9] [10] [11] ; one is "two-activation theory of the endothelium" in which endothelial pathogenesis activates inflammatory pathway and microthrombotic pathway and the other is a novel "two-path unifying theory" of hemostasis in which hemostasis initiates thrombogenesis and promotes microthrombogenesis, leading to vascular microthrombotic disease (VMTD). ARDS indicates acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIT, disseminated intravascular thrombosis; EA-VMTD, endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease; ECs, endothelial cells; HC, hepatic coagulopathy; MAHA/aMAHA, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia/atypical microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; MODS: multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; MOF, multi-organ failure; TMA, thrombotic microangiopathy; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; ULVWF, unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers activates ULVWF path, but TF path is not activated if subendothelial tissue (SET)/extravascular tissue (EVT) illustrated in Figure 2 is not compromised. cache = ./cache/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277031-yt0lafin author = McGurk, Kevin title = A primer on proning in the emergency department date = 2020-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2032 sentences = 124 flesch = 44 summary = Historically, the prone position was used almost exclusively in the ICU for patients suffering from refractory hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: the prone position Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a pathophysiology-based review Effect of mechanical ventilation in the prone position on clinical outcomes in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing nonintubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a retrospective study Early prone position at the emergency room in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: systematic review and meta-analysis Positioning of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: combining prone and upright makes sense Transport of a prone position acute respiratory distress syndrome patient cache = ./cache/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014533-6qfecv5h author = Velasquez, T. title = ESICM LIVES 2016: part three: Milan, Italy. 1–5 October 2016 date = 2016-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 88380 sentences = 5139 flesch = 52 summary = P. Tirapu; Navarro-Guillamón, L.; Cordovilla-Guardia, S.; Iglesias-Santiago, A.; Guerrero-López, F.; Fernández-Mondéjar, E.; Vidal, A.; Perez, M.; Juez, A.; Arias, N.; Colino, L.; Perez, J. Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted on consecutive 100 pediatric surgical patients who admitted to PSICUs at Cairo University Hospitals starting from 1/6-1/12/2015.After approval by research ethics committee,informed consents were obtained from parents and pediatric cases aged from 1 month-18 years and stayed for > 48 h were enrolled.MPV and PLC were obtained and recorded at baseline(preoperative values),on the day of ICU admission(day 0),1 st ,2 nd ,3 rd ,5 th and 7 th days.To measure daily MPV changes; (ΔMPV) was constructed and computed where ΔMPV = ([MPVday(X) − MPVday (0)]/MPVday(0) × 100 %. Results: The results obtained after analyzing the two homogeneous groups according to age, gender, type of admission and severity influencing the physiotherapy care in ICU quality indicators, in the Sagrada Esperança clinic, highlights the decrease of the average number of days with mechanical ventilation but it is not observed a significant relation between physical therapy and this indicator (p = 0:06). cache = ./cache/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284598-ksoonwf9 author = Liu, Shan title = Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1716 sentences = 90 flesch = 40 summary = The main pathologic features of severe or critical COVID-19 were consistent with acute lung injure (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by cellular fibromyxoid exudates, extensive pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, and hyaline membrane formation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can balance the inflammatory response and has been mentioned to be effective on ALI/ARDS from both infectious and noninfectious causes previously, presenting an important opportunity to be applied to COVID-19. In this commentary, we summarize the clinical trials of MSCs treatments on ALI/ARDS and raise MSCs as a hopefully alternative therapy for severe or critical COVID-19. Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics for inflammatory lung diseases Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for treatment of ARDS: a phase 1 clinical trial Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment prevents H9N2 avian influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in mice In vivo effects of mesenchymal stromal cells in two patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260577-t4w4pw12 author = Imai, Yumiko title = The renin–angiotensin system in acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2006-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2978 sentences = 170 flesch = 50 summary = The importance of RAS in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ACE2 as a receptor for the SARS-coronavirus. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACE2 protects mice from acute lung injury as well as SARS-mediated lung injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 share homology in their catalytic domain and provide different key functions in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The importance of the RAS in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ACE2 as a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [5] . Importantly, the treatment with catalytically active, but not enzymatically inactive, recombinant ACE2 protein improved the symptoms of acute lung injury in wild type mice as well as in ace2 knockout mice, suggesting ACE2 protein as a possible novel therapeutic target for ARDS (Fig. 2) . A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury cache = ./cache/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261370-jp5sqqwc author = Bollag, Wendy B. title = Phosphatidylglycerol and Surfactant: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19? date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4096 sentences = 177 flesch = 33 summary = It is thought that surfactant, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intratracheal administration to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in infants, could benefit COVID-19-infected individuals by: (1) restoring surfactant damaged by lung infection and/or decreased due to the virus-induced death of the type II pneumocytes that produce it and (2) reducing surface tension to decrease the work of breathing and limit pulmonary edema. In addition, a constituent of surfactant, phosphatidylglycerol, could mitigate COVID-19-induced lung pathology by: (3) decreasing excessive innate immune system activation via its inhibition of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 activation by microbial components and cellular proteins released by damaged cells, thereby limiting inflammation and the resultant pulmonary edema, and (4) possibly blocking spread of the viral infection to non-infected cells in the lung. cache = ./cache/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 author = Ikegami, Saya title = Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2872 sentences = 175 flesch = 46 summary = title: Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy We report a case of suspected virus-inducing severe ARDS treated by multimodal therapy including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and immune modulation therapy that led to a favorable outcome for the patient. The risk factor in the present case was unspecified pneumonia, and an unspecified virus was considered the most likely cause based on the negative results of all cultures, β-D glucan, and rapid test for bacteria and influenza. As the present case also showed marked hypoxia despite mechanical ventilation with a high concentration of oxygen and high PEEP, ECMO was introduced, and the lung rest setting was selected. We presented a case of suspected virus-inducing severe ARDS that was treated by multimodal therapy including ECMO and immune modulation therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272937-ala32ub5 author = Zhao, Xuan title = Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1269 sentences = 79 flesch = 44 summary = title: Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome [1] reported that the transplantation of allogeneic menstrual-blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly reduced the mortality of influenza A (H7N9)-virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) without harmful side effects. Multiple studies have shown that fulminant pneumonia and ARDS can be induced by various viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [4] , Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [5] , and H7N9 virus [6] . This is the first meaningful report demonstrating both the short-and long-term effectiveness of MSC transplantation to treat ARDS caused by virus infection. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic influenza A (H7N9) infection: a hint for COVID-19 treatment. The effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cache = ./cache/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282151-mai4eggf author = Bai, Lu title = Clinical Features of Pneumonia Caused by 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus in Beijing, China date = 2015-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3752 sentences = 250 flesch = 57 summary = METHODS: During October 26, 2009, and January 23, 2010, adult patients with pneumonia with laboratory-confirmed or clinically suspected A(H1N1) infections were observed for clinical characteristics, high-resolution chest CT scan, and lung function test changes during acute and 3-month convalescent phases. Multivariate Cox regression identified two independent risk factors for death: progressive dyspnea after resolution of fever (relative risk, 5.852; 95% CI, 1.395-24.541; P = .016) and a higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) II score on presentation (relative risk for each point, 1.312; 95% CI, 1.140-1.511; P < .001). 6 Many studies have been published on the clinical manifestations of A(H1N1) pneumonia during the acute phase of illness, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] but no information has been reported on symptoms and radiographic and lung function changes in convalescence. Information recorded included demographic data, underlying medical conditions, symptoms, signs, laboratory and chest radiograph fi ndings before therapy and during follow-up, and the clinical course, treatment, and adverse events during hospital stay. cache = ./cache/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277788-6ls21tkr author = Nelson, Brian C title = Clinical Outcomes Associated with Methylprednisolone in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3554 sentences = 216 flesch = 49 summary = METHODS: Clinical outcomes associated with the use of methylprednisolone were assessed in an unmatched, case-control study; a subset of patients also underwent propensity-score matching. Our study evaluated the association of methylprednisolone treatment with duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality in intubated, critically-ill patients with COVID-19. We observed an increase in the number of ventilator-free days and the likelihood of extubation, as well as a statistically non-significant trend towards improved mortality, in the corticosteroid group when compared to control patients in a propensity-matched cohort by day 28. Although this benefit was greatest in the subset of patients that required mechanical ventilation, the trial only evaluated outcomes through hospital day 28 and did not assess other corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone [14] . We found that treatment with methylprednisolone increased the number of ventilator-free days and probability of extubation compared with a propensity matched control group among patients with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation, but we did not detect a significant difference in mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286771-77hs34jm author = Cruces, Pablo title = A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date = 2020-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5933 sentences = 314 flesch = 40 summary = Protective lowtidal volume (Vt) mechanical ventilation (MV), including delivering a physiologic low Vt adjusted by ideal body weight, is currently the standard of care for patients requiring invasive respiratory support, like moderate and severe ARDS. Additionally, we found a significant progression of regional Fig. 2 Regional volumetric strain maps in a 3-h murine model of patient self-inflicted lung injury randomized to two groups: Group I: subjects with induced lung injury on low tidal volume mechanical ventilation at the beginning of the experiment (T1) and at the end of the experiment (T3) (upper left and right panels). Ventilation-induced lung injury exists in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure: yes Can high-flow nasal cannula reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?: a systematic review and meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263879-e36l3t1g author = Jamaati, Hamidreza title = A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol date = 2020 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1154 sentences = 73 flesch = 51 summary = title: A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 pneumonia ranges from mild to critically ill cases and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. An expert panel was held and an internal protocol was developed to manage the COVID-19 induced ARDS according to WHO recommendations and NIH guidelines. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 pneumonia may present from mild to severe illness including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Finally, an internal protocol was developed to manage the COVID-19 induced ARDS according to WHO recommendations and NIH guidelines (3). Of the 231 suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during two weeks, 72 patients were admitted to ICU with diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. Of the 231 suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during two weeks, 72 patients were admitted to ICU with diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. cache = ./cache/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 author = Li, Xu title = Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2550 sentences = 178 flesch = 48 summary = In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in Wuhan, China [1] [2] [3] . COVID-19 was of clustering onset and mainly affected the respiratory system with some patients rapidly progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); other organ functions were less involved [5, 6] . In addition, the lung compliance was relatively high in some COVID-19-related ARDS patients, which was inconsistent with the severity of hypoxemia. A previous study reported that more than 50% of patients with moderate and severe ARDS according to the Berlin definition did not show diffuse alveolar damage [17] . Currently published studies did not report the proportion of different respiratory support according to COVID-19-related ARDS classification. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China cache = ./cache/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282474-74273qgk author = Roehrig, Stefan title = Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2881 sentences = 190 flesch = 55 summary = title: Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVES: This study aims to demonstrate the positive effects on oxygenation of flow-controlled ventilation compared to conventionally ventilated patients in patients suffering from Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with COVID-19.We define ARDS according to the "Berlin" definition integrating the oxygenation index (P/F ratio), the level of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), radiological and clinical findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered before starting subject recruitment under the title: "Flow controlled ventilation in ARDS associated with COVID-19" in ClinicalTrials.org with the registration number: NCT04399317. Although the severely ill patients will need intubation and invasive ventilation according to ARDS treatment strategies including low tidal volumes and low end-expiratory pressures, not all patients recover their pulmonary function [3, 4] . cache = ./cache/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296656-4q0jdyrh author = van der Stap, Janneke title = Acute respiratoire insufficiëntie date = 2020-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 389 sentences = 54 flesch = 59 summary = Bij covid-19 raken veel patiënten acuut respiratoir insufficiënt, maar ook bij andere ziektebeelden kan dat voorkomen. In dit artikel lees je wat er gebeurt bij acute respiratoire insufficiëntie en wat je kunt doen. Het acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is een pulmonale uiting van een systemische inflammatoire respons (hyperactieve ontstekingsreactie). Het is een ernstige acute longaandoening, gekenmerkt door diffuse bilaterale infiltraten (beiderzijds ontstekingen in de long), hypoxemie, verminderde longcompliantie (rekbaarheid van de long) en respiratoire insufficiëntie. ARDS kan optreden in het verloop van uiteenlopende ziekteprocessen (zowel primair in de longen als daarbuiten). 20-40% van de patiënten met sepsis ontwikkelt een ARDS. ARDS wordt ook bij ongeveer 40% van de covid-19-patiënten waargenomen. 9 Beademing kan een patiënt met ARDS ondersteunen, maar het is vooral belangrijk dat de onderliggende oorzaak wordt behandeld. De mortaliteit is hoger bij patiënten met een hogere leeftijd en multiorgaanfalen. Acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285202-aiap6z9u author = Short, Briana title = Rapid implementation of a mobile prone team during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1726 sentences = 95 flesch = 48 summary = CONCLUSION: The rapid development of a mobile prone team safely provided prone positioning to a large number of COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. The rapid implementation of the mobile COVID-19 Prone Team that travelled to multiple ICUs at our institution during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased the ability to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. By utilizing OTs and PTs who were familiar with critical illness and positioning patients, and by developing a careful but efficient training program, the COVID-19 Prone Team was able to safely provide an evidence-based intervention to critically ill patients with ARDS in a variety of ICU settings. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid development and implementation of a mobile prone team allowed for increased capacity to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS in ICUs beyond the MICUs to meet the surge of critically ill patients during the height of the pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285955-fzm6036f author = Nasir, N. title = Treatment of ARDS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 with IL-6 antagonist Tocilizumab: a tertiary care experience from Pakistan date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2057 sentences = 130 flesch = 46 summary = Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation which manifests as ARDS, multi-organ failure, and high inflammatory parameters. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from Feb 2020 to May 2020 on COVID-19 patients with ARDS and hyperinflammation characterized by raised CRP and/or ferritin. While limited studies from China have shown improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammation and ARDS 9 , a study from Italy did not show significant mortality benefit 10 . Hence, we would like to report our clinical experience of the management of ARDS and hyperinflammation with the IL-6 inhibitor Tocilizumab which will be the first from a lower-middle-income country (LMIC). We conducted an observational study describing patient outcomes in those critically ill patients of COVID-19 who received tocilizumab intravenously for hyperinflammation and ARDS. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality cache = ./cache/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261146-ppe8br4z author = Mohammed, Amira title = Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Mortality from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through the Induction of Apoptosis in Immune Cells, Leading to Cytokine Storm Suppression date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9689 sentences = 487 flesch = 45 summary = Thus, in the current study based on single-cell RNA sequencing data, we determined whether THC induces apoptosis in activated immune cells in the lungs following SEB-induced ARDS and, if so, whether it was through the death receptor or mitochondrial pathway. Our data demonstrated that THC decreased the expression of miR-185-3p in SEB-activated immune cells, thereby promoting the induction of a number of genes related to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, causing an alteration in metabolism of immune cells, leading to the attenuation of inflammation and ARDS. These studies suggested THC mediated the induction of apoptosis and autophagic cell death by altering the cytochrome c oxidases of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in MNCs infiltrating the lung in SEB-induced ARDS. These studies suggested THC mediated the induction of apoptosis and autophagic cell death by altering the cytochrome c oxidases of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in MNCs infiltrating the lung in SEB-induced ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284332-p4c1fneh author = Bosma, Karen J. title = Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date = 2012-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14516 sentences = 721 flesch = 37 summary = [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. cache = ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283779-mudwcypl author = Lauretani, Fulvio title = Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9727 sentences = 500 flesch = 42 summary = The chronic increase in inflammatory cytokines, augmented by COVID-19 infection, may explain the higher tendency for "the cascade leading to pulmonary fibrosis and insufficiency and activation of clotting" and poorer clinical prognosis, especially in multimorbid older persons (4) . In case of persistent fever, higher than 37.5°C for a time longer than 3 days and peripheral oxygen level lower than 95% after starting therapy, we should consider and proceed to hospitalization especially in multimorbid older patients with cardiac, respiratory diseases and diabetes. First, patients at risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely older adults and multimorbid individuals, should be checked for malnutrition through screening and assessment. Older patients infected by COVID-19 often experience atypical and less severe symptoms in older persons, side-effects of the drugs and require specific nutritional and motor treatment for avoiding disability and death. cache = ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305389-n5cppi72 author = D’Alonzo, Daniele title = COVID-19 and pneumonia: a role for the uPA/uPAR system date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4841 sentences = 256 flesch = 34 summary = Here, we highlight recent findings on the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system that suggest its potential role as a main orchestrator of fatal progression to pulmonary, kidney, and heart failure in patients with coronavirus. Given its lack of a transmembrane domain, GPI-anchored uPAR has high mobility on the cell surface and can interact with later partners with the ability to communicate with the internal cell compartment to produce downstream intracellular signaling mediated by effector molecules, such as the focal adhesion kinase, Src, and Akt. uPAR binds vitronectin, and multiple cell receptors, such as different types of transmembrane receptor [the formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), integrins, and VEGFR2 [23] ], establishing crosstalk between membrane-bound uPAR and its co-receptors. Serum plasminogen activator urokinase receptor predicts elevated risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with sepsis and is positively associated with disease severity, inflammation and mortality cache = ./cache/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277590-u0uf88e7 author = Gage, Ann title = Reacquainting Cardiology With Mechanical Ventilation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 583 sentences = 41 flesch = 46 summary = As ARDS progresses, lung compliance decreases, hypoxemia ensues, and patients can progress to ventilator dependence (3, 4) . After initial stabilization, it is critical to appropriately titrate settings to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. One of the most common methods for doing this is careful monitoring of the plateau pressure ( Figure 2) . It is also important to monitor the patient's driving pressure, or difference between the PEEP and plateau pressure, as increased driving pressures have been associated with higher mortality in ARDS (10). Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prone positioning reduces mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome in the low tidal volume era: a meta-analysis Care for critically ill patients with COVID-19 Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome KEY WORDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, coronavirus, coronavirus disease-2019, mechanical ventilation cache = ./cache/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296435-6dergkha author = Wang, Tiehua title = Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality: An International Study date = 2014-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4474 sentences = 214 flesch = 40 summary = BACKGROUND: Early detection of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has the potential to improvethe prognosis of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). CONCLUSIONS: This study of ICU patients in both China and US showed that thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk of ARDS and platelet count in combination with ARDS had a high predictive value for patient mortality. Although patient specific data was not available, protocolled low tidal volume ventilation was standardized in study ICUs. Among predisposing conditions for ARDS in all enrolled patients, sepsis and/or septic shock (n = 149, 83%) were the most [20] were associated with development of ARDS.Respiratory rate (.30 breaths/min), aspiration, and .1 risks for ARDS were also evaluated in model selection but were eliminated during model selection (not significant). In both Beijing and Boston cohorts, the combination of thrombocytopenia and ARDS further increased risk of 60-day mortality among critically ill patients. cache = ./cache/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276927-rxudwp2v author = Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title = Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2012-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7991 sentences = 374 flesch = 35 summary = Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . cache = ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291481-ov1gkgpc author = Bonizzoli, Manuela title = Human herpesviruses respiratory infections in patients with acute respiratory distress (ARDS) date = 2016-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4998 sentences = 249 flesch = 45 summary = In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, herpesviruses, mainly HSV1 and hCMV, may be frequently detected from either upper or lower respiratory tract Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is today a leading cause of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU). A higher ICU mortality was significantly related to the presence of herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract as well as to impaired immunophenotype, as patients with poor outcome showed severe lymphopenia, affecting in particular T (CD3+) cells, since the first days of ICU hospitalization. One hundred and eight clinical samples from upper and lower respiratory tract from the 54 ICU patients were analyzed to detect influenza and other respiratory viruses and a group of herpesviruses (EBV, hCMV and HSV1). This report concerns a group of 54 patients admitted to ICU because of ARDS with unknown causative agent; 19 of them were infected by influenza virus, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA in both upper and lower respiratory tract samples. cache = ./cache/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281945-jvnjzjds author = Radnis, Caitlin title = Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia date = 2020-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2808 sentences = 155 flesch = 43 summary = Survivors of critical illness and ARDS often experience neurocognitive impairment but, to date, there is scant literature correlating radiographic hypoxic brain injury to hypoxemia related to ARDS. In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19-related ARDS. Of patients with severe disease, approximately 16% had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 14.5% required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 99% had pneumonia [4] . A recent autopsy case series found evidence of hypoxic changes in the brain tissue of patients who had succumbed to COVID-19, but there was no report of whether these patients developed ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation if required, whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used, presence or absence of cardiac arrest, or cause of death [21] . In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on MRI, along with clinical correlations, in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19 related ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271180-cnrs0zpg author = Rizvi, Saniya title = Cytosorb Filter: An adjunct for survival in the COVID-19 patient in cytokine storm? A case report. date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3896 sentences = 220 flesch = 49 summary = CytosorbentsⓇ cytokine filter is a potential treatment methodology aimed at reducing the cytokine storm, thus serving as a bridge for therapy in the acutely ill patients infected with COVID-19. The following case report demonstrates the utility in a critically ill patient who survived the cytokine storm after receiving the cytokine filter via continuous renal replacement therapy bridging him to further definitive therapy. The following is a case report on a patient encounter and management course through the course of illness in which the Cytosorbents Ⓡ filter was used for his presentation of COVID-19 with severe ARDS, worsening renal dysfunction and evidence of evolving cytokine storm. Chest x-ray hospital day 16, 5 days after the initiation of cytokine filter when the patient developed worsening hypoxia and increased oxygen requirements as indicated in Table 2 below. cache = ./cache/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 author = Knighton, Andrew J. title = Multi-factorial barriers and facilitators to high adherence to lung-protective ventilation using a computerized protocol: a mixed methods study date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6498 sentences = 296 flesch = 41 summary = We analyzed 47 key informant interviews of ICU physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses in 3 of the ICUs using a qualitative content analysis paradigm to investigate site variation as defined by adherence level (low, medium, high) and to identify barriers and facilitators to LPV and LPV CDS tool use. We developed an interview guide using a deductive, multi-method approach: a scoping review [21] [22] [23] [24] to examine the barriers and facilitators to the use of LPV and the LPV CDS tool and interventions to improve adherence; a technical expert panel that included 4 critical care physicians, 2 hospitalists/health services researchers, 2 ICU nurse managers, 1 emergency department (ED) physician, 1 respiratory therapist (RT), and 1 implementation scientist, to identify already known or suspected barriers to implementation (simultaneous triangulation) [25] ; and categorization and summary of findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [26, 27] by two experienced implementation scientists (AK, RS). cache = ./cache/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296182-hhswage4 author = Meng, Lingzhong title = Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date = 2020-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6532 sentences = 364 flesch = 44 summary = Healthcare providers, who are tasked with taking care of critically ill patients, need to perform the best practices of intubation and ventilation tailored explicitly to the victims of this sweeping COVID-19 outbreak and, at the same time, adhere to strict self-protection precautions. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Airway Management released a fast-track publication with the recommendation to proceed with endotracheal intubation for patients showing no improvement in respiratory distress, tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute), and poor oxygenation (Pao 2 to Fio 2 ratio less than 150 mmHg) after 2-h highflow oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. Although the aerosol-generating potential of noninvasive ventilation is a potential concern to some providers, 19 the bilevel positive airway pressure machine is widely used amid this outbreak for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Wuhan and the rest of China. cache = ./cache/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279440-0mn5b0vv author = Diehl, J-L title = Response to Damiani and colleagues date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 882 sentences = 46 flesch = 43 summary = have put our results in perspective with their own published observations of an inverse relationship between sublingual perfused vessel density and D-dimers in mechanically ventilated patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. To explore if COVID-19 ARDS patients could exhibit a lung-specific microvascular response to high PEEP levels, as compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS patients, seems to be an important field of investigation. One important point is that the very vast majority of studies in COVID-19 ARDS patients used, by convenience, ventilatory ratio (VR) as a marker of impaired ventilatory efficacy, as mentioned in Damiani's comment, rather than dead space measurements. Finally, it will be important to further precisely investigate the relationship between dead space measurements, with a special focus on indicators of alveolar dead space, and markers of endothelial dysfunction, such as bio-markers (such as CECs and D-dimers) and innovative methods such as the video-microscopy methods used by Damiani and colleagues. cache = ./cache/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277648-9kxwkcbl author = Overholt, Kalon J. title = Dissecting the common and compartment-specific features of COVID-19 severity in the lung and periphery with single-cell resolution date = 2020-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10003 sentences = 421 flesch = 39 summary = Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have identified stark transcriptional differences between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, indicating that immunological responses may be highly compartment-specific [21, 22] . We used identical methods to separately analyze multi-donor scRNA-seq datasets from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in COVID-19 patients classified by severity strata as well as healthy control subjects to investigate severity-specific immune dysregulation in the lung and periphery. When we increased this analysis to include all of the cell types found in the BALF (Figure 3A We next investigated pathway-level changes occurring in PBMCs and found that differential gene expression between ARDS and non-ARDS patients supported the detection of statistically enriched pathways through GSEA. cache = ./cache/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285684-iiqyzqsb author = Li, Jin-ze title = Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4623 sentences = 256 flesch = 46 summary = title: Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of MS-MSCs on pulmonary microvascular endothelium barrier injuries induced by LPS. These data demonstrated that the MS-MSC groups had potential therapeutic effects on the LPS-treated ECs; these results might be useful in the treatment of ARDS. We introduced a transwell coculture system to evaluate the effects of MS-MSCs on the paracellular permeability of LPS-treated ECs. Treatment with LPS significantly increased the paracellular permeabil-ity of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium barrier (Figure 6 (a); * * p < 0:01). We demonstrated that mechanical stretch could impact MSC morphology and biological function in a time-and magnitude-dependent manner and that MS-MSCs could restored the increased permeability of endothelial cells induced by LPS. In this study, we tried to discover evidences of mechanically stretched MSCs in restoring increased permeability of endothelial barrier induced by LPS. cache = ./cache/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 author = nan title = ESICM 2010 WEDNESDAY SESSIONS 13 October 2010 date = 2010-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 84393 sentences = 5234 flesch = 52 summary = We performed a prospective clinical study in a 17-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit, including 21 patients with controlled mechanical ventilation and monitored with the Vigileo Ò monitor, for whom the decision to give fluids was taken due to the presence of circulatory, including arterial hypotension (MAP B 65 mmHg or systolic arterial pressure \90 mmHg), and preserved preload-responsiveness condition, defined as SVV C10%. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate four severity scoring systems in intensive care unit (ICU), including APACHE II, APACHE III, SASP II and MODS in severe septic patient. A prospective observational study was performed in 16 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients (12 M, age 49 ± 17 yr, BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m 2 , ICU admission day 5 ± 3, APACHE II on study 20 ± 7; mean ± SD) and 6 healthy subjects (3 M, age 24 ± 9 year, BMI 24 ± 45 kg/m 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286901-whvq8y1p author = Vidali, Sofia title = D-dimer as an indicator of prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4272 sentences = 228 flesch = 37 summary = This study aims to highlight the correlation between elevated D-dimer (an indirect thrombosis marker) and the increased rate of poor prognosis-associated conditions, and to introduce D-dimer-labelled anticoagulant administration as a potentially useful tool to prevent complications and positively influence coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course. The keywords and their variants (differently combined) used for the search were "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "2019 novel coronavirus", "SARS-CoV-2", "D-dimer", "coagulation", "hypercoagulative state", "laboratory analysis", "ARDS", "haemostasis", "thrombosis", "pulmonary embolism", "disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)", "heparin" and "anti-coagulation". The alterations of coagulation factors during SARS-CoV-2 infection and specifically that of D-dimer are, as documented in the clinical experiences described here, severe, constant and correlated with prognosis, complications and CEP rates. Among the factors that were demonstrated to be connected to the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients, the presence of comorbidities may represent a confounding factor for the interpretation of D-dimer and other coagulation parameter alterations, especially considering the heterogeneous aetiology of thrombotic and thrombophilic states. cache = ./cache/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308402-37i62atc author = Barnes, Betsy J. title = Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps date = 2020-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3924 sentences = 253 flesch = 43 summary = In this Perspective, autopsy results and literature are presented supporting the hypothesis that a little known yet powerful function of neutrophils—the ability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—may contribute to organ damage and mortality in COVID-19. Furthermore, neutrophils from patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS appear "primed" to form NETs, and both the extent of priming and the level of NETs in blood correlate with disease severity and mortality (Adrover et al., 2020; Bendib et al., 2019; Ebrahimi et al., 2018; Lefrançais et al., 2018; Mikacenic et al., 2018) . NETs and excessive thrombosis Acute cardiac and kidney injuries are common in patients with severe COVID-19 and contribute to the mortality of this disease (Bonow et al., 2020) . Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia cache = ./cache/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293259-o51fnvuw author = Sinaei, Reza title = Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date = 2020-09-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7043 sentences = 359 flesch = 44 summary = Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . cache = ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273426-55vu6b3u author = Iba, Toshiaki title = Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4536 sentences = 257 flesch = 31 summary = Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. (Crit Care Med 2020; XX:00-00) Key Words: coagulopathy; coronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; disseminated intravascular coagulation; hypercoagulability; thromboembolism I ncreasing communications worldwide have reported that hospitalized, critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are frequently developing laboratory abnormalities compatible with hypercoagulability and clinically a high prevalence of thromboembolic events (1). cache = ./cache/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305758-6twwcp47 author = Combes, Alain title = ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4626 sentences = 221 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) performed after Jan 1, 2000 comparing ECMO to conventional management in patients with severe ARDS. In this individual patient data meta-analysis of patients with severe ARDS included in the CESAR [15] and EOLIA [17] randomised trials, there is strong evidence to suggest that early recourse to ECMO leads to a reduction in 90-day mortality and less treatment failure compared with conventional ventilatory support. cache = ./cache/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303232-0lwmzjxz author = Konig, Maximilian F title = Targeting the catecholamine-cytokine axis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm syndrome date = 2020-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1433 sentences = 81 flesch = 38 summary = The mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be driven by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Emerging evidence suggests that a subset of COVID-19 is characterized by the development of a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels are predictors of COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. As high infection rates threaten to overwhelm hospital capacity during this pandemic, preventative approaches that ameliorate COVID-19 severity and reduce excessive mortality are desperately needed. We hypothesize that treatment with prazosin of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 could reduce catecholamine surges, secondary cytokine dysregulation, and mortality. Prospective, randomized clinical trials of alpha-1 receptor antagonists (e.g. prazosin) administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms are needed to assess their efficacy in preventing CSS and reducing mortality in COVID-19. Prospective, double-blinded clinical trials of ⍺1-AR antagonists in high-risk patients, when administered prior to symptom onset, will therefore be required to assess their utility in preventing COVID-19-CSS. cache = ./cache/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316923-b81uaooh author = Luks, Andrew M. title = Reply: COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1531 sentences = 75 flesch = 46 summary = For example, in COVID-19 lung disease, a hypoxemic condition that progresses over several days in which many patients do not appear to be in distress, what is more injurious: accepting a lower oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry or initiating invasive mechanical ventilation? With great respect for the authors' well-meaning concern to avoid patient harm, let me be clear about mine: I am concerned that the alveolar filling/collapse, low-compliance pulmonary disease being seen in the intensive care unit is predominantly due to ventilator-induced lung injury rather than to the natural evolution of COVID-19 disease. Finally, the author states, without supporting evidence, that patients with COVID-19 have "normal or near-normal pulmonary compliance." To date, only three published reports have documented static compliance in COVID-19, and in two of them (2, 3) the average static compliance was low (,35 ml/cm H 2 O) and consistent with that seen in prior studies of ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316647-jj8anf5g author = Shang, You title = Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13583 sentences = 668 flesch = 39 summary = RESULTS: A comprehensive document with 46 statements are presented, including protection of medical personnel, etiological treatment, diagnosis and treatment of tissue and organ functional impairment, psychological interventions, immunity therapy, nutritional support, and transportation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Statement 8 Convalescent plasma therapy should probably be used for severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 (Grade 2+, weak recommendation). However, critically ill patients with COVID-19 have a longer mechanical ventilation time, and daily sedatives interruption is not suggested for patients receiving deep sedation in order to reduce lung damage during early stage of severe ARDS. Light sedation is suggested for severe COVID-19 patients receiving HFNC oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and also for critically ill patients in the recovering stage (expert opinion). Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial cache = ./cache/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 author = Wrigge, H. title = Spezifische Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2927 sentences = 330 flesch = 50 summary = Dabei ist die Idee, dass abhängig von Körpergröße und Geschlecht über das ideale Körpergewicht ( Infobox 1) eine Abschätzung des endexspiratorischen Lungenvolumens (EELV) oder der funktionellen Residualkapazität ermöglicht wird. Das heißt konkret, wenn nur wenige Alveolen belüftet sind und an der Ventilation teilnehmen können, ist bei gleichem VT die Abstract Specific treatment of acute lung failure Due to a high heterogeneity and dynamic changes in the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care physicians are faced with extraordinary challenges. Die Ergebnisse der weltweit durchgeführten LUNG-SAFE-Studie [5] zeigen allerdings, dass in der praktischen Anwendung selten ein PEEP höher als 10 cm H2O auch bei Patienten mit schwerem ARDS angewendet wird, was aus Sicht des Autors auf größere Defizite im Bereich der individualisierten Beatmungseinstellung hinweisen kann. Spezielle Aspekte der Beatmung und Therapie von COVID-19-bedingtem Acute respiratory distress syndrome Eine abschließende Bewertung der Therapieprinzipien für dieses Patientenkollektiv ist zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung dieses Beitrags noch zu früh, auch weil die Evidenzlage noch gering ist. cache = ./cache/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author = Myerson, Jacob W. title = Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14275 sentences = 744 flesch = 46 summary = We show that polystyrene nanoparticles and five liposome formulations do not accumulate in injured lungs, indicating that nanostructures that are not based on protein are not intrinsically drawn to marginated neutrophils in acute inflammation. 6, 10, 14, 18 Single cell suspensions prepared from mouse lungs were probed by flow cytometry to further characterize pulmonary neutrophils in naïve mice and in mice following LPS-induced inflammation. The protein component of each particle was labeled with 125 I for tracing in biodistributions, and assessed 30 minutes after IV administration of NPs. Both absolute LDNG lung uptake and ratio of lung uptake to liver uptake registered a ~25-fold increase between naïve control and LPS-injured animals (Figure 2A , Supplementary Table 1) . As with LDNGs and albumin NPs in Figure 2C -H, single cell suspensions were prepared from LPS-inflamed and naïve control lungs after circulation of fluorescent DBCO-IgG liposomes. cache = ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293740-4c3yemi3 author = Ferrando, Carlos title = Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4327 sentences = 253 flesch = 51 summary = METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study in consecutive, mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS (as defined by the Berlin criteria) affected with with COVID-19 (confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens), admitted to a network of 36 Spanish and Andorran intensive care units (ICUs) between March 12 and June 1, 2020. [temperature, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate], laboratory parameters (blood test, coagulation, biochemical), ventilatory parameters [tidal volume (VT), inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO 2 ), respiratory rate (RR), PEEP, plateau pressure (Pplat), driving pressure (DP), respiratory system compliance (Crs)], the use of adjunctive therapies [recruitment maneuvers (RM), prone position, neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)], pharmacological treatments, disease chronology [time from onset of symptoms and from hospital admission to initiation of mechanical ventilation (MV), ventilator-free days (VFDs) during the first 30 days, ICU length of stay (LOS)]. cache = ./cache/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305703-ypeibwje author = Veronese, Nicola title = Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2878 sentences = 144 flesch = 37 summary = For each article, we extracted data regarding authors, year of publication, country, city or region in which the study was conducted, the period of observation, how the diagnosis of COVID-19 was obtained, the stage of COVID-19 infection (asymptomatic forms, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring intensive care unit, ICU; convalescent), sample size included, number of males and females, mean age and its standard deviation (or similar information such as median and range), the percentage of people treated with corticosteroids in the sample as a whole, and, if possible, the route of administration and type of corticosteroid considered. Overall, two studies reported negative findings regarding these medications, one reported no significant association between corticosteroids and clinical outcomes, and one concluded that methylprednisolone was associated with a significant reduction of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developing ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310069-ay4af6xr author = Tobin, Martin J. title = Does making a diagnosis of ARDS in COVID-19 patients matter? date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1248 sentences = 105 flesch = 51 summary = The question "Do patients with COVID-19 develop typical ARDS?" is arousing fevered debate. Observing that respiratory failure occurred 8-12 days after first symptoms of 3 COVID-19 in Chinese series, Li and Ma 3 concluded that these patients should not be diagnosed as ARDS. 8 This criticism does not apply to respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients: we know it is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and no therapy is effective against the virus. Given that tidal volume 12 ml/kg is not employed in any patient, making a diagnosis of ARDS does not impact selection of any ventilator setting. For the doctor at the bedside of a COVID-19 patient, making a diagnosis of ARDS is completely irrelevant. Screening of ARDS patients using standardized ventilator settings: influence on enrollment in a clinical trial Abbreviations List: AECC: American-European Consensus Committee ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19: Coronavirus disease cache = ./cache/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 author = Zhang, John J Y title = Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis date = 2020-05-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3118 sentences = 221 flesch = 50 summary = title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies up to March 15, 2020 which reported COVID-19 clinical features and/or treatment outcomes. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to 1) investigate the predictive value of laboratory investigations for severe disease and adverse outcomes, and 2) evaluate the efficacy of antivirals and corticosteroids for COVID-19. Among the patients with antiviral use reported in our meta-analysis, overall rates of mortality, ICU admission and ARDS were 5.7%, 11.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Our meta-analysis suggested that the use of corticosteroids is associated with disease severity (ICU admission) and higher ARDS rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 to describe specific laboratory predictors of severe disease and adverse outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315093-ifeulv55 author = Longobardo, Alessia title = Inhaled nitric oxide produces minimal improvement in oxygenation in COVID-19 related ARDS date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 827 sentences = 59 flesch = 51 summary = Baseline PaO 2 : FiO 2 ratio, dose of iNO, use of steroid, prone position ventilation, C-reactive protein, D-dimer levels, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-BNP) levels, fluid balance, driving pressure, days from ICU admission to iNO, pulmonary compliance, diagnosis of VTE, or body mass index did not discriminate between COVID-19 patients who responded to iNO or not (Supplementary Figure 1) . 5 However, we found that the increase in PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio in COVID-19 ARDS patients in response to iNO was significantly lower compared to ARDS patients without ARDS, consistent with another published series. 4, 7 In contrast, patients with coronavirus-related SARS, where increased thrombosis was not a hallmark, demonstrated significant PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio improvements in response to iNO. In summary, more than half of patients with refractory hypoxaemia secondary to COVID-19 ARDS did not show an increase in PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio in response to iNO. cache = ./cache/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315866-6vcts4w3 author = Chan, KC Allen title = Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study date = 2005-04-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2555 sentences = 137 flesch = 50 summary = title: Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study Thus, we have investigated the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the progression to ARDS or requirement of intensive care in SARS patients. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and the allelic frequencies of the ACE I/D polymorphism between the SARS patients and the healthy control subjects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the association of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the 287 bp Alu repeat to the susceptibility to SARS and the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with a larger population. The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of ACE I/D polymorphism in the SARS patients and control subjects are shown in table 2. cache = ./cache/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293736-nyvwv31m author = Méry, Geoffroy title = COVID-19: Underlying Adipokine Storm and Angiotensin 1-7 Umbrella date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5746 sentences = 268 flesch = 39 summary = Here we seek to explore what underlies the link between immune response and respiratory failure in CoV infections on the one hand, and the current observation of obesity as a risk factor for severe outcome in COVID-19 on the other. Indeed, during COVID-19 infection, most patients exhibit a specific cytokine profile, associating innate immunity chemokines (such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), which are suggestive of macrophage activation and epithelial suffering), and pro-inflammatory macrophage-produced cytokines such as IL-6 (45). We suggest that the tampering with such pathways could also lead to abnormalities in the inflammatory response observed in severe CoV infections through their influence on immune regulation and cytokine production. Besides suffering from a pro-inflammatory environment, which favors macrophage activation and neutrophil production, obese patients exhibit abnormal responses to viral infection. cache = ./cache/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325755-n7vjjw9r author = Rai, Deependra Kumar title = Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis- Is it real threat? date = 2020-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2520 sentences = 140 flesch = 49 summary = This review addressed underlying mechanism, Risk factors, course of disease and treatment option for post covid pulmonary fibrosis. One of the risk factors for the development of lung fibrosis in COVID-19 is advanced age and this finding is same as in MERS and SARS-CoV. The follow-up of 36 MERS patients for average 43 days showed that lung fibrosis developed in a significant number of convalescents, and risk was found highest with patient who were elderly, hospitalised with severe disease in ICU 19 . Nintedanib use associated with increase the risk of bleeding as most of the covid 19 patient are on anticoagulant Evidence is also coming for use of pirfenidone, azithromycin and prednisolone in the management of pulmonary fibrosis post-H1N1 ARDS, based on data from a case report of three patients 25 . Elderly patient, severe disease who require ICU care and mechanical ventilation are highest risk to develop lung fibrosis cache = ./cache/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323566-jck799zq author = Cheung, Oi-Yee title = Acute Lung Injury date = 2017-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8311 sentences = 630 flesch = 39 summary = Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histologic pattern of acute lung injury with a clinical presentation similar to that of classic DAD, in terms of both potential etiologic disorders and outcome. 104 Histologically, the disease is characterized by acute and organizing lung injury showing classic features (Fig. 6.34 ) of (1) alveolar septal edema, (2) eosinophilic airspace macrophages, (3) tissue and airspace eosinophils in variable numbers, and (4) marked reactive atypia of alveolar type II cells (eSlide 6.5). Considerations in the differential diagnosis include infection, connective tissue disease, acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), drug effect, and other causes of DAD. cache = ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301830-nxtfhxjd author = Mauri, Tommaso title = Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3325 sentences = 175 flesch = 41 summary = title: Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At each positive end-expiratory pressure level, we assessed arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, ventilation inhomogeneity, and potential for lung recruitment by electrical impedance tomography. The recruitment to inflation ratio presented median value higher than previously reported in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients but with large variability (median, 0.79 [0.53–1.08]; range, 0.16–1.40). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019, potential for lung recruitment presents large variability, while elevated dead space fraction may be a specific pathophysiological trait. In this study, we assessed the respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, ventilation inhomogeneity, potential for lung recruitment, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in a cohort of intubated patients with ARDS from COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304201-fziv9a9k author = Chiang, Chi-Huei title = Eight-Month Prospective Study of 14 Patients With Hospital-Acquired Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date = 2004-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4220 sentences = 229 flesch = 47 summary = CONCLUSION The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with bilateral lung involvement on the initial chest radiograph and higher peak levels of LDH and CRP. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with bilateral lung involvement on the initial chest radiograph and higher peak levels of LDH and CRP. The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. Although several case series of SARS have been reported, 7-9 to our knowledge, a prospective clinical study including long-term follow-up assessment by chest radiography, chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and pulmonary function testing has not been reported, particularly for hospital-acquired cases. cache = ./cache/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310240-otf9ruvj author = Prohaska, Stefanie title = Intravenous immunoglobulin fails to improve ARDS in patients undergoing ECMO therapy date = 2018-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3637 sentences = 204 flesch = 50 summary = METHODS: ARDS patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who were placed on ECMO and treated with (IVIG group; n = 29) or without (control group; n = 28) intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulins for 3 days in the initial stages of ARDS were analyzed retrospectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that administration of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins as an additional therapy did not have a beneficial effect in patients with severe ARDS requiring ECMO support. Although this treatment was omitted in recent sepsis guidelines due to a lack of supporting evidence in high-quality trials [8] , several studies, including one meta-analysis, describe beneficial effects of immunoglobulins in acute pneumonia induced by drug-resistant bacterial infections [9] [10] [11] . Based on these data, we treated patients with ARDS requiring ECMO therapy with IgM-enriched immunoglobulins immediately after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The purpose of this analysis was to systematically investigate the potential effect of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins on the outcomes of ARDS patients requiring ECMO therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324296-a9as72bx author = Combes, Alain title = Extracorporeal life support for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6562 sentences = 302 flesch = 38 summary = Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which uses high blood flow rates to both oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide, may be considered in patients with severe ARDS whose oxygenation or ventilation cannot be maintained adequately with best practice conventional mechanical ventilation and adjunctive therapies, including prone positioning. VCV volumecontrolled ventilation, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, VT tidal volume, Pplat plateau pressure, BIPAP/APRV biphasic positive airway pressure/ airway pressure release ventilation, RR respiratory rate, ∆P driving pressure, Fr French, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECLS extracorporeal life support, MV mechanical ventilation, FdO 2 fraction on oxygen in the sweep gas, MO, membrane oxygenator, Qecmo (Q E ) ECMO flow in L/min. The strategy of ultraprotective lung ventilation with extracorporeal CO 2 removal (SUPERNOVA) pilot study included 95 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS in 23 ICUs. ECCO 2 R allowed a significant decrease in mechanical power with reductions of Pplat (27 to 24 cmH 2 O), VT (6 to 4 mL/kg), RR (28 to 24 breaths/min), and minute ventilation (10 to 6 L/min) [51] . cache = ./cache/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author = Coperchini, Francesca title = The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6132 sentences = 303 flesch = 43 summary = Since the first reports on COVID-19 disease, it appeared clear that Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounted for a significant number of deaths among infected patients and that ARDS should be regarded as the hallmark immune-mediated clinical consequence in SARS-CoV-2, similarly to what described for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [11] . As shown by previous data in the literature, increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, Interferon γ, interleukin (IL-) 1B, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL10, and CCL2) are associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung involvement in SARS patients, similarly to what happens in MERS-CoV infection [13] . In mice infected with SARS-CoV, the clinical features of the syndrome showed an age-dependent increase in severity (similarly to what observed in humans), which was related to an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, paralleled by a reduction in T-cell responses [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321878-bnjupaik author = Deliwala, Smit S. title = A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2249 sentences = 133 flesch = 46 summary = title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "CARDS" behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. In previous cases of SARS patients, pneumothorax was noted at 14-37 days after the initial diagnosis [16] , suggesting that a sustained period of lung inflammation serves as a pre-requisite, a similar time course as our patient Recently a scoring system was proposed to predict the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19, allowing early interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the high disease burden [17] . cache = ./cache/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303292-iheq50ub author = De Jong, Audrey title = How to ventilate obese patients in the ICU date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7496 sentences = 355 flesch = 41 summary = Regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low tidal volume (6 ml/kg of predicted body weight) and moderate to high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with careful recruitment maneuver in selected patients, are advised. During invasive mechanical ventilation, patients with obesity are more prone to lung collapse and require higher PEEP to avoid it; low V T is calculated on predicted body weight. In a randomized controlled trial of the same team comparing HFNC to standard oxygen [87] in high-risk non-hypercapnic patients including 22% of patients with obesity, the study was stopped due to low recruitment after 155 patients, without any difference in extubation failure rate found between the two groups. PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, NIV noninvasive ventilation, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula oxygen patients. cache = ./cache/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321499-17n9tj70 author = Marini, John J. title = Integrating the evidence: confronting the COVID-19 elephant date = 2020-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1707 sentences = 104 flesch = 46 summary = The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that figures so prominently in severe cases of COVID infection may seem familiar but has historically predisposed to such logical missteps [6] . This simple perception provided for adult patients a convenient explanation that paralleled that of the infant respiratory distress syndrome, a condition for which the root cause mechanism had already been confirmed [8] . As pathologic severity increases, key definitional features of ARDS (extensive infiltrates, hypoxemia) usually proceed in synch, serving to guide clinical treatment and prognosis by gas exchange criteria. Respiratory system compliance is not invariably low in the presence of severe hypoxemia Do patients progress to diffuse airspace disease via patient self-inflicted lung injury (PSILI)? Covid-19 does not lead to a "typical" acute respiratory distress syndrome Management of Covid-19 respiratory distress Potential for lung recruitment and ventilation-perfusion mismatch in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019 cache = ./cache/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317619-o7qfugjw author = Nye, Steven title = Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2016-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6733 sentences = 324 flesch = 35 summary = While the overall incidence of respiratory virus infection, in particular RSV and influenza A (H1N1) virus, leading to lower respiratory tract disease is widely studied (12, 13), the frequency of progression to pediatric ARDS has yet to be clearly determined. While post-pandemic studies suggest a decrease in influenza A (H1N1) virus disease severity and burden (20, 21), it continues to be a significant cause of severe illness and pediatric ARDS (22). In RSV infection, development of lower respiratory track disease in premature infants, with or without chronic neonatal lung disease is associated with a significantly higher risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and death (12, [70] [71] [72] [73] . Disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community Motavizumab treatment of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection does not decrease viral load or severity of illness cache = ./cache/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306153-aurm848i author = Schenck, Edward J. title = Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange in COVID-19–associated Respiratory Failure date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1975 sentences = 133 flesch = 50 summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically increased the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. This single center cohort study of patients with COVID-19, with a positive RT-PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), treated with mechanical ventilation was performed at New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine from March 1st, 2020 through April 20th, 2020. This study of 267 patients demonstrates that respiratory failure related to COVID-19 meets the criteria for moderate to severe ARDS, given the initial median P:F ratio of 103. In this cohort, the baseline extrinsic PEEP, driving pressure, and static compliance were similar to ARDS Network trials, and the recent worldwide observational study, LUNGSAFE (Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE) (10) (11) (12) . Ventilatory ratio in hypercapnic mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322887-md446f9p author = Carver, Catherine title = Cardiac injury and ARDS meta-analysis validity – Correspondence in response to Santoso et al. date = 2020-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 540 sentences = 28 flesch = 55 summary = This paper was of note to us because it included a meta-analysis on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac injury, based on two papers -one by Shi (2) and another by Wu (3). On reading the paper by Wu, we have significant concerns about the inclusion of this study in Santoso's meta-analysis as we believe it currently underpins an inaccurate conclusion that cardiac injury is not significantly associated with increased risk of ARDS in COVID-19 by Santoso. However, from what we currently have access to, it seems most likely that Santoso's meta-analysis for ARDS has been based on composite endpoint data. Moreover, the conclusion of Santoso runs counter to Shi's JAMA Cardiology paper, which was the other paper included in Santoso's meta-analysis, which did report on purely ARDS cases and cardiac injury and did find a statistically significant association. Cardiac injury is associated with mortality and critically ill pneumonia in COVID-19: A meta-analysis cache = ./cache/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318209-llucxztc author = Öztürk, Selçuk title = Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives date = 2020-08-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13633 sentences = 610 flesch = 35 summary = A phase-1 clinical trial investigating autologous BM-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) infusion in pediatric TBI patients indicated that Fig. 1 Main pathological conditions requiring acute emergency care that can benefit from stem cell therapies or extracellular vesicle therapies in the future harvesting and infusion of stem cells is safe in children with no infusion related toxicity or death [30] . The regenerative potential of various types of stem cells, with different sources, dosages, delivery routes, application times and end-points has been investigated in preclinical animal models and human clinical trials with the expectation that these cells would successfully engraft into the damaged brain tissue, differentiate into functional neuronal and vascular system cells and promote full recovery after stroke. A recently published systematic review of 76 studies testing stem cells in rodent ischemic stroke models and 4 randomized human clinical trials encompassing ischemic stroke patients treated with autologous stem cells with at least one year follow-up period demonstrated that stem cell therapies show beneficial effects in terms of behavior and histological outcomes in rodents. cache = ./cache/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321149-hffj7s4o author = Schmidt, Matthieu title = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5362 sentences = 284 flesch = 48 summary = Methods This retrospective cohort study was done in the Paris–Sorbonne University Hospital Network, comprising five intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients who received ECMO for COVID-19 associated ARDS. This retrospective study, with 83 patients included and a complete follow-up until day 60 post-ECMO initiation is, to our knowledge, the largest to date reporting the outcomes after rescue ECMO for the most severe forms of COVID-19 ARDS, in the Paris-Sorbonne University Hospital Network (Paris, France), the principal hospital referral network for ICU care in Greater Paris, including one of the largest European ECMO centres (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital). Following early reports of severe COVID-19 associated coagulopathy [16] [17] [18] and frequent thromboembolic events on ECMO, inclu ding massive pulmonary embolism, 19, 20 we decided to increase the targeted activated partial thromboplastin time for anticoagulation of venovenous ECMO with unfractionated heparin to 60-75 s or anti-Xa activity 0·3-0·5 IU/mL (respective values were 40-55 s or 0·2-0·3 IU/mL in the EOLIA trial 3 ) before we treated our first patients with COVID-19 ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 author = Bagate, François title = Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3768 sentences = 229 flesch = 48 summary = title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome BACKGROUND: In COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the relatively preserved respiratory system compliance despite severe hypoxemia, with specific pulmonary vascular dysfunction, suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for VA/Q mismatch, as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration. Some authors have hypothesized that potential relatively preserved respiratory system compliance (Crs) despite severe hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration [5] . Individual values of the ratio of oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction in arterial blood in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019, according to position (prone or supine) and administration of inhaled nitric oxide with or without almitrine. Correlations between respiratory mechanics and oxygenation response to the combination of inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in ten patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. cache = ./cache/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324869-f14n0hk6 author = Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas title = Unusual Early Recovery of a Critical COVID-19 Patient After Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C date = 2020-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2551 sentences = 126 flesch = 48 summary = CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the potential benefits of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients in terms of rapid recovery and shortened length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. We describe a case of COVID-19 with septic shock and ARDS who received high doses of intravenous vitamin C and was the first case to be able to be taken off of mechanical ventilation (MV) early and recover from the disease at our institute. In our case, the patient was treated with high-dose vitamin C as a continuous intravenous infusion and was the first COVID-19 patient to be able to be taken off mechanical ventilation early and recover from the disease at our institution. Our results show the importance of further investigation of intravenous vitamin C in the form of randomized controlled trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 to accurately assess its efficacy in critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU care. cache = ./cache/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326805-c5co9cfq author = Lin, Shi-hui title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1361 sentences = 100 flesch = 46 summary = title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Cytokine storms are a pathophysiological feature of COVID-19 and play an important role in distinguishing hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Furthermore, we discuss inflammation-related indicators that have the potential to identify hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of COVID-19, especially for those with a high risk of ARDS. [12, 27] Furthermore, other observational COVID-19 studies have suggested that cytokine 4 storms (comprised of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-7, and IL-8) may be associated with disease severity.[7, 12, 5 28] For example, higher concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), IP10, 6 MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF-α were found in patients who required admission into an intensive care 7 unit (ICU). In COVID-19, there is also suggestive evidence of hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Circulating IL-1ra and 42 IL-10 levels are increased but do not predict the development of acute respiratory distress 43 syndrome in at-risk patients cache = ./cache/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318067-4hdeuweo author = Torrego, Alfons title = Bronchoscopy in Patients with COVID-19 with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Experience date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1876 sentences = 116 flesch = 43 summary = Bronchoscopy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 has been required to manage complications (atelectasis, hemoptysis, etc.) as well as to obtain samples for microbiological cultures and to assist in the management of artificial airways (guide intubation and percutaneous tracheostomy) (3) . Because no series of intubated patients with COVID-19 submitted to bronchoscopy has been published so far, we describe our experience in performing flexible bronchoscopies in patients with COVID-19 with severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during the first 3 weeks of the epidemic outbreak. Bronchoscopic examination included orotracheal tube positioning check, direct inspection of tracheal and bronchial mucosa, suctioning of secretions, and mucoactive agent instillation if necessary (hypertonic saline combined with hyaluronic acid), and in 63 cases, a mini-BAL with 60-ml saline aliquots at room temperature was performed just before the end of procedure for microbiological sampling. Most patients admitted to the ICU with a severe presentation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) fulfill the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (1) and require invasive mechanical ventilation (2) . cache = ./cache/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330257-fliudtls author = Singh, Gurmeet title = Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS - More Data Required date = 2020-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 311 sentences = 29 flesch = 50 summary = title: Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS More Data Required Oxy-RVAD has been proposed for COVID-19-associated ARDS as superior to mechanical 2 ventilation and, by implication, ECMO, because it provides RV support. Clearly, any future study of an oxy-RVAD in this setting, as with ECMO, should 34 be accompanied by detailed cost-benefit analyses. Notwithstanding the 48 separate issue of extubating patients during ECMO (or oxy-RVAD) support, the broader 49 hypothesis may be applicable to any severe ARDS patient with concomitant severe RV 50 4 dysfunction. Clearly, more data are needed, and we look forward to Dr. Joyce's planned 51 multicenter randomized clinical trial. Experts' opinion on management of 54 hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Posterior Probability of Mortality Benefit 61 in a Post Hoc Bayesian Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial Injury in Acute Respiratory Failure cache = ./cache/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326613-253v48i0 author = Lv, Dandan title = A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1083 sentences = 59 flesch = 47 summary = title: A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries Previously, the excessive recruitment and activation of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]), accompanied by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation were reported being implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we established a cell-based assay for detecting NETs during lung epithelial cells-neutrophils co-culture using the xCELLigence system, a recognized real-time, dynamic, label-free, sensitive, and high-throughput apparatus. Our results demonstrated that lung epithelial injuries, reflected by declines in cell index (CI) values, could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated PMNs, or NETs in a time and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this cell-based assay identified that PMNs from severe pneumonia patients had a high NETs formative potential. Protein-based therapies for acute lung injury: targeting neutrophil extracellular traps Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial 669 cell death: a predominant role of histones Maladaptive role of neutrophil extracellular traps in 671 pathogen-induced lung injury cache = ./cache/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316056-lk2upygf author = Lepper, Philipp M. title = Mechanical ventilation in early COVID-19 ARDS date = 2020-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 939 sentences = 63 flesch = 55 summary = As published in EClinicalMedicine, Mittermaier and colleagues [2] investigated the effects of IMV, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and prone positioning (PP) on oxygenation and lung recruitability in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS (CARDS). PEEP has been used in the first description of ARDS and led to an increase in P a O 2 or oxygen saturation in five of the twelve initial patients treated this way [3] . In the present study, pulmonary compliance was relatively preserved but increasing FRC by high PEEP levels led to significantly improved oxygenation. The present study does not answer the question of whether PEEP applied by non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can improve oxygenation in a similar way as IMV. Oxygenation response to positive end-expiratory pressure predicts mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis Prone position improves mechanics and alveolar ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325408-uy5ew3ki author = Singer, Benjamin D. title = A Call for Rational Intensive Care in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1609 sentences = 91 flesch = 48 summary = As intensive care physicians, we have been trained to treat viral pneumonia and its attendant complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure. In fact, the patients enrolled in the ARMA (Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress) trial of low-tidal-volume ventilation and the PROSEVA (Proning Severe ARDS Patients) trial of prone positioning exhibited myriad etiologies, compliances, and shunt fractions but nevertheless benefited from the targeted interventions (4, 5) . Currently, numerous agents are being administered to patients with COVID-19 outside of controlled trials, including hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, doxycycline, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, glucocorticoids, tocilizumab, eculizumab, IFN-b, IFN-g, IL-1 inhibitors, mesenchymal stem cells, convalescent plasma, nitric oxide, vitamin C, and others. We show in the present study that severe RSV infection in infants is associated with a marked upregulation of CD32 on T cells. cache = ./cache/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323303-q0hjtsgi author = Roy, A. title = Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARS- CoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1735 sentences = 114 flesch = 55 summary = title: Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARSCoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study There was a significant decrease in plateau airway pressure (p<0.0001), peak airway pressure (p<0.0001) and driving pressure(p<0.0001) and increase in static compliance (p=0.001), P/F ratio (p<0.0001), PaO2 (p=0.0002)and SpO2 (p=0.0004) at 4h and 16h since initiation of prone session and also after return of supine position. Hence, in this preliminary analysis of an observational study, physiological effect of prone position in SARS-CoV-2 infected severe ARDS patients have been reported. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 doi: medRxiv preprint As per ICU protocol, in the absence of contraindication, all mechanically ventilated ARDS patients with PaO 2 / FiO 2 < 150 were placed in at least 16h/day prone position for consecutive days till the criteria is met. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 doi: medRxiv preprint respiratory system compliance in prone position in ARDS patients [6], whereas we have found a significant decrease in driving pressure and static compliance. cache = ./cache/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332592-bfqsyiyf author = Goette, Andreas title = COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation date = 2020-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3539 sentences = 261 flesch = 41 summary = title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we can present a case of cytokine release syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 causing multiorgan failure and death. In summary, the present case shows that severe COVID-19 induces CRS associated with ARDS, acute kidney failure, liver pathologies, vascular intimal inflammation, pulmonary arterial, and venous thromboses and an inflammatory atrial cardiomyopathy. In the present case, we can show that COVID-19 can induce the occurrences of ARDS, which was associated with pulmonary embolism, as well as thrombogenesis, in pulmonary veins and the right atrial appendage. In addition to COVID-19-induced ARDS, CRS might be associated with pulmonary artery, as well as vein thromboses, atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, right atrial clot formation, and inflammatory invasion of autonomic atrial nerve ganglia. cache = ./cache/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324232-nupi7f72 author = Villar, Jesús title = Rationale for Prolonged Corticosteroid Treatment in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2369 sentences = 127 flesch = 38 summary = The analysis to support the Task Force's recommendations was limited to nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated methylprednisolone (n = 322) (7) and hydrocortisone (n = 494) treatment in ARDS for a duration of at least 7 days. Clinical investigators in Spain recently completed a large confirmatory RCT (Efficacy Study of Dexamethasone to Treat the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [DEXA-ARDS]) enrolling 277 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS and receiving LTV ventilation (6) . Second, they ignored the positive findings of two large studies (5,327 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] [24] and 2,141 patients with influenza H1N1 pneumonia [25] ) that evaluated the impact of time, dose, and duration of CST and reported a significant reduction in mortality with dosage and duration similar to the one recommended by SCCM and ESICM Task Force (5) . cache = ./cache/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325461-q8igdvq4 author = Ryan, Donal title = Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS date = 2014-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6627 sentences = 348 flesch = 42 summary = We consider the factors that influence pulmonary arterial pressure, both in normal lungs and in the presence of ARDS, including the important effects of mechanical ventilation. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:1123–1128, 2010) have recently reported that elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and TPG were independently associated with increased mortality in ARDS, in a large trial with protocol-defined management strategies and using lung-protective ventilation. Studies were identified after a literature search using key terms (ARDS or acute respiratory distress or ALI or acute lung injury) together with any of the following: pulmonary haemodynamics, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular dysfunction, right ventricle, right ventricular failure, acute cor pulmonale, or pulmonary artery catheter. There are very few studies which have measured pulmonary vascular resistance in ARDS patients ventilated with lower tidal volumes, perhaps due to the reduction in the use of the pulmonary artery catheter just as lung-protective ventilation was gaining widespread acceptance [60] . cache = ./cache/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329381-uwae8738 author = Evrard, Bruno title = Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 541 sentences = 43 flesch = 42 summary = title: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19 patients with ACP tended to have lower respiratory-system compliance than their counterparts, presumably due to distinct ARDS phenotypes [6] . This first study assessing hemodynamically ventilated COVID-19 patients with TEE shows a lower **Calculated as the tidal volume divided by the driving pressure (difference between the inspiratory plateau pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure) ***One patient was diagnosed with a Tako-tsubo syndrome during transesophageal echocardiography examination performed shortly after tracheal intubation, after 6 days of high-flow nasal cannula; full recovery of left ventricular systolic function was documented under mechanical ventilation 10 days later ****Measured using the Doppler method applied at the left ventricular outflow tract *****As per April 24, with still 6 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 5 of them being invasively ventilated prevalence of LV and RV failure than in flu-related ARDS patients. cache = ./cache/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341472-29opvzrj author = Curley, Gerard F. title = Future therapies for ARDS date = 2014-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1547 sentences = 90 flesch = 39 summary = authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. Despite more than 150 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of multiple potential therapies, the only interventions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that reduce mortality are those that minimize ventilator-induced lung injury [1] . In pre-clinical studies, heparin has been found to reduce alveolar fibrin deposition and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Interferon beta (IFN-b) increases endothelial expression of CD73, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, which in turn binds to pulmonary A2B receptors and exerts multiple protective effects in pre-clinical models. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study) The effect of intravenous interferon-beta-1a (FP-1201) on lung CD73 expression and on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality: an open-label study Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study cache = ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330640-6ityxc64 author = Gupta, Ashim title = Mesenchymal stem cells and exosome therapy for COVID-19: current status and future perspective date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5159 sentences = 245 flesch = 37 summary = In the case of pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) [12] , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [13, 14] and sepsis studies investigating therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated safety and some positive effects on these conditions [11] . Another study demonstrated that the efficacy of MSC-based therapy is enhanced with lipid conjugated heparin coating; and the human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) delivered to the damaged liver resulted in significantly improved recovery from ALF in a mouse model. Majority of the studies focusing on MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated regenerative potential, immune-modulatory functions, anti-inflammatory effects, similar to their parents, i.e. Mesenchymal stem cells [44, 45] . In preclinical set up, MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated aptitude as an acellular alternative to cell-based therapy, against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [46] . Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Inluenza A (H7N9) infection: A hint for COVID-19 treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326874-rdwvsm4s author = Wu, Chaomin title = Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis date = 2020-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4453 sentences = 218 flesch = 35 summary = In Cox regression analysis using corticosteroid treatment as a time-varying variable, corticosteroid treatment was associated with a significant reduction in risk of in-hospital death within 60 days after adjusting for age, sex, SOFA score at hospital admission, propensity score of corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and respiratory supports (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.0160). CONCLUSION: In this clinical practice setting, low-dose corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death within 60 days in COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. However, there was comprehensive controversy on its efficacy [9, 10] , due to the results of observational studies that showed corticosteroid treatment was associated with increased mortality and nosocomial infections for influenza and delayed virus clearance for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [11] . In this observational study, prescription of low-to-moderate dose systemic corticosteroids was associated with lower risk of 60-day in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329985-5rji08p7 author = Robba, Chiara title = Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19 date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4382 sentences = 220 flesch = 42 summary = The abnormalities observed on chest computed tomography (CT) and the clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients are not always like those of typical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and can change over time. Few data are available on the efficacy of noninvasive support-which includes continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO)-in COVID-19 pneumonia. When hypoxemia and respiratory failure persist or worsen after oxygen therapy or within a short time (1 hour) of placement of HFNO or NIV support, or in case of persistent hypercapnia, organ failure, coma, risk or aspiration, or hemodynamic instability, invasive mechanical ventilation should J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f be implemented as soon as possible (Fig. 2) . As noted above, we have found that chest CT findings in COVID-19 fall into three different phenotypes, each warranting unique mechanical ventilation settings and management strategies, which should thus be individualized based on clinical and CT features (Fig. 1, Additional File 1, Fig. S1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339293-7ks3bopm author = Nejatifard, Marzieh title = Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4581 sentences = 252 flesch = 49 summary = Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of the PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissue. The included papers were evaluated for the effect of light therapy, PBM, or low -level laser therapy on the lung inflammation, ARDS, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and lung parenchyma. All the studies confirmed that the PBM can reduce the lung inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. All the papers have shown the anti-inflammatory effects of the PBM including reducing the lung edema, cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and damage to the endothelial cytoskeleton. cache = ./cache/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344829-adlp2rjy author = de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos title = The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8722 sentences = 423 flesch = 37 summary = Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature on the role of the inflammasome in CoV infections, which includes how CoVs activate inflammasomes upon infection, the role of the inflammasome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), how ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) activates the inflammasome, how the inflammasome plays a role in the systemic complications associated with COVID-19, and how the inflammasome is involved in the process of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). cache = ./cache/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336159-w646qkjz author = Chen, Wei title = Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 date = 2015-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3562 sentences = 182 flesch = 52 summary = title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. An abrupt decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate in 2003 was coincident with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that year. 42, [44] [45] [46] Interestingly, in the current study, there was an abrupt decrease in mortality in 2003, which coincided with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Asia 22 and an increase in incidence of ARDS (Fig. 1A) . Clinical epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes Acute respiratory distress syndrome: estimated incidence and mortality rate in a 5 millionperson population base cache = ./cache/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 author = Tomazini, B. M. title = COVID-19-associated ARDS treated with DEXamethasone (CoDEX): Study design and rationale for a randomized trial. date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5118 sentences = 313 flesch = 48 summary = We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, stratified, multicenter, open-label, controlled trial including 350 patients with early-onset (less than 48h before randomization) moderate or severe ARDS, defined by the Berlin criteria, due to COVID-19. Therefore, we propose a pragmatic, randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial, comparing standard treatment versus standard treatment added to early administration of dexamethasone for 10 days in patients with moderate and severe ARDS due to COVID-19. Our primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous (IV) dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333856-ujnhjy0s author = Baer, Brandon title = Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Budesonide In Vivo date = 2020-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4222 sentences = 215 flesch = 40 summary = RESULTS: Although budesonide exhibited anti-inflammatory effects when administered alone, delivery with BLES enhanced those effects by lowering the lavage neutrophil counts and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue. Similarly, in vivo studies, including those modeling ARDS, have observed improved drug distribution and anti-inflammatory effects for glucocorticoids delivered by a surfactant vehicle [12] [13] [14] . This study tested the hypothesis that fortifying an exogenous surfactant preparation, BLES, with budesonide would enhance the efficacy for treating pulmonary inflammation in vivo. Specifically, it uses outcomes such as MPO activity, neutrophil counts, and chemokine concentrations to focus on neutrophilic inflammation, which have been suggested to be a critical aspect of disease progression for ARDS [28] When combined with this previous data, our study further supports the use of exogenous surfactant as a delivery vehicle for budesonide in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation. cache = ./cache/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335977-f00758o2 author = Martin-Loeches, I. title = Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection date = 2010-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4300 sentences = 258 flesch = 42 summary = title: Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection Recent guidelines for management of human infection with pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection recommend that corticosteroid therapy should not be used routinely, although low doses may be considered for patients in septic shock who require vasopressors and have suspected adrenal insufficiency [15, 16] . The main objective of this study is therefore to assess the effect on survival of early corticosteroid therapy compared with those who did not receive corticosteroids or received them subsequently as rescue therapy, in a cohort of patients hospitalized with severe presentation of pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection in the ICU. This analysis of a large, cohort, prospective, multicenter research study suggests that prompt use of corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission does not result in a reduction of mortality for critically ill patients admitted with pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection. cache = ./cache/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328996-3sf2i45r author = Barthélémy, Romain title = Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2020-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1161 sentences = 100 flesch = 59 summary = title: Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome This monocenter retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association between almitrine 19 introduction and improvement of oxygenation in Sars-Cov-2 ARDS. Inclusion criteria in the study were: admission for respiratory failure, a diagnosis of ARDS 24 according to Berlin criteria 8 , laboratory confirmed Sars-Cov-2 infection, almitrine infusion in 25 ICU. In our 73 observational study, almitrine was associated with an increase in PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio after 74 treatment. Furthermore, despite an associated improvement in PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, the majority 76 of patients receiving almitrine went on to needing additional rescue interventions or died. 77 This may be explained by the fact that, in our study, almitrine has been used as a rescue 78 therapy in severe patients with worsening hypoxemia and very low PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio. cache = ./cache/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328396-p2gvpe8i author = Kaur, Savneet title = The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4427 sentences = 246 flesch = 39 summary = In the current perspective, we envisage a key role of mEC in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). These studies along with the fact that the pulmonary epithelium is more resistant to injury than the endothelium signify that SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS and associated coagulopathy may be caused by a direct endothelial infection by the virus in the lungs (Matthay et al., 2019) . A summary of such recent reviews and short reports is provided in Table 1 (Alvarado-Moreno and Majluf-Cruz, 2020; Amraei and Rahimi, 2020; Cure and Cure, 2020; Froldi and Dorigo, 2020; Guler et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020; Gustafson et al., 2020; Mangalmurti et al., 2020; Marchetti, 2020; Mondal et al., 2020; Panfoli, 2020; Pons et al., 2020; Sardu et al., 2020b; Teuwen et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338319-9v8yw2pl author = Trahtemberg, Uriel title = What have we learned ventilating COVID-19 patients? date = 2020-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1179 sentences = 69 flesch = 39 summary = A number of editorials, opinion pieces, and small reports have suggested that COVID-19 ARDS is atypical, since some patients with severe hypoxemia had relatively normal respiratory compliance, with implications for ventilatory management [4, 5] . Although some patients with COVID-19 can be managed with supplemental oxygen and non-invasive ventilation, patients with severe respiratory failure require endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. It has been suggested that prone positioning should be minimized in COVID-19 ARDS patients with higher compliances, based on the argument that the putative different respiratory physiology makes prone ventilation unlikely to be beneficial [5] . Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre prospective observational study COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study cache = ./cache/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329585-uyze6dtu author = Earhart, Alexander P. title = Consideration of dornase alfa for the treatment of severe COVID-19 ARDS date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 720 sentences = 50 flesch = 42 summary = The cellular and molecular mechanism proposed for dornase alfa activity in severely distressed lungs of CF and many ARDS patients is as follows. Inflammation results in neutrophilia and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, where these cells produce NETs, largely comprised of sticky, large chromosomal DNA that physically reinforces airway mucus viscosity and accumulation (5, 6) . Dornase alfa facilitates airway clearance by breaking up reinforcement of mucus by NETs, by far the greatest source of extracellular DNA in inflamed lungs (5, 6) . Indeed, lung neutrophilia and NET production have been shown to contribute to the development of ARDS in other severe viral respiratory infections, including H1N1 influenza (11) . We postulate that nebulized dornase alfa may effectively treat a deleterious effect of NETs in the airways and thus promote recovery in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS ( Figure 1 ). Model of how dornase alfa-sensitive NETs from neutrophils may reinforce mucus accumulation, rigidity, and airway occlusion in severe COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330919-dep3v1pt author = Whyte, Claire S title = Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4254 sentences = 251 flesch = 36 summary = The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. In severe cases, patients with COVID-19 develop a type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and multiorgan failure. However, the principal fibrinolytic inhibitor described in the pathogenesis of ARDS is plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is known to be elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ALI [11, 61] . Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as a Novel Treatment for Refractory COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Activator (tPA) Treatment for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Case Series cache = ./cache/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334528-xenq90xj author = Chen, Hsing I title = Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date = 2011-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5307 sentences = 380 flesch = 37 summary = This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs cache = ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333520-v2sb90rc author = Gardin, Chiara title = Could Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Be a Therapeutic Option for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients? date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10154 sentences = 466 flesch = 36 summary = Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored for the management of a number of diseases that currently have limited or no therapeutic options, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. Next, we describe some of the most significant clinical evidence of the successful use of MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of lung and heart injuries, which might strengthen our hypothesis in terms of their utility for also treating critically ill COVID-19 patients. Recently, MSC-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to have comparable and even greater effects than cells themselves in improving inflammation and injury in a variety of pre-clinical lung disease models, including ALI/ARDS (Table 1) . From the studies discussed above, it emerged that the rationale for using MSC-derived exosomes, MVs, or EVs in ALI/ARDS is based on several processes, many of which are shared with those identified in the parent MSCs. These include immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory properties on host tissue, reduction of the permeability of alveolar epithelium and endothelium, improvement of alveolar fluid clearance, enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis, and tissue repair through direct mitochondrial transfer with host cells (Figure 2 ). cache = ./cache/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343743-6k3soh1l author = Chaudhary, Sachin title = Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3348 sentences = 169 flesch = 41 summary = Among the many excellent ongoing studies with good preclinical data in appropriate animal models, some arising directly from recent clinical observations, we were surprised to see studies proposing to use the FDA-approved anti-fibrotic therapies (nintedanib NCT04338802 and pirfenidone NCT04282902) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we posit that, unlike patients with IPF, the COVID-19 survivors will follow a familiar course of intense pulmonary inflammation, leading to mild scarring and near-normal lung function recovery over time. Fewer studies are available for outcomes in MERS, but similar to other causes of viral-induced lung injury, MERS survivors have a reduced quality of life (21) , and the pulmonary sequelae from MERS are mild. Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge cache = ./cache/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 author = Tzotzos, Susan J. title = Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 652 sentences = 36 flesch = 44 summary = title: Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey Seventeen studies reporting results from 2486 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in five countries fitted the inclusion criteria (Tables 1 and 2 ). Calculation of weighted averages for these parameters incorporating data from individual studies for which data is available indicate that among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, approximately 1/3 (33%) develop ARDS, 1/4 (26%) require transfer to Patient numbers for Chen T study not included an ICU, 1/6 (16%) receive IMV, and 1/6 (16%) die (Table 1 ). For COVID-19 patients transferred to an ICU, nearly 2/3 (63%) receive IMV and 3/4 (75%) have ARDS ( Table 2 ). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19 Authors' contributions SJT conducted the literature search and survey. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. cache = ./cache/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339128-npfoircv author = Blair, Robert V. title = Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys but not Rhesus Macaques date = 2020-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3097 sentences = 166 flesch = 50 summary = Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrates that following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 aged AGMs develop a spectrum of disease, from mild to severe COVID-19, which in some cases progress to ARDS. cache = ./cache/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349197-3trr8d0u author = Ventura, Francesco title = Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date = 2010-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2503 sentences = 137 flesch = 40 summary = In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators by local epithelial and endothelial cells, causing inflammation, hypoxemia resulting often in multiple organ failure (MOF), and disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) (1) . The clinical presentation, the radiological and laboratory findings in one case, and the postmortem examination with histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological exams in both cases, led us to conclude for an acute cardio-respiratory failure secondary to bilateral pneumonia with DAD and consequently ARDS associated with sepsis and DIC. cache = ./cache/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346230-39oo7vnq author = Byrne, J. D. title = Prophylaxis with tetracyclines in ARDS: Potential therapy for COVID-19-induced ARDS? date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1441 sentences = 95 flesch = 35 summary = Here, we present a retrospective multi-institutional cohort study evaluating ventilatory status in patients who had taken a tetracycline antibiotic within a year prior to diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Minocycline or doxycycline treatment within a year prior to ARDS diagnosis was associated with a 75% reduced likelihood for mechanical ventilation during hospital stay. In this retrospective multi-institutional cohort study, we aimed to assess whether prophylactic use of either minocycline, doxycycline, or tetracycline could reduce the concomitant requirement for ventilatory support and duration of ICU stay among ARDS patients. Minocycline (p = 0.037) or doxycycline (p = 0.035) treatment within a year prior to ARDS diagnosis was associated with a 75% reduced likelihood for mechanical ventilation during hospital stay (Figure 1, A) . Similarly, treatment effects regression modeling indicated that minocycline (p = 0.004), doxycycline (p = 0.04), and tetracycline (p < 0.001) therapy corresponded to significant reductions in duration of mechanical ventilation in ARDS patients. cache = ./cache/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344978-m672rnze author = Chen, Yuntian title = A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3966 sentences = 242 flesch = 49 summary = title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study Three different models were constructed by using the traditional quantitative imaging metrics, radiomics features and their combinations, respectively. In this study, we use quantitative data analysis of chest CT images to detect the existence of ARDS during the COVID-19 treatment. Our results showed that used radiomics or quantitative metrics to monitor the ARDS existence was feasible, which had expanded the effectiveness of CT scans during the COVID-19 treatment, although it is still in controversy for reasons of availability, cost, and increased risk of cross-infection and radiation dosage [23] . Our results showed that radiomics or traditional quantitative post-analysis on a CT image could add extra information of disease condition in COVID-19 patients. A noninvasive ARDS existence monitoring model was constructed by using quantitative and radiomics analysis of chest CT images for COVDI-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331500-l3hkn2li author = Luyt, Charles-Edouard title = Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7544 sentences = 358 flesch = 26 summary = Whatever the initial lung injury, patients with ARDS are prone to develop secondary pulmonary infection, namely ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While glucocorticoids are classically considered as immunosuppressive drugs, it has been shown that they can prevent the immune reprogramming observed after inflammatory response [16] , thus limiting the susceptibility of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to respiratory complications such as pneumonia or ARDS and improving outcomes of patients with ARDS [17] . Peripheral blood markers have the advantage of avoiding the need for bronchoscopic sampling and are therefore easier to obtain; however, they are generally less able to discriminate pneumonia from other infections Table 1 Summary of host-based biomarkers for diagnosis of pneumonia in ARDS ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, RCT randomized controlled trial, sTREM soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HLA human leukocyte antigen cache = ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347871-w6274bdg author = Kloc, Malgorzata title = The multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs as a potential treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 612 sentences = 42 flesch = 45 summary = These drugs, through the inhibition of the RhoA/actin-dependent expression of virus receptors in the macrophages and macrophage recruitment to the lungs, have the potential to inhibit cytokine storm of long macrophages, reduce or eliminate ARDS and improve the outcome of COVID-19 infection. In our search for clinically applicable RhoA pathway inhibitors we found that drugs clinically approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), Fingolimod and Siponimod, also inhibit RhoA and RhoA/actin-dependent macrophage receptors recycling, and expression, and can be potentially used as an anti-chronic rejection therapy in human transplantation (11, 12) . Because these clinically approved drugs inhibit, via RhoA/ actin pathway, macrophage movement, and expression of macrophage receptors, they have also a potential to inhibit ACE2 receptors expression and the recruitment of macrophages to the lungs of the COVId-19 patients, which in turn would decrease cytokine storm and attenuate ARDS. Macrophage/monocyte-specific deletion of RhoA down-regulates fractalkine receptor and inhibits chronic rejection of mouse cardiac allografts cache = ./cache/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344061-gsl84nv6 author = Pariani, Elena title = Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Disease in Northern Italy during the Pandemic and Postpandemic Period (2009–2011) date = 2014-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2088 sentences = 103 flesch = 43 summary = We evaluated the proportion of SARI/ARDS cases and deaths due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and the impact of other respiratory viruses during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009–2011) in northern Italy; additionally we searched for unknown viruses in those cases for which diagnosis remained negative. 206 respiratory samples were collected from SARI/ARDS cases and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR/PCR to investigate influenza viruses and other common respiratory pathogens; also, a virus discovery technique (VIDISCA-454) was applied on those samples tested negative to all pathogens. This study aimed at evaluating the proportion of SARI/ARDS cases and deaths due to A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and assessing the impact of other respiratory pathogens during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009) (2010) (2011) in northern Italy as well as searching for unknown viruses in those cases for which diagnosis remained negative. During pandemic and postpandemic period, several pathogens cocirculated and were associated to severe respiratory infections; however, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus had the greatest impact (58.3%) in our SARI/ARDS series. cache = ./cache/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345028-56hg62be author = Flinspach, Armin Niklas title = Volatile Isoflurane in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients—A Case Series and Systematic Review date = 2020-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4110 sentences = 254 flesch = 35 summary = Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. To facilitate ventilator synchrony and prone positioning during critical care treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, deeper sedation levels are often indispensable. Several studies have demonstrated the safe use of volatile anesthetics in critically ill patients, leading to a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation when treating classical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) . We included five patients admitted to the ICU who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or who tested positive for COVID-19 during treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355847-1ru15s5a author = Convertino, Irma title = Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2936 sentences = 177 flesch = 45 summary = Several drugs, endowed with modulating activity on cytokine pathways, including anti-IL-6, anti-TNF, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, currently approved for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, have been suggested or could be yet taken into account for experimental use in COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or pneumonia ( Fig. 1 ). In addition, a multicenter open-label randomized clinical trial is studying the benefit risk profile of siltuximab, as a single therapeutic option or in combination with anakinra, at a single dose of 11 mg/kg, in comparison with tocilizumab or anakinra, alone or in combination, in ARDS patients with COVID-19 [20] . Based on the results expected with tocilizumab and siltuximab, other anti-IL-6 drugs, currently approved for rheumatoid arthritis, namely sarilumab and sirukumab, could be studied in ARDS and pneumonia patients with COVID-19. Anti-JAK drugs (such as ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib, oclacitinib, fedratinib, upadacitinib, and peficitinib) [39] should be considered also among the options for clinical investigations in COVID-19-related ARDS and pneumonia patients. cache = ./cache/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349201-d88g5toc author = Yu, Feng title = Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6149 sentences = 349 flesch = 47 summary = title: Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice RATIONALE: The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolomics of lung with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for the identification of biomarkers for predicting severity under different inflammatory conditions. RF analysis of lung-targeted metabolomics data defined a set of 15 metabolites that constitute the best predictors of differences in host inflammation status: in particular, increased 4hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), and cis-aconitic acid, Tridecane and hydroxybenzoic acid were strong predictors of the hyper-inflammatory subgroup in CLP-induced ALI ( Figure 3B ). Interestingly, RF analysis of lung-targeted metabolomics data showed that the metabolic biomarker group with 5 products was a strong predictor of the hyper-inflammatory subgroup in CLP-induced ALI ( Figure 3B ). cache = ./cache/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352065-960xqft4 author = Rello, Jordi title = Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4976 sentences = 264 flesch = 41 summary = Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, phenotypes of infection, COVID-19 as a systematic infection, molecular diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, thromboprophylaxis, COVID-19 associated co-infections, immunotherapy, plasma treatment, Catheter-Related bloodstream infections, artificial intelligence for COVID-19, and vaccination. A major problem of the coronavirus pandemic is the considerable burden imposed on National Health Systems worldwide due to the hyperacute outbreak and the proportional increase of patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support in an extremely limited period of time, while outcomes vary according to the burden of the disease in each country. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the primary cause of death in COVID-19 [7] and a recent scope review found that for COVID-19, < 5% of patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection at admission, but development of secondary infections during ICU admission is common [8, 9] . cache = ./cache/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349440-jxigsdzh author = Gattinoni, Luciano title = COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading? date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 564 sentences = 31 flesch = 51 summary = Comment to an Editorial where we invite the authors to express with clarity the risks they are referring to and how their argument is furthering the cause of patients and clinicians. After reading sentences such as "…by needlessly clouding the clinical picture, false phenotypes … upon inspection of patient data, simply do not exist" , It is not clear to us -and without a doubt to most readers -what sort of clear, and self-evident truth we (and other authors) have been trying to cloud. We note also with concern the conclusions of the editorial: "by prematurely phenotyping patients with COVID-19, we expose ourselves and our patients to considerable and preventable risk" and we invite the authors to express with clarity the risks they are referring to and how their argument is furthering the cause of patients and clinicians. cache = ./cache/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349329-f0pbd968 author = Bosteels, Cedric title = Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12411 sentences = 618 flesch = 45 summary = -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). cache = ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353594-z1vxamvp author = Gagiannis, Daniel title = Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Similarities Between Severe COVID-19 and Acute Exacerbation of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4997 sentences = 246 flesch = 40 summary = Since we observed similarities between COVID-19 and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), we investigated features of autoimmunity in SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory failure. Patients or their relatives had given written informed consent to routine diagnostic procedures (serology, bronchoscopy, radiology) as well as (partial) autopsy in the case of death, respectively, as well as to the scientific use of data and tissue samples in the present study. Our finding that significant ANA titers and/or detection of specific autoantibodies are found in most patients who develop ARDS raises the question if there is a comparable mechanism of lung damage between SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbating autoimmune disease. Our observation of CTD-associated autoantibodies together with the CTD-like radiologic and histopathologic lung findings in severe cases of COVID-19 point towards a possible dysregulation of the immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection that might fuel organizing pneumonia and trigger interstitial fibrosis, with deleterious effects on the functional outcome in long-term survivors. cache = ./cache/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354829-god79qzw author = Mao, Kaimin title = Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6328 sentences = 315 flesch = 45 summary = title: Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets Here we performed a statistical meta-analysis of five publicly available gene expression datasets from LPS-induced ALI mouse models, conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to LPS administration and AST treatment, and integrative analysis to determine robust genetic signatures associated with LPS-induced ALI onset and AST administration. We subsequently integrated the RNA-seq and microarray meta-analysis data, and 11 core DEGs (Timp1, Ly6i, Cxcl13, Irf7, Cxcl5, Ccl7, Isg15, Saa3, Saa1, Tgtp1, and Gbp11) that were upregulated in ALI models and downregulated significantly after AST treatment were identified ( Table 2) . To further identify the robust expression signature related to LPS-induced ALI and investigate the transcriptional changes in response to the treatment of ALI by AST, we performed RNA-seq on three groups of mice and integrated the data with the results of the above mentioned meta-analysis. cache = ./cache/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351624-32opyo0i author = Kappel, Coralea title = A case of possible Fournier’s gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 692 sentences = 44 flesch = 47 summary = title: A case of possible Fournier's gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, has contributed to significant morbidity and mortality, and presents with a myriad of clinical manifestations. We report a case of a 46yr old obese male with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19, who went on to develop Fournier's gangrene following prolonged and repeated ventilation in prone position (proning). Despite optimized positive end-expiratory pressure (20 cmH 2 O) and lungprotective ventilation, the patient had ongoing hypoxia with PaO 2 /F I O 2 ratios less than 150, and by day 4 of ICU admission was started on a 16-18 hrÁday -1 proning protocol. Nevertheless, given the prolonged duration of ventilation required by most COVID-19 patients and the risk of both common and unique complications due to proning (as highlighted by this case), clinicians ought to be increasingly vigilant with monitoring. cache = ./cache/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 author = Ge, Huiqing title = Lung Mechanics of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: Analytics With High-Granularity Ventilator Waveform Data date = 2020-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3546 sentences = 211 flesch = 46 summary = In order to make this gap end, the purpose of the study were 4-folds: (1) to describe the lung mechanics of COVID-19 patients by analyzing high-granularity ventilator waveform data; (2) to explore whether the lung compliance can be influenced by clinical factors, such as recruitment maneuver (RM) and body positioning; (3) to identify risk factors for PVA during IMV in COVID-19 patients; and (4) To describe post-extubation lung functions for survivors with spirometry test. Abbreviations: AI, asynchrony index; WOB, work of breathing; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; DT, delayed triggering; IEE, ineffective effort during expiration; IQR, interquartile range; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PVA, patient-ventilator asynchrony; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation. The study integrated high-granularity ventilator waveform data with clinical variables to describe the temporal change of lung mechanics of critically ill patients with COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335975-m6lkrehi author = nan title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2018, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2018-02-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 89374 sentences = 5327 flesch = 52 summary = A qSOFA score relying on 3 simple clinical criteria (respiratory rate, mental status and systolic blood pressure) has been proposed to better identify septic patients with associated higher mortality outside the intensive care unit (Seymour CW et al., JAMA 2016) . We propose to determine whether the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission affects mortality at day 28 (D28) in patients with septic shock subjected to mechanical out-of-hospital ventilation. Conclusion: In this study, we report a significant association between hyperoxemia at ICU admission and mortality at D28 in patients with septic shock subjected to pre-hospital invasive mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to describe outcome of pediatric patient with hematologic disease hospitalized in our intensive care unit for respiratory failure and to investigate the clinical variables associated with mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348823-u2gm3kyh author = Baksh, Mizba title = A Systematic Review of Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2249 sentences = 116 flesch = 45 summary = About 80% of COVID-19 infections are mild or asymptomatic and never require hospitalization but about 5% of patients become critically ill and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The widely used management for ARDS in COVID-19 has been in line with the standard approach, but the need to adjust the treatment protocols has been questioned based on the reports of higher mortality risk among those requiring mechanical ventilation. Although some antimalarial and antiviral drugs may prove effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), their safety and efficacy are still under clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review of case reports on ARDS in SARS-CoV-2 infection to summarize the clinical presentation, laboratory and chest imaging findings, management protocols, and outcome of ARDS in COVID-19-positive patients. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series cache = ./cache/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341063-3rqnu5bu author = nan title = 38th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 20-23 March 2018 date = 2018-03-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 98602 sentences = 6494 flesch = 52 summary = Procacitonin (PCT) emerges as a possible predictive tool in cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU).We aim at testing the predictive power of PCT for early morbidity, prolonged ventilation, ICU and hospital stay, in patients developing early fever after cardiac surgery Methods: A retrospective descriptive study done in tertiary cardiac center, enrolling patients who stayed for more than 24 hours post-operatively in the CTICU Risk stratification included additive Euro score and PCT immunoluminometricaly prior to surgery and every 48 hours in response to onset of fever. Prognostic accuracy of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score for mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis Introduction: The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence assessing the qSOFA [1] , calculated in admission of the patient in emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU), as a predictor of mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352196-rpyoeg9n author = Alberici, Federico title = A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. date = 2020-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2630 sentences = 136 flesch = 51 summary = title: A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main clinical characteristics of the overall MHD population with SARS-CoV2 infection and the subgroups managed as outpatient or in hospital are shown in Table 2 . In our cohort including four centers of the "Brescia Renal COVID task force", we have identified 94 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The finding of worse outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may be explained by high prevalence of comorbidities as well as other risk factors related to end stage renal disease per se (2). Management of Patients on Dialysis and With Kidney Transplantation During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Brescia A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia cache = ./cache/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352365-b9cmviny author = Marchetti, Monia title = COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3887 sentences = 176 flesch = 29 summary = This review also highlights potential targets for prevention and therapy of COVID-19-related organ damage and discusses the role of marketed drugs, such as eculizumab and imatinib, as suitable candidates for clinical trials. Also, C3a complement fraction plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of infection-related lung injury: high serum C3a predicts evolution to ARDS [9, 10] , while both C3a and C5a increase endothelial permeability and activate endothelial cells, thereby increasing the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines [11, 12] , and the distal complement activation product C5 b-9 triggers intracellular fluxes of calcium in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apoptosis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell may be chronically triggered by inflammation, such as in COPD, or acutely induced by ARDS; the latter is mediated by Bruton kinase (BTK), IL-17, and macrophage stimulating-1, while IL-35 seems protective [41] [42] [43] [44] . cache = ./cache/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 162327 sentences = 9379 flesch = 50 summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. cache = ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355208-hpldjsc5 author = Leisman, Daniel E. title = Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1414 sentences = 93 flesch = 35 summary = The reported inflammatory response in COVID-19 is also not consistent with either typical ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes (CRS) or "cytokine storm. Reports of increased respiratory dead space suggest lung-vascular thrombosis from thrombotic microangiopathy or pulmonary embolism. Reported findings indicate that immunosuppression, endothelial activation, and direct viral-mediated tissue damage, rather than hyperinflammatory injury, mediate COVID-induced organ dysfunction. Viral injury, disordered cytokine release, and damage-associated Fig. 1 (1) The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects an endothelial cell by binding to ACE-2. Cellular infection initiates localized inflammation, endothelial activation, tissue damage, and disordered cytokine release. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AngI, angiotensin-I; AngII, angiotensin-II; Ang (1-7), angiotensin (1-7); DAMPs, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce localized microvascular inflammation, which triggers endothelial activation, leading to vasodilation and pro-thrombotic conditions. Among the known effects of AngII are vasoconstriction, endothelial activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. COVID-induced respiratory failure involves physiologic, clinical, and immunologic phenotypes that are not consistent with either ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes. cache = ./cache/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355038-o2hr5mox author = nan title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2020-02-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 102485 sentences = 7028 flesch = 52 summary = Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT). cache = ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 179164 sentences = 12028 flesch = 56 summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. cache = ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 cord-104423-fxo36z1s cord-014538-6a2pviol cord-279440-0mn5b0vv cord-273426-55vu6b3u cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-321499-17n9tj70 cord-296182-hhswage4 cord-321149-hffj7s4o cord-345028-56hg62be cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-355038-o2hr5mox cord-301830-nxtfhxjd cord-335975-m6lkrehi Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-005985-csc3lfbm cord-006773-61ezrjuq cord-004385-xna32qve cord-005572-zdzeqc19 cord-005705-j765ruj1 cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 cord-017853-mgsuwft0 cord-016142-7j5cdt1b cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 cord-006181-fkh2fzbr cord-001215-aj8nxi3x cord-001262-8s7g2wvd cord-005583-hmv8jjfl cord-012045-1cqqj84n cord-011875-ga0dzj3v cord-011363-o1f398vn cord-260577-t4w4pw12 cord-005573-mryrl1s1 cord-006366-qpjvmwmp cord-004515-x22q1f21 cord-019010-9xgwjvsv cord-000492-ec5qzurk cord-028337-md9om47x cord-005577-uk5wzk6m cord-001938-n2d5fw2f cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 cord-001661-dj9bxhwb cord-004092-wb150n8w cord-003832-q1422ydi cord-266067-wrouqdcj cord-004450-daxz9yhp cord-032608-zw540s64 cord-002801-6myqgme3 cord-005511-h5d2v4ga cord-006505-u3znxf2b cord-002540-hgx0bfbz cord-000498-absjerdt cord-034469-ew90eef4 cord-011286-8wxih7v6 cord-258087-93yfs7ve cord-003615-vpzzsdld cord-005941-e4fvj54l cord-002782-mena480g cord-104423-fxo36z1s cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 cord-259204-27t269pd cord-006700-df8ard9o cord-015126-cyhcbk1j cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 cord-004067-psjyjvbu cord-002078-38rmx65j cord-035326-qjp37j7x cord-005777-6rvfsx4p cord-003397-fvrd128w cord-001493-3yu2di1g cord-025163-iyh0d6mj cord-023890-z346hh2c cord-025920-9p5x26ge cord-025865-jjjr3ymt cord-006459-9kizif98 cord-102679-6dpo073b cord-014533-6qfecv5h cord-010550-lfbjvche cord-005699-uf59ls0g cord-004532-flo9139j cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 cord-006237-oxbquzeg cord-033298-4d40yyzu cord-014538-6a2pviol cord-006565-5c14oqn4 cord-005910-byffqwjd cord-006251-danl62io cord-011197-bmigh2rs cord-273426-55vu6b3u cord-277590-u0uf88e7 cord-013306-35jiycem cord-003198-1kw5v6rm cord-031033-v4yetn4f cord-315093-ifeulv55 cord-020490-sjz5mbbr cord-254083-ea94wn3f cord-002016-vzn338ub cord-003219-iryb3v0z cord-005621-a4bspoii cord-029646-oujgcciq cord-012587-h3c9novk cord-266423-s8lqdpvn cord-010509-gipjuhhc cord-253355-dii5zszf cord-017897-mbwm0ytg cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-253129-v5lck9l7 cord-278249-vvhq9vgp cord-258896-ck7lh9rg cord-003532-lcgeingz cord-315866-6vcts4w3 cord-277788-6ls21tkr cord-272937-ala32ub5 cord-028835-jby1btv7 cord-256385-g1wcfrfi cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 cord-017854-ff3gm50j cord-261370-jp5sqqwc cord-281945-jvnjzjds cord-012010-5h2ox3hu cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 cord-286133-h8jgwe4z cord-261146-ppe8br4z cord-296435-6dergkha cord-309089-ex9nh1yi cord-284332-p4c1fneh cord-325755-n7vjjw9r cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 cord-341472-29opvzrj cord-310069-ay4af6xr cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 cord-301830-nxtfhxjd cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 cord-308402-37i62atc cord-263879-e36l3t1g cord-303232-0lwmzjxz cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-310240-otf9ruvj cord-293736-nyvwv31m cord-325461-q8igdvq4 cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 cord-282151-mai4eggf cord-005875-yp1ehpeg cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-296182-hhswage4 cord-271180-cnrs0zpg cord-279440-0mn5b0vv cord-321499-17n9tj70 cord-321878-bnjupaik cord-324869-f14n0hk6 cord-256051-87alqfkd cord-284598-ksoonwf9 cord-282474-74273qgk cord-277031-yt0lafin cord-296656-4q0jdyrh cord-349440-jxigsdzh cord-282547-ehr9aaix cord-338319-9v8yw2pl cord-349201-d88g5toc cord-344061-gsl84nv6 cord-344829-adlp2rjy cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-303292-iheq50ub cord-346230-39oo7vnq cord-286901-whvq8y1p cord-285955-fzm6036f cord-286771-77hs34jm cord-285684-iiqyzqsb cord-305758-6twwcp47 cord-326874-rdwvsm4s cord-292862-ezrkg0dc cord-018685-i7s04fh5 cord-330640-6ityxc64 cord-293259-o51fnvuw cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-293740-4c3yemi3 cord-277648-9kxwkcbl cord-329381-uwae8738 cord-322887-md446f9p cord-336159-w646qkjz cord-323566-jck799zq cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 cord-330257-fliudtls cord-304201-fziv9a9k cord-324296-a9as72bx cord-333856-ujnhjy0s cord-318067-4hdeuweo cord-323303-q0hjtsgi cord-291481-ov1gkgpc cord-339128-npfoircv cord-326805-c5co9cfq cord-305703-ypeibwje cord-343743-6k3soh1l cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 cord-306153-aurm848i cord-317619-o7qfugjw cord-318209-llucxztc cord-305389-n5cppi72 cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 cord-321149-hffj7s4o cord-316056-lk2upygf cord-344978-m672rnze cord-280965-x5ffw843 cord-348823-u2gm3kyh cord-330919-dep3v1pt cord-276927-rxudwp2v cord-339293-7ks3bopm cord-325408-uy5ew3ki cord-332592-bfqsyiyf cord-355208-hpldjsc5 cord-353594-z1vxamvp cord-326613-253v48i0 cord-316923-b81uaooh cord-345028-56hg62be cord-335977-f00758o2 cord-347871-w6274bdg cord-352196-rpyoeg9n cord-333520-v2sb90rc cord-329585-uyze6dtu cord-329985-5rji08p7 cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-328996-3sf2i45r cord-328396-p2gvpe8i cord-285202-aiap6z9u cord-349197-3trr8d0u cord-355847-1ru15s5a cord-324232-nupi7f72 cord-341063-3rqnu5bu cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 cord-351624-32opyo0i cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-355038-o2hr5mox cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 cord-005814-ak5pq312 cord-014464-m5n250r2 cord-335975-m6lkrehi cord-352065-960xqft4 cord-352365-b9cmviny cord-354829-god79qzw Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-010509-gipjuhhc cord-005573-mryrl1s1 cord-028835-jby1btv7 cord-003832-q1422ydi cord-102679-6dpo073b cord-001938-n2d5fw2f cord-013306-35jiycem cord-025163-iyh0d6mj cord-253129-v5lck9l7 cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 cord-004385-xna32qve cord-012045-1cqqj84n cord-005777-6rvfsx4p cord-005705-j765ruj1 cord-010550-lfbjvche cord-004450-daxz9yhp cord-004515-x22q1f21 cord-002782-mena480g cord-028337-md9om47x cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 cord-285955-fzm6036f cord-282547-ehr9aaix cord-278249-vvhq9vgp cord-277031-yt0lafin cord-315866-6vcts4w3 cord-353594-z1vxamvp cord-323303-q0hjtsgi cord-354829-god79qzw cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 cord-306153-aurm848i cord-296182-hhswage4 cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-292862-ezrkg0dc cord-014533-6qfecv5h cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 cord-303232-0lwmzjxz cord-352365-b9cmviny cord-014464-m5n250r2 cord-349201-d88g5toc cord-346230-39oo7vnq cord-344978-m672rnze cord-352196-rpyoeg9n Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-254083-ea94wn3f cord-258087-93yfs7ve cord-003219-iryb3v0z cord-001661-dj9bxhwb cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 cord-028337-md9om47x cord-005583-hmv8jjfl cord-005705-j765ruj1 cord-032608-zw540s64 cord-002078-38rmx65j cord-266423-s8lqdpvn cord-004450-daxz9yhp cord-259204-27t269pd cord-006773-61ezrjuq cord-253129-v5lck9l7 cord-253355-dii5zszf cord-004067-psjyjvbu cord-002801-6myqgme3 cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-006565-5c14oqn4 cord-025865-jjjr3ymt cord-011286-8wxih7v6 cord-005910-byffqwjd cord-006181-fkh2fzbr cord-017897-mbwm0ytg cord-006505-u3znxf2b cord-006459-9kizif98 cord-011363-o1f398vn cord-011197-bmigh2rs cord-031033-v4yetn4f cord-015126-cyhcbk1j cord-002016-vzn338ub cord-000492-ec5qzurk cord-006251-danl62io cord-013306-35jiycem cord-023890-z346hh2c cord-018685-i7s04fh5 cord-035326-qjp37j7x cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 cord-003198-1kw5v6rm cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-003532-lcgeingz cord-005621-a4bspoii cord-104423-fxo36z1s cord-016142-7j5cdt1b cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 cord-003615-vpzzsdld cord-005941-e4fvj54l cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 cord-258896-ck7lh9rg cord-012587-h3c9novk cord-003832-q1422ydi cord-025163-iyh0d6mj cord-003397-fvrd128w cord-276927-rxudwp2v cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 cord-005985-csc3lfbm cord-005875-yp1ehpeg cord-002782-mena480g cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 cord-001938-n2d5fw2f cord-261146-ppe8br4z cord-005699-uf59ls0g cord-005572-zdzeqc19 cord-277788-6ls21tkr cord-102679-6dpo073b cord-010509-gipjuhhc cord-256385-g1wcfrfi cord-017854-ff3gm50j cord-004515-x22q1f21 cord-010550-lfbjvche cord-002540-hgx0bfbz cord-005577-uk5wzk6m cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 cord-025920-9p5x26ge cord-033298-4d40yyzu cord-019010-9xgwjvsv cord-272937-ala32ub5 cord-005573-mryrl1s1 cord-001215-aj8nxi3x cord-271180-cnrs0zpg cord-006237-oxbquzeg cord-004385-xna32qve cord-277031-yt0lafin cord-020490-sjz5mbbr cord-326613-253v48i0 cord-028835-jby1btv7 cord-012045-1cqqj84n cord-282474-74273qgk cord-316923-b81uaooh cord-282151-mai4eggf cord-014464-m5n250r2 cord-005777-6rvfsx4p cord-005511-h5d2v4ga cord-001262-8s7g2wvd cord-260577-t4w4pw12 cord-029646-oujgcciq cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 cord-034469-ew90eef4 cord-329381-uwae8738 cord-017853-mgsuwft0 cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 cord-261370-jp5sqqwc cord-292862-ezrkg0dc cord-004092-wb150n8w cord-273426-55vu6b3u cord-285684-iiqyzqsb cord-014538-6a2pviol cord-277648-9kxwkcbl cord-256051-87alqfkd cord-318067-4hdeuweo cord-263879-e36l3t1g cord-011875-ga0dzj3v cord-012010-5h2ox3hu cord-266067-wrouqdcj cord-282547-ehr9aaix cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-006700-df8ard9o cord-001493-3yu2di1g cord-305758-6twwcp47 cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-323566-jck799zq cord-323303-q0hjtsgi cord-285202-aiap6z9u cord-325408-uy5ew3ki cord-004532-flo9139j cord-293259-o51fnvuw cord-324296-a9as72bx cord-014533-6qfecv5h cord-000498-absjerdt cord-316056-lk2upygf cord-006366-qpjvmwmp cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 cord-280965-x5ffw843 cord-291481-ov1gkgpc cord-321878-bnjupaik cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 cord-310240-otf9ruvj cord-296656-4q0jdyrh cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 cord-284332-p4c1fneh cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 cord-310069-ay4af6xr cord-304201-fziv9a9k cord-279440-0mn5b0vv cord-326805-c5co9cfq cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 cord-306153-aurm848i cord-355208-hpldjsc5 cord-339128-npfoircv cord-322887-md446f9p cord-321499-17n9tj70 cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-317619-o7qfugjw cord-284598-ksoonwf9 cord-325755-n7vjjw9r cord-352065-960xqft4 cord-296435-6dergkha cord-286771-77hs34jm cord-285955-fzm6036f cord-303232-0lwmzjxz cord-305703-ypeibwje cord-341472-29opvzrj cord-344829-adlp2rjy cord-286901-whvq8y1p cord-293740-4c3yemi3 cord-338319-9v8yw2pl cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 cord-286133-h8jgwe4z cord-315093-ifeulv55 cord-346230-39oo7vnq cord-318209-llucxztc cord-305389-n5cppi72 cord-281945-jvnjzjds cord-293736-nyvwv31m cord-332592-bfqsyiyf cord-330257-fliudtls cord-330919-dep3v1pt cord-325461-q8igdvq4 cord-339293-7ks3bopm cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 cord-349440-jxigsdzh cord-296182-hhswage4 cord-303292-iheq50ub cord-344061-gsl84nv6 cord-329585-uyze6dtu cord-309089-ex9nh1yi cord-351624-32opyo0i cord-336159-w646qkjz cord-353594-z1vxamvp cord-329985-5rji08p7 cord-321149-hffj7s4o cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 cord-352196-rpyoeg9n cord-333520-v2sb90rc cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 cord-315866-6vcts4w3 cord-324869-f14n0hk6 cord-328396-p2gvpe8i cord-324232-nupi7f72 cord-277590-u0uf88e7 cord-352365-b9cmviny cord-341063-3rqnu5bu cord-326874-rdwvsm4s cord-308402-37i62atc cord-330640-6ityxc64 cord-347871-w6274bdg cord-343743-6k3soh1l cord-355038-o2hr5mox cord-333856-ujnhjy0s cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-278249-vvhq9vgp cord-344978-m672rnze cord-345028-56hg62be cord-348823-u2gm3kyh cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-328996-3sf2i45r cord-354829-god79qzw cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-355847-1ru15s5a cord-349201-d88g5toc cord-349197-3trr8d0u cord-335977-f00758o2 cord-301830-nxtfhxjd cord-335975-m6lkrehi cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-005814-ak5pq312 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-006251-danl62io cord-002016-vzn338ub cord-002078-38rmx65j cord-258896-ck7lh9rg cord-004067-psjyjvbu cord-017854-ff3gm50j cord-006505-u3znxf2b cord-000498-absjerdt cord-001938-n2d5fw2f cord-005621-a4bspoii cord-003198-1kw5v6rm cord-005572-zdzeqc19 cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 cord-256385-g1wcfrfi cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 cord-004532-flo9139j cord-006181-fkh2fzbr cord-001493-3yu2di1g cord-010509-gipjuhhc cord-012010-5h2ox3hu cord-253129-v5lck9l7 cord-102679-6dpo073b cord-031033-v4yetn4f cord-028337-md9om47x cord-017897-mbwm0ytg cord-006773-61ezrjuq cord-025163-iyh0d6mj cord-000492-ec5qzurk cord-011875-ga0dzj3v cord-104423-fxo36z1s cord-035326-qjp37j7x cord-005941-e4fvj54l cord-003832-q1422ydi cord-002782-mena480g cord-004092-wb150n8w cord-004515-x22q1f21 cord-004450-daxz9yhp cord-006237-oxbquzeg cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 cord-016142-7j5cdt1b cord-002801-6myqgme3 cord-006565-5c14oqn4 cord-258087-93yfs7ve cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 cord-018685-i7s04fh5 cord-005511-h5d2v4ga cord-272937-ala32ub5 cord-005577-uk5wzk6m cord-010550-lfbjvche cord-006700-df8ard9o cord-011363-o1f398vn cord-003397-fvrd128w cord-013306-35jiycem cord-020490-sjz5mbbr cord-025865-jjjr3ymt cord-033298-4d40yyzu cord-005910-byffqwjd cord-012587-h3c9novk cord-034469-ew90eef4 cord-254083-ea94wn3f cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 cord-029646-oujgcciq cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 cord-025920-9p5x26ge cord-017853-mgsuwft0 cord-011197-bmigh2rs cord-032608-zw540s64 cord-002540-hgx0bfbz cord-285684-iiqyzqsb cord-000539-uh3q65we cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-001661-dj9bxhwb cord-005875-yp1ehpeg cord-006366-qpjvmwmp cord-005985-csc3lfbm cord-003615-vpzzsdld cord-281945-jvnjzjds cord-259204-27t269pd cord-266423-s8lqdpvn cord-296182-hhswage4 cord-282547-ehr9aaix cord-256051-87alqfkd cord-005705-j765ruj1 cord-023890-z346hh2c cord-005583-hmv8jjfl cord-019010-9xgwjvsv cord-012045-1cqqj84n cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 cord-325755-n7vjjw9r cord-005699-uf59ls0g cord-271180-cnrs0zpg cord-001215-aj8nxi3x cord-006459-9kizif98 cord-296435-6dergkha cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 cord-273426-55vu6b3u cord-310240-otf9ruvj cord-011286-8wxih7v6 cord-260577-t4w4pw12 cord-263879-e36l3t1g cord-286133-h8jgwe4z cord-004385-xna32qve cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 cord-279440-0mn5b0vv cord-261146-ppe8br4z cord-304201-fziv9a9k cord-284598-ksoonwf9 cord-293740-4c3yemi3 cord-305703-ypeibwje cord-285202-aiap6z9u cord-305758-6twwcp47 cord-028835-jby1btv7 cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 cord-261370-jp5sqqwc cord-277031-yt0lafin cord-329381-uwae8738 cord-003219-iryb3v0z cord-333856-ujnhjy0s cord-278249-vvhq9vgp cord-266067-wrouqdcj cord-334528-xenq90xj cord-253355-dii5zszf cord-306153-aurm848i cord-308402-37i62atc cord-335977-f00758o2 cord-318209-llucxztc cord-284332-p4c1fneh cord-283779-mudwcypl cord-276927-rxudwp2v cord-286771-77hs34jm cord-323303-q0hjtsgi cord-324869-f14n0hk6 cord-321149-hffj7s4o cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-005573-mryrl1s1 cord-003532-lcgeingz cord-310069-ay4af6xr cord-325461-q8igdvq4 cord-345028-56hg62be cord-277648-9kxwkcbl cord-326805-c5co9cfq cord-326613-253v48i0 cord-293736-nyvwv31m cord-301830-nxtfhxjd cord-292862-ezrkg0dc cord-277788-6ls21tkr cord-282151-mai4eggf cord-321878-bnjupaik cord-323566-jck799zq cord-303292-iheq50ub cord-291481-ov1gkgpc cord-349440-jxigsdzh cord-315093-ifeulv55 cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 cord-329985-5rji08p7 cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 cord-286901-whvq8y1p cord-280965-x5ffw843 cord-005777-6rvfsx4p cord-277590-u0uf88e7 cord-305389-n5cppi72 cord-296656-4q0jdyrh cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 cord-328996-3sf2i45r cord-331500-l3hkn2li cord-355208-hpldjsc5 cord-001262-8s7g2wvd cord-303232-0lwmzjxz cord-285955-fzm6036f cord-329585-uyze6dtu cord-339128-npfoircv cord-351624-32opyo0i cord-328396-p2gvpe8i cord-309089-ex9nh1yi cord-321499-17n9tj70 cord-348823-u2gm3kyh cord-341472-29opvzrj cord-326874-rdwvsm4s cord-316056-lk2upygf cord-330257-fliudtls cord-014538-6a2pviol cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 cord-344061-gsl84nv6 cord-346230-39oo7vnq cord-005646-xhx9pzhj cord-324296-a9as72bx cord-293259-o51fnvuw cord-317619-o7qfugjw cord-352065-960xqft4 cord-330919-dep3v1pt cord-015126-cyhcbk1j cord-316923-b81uaooh cord-332592-bfqsyiyf cord-343743-6k3soh1l cord-322887-md446f9p cord-344829-adlp2rjy cord-282474-74273qgk cord-336159-w646qkjz cord-325408-uy5ew3ki cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 cord-318067-4hdeuweo cord-333520-v2sb90rc cord-352196-rpyoeg9n cord-349197-3trr8d0u cord-315866-6vcts4w3 cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 cord-353594-z1vxamvp cord-355847-1ru15s5a cord-347871-w6274bdg cord-344978-m672rnze cord-349201-d88g5toc cord-354829-god79qzw cord-338319-9v8yw2pl cord-330640-6ityxc64 cord-339293-7ks3bopm cord-324232-nupi7f72 cord-352365-b9cmviny cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-014533-6qfecv5h cord-014464-m5n250r2 cord-341063-3rqnu5bu cord-335975-m6lkrehi cord-355038-o2hr5mox cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-005814-ak5pq312 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-005814-ak5pq312 cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 cord-005777-6rvfsx4p cord-282547-ehr9aaix cord-284332-p4c1fneh cord-276927-rxudwp2v number of items: 227 sum of words: 2,162,509 average size in words: 9,526 average readability score: 44 nouns: patients; study; lung; mortality; group; results; ventilation; injury; care; data; cells; syndrome; treatment; blood; days; pressure; analysis; levels; sepsis; failure; time; infection; disease; risk; methods; patient; studies; hospital; distress; therapy; cell; cases; day; admission; groups; rate; use; pneumonia; score; shock; outcome; age; years; response; effects; factors; ml; hours; system; effect verbs: used; associated; increased; including; shows; compared; induced; following; performed; reduce; finding; received; require; improve; report; assessed; evaluate; treating; measured; based; decreased; suggests; admitted; identified; related; observed; developing; determined; leading; considered; died; causing; demonstrated; remained; studied; provide; according; presenting; obtained; defining; occur; described; ventilated; resulted; investigated; controlled; predicting; collect; needed; indicated adjectives: respiratory; acute; severe; clinical; pulmonary; high; significant; higher; mechanical; inflammatory; intensive; septic; cardiac; non; early; first; ill; different; low; mean; lower; positive; endothelial; critical; arterial; medical; human; vascular; immune; specific; therapeutic; normal; important; renal; common; major; systemic; prospective; new; patient; viral; median; similar; total; prone; alveolar; potential; anti; retrospective; present adverbs: also; however; significantly; critically; well; respectively; therefore; even; often; mechanically; still; especially; prior; recently; previously; statistically; frequently; less; furthermore; moreover; mainly; highly; finally; currently; clinically; later; particularly; potentially; first; directly; least; prospectively; independently; yet; usually; now; commonly; immediately; probably; alone; rapidly; early; together; rather; already; retrospectively; relatively; daily; additionally; subsequently pronouns: we; our; it; their; its; they; i; them; he; his; us; she; itself; her; themselves; you; one; your; him; my; himself; me; s; peli2; em; rrt; ours; mrs; imagej; α1-ar; theirs; thee; pi-3-kinase; ourselves; oneself; mrnas; herself; cxcl10; ; wi~; upar; upa; u2gm3kyh; tv/; tnf~; tnfrt; thei; ta; t; rad5 proper nouns: ARDS; ICU; COVID-19; ECMO; SARS; LPS; II; Fig; Care; ALI; mg; TNF; IL-6; ±; CI; kg; CoV-2; C; Hospital; M.; CT; Intensive; APACHE; A; AKI; T; VAP; L; J.; S.; der; Group; Table; NIV; MV; January; C.; China; University; B; H1N1; E.; D; IV; PEEP; CO; IQR; P.; CMV; SP keywords: ards; patient; covid-19; icu; sars; study; ecmo; lung; acute; day; peep; group; ali; result; care; method; cell; respiratory; mortality; lps; hospital; intensive; vap; sofa; high; apache; aki; introduction; conclusion; pulmonary; rsv; niv; msc; level; increase; il-6; january; h1n1; blood; ventilation; university; trauma; tnf; surfactant; prone; patienten; mean; iqr; injury; hour one topic; one dimension: patients file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994204/ titles(s): Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study three topics; one dimension: patients; ards; ecmo file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32048060/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189617/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965509/ titles(s): Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress | General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections | Spezifische Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens five topics; three dimensions: patients icu study; lung ards patients; patients ards respiratory; cells stem mscs; ecmo extracorporeal membrane file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095092/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120335/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007099/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6933909/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6311067/ titles(s): 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme | Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers | Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial | The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS | Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka Type: cord title: keyword-ards-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 21:00 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:ards ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-005572-zdzeqc19 author: Agarwal, Ritesh title: Experience with ARDS caused by tuberculosis in a respiratory intensive care unit date: 2005-07-09 words: 2201 sentences: 126 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005572-zdzeqc19.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Abstract Objective: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Conclusions: Tuberculosis is an uncommon but definite cause of ARDS, and in patients with ARDS of obscure aetiology where the cliniAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common disorder in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity [1] . At admission to the RICU, diagnosis of ARDS was established on the basis of acute onset respiratory distress, bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph, PaO/FiO 2 ratio <200, and no clinical or radiological evidence of left atrial hypertension [9] . Tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with a very high mortality [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] . Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in miliary tuberculosis: a twelve-year experience abstract: OBJECTIVE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units. Tuberculosis (TB) commonly causes respiratory failure in patients with extensive pulmonary parenchymal involvement, but it is a rare cause of ARDS. We report our experience of TB presenting with ARDS. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 187 patients admitted with a diagnosis of ARDS over the previous 7 years. Data are presented in a descriptive fashion using mean±SD or median (range). RESULTS: Nine (4.9%) of 187 patients had ARDS secondary to tuberculosis. All patients were mechanically ventilated. The diagnosis was made on clinico-radiological grounds and confirmed later using fiberoptic bronchoscopy and transbronchial biopsy in seven patients, and lymph node biopsy and examination of the joint aspirate in the remaining two. All patients were empirically started on anti-tubercular therapy with a median time to initiation of therapy being 3 days (range 2–8 days). Three patients had multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) without any evidence of bacterial infection. Seven of nine (77.8%) patients survived; two died because of severe ARDS, MODS, and respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis is an uncommon but definite cause of ARDS, and in patients with ARDS of obscure aetiology where the clinical features suggest tuberculosis as the inciting cause, antitubercular therapy should be started empirically and the diagnosis actively pursued later. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094910/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2721-2 id: cord-352196-rpyoeg9n author: Alberici, Federico title: A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. date: 2020-05-08 words: 2630 sentences: 136 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352196-rpyoeg9n.txt summary: title: A report from the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force on the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The main clinical characteristics of the overall MHD population with SARS-CoV2 infection and the subgroups managed as outpatient or in hospital are shown in Table 2 . In our cohort including four centers of the "Brescia Renal COVID task force", we have identified 94 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The finding of worse outcome of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may be explained by high prevalence of comorbidities as well as other risk factors related to end stage renal disease per se (2). Management of Patients on Dialysis and With Kidney Transplantation During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Brescia A single center observational study of the clinical characteristics and short-term outcome of 20 kidney transplant patients admitted for SARS-CoV2 pneumonia abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic is pressuring health care systems worldwide. Disease outcomes in certain subgroups of patients are still scarce, and data are needed. Therefore, we describe here the experience of four dialysis centers of the Brescia Renal COVID task force. During March 2020, within an overall population of 643 hemodialysis patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity was detected in 94 (15%). At disease diagnosis, 37 of the 94 (39%) patients (group 1) were managed on an outpatient basis whereas the remaining 57 (61%) (group 2) required hospitalization. Choices regarding management strategy were made based on disease severity. In group 1, 41% received antivirals and 76% hydroxychloroquine. Eight percent died and 5% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In group 2, 79% received antivirals and 77% hydroxychloroquine. Forty two percent died and 79% developed ARDS. Overall mortality rate for the entire cohort was 29%. History of ischemic cardiac disease, fever, older age (over age 70) and dyspnea at presentation were associated with the risk of developing ARDS whereas fever, cough and a C-reactive protein higher than 50 mg/l at disease presentation were associated with the risk of death. Thus, in our population of hemodialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we documented a wide range of disease severity. The risk of ARDS and death is significant for patients requiring hospital admission at disease diagnosis. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.030 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.030 id: cord-004532-flo9139j author: Andrews, Peter title: Year in review in intensive care medicine, 2004. I. Respiratory failure, infection, and sepsis date: 2004-12-18 words: 9246 sentences: 474 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004532-flo9139j.txt summary: The authors concluded that their findings are important for trial design because of the observed differences in outcome, and proposed the use of standardized ventilator settings for patient enrollment. As indicated by Yu and Singh [46] , "over 300 studies have been published in peer-review journals in the past 8 years dealing with management of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)." However, no consensus exists to date on the best way for identifying patients with true lung infection, for selecting early appropriate antimicrobial therapy, or for avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics. [52] designed a study in 108 patients with 171 VAPs to assess the impact on the duration of MV and the use of antibiotic treatment of the results of a diagnostic technique: the percentage of infected cells in liquid obtained with BAL, i.e., the value of direct examination. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079835/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2529-5 id: cord-005577-uk5wzk6m author: Bachmann, D. C. G. title: Respiratory syncytial virus triggered adult respiratory distress syndrome in infants: A report of two cases date: 1994 words: 1392 sentences: 97 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005577-uk5wzk6m.txt summary: Two infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection which resulted eventually in classical adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are presented. The first patient recovered with residual restrictive changes determined during a follow-up 2.5 months later, whereas the second infant died because of ARDS, pulmonary interstitial emphysema and hypoxemic hypoxia. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most frequent cause of acute viral infections of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children [1] . During the winter 1990/91 we treated two infants in whom RSV infection triggered severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Only two cases of RSV triggered acute hypoxemic failure ("ARDS") have been described in the literature [8] , we report two additional cases with particular emphasis on respiratory system mechanics. Our two patients with clearly documented RSV infection fulfilled the classical criteria of severe ARDS for infants and children as reported by Pfenninger et al. abstract: Two infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus infection which resulted eventually in classical adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are presented. Both infants had severe apneic spells, necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). Chest radiographs changed after a few days after institution of MV from initial bronchopneumonia like pattern to severe ARDS. Assessment of respiratory system mechanics (single breath occlusion technique) revealed severe restrictive disease in both cases. The first patient recovered with residual restrictive changes determined during a follow-up 2.5 months later, whereas the second infant died because of ARDS, pulmonary interstitial emphysema and hypoxemic hypoxia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094922/ doi: 10.1007/bf02425060 id: cord-256385-g1wcfrfi author: Badraoui, Riadh title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 date: 2020-08-05 words: 6071 sentences: 332 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256385-g1wcfrfi.txt summary: title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life threatening associated complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19 A better understood of ARDS key features and the pathophysiological injuries of the pulmonary parenchyma are linked to lessons learned from previous severe diseases associated previous coronaviruses outbreaks (especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The novel coronavirus, finally named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, and it''s inducing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020; Khailany et al., 2020) . While SARS-CoV-2 induces mild symptoms in several infected patients (low pathogenic), it can also be associated with a fast onset of widespread infection in the lungs worsened in an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . Lessons learned from previous severe diseases caused by coronaviruses outbreaks (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more recently SARS-CoV-2 lead to a better understood of ARDS key features associated COVID-19. abstract: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a form of respiratory failure in human. The number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing this severe pneumonia (ARDS) is relatively high. In fact, COVID-19 might get worsen in ARDS and provoke respiratory failure. A better understood of ARDS key features and the pathophysiological injuries of the pulmonary parenchyma are linked to lessons learned from previous severe diseases associated previous coronaviruses outbreaks (especially SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and more the ongoing SARS-CoV-2. The ARDS mechanism includes a diffuse alveolar damage associated disruption of alveolar capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, damaged endothelium and increased permeability. A diffuse inflammation, with acute onset, on the lung tissue accompanied by release of biochemical signal and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6) leading to hypoxemia, low PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio and the chest radiological expression of bilateral infiltrates in ARDS. The ongoing outbreak could lead to a better understood of ARDS pathophysiology and prognostic. An overview is also highlighted about the seven coronaviruses proved to infect human especially those having ability to cause severe disease SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we focused on the major pathological mechanisms leading to the ARDS development as a result of viral infection, severe COVID-19 worsening. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32752936/ doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1803139 id: cord-333856-ujnhjy0s author: Baer, Brandon title: Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Budesonide In Vivo date: 2020-10-26 words: 4222 sentences: 215 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333856-ujnhjy0s.txt summary: RESULTS: Although budesonide exhibited anti-inflammatory effects when administered alone, delivery with BLES enhanced those effects by lowering the lavage neutrophil counts and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue. Similarly, in vivo studies, including those modeling ARDS, have observed improved drug distribution and anti-inflammatory effects for glucocorticoids delivered by a surfactant vehicle [12] [13] [14] . This study tested the hypothesis that fortifying an exogenous surfactant preparation, BLES, with budesonide would enhance the efficacy for treating pulmonary inflammation in vivo. Specifically, it uses outcomes such as MPO activity, neutrophil counts, and chemokine concentrations to focus on neutrophilic inflammation, which have been suggested to be a critical aspect of disease progression for ARDS [28] When combined with this previous data, our study further supports the use of exogenous surfactant as a delivery vehicle for budesonide in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation. abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung inflammation is associated with many respiratory conditions. Consequently, anti-inflammatory medications, like glucocorticoids, have become mainstay intrapulmonary therapeutics. However, their effectiveness for treating inflammation occurring in the alveolar regions of the lung is limited by suboptimal delivery. To improve the pulmonary distribution of glucocorticoids, such as budesonide to distal regions of the lung, exogenous surfactant has been proposed as an ideal delivery vehicle for such therapies. It was therefore hypothesized that fortifying an exogenous surfactant (BLES) with budesonide would enhance efficacy for treating pulmonary inflammation in vivo. METHODS: An intratracheal instillation of heat-killed bacteria was used to elicit an inflammatory response in the lungs of male and female rats. Thirty minutes after this initial instillation, either budesonide or BLES combined with budesonide was administered intratracheally. To evaluate the efficacy of surfactant delivery, various markers of inflammation were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue. RESULTS: Although budesonide exhibited anti-inflammatory effects when administered alone, delivery with BLES enhanced those effects by lowering the lavage neutrophil counts and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue. Combining budesonide with BLES was also shown to reduce several other pro-inflammatory mediators. These results were shown across both sexes, with no observed sex differences. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, it was concluded that exogenous surfactant can enhance the delivery and efficacy of budesonide in vivo. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-020-00399-2 doi: 10.1007/s00408-020-00399-2 id: cord-328569-1lx3fkv3 author: Bagate, François title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-04 words: 3768 sentences: 229 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328569-1lx3fkv3.txt summary: title: Rescue therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome BACKGROUND: In COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the relatively preserved respiratory system compliance despite severe hypoxemia, with specific pulmonary vascular dysfunction, suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for VA/Q mismatch, as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration. Some authors have hypothesized that potential relatively preserved respiratory system compliance (Crs) despite severe hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration [5] . Individual values of the ratio of oxygen partial pressure to inspired oxygen fraction in arterial blood in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019, according to position (prone or supine) and administration of inhaled nitric oxide with or without almitrine. Correlations between respiratory mechanics and oxygenation response to the combination of inhaled nitric oxide and almitrine in ten patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus disease 2019. abstract: BACKGROUND: In COVID-19 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the relatively preserved respiratory system compliance despite severe hypoxemia, with specific pulmonary vascular dysfunction, suggests a possible hemodynamic mechanism for VA/Q mismatch, as hypoxic vasoconstriction alteration. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)–almitrine combination to restore oxygenation in severe COVID-19 ARDS (C-ARDS) patients. METHODS: We conducted a monocentric preliminary pilot study in intubated patients with severe C-ARDS. Respiratory mechanics was assessed after a prone session. Then, patients received iNO (10 ppm) alone and in association with almitrine (10 μg/kg/min) during 30 min in each step. Echocardiographic and blood gases measurements were performed at baseline, during iNO alone, and iNO–almitrine combination. The primary endpoint was the variation of oxygenation (PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio). RESULTS: Ten severe C-ARDS patients were assessed (7 males and 3 females), with a median age of 60 [52–72] years. Combination of iNO and almitrine outperformed iNO alone for oxygenation improvement. The median of PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio varied from 102 [89–134] mmHg at baseline, to 124 [108–146] mmHg after iNO (p = 0.13) and 180 [132–206] mmHg after iNO and almitrine (p < 0.01). We found no correlation between the increase in oxygenation caused by iNO–almitrine combination and that caused by proning. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study of severe C-ARDS patients, iNO–almitrine combination was associated with rapid and significant improvement of oxygenation. These findings highlight the role of pulmonary vascular function in COVID-19 pathophysiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33150525/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00769-2 id: cord-282151-mai4eggf author: Bai, Lu title: Clinical Features of Pneumonia Caused by 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus in Beijing, China date: 2015-12-16 words: 3752 sentences: 250 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282151-mai4eggf.txt summary: METHODS: During October 26, 2009, and January 23, 2010, adult patients with pneumonia with laboratory-confirmed or clinically suspected A(H1N1) infections were observed for clinical characteristics, high-resolution chest CT scan, and lung function test changes during acute and 3-month convalescent phases. Multivariate Cox regression identified two independent risk factors for death: progressive dyspnea after resolution of fever (relative risk, 5.852; 95% CI, 1.395-24.541; P = .016) and a higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) II score on presentation (relative risk for each point, 1.312; 95% CI, 1.140-1.511; P < .001). 6 Many studies have been published on the clinical manifestations of A(H1N1) pneumonia during the acute phase of illness, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] but no information has been reported on symptoms and radiographic and lung function changes in convalescence. Information recorded included demographic data, underlying medical conditions, symptoms, signs, laboratory and chest radiograph fi ndings before therapy and during follow-up, and the clinical course, treatment, and adverse events during hospital stay. abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on symptoms and radiographic changes in patients with pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) (A[H1N1]) pneumonia during convalescence have not been reported. METHODS: During October 26, 2009, and January 23, 2010, adult patients with pneumonia with laboratory-confirmed or clinically suspected A(H1N1) infections were observed for clinical characteristics, high-resolution chest CT scan, and lung function test changes during acute and 3-month convalescent phases. RESULTS: Of the 65 case subjects, the median age was 41 (interquartile range [IQR], 28-57) years, 60.0% were men, and 55.4% had at least one underlying medical condition. Sixty-two patients started oseltamivir therapy within a median of 5 (IQR, 4-6) days from the onset of illness, and 31 received IV corticosteroids. ARDS developed in 33 patients, and 24 were treated initially with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). In this group, NPPV was successful in 13 patients (54.2%). Nine patients died at a median of 16 (IQR, 10-24) days after onset of illness. Multivariate Cox regression identified two independent risk factors for death: progressive dyspnea after resolution of fever (relative risk, 5.852; 95% CI, 1.395-24.541; P = .016) and a higher APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) II score on presentation (relative risk for each point, 1.312; 95% CI, 1.140-1.511; P < .001). At 3-month follow-up of survivors with A(H1N1), ground-glass opacities were still present, although diminished, in 85.7%, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was mildly reduced in 61.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Ground-glass opacities and decreased diffusing capacity were the main abnormalities observed at 3-month follow-up of survivors of A(H1N1). url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369211602419 doi: 10.1378/chest.10-1036 id: cord-348823-u2gm3kyh author: Baksh, Mizba title: A Systematic Review of Cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date: 2020-05-18 words: 2249 sentences: 116 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348823-u2gm3kyh.txt summary: About 80% of COVID-19 infections are mild or asymptomatic and never require hospitalization but about 5% of patients become critically ill and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The widely used management for ARDS in COVID-19 has been in line with the standard approach, but the need to adjust the treatment protocols has been questioned based on the reports of higher mortality risk among those requiring mechanical ventilation. Although some antimalarial and antiviral drugs may prove effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), their safety and efficacy are still under clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review of case reports on ARDS in SARS-CoV-2 infection to summarize the clinical presentation, laboratory and chest imaging findings, management protocols, and outcome of ARDS in COVID-19-positive patients. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series abstract: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic after it spread to 213 countries and has the highest total number of cases worldwide. About 80% of COVID-19 infections are mild or asymptomatic and never require hospitalization but about 5% of patients become critically ill and develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The widely used management for ARDS in COVID-19 has been in line with the standard approach, but the need to adjust the treatment protocols has been questioned based on the reports of higher mortality risk among those requiring mechanical ventilation. Treatment options for this widespread disease are limited and there are no definitive therapies or vaccines until now. Although some antimalarial and antiviral drugs may prove effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), their safety and efficacy are still under clinical trials. We conducted a systematic review of case reports on ARDS in SARS-CoV-2 infection to summarize the clinical presentation, laboratory and chest imaging findings, management protocols, and outcome of ARDS in COVID-19-positive patients. We need more data and established studies for the effective management of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and to reduce mortality in high-risk patients. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8188 doi: 10.7759/cureus.8188 id: cord-276927-rxudwp2v author: Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title: Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2012-08-23 words: 7991 sentences: 374 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276927-rxudwp2v.txt summary: Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians'' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . abstract: This paper, based on relevant literature articles and the authors' clinical experience, presents a goal-oriented respiratory management for critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that can help improve clinicians' ability to care for these patients. Early recognition of ARDS modified risk factors and avoidance of aggravating factors during hospital stay such as nonprotective mechanical ventilation, multiple blood products transfusions, positive fluid balance, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and gastric aspiration can help decrease its incidence. An early extensive clinical, laboratory, and imaging evaluation of “at risk patients” allows a correct diagnosis of ARDS, assessment of comorbidities, and calculation of prognostic indices, so that a careful treatment can be planned. Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Revaluation of ARDS patients on the third day of evolution (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), biomarkers and response to infection therapy) allows changes in the initial treatment plans and can help decrease ARDS mortality. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/952168 doi: 10.1155/2012/952168 id: cord-308402-37i62atc author: Barnes, Betsy J. title: Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps date: 2020-04-16 words: 3924 sentences: 253 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308402-37i62atc.txt summary: In this Perspective, autopsy results and literature are presented supporting the hypothesis that a little known yet powerful function of neutrophils—the ability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—may contribute to organ damage and mortality in COVID-19. Furthermore, neutrophils from patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS appear "primed" to form NETs, and both the extent of priming and the level of NETs in blood correlate with disease severity and mortality (Adrover et al., 2020; Bendib et al., 2019; Ebrahimi et al., 2018; Lefrançais et al., 2018; Mikacenic et al., 2018) . NETs and excessive thrombosis Acute cardiac and kidney injuries are common in patients with severe COVID-19 and contribute to the mortality of this disease (Bonow et al., 2020) . Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel, viral-induced respiratory disease that in ∼10–15% of patients progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) triggered by a cytokine storm. In this Perspective, autopsy results and literature are presented supporting the hypothesis that a little known yet powerful function of neutrophils—the ability to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)—may contribute to organ damage and mortality in COVID-19. We show lung infiltration of neutrophils in an autopsy specimen from a patient who succumbed to COVID-19. We discuss prior reports linking aberrant NET formation to pulmonary diseases, thrombosis, mucous secretions in the airways, and cytokine production. If our hypothesis is correct, targeting NETs directly and/or indirectly with existing drugs may reduce the clinical severity of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302401/ doi: 10.1084/jem.20200652 id: cord-328996-3sf2i45r author: Barthélémy, Romain title: Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-06 words: 1161 sentences: 100 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328996-3sf2i45r.txt summary: title: Efficacy of Almitrine in The Treatment of Hypoxemia in Sars-Cov-2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome This monocenter retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association between almitrine 19 introduction and improvement of oxygenation in Sars-Cov-2 ARDS. Inclusion criteria in the study were: admission for respiratory failure, a diagnosis of ARDS 24 according to Berlin criteria 8 , laboratory confirmed Sars-Cov-2 infection, almitrine infusion in 25 ICU. In our 73 observational study, almitrine was associated with an increase in PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio after 74 treatment. Furthermore, despite an associated improvement in PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, the majority 76 of patients receiving almitrine went on to needing additional rescue interventions or died. 77 This may be explained by the fact that, in our study, almitrine has been used as a rescue 78 therapy in severe patients with worsening hypoxemia and very low PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369220316433?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.573 id: cord-006181-fkh2fzbr author: Bednarczyk, Joseph M. title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for blastomycosis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case series date: 2015-04-08 words: 3529 sentences: 232 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006181-fkh2fzbr.txt summary: This report describes the clinical course of four consecutive patients with blastomycosis-related ARDS treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during 2009-2014. 3 Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been utilized for the management of severe ARDS to facilitate gas exchange, allow lung rest by deescalation of ventilatory support, and provide time for resolution of the underlying disease. 7 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is generally considered in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia or hypercapnia despite a lung protective ventilation strategy or in those where the maintenance of adequate gas exchange requires potentially injurious applied volumes or pressures. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be an effective treatment modality for patients with blastomycosis-related ARDS and refractory hypoxemia despite optimal mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in fulminant blastomycosis in Germany abstract: PURPOSE: Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus endemic to North America capable of causing fatal respiratory failure. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicates up to 10% of pulmonary blastomycosis in hospitalized patients and carries a mortality of 50-90%. This report describes the clinical course of four consecutive patients with blastomycosis-related ARDS treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during 2009-2014. CLINICAL FEATURES: Four adults were referred from northwestern Ontario, Canada with progressive respiratory illnesses. All patients developed diffuse bilateral opacities on chest radiography and required mechanical ventilation within 6-72 hr. Patients satisfied Berlin criteria for severe ARDS with trough P(a)O(2)/F(i)O(2) ratios of 44-61 on positive end-expiratory pressure of 12-24 cm H(2)O. Wet mount microscopy from respiratory samples showed broad-based yeast consistent with B.dermatitidis. Despite lung protective ventilation strategies with maximal F(i)O(2) (patients A-D), neuromuscular blockade (patients A-D), inhaled nitric oxide (patients A and D), and prone positioning (patient D), progressive hypoxemia resulted in initiation of venovenous ECMO by hours 24-90 of mechanical ventilation with subsequent de-escalation of ventilatory support. In all four cases, ECMO decannulation was performed (7-23 days), mechanical ventilation was withdrawn (18-52 days), and the patients survived to hospital discharge (31-87 days). CONCLUSION: This report describes the successful application of ECMO as rescue therapy in aid of four patients with refractory blastomycosis-associated ARDS. In addition to early appropriate antimicrobial therapy, transfer to an institution experienced with ECMO should be considered when caring for patients from endemic areas with rapidly progressive respiratory failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100112/ doi: 10.1007/s12630-015-0378-z id: cord-339128-npfoircv author: Blair, Robert V. title: Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys but not Rhesus Macaques date: 2020-11-07 words: 3097 sentences: 166 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339128-npfoircv.txt summary: Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. This study demonstrates that following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 aged AGMs develop a spectrum of disease, from mild to severe COVID-19, which in some cases progress to ARDS. abstract: SARS-CoV-2 induces a wide range of disease severity ranging from asymptomatic infection, to a life-threating illness, particularly in the elderly and persons with comorbid conditions. Among those persons with serious COVID-19 disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and often fatal presentation. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifest severe disease are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 induced ARDS and evaluate therapeutic strategies. Here we report ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that demonstrated pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. We found dramatic increases in circulating cytokines in three of four infected, aged AGMs but not in infected RMs. All of the AGMs showed increased levels of plasma IL-6 compared to baseline, a predictive marker and presumptive therapeutic target in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Together, our results show that both RM and AGM are capable of modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that aged AGMs may be useful for modeling severe disease manifestations including ARDS. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002944020304971?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.016 id: cord-278249-vvhq9vgp author: Blot, Mathieu title: CXCL10 could drive longer duration of mechanical ventilation during COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-02 words: 6238 sentences: 346 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278249-vvhq9vgp.txt summary: In addition, since most patients need to undergo mechanical ventilation in this context, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) could exacerbate tissue damage as well as local and systemic inflammation, thus acting as a "second hit." Our team has previously shown that mitochondrial alarmins (i.e., mitochondrial DNA) are released by human epithelial cells submitted to cyclic stretch, and these alarmins are also recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from either ventilated rabbits or ARDS patients. This comprehensive evaluation of systemic and pulmonary immune response showed that the higher CXCL10 concentrations in both the systemic and alveolar compartments of patients with COVID-19 ARDS were associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Finally, in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, higher mitochondrial DNA concentrations in the plasma and ELF compartment were highly correlated with alveolar inflammation, as assessed by BALF cell count and ELF IL-8 and IL-1β concentrations. abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19-related ARDS has unique features when compared with ARDS from other origins, suggesting a distinctive inflammatory pathogenesis. Data regarding the host response within the lung are sparse. The objective is to compare alveolar and systemic inflammation response patterns, mitochondrial alarmin release, and outcomes according to ARDS etiology (i.e., COVID-19 vs. non-COVID-19). METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma were obtained from 7 control, 7 non-COVID-19 ARDS, and 14 COVID-19 ARDS patients. Clinical data, plasma, and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of 45 inflammatory mediators and cell-free mitochondrial DNA were measured and compared. RESULTS: COVID-19 ARDS patients required mechanical ventilation (MV) for significantly longer, even after adjustment for potential confounders. There was a trend toward higher concentrations of plasma CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL10, CD40 ligand, IL-10, and GM-CSF, and ELF concentrations of CXCL1, CXCL10, granzyme B, TRAIL, and EGF in the COVID-19 ARDS group compared with the non-COVID-19 ARDS group. Plasma and ELF CXCL10 concentrations were independently associated with the number of ventilator-free days, without correlation between ELF CXCL-10 and viral load. Mitochondrial DNA plasma and ELF concentrations were elevated in all ARDS patients, with no differences between the two groups. ELF concentrations of mitochondrial DNA were correlated with alveolar cell counts, as well as IL-8 and IL-1β concentrations. CONCLUSION: CXCL10 could be one key mediator involved in the dysregulated immune response. It should be evaluated as a candidate biomarker that may predict the duration of MV in COVID-19 ARDS patients. Targeting the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis could also be considered as a new therapeutic approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03955887 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33138839/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03328-0 id: cord-261370-jp5sqqwc author: Bollag, Wendy B. title: Phosphatidylglycerol and Surfactant: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19? date: 2020-09-16 words: 4096 sentences: 177 pages: flesch: 33 cache: ./cache/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261370-jp5sqqwc.txt summary: It is thought that surfactant, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intratracheal administration to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in infants, could benefit COVID-19-infected individuals by: (1) restoring surfactant damaged by lung infection and/or decreased due to the virus-induced death of the type II pneumocytes that produce it and (2) reducing surface tension to decrease the work of breathing and limit pulmonary edema. In addition, a constituent of surfactant, phosphatidylglycerol, could mitigate COVID-19-induced lung pathology by: (3) decreasing excessive innate immune system activation via its inhibition of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 activation by microbial components and cellular proteins released by damaged cells, thereby limiting inflammation and the resultant pulmonary edema, and (4) possibly blocking spread of the viral infection to non-infected cells in the lung. abstract: A hypothesis concerning the potential utility of surfactant supplementation for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 is proposed, along with a brief summary of the data in the literature supporting this idea. It is thought that surfactant, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intratracheal administration to treat neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in infants, could benefit COVID-19-infected individuals by: (1) restoring surfactant damaged by lung infection and/or decreased due to the virus-induced death of the type II pneumocytes that produce it and (2) reducing surface tension to decrease the work of breathing and limit pulmonary edema. In addition, a constituent of surfactant, phosphatidylglycerol, could mitigate COVID-19-induced lung pathology by: (3) decreasing excessive innate immune system activation via its inhibition of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 activation by microbial components and cellular proteins released by damaged cells, thereby limiting inflammation and the resultant pulmonary edema, and (4) possibly blocking spread of the viral infection to non-infected cells in the lung. Therefore, it is suggested that surfactant preparations containing phosphatidylglycerol be tested for their ability to improve lung function in critically ill patients with COVID-19. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0306987720320454 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110277 id: cord-291481-ov1gkgpc author: Bonizzoli, Manuela title: Human herpesviruses respiratory infections in patients with acute respiratory distress (ARDS) date: 2016-05-02 words: 4998 sentences: 249 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291481-ov1gkgpc.txt summary: In patients requiring mechanical ventilation, herpesviruses, mainly HSV1 and hCMV, may be frequently detected from either upper or lower respiratory tract Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is today a leading cause of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU). A higher ICU mortality was significantly related to the presence of herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract as well as to impaired immunophenotype, as patients with poor outcome showed severe lymphopenia, affecting in particular T (CD3+) cells, since the first days of ICU hospitalization. One hundred and eight clinical samples from upper and lower respiratory tract from the 54 ICU patients were analyzed to detect influenza and other respiratory viruses and a group of herpesviruses (EBV, hCMV and HSV1). This report concerns a group of 54 patients admitted to ICU because of ARDS with unknown causative agent; 19 of them were infected by influenza virus, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA in both upper and lower respiratory tract samples. abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is today a leading cause of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU). ARDS and pneumonia are closely related to critically ill patients; however, the etiologic agent is not always identified. The presence of human herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus in respiratory samples of critically ill patients is increasingly reported even without canonical immunosuppression. The main aim of this study was to better understand the significance of herpesviruses finding in lower respiratory tract of ARDS patients hospitalized in ICU. The presence of this group of herpesviruses, in addition to the research of influenza viruses and other common respiratory viruses, was investigated in respiratory samples from 54 patients hospitalized in ICU, without a known microbiological causative agent. Moreover, the immunophenotype of each patient was analyzed. Herpesviruses DNA presence in the lower respiratory tract seemed not attributable to an impaired immunophenotype, whereas a significant correlation was observed between herpesviruses positivity and influenza virus infection. A higher ICU mortality was significantly related to the presence of herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract as well as to impaired immunophenotype, as patients with poor outcome showed severe lymphopenia, affecting in particular T (CD3+) cells, since the first days of ICU hospitalization. In conclusion, these results indicate that herpesviruses lower respiratory tract infection, which occurs more frequently following influenza virus infection, can be a negative prognostic marker. An independent risk factor for ICU patients with ARDS is an impaired immunophenotype. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0456-z doi: 10.1007/s00430-016-0456-z id: cord-012587-h3c9novk author: Bos, Lieuwe D. J. title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management date: 2020-09-17 words: 1457 sentences: 91 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012587-h3c9novk.txt summary: title: Subphenotyping Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19: Consequences for Ventilator Management Most patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe COVID-19 meet the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and proven therapies for ARDS not related to COVID-19 are likely effective in these patients as well. Based on these preliminary data, we conclude that compliance and an estimation of lung weight do not correlate in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS. ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease. Personalised mechanical ventilation tailored to lung morphology versus low positive endexpiratory pressure for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in France (the LIVE study): a multicentre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7462326/ doi: 10.1513/annalsats.202004-376rl id: cord-012010-5h2ox3hu author: Bos, Lieuwe D.J. title: Response to “COVID-19 conundrum: Clinical phenotyping based on pathophysiology as a promising approach to guide therapy in a novel illness” and “Strengthening the foundation of the house of CARDS by phenotyping on the fly” and “COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading?” date: 2020-08-03 words: 2153 sentences: 117 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012010-5h2ox3hu.txt summary: take issue with our interpretation of the respiratory physiology of COVID-19, arguing that it is based merely on "small cohort studies," instead arguing that "a high proportion of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients exhibit near-normal lung compliance." [1] Yet the low respiratory compliance of COVID19 patients has now been extensively demonstrated by studies totaling more than 800 COVID-19 patients [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] , including a direct comparison with non-COVID ARDS patients that revealed no difference in respiratory compliance. In his response to our Editorial, Dr. Rajendram reveals a curious misinterpretation of our Editorial: "Thus, whilst the net effect of the ARDSNet protocol is beneficial at the level of the study population, theoretically, it may harm select patients… contrary to the opinions of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and Bos and colleagues, the ARDSNet protocol is not a panacea." Putting aside the wishful thinking of a supportive intervention functioning as a "panacea" for a condition with persistent mortality of 30-40%, the correspondent (along with Drs. Cherian et al.) seems to think that we dispute the heterogeneity of ARDS, and advocate for a "one-size-fits-all" approach to its clinical management. abstract: We argue that phenotyping of COVID-19 related ARDS should be done using careful, data-driven approaches. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7397944/ doi: 10.1183/13993003.02756-2020 id: cord-284332-p4c1fneh author: Bosma, Karen J. title: Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date: 2012-09-19 words: 14516 sentences: 721 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284332-p4c1fneh.txt summary: [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. abstract: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arises from direct and indirect injury to the lungs and results in a life-threatening form of respiratory failure in a heterogeneous, critically ill patient population. Critical care technologies used to support patients with ARDS, including strategies for mechanical ventilation, have resulted in improved outcomes in the last decade. However, there is still a need for effective pharmacotherapies to treat ARDS, as mortality rates remain high. To date, no single pharmacotherapy has proven effective in decreasing mortality in adult patients with ARDS, although exogenous surfactant replacement has been shown to reduce mortality in the paediatric population with ARDS from direct causes. Several promising therapies are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials for treatment of ARDS in its acute and subacute, exudative phases. These include exogenous surfactant therapy, β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, antioxidants, immunomodulating agents and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Recent research has also focused on prevention of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress in patients at risk. Drugs such as captopril, rosiglitazone and incyclinide (COL-3), a tetracycline derivative, have shown promising results in animal models, but have not yet been tested clinically. Further research is needed to discover therapies to treat ARDS in its late, fibroproliferative phase. Given the vast number of negative clinical trials to date, it is unlikely that a single pharmacotherapy will effectively treat all patients with ARDS from differing causes. Future randomized controlled trials should target specific, more homogeneous subgroups of patients for single or combination therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568833/ doi: 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 id: cord-349329-f0pbd968 author: Bosteels, Cedric title: Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-06-05 words: 12411 sentences: 618 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt summary: -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). abstract: OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis of the proposed intervention is that Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has profound effects on antiviral immunity, and can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury post COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, that lead to a 25% improvement in lung oxygenation parameters. Sargramostim is a man-made form of the naturally-occurring protein GM-CSF. TRIAL DESIGN: A phase 4 academic, prospective, 2 arm (1:1 ratio), randomized, open-label, controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 18-80 years admitted to specialized COVID-19 wards in 5 Belgian hospitals with recent (< 2 weeks prior to randomization) confirmed COVID-19 infection and acute respiratory failure defined as a PaO2/FiO2 below 350 mmHg or SpO2 below 93% on minimal 2 L/min supplemental oxygen. Patients were excluded from the trial in case of (1) known serious allergic reactions to yeast-derived products, (2) lithium carbonate therapy, (3) mechanical ventilation prior to randomization, (4) peripheral white blood cell count above 25.000/μL and/or active myeloid malignancy, (5) high dose systemic steroid therapy (> 20 mg methylprednisolone or equivalent), (6) enrolment in another investigational study, (7) pregnant or breastfeeding or (8) ferritin levels > 2000 μg/mL. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Inhaled sargramostim 125 μg twice daily for 5 days in addition to standard care. Upon progression of disease requiring mechanical ventilation or to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and initiation of mechanical ventilator support within the 5 day period, inhaled sargramostim will be replaced by intravenous sargramostim 125 μg/m(2) body surface area once daily until the 5 day period is reached. From day 6 onwards, progressive patients in the active group will have the option to receive an additional 5 days of IV sargramostim, based on the treating physician's assessment. Intervention will be compared to standard of care. Subjects progressing to ARDS and requiring invasive mechanical ventilatory support, from day 6 onwards in the standard of care group will have the option (clinician's decision) to initiate IV sargramostim 125m μg/m(2) body surface area once daily for 5 days. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of inhaled (and intravenous) treatment through assessment of a change in pretreatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2 and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient (PAO2= Partial alveolar pressure of oxygen, PaO2=Partial arterial pressure of oxygen; FiO2= Fraction of inspired oxygen). RANDOMISATION: Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio. Randomization will be done using REDCap (electronic IWRS system). BLINDING (MASKING): In this open-label trial neither participants, caregivers, nor those assessing the outcomes will be blinded to group assignment. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): A total of 80 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure will be enrolled, 40 in the active and 40 in the control group. TRIAL STATUS: SARPAC protocol Version 2.0 (April 15 2020). Participant recruitment is ongoing in 5 Belgian Hospitals (i.e. University Hospital Ghent, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges, AZ Delta Roeselare, University Hospital Brussels and ZNA Middelheim Antwerp). Participant recruitment started on March 26(th) 2020. Given the current decline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, it is difficult to anticipate the rate of participant recruitment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered on Clinical Trials.gov on March 30(th), 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04326920) - retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04326920?term=sarpac&recrs=ab&draw=2&rank=1 and on EudraCT on March 24th, 2020 (Identifier: 2020-001254-22). FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32503663/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04451-7 id: cord-017854-ff3gm50j author: Bromberg, Z. title: Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammation date: 2007 words: 2408 sentences: 152 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017854-ff3gm50j.txt summary: Most HSPs are constitutively and ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperones that guide the normal folding, intracellular disposition, and proteolytic turnover of many of the key regulators of cell growth and survival [14] . Thus, the protective process involves the interaction of many different HSPs. For example, HSP90, which comprises 1-2% of total cellular protein in non-stress conditions [15] , supports meta-stable protein conformations and expresses a high affinity binding state to hormone receptors. Several in vitro models have proven that heat shock or elevated levels of HSP70 suppresses NF-κB activity and that this inhibition of NF-κB results in a general reduction in the inflammatory response [44, 46, 71, 73] . Major heat shock protein hsp70 protects tumor cells from tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity Anti-inflammatory effect of heat shock protein induction is related to stabilization of I kappa B alpha through preventing I kappa B kinase activation in respiratory epithelial cells abstract: HSPs are important mediators of a number of key intracellular reactions. Of importance to the care of the critically ill are their involvement in protein repair and tertiary structure. HSP70 is known to modulate inflammation and apoptosis. In models of acute lung injury and ARDS, over-expression of HSP70 improves outcome, ameliorates lung injury and attenuates inflammation. The involvement of HSP70 in other aspects of lung injury and in other components of MODS is under investigation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122530/ doi: 10.1007/3-540-30328-6_8 id: cord-018685-i7s04fh5 author: Bromberg, Z. title: Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury date: 2007 words: 3735 sentences: 229 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018685-i7s04fh5.txt summary: Following injury, regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells proceeds via an organized paradigm where ATII cells and other specific stem cells appear to function as progenitor cells for ATI cells [16 -17] (Fig. 1 ). Cyclin A/cdk2 accumulates during S phase and its activation triggers the transition to G2, a phase characterized by the accumulation of cyclin B/cdc2, which results in the inhibition of DNA replication, cell growth and new protein synthesis [26, 27] The Wnt/␤catenin Cell Signaling Pathway An activated form of q -catenin was expressed in respiratory epithelial cells of the developing lung. Activation of q -catenin caused ectopic differentiation of ATII-like cells in conducting airways, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airspace enlargement, demonstrating a critical role for the Wnt/ q -catenin signal transduction pathway in the differentiation of the respiratory epithelium in the postnatal lung [31] . Pulmonary edema fluid from patients with acute lung injury augments in vitro alveolar epithelial repair by an IL-1beta-dependent mechanism abstract: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a lethal inflammatory disorder of the lung. Its incidence is estimated at 75 cases per 100,000 population and appears to be increasing [1]. Even with optimal treatment, mortality is about 30% [1–3]. As such, ARDS represents a major public health problem. The effects of two recent crises created by unusual viral infections of the respiratory tract — the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic caused by the novel SARS coronavirus [4], [5] and the bird flu [6] highlight the importance of research into ARDS. Both viruses cause an ARDS-like picture. Because lung repair and regeneration contribute substantially to the pathophysiology of ARDS, understanding these processes is essential [7]. This chapter focuses on specific cell populations and markers involved in cell division and regeneration. In addition, a brief review of two pathways intimately associated with cell division is provided because of their potential for pharmacologic manipulation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123631/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-49433-1_28 id: cord-346230-39oo7vnq author: Byrne, J. D. title: Prophylaxis with tetracyclines in ARDS: Potential therapy for COVID-19-induced ARDS? date: 2020-07-28 words: 1441 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346230-39oo7vnq.txt summary: Here, we present a retrospective multi-institutional cohort study evaluating ventilatory status in patients who had taken a tetracycline antibiotic within a year prior to diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Minocycline or doxycycline treatment within a year prior to ARDS diagnosis was associated with a 75% reduced likelihood for mechanical ventilation during hospital stay. In this retrospective multi-institutional cohort study, we aimed to assess whether prophylactic use of either minocycline, doxycycline, or tetracycline could reduce the concomitant requirement for ventilatory support and duration of ICU stay among ARDS patients. Minocycline (p = 0.037) or doxycycline (p = 0.035) treatment within a year prior to ARDS diagnosis was associated with a 75% reduced likelihood for mechanical ventilation during hospital stay (Figure 1, A) . Similarly, treatment effects regression modeling indicated that minocycline (p = 0.004), doxycycline (p = 0.04), and tetracycline (p < 0.001) therapy corresponded to significant reductions in duration of mechanical ventilation in ARDS patients. abstract: There is an immediate need for therapies related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially candidate drugs that possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects with low toxicity profiles. We hypothesized the application of pleiotropic tetracyclines as potential therapeutic candidates. Here, we present a retrospective multi-institutional cohort study evaluating ventilatory status in patients who had taken a tetracycline antibiotic within a year prior to diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The primary outcomes were the need for mechanical ventilation and duration of mechanical ventilation. The secondary outcome was the duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Data was evaluated using logistic regression and treatment effects regression models. Minocycline or doxycycline treatment within a year prior to ARDS diagnosis was associated with a 75% reduced likelihood for mechanical ventilation during hospital stay. Furthermore, tetracycline antibiotic therapy corresponded to significant reductions in duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in ARDS patients. These data suggest tetracyclines may provide prophylactic benefit in reducing ventilatory support for ARDS patients and support further evaluation in a randomized prospective trial. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.22.20154542 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.22.20154542 id: cord-322887-md446f9p author: Carver, Catherine title: Cardiac injury and ARDS meta-analysis validity – Correspondence in response to Santoso et al. date: 2020-06-27 words: 540 sentences: 28 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322887-md446f9p.txt summary: This paper was of note to us because it included a meta-analysis on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac injury, based on two papers -one by Shi (2) and another by Wu (3). On reading the paper by Wu, we have significant concerns about the inclusion of this study in Santoso''s meta-analysis as we believe it currently underpins an inaccurate conclusion that cardiac injury is not significantly associated with increased risk of ARDS in COVID-19 by Santoso. However, from what we currently have access to, it seems most likely that Santoso''s meta-analysis for ARDS has been based on composite endpoint data. Moreover, the conclusion of Santoso runs counter to Shi''s JAMA Cardiology paper, which was the other paper included in Santoso''s meta-analysis, which did report on purely ARDS cases and cardiac injury and did find a statistically significant association. Cardiac injury is associated with mortality and critically ill pneumonia in COVID-19: A meta-analysis abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.028 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.028 id: cord-315866-6vcts4w3 author: Chan, KC Allen title: Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study date: 2005-04-09 words: 2555 sentences: 137 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315866-6vcts4w3.txt summary: title: Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study Thus, we have investigated the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the progression to ARDS or requirement of intensive care in SARS patients. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and the allelic frequencies of the ACE I/D polymorphism between the SARS patients and the healthy control subjects. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the association of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the 287 bp Alu repeat to the susceptibility to SARS and the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with a larger population. The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of ACE I/D polymorphism in the SARS patients and control subjects are shown in table 2. abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that genetic predisposition may influence the susceptibility to SARS-coronavirus infection and disease outcomes. A recent study has suggested that the deletion allele (D allele) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with hypoxemia in SARS patients. Moreover, the ACE D allele has been shown to be more prevalent in patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a previous study. Thus, we have investigated the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the progression to ARDS or requirement of intensive care in SARS patients. METHOD: One hundred and forty genetically unrelated Chinese SARS patients and 326 healthy volunteers were recruited. The ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: There is no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and the allelic frequencies of the ACE I/D polymorphism between the SARS patients and the healthy control subjects. Moreover, there is also no evidence that ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with the progression to ARDS or the requirement of intensive care in the SARS patients. In multivariate logistic analysis, age is the only factor associated with the development of ARDS while age and male sex are independent factors associated with the requirement of intensive care. CONCLUSION: The ACE I/D polymorphism is not directly related to increased susceptibility to SARS-coronavirus infection and is not associated with poor outcomes after SARS-coronavirus infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15819995/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-26 id: cord-282547-ehr9aaix author: Chang, Jae C. title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as an Organ Phenotype of Vascular Microthrombotic Disease: Based on Hemostatic Theory and Endothelial Molecular Pathogenesis date: 2019-11-28 words: 11511 sentences: 637 pages: flesch: 33 cache: ./cache/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282547-ehr9aaix.txt summary: 7 Recently, two proposed hemostatic mechanisms have opened the door in the understanding of ARDS from molecular pathogenesis associated with endotheliopathy that promotes inflammation and coagulation disorder in sepsis and other critical illnesses [8] [9] [10] [11] ; one is "two-activation theory of the endothelium" in which endothelial pathogenesis activates inflammatory pathway and microthrombotic pathway and the other is a novel "two-path unifying theory" of hemostasis in which hemostasis initiates thrombogenesis and promotes microthrombogenesis, leading to vascular microthrombotic disease (VMTD). ARDS indicates acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIT, disseminated intravascular thrombosis; EA-VMTD, endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease; ECs, endothelial cells; HC, hepatic coagulopathy; MAHA/aMAHA, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia/atypical microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; MODS: multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; MOF, multi-organ failure; TMA, thrombotic microangiopathy; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; ULVWF, unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers activates ULVWF path, but TF path is not activated if subendothelial tissue (SET)/extravascular tissue (EVT) illustrated in Figure 2 is not compromised. abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening noncardiogenic circulatory disorder of the lungs associated with critical illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, and immune and collagen vascular disease. Its mortality rate is marginally improved with the best supportive care. The demise occurs due to progressive pulmonary hypoxia and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with severe inflammation. Complement activation is a part of immune response against pathogen or insult in which membrane attack complex (MAC) is formed and eliminates microbes. If complement regulatory protein such as endothelial CD59 is underexpressed, MAC may also cause pulmonary vascular injury to the innocent bystander endothelial cell of host and provokes endotheliopathy that causes inflammation and pulmonary vascular microthrombosis, leading to ARDS. Its pathogenesis is based on a novel “two-path unifying theory” of hemostasis and “two-activation theory of the endothelium” promoting molecular pathogenesis. Endotheliopathy activates two independent molecular pathways: inflammatory and microthrombotic. The former triggers the release inflammatory cytokines and the latter promotes exocytosis of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (ULVWF) and platelet activation. Inflammatory pathway initiates inflammation, but microthrombotic pathway more seriously produces “microthrombi strings” composed of platelet-ULVWF complexes, which become anchored on the injured endothelial cells, and causes disseminated intravascular microthrombosis (DIT). DIT is a hemostatic disease due to lone activation of ULVWF path without activated tissue factor path. It leads to endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (EA-VMTD), which orchestrates consumptive thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and MODS. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome is the hematologic phenotype of EA-VMTD. ARDS is one of organ phenotypes among MODS associated with TTP-like syndrome. The most effective treatment of ARDS can be achieved by counteracting the activated microthrombotic pathway based on two novel hemostatic theories. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31775524/ doi: 10.1177/1076029619887437 id: cord-343743-6k3soh1l author: Chaudhary, Sachin title: Antifibrotics in COVID-19 Lung Disease: Let Us Stay Focused date: 2020-09-09 words: 3348 sentences: 169 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343743-6k3soh1l.txt summary: Among the many excellent ongoing studies with good preclinical data in appropriate animal models, some arising directly from recent clinical observations, we were surprised to see studies proposing to use the FDA-approved anti-fibrotic therapies (nintedanib NCT04338802 and pirfenidone NCT04282902) for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we posit that, unlike patients with IPF, the COVID-19 survivors will follow a familiar course of intense pulmonary inflammation, leading to mild scarring and near-normal lung function recovery over time. Fewer studies are available for outcomes in MERS, but similar to other causes of viral-induced lung injury, MERS survivors have a reduced quality of life (21) , and the pulmonary sequelae from MERS are mild. Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge abstract: After decades of research, two therapies for chronic fibrotic lung disease are now approved by the FDA, with dozens more anti-fibrotic therapies in the pipeline. A great deal of enthusiasm has been generated for the use of these drugs, which are by no means curative but clearly have a favorable impact on lung function decline over time. Amidst a flurry of newly developed and repurposed drugs to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its accompanying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), few have emerged as effective. Historically, survivors of severe viral pneumonia and related acute lung injury with ARDS often have near full recovery of lung function. While the pathological findings of the lungs of patients with COVID-19 can be diverse, current reports have shown significant lung fibrosis predominantly in autopsy studies. There is growing enthusiasm to study anti-fibrotic therapy for inevitable lung fibrosis, and clinical trials are underway using currently FDA-approved anti-fibrotic therapies. Given the relatively favorable outcomes of survivors of virus-mediated ARDS and the low prevalence of clinically meaningful lung fibrosis in survivors, this perspective examines if there is a rationale for testing these repurposed antifibrotic agents in COVID-19-associated lung disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072773/ doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00539 id: cord-002540-hgx0bfbz author: Chen, Chaolei title: Can glypican-3 be a disease-specific biomarker? date: 2017-05-16 words: 3085 sentences: 147 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002540-hgx0bfbz.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface-bound proteoglycan which has been identified as a potential biomarker candidate in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of our review is to evaluate whether GPC3 has utility as a disease-specific biomarker, to discuss the potential involvement of GPC3 in cell biology, and to consider the changes of GPC3 gene and protein expression and regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, severe pneumonia, and ARDS. Specific role of GPC3 in cancer and inflammatory disease at different times seems to have a clear and reasonable disease control, e.g., severe pneumonia with or without ARDS, or virus-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared with other liver diseases [3, 4] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface-bound proteoglycan which has been identified as a potential biomarker candidate in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of our review is to evaluate whether GPC3 has utility as a disease-specific biomarker, to discuss the potential involvement of GPC3 in cell biology, and to consider the changes of GPC3 gene and protein expression and regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, severe pneumonia, and ARDS. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical studies have suggested that over-expression of GPC3 is associated with a poorer prognosis for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Expression of GPC3 leads to an increased apoptosis response in human lung carcinoma tumor cells, and is considered to be a candidate lung tumor suppressor gene. Increased serum levels of GPC3 have been demonstrated in ARDS patients with severe pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Glypican-3 could be considered as a clinically useful biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma, lung carcinoma, and ARDS, but further research is needed to confirm and expand on these findings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433957/ doi: 10.1186/s40169-017-0146-5 id: cord-334528-xenq90xj author: Chen, Hsing I title: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date: 2011-03-17 words: 5307 sentences: 380 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334528-xenq90xj.txt summary: This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be associated with various disorders. Recent investigation has involved clinical studies in collaboration with clinical investigators and pathologists on the pathogenetic mechanisms of ALI or ARDS caused by various disorders. This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783284/ doi: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 id: cord-002782-mena480g author: Chen, Jiajia title: Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) virus infection date: 2017-12-08 words: 3021 sentences: 179 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-002782-mena480g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002782-mena480g.txt summary: Our findings suggest that pulmonary function and imaging findings improved during the first 6 months especially for those with ARDS, however long-term lung disability and psychological impairment in H7N9 survivors persisted at 2 years after discharge from the hospital. In survivors of H5N1 virus infection, radiologic abnormalities including ground-glass opacities with a reticular pattern remained evident at the 12-month follow-up visit 10 . A study of the long-term outcomes of survivors with ARDS reported a mild restrictive pattern on lung-function testing, with a mild-to-moderate reduction in carbon monoxide diffusion capacity at 3 months; The median DLCO improved by 9% of the predicted value from 3 to 12 months 13 . A meta-analysis showed that recovery in the HRQoL of ARDS survivors occurred during the first 6 months after discharge 20 , but no significant improvement was evident at the 2-year follow-up in our study. Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge abstract: Patients who survive influenza A (H7N9) virus infection are at risk of physical and psychological complications of lung injury and multi-organ dysfunction. However, there were no prospectively individualized assessments of physiological, functional and quality-of-life measures after hospital discharge. The current study aims to assess the main determinants of functional disability of these patients during the follow-up. Fifty-six influenza A (H7N9) survivors were investigated during the 2-year after discharge from the hospital. Results show interstitial change and fibrosis on pulmonary imaging remained 6 months after hospital discharge. Both ventilation and diffusion dysfunction improved, but restrictive and obstructive patterns on ventilation function test persisted throughout the follow-up period. For patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome lung functions improved faster during the first six months. Role-physical and Role-emotional domains in the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey were worse than those of a sex- and age-matched general population group. The quality of life of survivors with ARDS was lower than those with no ARDS. Our findings suggest that pulmonary function and imaging findings improved during the first 6 months especially for those with ARDS, however long-term lung disability and psychological impairment in H7N9 survivors persisted at 2 years after discharge from the hospital. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722861/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17497-6 id: cord-336159-w646qkjz author: Chen, Wei title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 date: 2015-10-30 words: 3562 sentences: 182 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336159-w646qkjz.txt summary: title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. An abrupt decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate in 2003 was coincident with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that year. 42, [44] [45] [46] Interestingly, in the current study, there was an abrupt decrease in mortality in 2003, which coincided with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Asia 22 and an increase in incidence of ARDS (Fig. 1A) . Clinical epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes Acute respiratory distress syndrome: estimated incidence and mortality rate in a 5 millionperson population base abstract: Most epidemiological studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been conducted in western countries, and studies in Asia are limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate the incidence, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality of ARDS in Taiwan. We conducted a nationwide inpatient cohort study based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 1997 and 2011. A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. The overall crude incidence of ARDS was 15.74 per 100,000 person-years, and increased from 2.53 to 19.26 per 100,000 person-years during the study period. The age-adjusted incidence of ARDS was 15.19 per 100,000 person-years. The overall in-hospital mortality was 57.8%. In-hospital mortality decreased from 59.7% in 1997 to 47.5% in 2011 (P < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate was lowest (33.5%) in the youngest patients (age 18–29 years) and highest (68.2%) in the oldest patients (>80 years, P < 0.001). The overall 1-year mortality rate was 72.1%, and decreased from 75.8% to 54.7% during the study period. Patients who died during hospitalization were older (69 ± 17 versus 62 ± 19, P < 0.001) and predominantly male (69.8% versus 65.3%, P < 0.001). In addition, patients who died during hospitalization had significantly higher medical costs (6421 versus 5825 US Dollars, P < 0.001) and shorter lengths of stay (13 versus 19 days, P < 0.001) than patients who survived. We provide the first large-scale epidemiological analysis of ARDS incidence and outcomes in Asia. Although the overall incidence was lower than has been reported in a prospective US study, this may reflect underdiagnosis by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition code and identification of only patients with more severe ARDS in this analysis. Overall, there has been a decreasing trend in in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates in recent years, likely because of the implementation of lung-protective ventilation. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001849 doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000001849 id: cord-344978-m672rnze author: Chen, Yuntian title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-06 words: 3966 sentences: 242 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344978-m672rnze.txt summary: title: A Quantitative and Radiomics approach to monitoring ARDS in COVID-19 patients based on chest CT: a retrospective cohort study Three different models were constructed by using the traditional quantitative imaging metrics, radiomics features and their combinations, respectively. In this study, we use quantitative data analysis of chest CT images to detect the existence of ARDS during the COVID-19 treatment. Our results showed that used radiomics or quantitative metrics to monitor the ARDS existence was feasible, which had expanded the effectiveness of CT scans during the COVID-19 treatment, although it is still in controversy for reasons of availability, cost, and increased risk of cross-infection and radiation dosage [23] . Our results showed that radiomics or traditional quantitative post-analysis on a CT image could add extra information of disease condition in COVID-19 patients. A noninvasive ARDS existence monitoring model was constructed by using quantitative and radiomics analysis of chest CT images for COVDI-19 patients. abstract: Rationale: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the major reasons for ventilation and intubation management of COVID-19 patients but there is no noninvasive imaging monitoring protocol for ARDS. In this study, we aimed to develop a noninvasive ARDS monitoring protocol based on traditional quantitative and radiomics approaches from chest CT. Methods: Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from Jan 20, 2020 to Mar 31, 2020 were enrolled in this study. Quantitative and radiomics data were extracted from automatically segmented regions of interest (ROIs) of infection regions in the lungs. ARDS existence was measured by Pa02/Fi02 <300 in artery blood samples. Three different models were constructed by using the traditional quantitative imaging metrics, radiomics features and their combinations, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the effectiveness of the models. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to test the clinical value of the proposed model. Results: The proposed models were constructed using 352 CT images from 86 patients. The median age was 49, and the male proportion was 61.9%. The training dataset and the validation dataset were generated by randomly sampling the patients with a 2:1 ratio. Chi-squared test showed that there was no significant difference in baseline of the enrolled patients between the training and validation datasets. The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of the traditional quantitative model, radiomics model and combined model in the validation dataset was 0.91, 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Accordingly, the sensitivities were 0.55, 0.82 and 0.58, while the specificities were 0.97, 0.86 and 0.98. The DCA curve showed that when threshold probability for a doctor or patients is within a range of 0 to 0.83, the combined model adds more net benefit than “treat all” or “treat none” strategies, while the traditional quantitative model and radiomics model could add benefit in all threshold probability. Conclusions: It is feasible to monitor ARDS from CT images using radiomics or traditional quantitative analysis in COVID-19. The radiomics model seems to be the most practical one for possible clinical use. Multi-center validation with a larger number of samples is recommended in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32714080/ doi: 10.7150/ijms.48432 id: cord-323566-jck799zq author: Cheung, Oi-Yee title: Acute Lung Injury date: 2017-11-05 words: 8311 sentences: 630 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323566-jck799zq.txt summary: Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histologic pattern of acute lung injury with a clinical presentation similar to that of classic DAD, in terms of both potential etiologic disorders and outcome. 104 Histologically, the disease is characterized by acute and organizing lung injury showing classic features (Fig. 6.34 ) of (1) alveolar septal edema, (2) eosinophilic airspace macrophages, (3) tissue and airspace eosinophils in variable numbers, and (4) marked reactive atypia of alveolar type II cells (eSlide 6.5). Considerations in the differential diagnosis include infection, connective tissue disease, acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), drug effect, and other causes of DAD. abstract: A wide variety of insults can produce acute lung damage, inclusive of those that injure the lungs directly. The clinical syndrome of acute onset respiratory distress, dyspnea, and bilateral infiltrates is referred to as acute respiratory distress syndrome. The histologic counterpart of acute respiratory distress syndrome is diffuse alveolar damage, classically characterized by hyaline membranes. Other histologic features of acute lung injury include intraalveolar fibrin, organization, interstitial edema, and reactive pneumocytes. Diffuse alveolar damage and other histologic features of acute lung injury are nonspecific as to etiology, and once identified require the pathologist to search the biopsy for further features that may help identify a specific etiology. This chapter reviews the temporal sequence of acute lung injury and explores the large variety of specific etiologic causes with emphasis on helpful histologic features to identify. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323442848000065 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 id: cord-304201-fziv9a9k author: Chiang, Chi-Huei title: Eight-Month Prospective Study of 14 Patients With Hospital-Acquired Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date: 2004-11-30 words: 4220 sentences: 229 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304201-fziv9a9k.txt summary: CONCLUSION The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with bilateral lung involvement on the initial chest radiograph and higher peak levels of LDH and CRP. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with bilateral lung involvement on the initial chest radiograph and higher peak levels of LDH and CRP. The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. Although several case series of SARS have been reported, 7-9 to our knowledge, a prospective clinical study including long-term follow-up assessment by chest radiography, chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and pulmonary function testing has not been reported, particularly for hospital-acquired cases. abstract: OBJECTIVE To define the clinical characteristics and clinical course of hospital-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). PATIENTS AND METHODS This 8-month prospective study of 14 patients with hospital-acquired SARS in Taipei, Taiwan, was conducted from April through December 2003. RESULTS The most common presenting symptoms in our 14 patients with hospital-acquired SARS were fever, dyspnea, dizziness, malaise, diarrhea, dry cough, muscle pain, and chills. Lymphopenia and elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were the most common initial laboratory findings. Initial chest radiographs revealed various pattern abnormalities and normal results. Five of the 14 patients required mechanical ventilation. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with bilateral lung involvement on the initial chest radiograph and higher peak levels of LDH and CRP. Clinical severity of disease varied from mild to severe. At 8 months after disease onset, patients with mild or moderate SARS had normal findings or only focal fibrosis on chest high-resolution computed tomography. However, bilateral fibrotic changes remained in the 4 patients who had recovered from severe SARS, 1 of whom had mild restrictive ventilatory impairment. One patient with severe SARS died; she was elderly and had other comorbidities. Five additional patients had reduced diffusing capacity. CONCLUSION The clinical picture of our patients presenting with hospital-acquired SARS revealed atypical pneumonia associated with lymphopenia, elevated serum levels of LDH, rapid clinical deterioration, and lack of response to empirical antibiotic therapy. Substantially elevated levels of LDH and CRP correlated with severe illness requiring mechanical ventilatory support. In those receiving mechanical ventilation, pulmonary function was only mildly reduced at 6 to 8 months after acute illness, consistent with the natural history of acute respiratory distress syndrome due to other causes. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619611621836 doi: 10.4065/79.11.1372 id: cord-016142-7j5cdt1b author: Chiang, Eddie T. title: Acute Lung Injury: The Injured Lung Endothelium, Therapeutic Strategies for Barrier Protection, and Vascular Biomarkers date: 2010-06-28 words: 16055 sentences: 658 pages: flesch: 28 cache: ./cache/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016142-7j5cdt1b.txt summary: In this chapter, we will (1) address the role of cytoskeletal rearrangement in mechanistic regulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function and permeability, (2) define current strategies designed to enhance the integrity of the lung vascular endothelium, and (3) identify vascular biomarkers and potential prognostic determinants of acute inflammation. Phosphorylation of the substrate myosin light chain (MLC) by nmMLCK is central to paracellular gap formation and increased permeability by many edemagenic agents, including thrombin [18] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [19] , both in vitro and in preclinical models of inflammatory lung injury. Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated pathways exert a prominent effect on barrier regulation in a time-and speciesspecific manner without significantly increasing MLC phosphorylation and without inducing formation of actin stress fibers, but with alterations in other components of the endothelial cytoskeleton [18, 83, 84] . abstract: The vascular endothelium can be considered as an organ/tissue which comprises a monolayer of endothelial cells which serve as a semipermeable cellular barrier separating the inner space of blood vessels from its surrounding tissue and to control the exchange of fluids and cells between the two compartments. Since the pulmonary circulation receives the entire cardiac output, the large surface area of the lung microvasculature is well suited for sensing mechanical, chemical, and cellular injury by inhaled or circulating substances. This endothelial barrier is dynamically regulated through exposure to these various stimuli of physiological and pathological origin and serves to regulate multiple key biological processes (including lung fluid balance and solute transport between vascular compartments). For example, an increase in vascular permeability is a necessary feature of the body’s defense mechanism to provide injured tissues with access to leucocytes, resulting in tissue edema due to fluid extravasation. However, during conditions of intense lung inflammation such as observed in acute lung injury or its severer form of acute respiratory distress syndrome, the large surface area becomes a liability and provides the opportunity for profound vascular permeability resulting in massive fluid accumulation in the alveolar space and progressively leading to pulmonary failure. Alterations in vascular permeability occur not only in acute inflammatory lung disorders primarily caused by sepsis, pneumonia, and trauma which result in high rates of patient morbidity and mortality, but are an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in subacute lung inflammatory disorders such as ischemia–reperfusion injury, radiation lung injury, and asthma. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of endothelial barrier dysfunction is vital for the management and treatment of key and enigmatic pulmonary disorders. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120335/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_12 id: cord-017897-mbwm0ytg author: Chiumello, Davide title: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management date: 2018-10-01 words: 4825 sentences: 215 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017897-mbwm0ytg.txt summary: In order to guarantee a better patient adaptation to the ventilator, to reduce the oxygen consumption related to the respiratory muscle activity and to guarantee a protective transpulmonary pressure, the use of neuromuscular blockers is accepted in clinical practice [49] . The indications for the prone positioning have changed over time: once it was used to improve arterial oxygenation in the most severe forms of respiratory failure [53, 54] ; while nowadays it aims to achieve a more homogeneous distribution of stress and strain within the lung parenchyma, acting in synergy with the remaining therapies and protecting against the ventilator induced lung injury [55] . Lung recruitability is better estimated according to the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome at standard 5 cm H2O rather than higher positive end-expiratory pressure: a retrospective cohort study Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by a new acute onset of hypoxemia secondary to a pulmonary edema of non-cardiogenic origin, bilateral lung opacities and reduction in respiratory system compliance after an insult direct or indirect to lungs. Its first description was in 1970s, and then several shared definitions tried to describe this clinical entity; the last one, known as Berlin definition, brought an improvement in predictive ability for mortality. In the present chapter, the diagnostic workup of the syndrome will be presented with particular attention to microbiological investigations which represent a milestone in the diagnostic process and to imaging techniques such as CT scan and lung ultrasound. Despite the treatment is mainly based on supportive strategies, attention should be applied to assure adequate respiratory gas exchange while minimizing the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) onset. Therefore will be described several therapeutic approaches to ARDS, including noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC) and invasive ventilation with particular emphasis to risks and benefits of mechanical ventilation, PEEP optimization and lung protective ventilation strategies. Rescue techniques, such as permissive hypercapnia, prone positioning, neuromuscular blockade, inhaled vasodilators, corticosteroids, recruitment maneuvers and extracorporeal life support, will also be reviewed. Finally, the chapter will deal with the mechanical ventilation weaning process with particular emphasis on extrapulmonary factors such as neurologic, diaphragmatic or cardiovascular alterations which can lead to weaning failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122583/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94189-9_11 id: cord-305758-6twwcp47 author: Combes, Alain title: ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis date: 2020-10-06 words: 4626 sentences: 221 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305758-6twwcp47.txt summary: METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) performed after Jan 1, 2000 comparing ECMO to conventional management in patients with severe ARDS. In this individual patient data meta-analysis of patients with severe ARDS included in the CESAR [15] and EOLIA [17] randomised trials, there is strong evidence to suggest that early recourse to ECMO leads to a reduction in 90-day mortality and less treatment failure compared with conventional ventilatory support. abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the effect of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared to conventional management in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) performed after Jan 1, 2000 comparing ECMO to conventional management in patients with severe ARDS. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Primary analysis was by intent-to-treat. RESULTS: We identified two RCTs (CESAR and EOLIA) and combined data from 429 patients. On day 90, 77 of the 214 (36%) ECMO-group and 103 of the 215 (48%) control group patients had died (relative risk (RR), 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–0.94; P = 0.013; I(2) = 0%). In the per-protocol and as-treated analyses the RRs were 0.75 (95% CI 0.6–0.94) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.68–1.09), respectively. Rescue ECMO was used for 36 (17%) of the 215 control patients (35 in EOLIA and 1 in CESAR). The RR of 90-day treatment failure, defined as death for the ECMO-group and death or crossover to ECMO for the control group was 0.65 (95% CI 0.52–0.8; I(2) = 0%). Patients randomised to ECMO had more days alive out of the ICU and without respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and neurological failure. The only significant treatment-covariate interaction in subgroups was lower mortality with ECMO in patients with two or less organs failing at randomization. CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis of individual patient data in severe ARDS, 90-day mortality was significantly lowered by ECMO compared with conventional management. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3 doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3 id: cord-324296-a9as72bx author: Combes, Alain title: Extracorporeal life support for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-11-02 words: 6562 sentences: 302 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324296-a9as72bx.txt summary: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which uses high blood flow rates to both oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide, may be considered in patients with severe ARDS whose oxygenation or ventilation cannot be maintained adequately with best practice conventional mechanical ventilation and adjunctive therapies, including prone positioning. VCV volumecontrolled ventilation, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, VT tidal volume, Pplat plateau pressure, BIPAP/APRV biphasic positive airway pressure/ airway pressure release ventilation, RR respiratory rate, ∆P driving pressure, Fr French, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECLS extracorporeal life support, MV mechanical ventilation, FdO 2 fraction on oxygen in the sweep gas, MO, membrane oxygenator, Qecmo (Q E ) ECMO flow in L/min. The strategy of ultraprotective lung ventilation with extracorporeal CO 2 removal (SUPERNOVA) pilot study included 95 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS in 23 ICUs. ECCO 2 R allowed a significant decrease in mechanical power with reductions of Pplat (27 to 24 cmH 2 O), VT (6 to 4 mL/kg), RR (28 to 24 breaths/min), and minute ventilation (10 to 6 L/min) [51] . abstract: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) can support gas exchange in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During ECLS, venous blood is drained from a central vein via a cannula, pumped through a semipermeable membrane that permits diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and returned via a cannula to a central vein. Two related forms of ECLS are used. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which uses high blood flow rates to both oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide, may be considered in patients with severe ARDS whose oxygenation or ventilation cannot be maintained adequately with best practice conventional mechanical ventilation and adjunctive therapies, including prone positioning. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO(2)R) uses lower blood flow rates through smaller cannulae and provides substantial CO(2) elimination (~ 20–70% of total CO(2) production), albeit with marginal improvement in oxygenation. The rationale for using ECCO(2)R in ARDS is to facilitate lung-protective ventilation by allowing a reduction of tidal volume, respiratory rate, plateau pressure, driving pressure and mechanical power delivered by the mechanical ventilator. This narrative review summarizes physiological concepts related to ECLS, as well as the rationale and evidence supporting ECMO and ECCO(2)R for the treatment of ARDS. It also reviews complications, limitations, and the ethical dilemmas that can arise in treating patients with ECLS. Finally, it discusses future key research questions and challenges for this technology. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06290-1 doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06290-1 id: cord-355847-1ru15s5a author: Convertino, Irma title: Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-06-11 words: 2936 sentences: 177 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355847-1ru15s5a.txt summary: Several drugs, endowed with modulating activity on cytokine pathways, including anti-IL-6, anti-TNF, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, currently approved for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, have been suggested or could be yet taken into account for experimental use in COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or pneumonia ( Fig. 1 ). In addition, a multicenter open-label randomized clinical trial is studying the benefit risk profile of siltuximab, as a single therapeutic option or in combination with anakinra, at a single dose of 11 mg/kg, in comparison with tocilizumab or anakinra, alone or in combination, in ARDS patients with COVID-19 [20] . Based on the results expected with tocilizumab and siltuximab, other anti-IL-6 drugs, currently approved for rheumatoid arthritis, namely sarilumab and sirukumab, could be studied in ARDS and pneumonia patients with COVID-19. Anti-JAK drugs (such as ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, baricitinib, oclacitinib, fedratinib, upadacitinib, and peficitinib) [39] should be considered also among the options for clinical investigations in COVID-19-related ARDS and pneumonia patients. abstract: Sars-CoV-2 complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which require intensive care unit admission. These conditions have rapidly overwhelmed healthcare systems, with detrimental effects on the quality of care and increased mortality. Social isolation strategies have been implemented worldwide with the aim of reducing hospital pressure. Among therapeutic strategies, the use of immunomodulating drugs, to improve prognosis, seems promising. Particularly, since pneumonia and ARDS are associated with a cytokine storm, drugs belonging to therapeutic classes as anti-IL-6, anti-TNF, and JAK inhibitors are currently studied. In this article, we discuss the potential advantages of the most promising pharmacological approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03020-3 doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03020-3 id: cord-309089-ex9nh1yi author: Coperchini, Francesca title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system date: 2020-05-11 words: 6132 sentences: 303 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309089-ex9nh1yi.txt summary: Since the first reports on COVID-19 disease, it appeared clear that Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) accounted for a significant number of deaths among infected patients and that ARDS should be regarded as the hallmark immune-mediated clinical consequence in SARS-CoV-2, similarly to what described for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [11] . As shown by previous data in the literature, increased circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, Interferon γ, interleukin (IL-) 1B, IL-6, IL-12) and chemokines (CXCL10, and CCL2) are associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung involvement in SARS patients, similarly to what happens in MERS-CoV infection [13] . In mice infected with SARS-CoV, the clinical features of the syndrome showed an age-dependent increase in severity (similarly to what observed in humans), which was related to an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, paralleled by a reduction in T-cell responses [78] . abstract: In 2019-2020 a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the causative agent of a several acute respiratory infection named COVID-19, which is causing a worldwide pandemic. There are still many unresolved questions regarding the pathogenesis of this disease and especially the reasons underlying the extremely different clinical course, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe manifestations, including the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 showed phylogenetic similarities to both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses, and some of the clinical features are shared between COVID-19 and previously identified beta-coronavirus infections. Available evidence indicate that the so called “cytokine storm” an uncontrolled over-production of soluble markers of inflammation which, in turn, sustain an aberrant systemic inflammatory response, is a major responsible for the occurrence of ARDS. Chemokines are low molecular weight proteins with powerful chemoattractant activity which play a role in the immune cell recruitment during inflammation. This review will be aimed at providing an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system in the cytokine storm related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Basic and clinical evidences obtained from previous SARS and MERS epidemics and available data from COVID-19 will be taken into account. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359610120300927?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 id: cord-023890-z346hh2c author: Cotogni, Paolo title: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cytokines: Their Relationship in Acute Lung Injury date: 2015 words: 6954 sentences: 303 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023890-z346hh2c.txt summary: However, at present, the issue of lipid therapy in ALI/ARDS is still controversial due, at least in part, to inconclusive or contradicting results in several recent clinical trials using n-3 PUFAs. Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are inflammatory diseases whose clinical severity depends on the grade of inflammatory response. The first RCT showed the ability of an enteral formula with a high n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio (1:1) to reduce pulmonary inflammation and improve clinical outcomes, i.e., better oxygenation, shorter requirement for mechanical ventilation, shorter ICU-LOS, and less incidence of new organ failure; however, no difference in mortality was observed in ARDS patients (Gadek et al. The first RCT analyzed the effect of an enteral n-3 PUFA-enriched diet in septic patients with ALI or ARDS showing that the administration of the study formula, compared to a control formula with less lipids than in the previous three studies, was associated to a shorter ICU-LOS but not to an improvement in gas exchange or in a lower incidence of novel organ failures (Grau-Carmona et al. abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are inflammatory diseases whose clinical severity depends on the grade of inflammatory response. Inflammatory cytokines are key elements in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, and the occurrence of an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines leads to additional non-pulmonary organ dysfunction which contributes to excess mortality rates. Treatment of these patients includes nutrition support with lipids, usually soybean oil-based lipid emulsions, which are rich in omega (n)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and deficient in n-3 PUFAs; however, too much n-6 PUFAs are detrimental due to their pro-inflammatory effects. Conversely, a large amount of experimental studies and some randomized clinical trials showed the benefits of the n-3 PUFA administration in the context of ALI because of their anti-inflammatory properties. Based on these data, several scientific societies recommended in their guidelines, with an A or B grade of recommendation, the use of n-3 PUFAs in ALI/ARDS patients. However, at present, the issue of lipid therapy in ALI/ARDS is still controversial due, at least in part, to inconclusive or contradicting results in several recent clinical trials using n-3 PUFAs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176238/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_112 id: cord-286771-77hs34jm author: Cruces, Pablo title: A physiological approach to understand the role of respiratory effort in the progression of lung injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection date: 2020-08-10 words: 5933 sentences: 314 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286771-77hs34jm.txt summary: Protective lowtidal volume (Vt) mechanical ventilation (MV), including delivering a physiologic low Vt adjusted by ideal body weight, is currently the standard of care for patients requiring invasive respiratory support, like moderate and severe ARDS. Additionally, we found a significant progression of regional Fig. 2 Regional volumetric strain maps in a 3-h murine model of patient self-inflicted lung injury randomized to two groups: Group I: subjects with induced lung injury on low tidal volume mechanical ventilation at the beginning of the experiment (T1) and at the end of the experiment (T3) (upper left and right panels). Ventilation-induced lung injury exists in spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure: yes Can high-flow nasal cannula reduce the rate of endotracheal intubation in adult patients with acute respiratory failure compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation?: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: Deterioration of lung function during the first week of COVID-19 has been observed when patients remain with insufficient respiratory support. Patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) is theorized as the responsible, but there is not robust experimental and clinical data to support it. Given the limited understanding of P-SILI, we describe the physiological basis of P-SILI and we show experimental data to comprehend the role of regional strain and heterogeneity in lung injury due to increased work of breathing. In addition, we discuss the current approach to respiratory support for COVID-19 under this point of view. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03197-7 id: cord-341472-29opvzrj author: Curley, Gerard F. title: Future therapies for ARDS date: 2014-12-04 words: 1547 sentences: 90 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341472-29opvzrj.txt summary: authors: Curley, Gerard F.; Laffey, John G. Despite more than 150 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of multiple potential therapies, the only interventions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that reduce mortality are those that minimize ventilator-induced lung injury [1] . In pre-clinical studies, heparin has been found to reduce alveolar fibrin deposition and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Interferon beta (IFN-b) increases endothelial expression of CD73, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, which in turn binds to pulmonary A2B receptors and exerts multiple protective effects in pre-clinical models. A randomized clinical trial of hydroxymethylglutarylcoenzyme a reductase inhibition for acute lung injury (The HARP Study) The effect of intravenous interferon-beta-1a (FP-1201) on lung CD73 expression and on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality: an open-label study Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25472571/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3578-z id: cord-280965-x5ffw843 author: Damiani, Elisa title: Comment on “Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study” date: 2020-10-23 words: 811 sentences: 49 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280965-x5ffw843.txt summary: title: Comment on "Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study" on the evaluation of respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 that was recently published in the Annals of Intensive Care [1] . In 22 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, the authors observed high physiological dead space (V D /V T ) and ventilatory ratio (VR). In a recent report, we described the sublingual microcirculation of mechanically ventilated patients with severe SARS-COV-2 pneumonia and showed an inverse correlation between perfused vessel density (PVD) and D-dimers [4] . Respiratory mechanics and gas exchanges in the early course of COVID-19 ARDS: a hypothesis-generating study Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study All authors read and approved the final manuscript. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095905/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00765-6 id: cord-303292-iheq50ub author: De Jong, Audrey title: How to ventilate obese patients in the ICU date: 2020-10-23 words: 7496 sentences: 355 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303292-iheq50ub.txt summary: Regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low tidal volume (6 ml/kg of predicted body weight) and moderate to high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with careful recruitment maneuver in selected patients, are advised. During invasive mechanical ventilation, patients with obesity are more prone to lung collapse and require higher PEEP to avoid it; low V T is calculated on predicted body weight. In a randomized controlled trial of the same team comparing HFNC to standard oxygen [87] in high-risk non-hypercapnic patients including 22% of patients with obesity, the study was stopped due to low recruitment after 155 patients, without any difference in extubation failure rate found between the two groups. PBW predicted body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, NIV noninvasive ventilation, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula oxygen patients. abstract: Obesity is an important risk factor for major complications, morbidity and mortality related to intubation procedures and ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The fall in functional residual capacity promotes airway closure and atelectasis formation. This narrative review presents the impact of obesity on the respiratory system and the key points to optimize airway management, noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation in ICU patients with obesity. Non-invasive strategies should first optimize body position with reverse Trendelenburg position or sitting position. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is considered as the first-line therapy in patients with obesity having a postoperative acute respiratory failure. Positive pressure pre-oxygenation before the intubation procedure is the method of reference. The use of videolaryngoscopy has to be considered by adequately trained intensivists, especially in patients with several risk factors. Regarding mechanical ventilation in patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), low tidal volume (6 ml/kg of predicted body weight) and moderate to high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), with careful recruitment maneuver in selected patients, are advised. Prone positioning is a therapeutic choice in severe ARDS patients with obesity. Prophylactic NIV should be considered after extubation to prevent re-intubation. If obesity increases mortality and risk of ICU admission in the overall population, the impact of obesity on ICU mortality is less clear and several confounding factors have to be taken into account regarding the “obesity ICU paradox”. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-020-06286-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095284/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06286-x id: cord-321878-bnjupaik author: Deliwala, Smit S. title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) date: 2020-07-23 words: 2249 sentences: 133 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321878-bnjupaik.txt summary: title: A 29-Year-Old Male with a Fatal Case of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI) Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) "CARDS" behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. In previous cases of SARS patients, pneumothorax was noted at 14-37 days after the initial diagnosis [16] , suggesting that a sustained period of lung inflammation serves as a pre-requisite, a similar time course as our patient Recently a scoring system was proposed to predict the risk of developing critical illness in COVID-19, allowing early interventions and resource allocation to mitigate the high disease burden [17] . abstract: Patient: Male, 29-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • COVID-19 •multi organ failure/septic shock • pneumothorax Symptoms: Cough • dyspnea • fatigue • myalgia Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Mechanical ventilation • thoracentesis Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unknown ethiology BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients that develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) “CARDS” behave differently compared to patients with classic forms of ARDS. Recently 2 CARDS phenotypes have been described, Type L and Type H. Most patients stabilize at the milder form, Type L, while an unknown subset progress to Type H, resembling full-blown ARDS. If uncorrected, phenotypic conversion can induce a rapid downward spiral towards progressive lung injury, vasoplegia, and pulmonary shrinkage, risking ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) known as the “VILI vortex”. No cases of in-hospital phenotypic conversion have been reported, while ventilation strategies in these patients differ from the lung-protective approaches seen in classic ARDS. CASE REPORT: A 29-year old male was admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by severe ARDS, multi-organ failure, cytokine release syndrome, and coagulopathy during his admission. He initially resembled CARDS Type L case, although refractory hypoxemia, fevers, and a high viral burden prompted conversion to Type H within 8 days. Despite ventilation strategies, neuromuscular blockade, inhalation therapy, and vitamin C, he remained asynchronous to the ventilator with volumes and pressures beyond accepted thresholds, eventually developing a fatal tension pneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Patients that convert to Type H can quickly enter a spiral of hypoxemia, shunting, and dead-space ventilation towards full-blown ARDS. Understanding its nuances is vital to interrupting phenotypic conversion and entry into VILI vortex. Tension pneumothorax represents a poor outcome in patients with CARDS. Further research into monitoring lung dynamics, modifying ventilation strategies, and understanding response to various modes of ventilation in CARDS are required to mitigate these adverse outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701934/ doi: 10.12659/ajcr.926136 id: cord-006459-9kizif98 author: Deng, Guangcun title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice date: 2009-11-28 words: 3874 sentences: 217 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt summary: Clinical signs, pathological changes and viral replication in lungs, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed at different time points after infection. Our data show that H9N2 viral infection resulted in ARDS in mice, and this may facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of future potential H9N2 disease in humans. Arterial blood gas, white blood cell counts, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and viral titers in the lungs were measured at different times. In H9N2-virus-infected mice, we observed that circulating leukocytes dramatically decreased in the blood and that a great number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the lungs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice abstract: H9N2 avian influenza viruses have repeatedly caused infections in swine and humans in some countries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pulmonary pathology caused by H9N2 viral infection in mice. Six- to eight-week-old BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with 1 × 10(4) MID(50) of A/Chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2) virus. Clinical signs, pathological changes and viral replication in lungs, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed at different time points after infection. A control group was infected intranasally with noninfectious allantoic fluid. H9N2-infected mice exhibited severe respiratory syndrome, with a mortality rate of 60%. Gross observations showed that infected lungs were highly edematous. Major histopathological changes in infected lungs included diffuse pneumonia and alveolar damage, with neutrophil-dominant inflammatory cellular infiltration, interstitial and alveolar edema, hemorrhage, and severe bronchiolitis/peribronchiolitis. In addition, H9N2 viral infection resulted in severe progressive hypoxemia, lymphopenia, and a significant increase in neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in BALF. The features described above satisfy the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our data show that H9N2 viral infection resulted in ARDS in mice, and this may facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of future potential H9N2 disease in humans. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101852/ doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0560-0 id: cord-000492-ec5qzurk author: Devaney, James title: Clinical Review: Gene-based therapies for ALI/ARDS: where are we now? date: 2011-06-20 words: 6012 sentences: 313 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000492-ec5qzurk.txt summary: Plasmid transfer (closed Easily produced at low cost No specifi c cell targeting Electroporation-mediated gene transfer of the dsDNA circles) Very ineffi cient Na + ,K + -ATPase rescues endotoxin-induced lung injury [60] Nonviral DNA complexes Complexes protect DNA Less effi cient than viral vectors Cationic lipid-mediated transfer of the Na + ,K + -(lipoplexes or polyplexes) Modifying transgene DNA to eliminate bacterial motifs [75, 76] Development of high-effi ciency tissue-specifi c promoters [77] [78] [79] [80] Development of promoters that regulate gene expression [83] Enhanced therapeutic targeting Nebulization technologies [9] Strategies to target the pulmonary endothelium [10] Improved cellular uptake of vector Surface active agents to enhance vector spread [84] Reduce ubiquitination of viral capsid proteins [85] Better therapeutic targets Enhancement or restoration of lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function [86] Strengthening lung defense mechanisms against injury [87] Speeding clearance of infl ammation and infection Enhancement of the repair process following ALI/ARDS [88] . abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) confer substantial morbidity and mortality, and have no specific therapy. The accessibility of the distal lung epithelium via the airway route, and the relatively transient nature of ALI/ARDS, suggest that the disease may be amenable to gene-based therapies. Ongoing advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS have revealed multiple therapeutic targets for gene-based approaches. Strategies to enhance or restore lung epithelial and/or endothelial cell function, to strengthen lung defense mechanisms against injury, to speed clearance of infection and to enhance the repair process following ALI/ARDS have all demonstrated promise in preclinical models. Despite three decades of gene therapy research, however, the clinical potential for gene-based approaches to lung diseases including ALI/ARDS remains to be realized. Multiple barriers to effective pulmonary gene therapy exist, including the pulmonary architecture, pulmonary defense mechanisms against inhaled particles, the immunogenicity of viral vectors and the poor transfection efficiency of nonviral delivery methods. Deficits remain in our knowledge regarding the optimal molecular targets for gene-based approaches. Encouragingly, recent progress in overcoming these barriers offers hope for the successful translation of gene-based approaches for ALI/ARDS to the clinical setting. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218971/ doi: 10.1186/cc10216 id: cord-279440-0mn5b0vv author: Diehl, J-L title: Response to Damiani and colleagues date: 2020-10-14 words: 882 sentences: 46 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279440-0mn5b0vv.txt summary: have put our results in perspective with their own published observations of an inverse relationship between sublingual perfused vessel density and D-dimers in mechanically ventilated patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. To explore if COVID-19 ARDS patients could exhibit a lung-specific microvascular response to high PEEP levels, as compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS patients, seems to be an important field of investigation. One important point is that the very vast majority of studies in COVID-19 ARDS patients used, by convenience, ventilatory ratio (VR) as a marker of impaired ventilatory efficacy, as mentioned in Damiani''s comment, rather than dead space measurements. Finally, it will be important to further precisely investigate the relationship between dead space measurements, with a special focus on indicators of alveolar dead space, and markers of endothelial dysfunction, such as bio-markers (such as CECs and D-dimers) and innovative methods such as the video-microscopy methods used by Damiani and colleagues. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00757-6 doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00757-6 id: cord-025163-iyh0d6mj author: Ding, Lin title: Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers date: 2020-05-24 words: 4545 sentences: 244 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025163-iyh0d6mj.txt summary: title: Early diagnosis and appropriate respiratory support for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia associated acute respiratory distress syndrome in young and adult patients: a case series from two centers pneumoniae pneumonia induced ARDS in a case series of adults and youth hospitalized with radiographically confirmed CAP prospectively enrolled in an observational cohort study in two university teaching hospitals, from November 2017 to October 2019. pneumoniae induced ARDS were adequately supported with HFNC or NIV, 50% required intubation, RM and prone position were effective in 30% intubated cases, and 20% needed ECMO support; 5) when early anti-mycoplasmal drugs together with sufficient respiratory support are given, the survival rate was high with no need for corticosteroids; and 6) younger patients with lower PaO 2 / FiO 2 and APACHE II scores, and higher PCT and higher neutrophil cell proportion at ICU admission were more likely to require intubation. abstract: BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the most common causes of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Establishing an early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may have important therapeutic implications. METHODS: We describe diagnosis and management of M. pneumoniae pneumonia induced ARDS in a case series of adults and youth hospitalized with radiographically confirmed CAP prospectively enrolled in an observational cohort study in two university teaching hospitals, from November 2017 to October 2019. RESULTS: In all 10 patients, early and rapid diagnosis for severe M. pneumoniae pneumonia with ARDS was achieved with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) testing of samples from the lower respiratory tract or pleural effusion. The average PaO(2)/FiO(2) of all patients was 180 mmHg. Of the 10 cases, 4 cases had moderate ARDS (100 mmHg ≤ PaO(2)/FiO(2) < 200 mmHg) and 3 cases had severe ARDS (PaO(2)/FiO(2) < 100 mmHg). High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was applied in all patients, though only two patients were sufficiently supported with HFNC. Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) was required in 5 patients. High resistance (median 15 L/cmH(2)O/s) and low compliance (median 38 ml/cmH(2)O) was observed in 4 cases. In these 4 cases, recruitment maneuvers (RM) were applied, with 1 patient demonstrating no response to RM. Prone positioning were applied in 4 cases. Two cases needed ECMO support with median support duration of 5.5 days. No patient in our case series received corticosteroid therapy. All patients were survived and were discharged from hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Early and rapid diagnosis of severe M. pneumoniae pneumonia with ARDS can be achieved with PCR/mNGS tests in samples from the lower respiratory tract or pleural effusion. In our case series, half of M. pneumoniae pneumonia induced ARDS cases were adequately supported with HFNC or NIV, while half of cases required intubation. RM and prone position were effective in 30% of intubated cases, and 20% needed ECMO support. When early anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics were given together with sufficient respiratory support, the survival rate was high with no need for corticosteroid use. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245847/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05085-5 id: cord-034469-ew90eef4 author: Dos Santos Rocha, Andre title: Physiologically variable ventilation reduces regional lung inflammation in a pediatric model of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-10-31 words: 4840 sentences: 262 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034469-ew90eef4.txt summary: Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. Conversely, ventilating the lungs with PVV resulted in a significant decrease in tissue damping in control animals (T1-T5, p < 0.01), whereas no change in respiratory mechanics was detected in the ARDS model. In the present study, a combined approach consisting of lung functional and structural assessment was used to investigate differences in the global and regional effects of PVV and the conventional monotonous pressure-controlled mode in a pediatric model of normal lungs and ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: Benefits of variable mechanical ventilation based on the physiological breathing pattern have been observed both in healthy and injured lungs. These benefits have not been characterized in pediatric models and the effect of this ventilation mode on regional distribution of lung inflammation also remains controversial. Here, we compare structural, molecular and functional outcomes reflecting regional inflammation between PVV and conventional pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) in a pediatric model of healthy lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: New-Zealand White rabbit pups (n = 36, 670 ± 20 g [half-width 95% confidence interval]), with healthy lungs or after induction of ARDS, were randomized to five hours of mechanical ventilation with PCV or PVV. Regional lung aeration, inflammation and perfusion were assessed using x-ray computed tomography, positron-emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography, respectively. Ventilation parameters, blood gases and respiratory tissue elastance were recorded hourly. RESULTS: Mechanical ventilation worsened respiratory elastance in healthy and ARDS animals ventilated with PCV (11 ± 8%, 6 ± 3%, p < 0.04), however, this trend was improved by PVV (1 ± 4%, − 6 ± 2%). Animals receiving PVV presented reduced inflammation as assessed by lung normalized [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in healthy (1.49 ± 0.62 standardized uptake value, SUV) and ARDS animals (1.86 ± 0.47 SUV) compared to PCV (2.33 ± 0.775 and 2.28 ± 0.3 SUV, respectively, p < 0.05), particularly in the well and poorly aerated lung zones. No benefit of PVV could be detected on regional blood perfusion or blood gas parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Variable ventilation based on a physiological respiratory pattern, compared to conventional pressure-controlled ventilation, reduced global and regional inflammation in both healthy and injured lungs of juvenile rabbits. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7602830/ doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01559-x id: cord-005705-j765ruj1 author: Dreyfuss, Didier title: Is it better to consent to an RCT or to care?: Μηδεν αγαν (“nothing in excess”) date: 2004-12-17 words: 7508 sentences: 375 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005705-j765ruj1.txt summary: Another contention of the present paper is this [14] : critical care physicians may still believe that RCTs remain the best tool for improving knowledge and care, and in this case they must accept to use the means needed to achieve the end and therefore to insist on mandatory informed consent from the patient or proxy; or they may realize that the game is not worth the candle and they must then turn to other forms of research that are ranked less highly in the pyramid of evidence-based medicine [15] . Before discussing the problem of informed consent to research a critical appraisal of the scientific and ethical validity of RCTs in critical care medicine is in order. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095248/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-004-2493-0 id: cord-006237-oxbquzeg author: Dwenger, A. title: Bioluminescence, chemiluminescence date: 1990 words: 4992 sentences: 258 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006237-oxbquzeg.txt summary: The oxygen radical production was measured by luminol (0.4 mmol/1 test) and/or lucigenin (0.23 retool/1 test) enhanced chemiluminescence response (CL) (Biolumat LB 9505, Berthold) in absence or in presence of different stimuli, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP, Sigma; 3.5 • 10-6 tool/1 test), zymosan A (Sigma; 3.5 mg/ml test), latex (Unisphere latex 22, 0.8 gin, Serva; 2 gl/ml test), lipopolysaccharide (LPS from E. The aim of the present study was to examine, if PGE 1 might 80 influence injury to EC, caused by LPS-primed neutrophils, and furthermore, if this effect could be explained by a diminished oxygen radical production, measured by chemiluminescence (CL). Addition of 0.1 gg of radical trap (MDTQ-DA) to each zymosan stimulated whole blood sample reduced CL response by 7 0 -90 p.c. Following induction of haemorrhagic-necrotising pancreatitis, high quantities of toxic oxygen metabolites are released from pancreatic tissue, contributing to the development of MOF. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100654/ doi: 10.1007/bf00325727 id: cord-305389-n5cppi72 author: D’Alonzo, Daniele title: COVID-19 and pneumonia: a role for the uPA/uPAR system date: 2020-06-18 words: 4841 sentences: 256 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305389-n5cppi72.txt summary: Here, we highlight recent findings on the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system that suggest its potential role as a main orchestrator of fatal progression to pulmonary, kidney, and heart failure in patients with coronavirus. Given its lack of a transmembrane domain, GPI-anchored uPAR has high mobility on the cell surface and can interact with later partners with the ability to communicate with the internal cell compartment to produce downstream intracellular signaling mediated by effector molecules, such as the focal adhesion kinase, Src, and Akt. uPAR binds vitronectin, and multiple cell receptors, such as different types of transmembrane receptor [the formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), integrins, and VEGFR2 [23] ], establishing crosstalk between membrane-bound uPAR and its co-receptors. Serum plasminogen activator urokinase receptor predicts elevated risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with sepsis and is positively associated with disease severity, inflammation and mortality abstract: Here, we highlight recent findings on the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system that suggest its potential role as a main orchestrator of fatal progression to pulmonary, kidney, and heart failure in patients with coronavirus. Patients with prolonged background inflammation can present with aberrant inflammatory reactions, well recognized as the main factors that can result in death and probably sustained by a dysregulated uPA/uPAR system. SuPAR, the soluble form of uPAR, represents a biomarker of disease progression, and its levels correlate well with comorbidities associated with the death of patients with coronavirus. New drugs that regulate the uPA/uPAR system could help treat the severe complications of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (hCoVs), including pandemic coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32562843/ doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.013 id: cord-329585-uyze6dtu author: Earhart, Alexander P. title: Consideration of dornase alfa for the treatment of severe COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-04-30 words: 720 sentences: 50 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329585-uyze6dtu.txt summary: The cellular and molecular mechanism proposed for dornase alfa activity in severely distressed lungs of CF and many ARDS patients is as follows. Inflammation results in neutrophilia and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, where these cells produce NETs, largely comprised of sticky, large chromosomal DNA that physically reinforces airway mucus viscosity and accumulation (5, 6) . Dornase alfa facilitates airway clearance by breaking up reinforcement of mucus by NETs, by far the greatest source of extracellular DNA in inflamed lungs (5, 6) . Indeed, lung neutrophilia and NET production have been shown to contribute to the development of ARDS in other severe viral respiratory infections, including H1N1 influenza (11) . We postulate that nebulized dornase alfa may effectively treat a deleterious effect of NETs in the airways and thus promote recovery in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS ( Figure 1 ). Model of how dornase alfa-sensitive NETs from neutrophils may reinforce mucus accumulation, rigidity, and airway occlusion in severe COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S205229752030041X doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100689 id: cord-025865-jjjr3ymt author: Eastin, Carly title: Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994. date: 2020-06-03 words: 1030 sentences: 64 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025865-jjjr3ymt.txt summary: Additionally the majority of cases were suspected, not confirmed, and some of the children remained hospitalized at the end of the study therefore severity of disease may not be accurate. The authors concluded that COVID-19 caused infection in all ages without obvious gender differences, however younger children appeared to have higher severity of disease. Presenting symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically include fever, dyspnea, myalgia, and cough. This study reports characteristics of and potential risk factors for patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or who died as a result of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Patients aged 21 to 83 who had confirmed COVID-19 and were admitted to Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan, China between December 25, 2019 and January 26, 2020 were included in this retrospective study. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7266764/ doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.007 id: cord-032608-zw540s64 author: Elsayed, Hany Hasan title: Dexamethasone for treatment of severe COVID-19, a surprise? date: 2020-09-24 words: 959 sentences: 53 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032608-zw540s64.txt summary: In fact, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign panel recently recommended that "mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 related ARDS should be managed similarly to other patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU" [3] . In fact, Villar and his colleagues have published the largest meta-analysis of using dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome few months back and this has shown a mortality benefit [6] . In fact, 1772 patients with severe COVID-19 ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation in the RECOVERY trial did not receive steroids. I believe that most intensivists around the world were using dexamethasone for their patients with severe COVID-19 developing ARDS before the RECOVERY trial results were released based on the evidence they had on how to manage this unique entity from a variety of causes. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7512210/ doi: 10.1186/s43057-020-00032-1 id: cord-329381-uwae8738 author: Evrard, Bruno title: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-05-18 words: 541 sentences: 43 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329381-uwae8738.txt summary: title: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19 patients with ACP tended to have lower respiratory-system compliance than their counterparts, presumably due to distinct ARDS phenotypes [6] . This first study assessing hemodynamically ventilated COVID-19 patients with TEE shows a lower **Calculated as the tidal volume divided by the driving pressure (difference between the inspiratory plateau pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure) ***One patient was diagnosed with a Tako-tsubo syndrome during transesophageal echocardiography examination performed shortly after tracheal intubation, after 6 days of high-flow nasal cannula; full recovery of left ventricular systolic function was documented under mechanical ventilation 10 days later ****Measured using the Doppler method applied at the left ventricular outflow tract *****As per April 24, with still 6 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 5 of them being invasively ventilated prevalence of LV and RV failure than in flu-related ARDS patients. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02958-8 doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02958-8 id: cord-293740-4c3yemi3 author: Ferrando, Carlos title: Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS date: 2020-07-29 words: 4327 sentences: 253 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293740-4c3yemi3.txt summary: METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study in consecutive, mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS (as defined by the Berlin criteria) affected with with COVID-19 (confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens), admitted to a network of 36 Spanish and Andorran intensive care units (ICUs) between March 12 and June 1, 2020. [temperature, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate], laboratory parameters (blood test, coagulation, biochemical), ventilatory parameters [tidal volume (VT), inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO 2 ), respiratory rate (RR), PEEP, plateau pressure (Pplat), driving pressure (DP), respiratory system compliance (Crs)], the use of adjunctive therapies [recruitment maneuvers (RM), prone position, neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)], pharmacological treatments, disease chronology [time from onset of symptoms and from hospital admission to initiation of mechanical ventilation (MV), ventilator-free days (VFDs) during the first 30 days, ICU length of stay (LOS)]. abstract: PURPOSE: The main characteristics of mechanically ventilated ARDS patients affected with COVID-19, and the adherence to lung-protective ventilation strategies are not well known. We describe characteristics and outcomes of confirmed ARDS in COVID-19 patients managed with invasive mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study in consecutive, mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS (as defined by the Berlin criteria) affected with with COVID-19 (confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens), admitted to a network of 36 Spanish and Andorran intensive care units (ICUs) between March 12 and June 1, 2020. We examined the clinical features, ventilatory management, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 ARDS patients, and compared some results with other relevant studies in non-COVID-19 ARDS patients. RESULTS: A total of 742 patients were analysed with complete 28-day outcome data: 128 (17.1%) with mild, 331 (44.6%) with moderate, and 283 (38.1%) with severe ARDS. At baseline, defined as the first day on invasive MV, median (IQR) values were: tidal volume 6.9 (6.3–7.8) ml/kg predicted body weight, positive end-expiratory pressure 12 (11–14) cmH(2)O. Values of respiratory system compliance 35 (27–45) ml/cmH(2)O, plateau pressure 25 (22–29) cmH(2)O, and driving pressure 12 (10–16) cmH(2)O were similar cto values from non-COVID-19 ARDS observed in other studies. Recruitment maneuvers, prone position and neuromuscular blocking agents were used in 79%, 76% and 72% of patients, respectively. The risk of 28-day mortality was lower in mild ARDS [hazard ratio (RR) 0.56 (95% CI 0.33–0.93), p = 0.026] and moderate ARDS [hazard ratio (RR) 0.69 (95% CI 0.47–0.97), p = 0.035] when compared to severe ARDS. The 28-day mortality was similar to other observational studies in non-COVID-19 ARDS patients. CONCLUSIONS: In this large series, COVID-19 ARDS patients have features similar to other causes of ARDS, compliance with lung-protective ventilation was high, and the risk of 28-day mortality increased with the degree of ARDS severity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32728965/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2 id: cord-033298-4d40yyzu author: Fiedler, M. O. title: Fokus Beatmung, Sauerstofftherapie und Weaning: Intensivmedizinische Studien aus 2019/2020 date: 2020-10-07 words: 3486 sentences: 462 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-033298-4d40yyzu.txt summary: Tab. 1 Die Standardtherapie bei der Beatmung von Patienten mit einem akuten Lungenversagen (ARDS) wird als lungenprotektive Beatmung bezeichnet und beinhaltet die Anwendung von niedrigem Tidalvolumen und eine Begrenzung des oberen Plateaudrucks [9] . Ein erhöhter respiratorischer Antrieb ("respiratory drive") bei Patienten im schweren ARDS ohne tiefe Sedierung und ohne Muskelrelaxierung kann das Risiko einer "ventilatorinduzierten Lungenschädigung" ("ventilator induced lung injury", VILI) erhöhen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der ACURASYS-und ROSE-Studie sind Muskelrelaxanzien erst einzusetzen, wenn eine Reihe von lungenprotektiven Maßnahmen zur Beatmung eingehalten wird und diese nicht ausreichend ist, um den Patienten vor einem VILI zu bewahren oder die Oxygenierung darunter nicht besser wird. Beitler JR, Sarge T, Banner-Goodspeed VM et al (2019) Effect of titrating positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FiO2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7539275/ doi: 10.1007/s00101-020-00859-7 id: cord-345028-56hg62be author: Flinspach, Armin Niklas title: Volatile Isoflurane in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients—A Case Series and Systematic Review date: 2020-10-21 words: 4110 sentences: 254 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345028-56hg62be.txt summary: Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. To facilitate ventilator synchrony and prone positioning during critical care treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, deeper sedation levels are often indispensable. Several studies have demonstrated the safe use of volatile anesthetics in critically ill patients, leading to a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation when treating classical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) . We included five patients admitted to the ICU who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or who tested positive for COVID-19 during treatment. abstract: OBJECTIVES: The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is challenging, especially in severely affected patients who require intubation and sedation. Although the potential benefits of sedation with volatile anesthetics in coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently being discussed, the use of isoflurane in patients with coronavirus disease 2019–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome has not yet been reported. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. SETTING: The study was conducted with patients admitted between April 4 and May 15, 2020 to our ICU. PATIENTS: We included five patients who were previously diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. INTERVENTION: Even with high doses of several IV sedatives, the targeted level of sedation could not be achieved. Therefore, the sedation regimen was switched to inhalational isoflurane. Clinical data were recorded using a patient data management system. We recorded demographical data, laboratory results, ventilation variables, sedative dosages, sedation level, prone positioning, duration of volatile sedation and outcomes. MEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTS: Mean age (four men, one women) was 53.0 (± 12.7) years. The mean duration of isoflurane sedation was 103.2 (± 66.2) hours. Our data demonstrate a substantial improvement in the oxygenation ratio when using isoflurane sedation. Deep sedation as assessed by the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was rapidly and closely controlled in all patients, and the subsequent discontinuation of IV sedation was possible within the first 30 minutes. No adverse events were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isoflurane sedation in five patients suffering from severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Volatile isoflurane was able to achieve the required deep sedation and reduced the need for IV sedation. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000000256 doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000256 id: cord-258087-93yfs7ve author: Flores, Carlos title: A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury date: 2008-10-25 words: 4736 sentences: 216 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258087-93yfs7ve.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI. This quality assessment of genetic association studies with positive findings in susceptibility or outcome of ALI and ARDS identified a total of 29 articles and 16 genes. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CXCL2, chemokine CXC motif ligand 2; F5, coagulation factor V; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; MBL2, mannose-binding lectin-2; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MV, mechanical ventilation; MYLK, myosin light-chain kinase; NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 factor; PBEF, pre-B cell-enhancing factor; PLAU, plasminogen activator urokinase; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SFTPB, surfactant pulmonaryassociated protein B; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TR, tandem repeat (polymorphism); VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Positive genetic association studies with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome susceptibility and/or outcome (by year of publication) abstract: INTRODUCTION: Clinical observations and animal models provide evidence that the development of acute lung injury (ALI), a phenomenon of acute diffuse lung inflammation in critically ill patients, is influenced by genetic factors. Association studies are the main tool for exploring common genetic variations underlying ALI susceptibility and/or outcome. We aimed to assess the quality of positive genetic association studies with ALI susceptibility and/or outcome in adults in order to highlight their consistency and major limitations. METHODS: We conducted a broad PubMed literature search from 1996 to June 2008 for original articles in English supporting a positive association (P ≤ 0.05) of genetic variants contributing to all-cause ALI susceptibility and/or outcome. Studies were evaluated based on current recommendations using a 10-point quality scoring system derived from 14 criteria, and the gene was considered as the unit of replication. Genes were also categorized according to biological processes using the Gene Ontology. RESULTS: Our search identified a total of 29 studies reporting positive findings for 16 genes involved mainly in the response to external stimulus and cell signal transduction. The genes encoding for interleukin-6, mannose-binding lectin, surfactant protein B, and angiotensin-converting enzyme were the most replicated across the studies. On average, the studies had an intermediate quality score (median of 4.62 and interquartile range of 3.33 to 6.15). CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc7098 doi: 10.1186/cc7098 id: cord-254083-ea94wn3f author: Fowler, Alexander J. title: COVID-19 Phenotypes and Potential Harm of Conventional Treatments: How to Prove the Hypothesis date: 2020-08-15 words: 1731 sentences: 87 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254083-ea94wn3f.txt summary: We appreciate the authors'' clinical observations and their expertise; however, we have several concerns with these two recommendations, which diverge from the best established evidence for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). For reference, patients enrolled in the PROSEVA (Prone Positioning in Severe ARDS) trial had a mean respiratory system compliance of 35 ml/cm H 2 O (SD, 15) at the time of enrollment (3). Evidence from randomized controlled trials suggests that prone positioning and low VT ventilation are the precise strategies for gentle ventilation that patients with ARDS, "typical" or not, should receive. Importantly, the authors suggest that recommended treatment strategies for severe COVID-19 pneumonia based on ARDS management (3) may lead to disease progression and excess harm (1, 2) . Second, we can use the DAG to determine a minimal adjustment set of variables to reliably estimate the direct effect of our exposure (ARDS ventilation strategy in COVID-19 L-phenotype patients) and outcome (ICU mortality). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32579024/ doi: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1293le id: cord-001493-3yu2di1g author: Fujishima, Seitaro title: Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-05-07 words: 3096 sentences: 159 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001493-3yu2di1g.txt summary: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines play major roles in acute inflammation and the development of inflammatory lung diseases, including ARDS. Increased levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are associated with death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network: Plasma surfactant protein levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. One specific pathological finding of ARDS is diffuse alveolar damage. In 2012, in an effort to increase diagnostic specificity, a revised definition of ARDS was published in JAMA. However, no new parameters or biomarkers were adopted by the revised definition. Discriminating between ARDS and other similar diseases is critically important; however, only a few biomarkers are currently available for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, predicting the severity, response to therapy, or outcome of the illness is also important for developing treatment strategies for each patient. However, the PaO(2)/FIO(2) ratio is currently the sole clinical parameter used for this purpose. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. In this review, the current understanding of the basic pathophysiology of ARDS and associated candidate biomarkers will be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267590/ doi: 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32 id: cord-277590-u0uf88e7 author: Gage, Ann title: Reacquainting Cardiology With Mechanical Ventilation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-03-27 words: 583 sentences: 41 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277590-u0uf88e7.txt summary: As ARDS progresses, lung compliance decreases, hypoxemia ensues, and patients can progress to ventilator dependence (3, 4) . After initial stabilization, it is critical to appropriately titrate settings to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury. One of the most common methods for doing this is careful monitoring of the plateau pressure ( Figure 2) . It is also important to monitor the patient''s driving pressure, or difference between the PEEP and plateau pressure, as increased driving pressures have been associated with higher mortality in ARDS (10). Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prone positioning reduces mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome in the low tidal volume era: a meta-analysis Care for critically ill patients with COVID-19 Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome KEY WORDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, coronavirus, coronavirus disease-2019, mechanical ventilation abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.007 doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.03.007 id: cord-353594-z1vxamvp author: Gagiannis, Daniel title: Clinical, Serological, and Histopathological Similarities Between Severe COVID-19 and Acute Exacerbation of Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) date: 2020-10-02 words: 4997 sentences: 246 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353594-z1vxamvp.txt summary: Since we observed similarities between COVID-19 and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), we investigated features of autoimmunity in SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory failure. Patients or their relatives had given written informed consent to routine diagnostic procedures (serology, bronchoscopy, radiology) as well as (partial) autopsy in the case of death, respectively, as well as to the scientific use of data and tissue samples in the present study. Our finding that significant ANA titers and/or detection of specific autoantibodies are found in most patients who develop ARDS raises the question if there is a comparable mechanism of lung damage between SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbating autoimmune disease. Our observation of CTD-associated autoantibodies together with the CTD-like radiologic and histopathologic lung findings in severe cases of COVID-19 point towards a possible dysregulation of the immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection that might fuel organizing pneumonia and trigger interstitial fibrosis, with deleterious effects on the functional outcome in long-term survivors. abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Understanding the pathophysiology of respiratory failure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is indispensable for development of therapeutic strategies. Since we observed similarities between COVID-19 and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), we investigated features of autoimmunity in SARS-CoV-2-associated respiratory failure. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 22 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 10 patients with non-COVID-19-associated pneumonia. Full laboratory testing was performed including autoantibody (AAB; ANA/ENA) screening using indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot. Fifteen COVID-19 patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography. Transbronchial biopsies/autopsy tissue samples for histopathology and ultrastructural analyses were obtained from 4/3 cases, respectively. RESULTS: Thirteen (59.1%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and five patients (22.7%) died from the disease. ANA titers ≥1:320 and/or positive ENA immunoblots were detected in 11/13 (84.6%) COVID-19 patients with ARDS, in 1/9 (11.1%) COVID-19 patients without ARDS (p = 0.002) and in 4/10 (40%) patients with non-COVID-19-associated pneumonias (p = 0.039). Detection of AABs was significantly associated with a need for intensive care treatment (83.3 vs. 10%; p = 0.002) and occurrence of severe complications (75 vs. 20%, p = 0.03). Radiological and histopathological findings were highly heterogeneous including patterns reminiscent of exacerbating CTD-ILD, while ultrastructural analyses revealed interstitial thickening, fibroblast activation, and deposition of collagen fibrils. CONCLUSIONS: We are the first to report overlapping clinical, serological, and imaging features between severe COVID-19 and acute exacerbation of CTD-ILD. Our findings indicate that autoimmune mechanisms determine both clinical course and long-term sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the presence of autoantibodies might predict adverse clinical course in COVID-19 patients. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.587517 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587517 id: cord-333520-v2sb90rc author: Gardin, Chiara title: Could Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Be a Therapeutic Option for Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients? date: 2020-08-26 words: 10154 sentences: 466 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333520-v2sb90rc.txt summary: Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored for the management of a number of diseases that currently have limited or no therapeutic options, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. Next, we describe some of the most significant clinical evidence of the successful use of MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of lung and heart injuries, which might strengthen our hypothesis in terms of their utility for also treating critically ill COVID-19 patients. Recently, MSC-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to have comparable and even greater effects than cells themselves in improving inflammation and injury in a variety of pre-clinical lung disease models, including ALI/ARDS (Table 1) . From the studies discussed above, it emerged that the rationale for using MSC-derived exosomes, MVs, or EVs in ALI/ARDS is based on several processes, many of which are shared with those identified in the parent MSCs. These include immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory properties on host tissue, reduction of the permeability of alveolar epithelium and endothelium, improvement of alveolar fluid clearance, enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis, and tissue repair through direct mitochondrial transfer with host cells (Figure 2 ). abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral disease originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The severe form of the disease is often associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and most critically ill patients require mechanical ventilation and support in intensive care units. A significant portion of COVID-19 patients also develop complications of the cardiovascular system, primarily acute myocardial injury, arrhythmia, or heart failure. To date, no specific antiviral therapy is available for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being explored for the management of a number of diseases that currently have limited or no therapeutic options, thanks to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. Here, we briefly introduce the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the heart and lungs. Next, we describe some of the most significant clinical evidence of the successful use of MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of lung and heart injuries, which might strengthen our hypothesis in terms of their utility for also treating critically ill COVID-19 patients. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092762 doi: 10.3390/jcm9092762 id: cord-286133-h8jgwe4z author: Gattinoni, Luciano title: Reply by Gattinoni et al. to Hedenstierna et al., to Maley et al., to Fowler et al., to Bhatia and Mohammed, to Bos, to Koumbourlis and Motoyama, and to Haouzi et al. date: 2020-08-15 words: 1931 sentences: 99 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286133-h8jgwe4z.txt summary: However, as evidenced by this correspondence, our scientific community seems divided into two broad categories: On one side are the believers that coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia must be defined as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-and that is it. Dr. Bos, Dr. Maley and colleagues, and Dr. Haouzi and colleagues in their letters conclude, as do many others in our scientific community, that COVID-19 pneumonia is not atypical but fits the conventional ARDS definition and that higher respiratory system compliance (Crs) may be a normal finding in the syndrome. Actually, we have observed that patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from Wuhan often present "better" compliance and "worse" PA O 2 -Pa O 2 gradient at low PEEP. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-1052le doi: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1052le id: cord-349440-jxigsdzh author: Gattinoni, Luciano title: COVID-19 phenotypes: leading or misleading? date: 2020-07-02 words: 564 sentences: 31 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349440-jxigsdzh.txt summary: Comment to an Editorial where we invite the authors to express with clarity the risks they are referring to and how their argument is furthering the cause of patients and clinicians. After reading sentences such as "…by needlessly clouding the clinical picture, false phenotypes … upon inspection of patient data, simply do not exist" , It is not clear to us -and without a doubt to most readers -what sort of clear, and self-evident truth we (and other authors) have been trying to cloud. We note also with concern the conclusions of the editorial: "by prematurely phenotyping patients with COVID-19, we expose ourselves and our patients to considerable and preventable risk" and we invite the authors to express with clarity the risks they are referring to and how their argument is furthering the cause of patients and clinicians. abstract: Comment to an Editorial where we invite the authors to express with clarity the risks they are referring to and how their argument is furthering the cause of patients and clinicians. url: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02195-2020 doi: 10.1183/13993003.02195-2020 id: cord-349980-x1h5dhn9 author: Ge, Huiqing title: Lung Mechanics of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: Analytics With High-Granularity Ventilator Waveform Data date: 2020-08-21 words: 3546 sentences: 211 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349980-x1h5dhn9.txt summary: In order to make this gap end, the purpose of the study were 4-folds: (1) to describe the lung mechanics of COVID-19 patients by analyzing high-granularity ventilator waveform data; (2) to explore whether the lung compliance can be influenced by clinical factors, such as recruitment maneuver (RM) and body positioning; (3) to identify risk factors for PVA during IMV in COVID-19 patients; and (4) To describe post-extubation lung functions for survivors with spirometry test. Abbreviations: AI, asynchrony index; WOB, work of breathing; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; DT, delayed triggering; IEE, ineffective effort during expiration; IQR, interquartile range; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PVA, patient-ventilator asynchrony; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation. The study integrated high-granularity ventilator waveform data with clinical variables to describe the temporal change of lung mechanics of critically ill patients with COVID-19. abstract: Background: Lung mechanics during invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) for both prognostic and therapeutic implications; however, the full trajectory lung mechanics has never been described for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients requiring IMV. The study aimed to describe the full trajectory of lung mechanics of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. The clinical and ventilator setting that can influence patient-ventilator asynchrony (PVA) and compliance were explored. Post-extubation spirometry test was performed to assess the pulmonary function after COVID-19 induced ARDS. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. All patients with IMV due to COVID-19 induced ARDS were included. High-granularity ventilator waveforms were analyzed with deep learning algorithm to obtain PVAs. Asynchrony index (AI) was calculated as the number of asynchronous events divided by the number of ventilator cycles and wasted efforts. Mortality was recorded as the vital status on hospital discharge. Results: A total of 3,923,450 respiratory cycles in 2,778 h were analyzed (average: 24 cycles/min) for seven patients. Higher plateau pressure (Coefficient: −0.90; 95% CI: −1.02 to −0.78) and neuromuscular blockades (Coefficient: −6.54; 95% CI: −9.92 to −3.16) were associated with lower AI. Survivors showed increasing compliance over time, whereas non-survivors showed persistently low compliance. Recruitment maneuver was not able to improve lung compliance. Patients were on supine position in 1,422 h (51%), followed by prone positioning (499 h, 18%), left positioning (453 h, 16%), and right positioning (404 h, 15%). As compared with supine positioning, prone positioning was associated with 2.31 ml/cmH(2)O (95% CI: 1.75 to 2.86; p < 0.001) increase in lung compliance. Spirometry tests showed that pulmonary functions were reduced to one third of the predicted values after extubation. Conclusions: The study for the first time described full trajectory of lung mechanics of patients with COVID-19. The result showed that prone positioning was associated with improved compliance; higher plateau pressure and use of neuromuscular blockades were associated with lower risk of AI. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32974375/ doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00541 id: cord-104423-fxo36z1s author: Ghelichkhani, Parisa title: Prone Position in Management of COVID-19 Patients; a Commentary date: 2020-04-11 words: 1237 sentences: 74 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104423-fxo36z1s.txt summary: This disease exacerbates in a number of patients and causes pulmonary edema, multi-organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). 10% of patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) develop ARDS (3) and despite all the treatment advances made, the rate of mortality is still high among these patients and has been reported to be between * Corresponding Author: Maryam Esmaeili; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Nosrat St., Tohid Sq.,Tehran, Iran. Additionally, in another meta-analysis it was revealed that prone position can only reduce mortality due to ARDS when patients are ventilated with low tidal volume, the treatment is started within the initial 48 hours of initiation of the disease, and patients have severe hypoxia. Available meta-analyses show that prone position can decrease mortality in ARDS patients when performed in the initial hours of disease manifestation, in patients with severe impaired oxygenation and for a long time (8) . abstract: SARS-CoV-2 virus causes a pneumonia that was identified through fever, dyspnea, and acute respiratory symptoms and named COVID-19. This disease exacerbates in a number of patients and causes pulmonary edema, multi-organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prevalence of ARDS among COVID-19 patients has been reported to be up to 17%. Among the introduced treatment methods for management of ARDS patients, prone position can be used as an adjuvant therapy for improving ventilation in these patients. Here we reviewed the literature regarding the role of prone position in management of COVID-19 patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158870/ doi: nan id: cord-332592-bfqsyiyf author: Goette, Andreas title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation date: 2020-09-26 words: 3539 sentences: 261 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332592-bfqsyiyf.txt summary: title: COVID-19-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with Pulmonary Vein Thromboses, Atrial Cardiomyopathy, and Arterial Intima Inflammation Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we can present a case of cytokine release syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 causing multiorgan failure and death. In summary, the present case shows that severe COVID-19 induces CRS associated with ARDS, acute kidney failure, liver pathologies, vascular intimal inflammation, pulmonary arterial, and venous thromboses and an inflammatory atrial cardiomyopathy. In the present case, we can show that COVID-19 can induce the occurrences of ARDS, which was associated with pulmonary embolism, as well as thrombogenesis, in pulmonary veins and the right atrial appendage. In addition to COVID-19-induced ARDS, CRS might be associated with pulmonary artery, as well as vein thromboses, atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, right atrial clot formation, and inflammatory invasion of autonomic atrial nerve ganglia. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). First reports have shown that elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines might be involved in the development of organ dysfunction in COVID-19. Here, we can present a case of cytokine release syndrome induced by SARS–CoV-2 causing multiorgan failure and death. Of note, we can report on pulmonary vein thromboses as potential source of cerebrovascular embolic events. Furthermore, we present a specific form of an isolated inflammatory atrial cardiomyopathy encompassing atrial myocardium, perivascular matrix, as well as atrial autonomic nerve ganglia, causing atrial fibrillation, sinus node arrest, as well as atrial clot formation in the right atrial appendage. An associated acute glomerulonephritis caused acute kidney failure. Furthermore, all the described pathologies of organs and vessels were associated with increased local expression of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). This report provides new evidence about fatal pathologies and summarizes the current knowledge about organ manifestations observed in COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716717 doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1716717 id: cord-259204-27t269pd author: Grimaldi, D. title: Characteristics and outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome related to COVID-19 in Belgian and French Intensive Care Units according to antiviral strategies. The COVADIS multicenter observational study. date: 2020-07-07 words: 3871 sentences: 223 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259204-27t269pd.txt summary: Background Limited data are available for antiviral therapy efficacy especially for the most severe patients under mechanical ventilation suffering from Covid-19 related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Methods Observational multicenter cohort of patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS, comparing antiviral strategies (none, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (L/R), others (combination or remdesivir). Limited data are available for antiviral therapy efficacy especially for the most severe patients under mechanical ventilation suffering from Covid-19 related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Observational multicenter cohort of patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS, comparing antiviral strategies (none, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (L/R), others (combination or remdesivir). In moderate to severe ARDS COVID-19 patients, we did not observe an association between treatment with hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir/ritonavir and ventilatory free days as compared to no antiviral treatment. abstract: Background Limited data are available for antiviral therapy efficacy especially for the most severe patients under mechanical ventilation suffering from Covid-19 related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Methods Observational multicenter cohort of patients with moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS, comparing antiviral strategies (none, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), lopinavir/ritonavir (L/R), others (combination or remdesivir). The primary end-point was the day-28 ventilator free days (VFD), patients which died before d28 were considered as having 0 VFD. The variable was dichotomized in patients still ventilated or dead at day 28 vs patients being extubated and alive at day 28 (VFD = or > 0). Results We analyzed 376 patients (80 with standard of care (SOC), 49 treated with L/R, 197 with HCQ, and 50 others). The median number of d28-VFD was 0 (IQR 0-13) and was different across the different groups (P=0.01), the SOC patients having the highest d28-VFD. A multivariate logistic regression including antiviral strategies, showed that age (OR 0.95 CI95%:0.93-0.98), male gender (OR 0.53 CI95%:0.31-0.93), Charlson score (OR 0.85 CI95%:0.73-0.99) and plateau pressure (OR 0.94 CI95%:0.88-0.99) were associated with having 0 d28-VFD whereas P/F ratio (OR 1.005 CI95%:1.001-1.010) was associated with having > or = 1 d28-VFD (ie. being extubated and alive). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was frequent (64%), its incidence was different across the patients groups (P=0.01). In a post-hoc logistic multivariate regression apart from demographics characteristics and comorbidities, the use of L/R (administered to 81 of 376 patients) was associated with occurrence of AKI (OR 2.07 CI95%:1.17-3.66) and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Conclusion In this observational study of moderate to severe Covid-19 ARDS patients, we did not observed a benefit of treating patients with any specific antiviral treatment. We observed an association between L/R treatment and occurrence of AKI and need for RRT. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.28.20141911 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.28.20141911 id: cord-330640-6ityxc64 author: Gupta, Ashim title: Mesenchymal stem cells and exosome therapy for COVID-19: current status and future perspective date: 2020-08-11 words: 5159 sentences: 245 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330640-6ityxc64.txt summary: In the case of pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) [12] , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [13, 14] and sepsis studies investigating therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated safety and some positive effects on these conditions [11] . Another study demonstrated that the efficacy of MSC-based therapy is enhanced with lipid conjugated heparin coating; and the human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) delivered to the damaged liver resulted in significantly improved recovery from ALF in a mouse model. Majority of the studies focusing on MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated regenerative potential, immune-modulatory functions, anti-inflammatory effects, similar to their parents, i.e. Mesenchymal stem cells [44, 45] . In preclinical set up, MSC-derived exosomes have demonstrated aptitude as an acellular alternative to cell-based therapy, against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [46] . Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Inluenza A (H7N9) infection: A hint for COVID-19 treatment. abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause for the COVID-19 infection-related morbidity and mortality. Recent clinical evidences suggest increased level of cytokines and chemokines targeting lung tissue as a prominent etiological factor. The immunomodulatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as the alternative therapy for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is well known. Several studies have also revealed that similar therapeutic impacts of parent MSCs are also exhibited by MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes. In this review, we explored the therapeutic potential of both MSCs and exosomes in mitigating the COVID-19 induced cytokine storm as well as promoting the regeneration of alveolar tissue, attributed to the intrinsic cytokines and growth factor present in the secretome. The preliminary studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of MSCs and exosomes in mitigating symptoms associated with COVID-19. Thus, they can be used on compassionate basis, owing to their ability to endogenously repair and decrease the inflammatory reactions involved in the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. However, more preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to understand their mechanism of action and further establish their safety and efficacy. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13577-020-00407-w doi: 10.1007/s13577-020-00407-w id: cord-029646-oujgcciq author: Gupta, Ena title: Don’t Drive Blind: Driving Pressure to Optimize Ventilator Management in ECMO date: 2020-07-23 words: 3539 sentences: 187 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029646-oujgcciq.txt summary: Higher driving pressure after initiation of ECMO is associated with increased adjusted 30-day mortality. Initial mechanical ventilator setting protocol after ECMO support was as follows: tidal volume 4-5 ml/ kg PBW; PEEP 5-10 cm H2O; peak inspiratory pressure 25-30 cm H 2 O; respiratory rate 10-12 breaths per minute; and FiO2 adjusted to maintain arterial oxygen saturation above 90%. The increase in driving pressure after ECMO is likely related to a protocolized application of ventilator settings including lower PEEP after initiation of ECMO. A recent study showed that near apneic ventilation in a pig model of acute lung injury supported by ECMO when compared to conventional protective ventilation decreased driving pressure by 40% and reduced mechanical power 10 times [5] . Elevated driving pressure after ECMO initiation was associated with increased adjusted 30-day mortality among both VA-and VV-ECMO. Association of driving pressure with mortality among ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis abstract: INTRODUCTION: Driving pressure (DP) while on ECMO has been studied in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but no studies exist in those on ECMO without ARDS. We aimed to study association of mortality with DP in all patients on ECMO and compare change in DP before and after initiation of ECMO. METHODS: Consecutive patients placed on ECMO either veno-arterial ECMO or veno-venous ECMO between August 2010 and February 2017 were reviewed. The outcomes were compared based on DP before and after ECMO initiation. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were included: 68 (35%) had ARDS while 124 (65%) did not. There were 70 individuals for whom DP was available, 33 (47%) had a decrease in DP, whereas 32 (46%) had an increase in DP and 5 (7%) had no change in DP after ECMO initiation. Those with an increase in DP had a higher initial PEEP (14 vs 9 cm H(2)O, p < 0.001) and a higher PEEP decrease after ECMO (6.4 cm H(2)O vs by 2.5 cm H(2)O, p < 0.001). Those with an increase in DP had a significantly longer stay on ECMO than those without (p = 0.022). On multivariable analysis, higher DP 24 h after ECMO initiation was associated with an increase in 30-day mortality (OR 1.15, 75% CI 1.07–1.24, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients experienced an increase in driving pressure and decrease in compliance after initiation of ECMO. Higher driving pressure after initiation of ECMO is associated with increased adjusted 30-day mortality. Individualized ventilator strategies are needed to reduce mechanical stress while on ECMO. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7377310/ doi: 10.1007/s00408-020-00381-y id: cord-004450-daxz9yhp author: Haeberle, Helene title: Therapeutic iloprost for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (the ThIlo trial): a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II study date: 2020-03-04 words: 5848 sentences: 383 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004450-daxz9yhp.txt summary: Several preclinical studies have revealed a beneficial effect of iloprost on the control of pulmonary inflammation, and in a small number of patients with ARDS, iloprost treatment resulted in improved oxygenation. For safety reasons, after treatment of 100 patients (day 28 after last dose investigational medicinal product [IMP] Patient 100) within the study, an interim analysis for an increased risk for pulmonary hemorrhage ≥ grade III according to Common Terminology (Toxicity) Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0 in the treatment (iloprost) arm will be performed and the results discussed with the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). When possible, however, the patient or his legal representative is to be informed both in writing and verbally by the investigator before any study-specific procedure is Iloprost or NaCl 0.9% (control) X X X X X Clinical assessment including outcome X X X X X X X X X Laboratory testing X X X X X X X X Adverse/serious adverse event monitoring X X X X X X X Plasma biomarkers X X X X X X Barthel Index X X X X SOFA score X X X X X X X X Health-related questionnaire X VES X performed. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by rapid-onset (within hours) acute inflammatory processes in lung tissue, and it is a life-threatening condition with high mortality. The treatment of ARDS to date is focused on the prevention of further iatrogenic damage of the lung rather than the treatment of the initial inflammatory process. Several preclinical studies have revealed a beneficial effect of iloprost on the control of pulmonary inflammation, and in a small number of patients with ARDS, iloprost treatment resulted in improved oxygenation. Therefore, we plan to conduct a large multicenter trial to evaluate the effect of iloprost on ARDS. METHODS: The Therapeutic Iloprost during ARDS trial (ThIlo trial) is a multicenter, randomized, single blinded, clinical phase II trial assessing the efficacy of inhaled iloprost for the prevention of the development and progression of ARDS in critically ill patients. One hundred fifty critically ill patients suffering from acute ARDS will be treated either by nebulized iloprost or NaCl 0.9% for 5 days. Blood samples will be drawn at defined time points to elucidate the serum levels of iloprost and inflammatory markers during treatment. Mechanical ventilation will be standardized. In follow-up visits at days 28 and 90 as well as 6 months after enrollment, functional status according to the Barthel Index and a health care-related questionnaire, and frailty (Vulnerable Elders Survey) will be evaluated. The primary endpoint is the improvement of oxygenation, defined as the ratio of PaO(2)/FiO(2). Secondary endpoints include 90-day all-cause mortality, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores during the study period up to day 90, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, ventilator-associated pneumonia, delirium, ICU-acquired weakness, and discharge localization. The study will be conducted in three university ARDS centers in Germany. DISCUSSION: The results of the ThIlo trial will highlight the anti-inflammatory effect of iloprost on early inflammatory processes during ARDS, resulting in the improvement of outcome parameters in patients with ARDS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EUDRA-CT: 2016-003168-37. Registered on 12 April 2017. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03111212. Registered on 4 June 2017. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7057516/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4163-0 id: cord-000498-absjerdt author: Hagau, Natalia title: Clinical aspects and cytokine response in severe H1N1 influenza A virus infection date: 2010-11-09 words: 5209 sentences: 302 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000498-absjerdt.txt summary: To and colleagues found higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine in the group of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viral A(H1N1) influenza, throughout the initial 10 days after symptom onset [8] . The aim of our study was to further investigate the profile of Th1 and Th17 mediators and interferoninductible protein-10 (IP-10), an innate-immunity mediator, as early host response in a group of critical and noncritical hospitalized patients with nvA(H1N1) from Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and to correlate them with the clinical aspects. IL-15 is significantly higher at admission (P1) and 3 days later (P2) in the nvA(H1N1)-ARDS group for nonsurvivors versus survivors, so it might be pathogenic in lung injury influenza A virus infection. An increased level of IP-10 was found in the Spanish group as early response to nvA(H1N1) infection in both hospitalized and mild patient disease, as in the present study, while in the Hong Kong group IP-10 was significantly higher in critical patients only. abstract: INTRODUCTION: The immune responses in patients with novel A(H1N1) virus infection (nvA(H1N1)) are incompletely characterized. We investigated the profile of Th1 and Th17 mediators and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) in groups with severe and mild nvA(H1N1) disease and correlated them with clinical aspects. METHODS: Thirty-two patients hospitalized with confirmed nvA(H1N1) infection were enrolled in the study: 21 patients with nvA(H1N1)-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and 11 patients with mild disease. One group of 20 patients with bacterial sepsis-ARDS and another group of 15 healthy volunteers were added to compare their cytokine levels with pandemic influenza groups. In the nvA(H1N1)-ARDS group, the serum cytokine samples were obtained on admission and 3 days later. The clinical aspects were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: In the nvA(H1N1)-ARDS group, obesity and lymphocytopenia were more common and IP-10, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-9 were significantly increased versus control. When comparing mild with severe nvA(H1N1) groups, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15 and TNFα were significantly higher in the severe group. In nonsurvivors versus survivors, IL-6 and IL-15 were increased on admission and remained higher 3 days later. A positive correlation of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-15 levels with C-reactive protein and with > 5-day interval between symptom onset and admission, and a negative correlation with the PaO(2):FiO(2 )ratio, were found in nvA(H1N1) groups. In obese patients with influenza disease, a significant increased level of IL-8 was found. When comparing viral ARDS with bacterial ARDS, the level of IL-8, IL-17 and TNFα was significantly higher in bacterial ARDS and IL-12 was increased only in viral ARDS. CONCLUSIONS: In our critically ill patients with novel influenza A(H1N1) virus infection, the hallmarks of the severity of disease were IL-6, IL-15, IL-8 and TNFα. These cytokines, except TNFα, had a positive correlation with the admission delay and C-reactive protein, and a negative correlation with the PaO(2):FiO(2 )ratio. Obese patients with nvA(H1N1) disease have a significant level of IL-8. There are significant differences in the level of cytokines when comparing viral ARDS with bacterial ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3220006/ doi: 10.1186/cc9324 id: cord-005941-e4fvj54l author: Hamm, H. title: The surfactant system of the adult lung: physiology and clinical perspectives date: 1992 words: 12897 sentences: 644 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005941-e4fvj54l.txt summary: Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. The fate of secreted surfactant material seems to be determined by five mechanisms: -Intraalveolar catabolism -Phagocytosis and degradation by alveolar macrophages [110, 118] -Removal by the mucociliary escalator -Recycling into the alveolar type II cell -Redistribution into other surrounding tissue Clearance studies in rabbits [140] have shown that approximately 7% of radiolabeled phosphatidylcholine is removed via the upper airways in 24 h, suggesting that this pathway is only of minor importance. These studies may indicate that the acute effect of nitrogen dioxide on alveolar type II cells is enhanced surfactant lipid synthesis, while chronic low-dose exposure leads to a decrease in surfactant synthesis capacity. Effects of ozone on phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II cells isolated from adult rat lung abstract: Pulmonary surfactant is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells and constitutes an important component of the alveolar lining fluid. It comprises a unique mixture of phospholipids and surfactant-specific proteins. More than 30 years after its first biochemical characterization, knowledge of the composition and functions of the surfactant complex has grown considerably. Its classically known role is to decrease surface tension in alveolar air spaces to a degree that facilitates adequate ventilation of the peripheral lung. More recently, other important surfactant functions have come into view. Probably most notable among these, surfactant has been demonstrated to enhance local pulmonary defense mechanisms and to modulate immune responses in the alveolar milieu. These findings have prompted interest in the role and the possible alterations of the surfactant system in a variety of lung diseases and in environmental impacts on the lung. However, only a limited number of studies investigating surfactant changes in human lung disease have hitherto been published. Preliminary results suggest that surfactant analyses, e.g., from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, may reveal quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of the surfactant system in human lung disorders. It is hypothesized that in the future, surfactant studies may become one of our clinical tools to evaluate the activity and severity of peripheral lung diseases. In certain disorders they may also gain diagnostic significance. Further clinical studies will be necessary to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of surfactant substitution and the usefulness of pharmacologic manipulation of the secretory activity of alveolar type II cells in pulmonary medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095985/ doi: 10.1007/bf00180279 id: cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 author: Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock date: 2008-11-27 words: 2526 sentences: 255 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015384-bz7ui5a0.txt summary: From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on healthIn the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO 2 triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study Post-traumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem Health-related quality of life and posttrauamtic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) define medical conditions of acute respiratory insufficiency deriving from direct and indirect damage of the alveolar parenchyma and often associated with multiorgan dysfunction (MODS). As a rule, intensive care is based on mechanical ventilation often requiring high doses of sedatives and narcotics. Despite major progress in intensive care medicine the rate of mortality is still very high. Whereas in the past the level of medical progress has been rated based on the mortality rate alone, the many negative somatic and psychological sequelae in long-term-survivors of ARDS are only now being appreciated. From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on health-related quality of life are intensively investigated. In the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO(2) triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Consolidation and retrieval of traumatic memories of the ICU stay are influenced by complex factors. From a clinical point of view prophylactic stress doses of hydrocortisone may reduce the major risk of PTSD associated with ALI / ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104133/ doi: 10.1007/s11800-008-0129-x id: cord-005686-k6t1q7q6 author: Hassett, Patrick title: Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury date: 2011-07-14 words: 3763 sentences: 215 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005686-k6t1q7q6.txt summary: title: Overexpression of pulmonary extracellular superoxide dismutase attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury PURPOSE: Superoxide is produced by activated neutrophils during the inflammatory response to stimuli such as endotoxin, can directly or indirectly injure host cells, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We wished to determine the potential for pulmonary overexpression of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) to reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury. Endotoxin instillation produced a severe lung injury, which was attenuated by EC-SOD overexpression in comparison to animals that received vehicle or null vector. EC-SOD completely attenuated the decrease in static lung compliance (Fig. 2b ) and the increase in peak airway pressure (Fig. 2c) following endotoxin-induced injury. In conclusion, intrapulmonary delivery of EC-SOD decreased the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury, demonstrating the potential beneficial effects of EC-SOD overexpression in the setting of ALI. abstract: PURPOSE: Superoxide is produced by activated neutrophils during the inflammatory response to stimuli such as endotoxin, can directly or indirectly injure host cells, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We wished to determine the potential for pulmonary overexpression of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) to reduce the severity of endotoxin-induced lung injury. METHODS: Animals were randomly allocated to undergo intratracheal instillation of (1) surfactant alone (vehicle); (2) adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing a null transgene (AAV-null); and (3) adeno-associated virus vectors containing the EC-SOD transgene (AAV-EC-SOD) and endotoxin was subsequently administered intratracheally. Two additional groups were randomized to receive (1) vehicle or (2) AAV-EC-SOD, and to undergo sham (vehicle) injury. The severity of the lung injury was assessed in all animals 24 h later. RESULTS: Endotoxin produced a severe lung injury compared to sham injury. The AAV vector encoding EC-SOD increased lung EC-SOD concentrations, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the lung. EC-SOD overexpression decreased the severity of endotoxin-induced ALI, reducing the decrement in systemic oxygenation and lung compliance, decreasing lung permeability and decreasing histologic injury. EC-SOD attenuated pulmonary inflammation, decreased bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil counts, and reduced interleukin-6 and CINC-1 concentrations. The AAV vector itself did not contribute to inflammation or to lung injury. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary overexpression of EC-SOD protects the lung against endotoxin-induced ALI. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2309-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095197/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2309-y id: cord-266067-wrouqdcj author: Haywood, Nathan title: Isolated Lung Perfusion in the Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-09-17 words: 6939 sentences: 348 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266067-wrouqdcj.txt summary: The ability of EVLP to rehabilitate lungs injured in a porcine sepsis model [21] has provided the basis for a similar application-the use of isolated lung perfusion in vivo in the management of ARDS. Here, early animal studies have demonstrated the ability of in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) to rehabilitate sepsis-induced ARDS [22] . Below, we review the history and current evidence for isolated lung perfusion techniques, with a focus on how EVLP has provided the basis for and led to investigations into the use of IVLP for the treatment of ARDS. Using both murine and porcine models, we have demonstrated that the addition of a selective adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonist to the EVLP perfusate is associated with less pulmonary edema, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved lung function [43, 44] . abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and current management has a dramatic impact on healthcare resource utilization. While our understanding of this disease has improved, the majority of treatment strategies remain supportive in nature and are associated with continued poor outcomes. There is a dramatic need for the development and breakthrough of new methods for the treatment of ARDS. Isolated machine lung perfusion is a promising surgical platform that has been associated with the rehabilitation of injured lungs and the induction of molecular and cellular changes in the lung, including upregulation of anti-inflammatory and regenerative pathways. Initially implemented in an ex vivo fashion to evaluate marginal donor lungs prior to transplantation, recent investigations of isolated lung perfusion have shifted in vivo and are focused on the management of ARDS. This review presents current tenants of ARDS management and isolated lung perfusion, with a focus on how ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has paved the way for current investigations utilizing in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) in the treatment of severe ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186820 doi: 10.3390/ijms21186820 id: cord-003397-fvrd128w author: Herath, H. M. L. Y. title: Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka date: 2018-12-29 words: 2553 sentences: 176 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003397-fvrd128w.txt summary: title: Spotted fever rickettsioses causing myocarditis and ARDS: a case from Sri Lanka We describe a patient with rapidly progressing ARDS and myocarditis secondary to spotted fever caused by Rickettsia conorii. He was confirmed to have spotted fever rickettsial infection with rising titre of indirect immunofluorescence antibodies to Ricketssia conorii and made a complete recovery with appropriate antibiotic therapy and supportive care. Emergence of spotted fever group of rickettsial infections in the hilly central province of Sri Lanka was first observed in early nineties [1] . The following case report highlights myocarditis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as complications in a severely ill patient with spotted fever group of rickettsioses where timely diagnosis and intervention saved the life. This case demonstrates a rather rare presentation of spotted fever rickettsial infection where patient deteriorated within short time leading to shock and ARDS. Cutaneous manifestations of spotted fever rickettsial infections in the Central Province of Sri Lanka: a descriptive study abstract: BACKGROUND: Spotted fever group of rickettsial infections are emerging in Sri Lanka. We describe a patient with rapidly progressing ARDS and myocarditis secondary to spotted fever caused by Rickettsia conorii. ARDS and myocarditis are rare complications of Rickettsia conorii infections and only a few cases are reported to date. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53 years old manual worker presented with fever for 5 days and a skin rash. He was in circulatory failure on admission and developed severe hypoxaemia with gross changes in chest radiograph by next day requiring assisted ventilation. He had myocarditis causing left ventricular failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome. He was confirmed to have spotted fever rickettsial infection with rising titre of indirect immunofluorescence antibodies to Ricketssia conorii and made a complete recovery with appropriate antibiotic therapy and supportive care. CONCLUSION: Rickettsial infections can present with diverse manifestations. Even the patients with severe organ involvements such as myocarditis and ARDS can be completely cured if timely identified and treated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6311067/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3631-6 id: cord-273426-55vu6b3u author: Iba, Toshiaki title: Coagulopathy of Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-05-26 words: 4536 sentences: 257 pages: flesch: 31 cache: ./cache/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273426-55vu6b3u.txt summary: Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/ coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. (Crit Care Med 2020; XX:00-00) Key Words: coagulopathy; coronavirus; coronavirus disease 2019; disseminated intravascular coagulation; hypercoagulability; thromboembolism I ncreasing communications worldwide have reported that hospitalized, critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are frequently developing laboratory abnormalities compatible with hypercoagulability and clinically a high prevalence of thromboembolic events (1). abstract: Recent studies have reported a high prevalence of thrombotic events in coronavirus disease 2019. However, the significance of thromboembolic complications has not been widely appreciated. The purpose of this review is to provide current knowledge of this serious problem. DESIGN: Narrative review. DATA SOURCES: Online search of published medical literature through PubMed using the term “COVID-19,” “SARS,” “acute respiratory distress syndrome,” “coronavirus,” “coagulopathy,” “thrombus,” and “anticoagulants.” STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Articles were chosen for inclusion based on their relevance to coagulopathy and thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019, and anticoagulant therapy. Reference lists were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with a strikingly high prevalence of coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism that may contribute to respiratory deterioration. Monitoring coagulation variables is important, as abnormal coagulation tests are related to adverse outcomes and may necessitate adjuvant antithrombotic interventions. In the initial phase of the infection, d-dimer and fibrinogen levels are increased, while activated partial prothrombin time, prothrombin time, and platelet counts are often relatively normal. Increased d-dimer levels three times the upper limit of normal may trigger screening for venous thromboembolism. In all hospitalized patients, thromboprophylaxis using low-molecular-weight heparin is currently recommended. The etiology of the procoagulant responses is complex and thought to be a result of specific interactions between host defense mechanisms and the coagulation system. Although the coagulopathy is reminiscent of disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathy, it has features that are markedly distinct from these entities. CONCLUSIONS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2/coronavirus disease 2019 frequently induces hypercoagulability with both microangiopathy and local thrombus formation, and a systemic coagulation defect that leads to large vessel thrombosis and major thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism in critically ill hospitalized patients. d-dimers and fibrinogen levels should be monitored, and all hospitalized patients should undergo thromboembolism prophylaxis with an increase in therapeutic anticoagulation in certain clinical situations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32467443/ doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004458 id: cord-299125-kuvnwdn6 author: Ikegami, Saya title: Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy date: 2020-06-22 words: 2872 sentences: 175 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299125-kuvnwdn6.txt summary: title: Suspected Virus-Inducing Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated by Multimodal Therapy Including Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Immune Modulation Therapy We report a case of suspected virus-inducing severe ARDS treated by multimodal therapy including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and immune modulation therapy that led to a favorable outcome for the patient. The risk factor in the present case was unspecified pneumonia, and an unspecified virus was considered the most likely cause based on the negative results of all cultures, β-D glucan, and rapid test for bacteria and influenza. As the present case also showed marked hypoxia despite mechanical ventilation with a high concentration of oxygen and high PEEP, ECMO was introduced, and the lung rest setting was selected. We presented a case of suspected virus-inducing severe ARDS that was treated by multimodal therapy including ECMO and immune modulation therapy. abstract: A 44-year-old man who had been feeling general fatigue was found in an unconscious state on the same day. He had no remarkable medical history. On arrival at the hospital, his Glasgow Coma Scale was E1V2M3; he had tachycardia and hypertension, was afebrile, and in a severe hypoxic state. His PaO(2)/FiO(2) (P/F) was under 100, even with tracheal intubation with 100% oxygen. Chest X-ray and CT revealed a bilateral ground-glass appearance with consolidation. Cardiac echo initially showed hyper-dynamic wall motion. The main results of a blood analysis suggested an acute inflammatory reaction, rhabdomyolysis, and pancreatitis. The microscopic findings of sputum and a rapid test for bacterial and viral infections were all negative. As he showed deterioration of P/F, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was started. He also showed hypotension and therefore underwent vasopressor and steroid administration. Due to concerns of pneumonia, he received meropenem and azithromycin in addition to the infusion of γ-globulin and glycyrrhizin. The results of a COVID-19 test, culture of sputum, and collagen disease test were all negative. The serum virus neutralization assay as a serological test for Coxsackievirus B4 showed a four-fold increase in titer. The multimodal therapy mentioned above resulted in the improvement of his general condition, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this report, we discuss the benefits of ECMO and immune modulation therapy in the treatment of severe ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8768 doi: 10.7759/cureus.8768 id: cord-260577-t4w4pw12 author: Imai, Yumiko title: The renin–angiotensin system in acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2006-08-07 words: 2978 sentences: 170 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260577-t4w4pw12.txt summary: The importance of RAS in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ACE2 as a receptor for the SARS-coronavirus. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACE2 protects mice from acute lung injury as well as SARS-mediated lung injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 share homology in their catalytic domain and provide different key functions in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The importance of the RAS in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ACE2 as a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [5] . Importantly, the treatment with catalytically active, but not enzymatically inactive, recombinant ACE2 protein improved the symptoms of acute lung injury in wild type mice as well as in ace2 knockout mice, suggesting ACE2 protein as a possible novel therapeutic target for ARDS (Fig. 2) . A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) counterbalances with ACE and functions as a negative regulator of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The importance of RAS in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has recently re-emerged owing to the identification of ACE2 as a receptor for the SARS-coronavirus. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACE2 protects mice from acute lung injury as well as SARS-mediated lung injury. We review the role of the RAS, in particular ACE2, in the pathogenesis of ARDS. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740676506000472 doi: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2006.06.012 id: cord-263879-e36l3t1g author: Jamaati, Hamidreza title: A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol date: 2020 words: 1154 sentences: 73 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263879-e36l3t1g.txt summary: title: A Fourteen-day Experience with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): An Iranian Treatment Protocol The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 pneumonia ranges from mild to critically ill cases and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. An expert panel was held and an internal protocol was developed to manage the COVID-19 induced ARDS according to WHO recommendations and NIH guidelines. The clinical presentation of COVID-19 pneumonia may present from mild to severe illness including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Finally, an internal protocol was developed to manage the COVID-19 induced ARDS according to WHO recommendations and NIH guidelines (3). Of the 231 suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during two weeks, 72 patients were admitted to ICU with diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. Of the 231 suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during two weeks, 72 patients were admitted to ICU with diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. abstract: COVID-19 is currently causing concern in the medical community as the virus is spreading around the world. It has a heavy global burden, particularly in low-income countries. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 pneumonia ranges from mild to critically ill cases and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. An expert panel was held and an internal protocol was developed to manage the COVID-19 induced ARDS according to WHO recommendations and NIH guidelines. Different therapeutic regimens were employed on this protocol based on the ARDS severity and the patients’ special characteristics. The mortality rate, the rate of survivors, and non-survivors were reported. Of the 231 suspected cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during two weeks, 72 patients were admitted to ICU with diagnosis confirmed by RT-PCR. In total, mortality in the ICU was 25% (n = 18) among ARDS patients over two weeks. COVID-19 induced ARDS is a major concern. The rapid progression of ARDS needs specific protocol based on patients’ characteristics and rapid action. url: https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.113337.14239 doi: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113337.14239 id: cord-006251-danl62io author: Jansen, Oliver title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in spina bifida and (H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2017-09-13 words: 1696 sentences: 86 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-006251-danl62io.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006251-danl62io.txt summary: We report on a 45-year-old spina bifida patient with confirmed H1N1 influenza virus infection causing acute respiratory failure, who was successfully weaned from 42-day veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) treatment with an excellent outcome. Adding prone positioning therapy to ECMO patients is recommended by the guidelines for adult respiratory failure from the extracorporeal life support organization if radiological imaging shows posterior consolidation of the lung fields [8] . As ECMO blood flow could be reduced and, therefore, resulted in less inflow pressure problems and less dependency on the patients'' position, we began to establish a regimen of intermittent prone positioning therapy to improve alveolar recruitment of the posterior consolidated lung fields and, therefore, pulmonary capacity (Fig. 3) . Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized as an acute hypoxemic and/or hypercapnic respiratory failure seen in critically ill patients and is still, although decreased over the past few years, associated with high mortality. Furthermore, ARDS may be a life-threatening complication of H1N1 pneumonia. We report on a 45-year-old spina bifida patient with confirmed H1N1 influenza virus infection causing acute respiratory failure, who was successfully weaned from 42-day veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) treatment with an excellent outcome. Due to the physical constitution of spina bifida patients, we experienced challenges concerning cannula positioning and mechanical ventilation settings during weaning. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100752/ doi: 10.1007/s10047-017-0992-3 id: cord-266423-s8lqdpvn author: Jose, Ricardo J. title: Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disprove the Obesity Paradox in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? date: 2020-05-22 words: 718 sentences: 41 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266423-s8lqdpvn.txt summary: Obesity is associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and is referred to as the obesity paradox.1 ARDS is a type of respiratory failure characterised by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs and is usually the result of infectious or chemical injury. Obesity is associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and this is referred to as the obesity paradox (2) . Clinicians tend to consider patients with obesity at higher risk of worse outcomes; thus, this might result in earlier admission to the intensive care unit for monitoring purposes in normal circumstances (6) . Taken together, these elements may contribute to difficulties for patients with obesity in accessing care during a pandemic if they are wrongly perceived by clinicians and policy makers to be at a higher risk for worse outcomes.O abstract: Obesity is associated with a decrease in mortality in patients with Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and is referred to as the obesity paradox.1 ARDS is a type of respiratory failure characterised by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs and is usually the result of infectious or chemical injury. The obesity paradox in ARDS patients has been investigated by Ni et al,1 who conclude that obesity and morbid obesity were associated with a lower mortality rate in patients with ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22835 doi: 10.1002/oby.22835 id: cord-252085-8dq3gdo8 author: Kaisy, Dr. Maythem Abdulhassan Al title: Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. date: 2020-08-14 words: 1157 sentences: 77 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252085-8dq3gdo8.txt summary: title: Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID – 19 Patient. Chest Drain Insertion following Pneumothorax due to CPR in a COVID -19 Patient. Thus, in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection lungs are fragile and especially those with positive pressure ventilations, the dangers of pneumothorax arise, and comprehensive management is warranted. A 42 years old male patient was transferred to our hospital, intubated on mechanical ventilation, he had a 1 week history of fever, cough and shortness of breath, with positive PCR test for COVID-19, and CT scan showing extensive bilateral multiple, multilobed ground glass appearance with areas of consolidation, there was no given history of previous lung diseases or smoking history ( Figure 1 ). A portable chest x-ray was ordered, and the patient was found to have significant amount of left sided -pneumothorax with underlying lung collapse , mild mediastinal shift to the right side, with progressive course regarding the right side opacities (Figure 2 ), compared to previous x-ray. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2405469020301515 doi: 10.1016/j.visj.2020.100862 id: cord-014538-6a2pviol author: Kamilia, Chtara title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2017-01-10 words: 61068 sentences: 3463 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014538-6a2pviol.txt summary: Other parameters that were significantly different between the patients who died and those who survived were an advanced age, an elevated IGS II score at hospital admission, an elevated SOFA score at study entry, a late healthcare-associated infection and several biological variables: a high C reactive protein, low albumin and prealbumin and a poor percent of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, all measured at day 7. Parameters collected were demographic features, comorbidities, regular treatment, dyspnea assessed by the MRC scale, initial clinical severity reflected by SAPS II and APACHE II scores, modalities and ICU admission deadlines, initial arterial blood gas analysis, management of patients in the ICU (ventilation modalities, prescription of antibiotics, use of vasoactive drugs) and their outcomes (incidence of nosocomial infections and their sites, length of stay and ICU mortality). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5225389/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0224-7 id: cord-001661-dj9bxhwb author: Kao, Kuo-Chin title: Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy date: 2015-05-15 words: 4381 sentences: 218 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001661-dj9bxhwb.txt summary: title: Diffuse alveolar damage associated mortality in selected acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with open lung biopsy INTRODUCTION: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is the pathological hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), however, the presence of DAD in the clinical criteria of ARDS patients by Berlin definition is little known. A pathological finding of DAD in ARDS patients is associated with hospital mortality and there are no clinical characteristics that could identify DAD patients before open lung biopsy. The following data were collected from the hospital chart of each patient and analyzed: age, sex, underlying diseases, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score on the day of ICU admission [28] , sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on the day of ICU admission and the day of open lung biopsy [29] , lung injury score (LIS) [30] , PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio, PEEP, tidal volume, diagnostic procedures before open lung biopsy (HRCT or BAL), complications related to surgery (i.e., postoperative air leak, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, bleeding, and wound infection), pathological diagnosis, hospital mortality, and therapeutic alterations. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) is the pathological hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), however, the presence of DAD in the clinical criteria of ARDS patients by Berlin definition is little known. This study is designed to investigate the role of DAD in ARDS patients who underwent open lung biopsy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all ARDS patients who met the Berlin definition and underwent open lung biopsy from January 1999 to January 2014 in a referred medical center. DAD is characterized by hyaline membrane formation, lung edema, inflammation, hemorrhage and alveolar epithelial cell injury. Clinical data including baseline characteristics, severity of ARDS, clinical and pathological diagnoses, and survival outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1838 patients with ARDS were identified and open lung biopsies were performed on 101 patients (5.5 %) during the study period. Of these 101 patients, the severity of ARDS on diagnosis was mild of 16.8 %, moderate of 56.5 % and severe of 26.7 %. The hospital mortality rate was not significant difference between the three groups (64.7 % vs 61.4 % vs 55.6 %, p = 0.81). Of the 101 clinical ARDS patients with open lung biopsies, 56.4 % (57/101) patients had DAD according to biopsy results. The proportion of DAD were 76.5 % (13/17) in mild, 56.1 % (32/57) in moderate and 44.4 % (12/27) in severe ARDS and there is no significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.113). Pathological findings of DAD patients had a higher hospital mortality rate than non-DAD patients (71.9 % vs 45.5 %, p = 0.007). Pathological findings of DAD (odds ratio: 3.554, 95 % CI, 1.385–9.12; p = 0.008) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score on the biopsy day (odds ratio: 1.424, 95 % CI, 1.187–1.707; p<0.001) were significantly and independently associated with hospital mortality. The baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were not significantly different between DAD and non-DAD patients. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation of pathological findings of DAD and ARDS diagnosed by Berlin definition is modest. A pathological finding of DAD in ARDS patients is associated with hospital mortality and there are no clinical characteristics that could identify DAD patients before open lung biopsy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449559/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0949-y id: cord-003219-iryb3v0z author: Kao, Kuo-Chin title: Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning date: 2018-09-24 words: 4357 sentences: 214 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003219-iryb3v0z.txt summary: title: Predictors of survival in patients with influenza pneumonia-related severe acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with prone positioning CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, in evaluating the effect of prone positioning in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS, pneumonia severity index, renal replacement therapy and increase in dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS receiving prone positioning. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, PSI, renal replacement therapy and increased dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS receiving prone positioning. The present study in influenza pneumonia-related ARDS patients receiving prone positioning also found that increased dynamic driving pressure (hazard ratio 1.372, 95% confidence interval 1.095-1.718; p = 0.006) was identified as After multivariate Cox regression analysis, it was found that PSI, renal replacement therapy and increased dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumoniarelated ARDS receiving prone positioning. abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with influenza complicated with pneumonia are at high risk of rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prone positioning with longer duration and lung-protective strategies might reduce the mortality level in ARDS. The aim of this study is to investigate the survival predictors of prone positioning in patients with ARDS caused by influenza pneumonia. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted by eight tertiary referral centers in Taiwan. From January 1 to March 31 in 2016, all of the patients in intensive care units with virology-proven influenza pneumonia were collected, while all of those patients with ARDS and receiving prone positioning were enrolled. Demographic data, laboratory examinations, management records, ventilator settings and clinical outcomes were collected for analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 336 patients with severe influenza pneumonia were screened and 263 patients met the diagnosis of ARDS. Totally, 65 patients receiving prone positioning were included for analysis. The 60-day survivors had lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, pneumonia severity index (PSI), creatinine level and lower rate of receiving renal replacement therapy than non-survivors (22.4 ± 8.5 vs. 29.2 ± 7.4, p = 0.003; 106.6 ± 40.9 vs. 135.3 ± 48.6, p = 0.019; 1.2 ± 0.9 mg/dL vs. 3.1 ± 3.6 mg/dL, p = 0.040; and 4% vs. 42%, p < 0.005). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified PSI (hazard ratio 1.020, 95% confidence interval 1.009–1.032; p < 0.001), renal replacement therapy (hazard ratio 6.248, 95% confidence interval 2.245–17.389; p < 0.001), and increase in dynamic driving pressure (hazard ratio 1.372, 95% confidence interval 1.095–1.718; p = 0.006) which were independent predictors associated with 60-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, in evaluating the effect of prone positioning in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS, pneumonia severity index, renal replacement therapy and increase in dynamic driving pressure were associated with 60-day mortality in patients with influenza pneumonia-related ARDS receiving prone positioning. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13613-018-0440-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153196/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0440-4 id: cord-351624-32opyo0i author: Kappel, Coralea title: A case of possible Fournier’s gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-07-27 words: 692 sentences: 44 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351624-32opyo0i.txt summary: title: A case of possible Fournier''s gangrene associated with proning in COVID-19 ARDS Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, has contributed to significant morbidity and mortality, and presents with a myriad of clinical manifestations. We report a case of a 46yr old obese male with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19, who went on to develop Fournier''s gangrene following prolonged and repeated ventilation in prone position (proning). Despite optimized positive end-expiratory pressure (20 cmH 2 O) and lungprotective ventilation, the patient had ongoing hypoxia with PaO 2 /F I O 2 ratios less than 150, and by day 4 of ICU admission was started on a 16-18 hrÁday -1 proning protocol. Nevertheless, given the prolonged duration of ventilation required by most COVID-19 patients and the risk of both common and unique complications due to proning (as highlighted by this case), clinicians ought to be increasingly vigilant with monitoring. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01772-8 doi: 10.1007/s12630-020-01772-8 id: cord-328396-p2gvpe8i author: Kaur, Savneet title: The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-04 words: 4427 sentences: 246 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328396-p2gvpe8i.txt summary: In the current perspective, we envisage a key role of mEC in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). These studies along with the fact that the pulmonary epithelium is more resistant to injury than the endothelium signify that SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS and associated coagulopathy may be caused by a direct endothelial infection by the virus in the lungs (Matthay et al., 2019) . A summary of such recent reviews and short reports is provided in Table 1 (Alvarado-Moreno and Majluf-Cruz, 2020; Amraei and Rahimi, 2020; Cure and Cure, 2020; Froldi and Dorigo, 2020; Guler et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020; Gustafson et al., 2020; Mangalmurti et al., 2020; Marchetti, 2020; Mondal et al., 2020; Panfoli, 2020; Pons et al., 2020; Sardu et al., 2020b; Teuwen et al., 2020) . abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people globally. Clinically, it presents with mild flu-like symptoms in most cases but can cause respiratory failure in high risk population. With the aim of unearthing newer treatments, scientists all over the globe are striving hard to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19. Several studies till date have indicated a dysregulated host immune response as the major cause of COVID-19 induced mortality. In this Perspective, we propose a key role of endothelium, particularly pulmonary endothelium in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We draw parallels and divergences between COVID-19-induced respiratory distress and bacterial sepsis-induced lung injury and recommend the road ahead with respect to identification of endothelium-based biomarkers and plausible treatments for COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00989 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00989 id: cord-028337-md9om47x author: Ketcham, Scott W. title: Causes and characteristics of death in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-07-03 words: 4751 sentences: 259 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028337-md9om47x.txt summary: Patients with ARDS more often had pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death (28% vs 19%; p = 0.04) and were also more likely to die while requiring significant respiratory support (82% vs 64%; p < 0.01). Specifically, two critical-care trained physicians reviewed each AHRF hospitalization to determine whether patients met Berlin Criteria [15, 16] for ARDS: (1) new or worsening respiratory symptoms began within 1 week of a known clinical insult, (2) PaO 2 /FIO 2 ≤ 300 while receiving a positive end-expiratory pressure ≥ 5 cm H 2 O, (3) bilateral opacities on chest x-ray, (4) unlikely to be cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and (5) no other explanation for these findings. In this contemporary cohort study of 385 patients who died after AHRF, the most common primary causes of death were sepsis and pulmonary dysfunction. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with high in-hospital mortality. However, in cohorts of ARDS patients from the 1990s, patients more commonly died from sepsis or multi-organ failure rather than refractory hypoxemia. Given increased attention to lung-protective ventilation and sepsis treatment in the past 25 years, we hypothesized that causes of death may be different among contemporary cohorts. These differences may provide clinicians with insight into targets for future therapeutic interventions. METHODS: We identified adult patients hospitalized at a single tertiary care center (2016–2017) with AHRF, defined as PaO(2)/FiO(2) ≤ 300 while receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for > 12 h, who died during hospitalization. ARDS was adjudicated by multiple physicians using the Berlin definition. Separate abstractors blinded to ARDS status collected data on organ dysfunction and withdrawal of life support using a standardized tool. The primary cause of death was defined as the organ system that most directly contributed to death or withdrawal of life support. RESULTS: We identified 385 decedents with AHRF, of whom 127 (33%) had ARDS. The most common primary causes of death were sepsis (26%), pulmonary dysfunction (22%), and neurologic dysfunction (19%). Multi-organ failure was present in 70% at time of death, most commonly due to sepsis (50% of all patients), and 70% were on significant respiratory support at the time of death. Only 2% of patients had insupportable oxygenation or ventilation. Eighty-five percent died following withdrawal of life support. Patients with ARDS more often had pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death (28% vs 19%; p = 0.04) and were also more likely to die while requiring significant respiratory support (82% vs 64%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary cohort of patients with AHRF, the most common primary causes of death were sepsis and pulmonary dysfunction, but few patients had insupportable oxygenation or ventilation. The vast majority of deaths occurred after withdrawal of life support. ARDS patients were more likely to have pulmonary dysfunction as the primary cause of death and die while requiring significant respiratory support compared to patients without ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332537/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03108-w id: cord-324869-f14n0hk6 author: Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Waqas title: Unusual Early Recovery of a Critical COVID-19 Patient After Administration of Intravenous Vitamin C date: 2020-07-25 words: 2551 sentences: 126 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324869-f14n0hk6.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the potential benefits of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients in terms of rapid recovery and shortened length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. We describe a case of COVID-19 with septic shock and ARDS who received high doses of intravenous vitamin C and was the first case to be able to be taken off of mechanical ventilation (MV) early and recover from the disease at our institute. In our case, the patient was treated with high-dose vitamin C as a continuous intravenous infusion and was the first COVID-19 patient to be able to be taken off mechanical ventilation early and recover from the disease at our institution. Our results show the importance of further investigation of intravenous vitamin C in the form of randomized controlled trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 to accurately assess its efficacy in critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU care. abstract: Patient: Female, 74-year-old Final Diagnosis: COVID-19 Symptoms: Cough • fever • shortness of breath Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Critical Care Medicine OBJECTIVE: Unusual clinical course BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread, with confirmed cases now in more than 200 countries. Thus far there are no proven therapeutic options to treat COVID-19. We report a case of COVID-19 with acute respiratory distress syndrome who was treated with high-dose vitamin C infusion and was the first case to have early recovery from the disease at our institute. CASE REPORT: A 74-year-old woman with no recent sick contacts or travel history presented with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Her vital signs were normal except for oxygen saturation of 87% and bilateral rhonchi on lung auscultation. Chest radiography revealed air space opacity in the right upper lobe, suspicious for pneumonia. A nasopharyngeal swab for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 came back positive while the patient was in the airborne-isolation unit. Laboratory data showed lymphopenia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin, and interleukin-6. The patient was initially started on oral hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. On day 6, she developed ARDS and septic shock, for which mechanical ventilation and pressor support were started, along with infusion of high-dose intravenous vitamin C. The patient improved clinically and was able to be taken off mechanical ventilation within 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: This report highlights the potential benefits of high-dose intravenous vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients in terms of rapid recovery and shortened length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. Further studies will elaborate on the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.925521 doi: 10.12659/ajcr.925521 id: cord-253355-dii5zszf author: Khan, Sheharyar title: Awake Proning: A Necessary Evil During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-07-03 words: 2758 sentences: 167 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253355-dii5zszf.txt summary: Patients presenting with ARDS need mechanical ventilation, as their lungs are unable to oxygenate blood on their own due to fluid accumulation. One way to manage this excess pressure of fluid build-up around the lung tissues is to relieve the dorsal alveoli by prompting the patient to lie face down on the stomach; this is called awake proning. Awake proning delays the use of mechanical ventilation and facilitates the patients with severe ARDS or severe pneumonia in maintaining the supply of oxygen to the body tissues. As it progresses, the disease presents with more severe symptoms like viral pneumonia, which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The blood oxygen levels also improved after the cycles of prone positioning, and endotracheal intubation was avoided in patients with ARDS, which would have been the only option to opt from if awake proning was not administered [17] . A COVID-19 patient presenting with severe pneumonia or ARDS can be managed with awake proning as a supportive treatment to relieve symptoms. abstract: The spread of COVID-19 has been exponential throughout the globe. Though only a small percentage of infected individuals reach the critical stage of the disease, i.e., acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), this percentage represents a significant number of patients that can overwhelm the healthcare system. Patients presenting with ARDS need mechanical ventilation, as their lungs are unable to oxygenate blood on their own due to fluid accumulation. One way to manage this excess pressure of fluid build-up around the lung tissues is to relieve the dorsal alveoli by prompting the patient to lie face down on the stomach; this is called awake proning. It is a procedure that is directed towards the recruitment of lung parenchyma when infected with pneumonia or when the condition has worsened into ARDS. This helps in relieving the pressure from the dorsal lung surface that has markedly higher perfusion than the ventral surface. Awake proning delays the use of mechanical ventilation and facilitates the patients with severe ARDS or severe pneumonia in maintaining the supply of oxygen to the body tissues. Since medical institutes are overburdened and limited ventilators are available, awake proning can reduce not only the burden on hospitals but also decrease the need for ventilators. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32775071/ doi: 10.7759/cureus.8989 id: cord-253129-v5lck9l7 author: Kim, Kyeong Tae title: Model-based PEEP titration versus standard practice in mechanical ventilation: a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-02-01 words: 8900 sentences: 540 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253129-v5lck9l7.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at minimum respiratory elastance during mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may improve patient care and outcome. The Clinical utilisation of respiratory elastance (CURE) trial is a two-arm, randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the performance of PEEP selected at an objective, model-based minimal respiratory system elastance in patients with ARDS. Secondary outcomes include length of time of MV, ventilator-free days (VFD) up to 28 days, ICU and hospital length of stay, AUC of oxygen saturation (SpO(2))/FiO(2) during MV, number of desaturation events (SpO(2) < 88%), changes in respiratory mechanics and chest x-ray index scores, rescue therapies (prone positioning, nitric oxide use, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and hospital and 90-day mortality. Following the study, a phase-2 randomised controlled trial (RCT) was designed to assess mechanical ventilation at minimal elastance PEEP in patients with ARDS versus standard practice of care in a single-centre hospital. abstract: BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at minimum respiratory elastance during mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may improve patient care and outcome. The Clinical utilisation of respiratory elastance (CURE) trial is a two-arm, randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating the performance of PEEP selected at an objective, model-based minimal respiratory system elastance in patients with ARDS. METHODS AND DESIGN: The CURE RCT compares two groups of patients requiring invasive MV with a partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio ≤ 200; one criterion of the Berlin consensus definition of moderate (≤ 200) or severe (≤ 100) ARDS. All patients are ventilated using pressure controlled (bi-level) ventilation with tidal volume = 6–8 ml/kg. Patients randomised to the control group will have PEEP selected per standard practice (SPV). Patients randomised to the intervention will have PEEP selected based on a minimal elastance using a model-based computerised method. The CURE RCT is a single-centre trial in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Christchurch hospital, New Zealand, with a target sample size of 320 patients over a maximum of 3 years. The primary outcome is the area under the curve (AUC) ratio of arterial blood oxygenation to the fraction of inspired oxygen over time. Secondary outcomes include length of time of MV, ventilator-free days (VFD) up to 28 days, ICU and hospital length of stay, AUC of oxygen saturation (SpO(2))/FiO(2) during MV, number of desaturation events (SpO(2) < 88%), changes in respiratory mechanics and chest x-ray index scores, rescue therapies (prone positioning, nitric oxide use, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and hospital and 90-day mortality. DISCUSSION: The CURE RCT is the first trial comparing significant clinical outcomes in patients with ARDS in whom PEEP is selected at minimum elastance using an objective model-based method able to quantify and consider both inter-patient and intra-patient variability. CURE aims to demonstrate the hypothesized benefit of patient-specific PEEP and attest to the significance of real-time monitoring and decision-support for MV in the critical care environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12614001069640. Registered on 22 September 2014. (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=366838&isReview=true) The CURE RCT clinical protocol and data usage has been granted by the New Zealand South Regional Ethics Committee (Reference number: 14/STH/132). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007099/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-4035-7 id: cord-006366-qpjvmwmp author: Kinikar, Aarti Avinash title: Predictors of Mortality in Hospitalized Children with Pandemic H1N1 Influenza 2009 in Pune, India date: 2011-10-20 words: 3309 sentences: 170 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006366-qpjvmwmp.txt summary: METHODS: Data were abstracted from available hospital records of children less than 12 y of age, who were admitted to Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India, with confirmed pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection from August 2009 through January 2010. A recent publication reported that factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality in adults and children were, requirement for invasive ventilation at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, older age and presence of any co-existing conditions [6] . The following data were collected: demographic characteristics like age, gender and location of residence; clinical characteristics on admission including duration of symptoms, co-morbid illnesses; clinical findings at presentation; and hospital course including use of antibiotics, corticosteroids and antiviral drugs, requirement of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)or mechanical ventilation, presence of co-infections, laboratory and radiologic findings. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the factors associated with increased mortality among Indian Children with H1N1. METHODS: Data were abstracted from available hospital records of children less than 12 y of age, who were admitted to Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India, with confirmed pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza infection from August 2009 through January 2010. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical characteristics associated with mortality. RESULTS: Of 775 pediatric cases admitted with Influenza Like Illness (ILI), 92 (11.8%) had confirmed H1N1 influenza infection. The median age of HIN1 cases was 2.5 y; 13 (14%) had an associated co-morbid condition. Median duration of symptoms was 4 d (interquartile range (IQR), 3–7 d). All 92 H1N1 cases received oseltamivir and empiric antimicrobials on admission. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required for 88 (96%) children, and 20 (23%) required mechanical ventilation.Fifteen children (16%) died; mortality was associated with presence of diffuse alveolar infiltrate on admission chest radiography (odds ratio (OR) 45, 95%CI :5.4–370; p < 0.001), use of corticosteroids in ARDS in children who required mechanical ventilation (OR 8.12, 95%CI: 2.44–27.05; p = 0.001), SpO(2) <80% on admission (OR 32.8, 95% CI: 5.8–185.5; p < 0.001) and presence of ARDS (OR 345.3, 95% CI :33.5–3564.1; p < 0.001). Necropsy from all children who died showed 9 (60%) had ARDS pattern and necrotizing pneumonitis, diffuse hemorrhage and interstitial pneumonia (n = 4 each, 27%) with gram positive organisms consistent with severe viral and bacterial co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxia, ARDS and use of corticosteroids in children with ARDS who were mechanically ventilated were the factors associated with increased odds of mortality. Necropsy also suggested bacterial co-infection as a risk factor. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101687/ doi: 10.1007/s12098-011-0578-7 id: cord-347871-w6274bdg author: Kloc, Malgorzata title: The multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs as a potential treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients date: 2020-07-31 words: 612 sentences: 42 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347871-w6274bdg.txt summary: These drugs, through the inhibition of the RhoA/actin-dependent expression of virus receptors in the macrophages and macrophage recruitment to the lungs, have the potential to inhibit cytokine storm of long macrophages, reduce or eliminate ARDS and improve the outcome of COVID-19 infection. In our search for clinically applicable RhoA pathway inhibitors we found that drugs clinically approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), Fingolimod and Siponimod, also inhibit RhoA and RhoA/actin-dependent macrophage receptors recycling, and expression, and can be potentially used as an anti-chronic rejection therapy in human transplantation (11, 12) . Because these clinically approved drugs inhibit, via RhoA/ actin pathway, macrophage movement, and expression of macrophage receptors, they have also a potential to inhibit ACE2 receptors expression and the recruitment of macrophages to the lungs of the COVId-19 patients, which in turn would decrease cytokine storm and attenuate ARDS. Macrophage/monocyte-specific deletion of RhoA down-regulates fractalkine receptor and inhibits chronic rejection of mouse cardiac allografts abstract: We encourage studies on the effectiveness of multiple sclerosis drugs for the treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 infection. These drugs, through the inhibition of the RhoA/actin-dependent expression of virus receptors in the macrophages and macrophage recruitment to the lungs, have the potential to inhibit cytokine storm of long macrophages, reduce or eliminate ARDS and improve the outcome of COVID-19 infection. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211034820305125?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102437 id: cord-290460-d5e6y2r8 author: Knighton, Andrew J. title: Multi-factorial barriers and facilitators to high adherence to lung-protective ventilation using a computerized protocol: a mixed methods study date: 2020-07-28 words: 6498 sentences: 296 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290460-d5e6y2r8.txt summary: We analyzed 47 key informant interviews of ICU physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses in 3 of the ICUs using a qualitative content analysis paradigm to investigate site variation as defined by adherence level (low, medium, high) and to identify barriers and facilitators to LPV and LPV CDS tool use. We developed an interview guide using a deductive, multi-method approach: a scoping review [21] [22] [23] [24] to examine the barriers and facilitators to the use of LPV and the LPV CDS tool and interventions to improve adherence; a technical expert panel that included 4 critical care physicians, 2 hospitalists/health services researchers, 2 ICU nurse managers, 1 emergency department (ED) physician, 1 respiratory therapist (RT), and 1 implementation scientist, to identify already known or suspected barriers to implementation (simultaneous triangulation) [25] ; and categorization and summary of findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [26, 27] by two experienced implementation scientists (AK, RS). abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung-protective ventilation (LPV) improves outcomes for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) through the administration of low tidal volumes (≤ 6.5 ml/kg predicted body weight [PBW]) with co-titration of positive end-expiratory pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen. Many patients with ARDS, however, are not managed with LPV. The purpose of this study was to understand the implementation barriers and facilitators to the use of LPV and a computerized LPV clinical decision support (CDS) tool in intensive care units (ICUs) in preparation for a pilot hybrid implementation-effectiveness clinical trial. METHODS: We performed an explanatory sequential mixed methods study from June 2018 to March 2019 to evaluate the variation in LPV adherence across 17 ICUs in an integrated healthcare system with > 4000 mechanically ventilated patients annually. We analyzed 47 key informant interviews of ICU physicians, respiratory therapists (RTs), and nurses in 3 of the ICUs using a qualitative content analysis paradigm to investigate site variation as defined by adherence level (low, medium, high) and to identify barriers and facilitators to LPV and LPV CDS tool use. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of patients had an initial set tidal volume of ≤ 6.5 ml/kg PBW during the measurement period (site range 21–80%). LPV CDS tool use was 28% (site range 6–91%). This study’s main findings revealed multi-factorial facilitators and barriers to use that varied by ICU site adherence level. The primary facilitator was that LPV and the LPV CDS tool could be used on all mechanically ventilated patients. Barriers included a persistent gap between clinician attitudes regarding the use of LPV and actual use, the perceived loss of autonomy associated with using a computerized protocol, the nature of physician-RT interaction in ventilation management, and the lack of clear organization measures of success. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in adherence to LPV persists in ICUs within a healthcare delivery system that was an early adopter of LPV. Potentially promising strategies to increase adherence to LPV and the LPV CDS tool for ARDS patients include initiating low tidal ventilation on all mechanically ventilated patients, establishing and measuring adherence measures, and focused education addressing the physician-RT interaction. These strategies represent a blueprint for a future hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00057-x doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00057-x id: cord-303232-0lwmzjxz author: Konig, Maximilian F title: Targeting the catecholamine-cytokine axis to prevent SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm syndrome date: 2020-04-08 words: 1433 sentences: 81 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303232-0lwmzjxz.txt summary: The mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be driven by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Emerging evidence suggests that a subset of COVID-19 is characterized by the development of a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels are predictors of COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. As high infection rates threaten to overwhelm hospital capacity during this pandemic, preventative approaches that ameliorate COVID-19 severity and reduce excessive mortality are desperately needed. We hypothesize that treatment with prazosin of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 could reduce catecholamine surges, secondary cytokine dysregulation, and mortality. Prospective, randomized clinical trials of alpha-1 receptor antagonists (e.g. prazosin) administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms are needed to assess their efficacy in preventing CSS and reducing mortality in COVID-19. Prospective, double-blinded clinical trials of ⍺1-AR antagonists in high-risk patients, when administered prior to symptom onset, will therefore be required to assess their utility in preventing COVID-19-CSS. abstract: The mortality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be driven by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Emerging evidence suggests that a subset of COVID-19 is characterized by the development of a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels are predictors of COVID-19 severity and in-hospital mortality. Targeting hyper-inflammation in COVID-19 may be critical for reducing mortality. Catecholamines enhance inflammatory injury by augmenting the production of IL-6 and other cytokines through a self-amplifying feed-forward loop in immune cells that requires alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) signaling. Prophylactic inhibition of catecholamine synthesis with the α1-AR antagonist prazosin reduced catecholamines and cytokine responses in mice, and resulted in markedly increased survival following various hyper-inflammatory stimuli. These findings offer a rationale for studying α1-AR antagonists in the prophylaxis of patients with COVID-19-CSS and ARDS. As high infection rates threaten to overwhelm hospital capacity during this pandemic, preventative approaches that ameliorate COVID-19 severity and reduce excessive mortality are desperately needed. We hypothesize that treatment with prazosin of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 could reduce catecholamine surges, secondary cytokine dysregulation, and mortality. To investigate a potential role for α1-AR antagonists in preventing poor outcomes in ARDS, we conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients diagnosed with ARDS. Using data from the Truven Health MarketScan Research Database (2010-2017), we identified 13,125 men (age 45-64) with ARDS, of whom 655 patients (5.0%) were prescribed α1-AR antagonists in the previous year. Applying logistic regression models, we found that patients with prior use of α1-AR antagonists had lower odds of invasive mechanical ventilation compared to non-users (adjusted OR=0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.95, p=0.019). Perhaps more importantly, those patients had a ~36% lower incidence of both being ventilated and dying in the hospital (adjusted OR=0.59, 95% CI 0.34-0.95, p=0.042). By contrast, prior use of beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists was not correlated with either outcome. We extended these analyses to patients admitted with pneumonia. Of 108,956 subjects in this cohort, 5,498 patients (5.0%) were taking α1-AR antagonist. Similar to ARDS, patients with pneumonia on α1-AR antagonists (but no β-AR antagonists) had a lower odds of mechanical ventilation (adjusted OR=0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.92, p<0.001) and of both being ventilated and dying in the hospital (adjusted OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.94, p=0.014) compared to non-users. Mirroring findings from pre-clinical models, these data support a clinical rationale to study α1-AR antagonists in the prevention of severe complications of pneumonia, ARDS, and COVID-19. Prospective, randomized clinical trials of alpha-1 receptor antagonists (e.g. prazosin) administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms are needed to assess their efficacy in preventing CSS and reducing mortality in COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20051565 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.02.20051565 id: cord-002078-38rmx65j author: Korkmaz Ekren, Pervin title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Prospective observational study date: 2016-05-31 words: 3579 sentences: 253 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002078-38rmx65j.txt summary: title: Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? The primary outcome of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and contribution in diagnosis and/or modification of the ongoing treatment of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients with ARDS treated with NIV. METHODS: ARDS patients treated with NIV and who require FOB as the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure were included the study. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) may be required in some patients with acute respiratory failure in intensive care units (ICU), mainly as diagnostic tool or to remove abundant secretions [7, 8] . Abbreviations APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EPAP: expiratory positive airway pressures; FOB: fiberoptic bronchoscopy; ICU: intensive care unit; IPAP: inspiratory positive airway pressure; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure. abstract: BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is a cornerstone for the treatment of acute respiratory failure of various etiologies. Using NIV is discussed in mild-to-moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients (PaO(2)/FiO(2) > 150). These patients often have comorbidities that increase the risk for bronchoscopy related complications. The primary outcome of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and contribution in diagnosis and/or modification of the ongoing treatment of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in patients with ARDS treated with NIV. METHODS: ARDS patients treated with NIV and who require FOB as the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure were included the study. Intensive care ventilators or other dedicated NIV ventilators were used. NIV was applied via simple oro-nasal mask or full-face mask. Pressure support or inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP), external positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) or expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) levels were titrated to achieve an expiratory tidal volume of 8 to 10 ml/kg according to ideal body weight, SpO(2) > 90 % and respiratory rate below 25/min. RESULTS: Twenty eight subjects (mean age 63.3 ± 15.9 years, 15 men, 13 women, PaO(2)/FiO(2) rate 145 ± 50.1 at admission) were included the study. Overall the procedure was well tolerated with only 5 (17.9 %) patients showing minor complications. There was no impairment in arterial blood gas and cardiopulmonary parameters after FOB. PaO(2)/FiO(2) rate increased from 132.2 ± 49.8 to 172.9 ± 63.2 (p = 0.001). No patient was intubated within 2 h after the bronchoscopy. 10.7, 32.1 and 39.3 % of the patients required invasive mechanical ventilation after 8 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Bronchoscopy provided diagnosis in 27 (96.4 %) patients. Appropriate treatment was decided according to the results of the bronchoscopic sampling in 20 (71.4 %) patients. CONCLUSION: FOB under NIV could be considered as a feasible tool for diagnosis and guide for treatment of patients with ARDS treated via NIV in intensive care units. However, FOB-correlated life-treathening complications in severe hypoxemia should not be forgotten. Furthermore, further controlled studies involving a larger series of homogeneous ARDS patients undergoing FOB under NIV are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886426/ doi: 10.1186/s12890-016-0236-y id: cord-003832-q1422ydi author: Koyama, Kansuke title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors date: 2019-08-19 words: 4659 sentences: 242 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003832-q1422ydi.txt summary: title: Biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome with idiopathic/immune-related disease or common direct risk factors This study aimed to investigate the biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in two subtypes of ARDS: patients with direct common risk factors (dARDS) and those with idiopathic or immune-related diseases (iARDS), which are classified as "ARDS without common risk factors" based on the Berlin definition. Although no risk factors or causes are identified in this subgroup of ARDS, recent studies have shown that many patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia have clinical features that suggest an underlying immune process, indicating that the pathobiology of idiopathic and immunerelated diseases may partially overlap [9, 10] . The aim of this study was to examine the profiles of the plasma biomarkers that reflect coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in patients with idiopathic/immune-related ARDS (iARDS) and in those with common direct risk factors (dARDS). abstract: BACKGROUND: Altered coagulation and alveolar injury are the hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, whether the biomarkers that reflect pathophysiology differ depending on the etiology of ARDS has not been examined. This study aimed to investigate the biomarker profiles of coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury in two subtypes of ARDS: patients with direct common risk factors (dARDS) and those with idiopathic or immune-related diseases (iARDS), which are classified as “ARDS without common risk factors” based on the Berlin definition. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study included adult patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital with a diagnosis of ARDS with no indirect risk factors. Plasma biomarkers (thrombin–antithrombin complex [TAT], plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1, protein C [PC] activity, procalcitonin [PCT], surfactant protein [SP]-D, and KL-6) were routinely measured during the first 5 days of the patient’s ICU stay. RESULTS: Among 138 eligible patients with ARDS, 51 were excluded based on the exclusion criteria (n = 41) or other causes of ARDS (n = 10). Of the remaining 87 patients, 56 were identified as having dARDS and 31 as having iARDS. Among the iARDS patients, TAT (marker of thrombin generation) and PAI-1 (marker of inhibited fibrinolysis) were increased, and PC activity was above normal. In contrast, PC activity was significantly decreased, and TAT or PAI-1 was present at much higher levels in dARDS compared with iARDS patients. Significant differences were also observed in PCT, SP-D, and KL-6 between patients with dARDS and iARDS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that areas under the ROC curve for PC activity, PAI-1, PCT, SP-D, and KL-6 were similarly high for distinguishing between dARDS and iARDS (PC 0.86, P = 0.33; PAI-1 0.89, P = 0.95; PCT 0.89, P = 0.66; and SP-D 0.88, P = 0.16 vs. KL-6 0.90, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Coagulopathy and alveolar epithelial injury were observed in both patients with dARDS and with iARDS. However, their biomarker profiles were significantly different between the two groups. The different patterns of PAI-1, PC activity, SP-D, and KL-6 may help in differentiating between these ARDS subtypes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2559-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6699073/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2559-6 id: cord-283779-mudwcypl author: Lauretani, Fulvio title: Assessment and treatment of older individuals with COVID-19 multi-system disease: clinical and ethical implications date: 2020-05-11 words: 9727 sentences: 500 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283779-mudwcypl.txt summary: The chronic increase in inflammatory cytokines, augmented by COVID-19 infection, may explain the higher tendency for "the cascade leading to pulmonary fibrosis and insufficiency and activation of clotting" and poorer clinical prognosis, especially in multimorbid older persons (4) . In case of persistent fever, higher than 37.5°C for a time longer than 3 days and peripheral oxygen level lower than 95% after starting therapy, we should consider and proceed to hospitalization especially in multimorbid older patients with cardiac, respiratory diseases and diabetes. First, patients at risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with SARS-CoV-2, namely older adults and multimorbid individuals, should be checked for malnutrition through screening and assessment. Older patients infected by COVID-19 often experience atypical and less severe symptoms in older persons, side-effects of the drugs and require specific nutritional and motor treatment for avoiding disability and death. abstract: Covid-19 infection is a multisystem disease more frequent in older individuals, especially in those with multiple chronic diseases. This multimorbid and frail population requires attention and a personalized comprehensive assessment in order to avoid the occurrence of adverse outcomes. As other diseases, the COVID-19 presentation in older patients is often atypical with less severe and unspecific symptoms. These subjects both at home and during hospitalization suffer isolation and the lack of support of caregivers. The geriatric care in COVID-19 wards is often missing. The application of additional instruments would be necessary to facilitate and personalize the clinical approach, not only based on diseases but also on functional status. This narrative review starts from diagnostic evaluation, continues with adapted pharmacologic treatment and ends with the recovery phase targeting the nutrition and physical exercise. We developed a check-list of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and other less-specific symptoms, summarized in a table and easily to be filled-up by patients, nurses and general practitioners. As second step, we reported the clinical phases of this disease. Far to be considered just viral infective and respiratory, this disease is also an inflammatory and thrombotic condition with frequent bacterial over-infection. We finally considered timing and selection of treatment, which depend on the disease phase, co-administration of other drugs and require the monitoring of renal, liver and cardiac function. This underlines the role of age not just as a limitation, but also an opportunity to increase the quality and the appropriateness of multidisciplinary and multidimensional intervention in this population. (www.actabiomedica.it) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420939/ doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9629 id: cord-005699-uf59ls0g author: Leclerc, F. title: Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia date: 1994 words: 1483 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005699-uf59ls0g.txt summary: title: Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia After 3 h of inhaled NO (i h at 80 ppm), PEEP was reduced from 10-6 cm H20; crepitations were noted and PIP, peak inspiratory pressure; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; *, FIO 2 delivered by the ventilator; tcSaO2, transcutaneous oxygen saturation (mean value of at least 3 measurements during the period); SAP and MAP, systolic and mean arterial pressures; nd, not determined pulmonary infiltrates worsened, suggesting pulmonary oedema, and leading to increase PEEP to I2 cm H20. Then, his condition progressively improved; 20 days after inhaled NO withdrawal, daytime controlled ventilation could be stopped with oxygen (1 l/rain into the tracheostomy tube) tcSaO 2 was 100%, and capillary blood gas was pH 7,44 units PCO z 52 mmHg. Three months after this RSV infection, his condition was the same as that before ARDS and remained stable with oral aminophylline, salbutamol, and cisapride. A controlled trial of aerosolized ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the first case of ARDS in children treated with nitric oxide (NO) inhalation. METHODS: A 13-months infant presented with BPD and severe hypoxemia related to RSV infection and ARDS. Inhaled NO was delivered in the ventilatory circuit of a continuous flow ventilator (Babylog 8000, Dräger) in a concentration of 20–80 ppm for 7 days. NO and NO(2) were continuously monitored (Polyton Draeger). Respiratory mechanics were evaluated by using the method of passive inflation by the ventilator. RESULTS: NO inhalation improved oxygenation (tcSaO(2)) and reduced respiratory system resistance without affecting arterial pressure. NO(2) level remained below 5 ppm, and methaemoglobin level below 1%. The child survived without neurologic sequela. CONCLUSIONS: Two mechanisms to explain oxygenation improvement can be suggested:selective improvement in perfusion of ventilated regions and bronchodilation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095232/ doi: 10.1007/bf01711907 id: cord-355208-hpldjsc5 author: Leisman, Daniel E. title: Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation date: 2020-04-28 words: 1414 sentences: 93 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355208-hpldjsc5.txt summary: The reported inflammatory response in COVID-19 is also not consistent with either typical ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes (CRS) or "cytokine storm. Reports of increased respiratory dead space suggest lung-vascular thrombosis from thrombotic microangiopathy or pulmonary embolism. Reported findings indicate that immunosuppression, endothelial activation, and direct viral-mediated tissue damage, rather than hyperinflammatory injury, mediate COVID-induced organ dysfunction. Viral injury, disordered cytokine release, and damage-associated Fig. 1 (1) The SARS-CoV-2 virus infects an endothelial cell by binding to ACE-2. Cellular infection initiates localized inflammation, endothelial activation, tissue damage, and disordered cytokine release. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AngI, angiotensin-I; AngII, angiotensin-II; Ang (1-7), angiotensin (1-7); DAMPs, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce localized microvascular inflammation, which triggers endothelial activation, leading to vasodilation and pro-thrombotic conditions. Among the known effects of AngII are vasoconstriction, endothelial activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. COVID-induced respiratory failure involves physiologic, clinical, and immunologic phenotypes that are not consistent with either ARDS or cytokine-release syndromes. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6 doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6 id: cord-316056-lk2upygf author: Lepper, Philipp M. title: Mechanical ventilation in early COVID-19 ARDS date: 2020-11-06 words: 939 sentences: 63 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316056-lk2upygf.txt summary: As published in EClinicalMedicine, Mittermaier and colleagues [2] investigated the effects of IMV, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and prone positioning (PP) on oxygenation and lung recruitability in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS (CARDS). PEEP has been used in the first description of ARDS and led to an increase in P a O 2 or oxygen saturation in five of the twelve initial patients treated this way [3] . In the present study, pulmonary compliance was relatively preserved but increasing FRC by high PEEP levels led to significantly improved oxygenation. The present study does not answer the question of whether PEEP applied by non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can improve oxygenation in a similar way as IMV. Oxygenation response to positive end-expiratory pressure predicts mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis Prone position improves mechanics and alveolar ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537020303606 doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100616 id: cord-005910-byffqwjd author: Lewandowski, K. title: Der alte Mann und die „I sea U“: Essay über Vertrauen, Schicksal und Evidenz – im Stil von Hemingway date: 2016-12-06 words: 3367 sentences: 409 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005910-byffqwjd.txt summary: Die haben bewiesen, dass 6 ml/kg bei volumenkontrollierter Beatmung genau das richtige Verfahren ist." "Wäre es nicht besser, ihn aufzusetzen und auf der Seite zu lagern? Anecdotes as topic · Evidence-based medicine · Intensive care units · Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Sepsis "Und wäre es nicht besser, ihn wach werden zu lassen und ihm Spontanatmung zu ermöglichen?" "Keine Evidenz. Und noch was: War das nicht die Studie, in der uraltes Blut transfundiert wurde?" "Ja, aber es gibt nun mal diese Evidenz, und wirhaltenuns daran. Im Laufe der letzten 16 Jahre hat dieses Protokoll weite Akzeptanz gefunden; es haben sich aber auch folgende neue Sichtweisen und Modifikationen ergeben: Die Grenzen für das Oxygenierungsziel sind möglicherweise zu niedrig angesetzt. Eine Metaanalyse, die 3 randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien ("randomized controlled trial", RCT) der gleichen Arbeitsgruppe einschloss, ergab, dass die Kurzzeitanwendung (48 h) von Cisatracurium bei ARDS-Patienten zu einer Verbesserung der Krankenhaussterblichkeitsrate und zu einem niedrigeren Risiko für die Entwicklung eines Barotraumas führt. abstract: Robert Bartlett, emeritus Professor of surgery at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, USA, transformed classical works of world literature (Charles Dickens: A Christmas Carol, Lewis Carroll: Alice in Wonderland) into teaching aids for advanced training in intensive care medicine. He recently turned his hand to the well-known work of Ernest Hemingway: the Nobel Prize winning novel The Old Man and the Sea. Subsequent to Robert Bartlett’s essay this article provides background information and comments on the current problems in modern intensive care medicine addressed in his essay. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095939/ doi: 10.1007/s00101-016-0239-3 id: cord-006773-61ezrjuq author: Li, Hongqiang title: T follicular regulatory cells infiltrate the human airways during the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome and regulate the development of B regulatory cells date: 2018-07-27 words: 4379 sentences: 268 pages: flesch: 64 cache: ./cache/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006773-61ezrjuq.txt summary: First, we observed that the Foxp3 expression level in mini-BAL samples was not significantly different between Tfr cells and non-Tfr Treg cells (Fig. 2b) . The IL-10 expression by non-Tfr Treg cells and Tfr cells was lower in healthy controls and significantly higher in ARDS PBMCs and ARDS mini-BAL (Fig. 3c) . The higher IL-10 and TGF-β in ARDS mini-BAL compared to autologous PBMCs likely indicated that the Tfr and non-Tfr Treg cells in the lung infiltrates were further activated. As a result, the suppression studies were performed using Tfr cells from PBMCs. Since the Tfr cells from Fig. 2 The frequency of Treg cells and Tfr cells in the mini-BAL from ARDS patients at day 1, day 2, and day 3 after disease onset. NS not significant Fig. 3 The expression of inhibitory molecules by non-Tfr Treg cells and Tfr cells from healthy controls and ARDS patients. abstract: T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cell is a CXCR5(+)Foxp3(+) subset of T regulatory (Treg) cell with critical roles in regulating germinal center responses and modulating the immune environment in the lymph nodes. Studies have shown that the proportion of Tfr cells may increase during acute inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of Tfr cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We found that Tfr cells were significantly enriched in peripheral blood and in mini-bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) during the onset of ARDS. Notably, Tfr cells represented the majority of Treg cells in the mini-BAL samples. Tfr cells also showed CTLA-4, IL-10, and TGF-β expression, but compared to the non-Tfr Treg cells, the CTLA-4 and IL-10 expression by Tfr cells were slightly reduced. Both Tfr cells and non-Tfr Treg cells suppressed the proliferation of autologous CD4(+)CD25(−) T cells; however, the Tfr cells displayed slightly reduced suppression capacity. Subsequently, B cells were co-incubated with autologous Tfr cells or non-Tfr Treg cells. Interestingly, we found that the frequency of IL-10(+) Breg cells was significantly higher following incubation with Tfr cells than with non-Tfr Treg cells, which suggested that Tfr cells were more potent at inducing IL-10(+) Breg cells. Together, these results demonstrated that Tfr cells were a similar but distinctive subset of Treg cells. Given that Tfr cells were strongly enriched in ARDS patients, especially in the lung infiltrates, they may exert critical ameliorating effects in ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102368/ doi: 10.1007/s12026-018-9014-7 id: cord-285684-iiqyzqsb author: Li, Jin-ze title: Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier date: 2020-10-30 words: 4623 sentences: 256 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285684-iiqyzqsb.txt summary: title: Mechanically Stretched Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Reduce the Effects of LPS-Induced Injury on the Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelium Barrier The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of MS-MSCs on pulmonary microvascular endothelium barrier injuries induced by LPS. These data demonstrated that the MS-MSC groups had potential therapeutic effects on the LPS-treated ECs; these results might be useful in the treatment of ARDS. We introduced a transwell coculture system to evaluate the effects of MS-MSCs on the paracellular permeability of LPS-treated ECs. Treatment with LPS significantly increased the paracellular permeabil-ity of the pulmonary microvascular endothelium barrier (Figure 6 (a); * * p < 0:01). We demonstrated that mechanical stretch could impact MSC morphology and biological function in a time-and magnitude-dependent manner and that MS-MSCs could restored the increased permeability of endothelial cells induced by LPS. In this study, we tried to discover evidences of mechanically stretched MSCs in restoring increased permeability of endothelial barrier induced by LPS. abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may improve the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, few studies have investigated the effects of mechanically stretched -MSCs (MS-MSCs) in in vitro models of ARDS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of MS-MSCs on pulmonary microvascular endothelium barrier injuries induced by LPS. We introduced a cocultured model of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (EC) and MSC medium obtained from MSCs with or without mechanical stretch. We found that Wright-Giemsa staining revealed that MSC morphology changed significantly and cell plasma shrank separately after mechanical stretch. Cell proliferation of the MS-MSC groups was much lower than the untreated MSC group; expression of cell surface markers did not change significantly. Compared to the medium from untreated MSCs, inflammatory factors elevated statistically in the medium from MS-MSCs. Moreover, the paracellular permeability of endothelial cells treated with LPS was restored with a medium from MS-MSCs, while LPS-induced EC apoptosis decreased. In addition, protective effects on the remodeling of intercellular junctions were observed when compared to LPS-treated endothelial cells. These data demonstrated that the MS-MSC groups had potential therapeutic effects on the LPS-treated ECs; these results might be useful in the treatment of ARDS. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861407 doi: 10.1155/2020/8861407 id: cord-012045-1cqqj84n author: Li, Tiao title: The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-07-08 words: 7468 sentences: 563 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012045-1cqqj84n.txt summary: IL-1R8/Sigirr [40] Suppresses lung inflammation [40] PTEN [41] Regulates cell apoptosis [41] MCL1 [42] Regulates transformation of fibroblasts [42] STAT1 [55] Regulates IFN Signaling [55] STING [56] Negatively regulates antiviral responses [56] USP-14 I-kB [31] Increases cytokine release [31] CBP [32] Lung inflammation [32] USP-15 IκBα [57] NF-κB activation [57] USP-17 HDAC2 [58] Reverses glucocorticoid resistance [58] TRAF2/TRAF3 [59] Lung inflammation [59] [92] Inhibits type I IFN signaling and antiviral response [92] POH1 pro-IL-1β [93] Negatively regulates the immune response [93] BRCC3 NLRP3 [94] Promotes the inflammasome activation [94] STAMBP NALP7 [95] Reduces pro-inflammatory stress [95] Alveolar residential macrophages are central to the development of the inflammatory response by recruiting neutrophils and circulating macrophages to the site of injury, their functions are modulated by deubiquitinating enzymes [96, 97] . abstract: Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) are characterized by an inflammatory response, alveolar edema, and hypoxemia. ARDS occurs most often in the settings of pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration of gastric contents, or severe trauma. The prevalence of ARDS is approximately 10% in patients of intensive care. There is no effective remedy with mortality high at 30–40%. Most functional proteins are dynamic and stringently governed by ubiquitin proteasomal degradation. Protein ubiquitination is reversible, the covalently attached monoubiquitin or polyubiquitin moieties within the targeted protein can be removed by a group of enzymes called deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). Deubiquitination plays an important role in the pathobiology of ALI/ARDS as it regulates proteins critical in engagement of the alveolo-capillary barrier and in the inflammatory response. In this review, we provide an overview of how DUBs emerge in pathogen-induced pulmonary inflammation and related aspects in ALI/ARDS. Better understanding of deubiquitination-relatedsignaling may lead to novel therapeutic approaches by targeting specific elements of the deubiquitination pathways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7402294/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21144842 id: cord-290392-kpjp0sx4 author: Li, Xu title: Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? date: 2020-05-06 words: 2550 sentences: 178 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290392-kpjp0sx4.txt summary: In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in Wuhan, China [1] [2] [3] . COVID-19 was of clustering onset and mainly affected the respiratory system with some patients rapidly progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); other organ functions were less involved [5, 6] . In addition, the lung compliance was relatively high in some COVID-19-related ARDS patients, which was inconsistent with the severity of hypoxemia. A previous study reported that more than 50% of patients with moderate and severe ARDS according to the Berlin definition did not show diffuse alveolar damage [17] . Currently published studies did not report the proportion of different respiratory support according to COVID-19-related ARDS classification. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China abstract: In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared this outbreak a significant threat to international health. COVID-19 is highly infectious and can lead to fatal comorbidities especially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thus, fully understanding the characteristics of COVID-19-related ARDS is conducive to early identification and precise treatment. We aimed to describe the characteristics of COVID-19-related ARDS and to elucidate the differences from ARDS caused by other factors. COVID-19 mainly affected the respiratory system with minor damage to other organs. Injury to the alveolar epithelial cells was the main cause of COVID-19-related ARDS, and endothelial cells were less damaged with therefore less exudation. The clinical manifestations were relatively mild in some COVID-19 patients, which was inconsistent with the severity of laboratory and imaging findings. The onset time of COVID-19-related ARDS was 8–12 days, which was inconsistent with ARDS Berlin criteria, which defined a 1-week onset limit. Some of these patients might have a relatively normal lung compliance. The severity was redefined into three stages according to its specificity: mild, mild-moderate, and moderate-severe. HFNO can be safe in COVID-19-related ARDS patients, even in some moderate-severe patients. The more likely cause of death is severe respiratory failure. Thus, the timing of invasive mechanical ventilation is very important. The effects of corticosteroids in COVID-19-related ARDS patients were uncertain. We hope to help improve the prognosis of severe cases and reduce the mortality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32375845/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9 id: cord-326805-c5co9cfq author: Lin, Shi-hui title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-06-29 words: 1361 sentences: 100 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326805-c5co9cfq.txt summary: title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cytokine Storms, Hyper-Inflammatory Phenotypes, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Cytokine storms are a pathophysiological feature of COVID-19 and play an important role in distinguishing hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Furthermore, we discuss inflammation-related indicators that have the potential to identify hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of COVID-19, especially for those with a high risk of ARDS. [12, 27] Furthermore, other observational COVID-19 studies have suggested that cytokine 4 storms (comprised of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-7, and IL-8) may be associated with disease severity.[7, 12, 5 28] For example, higher concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), IP10, 6 MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF-α were found in patients who required admission into an intensive care 7 unit (ICU). In COVID-19, there is also suggestive evidence of hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Circulating IL-1ra and 42 IL-10 levels are increased but do not predict the development of acute respiratory distress 43 syndrome in at-risk patients abstract: Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in China at the end of 2019. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents the most common and serious complication of COVID-19. Cytokine storms are a pathophysiological feature of COVID-19 and play an important role in distinguishing hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of ARDS. Accordingly, in this review, we focus on hyper-inflammatory host responses in ARDS that play a critical role in the differentiated development of COVID-19. Furthermore, we discuss inflammation-related indicators that have the potential to identify hyper-inflammatory subphenotypes of COVID-19, especially for those with a high risk of ARDS. Finally, we explore the possibility of improving the quality of monitoring and treatment of COVID-19 patients and in reducing the incidence of critical illness and mortality via better distinguishing hyper- and hypo-inflammatory subphenotypes of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837983/ doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.06.009 id: cord-284598-ksoonwf9 author: Liu, Shan title: Mesenchymal stem cells as a potential therapy for COVID-19 date: 2020-05-04 words: 1716 sentences: 90 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284598-ksoonwf9.txt summary: The main pathologic features of severe or critical COVID-19 were consistent with acute lung injure (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by cellular fibromyxoid exudates, extensive pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, and hyaline membrane formation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can balance the inflammatory response and has been mentioned to be effective on ALI/ARDS from both infectious and noninfectious causes previously, presenting an important opportunity to be applied to COVID-19. In this commentary, we summarize the clinical trials of MSCs treatments on ALI/ARDS and raise MSCs as a hopefully alternative therapy for severe or critical COVID-19. Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics for inflammatory lung diseases Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for treatment of ARDS: a phase 1 clinical trial Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment prevents H9N2 avian influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in mice In vivo effects of mesenchymal stromal cells in two patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) worldwide is becoming rapidly a major concern. The number of severe cases has increased dramatically worldwide, while specific treatment options are scarce. The main pathologic features of severe or critical COVID-19 were consistent with acute lung injure (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by cellular fibromyxoid exudates, extensive pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary edema, and hyaline membrane formation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can balance the inflammatory response and has been mentioned to be effective on ALI/ARDS from both infectious and noninfectious causes previously, presenting an important opportunity to be applied to COVID-19. In this commentary, we summarize the clinical trials of MSCs treatments on ALI/ARDS and raise MSCs as a hopefully alternative therapy for severe or critical COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8 doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8 id: cord-004462-e8fbg6i6 author: Liu, Songqiao title: Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method date: 2020-03-06 words: 3646 sentences: 228 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004462-e8fbg6i6.txt summary: title: Optimal mean airway pressure during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome: EIT-based method Our objective was to evaluate the air distribution, ventilatory and hemodynamic effects of individual mPaw titration during HFOV in ARDS animal based on oxygenation and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). CONCLUSION: Our data suggested personalized optimal mPaw titration by EIT-based indices improves regional ventilation distribution and lung homogeneity during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. But the ventilation distribution and homogeneity remain unknown toward the methods mentioned above to titrate mPaw. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) might allow the clinician to better adjust these ventilatory settings. In the present study, our objective was to evaluate the air distribution, ventilatory, and hemodynamic effects of individual mPaw titration in HFOV based on oxygenation and EIT. Our data provide personalized optimal mPaw titration in HFOV with EIT-based indices, which may provide a new insight of regional ventilation distribution and lung homogeneity during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. abstract: BACKGROUND: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) may theoretically provide lung protective ventilation. The negative clinical results may be due to inadequate mean airway pressure (mPaw) settings in HFOV. Our objective was to evaluate the air distribution, ventilatory and hemodynamic effects of individual mPaw titration during HFOV in ARDS animal based on oxygenation and electrical impedance tomography (EIT). METHODS: ARDS was introduced with repeated bronchoalveolar lavage followed by injurious mechanical ventilation in ten healthy male pigs (51.2 ± 1.9 kg). Settings of HFOV were 9 Hz (respiratory frequency), 33% (inspiratory time) and 70 cmH(2)O (∆pressure). After lung recruitment, the mPaw was reduced in steps of 3 cmH(2)O every 6 min. Hemodynamics and blood gases were obtained in each step. Regional ventilation distribution was determined with EIT. RESULTS: PaO(2)/FiO(2) decreased significantly during the mPaw decremental phase (p < 0.001). Lung overdistended regions decreased, while recruitable regions increased as mPaw decreased. The optimal mPaw with respect to PaO(2)/FiO(2) was 21 (18.0–21.0) cmH(2)O, that is comparable to EIT-based center of ventilation (EIT-CoV) and EIT-collapse/over, 19.5 (15.0–21.0) and 19.5 (18.0–21.8), respectively (p = 0.07). EIT-CoV decreasing along with mPaw decrease revealed redistribution toward non-dependent regions. The individual mPaw titrated by EIT-based indices improved regional ventilation distribution with respect to overdistension and collapse (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Our data suggested personalized optimal mPaw titration by EIT-based indices improves regional ventilation distribution and lung homogeneity during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7060304/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-0647-z id: cord-315093-ifeulv55 author: Longobardo, Alessia title: Inhaled nitric oxide produces minimal improvement in oxygenation in COVID-19 related ARDS date: 2020-10-14 words: 827 sentences: 59 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315093-ifeulv55.txt summary: Baseline PaO 2 : FiO 2 ratio, dose of iNO, use of steroid, prone position ventilation, C-reactive protein, D-dimer levels, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-BNP) levels, fluid balance, driving pressure, days from ICU admission to iNO, pulmonary compliance, diagnosis of VTE, or body mass index did not discriminate between COVID-19 patients who responded to iNO or not (Supplementary Figure 1) . 5 However, we found that the increase in PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio in COVID-19 ARDS patients in response to iNO was significantly lower compared to ARDS patients without ARDS, consistent with another published series. 4, 7 In contrast, patients with coronavirus-related SARS, where increased thrombosis was not a hallmark, demonstrated significant PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio improvements in response to iNO. In summary, more than half of patients with refractory hypoxaemia secondary to COVID-19 ARDS did not show an increase in PaO 2 :FiO 2 ratio in response to iNO. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33138964/ doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.10.011 id: cord-316923-b81uaooh author: Luks, Andrew M. title: Reply: COVID-19 Lung Injury and “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Danger of Presumed Equivalency date: 2020-09-17 words: 1531 sentences: 75 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316923-b81uaooh.txt summary: For example, in COVID-19 lung disease, a hypoxemic condition that progresses over several days in which many patients do not appear to be in distress, what is more injurious: accepting a lower oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry or initiating invasive mechanical ventilation? With great respect for the authors'' well-meaning concern to avoid patient harm, let me be clear about mine: I am concerned that the alveolar filling/collapse, low-compliance pulmonary disease being seen in the intensive care unit is predominantly due to ventilator-induced lung injury rather than to the natural evolution of COVID-19 disease. Finally, the author states, without supporting evidence, that patients with COVID-19 have "normal or near-normal pulmonary compliance." To date, only three published reports have documented static compliance in COVID-19, and in two of them (2, 3) the average static compliance was low (,35 ml/cm H 2 O) and consistent with that seen in prior studies of ARDS. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32432897/ doi: 10.1513/annalsats.202005-430le id: cord-019010-9xgwjvsv author: Luna, C. M. title: Life-threatening Respiratory Failure from H1N1 Influenza: Lessons from the Southern Cone Outbreak date: 2010-06-23 words: 4578 sentences: 192 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019010-9xgwjvsv.txt summary: Consistent with this particular situation, the health system in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires began to show evidences of collapse, use of ventilators increased critically, achieving an extremely unusual level; about a quarter of the available ICU beds were occupied by young and previously healthy patients with ARDS associated with severe bilateral pneumonia due to ''swine flu'' who needed mechanical ventilation. These figures are difficult to extrapolate globally and to confirm, as epidemiological studies looking at the population at risk in different world areas are lacking, but the huge number of severely ill patients with ARDS due to primary influenza pneumonia (an extremely unusual complication) observed in the Southern Cone, suggest that these estimations could be realistic. Viral cultures of respiratory specimens, especially if A 29 year-old obese male with arterial hypertension secondary to Cushing''s disease (hypophyseal adenoma) developed bilateral pneumonia and died from respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after 13 days on mechanical ventilation, with multiple organ failure, including renal and hemodynamic compromise requiring high doses of vasopressors. abstract: A sharp increase in the hospitalization rate for pneumonia, particularly among adults between 20 and 40 years old, and an unusual series of deaths, coincident with an increase in laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, were reported in the spring of 2009 in Mexico. This outbreak appeared after the end of influenza season, and was associated with mortality in a younger age-group than the pattern observed in temperate areas in the northern hemisphere [1]. The concurrent finding of a novel, swine-origin influenza A virus (so called pandemic influenza [H1N1] 2009) from infected children in the United States [2] completed the picture. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124051/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-10286-8_20 id: cord-331500-l3hkn2li author: Luyt, Charles-Edouard title: Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS date: 2020-11-11 words: 7544 sentences: 358 pages: flesch: 26 cache: ./cache/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331500-l3hkn2li.txt summary: Whatever the initial lung injury, patients with ARDS are prone to develop secondary pulmonary infection, namely ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). While glucocorticoids are classically considered as immunosuppressive drugs, it has been shown that they can prevent the immune reprogramming observed after inflammatory response [16] , thus limiting the susceptibility of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to respiratory complications such as pneumonia or ARDS and improving outcomes of patients with ARDS [17] . Peripheral blood markers have the advantage of avoiding the need for bronchoscopic sampling and are therefore easier to obtain; however, they are generally less able to discriminate pneumonia from other infections Table 1 Summary of host-based biomarkers for diagnosis of pneumonia in ARDS ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, RCT randomized controlled trial, sTREM soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HLA human leukocyte antigen abstract: Pulmonary infection is one of the main complications occurring in patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Besides traditional risk factors, dysregulation of lung immune defenses and microbiota may play an important role in ARDS patients. Prone positioning does not seem to be associated with a higher risk of pulmonary infection. Although bacteria associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ARDS patients are similar to those in patients without ARDS, atypical pathogens (Aspergillus, herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus) may also be responsible for infection in ARDS patients. Diagnosing pulmonary infection in ARDS patients is challenging, and requires a combination of clinical, biological and microbiological criteria. The role of modern tools (e.g., molecular methods, metagenomic sequencing, etc.) remains to be evaluated in this setting. One of the challenges of antimicrobial treatment is antibiotics diffusion into the lungs. Although targeted delivery of antibiotics using nebulization may be interesting, their place in ARDS patients remains to be explored. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the most severe patients is associated with a high rate of infection and raises several challenges, diagnostic issues and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics changes being at the top. Prevention of pulmonary infection is a key issue in ARDS patients, but there is no specific measure for these high-risk patients. Reinforcing preventive measures using bundles seems to be the best option. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06292-z id: cord-326613-253v48i0 author: Lv, Dandan title: A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries date: 2020-05-29 words: 1083 sentences: 59 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326613-253v48i0.txt summary: title: A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries Previously, the excessive recruitment and activation of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]), accompanied by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation were reported being implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we established a cell-based assay for detecting NETs during lung epithelial cells-neutrophils co-culture using the xCELLigence system, a recognized real-time, dynamic, label-free, sensitive, and high-throughput apparatus. Our results demonstrated that lung epithelial injuries, reflected by declines in cell index (CI) values, could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated PMNs, or NETs in a time and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this cell-based assay identified that PMNs from severe pneumonia patients had a high NETs formative potential. Protein-based therapies for acute lung injury: targeting neutrophil extracellular traps Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial 669 cell death: a predominant role of histones Maladaptive role of neutrophil extracellular traps in 671 pathogen-induced lung injury abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common lung disorders characterized by alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and dyspnea, which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Currently, a cluster of acute respiratory illnesses, known as novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP), which allegedly originally occurred in Wuhan, China, has increased rapidly worldwide. The critically ill patients with ARDS have high mortality in subjects with comorbidities. Previously, the excessive recruitment and activation of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]), accompanied by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation were reported being implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. However, the direct visualization of lung epithelial injuries caused by NETs, and the qualitative and quantitative evaluations of this damage are still lacking. Additionally, those already reported methods are limited for their neglect of the pathological role exerted by NETs and focusing only on the morphological features of NETosis. Therefore, we established a cell-based assay for detecting NETs during lung epithelial cells-neutrophils co-culture using the xCELLigence system, a recognized real-time, dynamic, label-free, sensitive, and high-throughput apparatus. Our results demonstrated that lung epithelial injuries, reflected by declines in cell index (CI) values, could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated PMNs, or NETs in a time and dose-dependent manner. NETs generation was verified to be the major contributor to the cytotoxicity of activated PMNs; protein components of NETs were the prevailing cytotoxic mediators. Moreover, this cell-based assay identified that PMNs from severe pneumonia patients had a high NETs formative potential. Additionally, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and acetaminophen (APAP) were discovered alleviating NETs formation. Thus, this study not only presents a new methodology for detecting the pathophysiologic role of NETs but also lays down a foundation for exploring therapeutic interventions in an effort to cure ALI/ARDS in the clinical setting of severe pneumonia, including the emerging of NCIP. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112101 doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112101 id: cord-017853-mgsuwft0 author: Machado, Roberto F. title: Genomics of Acute Lung Injury and Vascular Barrier Dysfunction date: 2010-06-28 words: 9177 sentences: 397 pages: flesch: 32 cache: ./cache/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017853-mgsuwft0.txt summary: In this chapter, we utilize a systems biology approach combining cellular signaling pathway analysis with population-based association studies to review established and suspected candidate genes that contribute to dysfunction of endothelial cell barrier integrity and ALI susceptibility. Genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors and mediators, receptors for barrier-regulatory agonists, and mechanical-stress-sensitive genes expressed in endothelium which regulate inflammatory responses also serve as attractive ALI candidate genes and are representative of the diverse but fertile areas of exploration for candidate SNPs affecting ALI susceptibility and severity. Interrogating the prospective pathways involved in endothelial permeability and correlation with these differentially expressed genes in VALI models identified the most putative ALI genes such as myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1, cMet, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mechanical stress [37, 38] . Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human and animal models of acute lung injury (ALI) and sepsis: association of a promoter polymorphism and increased gene expression abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating ­syndrome of diffuse alveolar damage that develops via a variety of local and systemic insults such as sepsis, trauma, ­pneumonia, and aspiration. It is interestingly to note that only a subset of individuals exposed to potential ALI-inciting insults develop the disorder and the severity of the disease varies from complete resolution to death. In addition, ALI susceptibility and severity are also affected by ethnicity as evidenced by the higher mortality rates observed in African-American ALI patients compared with other ethnic groups in the USA. Moreover, marked differences in strain-specific ALI responses to inflammatory and injurious agents are observed in preclinical animal models. Together, these observations strongly indicate genetic components to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALI. The identification of genes contributing to ALI would potentially provide a better understanding of ALI pathobiology, yield novel biomarkers, identify individuals or populations at risk, and prove useful for the development of novel and individualized therapies. Genome-wide searches in animal models have identified a number of quantitative trait loci that associate with ALI susceptibility. In this chapter, we utilize a systems biology approach combining cellular signaling pathway analysis with population- based association studies to review established and suspected candidate genes that contribute to dysfunction of endothelial cell barrier integrity and ALI susceptibility. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122529/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-87429-6_63 id: cord-020490-sjz5mbbr author: Mahida, R. Y. title: Extracellular Vesicles in ARDS: New Insights into Pathogenesis with Novel Clinical Applications date: 2019-11-30 words: 4789 sentences: 239 pages: flesch: 18 cache: ./cache/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020490-sjz5mbbr.txt summary: Several studies have reported that intravenous administration of endothelial extracellular vesicles in rodents induced lung injury with alveolar neutrophilic infiltration, pulmonary edema, elevated inflammatory cytokines (myeloperoxidase [MPO] , interleukin [IL]-1β and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and increased lung endothelial permeability [6] [7] [8] . Intravenous administration of these extracellular vesicles to naïve mice caused lung injury via macrophage TLR4 activation, including increased alveolar vascular permeability and inflammatory cell infiltration [17] . In a pig model of influenza-induced lung injury, administration of mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles similarly reduced lung injury, alveolar protein permeability, and inflammatory cytokine release. In addition, an experimental model of infant respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn mice showed a therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles isolated from mesenchymal stromal cells in reducing lung injury and restoring lung function, in part through induction of antiinflammatory and pro-resolving macrophages [35] . abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of acute respiratory failure that develops following several clinical disorders, including pneumonia, sepsis, aspiration and major trauma. Despite numerous clinical trials, there is still no effective pharmacotherapy available for ARDS patients. However, recent research on extracellular vesicles provides new insights into pathogenesis, prognosis, and potential therapeutic options for ARDS. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound anuclear structures which constitute a recently recognized and important intercellular communication mechanism, allowing targeted transfer of diverse biologic cargo between different cell types. There is new evidence that extracellular vesicles play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and also potentially a protective role. In this chapter, we highlight recent translational and clinical studies that have advanced our understanding of the critical role extracellular vesicles play in both inducing and attenuating inflammatory lung injury in ARDS. This review also considers the wide range of potential clinical applications for extracellular vesicles, ranging from use as biomarkers of lung injury to therapeutic agents for ARDS. Extracellular vesicles represent a new frontier for research in ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135906/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-37323-8_4 id: cord-354829-god79qzw author: Mao, Kaimin title: Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets date: 2020-09-23 words: 6328 sentences: 315 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354829-god79qzw.txt summary: title: Identification of robust genetic signatures associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury onset and astaxanthin therapeutic effects by integrative analysis of RNA sequencing data and GEO datasets Here we performed a statistical meta-analysis of five publicly available gene expression datasets from LPS-induced ALI mouse models, conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to LPS administration and AST treatment, and integrative analysis to determine robust genetic signatures associated with LPS-induced ALI onset and AST administration. We subsequently integrated the RNA-seq and microarray meta-analysis data, and 11 core DEGs (Timp1, Ly6i, Cxcl13, Irf7, Cxcl5, Ccl7, Isg15, Saa3, Saa1, Tgtp1, and Gbp11) that were upregulated in ALI models and downregulated significantly after AST treatment were identified ( Table 2) . To further identify the robust expression signature related to LPS-induced ALI and investigate the transcriptional changes in response to the treatment of ALI by AST, we performed RNA-seq on three groups of mice and integrated the data with the results of the above mentioned meta-analysis. abstract: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening clinical conditions predominantly arising from uncontrolled inflammatory reactions. It has been found that the administration of astaxanthin (AST) can exert protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI; however, the robust genetic signatures underlying LPS induction and AST treatment remain obscure. Here we performed a statistical meta-analysis of five publicly available gene expression datasets from LPS-induced ALI mouse models, conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to LPS administration and AST treatment, and integrative analysis to determine robust genetic signatures associated with LPS-induced ALI onset and AST administration. Both the meta-analyses and our experimental data identified a total of 198 DEGs in response to LPS administration, and 11 core DEGs (Timp1, Ly6i, Cxcl13, Irf7, Cxcl5, Ccl7, Isg15, Saa3, Saa1, Tgtp1, and Gbp11) were identified to be associated with AST therapeutic effects. Further, the 11 core DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are primarily associated with neutrophils and chemokines. Collectively, these findings unearthed the robust genetic signatures underlying LPS administration and the molecular targets of AST for ameliorating ALI/ARDS which provide directions for further research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32969837/ doi: 10.18632/aging.104042 id: cord-352365-b9cmviny author: Marchetti, Monia title: COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure date: 2020-06-24 words: 3887 sentences: 176 pages: flesch: 29 cache: ./cache/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352365-b9cmviny.txt summary: This review also highlights potential targets for prevention and therapy of COVID-19-related organ damage and discusses the role of marketed drugs, such as eculizumab and imatinib, as suitable candidates for clinical trials. Also, C3a complement fraction plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of infection-related lung injury: high serum C3a predicts evolution to ARDS [9, 10] , while both C3a and C5a increase endothelial permeability and activate endothelial cells, thereby increasing the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines [11, 12] , and the distal complement activation product C5 b-9 triggers intracellular fluxes of calcium in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apoptosis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell may be chronically triggered by inflammation, such as in COPD, or acutely induced by ARDS; the latter is mediated by Bruton kinase (BTK), IL-17, and macrophage stimulating-1, while IL-35 seems protective [41] [42] [43] [44] . abstract: COVID-19 pandemia is a major health emergency causing hundreds of deaths worldwide. The high reported morbidity has been related to hypoxia and inflammation leading to endothelial dysfunction and aberrant coagulation in small and large vessels. This review addresses some of the pathways leading to endothelial derangement, such as complement, HIF-1α, and ABL tyrosine kinases. This review also highlights potential targets for prevention and therapy of COVID-19-related organ damage and discusses the role of marketed drugs, such as eculizumab and imatinib, as suitable candidates for clinical trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32583086/ doi: 10.1007/s00277-020-04138-8 id: cord-321499-17n9tj70 author: Marini, John J. title: Integrating the evidence: confronting the COVID-19 elephant date: 2020-07-25 words: 1707 sentences: 104 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321499-17n9tj70.txt summary: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that figures so prominently in severe cases of COVID infection may seem familiar but has historically predisposed to such logical missteps [6] . This simple perception provided for adult patients a convenient explanation that paralleled that of the infant respiratory distress syndrome, a condition for which the root cause mechanism had already been confirmed [8] . As pathologic severity increases, key definitional features of ARDS (extensive infiltrates, hypoxemia) usually proceed in synch, serving to guide clinical treatment and prognosis by gas exchange criteria. Respiratory system compliance is not invariably low in the presence of severe hypoxemia Do patients progress to diffuse airspace disease via patient self-inflicted lung injury (PSILI)? Covid-19 does not lead to a "typical" acute respiratory distress syndrome Management of Covid-19 respiratory distress Potential for lung recruitment and ventilation-perfusion mismatch in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019 abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32710146/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06195-z id: cord-335977-f00758o2 author: Martin-Loeches, I. title: Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection date: 2010-11-24 words: 4300 sentences: 258 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335977-f00758o2.txt summary: title: Use of early corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission in patients affected by severe pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection Recent guidelines for management of human infection with pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection recommend that corticosteroid therapy should not be used routinely, although low doses may be considered for patients in septic shock who require vasopressors and have suspected adrenal insufficiency [15, 16] . The main objective of this study is therefore to assess the effect on survival of early corticosteroid therapy compared with those who did not receive corticosteroids or received them subsequently as rescue therapy, in a cohort of patients hospitalized with severe presentation of pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection in the ICU. This analysis of a large, cohort, prospective, multicenter research study suggests that prompt use of corticosteroid therapy on ICU admission does not result in a reduction of mortality for critically ill patients admitted with pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Early use of corticosteroids in patients affected by pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection, although relatively common, remains controversial. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter study from 23 June 2009 through 11 February 2010, reported in the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) H1N1 registry. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with completed outcome data were analyzed. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 155 (70.5%). Sixty-seven (30.5%) of the patients died in ICU and 75 (34.1%) whilst in hospital. One hundred twenty-six (57.3%) patients received corticosteroid therapy on admission to ICU. Patients who received corticosteroids were significantly older and were more likely to have coexisting asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic steroid use. These patients receiving corticosteroids had increased likelihood of developing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) [26.2% versus 13.8%, p < 0.05; odds ratio (OR) 2.2, confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5]. Patients who received corticosteroids had significantly higher ICU mortality than patients who did not (46.0% versus 18.1%, p < 0.01; OR 3.8, CI 2.1–7.2). Cox regression analysis adjusted for severity and potential confounding factors identified that early use of corticosteroids was not significantly associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.3, 95% CI 0.7–2.4, p = 0.4] but was still associated with an increased rate of HAP (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.8, p < 0.05). When only patients developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were analyzed, similar results were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Early use of corticosteroids in patients affected by pandemic (H1N1)v influenza A infection did not result in better outcomes and was associated with increased risk of superinfections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107529/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-2078-z id: cord-031033-v4yetn4f author: Martin-Loeches, Ignacio title: The importance of airway and lung microbiome in the critically ill date: 2020-08-31 words: 5110 sentences: 235 pages: flesch: 27 cache: ./cache/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031033-v4yetn4f.txt summary: In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study found that a single streamlined protocol offering an integrated genomic portrait of pathogen, microbiome and host transcriptome represents a new tool for diagnosis in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Alternatively, the mere onset of critical illness-be it sepsis, ARDS or any number of conditions, is associated with alterations of the gut Fig. 2 Island model for the development of lung injury based on sites of dysbiosis microbiome, which may be independent of antibiotic administration [61] . abstract: During critical illness, there are a multitude of forces such as antibiotic use, mechanical ventilation, diet changes and inflammatory responses that could bring the microbiome out of balance. This so-called dysbiosis of the microbiome seems to be involved in immunological responses and may influence outcomes even in individuals who are not as vulnerable as a critically ill ICU population. It is therefore probable that dysbiosis of the microbiome is a consequence of critical illness and may, subsequently, shape an inadequate response to these circumstances. Bronchoscopic studies have revealed that the carina represents the densest site of bacterial DNA along healthy airways, with a tapering density with further bifurcations. This likely reflects the influence of micro-aspiration as the primary route of microbial immigration in healthy adults. Though bacterial DNA density grows extremely sparse at smaller airways, bacterial signal is still consistently detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, likely reflecting the fact that lavage via a wedged bronchoscope samples an enormous surface area of small airways and alveoli. The dogma of lung sterility also violated numerous observations that long predated culture-independent microbiology. The body’s resident microbial consortia (gut and/or respiratory microbiota) affect normal host inflammatory and immune response mechanisms. Disruptions in these host-pathogen interactions have been associated with infection and altered innate immunity. In this narrative review, we will focus on the rationale and current evidence for a pathogenic role of the lung microbiome in the exacerbation of complications of critical illness, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ventilator-associated pneumonia. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7457224/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03219-4 id: cord-301830-nxtfhxjd author: Mauri, Tommaso title: Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-28 words: 3325 sentences: 175 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301830-nxtfhxjd.txt summary: title: Potential for Lung Recruitment and Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch in Patients With the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome From Coronavirus Disease 2019 MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At each positive end-expiratory pressure level, we assessed arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, ventilation inhomogeneity, and potential for lung recruitment by electrical impedance tomography. The recruitment to inflation ratio presented median value higher than previously reported in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients but with large variability (median, 0.79 [0.53–1.08]; range, 0.16–1.40). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019, potential for lung recruitment presents large variability, while elevated dead space fraction may be a specific pathophysiological trait. In this study, we assessed the respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, ventilation inhomogeneity, potential for lung recruitment, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in a cohort of intubated patients with ARDS from COVID-19. abstract: Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 develop the acute respiratory distress syndrome, requiring admission to the ICU. This study aimed to describe specific pathophysiological characteristics of acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019. DESIGN: Prospective crossover physiologic study. SETTING: ICU of a university-affiliated hospital from northern Italy dedicated to care of patients with confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. PATIENTS: Ten intubated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. INTERVENTIONS: We performed a two-step positive end-expiratory pressure trial with change of 10 cm H(2)O in random order. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At each positive end-expiratory pressure level, we assessed arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, ventilation inhomogeneity, and potential for lung recruitment by electrical impedance tomography. Potential for lung recruitment was assessed by the recently described recruitment to inflation ratio. In a subgroup of seven paralyzed patients, we also measured ventilation-perfusion mismatch at lower positive end-expiratory pressure by electrical impedance tomography. At higher positive end-expiratory pressure, respiratory mechanics did not change significantly: compliance remained relatively high with low driving pressure. Oxygenation and ventilation inhomogeneity improved but arterial co(2) increased despite unchanged respiratory rate and tidal volume. The recruitment to inflation ratio presented median value higher than previously reported in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients but with large variability (median, 0.79 [0.53–1.08]; range, 0.16–1.40). The Fio(2) needed to obtain viable oxygenation at lower positive end-expiratory pressure was significantly correlated with the recruitment to inflation ratio (r = 0.603; p = 0.05). The ventilation-perfusion mismatch was elevated (median, 34% [32–45%] of lung units) and, in six out of seven patients, ventilated nonperfused units represented a much larger proportion than perfused nonventilated ones. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from coronavirus disease 2019, potential for lung recruitment presents large variability, while elevated dead space fraction may be a specific pathophysiological trait. These findings may guide selection of personalized mechanical ventilation settings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32317591/ doi: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004386 id: cord-277031-yt0lafin author: McGurk, Kevin title: A primer on proning in the emergency department date: 2020-07-04 words: 2032 sentences: 124 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277031-yt0lafin.txt summary: Historically, the prone position was used almost exclusively in the ICU for patients suffering from refractory hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Improved oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure: the prone position Efficacy of prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a pathophysiology-based review Effect of mechanical ventilation in the prone position on clinical outcomes in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Prone positioning improves oxygenation in spontaneously breathing nonintubated patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a retrospective study Early prone position at the emergency room in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study Prone ventilation reduces mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia: systematic review and meta-analysis Positioning of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: combining prone and upright makes sense Transport of a prone position acute respiratory distress syndrome patient abstract: Historically, the prone position was used almost exclusively in the ICU for patients suffering from refractory hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Amidst the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic, however, this technique has been increasingly utilized in settings outside of the ICU, particularly in the emergency department. With emerging evidence that patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 who are not intubated and mechanically ventilated may benefit from the prone position, this strategy should not be isolated to only those with critical illness. This is a review of the pertinent physiology and evidence supporting prone positioning along with a step‐by‐step guide meant to familiarize those who are not already comfortable with the maneuver. Placing a patient in the prone position helps to improve ventilation‐perfusion matching, dorsal lung recruitment, and ultimately gas exchange. Evidence also suggests there is improved oxygenation in both mechanically ventilated patients and those who are awake and spontaneously breathing, further reinforcing the utility of the prone position in non‐ICU settings. Given present concerns about resource limitations because of the pandemic, prone positioning has especially demonstrable value as a technique to delay or even prevent intubation. Patients who are able to self‐prone should be directed into the ''swimmer's position'' and then placed in reverse Trendelenburg position if further oxygenation is needed. If a mechanically ventilated patient is to be placed in the prone position, specific precautions should be taken to ensure the patient's safety and to prevent any unwanted sequelae of prone positioning. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12175 doi: 10.1002/emp2.12175 id: cord-010443-4jblod8j author: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 words: 18827 sentences: 815 pages: flesch: 23 cache: ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt summary: In critical illness, NF-κB-driven systemic inflammation, also known as a "cytokine storm" (14) , activates a multi-system response that includes at least three major domains: (i) the stress system composed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus-norepinephrine/sympathetic nervous system activated to provide sufficient energy and hemodynamic stability to overcome the initial phase of critical illness (15) ; (ii) the acute-phase reaction (APR), which has several adaptive functions, including increasing the production of procoagulant factors in preparation for possible tissue damage (16) ; and (iii) the tissue defense response (TDR) of the target organs [ Figure 1 ; (11, 17) ]. In patients with septic shock (170, 171) or ARDS (172, 173) , prolonged glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone) treatment resulted in the following: (i) increased plasma activated protein C levels (173); (ii) reduction in markers of endothelial injury such as sICAM-1 (35); (iii) rapid and consistent improvement in capillary perfusion, independently of the cortisol response to ACTH (170) ; and (iv) improvement in alveolar-capillary (172) and renal (171) endothelial permeability. abstract: In critical illness, homeostatic corrections representing the culmination of hundreds of millions of years of evolution, are modulated by the activated glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) and are associated with an enormous bioenergetic and metabolic cost. Appreciation of how homeostatic corrections work and how they evolved provides a conceptual framework to understand the complex pathobiology of critical illness. Emerging literature place the activated GRα at the center of all phases of disease development and resolution, including activation and re-enforcement of innate immunity, downregulation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, and restoration of anatomy and function. By the time critically ill patients necessitate vital organ support for survival, they have reached near exhaustion or exhaustion of neuroendocrine homeostatic compensation, cell bio-energetic and adaptation functions, and reserves of vital micronutrients. We review how critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction/damage, and hypovitaminosis collectively interact to accelerate an anti-homeostatic active process of natural selection. Importantly, the allostatic overload imposed by these homeostatic corrections impacts negatively on both acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Since the bioenergetic and metabolic reserves to support homeostatic corrections are time-limited, early interventions should be directed at increasing GRα and mitochondria number and function. Present understanding of the activated GC-GRα's role in immunomodulation and disease resolution should be taken into account when re-evaluating how to administer glucocorticoid treatment and co-interventions to improve cellular responsiveness. The activated GRα interdependence with functional mitochondria and three vitamin reserves (B1, C, and D) provides a rationale for co-interventions that include prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in association with rapid correction of hypovitaminosis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189617/ doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00161 id: cord-296182-hhswage4 author: Meng, Lingzhong title: Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date: 2020-04-08 words: 6532 sentences: 364 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296182-hhswage4.txt summary: Healthcare providers, who are tasked with taking care of critically ill patients, need to perform the best practices of intubation and ventilation tailored explicitly to the victims of this sweeping COVID-19 outbreak and, at the same time, adhere to strict self-protection precautions. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Airway Management released a fast-track publication with the recommendation to proceed with endotracheal intubation for patients showing no improvement in respiratory distress, tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute), and poor oxygenation (Pao 2 to Fio 2 ratio less than 150 mmHg) after 2-h highflow oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. Although the aerosol-generating potential of noninvasive ventilation is a potential concern to some providers, 19 the bilevel positive airway pressure machine is widely used amid this outbreak for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Wuhan and the rest of China. abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak has led to 80,409 diagnosed cases and 3,012 deaths in mainland China based on the data released on March 4, 2020. Approximately 3.2% of patients with COVID-19 required intubation and invasive ventilation at some point in the disease course. Providing best practices regarding intubation and ventilation for an overwhelming number of patients with COVID-19 amid an enhanced risk of cross-infection is a daunting undertaking. The authors presented the experience of caring for the critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. It is extremely important to follow strict self-protection precautions. Timely, but not premature, intubation is crucial to counter a progressively enlarging oxygen debt despite high-flow oxygen therapy and bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation. Thorough preparation, satisfactory preoxygenation, modified rapid sequence induction, and rapid intubation using a video laryngoscope are widely used intubation strategies in Wuhan. Lung-protective ventilation, prone position ventilation, and adequate sedation and analgesia are essential components of ventilation management. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003296 doi: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003296 id: cord-261146-ppe8br4z author: Mohammed, Amira title: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Prevents Mortality from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through the Induction of Apoptosis in Immune Cells, Leading to Cytokine Storm Suppression date: 2020-08-28 words: 9689 sentences: 487 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261146-ppe8br4z.txt summary: Thus, in the current study based on single-cell RNA sequencing data, we determined whether THC induces apoptosis in activated immune cells in the lungs following SEB-induced ARDS and, if so, whether it was through the death receptor or mitochondrial pathway. Our data demonstrated that THC decreased the expression of miR-185-3p in SEB-activated immune cells, thereby promoting the induction of a number of genes related to the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, causing an alteration in metabolism of immune cells, leading to the attenuation of inflammation and ARDS. These studies suggested THC mediated the induction of apoptosis and autophagic cell death by altering the cytochrome c oxidases of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in MNCs infiltrating the lung in SEB-induced ARDS. These studies suggested THC mediated the induction of apoptosis and autophagic cell death by altering the cytochrome c oxidases of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in MNCs infiltrating the lung in SEB-induced ARDS. abstract: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes up to 40% mortality in humans and is difficult to treat. ARDS is also one of the major triggers of mortality associated with coronavirus-induced disease (COVID-19). We used a mouse model of ARDS induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), which triggers 100% mortality, to investigate the mechanisms through which Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) attenuates ARDS. SEB was used to trigger ARDS in C3H mice. These mice were treated with THC and analyzed for survival, ARDS, cytokine storm, and metabolome. Additionally, cells isolated from the lungs were used to perform single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. A database analysis of human COVID-19 patients was also performed to compare the signaling pathways with SEB-mediated ARDS. The treatment of SEB-mediated ARDS mice with THC led to a 100% survival, decreased lung inflammation, and the suppression of cytokine storm. This was associated with immune cell apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway, as suggested by single-cell RNA sequencing. A transcriptomic analysis of immune cells from the lungs revealed an increase in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes following THC treatment. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed elevated serum concentrations of amino acids, lysine, n-acetyl methionine, carnitine, and propionyl L-carnitine in THC-treated mice. THC caused the downregulation of miR-185, which correlated with an increase in the pro-apoptotic gene targets. Interestingly, the gene expression datasets from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of human COVID-19 patients showed some similarities between cytokine and apoptotic genes with SEB-induced ARDS. Collectively, this study suggests that the activation of cannabinoid receptors may serve as a therapeutic modality to treat ARDS associated with COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176244 doi: 10.3390/ijms21176244 id: cord-005812-hx6lkuj0 author: Morty, Rory E. title: Alveolar fluid clearance in acute lung injury: what have we learned from animal models and clinical studies? date: 2007-05-25 words: 6230 sentences: 313 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005812-hx6lkuj0.txt summary: To complement that report this review focuses on how intact organ and animal models and clinical studies have facilitated our understanding of alveolar edema fluid clearance in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Given the established importance of the type II cell in AFC [6] and the emerging importance of the type I cell in AFC with the recent discovery that type I cells also contain functional sodium and chloride channels [12] , this epithelial damage Fig. 1 Factors that cause impaired alveolar fluid clearance in ALI/ARDS that have been investigated in animal and organ models and in clinical studies. This idea was further supported by the observations that adenovirus-mediated transfer of β-adrenergic receptor genes to live rats improved AFC due to increased sensitivity to endogenous catecholamines and consequent upregulation of Na,K-ATPase activity and ENaC protein expression the lung [73] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care setting. The failure of patients to resolve the alveolar edema associated with these conditions is a major contributing factor to mortality; hence there is continued interest to understand the mechanisms of alveolar edema fluid clearance. DISCUSSION: The accompanying review by Vadász et al. details our current understanding of the signaling mechanisms and cellular processes that facilitate clearance of edema fluid from the alveolar compartment, and how these signaling processes may be exploited in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To complement that report this review focuses on how intact organ and animal models and clinical studies have facilitated our understanding of alveolar edema fluid clearance in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Furthermore, it considers how what we have learned from these animal and organ models and clinical studies has suggested novel therapeutic avenues to pursue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095514/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0662-7 id: cord-292862-ezrkg0dc author: Myerson, Jacob W. title: Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment date: 2020-04-18 words: 14275 sentences: 744 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292862-ezrkg0dc.txt summary: We show that polystyrene nanoparticles and five liposome formulations do not accumulate in injured lungs, indicating that nanostructures that are not based on protein are not intrinsically drawn to marginated neutrophils in acute inflammation. 6, 10, 14, 18 Single cell suspensions prepared from mouse lungs were probed by flow cytometry to further characterize pulmonary neutrophils in naïve mice and in mice following LPS-induced inflammation. The protein component of each particle was labeled with 125 I for tracing in biodistributions, and assessed 30 minutes after IV administration of NPs. Both absolute LDNG lung uptake and ratio of lung uptake to liver uptake registered a ~25-fold increase between naïve control and LPS-injured animals (Figure 2A , Supplementary Table 1) . As with LDNGs and albumin NPs in Figure 2C -H, single cell suspensions were prepared from LPS-inflamed and naïve control lungs after circulation of fluorescent DBCO-IgG liposomes. abstract: Acute lung inflammation has severe morbidity, as seen in COVID-19 patients. Lung inflammation is accompanied or led by massive accumulation of neutrophils in pulmonary capillaries (“margination”). We sought to identify nanostructural properties that predispose nanoparticles to accumulate in pulmonary marginated neutrophils, and therefore to target severely inflamed lungs. We designed a library of nanoparticles and conducted an in vivo screen of biodistributions in naive mice and mice treated with lipopolysaccharides. We found that supramolecular organization of protein in nanoparticles predicts uptake in inflamed lungs. Specifically, nanoparticles with agglutinated protein (NAPs) efficiently home to pulmonary neutrophils, while protein nanoparticles with symmetric structure (e.g. viral capsids) are ignored by pulmonary neutrophils. We validated this finding by engineering protein-conjugated liposomes that recapitulate NAP targeting to neutrophils in inflamed lungs. We show that NAPs can diagnose acute lung injury in SPECT imaging and that NAP-like liposomes can mitigate neutrophil extravasation and pulmonary edema arising in lung inflammation. Finally, we demonstrate that ischemic ex vivo human lungs selectively take up NAPs, illustrating translational potential. This work demonstrates that structure-dependent interactions with neutrophils can dramatically alter the biodistribution of nanoparticles, and NAPs have significant potential in detecting and treating respiratory conditions arising from injury or infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.037564 id: cord-293736-nyvwv31m author: Méry, Geoffroy title: COVID-19: Underlying Adipokine Storm and Angiotensin 1-7 Umbrella date: 2020-07-21 words: 5746 sentences: 268 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293736-nyvwv31m.txt summary: Here we seek to explore what underlies the link between immune response and respiratory failure in CoV infections on the one hand, and the current observation of obesity as a risk factor for severe outcome in COVID-19 on the other. Indeed, during COVID-19 infection, most patients exhibit a specific cytokine profile, associating innate immunity chemokines (such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), which are suggestive of macrophage activation and epithelial suffering), and pro-inflammatory macrophage-produced cytokines such as IL-6 (45). We suggest that the tampering with such pathways could also lead to abnormalities in the inflammatory response observed in severe CoV infections through their influence on immune regulation and cytokine production. Besides suffering from a pro-inflammatory environment, which favors macrophage activation and neutrophil production, obese patients exhibit abnormal responses to viral infection. abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus leading to a global health outbreak. Despite the high mortality rates from SARS-CoV-1 and Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV infections, which both sparked the interest of the scientific community, the underlying physiopathology of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, remains partially unclear. SARS-CoV-2 shares similar features with SARS-CoV-1, notably the use of the angiotensin conversion enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor to enter the host cells. However, some features of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are unique. In this work, we focus on the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes on the one hand, and the severity of COVID-19 infection on the other, as it seems greater in these patients. We discuss how adipocyte dysfunction leads to a specific immune environment that predisposes obese patients to respiratory failure during COVID-19. We also hypothesize that an ACE2-cleaved protein, angiotensin 1-7, has a beneficial action on immune deregulation and that its low expression during the SARS-CoV-2 infection could explain the severity of infection. This introduces angiotensin 1-7 as a potential candidate of interest in therapeutic research on CoV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793244/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01714 id: cord-006700-df8ard9o author: Müller-Redetzky, Holger C. title: Dynamics of pulmonary endothelial barrier function in acute inflammation: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives date: 2014-03-06 words: 10609 sentences: 582 pages: flesch: 32 cache: ./cache/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006700-df8ard9o.txt summary: However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation via either the alveolar (e.g., in pneumonia and mechanical ventilation) or the vascular lumen (e.g., in bacteremia and sepsis), pulmonary endothelial barrier homeostasis may be disturbed, resulting in increased permeability, protein-rich fluid extravasation, lung oedema and finally acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with mortality rates ranging from 27 to 45 % depending on severity (Ranieri, et al. Although the underlying mechanisms of leukocyte mediated barrier failure are of highest scientific interest, therapeutic interference to ameliorate acute lung injury by depletion or blocking of cell recruitment should raise concerns as neutrophils and monocytes are key players of pulmonary and systemic innate immune responses and therapeutic intervention at this level might leave the patient functionally immunosuppressed. In mice, Ang-1-induced Tie-2 receptor phosphorylation stimulated the p190RhoGTPaseactivating protein (p190RhoGAP) via PI3-kinase and Rac1 to inactivate RhoA, resulting in reduced F-actin stress fibre formation and diminished endothelial permeability (Mammoto et al. abstract: The lungs provide a large inner surface to guarantee respiration. In lung alveoli, a delicate membrane formed by endo- and epithelial cells with their fused basal lamina ensures rapid and effective gas exchange between alveolar and vascular compartments while concurrently forming a robust barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. However, upon infectious or sterile inflammatory stimulation, tightly regulated endothelial barrier leakiness is required for leukocyte transmigration. Further, endothelial barrier disruption may result in uncontrolled extravasation of protein-rich fluids. This brief review summarizes some important mechanisms of pulmonary endothelial barrier regulation and disruption, focusing on the role of specific cell populations, coagulation and complement cascades and mediators including angiopoietins, specific sphingolipids, adrenomedullin and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for the regulation of pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Further, current therapeutic perspectives against development of lung injury are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102256/ doi: 10.1007/s00441-014-1821-0 id: cord-285955-fzm6036f author: Nasir, N. title: Treatment of ARDS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 with IL-6 antagonist Tocilizumab: a tertiary care experience from Pakistan date: 2020-06-26 words: 2057 sentences: 130 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285955-fzm6036f.txt summary: Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation which manifests as ARDS, multi-organ failure, and high inflammatory parameters. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from Feb 2020 to May 2020 on COVID-19 patients with ARDS and hyperinflammation characterized by raised CRP and/or ferritin. While limited studies from China have shown improved outcomes in COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammation and ARDS 9 , a study from Italy did not show significant mortality benefit 10 . Hence, we would like to report our clinical experience of the management of ARDS and hyperinflammation with the IL-6 inhibitor Tocilizumab which will be the first from a lower-middle-income country (LMIC). We conducted an observational study describing patient outcomes in those critically ill patients of COVID-19 who received tocilizumab intravenously for hyperinflammation and ARDS. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist Tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality abstract: Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation which manifests as ARDS, multi-organ failure, and high inflammatory parameters. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 antagonist has been used in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with conflicting results from different parts of the world. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from Feb 2020 to May 2020 on COVID-19 patients with ARDS and hyperinflammation characterized by raised CRP and/or ferritin. A total of 244 patients with COVID-19 were admitted out of which 107 had ARDS. Thirty patients had both ARDS and hyperinflammation and received tocilizumab. The mean age was 62.5 years (SD: 13.5) and the majority were male (83%). The mean CRP pre-treatment was 217.5 mg/L and post 48 to 72 hours of tocilizumab treatment was 98.5 mg/L. Twenty-one patients (70%) also received concomitant intravenous methylprednisolone. Of the 30 patients, 7 died and 20 recovered. Ten patients required intensive care unit admission and nine developed nosocomial infections. COVID-19 associated aspergillosis was diagnosed in three patients post tocilizumab treatment. Mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed a nosocomial infection and who required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Our study is the first to describe the treatment outcomes with tocilizumab from a low-middle income country. The availability and cost of tocilizumab in our region which makes it imperative to understand its potential for use in our setting. Our study supports the use of tocilizumab in a select patient population with COVID-19 and recommends monitoring of nosocomial infections and opportunistic infections. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.23.20134072 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.23.20134072 id: cord-339293-7ks3bopm author: Nejatifard, Marzieh title: Probable Positive Effects of the Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment in COVID-19: A Systematic Review date: 2020-10-12 words: 4581 sentences: 252 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339293-7ks3bopm.txt summary: Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of the PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissue. The included papers were evaluated for the effect of light therapy, PBM, or low -level laser therapy on the lung inflammation, ARDS, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and lung parenchyma. All the studies confirmed that the PBM can reduce the lung inflammation, neutrophil recruitment, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. All the papers have shown the anti-inflammatory effects of the PBM including reducing the lung edema, cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, neutrophil influx, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and damage to the endothelial cytoskeleton. abstract: Background COVID-19, as a newly-emerged viral infection has now spread all over the world after originating in Wuhan, China. Pneumonia is the hallmark of the disease, with dyspnea in half of the patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in up to one –third of the cases. Pulmonary edema, neutrophilic infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine release are the pathologic signs of this disease. The anti-inflammatory effect of the photobiomodulation (PBM) has been confirmed in many previous studies. Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. The indirect effects of PBM on modulation of the immune system, increasing the blood flow and oxygenation in other tissues were also considered. Methodology The databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were searched to find the relevant studies. Keywords included the PBM and related terms, lung inflammation, and COVID-19 -related signs. Studies were categorized with respect to the target tissue, laser parameters, and their results. Results Seventeen related papers were included in this review. All of them were in animal models. They showed that the PBM could significantly decrease the pulmonary edema, neutrophil influx, and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), reactive oxygen species (ROS), isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)). Conclusion Our findings revealed that the PBM could be helpful in reducing the lung inflammation and promoting the regeneration of the damaged tissue. PBM can increase the oxygenation indirectly in order to rehabilitate the affected organs. Thus, the infra-red lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are recommended in this regard. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312 doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312 id: cord-277788-6ls21tkr author: Nelson, Brian C title: Clinical Outcomes Associated with Methylprednisolone in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-09 words: 3554 sentences: 216 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277788-6ls21tkr.txt summary: METHODS: Clinical outcomes associated with the use of methylprednisolone were assessed in an unmatched, case-control study; a subset of patients also underwent propensity-score matching. Our study evaluated the association of methylprednisolone treatment with duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality in intubated, critically-ill patients with COVID-19. We observed an increase in the number of ventilator-free days and the likelihood of extubation, as well as a statistically non-significant trend towards improved mortality, in the corticosteroid group when compared to control patients in a propensity-matched cohort by day 28. Although this benefit was greatest in the subset of patients that required mechanical ventilation, the trial only evaluated outcomes through hospital day 28 and did not assess other corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone [14] . We found that treatment with methylprednisolone increased the number of ventilator-free days and probability of extubation compared with a propensity matched control group among patients with severe COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation, but we did not detect a significant difference in mortality. abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of methylprednisolone in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are unclear. In this study, we evaluated the association between use of methylprednisolone and key clinical outcomes. METHODS: Clinical outcomes associated with the use of methylprednisolone were assessed in an unmatched, case-control study; a subset of patients also underwent propensity-score matching. Patients were admitted between March 1 and April 12, 2020. The primary outcome was ventilator-free days by 28 days after admission. Secondary outcomes included extubation, mortality, discharge, positive cultures, and hyperglycemia. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients met inclusion criteria. Propensity matching yielded a cohort of 42 well-matched pairs. Groups were similar except for hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin use, which were more common in patients who did not receive methylprednisolone. Mean ventilator free-days were significantly higher in patients treated with methylprednisolone (6.21±7.45 versus 3.14±6.22; P = 0.044). The probability of extubation was also increased in patients receiving methylprednisolone (45% versus 21%; P = 0.021), and there were no significant differences in mortality (19% versus 36%; P = 0.087). In a multivariable linear regression analysis, only methylprednisolone use was associated with higher number of ventilator-free days (P = 0.045). The incidence of positive cultures and hyperglycemia were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Methylprednisolone was associated with increased ventilator-free days and higher probability of extubation in a propensity-score matched cohort. Randomized, controlled studies are needed to further define methylprednisolone use in patients with COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32772069/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1163 id: cord-004092-wb150n8w author: Nieman, Gary F. title: Prevention and treatment of acute lung injury with time-controlled adaptive ventilation: physiologically informed modification of airway pressure release ventilation date: 2020-01-06 words: 8067 sentences: 435 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004092-wb150n8w.txt summary: Understanding how ARDS alters the dynamic alveolar inflation physiology enables us to adjust the mechanical breath profile (MB P -all airway pressures, volumes, flows, rates and the time at inspiration and expiration at which they are applied) necessary to minimize VILI [12] . The ARDSnet Low Vt (LVt) method is intended to protect the non-dependent normal lung tissue from overdistension (OD) and reduce alveolar recruitment/ derecruitment (R/D) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), while resting severely injured tissue by allowing it to remain collapsed throughout the ventilation cycle [2] . Abbreviations ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; VILI: ventilator-induced lung injury; APRV: airway pressure release ventilation; FRC: functional residual capacity; TCAV: time-controlled adaptive ventilation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; TC-PEEP: time controlled-positive end expiratory pressure; T Low : time at low pressure; T High : time at high pressure; P High : pressure at inspiration; P Low : pressure at expiration; PEEP: positive end expiratory pressure; E FT : expiratory flow termination; E FP : expiratory flow peak; RCT : randomized controlled trial; OLA: open lung approach; MB P : mechanical breath pattern; CT: computerized axial tomography. abstract: Mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains unacceptably high at approximately 39%. One of the only treatments is supportive: mechanical ventilation. However, improperly set mechanical ventilation can further increase the risk of death in patients with ARDS. Recent studies suggest that ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) is caused by exaggerated regional lung strain, particularly in areas of alveolar instability subject to tidal recruitment/derecruitment and stress-multiplication. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that if a ventilation strategy can maintain stable lung inflation and homogeneity, regional dynamic strain would be reduced and VILI attenuated. A time-controlled adaptive ventilation (TCAV) method was developed to minimize dynamic alveolar strain by adjusting the delivered breath according to the mechanical characteristics of the lung. The goal of this review is to describe how the TCAV method impacts pathophysiology and protects lungs with, or at high risk of, acute lung injury. We present work from our group and others that identifies novel mechanisms of VILI in the alveolar microenvironment and demonstrates that the TCAV method can reduce VILI in translational animal ARDS models and mortality in surgical/trauma patients. Our TCAV method utilizes the airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) mode and is based on opening and collapsing time constants, which reflect the viscoelastic properties of the terminal airspaces. Time-controlled adaptive ventilation uses inspiratory and expiratory time to (1) gradually “nudge” alveoli and alveolar ducts open with an extended inspiratory duration and (2) prevent alveolar collapse using a brief (sub-second) expiratory duration that does not allow time for alveolar collapse. The new paradigm in TCAV is configuring each breath guided by the previous one, which achieves real-time titration of ventilator settings and minimizes instability induced tissue damage. This novel methodology changes the current approach to mechanical ventilation, from arbitrary to personalized and adaptive. The outcome of this approach is an open and stable lung with reduced regional strain and greater lung protection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6944723/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0619-3 id: cord-317619-o7qfugjw author: Nye, Steven title: Viral Infection in the Development and Progression of Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-11-24 words: 6733 sentences: 324 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317619-o7qfugjw.txt summary: While the overall incidence of respiratory virus infection, in particular RSV and influenza A (H1N1) virus, leading to lower respiratory tract disease is widely studied (12, 13), the frequency of progression to pediatric ARDS has yet to be clearly determined. While post-pandemic studies suggest a decrease in influenza A (H1N1) virus disease severity and burden (20, 21), it continues to be a significant cause of severe illness and pediatric ARDS (22). In RSV infection, development of lower respiratory track disease in premature infants, with or without chronic neonatal lung disease is associated with a significantly higher risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and death (12, [70] [71] [72] [73] . Disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community Motavizumab treatment of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection does not decrease viral load or severity of illness abstract: Viral infections are an important cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Numerous viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A (H1N1) virus, have been implicated in the progression of pneumonia to ARDS; yet the incidence of progression is unknown. Despite acute and chronic morbidity associated with respiratory viral infections, particularly in “at risk” populations, treatment options are limited. Thus, with few exceptions, care is symptomatic. In addition, mortality rates for viral-related ARDS have yet to be determined. This review outlines what is known about ARDS secondary to viral infections including the epidemiology, the pathophysiology, and diagnosis. In addition, emerging treatment options to prevent infection, and to decrease disease burden will be outlined. We focused on RSV and influenza A (H1N1) viral-induced ARDS, as these are the most common viruses leading to pediatric ARDS, and have specific prophylactic and definitive treatment options. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27933286/ doi: 10.3389/fped.2016.00128 id: cord-001938-n2d5fw2f author: Ong, David S. Y. title: Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2016-03-01 words: 4483 sentences: 200 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001938-n2d5fw2f.txt summary: Furthermore, CMV reactivation in critically ill patients has been associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation [2, 4, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] , an increased length of stay in the ICU [3, 5, 9, 10, 13] , and excess mortality [2, 4, [7] [8] [9] . Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether these findings imply that CMV reactivation is a truly independent risk factor with respect to these observed poor clinical outcomes because most studies that have assessed these associations did not adequately account for all possible sources of bias. Possible confounders that were screened included all patient characteristics and therapeutic interventions listed in Table 1 , and some markers of disease severity: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU intensive care unit, PEEP positive end expiratory pressure, P/F partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (APACHE) IV score, presence of septic shock, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting. abstract: PURPOSE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation occurs frequently in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and has been associated with increased mortality. However, it remains unknown whether this association represents an independent risk for poor outcome. We aimed to estimate the attributable effect of CMV reactivation on mortality in immunocompetent ARDS patients. METHODS: We prospectively studied immunocompetent ARDS patients who tested seropositive for CMV and remained mechanically ventilated beyond day 4 in two tertiary intensive care units in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2013. CMV loads were determined in plasma weekly. Competing risks Cox regression was used with CMV reactivation status as a time-dependent exposure variable. Subsequently, in sensitivity analyses we adjusted for the evolution of disease severity until onset of reactivation using marginal structural modeling. RESULTS: Of 399 ARDS patients, 271 (68 %) were CMV seropositive and reactivation occurred in 74 (27 %) of them. After adjustment for confounding and competing risks, CMV reactivation was associated with overall increased ICU mortality (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 2.74, 95 % CI 1.51–4.97), which resulted from the joint action of trends toward an increased mortality rate (direct effect; cause specific hazard ratio (HR) 1.58, 95 % CI 0.86–2.90) and a reduced successful weaning rate (indirect effect; cause specific HR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.58–1.18). These associations remained in sensitivity analyses. The population-attributable fraction of ICU mortality was 23 % (95 % CI 6–41) by day 30 (risk difference 4.4, 95 % CI 1.1–7.9). CONCLUSION: CMV reactivation is independently associated with increased case fatality in immunocompetent ARDS patients who are CMV seropositive. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-015-4071-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4747999/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4071-z id: cord-005511-h5d2v4ga author: Ospina-Tascón, Gustavo A. title: Microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in early ARDS: a hypothesis-generating observational study date: 2020-03-24 words: 5219 sentences: 275 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005511-h5d2v4ga.txt summary: We sought to evaluate the relationships between dynamic variations in V(D)/V(T) and extra-pulmonary microcirculatory blood flow detected at sublingual mucosa hypothesizing that an altered microcirculation, which is a generalized phenomenon during severe inflammatory conditions, could influence ventilation/perfusion mismatching manifested by increases in V(D)/V(T) fraction during early stages of ARDS. Thus, considering microcirculatory dysfunction during inflammatory conditions as a generalized phenomenon, which may involve systemic and pulmonary vascular beds, we hypothesized that alterations in microvascular blood flow distribution evaluated at the sublingual mucosa as representative of an extra-pulmonary territory could be related to variations in dead-space ventilation V D /V T during early phases of moderate and severe ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: Ventilation/perfusion inequalities impair gas exchange in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although increased dead-space ventilation (V(D)/V(T)) has been described in ARDS, its mechanism is not clearly understood. We sought to evaluate the relationships between dynamic variations in V(D)/V(T) and extra-pulmonary microcirculatory blood flow detected at sublingual mucosa hypothesizing that an altered microcirculation, which is a generalized phenomenon during severe inflammatory conditions, could influence ventilation/perfusion mismatching manifested by increases in V(D)/V(T) fraction during early stages of ARDS. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with early moderate and severe ARDS were included. PEEP was set targeting the best respiratory-system compliance after a PEEP-decremental recruitment maneuver. After 60 min of stabilization, hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics were recorded and blood gases collected. V(D)/V(T) was calculated from the CO(2) production ([Formula: see text] ) and CO(2) exhaled fraction ([Formula: see text] ) measurements by volumetric capnography. Sublingual microcirculatory images were simultaneously acquired using a sidestream dark-field device for an ulterior blinded semi-quantitative analysis. All measurements were repeated 24 h after. RESULTS: Percentage of small vessels perfused (PPV) and microcirculatory flow index (MFI) were inverse and significantly related to V(D)/V(T) at baseline (Spearman’s rho = − 0.76 and − 0.63, p < 0.001; R(2) = 0.63, and 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively) and 24 h after (Spearman’s rho = − 0.71, and − 0.65; p < 0.001; R(2) = 0.66 and 0.60, p < 0.001, respectively). Other respiratory, macro-hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters did not correlate with V(D)/V(T). Variations in PPV between baseline and 24 h were inverse and significantly related to simultaneous changes in V(D)/V(T) (Spearman’s rho = − 0.66, p < 0.001; R(2) = 0.67, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Increased heterogeneity of microcirculatory blood flow evaluated at sublingual mucosa seems to be related to increases in V(D)/V(T), while respiratory mechanics and oxygenation parameters do not. Whether there is a cause–effect relationship between microcirculatory dysfunction and dead-space ventilation in ARDS should be addressed in future research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093634/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00651-1 id: cord-277648-9kxwkcbl author: Overholt, Kalon J. title: Dissecting the common and compartment-specific features of COVID-19 severity in the lung and periphery with single-cell resolution date: 2020-06-19 words: 10003 sentences: 421 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277648-9kxwkcbl.txt summary: Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have identified stark transcriptional differences between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, indicating that immunological responses may be highly compartment-specific [21, 22] . We used identical methods to separately analyze multi-donor scRNA-seq datasets from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in COVID-19 patients classified by severity strata as well as healthy control subjects to investigate severity-specific immune dysregulation in the lung and periphery. When we increased this analysis to include all of the cell types found in the BALF (Figure 3A We next investigated pathway-level changes occurring in PBMCs and found that differential gene expression between ARDS and non-ARDS patients supported the detection of statistically enriched pathways through GSEA. abstract: As the global COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate, no effective treatment has yet been developed for the severe respiratory complications of this disease. This may be due in large part to the unclear immunopathological basis for the development of immune dysregulation and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe and critical patients. Specifically, it remains unknown whether the immunological features of the disease that have been identified so far are compartment-specific responses or general features of COVID-19. Additionally, readily detectable biological markers correlated with strata of disease severity that could be used to triage patients and inform treatment options have not yet been identified. Here, we leveraged publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data to elucidate the common and compartment-specific immunological features of clinically severe COVID-19. We identified a number of transcriptional programs that are altered across the spectrum of disease severity, few of which are common between the lung and peripheral immune environments. In the lung, comparing severe and moderate patients revealed severity-specific responses of enhanced interferon, A20/IκB, IL-2, and IL-6 pathway signatures along with broad signaling activity of IFNG, SPP1, CCL3, CCL8, and IL18 across cell types. These signatures contrasted with features unique to ARDS observed in the blood compartment, which included depletion of interferon and A20/IκB signatures and a lack of IL-6 response. The cell surface marker S1PR1 was strongly upregulated in patients diagnosed with ARDS compared to non-ARDS patients in γδ T cells of the blood compartment, and we nominate S1PR1 as a potential marker for immunophenotyping ARDS in COVID-19 patients using flow cytometry. HIGHLIGHTS COVID-19 disease severity is associated with a number of compositional shifts in the cellular makeup of the blood and lung environments. Transcriptional data suggest differentially expressed cell surface proteins as markers for COVID-19 immunophenotyping from BALF and PBMC samples. Severity-specific features COVID-19 manifest at the pathway level, suggesting distinct changes to epithelia and differences between local and systemic immune dynamics. Immune-epithelial cellular communication analysis identifies ligands implicated in transcriptional regulation of proto-oncogenes in the lung epithelia of severe COVID-19 patients. Network analysis suggests broadly-acting dysregulatory ligands in the pulmonary microenvironment as candidate therapeutic targets for the treatment of severe COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.15.147470 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.15.147470 id: cord-344061-gsl84nv6 author: Pariani, Elena title: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Involved in Severe Acute Respiratory Disease in Northern Italy during the Pandemic and Postpandemic Period (2009–2011) date: 2014-06-12 words: 2088 sentences: 103 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344061-gsl84nv6.txt summary: We evaluated the proportion of SARI/ARDS cases and deaths due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and the impact of other respiratory viruses during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009–2011) in northern Italy; additionally we searched for unknown viruses in those cases for which diagnosis remained negative. 206 respiratory samples were collected from SARI/ARDS cases and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR/PCR to investigate influenza viruses and other common respiratory pathogens; also, a virus discovery technique (VIDISCA-454) was applied on those samples tested negative to all pathogens. This study aimed at evaluating the proportion of SARI/ARDS cases and deaths due to A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and assessing the impact of other respiratory pathogens during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009) (2010) (2011) in northern Italy as well as searching for unknown viruses in those cases for which diagnosis remained negative. During pandemic and postpandemic period, several pathogens cocirculated and were associated to severe respiratory infections; however, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus had the greatest impact (58.3%) in our SARI/ARDS series. abstract: Since 2009 pandemic, international health authorities recommended monitoring severe and complicated cases of respiratory disease, that is, severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We evaluated the proportion of SARI/ARDS cases and deaths due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and the impact of other respiratory viruses during pandemic and postpandemic period (2009–2011) in northern Italy; additionally we searched for unknown viruses in those cases for which diagnosis remained negative. 206 respiratory samples were collected from SARI/ARDS cases and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR/PCR to investigate influenza viruses and other common respiratory pathogens; also, a virus discovery technique (VIDISCA-454) was applied on those samples tested negative to all pathogens. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was detected in 58.3% of specimens, with a case fatality rate of 11.3%. The impact of other respiratory viruses was 19.4%, and the most commonly detected viruses were human rhinovirus/enterovirus and influenza A(H3N2). VIDISCA-454 enabled the identification of one previously undiagnosed measles infection. Nearly 22% of SARI/ARDS cases did not obtain a definite diagnosis. In clinical practice, great efforts should be dedicated to improving the diagnosis of severe respiratory disease; the introduction of innovative molecular technologies, as VIDISCA-454, will certainly help in reducing such “diagnostic gap.” url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013770/ doi: 10.1155/2014/241298 id: cord-258896-ck7lh9rg author: Perez-Nieto, Orlando Ruben title: Impact of Asynchronies in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-08-20 words: 821 sentences: 43 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258896-ck7lh9rg.txt summary: To the Editor: T he severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Mexico, in the month of May, has reached an alarming case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%, with a high prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Asynchronies are common in patients with ARDS, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is common and can occur in all ventilatory modes. Patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 that needed intubation and IMV present a challenge for the physician and have been associated with a mortality rate of 24.5% (2) , despite this, to this date, it has not been described the prevalence of asynchronies in patients with ARDS because of COVID-19 infection and its relationship with the prognosis of their disease. Studies are needed to determine the prevalence of asynchronies in patients with IMV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with poor results. Asynchronies during mechanical ventilation are associated with mortality Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000000200 doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000200 id: cord-005583-hmv8jjfl author: Peters, M. J. title: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in children: case mix and the utility of respiratory severity indices date: 2013-12-27 words: 3992 sentences: 207 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005583-hmv8jjfl.txt summary: In an individual patient, such a response to intervention should be indicated by their best, rather than worst, measure of gas exchange, Therefore, the purpose of the present prospective, single institution study of AHRF in children was to assess whether the best, early respiratory indices in non-survivors were significantly different from those who survived. Table 2 Comparison of previously published [2] [3] [4] [5] respiratory severity parameters with the present series (PPV positive predictive value for mortality, VI ventilation index, OI oxygenation index, PIP peak inspiratory pressure (cmH20), A-aDO 2 alveolar arterial oxygen gradient (mmHg), MAP mean airway pressure (cmH20), LR + the likelihood ratio for a positive test result, i.e. the ratio of finding the predictor in non-survivors to finding it in survivors) * indicates intermediate to high diagnostic impact, ns not significant Proposed PPV LR + PPV p predictors (95 % confidence interval) in present study abstract: Objective: Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a common reason for emergency pediatric intensive care. An objective assessment of disease severity from acute physiological parameters would be of value in clinical practice and in the design of clinical trials. We hypothesised that there was a difference in the best early respiratory indices in those who died compared with those who survived. Design: A prospective observational study of 118 consecutive AHRF admissions with data analysis incorporating all blood gases. Setting: A pediatric intensive care unit in a national children’s hospital. Interventions: None. Results: Mortality was 26/118,22% (95% confidence interval 18–26%). There were no significant differences in the best alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient (A-aDO(2), torr), oxygenation index (OI), ventilation index (VI), or PaO(2)/FIO(2) during the first 2 days of intensive care between the survivors and non-survivors. Only the mean airway pressure (MAP, cm H(2)O) used for supportive care was significantly different on days 0 and 1 (p≤0.05) with higher pressure being used in non-survivors. Multiple logistic regression analysis did not identify any gas exchange or ventilator parameter independently associated with mortality. Rather, all deaths were associated with coincident pathology or multi-organ system failure, or perceived treatment futility due to pre-existing diagnoses instead of unsupportable respiratory failure. When using previously published predictors of outcome (VI>40 and OI>40; A-aDO(2)>450 for 24 h; A-aDO(2)>470 or MAP>23; or A-aDO(2)>420) the risk of mortality was overestimated significantly in the current population. Conclusion: The original hypothesis was refuted. It appears that the outcome of AHRF in present day pediatric critical care is principally related to the severity of associated pathology and now no longer solely to the severity of respiratory failure. Further studies in larger series are needed to confirm these findings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094931/ doi: 10.1007/s001340050647 id: cord-010550-lfbjvche author: Petran, Jan title: Validation of RESP and PRESERVE score for ARDS patients with pumpless extracorporeal lung assist (pECLA) date: 2020-05-02 words: 3764 sentences: 202 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010550-lfbjvche.txt summary: METHODS: In a retrospective single center cohort study we calculated and evaluated RESP, PRESERVE, and SOFA score for 73 ARDS patients with pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist treated between 2002 and 2016 using the XENIOS iLA Membrane Ventilator. Specific mortality risk scores, especially the Respiratory ECMO Survival Prediction (RESP) score [1] and the PRedicting dEath for SEvere ARDS on VV-ECMO (PRE-SERVE) score [2] , were developed and validated for ARDS patients with veno-venous high-flow Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). RESP and/or PRESERVE scores have been compared and evaluated in several studies for ECMO therapy [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] , but both scores as well as SOFA score have not been validated for ARDS patients treated with a primary extracorporeal CO 2 removal, like pECLA. In this retrospective study we tested the hypothesis that RESP and PRESERVE score are suitable to assume the mortality risk of pECLA therapy in case of ARDS and are superior to the SOFA score, which is not specific for Extracorporeal Lung Support and ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: RESP score and PRESERVE score have been validated for veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in severe ARDS to assume individual mortality risk. ARDS patients with low-flow Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal, especially pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist, have also a high mortality rate, but there are no validated specific or general outcome scores. This retrospective study tested whether these established specific risk scores can be validated for pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist in ARDS patients in comparison to a general organ dysfunction score, the SOFA score. METHODS: In a retrospective single center cohort study we calculated and evaluated RESP, PRESERVE, and SOFA score for 73 ARDS patients with pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist treated between 2002 and 2016 using the XENIOS iLA Membrane Ventilator. Six patients had a mild, 40 a moderate and 27 a severe ARDS according to the Berlin criteria. Demographic data and hospital mortality as well as ventilator settings, hemodynamic parameters, and blood gas measurement before and during extracorporeal therapy were recorded. RESULTS: Pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist of mechanical ventilated ARDS patients resulted in an optimized lung protective ventilation, significant reduction of P(aCO2), and compensation of acidosis. Scoring showed a mean score of alive versus deceased patients of 3 ± 1 versus − 1 ± 1 for RESP (p < 0.01), 3 ± 0 versus 6 ± 0 for PRESERVE (p < 0.05) and 8 ± 1 versus 10 ± 1 for SOFA (p < 0.05). Using receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.78 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67–0.89, p < 0.01) for RESP score, 0.80 (95% CI 0.70–0.90, p < 0.0001) for PRESERVE score and 0.66 (95% CI 0.53–0.79, p < 0.05) for SOFA score. CONCLUSIONS: RESP and PRESERVE scores were superior to SOFA, as non-specific critical care score. Although scores were developed for veno-venous ECMO, we could validate RESP and PRESERVE score for pumpless Extracorporeal Lung Assist. In conclusion, RESP and PRESERVE score are suitable to estimate mortality risk of ARDS patients with an arterio-venous pumpless Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7195797/ doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-01010-0 id: cord-011363-o1f398vn author: Pitoni, Sara title: Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics date: 2020-04-22 words: 4042 sentences: 214 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011363-o1f398vn.txt summary: title: Tidal Volume Lowering by Instrumental Dead Space Reduction in Brain-Injured ARDS Patients: Effects on Respiratory Mechanics, Gas Exchange, and Cerebral Hemodynamics Previous authors highlighted that replacing HME with HH decreases dead space, promotes CO 2 clearance and allows V T and plateau pressure reduction during ARDS [17] [18] [19] [20] : however, no data clarify to what extent ∆P is reduced by this approach and whether this is safe in patients with concomitant brain injury, for whom tight control of PaCO 2 is mandatory and any intervention has to be evaluated also from the perspective of cerebral hemodynamics. The use of HH in patients with brain injury and ARDS reduces instrumental dead space and allows to reduce tidal volume and driving pressure in isocapnic conditions, with no alveolar derecruitment, hypoxemia, changes in cerebral perfusion pressure nor blood flow. abstract: BACKGROUND: Limiting tidal volume (V(T)), plateau pressure, and driving pressure is essential during the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but may be challenging when brain injury coexists due to the risk of hypercapnia. Because lowering dead space enhances CO(2) clearance, we conducted a study to determine whether and to what extent replacing heat and moisture exchangers (HME) with heated humidifiers (HH) facilitate safe V(T) lowering in brain-injured patients with ARDS. METHODS: Brain-injured patients (head trauma or spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage with Glasgow Coma Scale at admission < 9) with mild and moderate ARDS received three ventilatory strategies in a sequential order during continuous paralysis: (1) HME with V(T) to obtain a PaCO(2) within 30–35 mmHg (HME1); (2) HH with V(T) titrated to obtain the same PaCO(2) (HH); and (3) HME1 settings resumed (HME2). Arterial blood gases, static and quasi-static respiratory mechanics, alveolar recruitment by multiple pressure–volume curves, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, mean arterial pressure, and mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery by transcranial Doppler were recorded. Dead space was measured and partitioned by volumetric capnography. RESULTS: Eighteen brain-injured patients were studied: 7 (39%) had mild and 11 (61%) had moderate ARDS. At inclusion, median [interquartile range] PaO(2)/FiO(2) was 173 [146–213] and median PEEP was 8 cmH(2)O [5–9]. HH allowed to reduce V(T) by 120 ml [95% CI: 98–144], V(T)/kg predicted body weight by 1.8 ml/kg [95% CI: 1.5–2.1], plateau pressure and driving pressure by 3.7 cmH(2)O [2.9–4.3], without affecting PaCO(2), alveolar recruitment, and oxygenation. This was permitted by lower airway (− 84 ml [95% CI: − 79 to − 89]) and total dead space (− 86 ml [95% CI: − 73 to − 98]). Sixteen patients (89%) showed driving pressure equal or lower than 14 cmH(2)O while on HH, as compared to 7 (39%) and 8 (44%) during HME1 and HME2 (p < 0.001). No changes in mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity were documented during HH. CONCLUSION: The dead space reduction provided by HH allows to safely reduce V(T) without modifying PaCO(2) nor cerebral perfusion. This permits to provide a wider proportion of brain-injured ARDS patients with less injurious ventilation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224122/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-020-00969-5 id: cord-004515-x22q1f21 author: Pottecher, Julien title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients date: 2020-03-18 words: 6812 sentences: 337 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004515-x22q1f21.txt summary: title: Protocol for TRAUMADORNASE: a prospective, randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of aerosolized dornase alfa to reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in ventilated trauma patients Dornase alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved recombinant DNase, which cleaves extracellular DNA and may therefore break up the backbone of NETs and DAMPs. Aerosolized dornase alfa was shown to reduce trauma-induced lung injury in experimental models and to improve arterial oxygenation in ventilated patients. The primary trial objective is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in severe trauma patients during the first 7 days from 45% to 30% by providing aerosolized dornase alfa as compared to placebo. The primary objective of the TRAUMADORNASE study is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderateto-severe hypoxaemia from 45% to 30% in severe trauma patients during the first 7 ICU days by providing aerosolized dornase alfa once during the first 2 ICU days as compared to equivalent provision of placebo (NaCl 0.9%). abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome continues to drive significant morbidity and mortality after severe trauma. The incidence of trauma-induced, moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia, according to the Berlin definition, could be as high as 45%. Its pathophysiology includes the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which propagate tissue injuries by triggering neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs include a DNA backbone coated with cytoplasmic proteins, which drive pulmonary cytotoxic effects. The structure of NETs and many DAMPs includes double-stranded DNA, which prevents their neutralization by plasma. Dornase alfa is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved recombinant DNase, which cleaves extracellular DNA and may therefore break up the backbone of NETs and DAMPs. Aerosolized dornase alfa was shown to reduce trauma-induced lung injury in experimental models and to improve arterial oxygenation in ventilated patients. METHODS: TRAUMADORNASE will be an institution-led, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial in ventilated trauma patients. The primary trial objective is to demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in severe trauma patients during the first 7 days from 45% to 30% by providing aerosolized dornase alfa as compared to placebo. The secondary objectives are to demonstrate an improvement in lung function and a reduction in morbidity and mortality. Randomization of 250 patients per treatment arm will be carried out through a secure, web-based system. Statistical analyses will include a descriptive step and an inferential step using fully Bayesian techniques. The study was approved by both the Agence Nationale de la Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM, on 5 October 2018) and a National Institutional Review Board (CPP, on 6 November 2018). Participant recruitment began in March 2019. Results will be published in international peer-reviewed medical journals. DISCUSSION: If early administration of inhaled dornase alfa actually reduces the incidence of moderate-to-severe hypoxaemia in patients with severe trauma, this new therapeutic strategy may be easily implemented in many clinical trauma care settings. This treatment may facilitate ventilator weaning, reduce the burden of trauma-induced lung inflammation and facilitate recovery and rehabilitation in severe trauma patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03368092. Registered on 11 December 2017. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079402/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4141-6 id: cord-310240-otf9ruvj author: Prohaska, Stefanie title: Intravenous immunoglobulin fails to improve ARDS in patients undergoing ECMO therapy date: 2018-02-26 words: 3637 sentences: 204 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310240-otf9ruvj.txt summary: METHODS: ARDS patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who were placed on ECMO and treated with (IVIG group; n = 29) or without (control group; n = 28) intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulins for 3 days in the initial stages of ARDS were analyzed retrospectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that administration of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins as an additional therapy did not have a beneficial effect in patients with severe ARDS requiring ECMO support. Although this treatment was omitted in recent sepsis guidelines due to a lack of supporting evidence in high-quality trials [8] , several studies, including one meta-analysis, describe beneficial effects of immunoglobulins in acute pneumonia induced by drug-resistant bacterial infections [9] [10] [11] . Based on these data, we treated patients with ARDS requiring ECMO therapy with IgM-enriched immunoglobulins immediately after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The purpose of this analysis was to systematically investigate the potential effect of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins on the outcomes of ARDS patients requiring ECMO therapy. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high mortality rates. ARDS patients suffer from severe hypoxemia, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy may be necessary to ensure oxygenation. ARDS has various etiologies, including trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury or infections of various origins, and the associated immunological responses may vary. To support the immunological response in this patient collective, we used intravenous IgM immunoglobulin therapy to enhance the likelihood of pulmonary recovery. METHODS: ARDS patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who were placed on ECMO and treated with (IVIG group; n = 29) or without (control group; n = 28) intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulins for 3 days in the initial stages of ARDS were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups, although the IVIG group showed a significantly reduced oxygenation index compared to the control group. We found no differences in the length of ICU stay or ventilation parameters. We did not find a significant difference between the groups for the extent of inflammation or for overall survival. CONCLUSION: We conclude that administration of IgM-enriched immunoglobulins as an additional therapy did not have a beneficial effect in patients with severe ARDS requiring ECMO support. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials: NCT02961166; retrospectively registered. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-018-0278-8 doi: 10.1186/s40560-018-0278-8 id: cord-025920-9p5x26ge author: Qadir, Nida title: Adjunctive Therapies in ARDS: The Disconnect Between Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice date: 2020-06-03 words: 1215 sentences: 67 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025920-9p5x26ge.txt summary: In this issue of CHEST, Duggal et al 2 set out to address an important issue: the use of adjunctive therapies in patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a timely subject in the setting of COVID-19. Although the Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure (LUNG-SAFE) previously assessed the frequency of adjunctive therapy use all patients with ARDS, 3 a closer look at patients with a PaO 2 /FIO 2 ratio <150 is needed, as it is primarily this subset of patients in whom adjunctive therapies are recommended. This study 2 sheds some light on the patient-, clinician-, and systems-level factors associated with the use of adjunctive therapy, but many questions remain. Randomized controlled trials, including the Reevaluation Of Systemic Early Neuromuscular Blockade (ROSE) 6 and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (EOLIA), 7 chestjournal.org blockade or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with ARDS with specific levels of hypoxia. Patterns of use of adjunctive therapies in patients with early moderate to severe ARDS: insights from the LUNG SAFE Study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7267806/ doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.022 id: cord-281945-jvnjzjds author: Radnis, Caitlin title: Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia date: 2020-09-06 words: 2808 sentences: 155 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281945-jvnjzjds.txt summary: Survivors of critical illness and ARDS often experience neurocognitive impairment but, to date, there is scant literature correlating radiographic hypoxic brain injury to hypoxemia related to ARDS. In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19-related ARDS. Of patients with severe disease, approximately 16% had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 14.5% required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 99% had pneumonia [4] . A recent autopsy case series found evidence of hypoxic changes in the brain tissue of patients who had succumbed to COVID-19, but there was no report of whether these patients developed ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation if required, whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used, presence or absence of cardiac arrest, or cause of death [21] . In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on MRI, along with clinical correlations, in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19 related ARDS. abstract: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause hypoxemia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a significant portion of those with severe disease. Survivors of critical illness and ARDS often experience neurocognitive impairment but, to date, there is scant literature correlating radiographic hypoxic brain injury to hypoxemia related to ARDS. In this case series, we describe three cases of hypoxic brain injury seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19-related ARDS. The lack of severe observed hypoxemia in two of the cases suggests that unrecognized or asymptomatic hypoxemia may play a role in hypoxic brain injury related to COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957036/ doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117119 id: cord-325755-n7vjjw9r author: Rai, Deependra Kumar title: Post covid 19 pulmonary fibrosis- Is it real threat? date: 2020-11-10 words: 2520 sentences: 140 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325755-n7vjjw9r.txt summary: This review addressed underlying mechanism, Risk factors, course of disease and treatment option for post covid pulmonary fibrosis. One of the risk factors for the development of lung fibrosis in COVID-19 is advanced age and this finding is same as in MERS and SARS-CoV. The follow-up of 36 MERS patients for average 43 days showed that lung fibrosis developed in a significant number of convalescents, and risk was found highest with patient who were elderly, hospitalised with severe disease in ICU 19 . Nintedanib use associated with increase the risk of bleeding as most of the covid 19 patient are on anticoagulant Evidence is also coming for use of pirfenidone, azithromycin and prednisolone in the management of pulmonary fibrosis post-H1N1 ARDS, based on data from a case report of three patients 25 . Elderly patient, severe disease who require ICU care and mechanical ventilation are highest risk to develop lung fibrosis abstract: After the COVID outbreak, there are a growing number of patients worldwide who have survived COVID-19 but continue to battle the symptoms of the illness, long after they have clinically tested negative for the disease. As we move forward through this pandemic, the challenging part is how to manage this COVID-19 Sequelae which may vary from mild in terms of fatigue and body aches to lung fibrosis. This review addressed underlying mechanism, Risk factors, course of disease and treatment option for post covid pulmonary fibrosis. Elderly patient who require ICU care and mechanical ventilation are highest risk to develop lung fibrosis. Currently, no fully proven options are available for the treatment of post inflammatory COVID 19 pulmonary fibrosis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019570720302134?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.11.003 id: cord-005573-mryrl1s1 author: Raimondi, Francesco title: Point-of-care lung ultrasound in neonatology: classification into descriptive and functional applications date: 2018-07-20 words: 5975 sentences: 323 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005573-mryrl1s1.txt summary: We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). 24 However, the same process seems more variable and heterogeneous in human neonates, as LUS appearance may be influenced by respiratory support, gestational age, fluid intake, pre-existing condition (pure RDS or a more complex situation with superimposed lung inflammation and surfactant catabolism, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) and the eventual simultaneous development of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In the meantime, available data demonstrate that a visually calculated LUS score is a useful and easy tool to predict surfactant need in preterm neonates with RDS, to evaluate lung aeration while titrating the respiratory support or to be used as a research outcome measure. abstract: Lung ultrasound (LUS) is the latest amongst imaging techniques: it is a radiation-free, inexpensive, point-of-care tool that the clinician can use at the bedside. This review summarises the rapidly growing scientific evidence on LUS in neonatology, dividing it into descriptive and functional applications. We report the description of the main ultrasound features of neonatal respiratory disorders and functional applications of LUS aiming to help a clinical decision (such as surfactant administration, chest drainage etc). Amongst the functional applications, we propose SAFE (Sonographic Algorithm for liFe threatening Emergencies) as a standardised protocol for emergency functional LUS in critical neonates. SAFE has been funded by a specific grant issued by the European Society for Paediatric Research. Future potential development of LUS in neonatology might be linked to its quantitative evaluation: we also discuss available data and research directions using computer-aided diagnostic techniques. Finally, tools and opportunities to teach LUS and expand the research network are briefly presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7094915/ doi: 10.1038/s41390-018-0114-9 id: cord-352065-960xqft4 author: Rello, Jordi title: Update in COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit from the 2020 HELLENIC Athens International Symposium date: 2020-10-22 words: 4976 sentences: 264 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352065-960xqft4.txt summary: Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, phenotypes of infection, COVID-19 as a systematic infection, molecular diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, thromboprophylaxis, COVID-19 associated co-infections, immunotherapy, plasma treatment, Catheter-Related bloodstream infections, artificial intelligence for COVID-19, and vaccination. A major problem of the coronavirus pandemic is the considerable burden imposed on National Health Systems worldwide due to the hyperacute outbreak and the proportional increase of patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) support in an extremely limited period of time, while outcomes vary according to the burden of the disease in each country. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the primary cause of death in COVID-19 [7] and a recent scope review found that for COVID-19, < 5% of patients were reported as experiencing bacterial/fungal coinfection at admission, but development of secondary infections during ICU admission is common [8, 9] . abstract: The 2020 International Web Scientific Event in COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients aimed at updating the information and knowledge on the COVID-19 pandemic in the intensive care unit. Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to the COVID-19 pandemic in critically ill patients, such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, phenotypes of infection, COVID-19 as a systematic infection, molecular diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, thromboprophylaxis, COVID-19 associated co-infections, immunotherapy, plasma treatment, Catheter-Related bloodstream infections, artificial intelligence for COVID-19, and vaccination. Antiviral therapy and co-infections are out of the scope of this review. In this review, each of these issues is discussed with key messages regarding management and further research being presented after a brief review of available evidence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33172592/ doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.008 id: cord-256051-87alqfkd author: Revzin, Margarita V. title: Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date: 2020-10-01 words: 8850 sentences: 448 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256051-87alqfkd.txt summary: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Although SARS-CoV-2 disease (or coronavirus disease 2019 ) primarily manifests as a lung infection, with symptoms ranging from those of a mild upper respiratory infection to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), other multisystemic manifestations of this disease and related complications are becoming more commonly recognized (3) . Thromboembolic complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), peripheral venous and arterial thrombosis, and acute stroke (seen also in patients older than 50 years without risk factors) have all been reported (50-57). On the basis of the pattern and distribution of the opacities and the presence or absence of certain clinical signs (such as obesity), the authors developed a chest radiography severity scoring system that could be used as a prognostic factor of outcomes in young adult patients with COVID-19 (Fig 3) . abstract: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The infection has been reported in most countries around the world. As of August 2020, there have been over 21 million cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with over 800 000 COVID-19–associated deaths. It has become apparent that although COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, many other organ systems can also be involved. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of all manifestations of the disease, as well as its related complications, and proper utilization and interpretation of imaging examinations is crucial. With the growing global COVID-19 outbreak, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic imaging hallmarks, imaging features, multisystemic involvement, and evolution of imaging findings is essential for effective patient management and treatment. To date, only a few articles have been published that comprehensively describe the multisystemic imaging manifestations of COVID-19. The authors provide an inclusive system-by-system image-based review of this life-threatening and rapidly spreading infection. In part 1 of this article, the authors discuss general aspects of the disease, with an emphasis on virology, the pathophysiology of the virus, and clinical presentation of the disease. The key imaging features of the varied pathologic manifestations of this infection that involve the pulmonary and peripheral and central vascular systems are also described. Part 2 will focus on key imaging features of COVID-19 that involve the cardiac, neurologic, abdominal, dermatologic and ocular, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as pediatric and pregnancy-related manifestations of the virus. Vascular complications pertinent to each system will be also be discussed in part 2. Online supplemental material is available for this article. (©)RSNA, 2020 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33001783/ doi: 10.1148/rg.2020200149 id: cord-028835-jby1btv7 author: Rilinger, Jonathan title: Prone positioning in severe ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation date: 2020-07-08 words: 3896 sentences: 232 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028835-jby1btv7.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Prone positioning (PP) has shown to improve survival in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To this point, it is unclear if PP is also beneficial for ARDS patients treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support. METHODS: We report retrospective data of a single-centre registry of patients with severe ARDS requiring VV ECMO support between October 2010 and May 2018. CONCLUSION: In this propensity score matched cohort of severe ARDS patients requiring VV ECMO support, prone positioning at any time was not associated with improved weaning or survival. In case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support may be considered when lung-protective mechanical ventilation is not able to prevent hypoxia or hypercapnia [1] [2] [3] . We performed a retrospective analysis of ARDS patients treated with PP during ECMO support at our centre. abstract: BACKGROUND: Prone positioning (PP) has shown to improve survival in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To this point, it is unclear if PP is also beneficial for ARDS patients treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) support. METHODS: We report retrospective data of a single-centre registry of patients with severe ARDS requiring VV ECMO support between October 2010 and May 2018. Patients were allocated to the PP group if PP was performed during VV ECMO treatment or the supine positioning group. VV ECMO weaning success and hospital survival were analysed before and after propensity score matching. RESULTS: A total of 158 patients could be analysed, and 38 patients (24.1%) received PP. There were no significant differences in VV ECMO weaning rate (47.4% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.94) and hospital survival (36.8% vs. 36.7%, p = 0.98) between the prone and supine groups, respectively. The analysis of 38 propensity score matched pairs also showed no difference in hospital survival (36.8% vs. 36.8%, p = 1.0) or VV ECMO weaning rate (47.4% vs. 44.7%, p = 0.82). Hospital survival was superior in the subgroup of patients treated with early PP (cutoff < 17 h via Youden’s Index) as compared to late or no PP (81.8% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In this propensity score matched cohort of severe ARDS patients requiring VV ECMO support, prone positioning at any time was not associated with improved weaning or survival. However, early initiation of prone positioning was linked to a significant reduction of hospital mortality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341706/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03110-2 id: cord-271180-cnrs0zpg author: Rizvi, Saniya title: Cytosorb Filter: An adjunct for survival in the COVID-19 patient in cytokine storm? A case report. date: 2020-09-18 words: 3896 sentences: 220 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271180-cnrs0zpg.txt summary: CytosorbentsⓇ cytokine filter is a potential treatment methodology aimed at reducing the cytokine storm, thus serving as a bridge for therapy in the acutely ill patients infected with COVID-19. The following case report demonstrates the utility in a critically ill patient who survived the cytokine storm after receiving the cytokine filter via continuous renal replacement therapy bridging him to further definitive therapy. The following is a case report on a patient encounter and management course through the course of illness in which the Cytosorbents Ⓡ filter was used for his presentation of COVID-19 with severe ARDS, worsening renal dysfunction and evidence of evolving cytokine storm. Chest x-ray hospital day 16, 5 days after the initiation of cytokine filter when the patient developed worsening hypoxia and increased oxygen requirements as indicated in Table 2 below. abstract: COVID-19 is a pandemic that has affected not only the United States, but the entire world. The impact it has had has overwhelmed the entire healthcare system, from the unknown carrier status, poor testing capabilities to hospitals running out of ventilators for severely ill patients. There has been a variety of potential treatment modalities for the various forms of illness ranging from asymptomatic carriers to the ventilated ICU patients. These include anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics, immune-modulators, convalescent plasma, and others. The cytokine storm that inflicts some patients can be devastating to the vital organs of the human body in the form of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), renal failure, coagulopathy, and death. CytosorbentsⓇ cytokine filter is a potential treatment methodology aimed at reducing the cytokine storm, thus serving as a bridge for therapy in the acutely ill patients infected with COVID-19. The following case report demonstrates the utility in a critically ill patient who survived the cytokine storm after receiving the cytokine filter via continuous renal replacement therapy bridging him to further definitive therapy. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0147956320303708 doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.09.007 id: cord-329985-5rji08p7 author: Robba, Chiara title: Distinct phenotypes require distinct respiratory management strategies in severe COVID-19 date: 2020-05-11 words: 4382 sentences: 220 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329985-5rji08p7.txt summary: The abnormalities observed on chest computed tomography (CT) and the clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients are not always like those of typical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and can change over time. Few data are available on the efficacy of noninvasive support-which includes continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO)-in COVID-19 pneumonia. When hypoxemia and respiratory failure persist or worsen after oxygen therapy or within a short time (1 hour) of placement of HFNO or NIV support, or in case of persistent hypercapnia, organ failure, coma, risk or aspiration, or hemodynamic instability, invasive mechanical ventilation should J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f be implemented as soon as possible (Fig. 2) . As noted above, we have found that chest CT findings in COVID-19 fall into three different phenotypes, each warranting unique mechanical ventilation settings and management strategies, which should thus be individualized based on clinical and CT features (Fig. 1, Additional File 1, Fig. S1 ). abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. The abnormalities observed on chest computed tomography (CT) and the clinical presentation of COVID-19 patients are not always like those of typical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and can change over time. This manuscript aimed to provide brief guidance for respiratory management of COVID-19 patients before, during, and after mechanical ventilation, based on the recent literature and on our direct experience with this population. We identify that chest CT patterns in COVID-19 may be divided into three main phenotypes: 1) multiple, focal, possibly overperfused ground-glass opacities; 2) inhomogeneously distributed atelectasis; and 3) a patchy, ARDS-like pattern. Each phenotype can benefit from different treatments and ventilator settings. Also, peripheral macro- and microemboli are common, and attention should be paid to the risk of pulmonary embolism. We suggest use of personalized mechanical ventilation strategies based on respiratory mechanics and chest CT patterns. Further research is warranted to confirm our hypothesis. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2020.103455 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103455 id: cord-005621-a4bspoii author: Roch, Antoine title: Outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and brought to a referral center date: 2013-10-30 words: 4710 sentences: 259 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005621-a4bspoii.txt summary: PURPOSE: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Abstract Purpose: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Conclusions: Age, SOFA score, and a diagnosis of influenza may be used to accurately evaluate the risk of death in ARDS patients considered for retrieval under ECMO from distant hospitals. The technique of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves placing them on a venovenous or venoarterial life-support circuit with a membrane oxygenator to temporarily take over the gas exchange and, sometimes, cardiac function [1] . In the present study, we evaluated early prognostic factors in ARDS patients treated with ECMO in distant hospitals by our mobile team and brought to our center during a 3-year period. abstract: PURPOSE: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. The evaluation of organ severity is difficult in patients considered for cannulation in a distant hospital. This study was designed to identify early factors associated with hospital mortality in ARDS patients treated with ECMO and retrieved from referring hospitals. METHODS: Data from 85 consecutive ARDS patients equipped with ECMO by our mobile team and consequently admitted to our ICU were prospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The main ARDS etiologies were community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (35 %), influenza pneumonia (23 %) (with 12 patients having been treated during the first half of the study period), and nosocomial pneumonia (14 %). The median (interquartile range) time between contact from the referring hospital and patient cannulation was 3 (1–4) h. ECMO was venovenous in 77 (91 %) patients. No complications occurred during transport by our mobile unit. Forty-eight patients died at the hospital (56 %). Based on a multivariate logistic regression, a score including age, SOFA score, and a diagnosis of influenza pneumonia was constructed. The probability of hospital mortality following ECMO initiation was 40 % in the 0–2 score class (n = 58) and 93 % in the 3–4 score class (n = 27). Patients with an influenza pneumonia diagnosis and a SOFA score before ECMO of less than 12 had a mortality rate of 22 %. CONCLUSIONS: Age, SOFA score, and a diagnosis of influenza may be used to accurately evaluate the risk of death in ARDS patients considered for retrieval under ECMO from distant hospitals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095017/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3135-1 id: cord-282474-74273qgk author: Roehrig, Stefan title: Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-09-11 words: 2881 sentences: 190 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282474-74273qgk.txt summary: title: Flow controlled ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVES: This study aims to demonstrate the positive effects on oxygenation of flow-controlled ventilation compared to conventionally ventilated patients in patients suffering from Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with COVID-19.We define ARDS according to the "Berlin" definition integrating the oxygenation index (P/F ratio), the level of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), radiological and clinical findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered before starting subject recruitment under the title: "Flow controlled ventilation in ARDS associated with COVID-19" in ClinicalTrials.org with the registration number: NCT04399317. Although the severely ill patients will need intubation and invasive ventilation according to ARDS treatment strategies including low tidal volumes and low end-expiratory pressures, not all patients recover their pulmonary function [3, 4] . abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to demonstrate the positive effects on oxygenation of flow-controlled ventilation compared to conventionally ventilated patients in patients suffering from Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with COVID-19.We define ARDS according to the “Berlin” definition integrating the oxygenation index (P/F ratio), the level of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), radiological and clinical findings. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a prospective, randomized (1:1 ratio), parallel group feasibility study in adult patients with proven COVID-19 associated ARDS. PARTICIPANTS: All adult patients admitted to the ICU of Hamad Medical Corporation facilities in Qatar because of COVID-19 infection who develop moderate to severe ARDS are eligible. The inclusion criteria are above 18 years of age, proven COVID-19 infection, respiratory failure necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation, ARDS with a P/F ratio of at least 200mmHg or less and a minimum PEEP 5cmH2O, BMI less 30 kg/ m2. The following exclusion criteria: no written consent, chronic respiratory disease, acute or chronic cardiovascular disease, pregnancy or need for special therapy (prone position and/or Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: After randomisation, the group A patients will be ventilated with the test-device for 48 hours. The settings will be started with the pre-existing-PEEP. The upper pressure will be determined to achieve a tidal volume of 6 ml/kg lean body mass, while the respiratory rate will be set to maintain an arterial pH above 7.2. In group B, the ventilator settings will be adjusted by the attending ICU team in accordance with lung-protective ventilation strategy. All other treatment will be unchanged and according to our local policies/guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary end point is PaO2. As this is a dynamic parameter, we will record it every 6-8 hours and analyse it sequentially. RANDOMISATION: The study team screens the ventilated patients who fulfil the inclusion criteria and randomise using a 1:1 allocation ratio after consenting using a closed envelope method. The latter were prepared and sealed in advance by an independent person. BLINDING (MASKING): Due to the technical nature of the study (use of a specific ventilator) blinding is only possible for the data-analysts and the patients. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): The sample size calculation based on the assumption of an effect size (change in PaO2) of 1.5 SDS in the primary endpoint (PaO2), an intended power of 80%, an alpha error of 5% and an equal sample ratio results in n=7 patients needed to treat. However, to compensate for dropouts we will include 10 patients in each group, which means in total 20 patients. TRIAL STATUS: The local registration number is MRC-05-018 with the protocol version number 3. The date of approval is 14(th) April 2020. Recruitment began 28th May 2020 and is expected to end in September 2020. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered before starting subject recruitment under the title: “Flow controlled ventilation in ARDS associated with COVID-19” in ClinicalTrials.org with the registration number: NCT04399317. Registered on 22 May 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04708-1 doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04708-1 id: cord-323303-q0hjtsgi author: Roy, A. title: Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARS- CoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study date: 2020-09-18 words: 1735 sentences: 114 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323303-q0hjtsgi.txt summary: title: Physiological Effect of Prone Positioning in Mechanically Ventilated SARSCoV-2 Infected Patients with Severe ARDS: Preliminary Analysis of an Observational Study There was a significant decrease in plateau airway pressure (p<0.0001), peak airway pressure (p<0.0001) and driving pressure(p<0.0001) and increase in static compliance (p=0.001), P/F ratio (p<0.0001), PaO2 (p=0.0002)and SpO2 (p=0.0004) at 4h and 16h since initiation of prone session and also after return of supine position. Hence, in this preliminary analysis of an observational study, physiological effect of prone position in SARS-CoV-2 infected severe ARDS patients have been reported. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 doi: medRxiv preprint As per ICU protocol, in the absence of contraindication, all mechanically ventilated ARDS patients with PaO 2 / FiO 2 < 150 were placed in at least 16h/day prone position for consecutive days till the criteria is met. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 doi: medRxiv preprint respiratory system compliance in prone position in ARDS patients [6], whereas we have found a significant decrease in driving pressure and static compliance. abstract: Prone position ventilation has been shown to decrease mortality and improve oxygenation in ARDS patients. With best of our knowledge, no study reported physiological effect of prone position in SARS- CoV-2 infected ARDS patients. In this prospective observational study, data of n=20 consecutive laboratory confirmed SARS- CoV-2 patients with severe ARDS as per Berlin definition was included. Data of 20 patients analyzed with a median (Interquartile range, IQR) age of 56 (45.5- 67) y and median (IQR) P/F ratio of 56 (54- 66) with a median (IQR) PEEP of 12 (12- 14) before initiation of prone position. Seventy-five percentage (95% CI 53.1- 88.8) patients were prone responders at 16h prone session and 50 (95% CI 29.9- 70.1) % patients were sustained responders. There was a significant decrease in plateau airway pressure (p<0.0001), peak airway pressure (p<0.0001) and driving pressure(p<0.0001) and increase in static compliance (p=0.001), P/F ratio (p<0.0001), PaO2 (p=0.0002)and SpO2 (p=0.0004) at 4h and 16h since initiation of prone session and also after return of supine position. Prone position in SARS- CoV-2 infected severe ARDS patients is associated with improvement in lung compliance and oxygenation in two- third of the patients and persisted in half of the patients. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.16.20195958v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.16.20195958 id: cord-325461-q8igdvq4 author: Ryan, Donal title: Pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS date: 2014-08-22 words: 6627 sentences: 348 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325461-q8igdvq4.txt summary: We consider the factors that influence pulmonary arterial pressure, both in normal lungs and in the presence of ARDS, including the important effects of mechanical ventilation. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:1123–1128, 2010) have recently reported that elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and TPG were independently associated with increased mortality in ARDS, in a large trial with protocol-defined management strategies and using lung-protective ventilation. Studies were identified after a literature search using key terms (ARDS or acute respiratory distress or ALI or acute lung injury) together with any of the following: pulmonary haemodynamics, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular dysfunction, right ventricle, right ventricular failure, acute cor pulmonale, or pulmonary artery catheter. There are very few studies which have measured pulmonary vascular resistance in ARDS patients ventilated with lower tidal volumes, perhaps due to the reduction in the use of the pulmonary artery catheter just as lung-protective ventilation was gaining widespread acceptance [60] . abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterised by diffuse alveolar damage and is frequently complicated by pulmonary hypertension (PH). Multiple factors may contribute to the development of PH in this setting. In this review, we report the results of a systematic search of the available peer-reviewed literature for papers that measured indices of pulmonary haemodynamics in patients with ARDS and reported on mortality in the period 1977 to 2010. There were marked differences between studies, with some reporting strong associations between elevated pulmonary arterial pressure or elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and mortality, whereas others found no such association. In order to discuss the potential reasons for these discrepancies, we review the physiological concepts underlying the measurement of pulmonary haemodynamics and highlight key differences between the concepts of resistance in the pulmonary and systemic circulations. We consider the factors that influence pulmonary arterial pressure, both in normal lungs and in the presence of ARDS, including the important effects of mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and transpulmonary gradient (TPG) depend not alone on the intrinsic properties of the pulmonary vascular bed but are also strongly influenced by cardiac output, airway pressures and lung volumes. The great variability in management strategies within and between studies means that no unified analysis of these papers was possible. Uniquely, Bull et al. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:1123–1128, 2010) have recently reported that elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and TPG were independently associated with increased mortality in ARDS, in a large trial with protocol-defined management strategies and using lung-protective ventilation. We then considered the existing literature to determine whether the relationship between PVR/TPG and outcome might be causal. Although we could identify potential mechanisms for such a link, the existing evidence does not allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Nonetheless, abnormally elevated PVR/TPG may provide a useful index of disease severity and progression. Further studies are required to understand the role and importance of pulmonary vascular dysfunction in ARDS in the era of lung-protective ventilation. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0028-6 doi: 10.1186/s13613-014-0028-6 id: cord-306153-aurm848i author: Schenck, Edward J. title: Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange in COVID-19–associated Respiratory Failure date: 2020-09-17 words: 1975 sentences: 133 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306153-aurm848i.txt summary: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically increased the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. This single center cohort study of patients with COVID-19, with a positive RT-PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), treated with mechanical ventilation was performed at New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine from March 1st, 2020 through April 20th, 2020. This study of 267 patients demonstrates that respiratory failure related to COVID-19 meets the criteria for moderate to severe ARDS, given the initial median P:F ratio of 103. In this cohort, the baseline extrinsic PEEP, driving pressure, and static compliance were similar to ARDS Network trials, and the recent worldwide observational study, LUNGSAFE (Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE) (10) (11) (12) . Ventilatory ratio in hypercapnic mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.202005-427rl doi: 10.1513/annalsats.202005-427rl id: cord-321149-hffj7s4o author: Schmidt, Matthieu title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-13 words: 5362 sentences: 284 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321149-hffj7s4o.txt summary: Methods This retrospective cohort study was done in the Paris–Sorbonne University Hospital Network, comprising five intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients who received ECMO for COVID-19 associated ARDS. This retrospective study, with 83 patients included and a complete follow-up until day 60 post-ECMO initiation is, to our knowledge, the largest to date reporting the outcomes after rescue ECMO for the most severe forms of COVID-19 ARDS, in the Paris-Sorbonne University Hospital Network (Paris, France), the principal hospital referral network for ICU care in Greater Paris, including one of the largest European ECMO centres (Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital). Following early reports of severe COVID-19 associated coagulopathy [16] [17] [18] and frequent thromboembolic events on ECMO, inclu ding massive pulmonary embolism, 19, 20 we decided to increase the targeted activated partial thromboplastin time for anticoagulation of venovenous ECMO with unfractionated heparin to 60-75 s or anti-Xa activity 0·3-0·5 IU/mL (respective values were 40-55 s or 0·2-0·3 IU/mL in the EOLIA trial 3 ) before we treated our first patients with COVID-19 ARDS. abstract: Summary Background Patients with COVID-19 who develop severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can have symptoms that rapidly evolve to profound hypoxaemia and death. The efficacy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with severe ARDS in the context of COVID-19 is unclear. We aimed to establish the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with respiratory failure and COVID-19 treated with ECMO. Methods This retrospective cohort study was done in the Paris–Sorbonne University Hospital Network, comprising five intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients who received ECMO for COVID-19 associated ARDS. Patient demographics and daily pre-ECMO and on-ECMO data and outcomes were collected. Possible outcomes over time were categorised into four different states (states 1–4): on ECMO, in the ICU and weaned off ECMO, alive and out of ICU, or death. Daily probabilities of occupation in each state and of transitions between these states until day 90 post-ECMO onset were estimated with use of a multi-state Cox model stratified for each possible transition. Follow-up was right-censored on July 10, 2020. Findings From March 8 to May 2, 2020, 492 patients with COVID-19 were treated in our ICUs. Complete day-60 follow-up was available for 83 patients (median age 49 [IQR 41–56] years and 61 [73%] men) who received ECMO. Pre-ECMO, 78 (94%) patients had been prone-positioned; their median driving pressure was 18 (IQR 16–21) cm H2O and PaO2/FiO2 was 60 (54–68) mm Hg. At 60 days post-ECMO initiation, the estimated probabilities of occupation in each state were 6% (95% CI 3–14) for state 1, 18% (11–28) for state 2, 45% (35–56) for state 3, and 31% (22–42) for state 4. 35 (42%) patients had major bleeding and four (5%) had a haemorrhagic stroke. 30 patients died. Interpretation The estimated 60-day survival of ECMO-rescued patients with COVID-19 was similar to that of studies published in the past 2 years on ECMO for severe ARDS. If another COVID-19 outbreak occurs, ECMO should be considered for patients developing refractory respiratory failure despite optimised care. Funding None. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798468/ doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30328-3 id: cord-005985-csc3lfbm author: Seeger, W. title: Alveolar surfactant and adult respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic prospects date: 1993 words: 5558 sentences: 247 pages: flesch: 26 cache: ./cache/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005985-csc3lfbm.txt summary: Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: (a) lack of surface-active compounds (phospholipids, apoproteins) due to reduced generation/release by diseased pneumocytes or to increased loss of material (this feature includes changes in the relative composition of the surfactant phospholipid and/or apoprotein profiles); (b) inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage (inhibitory potencies of different plasma proteins have been defined); (c) "incorporation" of surfactant phospholipids and apoproteins into polymerizing fibrin upon hyaline membrane formation; and (d) damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators (proteases, oxidants, nonsurfactant lipids). Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: (a) lack of surface-active compounds (phospholipids, apoproteins) due to reduced generation/ release by diseased pneumocytes or to increased loss of material (this feature includes changes in the relative composition of the surfactant phospholipid and/or apoprotein profiles); (b) inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage (inhibitory potencies of different plasma proteins have been defined); (c) °'' incorporation" of surfacrant phospholipids and apoproteins into polymerizing fibrin upon hyaline membrane formation; and (d) damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators (proteases, oxidants, nonsurfactant lipids). abstract: The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by extended inflammatory processes in the lung microvascular, interstitial, and alveolar compartments, resulting in vasomotor disturbances, plasma leakage, cell injury, and complex gas exchange disturbances. Abnormalities in the alveolar surfactant system have long been implicated in the pathogenetic sequelae of this life-threatening syndrome. This hypothesis is supported by similarities in pulmonary failure between patients with ARDS and preterm babies with infant respiratory distress syndrome, known to be triggered primarily by lack of surfactant material. Mechanisms of surfactant alterations in ARDS include: (a) lack of surface-active compounds (phospholipids, apoproteins) due to reduced generation/release by diseased pneumocytes or to increased loss of material (this feature includes changes in the relative composition of the surfactant phospholipid and/or apoprotein profiles); (b) inhibition of surfactant function by plasma protein leakage (inhibitory potencies of different plasma proteins have been defined); (c) “incorporation” of surfactant phospholipids and apoproteins into polymerizing fibrin upon hyaline membrane formation; and (d) damage/inhibition of surfactant compounds by inflammatory mediators (proteases, oxidants, nonsurfactant lipids). Alterations in alveolar surfactant function may well contribute to a variety of pathophysiological key events encountered in ARDS. These include decrease in compliance, ventilation-perfusion mismatch including shunt flow due to altered gas flow distribution (atelectasis, partial alveolar collapse, small airway collapse), and lung edema formation. Moreover, more speculative at the present time, surfactant abnormalities may add to a reduction in alveolar host defense competence and an upregulation of inflammatory events under conditions of ARDS. Persistent atelectasis of surfactant-deficient and in particular fibrin-loaded alveoli may represent a key event to trigger fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis in late ARDS (“collapse induration”). Overall, the presently available data on surfactant abnormalities in ARDS lend credit to therapeutic trials with transbronchial surfactant administration. In addition to the classical goals of replacement therapy defined for preterm infants (rapid improvement in lung compliance and gas exchange), this approach will have to consider its impact on host defense competence and inflammatory and proliferative processes when applied in adults with respiratory failure. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7096084/ doi: 10.1007/bf00180100 id: cord-257613-o0q7hvn3 author: Shafiee, Abbas title: Coronavirus disease 2019: A tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective date: 2020-08-21 words: 3427 sentences: 199 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257613-o0q7hvn3.txt summary: To date, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) products, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their derivatives (eg, exosomes) for coronavirus infections, which could be applied for the COVID‐19. Over the COVID-19 outbreak, the funding for many TERM projects is being cut, which has a significant impact on the present and future of Current clinical trials highlight the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Effective multi-institutional collaboration and adequate funding from government and nongovernment sources are also needed to collect and analyze the data from ongoing and new human trials, to better understand the potential benefits of stem cell therapies for COVID-19 patients. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) infection, a hint for COVID-19 treatment. Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial abstract: Current therapies for novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) are generally used to manage rather than cure this highly infective disease. Therefore, there is a significant unmet medical need for a safe and effective treatment for COVID‐19. Inflammation is the driving force behind coronavirus infections, and the majority of deaths caused by COVID‐19 are the result of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is crucial to control the inflammation as early as possible. To date, numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) products, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their derivatives (eg, exosomes) for coronavirus infections, which could be applied for the COVID‐19. In this review, first, the impacts of COVID‐19 pandemic in the present and future of TERM research and products are briefly presented. Then, the recent clinical trials and the therapeutic benefits of MSCs in coronavirus‐induced ARDS are critically reviewed. Last, the recent advances in the field of tissue engineering relevant to the coronavirus infections, including three‐dimensional platforms to study the disease progression and test the effects of antiviral agents are described. Moreover, the application of biomaterials for vaccine technology, and drug delivery are highlighted. Despite promising results in the preclinical and clinical applications of MSC therapy for coronavirus infections, the controversy still exists, and thus further investigation is required to understand the efficacy of these therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32820868/ doi: 10.1002/sctm.20-0197 id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g author: Shang, You title: Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China date: 2020-06-06 words: 13583 sentences: 668 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316647-jj8anf5g.txt summary: RESULTS: A comprehensive document with 46 statements are presented, including protection of medical personnel, etiological treatment, diagnosis and treatment of tissue and organ functional impairment, psychological interventions, immunity therapy, nutritional support, and transportation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Statement 8 Convalescent plasma therapy should probably be used for severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19 (Grade 2+, weak recommendation). However, critically ill patients with COVID-19 have a longer mechanical ventilation time, and daily sedatives interruption is not suggested for patients receiving deep sedation in order to reduce lung damage during early stage of severe ARDS. Light sedation is suggested for severe COVID-19 patients receiving HFNC oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation, and also for critically ill patients in the recovering stage (expert opinion). Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a randomized clinical trial abstract: BACKGROUND: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic has swept all over the world, posing a great pressure on critical care resources due to large number of patients needing critical care. Statements from front-line experts in the field of intensive care are urgently needed. METHODS: Sixteen front-line experts in China fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan were organized to develop an expert statement after 5 rounds of expert seminars and discussions to provide trustworthy recommendation on the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Each expert was assigned tasks within their field of expertise to provide draft statements and rationale. Parts of the expert statement are based on epidemiological and clinical evidence, without available scientific evidences. RESULTS: A comprehensive document with 46 statements are presented, including protection of medical personnel, etiological treatment, diagnosis and treatment of tissue and organ functional impairment, psychological interventions, immunity therapy, nutritional support, and transportation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Among them, 5 recommendations were strong (Grade 1), 21 were weak (Grade 2), and 20 were experts’ opinions. A strong agreement from voting participants was obtained for all recommendations. CONCLUSION: There are still no targeted therapies for COVID-19 patients. Dynamic monitoring and supportive treatment for the restoration of tissue vascularization and organ function are particularly important. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1 doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1 id: cord-285202-aiap6z9u author: Short, Briana title: Rapid implementation of a mobile prone team during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-08-25 words: 1726 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285202-aiap6z9u.txt summary: CONCLUSION: The rapid development of a mobile prone team safely provided prone positioning to a large number of COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. The rapid implementation of the mobile COVID-19 Prone Team that travelled to multiple ICUs at our institution during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased the ability to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. By utilizing OTs and PTs who were familiar with critical illness and positioning patients, and by developing a careful but efficient training program, the COVID-19 Prone Team was able to safely provide an evidence-based intervention to critically ill patients with ARDS in a variety of ICU settings. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid development and implementation of a mobile prone team allowed for increased capacity to prone patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS in ICUs beyond the MICUs to meet the surge of critically ill patients during the height of the pandemic. abstract: PURPOSE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Prone positioning improves mortality in moderate-to-severe ARDS. Strategies to increase prone positioning under crisis conditions are needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe the development of a mobile prone team during the height of the crisis in New York City and describe characteristics and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients who received prone positioning between April 2, 2020 and April 30, 2020. RESULTS: Ninety patients underwent prone positioning for moderate-to-severe ARDS. Sixty-six patients (73.3%) were men, with a median age of 64 years (IQR 53–71), and the median PaO(2):FiO(2) ratio was 107 (IQR 85–140) prior to prone positioning. Patients required an average of 3 ± 2.2 prone sessions and the median time of each prone session was 19 h (IQR 17.5–20.75). By the end of the study period, proning was discontinued in sixty-seven (65.1%) cases due to clinical improvement, twenty (19.4%) cases due to lack of clinical improvement, six (5.8%) cases for clinical worsening, and ten (9.7%) cases due to a contraindication. CONCLUSION: The rapid development of a mobile prone team safely provided prone positioning to a large number of COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0883944120306663 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.020 id: cord-293259-o51fnvuw author: Sinaei, Reza title: Why COVID-19 is less frequent and severe in children: a narrative review date: 2020-09-25 words: 7043 sentences: 359 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293259-o51fnvuw.txt summary: Thus far, only a small number of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have involved children, so that they have accounted for only 1-5% of total patients [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a hyperproinflammatory response or cytokine storm state that results to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The search strategy was constructed based on searching terms 2019 novel coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 with using and/or, also the terms of child, pediatric, newborn, infant, adolescence, adult, age, age groups, severity, epidemiology, prevalence, difference, immune system, etiology, reasons in title, abstract, and key words. The first results stem from some considerations that children have a less vigorous immune response to the virus than adults because the cytokine storm is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections [28] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the streaks of severity, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is, in general, less frequent and severe in children than in adults. We searched for causal evidence of this mystery. DATA SOURCES: An extensive search strategy was designed to identify papers on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE databases, and Cochrane library and carried out a review on the causes of this dilemma. RESULTS: Our searches produced 81 relevant articles. The review showed that children accounted for a lower percentage of reported cases, and they also experienced less severe illness courses. Some potential explanations, including the tendency to engage the upper airway, the different expression in both receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme and renin–angiotensin system, a less vigorous immune response, the lower levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, myeloperoxidase, and P-selectin and a higher intracellular adhesion molecule-1, a potential protective role of lymphocytes, and also lung infiltrations might have protective roles in the immune system–respiratory tract interactions. Finally, what have shed light on this under representation comes from two studies that revealed high-titer immunoglobulin-G antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus and mycoplasma pneumonia, may carry out cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, just like what suggested about the vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: These results require an in-depth look. Properties of the immune system including a less vigorous adaptive system beside a preliminary potent innate response and a trained immunity alongside a healthier respiratory system, and their interactions, might protect children against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, further studies are needed to explore other possible causes of this enigma. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y doi: 10.1007/s12519-020-00392-y id: cord-325408-uy5ew3ki author: Singer, Benjamin D. title: A Call for Rational Intensive Care in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-17 words: 1609 sentences: 91 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325408-uy5ew3ki.txt summary: As intensive care physicians, we have been trained to treat viral pneumonia and its attendant complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan failure. In fact, the patients enrolled in the ARMA (Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress) trial of low-tidal-volume ventilation and the PROSEVA (Proning Severe ARDS Patients) trial of prone positioning exhibited myriad etiologies, compliances, and shunt fractions but nevertheless benefited from the targeted interventions (4, 5) . Currently, numerous agents are being administered to patients with COVID-19 outside of controlled trials, including hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, doxycycline, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, tissue plasminogen activator, glucocorticoids, tocilizumab, eculizumab, IFN-b, IFN-g, IL-1 inhibitors, mesenchymal stem cells, convalescent plasma, nitric oxide, vitamin C, and others. We show in the present study that severe RSV infection in infants is associated with a marked upregulation of CD32 on T cells. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32315548/ doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0151le id: cord-330257-fliudtls author: Singh, Gurmeet title: Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS - More Data Required date: 2020-07-16 words: 311 sentences: 29 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330257-fliudtls.txt summary: title: Commentary: Protecting the Right Ventricle in COVID-19 ARDS More Data Required Oxy-RVAD has been proposed for COVID-19-associated ARDS as superior to mechanical 2 ventilation and, by implication, ECMO, because it provides RV support. Clearly, any future study of an oxy-RVAD in this setting, as with ECMO, should 34 be accompanied by detailed cost-benefit analyses. Notwithstanding the 48 separate issue of extubating patients during ECMO (or oxy-RVAD) support, the broader 49 hypothesis may be applicable to any severe ARDS patient with concomitant severe RV 50 4 dysfunction. Clearly, more data are needed, and we look forward to Dr. Joyce''s planned 51 multicenter randomized clinical trial. Experts'' opinion on management of 54 hemodynamics in ARDS patients: focus on the effects of mechanical ventilation Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Posterior Probability of Mortality Benefit 61 in a Post Hoc Bayesian Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial Injury in Acute Respiratory Failure abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022522320321826?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.07.043 id: cord-014464-m5n250r2 author: Sole-Violan, J title: Lethal influenza virus A H1N1 infection in two relatives with autosomal dominant GATA-2 deficiency date: 2013-03-19 words: 98961 sentences: 5553 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014464-m5n250r2.txt summary: Results In preliminary analysis of categorical data, a signifi cantly (Fisher exact test) greater proportion of patients with compared with without the following fi ndings did not survive; history of alcohol use (P = 0.05); the presence of lethargy (P = 0.01), confusion (P = 0.03), nausea (P = 0.04), abdominal pain (P = 0.02), or the need for vasopressors (P = 0.002), oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or steroids (all P = 0.004) at presentation; and excessive bleeding at surgery (P = 0.01). Methods To prospectively re-evaluate the normal range and to analyze the potential impact of biometric data on ICG-PDR, we measured ICG-PDR (i.v. injection of 0.25 mg/kg ICG; LiMON, Pulsion, Munich, Introduction Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO 2 ) represents a well-recognized parameter of oxygen delivery (DO 2 )-consumption (VO 2 ) mismatch and its use has been advocated in critically ill patients in order to guide hemodynamic resuscitation [1] and oxygen delivery optimization. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642469/ doi: 10.1186/cc11953 id: cord-035326-qjp37j7x author: Sryma, P.B. title: Reinventing the Wheel in ARDS: Awake Proning in COVID-19 date: 2020-11-11 words: 2390 sentences: 143 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-035326-qjp37j7x.txt summary: 7 Though this may be due to confounding by the severity of illness leading to a more complicated course in intubated patients, it is possible that ventilator-induced lung injury and hemodynamic effects of ventilation played a role and may argue for the judicious use of non-invasive respiratory support in COVID-19. In case of any respiratory distress ROX index of ≤2.85 at 2 h, and ≤3.47 at 6 h may suggest poor response and should prompt escalation of care In case of sustained improvement in saturation to more than 93% in room air after 2 h of stopping prone positioning pattern may suggest an added advantage of PP in COVID-19 ARDS patients. Most recently, awake proning in 50 patients of COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure in the emergency department resulted in significant improvement in saturation from 84% to 94% at the same concentration of inspired oxygen, and 64% patients improved avoiding intubation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7657646/ doi: 10.1016/j.arbr.2020.06.013 id: cord-102679-6dpo073b author: TRONCHE, P.-A. title: Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol date: 2020-10-07 words: 5172 sentences: 282 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-102679-6dpo073b.txt summary: title: Assessment of a Novel Method for Non-invasive Sampling of the Distal Airspace in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Inhaled Sedation with Sevoflurane: the ANAISS Study Protocol Therefore, collection of this fluid represents a promising, non-invasive method for sampling the distal airspace in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and for facilitating a mechanistic understanding of this devastating disease. Methods and analysis: A total of 30 adult patients within 24 hours of meeting the Berlin criteria for moderate-severe ARDS and receiving inhaled sevoflurane as standard sedation in participating centres will be eligible for inclusion into this investigator-initiated, exploratory, prospective, bicentre study. The primary hypothesis of the ANAISS study is that fluid collection from the AnaConDa-S device could be a novel method for assessing the distal airspace in mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS who are receiving inhaled sedation with sevoflurane. abstract: Introduction: Recently, fluid collected from the heat-and-moisture-exchange filters, which are commonly used in most mechanically ventilated patients under intravenous sedation, has been reported as a potential surrogate for fluid in the distal airspace. Therefore, collection of this fluid represents a promising, non-invasive method for sampling the distal airspace in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and for facilitating a mechanistic understanding of this devastating disease. The current study protocol was constructed to assess whether this fluid could be sampled from a dedicated device (Anaesthetic Conserving Device [AnaConDa-S], Sedana Medical, Danderyd, Sweden) used to deliver inhaled sevoflurane for sedation in patients with ARDS. Methods and analysis: A total of 30 adult patients within 24 hours of meeting the Berlin criteria for moderate-severe ARDS and receiving inhaled sevoflurane as standard sedation in participating centres will be eligible for inclusion into this investigator-initiated, exploratory, prospective, bicentre study. After at least 12 h of inhaled sedation, a sample of directly aspirated, undiluted pulmonary oedema fluid will be collected concurrently with fluid from the AnaConDa-S device. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1{beta}, IL-6, IL-8, TNF- and sTNFr-1) and markers of lung endothelial (Ang-2) and epithelial (sRAGE) injury will be measured in both fluids by Multiplex. The primary endpoint is the correlation between protein markers (IL-1{beta}, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-, sTNFr-1, Ang-2 and sRAGE) measured in the undiluted pulmonary oedema fluid versus the AnaConDa-S fluid. Ethics and dissemination: The study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee (CPP Est I). Informed consent is required. The fluid collection from the AnaConDa-S has potential to foster our understanding of the potential effects of inhaled sedation in clinical ARDS and to open up novel perspectives for prognostic and predictive enrichment in future trials. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.05.20207217v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.05.20207217 id: cord-013306-35jiycem author: Tarazan, Nehal title: Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials date: 2020-10-23 words: 4726 sentences: 239 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013306-35jiycem.txt summary: Eligible studies met all of the following criteria: (1) the design was a parallel-group RCT; (2) the population was adults with ARDS of any severity; (3) the intervention included any continuous NMBA infusion, at any dose or duration, compared to placebo or no continuous NMBA infusion but allowing the use of as needed NMBA boluses; (4) outcomes included any of: mortality at 28 days, ICU discharge, or hospital discharge (truncated at 90 days); long-term outcomes (physical function at 3 months; quality of life at 3 months; cognitive function at 3 months); ICU-acquired weakness; duration of mechanical ventilation; ventilator-free days (VFDs); ICU or hospital length of stay; barotrauma (including pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumatocele, or subcutaneous emphysema); or changes in oxygenation measured by using the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PO 2 /FiO 2 ratio). abstract: PURPOSE: Existing clinical practice guidelines support the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, a recent large randomized clinical trial (RCT) has questioned this practice. Therefore, we updated a previous systematic review to determine the efficacy and safety of NMBAs in ARDS. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE (October 2012 to July 2019), the Cochrane (Central) database, and clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN Register, and WHO ICTRP) for RCTs comparing the effects of NMBA as a continuous infusion versus placebo or no NMBA infusion (but allowing intermittent NMBA boluses) on patient-important outcomes for adults with ARDS. Two independent reviewers assessed the methodologic quality of the primary studies and abstracted data. RESULTS: Seven RCTs, including four new RCTs, met eligibility criteria for this review. These trials enrolled 1598 patients with moderate to severe ARDS at centers in the USA, France, and China. All trials assessed short-term continuous infusions of cisatracurium or vecuronium. The pooled estimate for mortality outcomes showed significant statistical heterogeneity, which was only explained by a subgroup analysis by depth of sedation in the control arm. A continuous NMBA infusion did not improve mortality when compared to a light sedation strategy with no NMBA infusion (relative risk [RR] 0.99; 95% CI 0.86–1.15; moderate certainty; P = 0.93). On the other hand, continuous NMBA infusion reduced mortality when compared to deep sedation with as needed NMBA boluses (RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.57–0.89; low certainty; P = 0.003). Continuous NMBA infusion reduced the rate of barotrauma (RR 0.55; 95% CI 0.35–0.85, moderate certainty; P = 0.008) across eligible trials, but the effect on ventilator-free days, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU-acquired weakness was uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Inconsistency in study methods and findings precluded the pooling of all trials for mortality. In a pre-planned sensitivity analysis, the impact of NMBA infusion on mortality depends on the strategy used in the control arm, showing reduced mortality when compared to deep sedation, but no effect on mortality when compared to lighter sedation. In both situations, a continuous NMBA infusion may reduce the risk of barotrauma, but the effects on other patient-important outcomes remain unclear. Future research, including an individual patient data meta-analysis, could help clarify some of the observed findings in this updated systematic review. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7582438/ doi: 10.1186/s40635-020-00348-6 id: cord-002016-vzn338ub author: Thompson, B. Taylor title: Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no date: 2016-02-16 words: 1257 sentences: 64 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002016-vzn338ub.txt summary: Rescue therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) usually target patients with severe hypoxia and/ or hypercarbia refractory to conventional therapies and are considered when rapid deterioration in the patient''s condition over a period of hours suggests an increased risk of death. These encouraging data suggest corticosteroids at lower doses early in the course of pneumonia or ARDS improve lung function but that the onset of action is too slow and inconsistent and the magnitude of the effect too small to be recommended as a reliable life-saving rescue therapy. Table 1 Steroid-responsive conditions which may present with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Some diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis leading to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, require additional immunosupressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or rituximab [7] . Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829481/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4255-1 id: cord-003615-vpzzsdld author: Thompson, Kelly B. title: Late immune consequences of combat trauma: a review of trauma-related immune dysfunction and potential therapies date: 2019-04-24 words: 8886 sentences: 363 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003615-vpzzsdld.txt summary: Trauma leads to the dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, which places the injured at risk for several late consequences, including delayed wound healing, late onset sepsis and infection, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are significant for their association with the increased morbidity and mortality of wounded personnel. Patients with less severe trauma may develop late MODS due to new surgical stress, general anesthesia, transfusion of blood products, infection, or ischemia/reperfusion injury triggering the reactivation of the inflammatory response in a "two-hit" model of MODS [19, 58] . Among these consequences, delayed wound healing, late onset sepsis and infection, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and persistent inflammation-immunosuppression and catabolic syndrome are significant in their association with the increased morbidity and mortality of wounded personnel. abstract: With improvements in personnel and vehicular body armor, robust casualty evacuation capabilities, and damage control resuscitation strategies, more combat casualties are surviving to reach higher levels of care throughout the casualty evacuation system. As such, medical centers are becoming more accustomed to managing the deleterious late consequences of combat trauma related to the dysregulation of the immune system. In this review, we aim to highlight these late consequences and identify areas for future research and therapeutic strategies. Trauma leads to the dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, which places the injured at risk for several late consequences, including delayed wound healing, late onset sepsis and infection, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which are significant for their association with the increased morbidity and mortality of wounded personnel. The mechanisms by which these consequences develop are complex but include an imbalance of the immune system leading to robust inflammatory responses, triggered by the presence of damage-associated molecules and other immune-modifying agents following trauma. Treatment strategies to improve outcomes have been difficult to develop as the immunophenotype of injured personnel following trauma is variable, fluid and difficult to determine. As more information regarding the triggers that lead to immune dysfunction following trauma is elucidated, it may be possible to identify the immunophenotype of injured personnel and provide targeted treatments to reduce the late consequences of trauma, which are known to lead to significant morbidity and mortality. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6480837/ doi: 10.1186/s40779-019-0202-0 id: cord-310069-ay4af6xr author: Tobin, Martin J. title: Does making a diagnosis of ARDS in COVID-19 patients matter? date: 2020-07-21 words: 1248 sentences: 105 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310069-ay4af6xr.txt summary: The question "Do patients with COVID-19 develop typical ARDS?" is arousing fevered debate. Observing that respiratory failure occurred 8-12 days after first symptoms of 3 COVID-19 in Chinese series, Li and Ma 3 concluded that these patients should not be diagnosed as ARDS. 8 This criticism does not apply to respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients: we know it is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and no therapy is effective against the virus. Given that tidal volume 12 ml/kg is not employed in any patient, making a diagnosis of ARDS does not impact selection of any ventilator setting. For the doctor at the bedside of a COVID-19 patient, making a diagnosis of ARDS is completely irrelevant. Screening of ARDS patients using standardized ventilator settings: influence on enrollment in a clinical trial Abbreviations List: AECC: American-European Consensus Committee ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19: Coronavirus disease abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32707184/ doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.028 id: cord-337010-dgy7qbl5 author: Tomazini, B. M. title: COVID-19-associated ARDS treated with DEXamethasone (CoDEX): Study design and rationale for a randomized trial. date: 2020-06-26 words: 5118 sentences: 313 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337010-dgy7qbl5.txt summary: We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, stratified, multicenter, open-label, controlled trial including 350 patients with early-onset (less than 48h before randomization) moderate or severe ARDS, defined by the Berlin criteria, due to COVID-19. Therefore, we propose a pragmatic, randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial, comparing standard treatment versus standard treatment added to early administration of dexamethasone for 10 days in patients with moderate and severe ARDS due to COVID-19. Our primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous (IV) dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19. abstract: OBJECTIVES: The infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) spreads worldwide and is considered a pandemic. The most common manifestation of SARS-CoV2 infection (Coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-19) is viral pneumonia with varying degrees of respiratory compromise and up to 40% of hospitalized patients might develop Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Several clinical trials evaluated the role of corticosteroids in non-COVID-19 ARDS with conflicting results. We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, stratified, multicenter, open-label, controlled trial including 350 patients with early-onset (less than 48h before randomization) moderate or severe ARDS, defined by the Berlin criteria, due to COVID-19. Eligible patients will be randomly allocated to either standard treatment plus dexamethasone (intervention group) or standard treatment without dexamethasone (control group). Patients in the intervention group will receive dexamethasone 20mg IV once daily for 5 days, followed by dexamethasone 10mg IV once daily for additional 5 days or until Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge, whichever occurs first. The primary outcome is ventilator-free days within 28 days after randomization, defined as days alive and free from invasive mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes are all-cause mortality rates at day 28, evaluation of the clinical status at day 15 assessed with a 6-level ordinal scale, mechanical ventilation duration from randomization to day 28, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score evaluation at 48h, 72h and 7 days and ICU-free days within 28. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial was approved by the Brazilian National Committee of Ethics in Research (Comissao Nacional de Etica em Pesquisa - CONEP) and National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). An independent data monitoring committee will perform interim analyses and evaluate adverse events throughout the trial. Results will be submitted for publication after enrolment and follow-up are complete. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.24.20139303v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.24.20139303 id: cord-318067-4hdeuweo author: Torrego, Alfons title: Bronchoscopy in Patients with COVID-19 with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: A Single-Center Experience date: 2020-07-15 words: 1876 sentences: 116 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318067-4hdeuweo.txt summary: Bronchoscopy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 has been required to manage complications (atelectasis, hemoptysis, etc.) as well as to obtain samples for microbiological cultures and to assist in the management of artificial airways (guide intubation and percutaneous tracheostomy) (3) . Because no series of intubated patients with COVID-19 submitted to bronchoscopy has been published so far, we describe our experience in performing flexible bronchoscopies in patients with COVID-19 with severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during the first 3 weeks of the epidemic outbreak. Bronchoscopic examination included orotracheal tube positioning check, direct inspection of tracheal and bronchial mucosa, suctioning of secretions, and mucoactive agent instillation if necessary (hypertonic saline combined with hyaluronic acid), and in 63 cases, a mini-BAL with 60-ml saline aliquots at room temperature was performed just before the end of procedure for microbiological sampling. Most patients admitted to the ICU with a severe presentation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) fulfill the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (1) and require invasive mechanical ventilation (2) . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202004-0945le doi: 10.1164/rccm.202004-0945le id: cord-338319-9v8yw2pl author: Trahtemberg, Uriel title: What have we learned ventilating COVID-19 patients? date: 2020-10-12 words: 1179 sentences: 69 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338319-9v8yw2pl.txt summary: A number of editorials, opinion pieces, and small reports have suggested that COVID-19 ARDS is atypical, since some patients with severe hypoxemia had relatively normal respiratory compliance, with implications for ventilatory management [4, 5] . Although some patients with COVID-19 can be managed with supplemental oxygen and non-invasive ventilation, patients with severe respiratory failure require endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. It has been suggested that prone positioning should be minimized in COVID-19 ARDS patients with higher compliances, based on the argument that the putative different respiratory physiology makes prone ventilation unlikely to be beneficial [5] . Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre prospective observational study COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044572/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06275-0 id: cord-011875-ga0dzj3v author: Tsolaki, Vasiliki title: Are Patients with COVID-19 Dying of or with Cardiac Injury? date: 2020-07-15 words: 1306 sentences: 79 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011875-ga0dzj3v.txt summary: Indeed, they quote a sentence in which Dr. Laghi and I say that physicians do not initiate mechanical ventilation consequent to "slotting a patient into a particular diagnostic pigeonhole." (2) Dr. Modesto-Alapont and colleagues claim that the Berlin definition enhances the ability to make a precise diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cardiac involvement probably complicates severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients, but the true incidence (considering specific echocardiographic findings) and the attributable mortality are aspects not yet well clarified. Very few reports have used echocardiographic criteria beyond biomarkers to diagnose cardiac injury, but none have differentiated between myocarditis, cardiomyopathy (stress or septic), ACS, and acute heart failure in the era of COVID-19. In a recent report involving 416 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, 19.7% presented with "acute myocardial injury." The diagnosis relied on increased cardiac biomarker (hypersensitive troponin I) levels, regardless of the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings (3). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7365367/ doi: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1083le id: cord-343940-fdnmeuh8 author: Tzotzos, Susan J. title: Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey date: 2020-08-21 words: 652 sentences: 36 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343940-fdnmeuh8.txt summary: title: Incidence of ARDS and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a global literature survey Seventeen studies reporting results from 2486 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in five countries fitted the inclusion criteria (Tables 1 and 2 ). Calculation of weighted averages for these parameters incorporating data from individual studies for which data is available indicate that among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, approximately 1/3 (33%) develop ARDS, 1/4 (26%) require transfer to Patient numbers for Chen T study not included an ICU, 1/6 (16%) receive IMV, and 1/6 (16%) die (Table 1 ). For COVID-19 patients transferred to an ICU, nearly 2/3 (63%) receive IMV and 3/4 (75%) have ARDS ( Table 2 ). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China Treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome from COVID-19 Authors'' contributions SJT conducted the literature search and survey. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32825837/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03240-7 id: cord-006565-5c14oqn4 author: Umans, U. title: Herpes simplex virus 1 pneumonia: conventional chest radiograph pattern date: 2001-02-24 words: 2787 sentences: 157 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006565-5c14oqn4.txt summary: The aim of this study was to describe the findings on plain chest radiographs in patients with herpes simplex virus pneumonia (HSVP). Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the findings on plain chest radiographs in patients with herpes simplex virus pneumonia (HSVP). The radiologist may suggest the diagnosis of HSVP when bilateral airspace consolidation or mixed opacities appear in a susceptible group of patients who are not thought to have ARDS or pulmonary edema. Each chest radiograph was evaluated for the following findings: pattern of lung opacities (airspace consolidation, interstitial opacities, or mixed); location (unilateral, bilateral, focal, diffuse) and extent (segmental, lobar, whole lung) of the abnormalities; atelectasis (not-present, lobar, segmental, subsegmental); pleural effusion (not present, moderate, i.e., less than one-third of the hemithorax, large, i.e., more than one-third of the hemithorax). abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the findings on plain chest radiographs in patients with herpes simplex virus pneumonia (HSVP). The study was based on 17 patients who at a retrospective search have been found to have a monoinfection with herpes simplex virus. The diagnosis was established by isolation of the virus from material obtained during fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) which also included broncho-alveolar lavage and tissue sampling. Fourteen patients had a chest radiograph performed within 24 h of the date of the FOB. Two radiographs showed no abnormalities of the lung parenchyma. The radiographs of the other 12 patients showed lung opacification, predominantly lobar or more extensive and always bilateral. Most patients presented with a mixed airspace and interstitial pattern of opacities, but 11 of 14 showed at least an airspace consolidation. Lobar, segmental, or subsegmental atelectasis was present in 7 patients, and unilateral or bilateral pleural effusion in 8 patients, but only in 1 patient was it a large amount. In contradiction to the literature which reports a high correlation between HSVP and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 11 of 14 patients did not meet the pathophysiological criteria for ARDS. The radiologist may suggest the diagnosis of HSVP when bilateral airspace consolidation or mixed opacities appear in a susceptible group of patients who are not thought to have ARDS or pulmonary edema. The definite diagnosis of HSV pneumonia can be established only on the basis of culture of material obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102036/ doi: 10.1007/s003300000696 id: cord-006505-u3znxf2b author: Van Bever, H. P. title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection date: 1992 words: 1529 sentences: 98 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006505-u3znxf2b.txt summary: title: Adult respiratory distress syndrome associated withMycoplasma pneumoniae infection A 13-year-old boy is described who developed severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), biochemical pancreatitis and skin vasculitis after an acute respiratory infection due toMycoplasma pneumoniae. Four days before admis-Offprint requests to: H.P. Van Bever Abbreviation." ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome Fig. 1 . Chest X-ray film at day 4 after admission, showing diffuse bilateral infiltrates tropics, including dopamine (25 gg/kg per minute), dobutamine (15 ~tg/kg per minute) and noradrenaline (16 gg/min). Our patient was discharged without clinical symptoms, but with major disturbances of the lung function tests, suggesting that there might be some degree of interstitial fibrosis. M. pneumoniae infections have been associated with the development of ARDS in adults [3, 4, 6] . Adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by Mycoplasma pneurnoniae Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric patients. abstract: A 13-year-old boy is described who developed severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), biochemical pancreatitis and skin vasculitis after an acute respiratory infection due toMycoplasma pneumoniae. The boy was mechanically ventilated for 17 days, but could be discharged in good clinical condition after 36 days of hospitalization. However, major disturbances of the lung function tests persisted, suggesting interstitial fibrosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of ARDS afterM. pneumoniae infection in childhood. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101930/ doi: 10.1007/bf01954392 id: cord-014533-6qfecv5h author: Velasquez, T. title: ESICM LIVES 2016: part three: Milan, Italy. 1–5 October 2016 date: 2016-09-29 words: 88380 sentences: 5139 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014533-6qfecv5h.txt summary: P. Tirapu; Navarro-Guillamón, L.; Cordovilla-Guardia, S.; Iglesias-Santiago, A.; Guerrero-López, F.; Fernández-Mondéjar, E.; Vidal, A.; Perez, M.; Juez, A.; Arias, N.; Colino, L.; Perez, J. Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted on consecutive 100 pediatric surgical patients who admitted to PSICUs at Cairo University Hospitals starting from 1/6-1/12/2015.After approval by research ethics committee,informed consents were obtained from parents and pediatric cases aged from 1 month-18 years and stayed for > 48 h were enrolled.MPV and PLC were obtained and recorded at baseline(preoperative values),on the day of ICU admission(day 0),1 st ,2 nd ,3 rd ,5 th and 7 th days.To measure daily MPV changes; (ΔMPV) was constructed and computed where ΔMPV = ([MPVday(X) − MPVday (0)]/MPVday(0) × 100 %. Results: The results obtained after analyzing the two homogeneous groups according to age, gender, type of admission and severity influencing the physiotherapy care in ICU quality indicators, in the Sagrada Esperança clinic, highlights the decrease of the average number of days with mechanical ventilation but it is not observed a significant relation between physical therapy and this indicator (p = 0:06). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042925/ doi: 10.1186/s40635-016-0100-7 id: cord-349197-3trr8d0u author: Ventura, Francesco title: Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date: 2010-04-28 words: 2503 sentences: 137 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349197-3trr8d0u.txt summary: In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators by local epithelial and endothelial cells, causing inflammation, hypoxemia resulting often in multiple organ failure (MOF), and disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) (1) . The clinical presentation, the radiological and laboratory findings in one case, and the postmortem examination with histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological exams in both cases, led us to conclude for an acute cardio-respiratory failure secondary to bilateral pneumonia with DAD and consequently ARDS associated with sepsis and DIC. abstract: Abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange. This condition is often lethal, usually requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to an intensive care unit. We present two fatal cases of hidden pneumonia in young people and discuss the pathophysiological mechanism of ARDS with reference to the histological pattern. A complete forensic approach by means of autopsy and histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological, examination was carried out. In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x id: cord-305703-ypeibwje author: Veronese, Nicola title: Use of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: A Systematic Review of the Literature date: 2020-04-24 words: 2878 sentences: 144 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305703-ypeibwje.txt summary: For each article, we extracted data regarding authors, year of publication, country, city or region in which the study was conducted, the period of observation, how the diagnosis of COVID-19 was obtained, the stage of COVID-19 infection (asymptomatic forms, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring intensive care unit, ICU; convalescent), sample size included, number of males and females, mean age and its standard deviation (or similar information such as median and range), the percentage of people treated with corticosteroids in the sample as a whole, and, if possible, the route of administration and type of corticosteroid considered. Overall, two studies reported negative findings regarding these medications, one reported no significant association between corticosteroids and clinical outcomes, and one concluded that methylprednisolone was associated with a significant reduction of mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia developing ARDS. abstract: The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with COVID-19. A systematic search of the literature across nine databases was conducted from inception until 15th March 2020, following the PRISMA guidelines. Patients with a validated diagnosis of COVID-19 and using corticosteroids were included, considering all health outcomes. Four studies with 542 Chinese participants were included. Two studies reported negative findings regarding the use of corticosteroids in patients with COVID-19, i.e., corticosteroids had a detrimental impact on clinical outcomes. One study reported no significant association between the use of corticosteroids and clinical outcomes. However, one study, on 201 participants with different stages of pneumonia due to COVID-19, found that in more severe forms, the administration of methylprednisolone significantly reduced the risk of death by 62%. The literature to date does not fully support the routine use of corticosteroids in COVID-19, but some findings suggest that methylprednisolone could lower mortality rate in more severe forms of the condition. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00170 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00170 id: cord-286901-whvq8y1p author: Vidali, Sofia title: D-dimer as an indicator of prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review date: 2020-07-13 words: 4272 sentences: 228 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286901-whvq8y1p.txt summary: This study aims to highlight the correlation between elevated D-dimer (an indirect thrombosis marker) and the increased rate of poor prognosis-associated conditions, and to introduce D-dimer-labelled anticoagulant administration as a potentially useful tool to prevent complications and positively influence coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course. The keywords and their variants (differently combined) used for the search were "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "2019 novel coronavirus", "SARS-CoV-2", "D-dimer", "coagulation", "hypercoagulative state", "laboratory analysis", "ARDS", "haemostasis", "thrombosis", "pulmonary embolism", "disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)", "heparin" and "anti-coagulation". The alterations of coagulation factors during SARS-CoV-2 infection and specifically that of D-dimer are, as documented in the clinical experiences described here, severe, constant and correlated with prognosis, complications and CEP rates. Among the factors that were demonstrated to be connected to the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients, the presence of comorbidities may represent a confounding factor for the interpretation of D-dimer and other coagulation parameter alterations, especially considering the heterogeneous aetiology of thrombotic and thrombophilic states. abstract: BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stimulates pro-thrombotic changes. This, combined with its tropism for endothelium and lung structures, may explain its association with thrombotic events, reduction of pulmonary gas exchange, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a composite end-point (intensive care unit, invasive ventilation, death). This study aims to highlight the correlation between elevated D-dimer (an indirect thrombosis marker) and the increased rate of poor prognosis-associated conditions, and to introduce D-dimer-labelled anticoagulant administration as a potentially useful tool to prevent complications and positively influence coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course. METHODS: An online database search (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane) was performed between 13 March and 10 April 2020. The most relevant keywords were “D-dimer”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “COVID-19”, “thrombosis” and “ARDS”. Selection was independently conducted by three reviewers. References and previews of accepted articles were evaluated. Data inclusion/extraction inaccuracy was limited by the work of three reviewers. Selection bias reduction was addressed by thoughtfully designing the search protocol. Quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The systematic review protocol was not registered because we anticipated the very limited available evidence on the topic and due to the urgency of the study. RESULTS: 16 studies were evaluated. Good-quality criteria were reached in 13 out of 16 studies. D-dimer was increased and significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls, in COVID-19 patients with severe disease or a composite end-point compared with non-severe disease, in ARDS compared with non-ARDS patients and in deceased ARDS patients compared with ARDS patients who survived (all p<0.001). COVID-19 patients treated with anticoagulants demonstrated lower mortality compared with those not treated (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Correlations exist between COVID-19 infection, severe elevation of D-dimer levels, and increase in the rate of complications and composite end-point. The appropriateness of early and continuous D-dimer monitoring and labelled anticoagulation as management tools for COVID-19 disease deserves accurate investigation, to prevent complications and reduce interventions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32685436/ doi: 10.1183/23120541.00260-2020 id: cord-324232-nupi7f72 author: Villar, Jesús title: Rationale for Prolonged Corticosteroid Treatment in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 date: 2020-04-29 words: 2369 sentences: 127 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324232-nupi7f72.txt summary: The analysis to support the Task Force''s recommendations was limited to nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated methylprednisolone (n = 322) (7) and hydrocortisone (n = 494) treatment in ARDS for a duration of at least 7 days. Clinical investigators in Spain recently completed a large confirmatory RCT (Efficacy Study of Dexamethasone to Treat the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [DEXA-ARDS]) enrolling 277 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS and receiving LTV ventilation (6) . Second, they ignored the positive findings of two large studies (5,327 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] [24] and 2,141 patients with influenza H1N1 pneumonia [25] ) that evaluated the impact of time, dose, and duration of CST and reported a significant reduction in mortality with dosage and duration similar to the one recommended by SCCM and ESICM Task Force (5) . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000000111 doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000111 id: cord-003198-1kw5v6rm author: Vuillard, Constance title: Clinical features and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure revealing anti-synthetase or anti-MDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome: a French multicenter retrospective study date: 2018-09-11 words: 4851 sentences: 242 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003198-1kw5v6rm.txt summary: The following data were collected on a standardized anonymized case record form: demographic characteristics (age, gender), severity scores upon ICU admission (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [23] and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II [24] ), main comorbidities, delay between first respiratory sign and ICU admission, clinical examination (respiratory and extra-respiratory manifestations) and laboratory findings at the time of ICU admission (blood leukocytes and platelets counts, serum procalcitonine, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase and creatinine levels, PaO 2 /FiO 2 with FiO 2 calculated according to the following formula [25, 26] : FiO 2 = oxygen flow in liter per minute × 0.04 + 0.21 when standard oxygen was used), radiological findings on chest X-ray and CT scan, cytological and bacteriological analyses of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, type of positive autoantibodies (Jo-1, PL7, PL12, OJ, EJ, KS, Zo, YRS/Tyr/ Ha or aMDA-5), immunosuppressive treatments received (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, basiliximab, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, methotrexate, intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma exchange), organ supports in the ICU (invasive mechanical ventilation, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), renal replacement therapy, vasopressors), ICU and hospital length of stay, ICU and hospital mortality. abstract: BACKGROUND: Anti-synthetase (AS) and dermato-pulmonary associated with anti-MDA-5 antibodies (aMDA-5) syndromes are near one of the other autoimmune inflammatory myopathies potentially responsible for severe acute interstitial lung disease. We undertook a 13-year retrospective multicenter study in 35 French ICUs in order to describe the clinical presentation and the outcome of patients admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure (ARF) revealing AS or aMDA-5 syndromes. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2017, 47 patients (23 males; median age 60 [1st–3rd quartiles 52–69] years, no comorbidity 85%) were admitted to the ICU for ARF revealing AS (n = 28, 60%) or aMDA-5 (n = 19, 40%) syndromes. Muscular, articular and cutaneous manifestations occurred in 11 patients (23%), 14 (30%) and 20 (43%) patients, respectively. Seventeen of them (36%) had no extra-pulmonary manifestations. C-reactive protein was increased (139 [40–208] mg/L), whereas procalcitonine was not (0.30 [0.12–0.56] ng/mL). Proportion of patients with creatine kinase ≥ 2N was 20% (n = 9/47). Forty-two patients (89%) had ARDS, which was severe in 86%, with a rate of 17% (n = 8/47) of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation requirement. Proportion of patients who received corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange were 100%, 72%, 15%, 21% and 17%, respectively. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 45% (n = 21/47) and 51% (n = 24/47), respectively. Patients with aMDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome had a higher hospital mortality than those with AS syndrome (n = 16/19, 84% vs. n = 8/28, 29%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intensivists should consider inflammatory myopathies as a cause of ARF of unknown origin. Extra-pulmonary manifestations are commonly lacking. Mortality is high, especially in aMDA-5 dermato-pulmonary syndrome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6131681/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0433-3 id: cord-001215-aj8nxi3x author: Wang, Chen Yu title: One-year mortality and predictors of death among hospital survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2014-01-17 words: 4561 sentences: 212 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001215-aj8nxi3x.txt summary: PURPOSE: Advances in supportive care and ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have resulted in declines in short-term mortality, but risks of death after survival to hospital discharge have not been well described. Our objective was to quantify the difference between short-term and long-term mortality in ARDS and to identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year among hospital survivors. Abstract Purpose: Advances in supportive care and ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have resulted in declines in short-term mortality, but risks of death after survival to hospital discharge have not been well described. Our objective was to quantify the difference between shortterm and long-term mortality in ARDS and to identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year among hospital survivors. We sought to quantify the survival gap between short-and long-term ARDS mortality and identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year for hospital survivors. abstract: PURPOSE: Advances in supportive care and ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have resulted in declines in short-term mortality, but risks of death after survival to hospital discharge have not been well described. Our objective was to quantify the difference between short-term and long-term mortality in ARDS and to identify risk factors for death and causes of death at 1 year among hospital survivors. METHODS: This multi-intensive care unit, prospective cohort included patients with ARDS enrolled between January 2006 and February 2010. We determined the clinical characteristics associated with in-hospital and 1-year mortality among hospital survivors and utilized death certificate data to identify causes of death. RESULTS: Of 646 patients hospitalized with ARDS, mortality at 1 year was substantially higher (41 %, 95 % CI 37–45 %) than in-hospital mortality (24 %, 95 % CI 21–27 %), P < 0.0001. Among 493 patients who survived to hospital discharge, the 110 (22 %) who died in the subsequent year were older (P < 0.001) and more likely to have been discharged to a nursing home, other hospital, or hospice compared to patients alive at 1 year (P < 0.001). Important predictors of death among hospital survivors were comorbidities present at the time of ARDS, and not living at home prior to admission. ARDS-related measures of severity of illness did not emerge as independent predictors of mortality in hospital survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements in short-term ARDS outcomes, 1-year mortality is high, mostly because of the large burden of comorbidities, which are prevalent in patients with ARDS. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-013-3186-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943651/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3186-3 id: cord-296435-6dergkha author: Wang, Tiehua title: Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Mortality: An International Study date: 2014-04-14 words: 4474 sentences: 214 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296435-6dergkha.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Early detection of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has the potential to improvethe prognosis of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). CONCLUSIONS: This study of ICU patients in both China and US showed that thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk of ARDS and platelet count in combination with ARDS had a high predictive value for patient mortality. Although patient specific data was not available, protocolled low tidal volume ventilation was standardized in study ICUs. Among predisposing conditions for ARDS in all enrolled patients, sepsis and/or septic shock (n = 149, 83%) were the most [20] were associated with development of ARDS.Respiratory rate (.30 breaths/min), aspiration, and .1 risks for ARDS were also evaluated in model selection but were eliminated during model selection (not significant). In both Beijing and Boston cohorts, the combination of thrombocytopenia and ARDS further increased risk of 60-day mortality among critically ill patients. abstract: BACKGROUND: Early detection of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has the potential to improvethe prognosis of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, no reliable biomarkers are currently available for accurate early detection of ARDS in patients with predisposing conditions. OBJECTIVES: This study examined risk factors and biomarkers for ARDS development and mortality in two prospective cohort studies. METHODS: We examined clinical risk factors for ARDS in a cohort of 178 patients in Beijing, China who were admitted to the ICU and were at high risk for ARDS. Identified biomarkers were then replicated in a second cohort of1,878 patients in Boston, USA. RESULTS: Of 178 patients recruited from participating hospitals in Beijing, 75 developed ARDS. After multivariate adjustment, sepsis (odds ratio [OR]:5.58, 95% CI: 1.70–18.3), pulmonary injury (OR: 3.22; 95% CI: 1.60–6.47), and thrombocytopenia, defined as platelet count <80×10(3)/µL, (OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.27–5.62)were significantly associated with increased risk of developing ARDS. Thrombocytopenia was also associated with increased mortality in patients who developed ARDS (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.57) but not in those who did not develop ARDS(AHR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.96–1.62). The presence of both thrombocytopenia and ARDS substantially increased 60-daymortality. Sensitivity analyses showed that a platelet count of <100×10(3)/µLin combination with ARDS provide the highest prognostic value for mortality. These associations were replicated in the cohort of US patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study of ICU patients in both China and US showed that thrombocytopenia is associated with an increased risk of ARDS and platelet count in combination with ARDS had a high predictive value for patient mortality. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094124 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094124 id: cord-330919-dep3v1pt author: Whyte, Claire S title: Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date: 2020-04-23 words: 4254 sentences: 251 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330919-dep3v1pt.txt summary: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. In severe cases, patients with COVID-19 develop a type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and multiorgan failure. However, the principal fibrinolytic inhibitor described in the pathogenesis of ARDS is plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is known to be elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ALI [11, 61] . Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as a Novel Treatment for Refractory COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Activator (tPA) Treatment for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Case Series abstract: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. The pathophysiology of ARDS results from acute inflammation within the alveolar space and prevention of normal gas exchange. The increase in proinflammatory cytokines within the lung leads to recruitment of leukocytes, further propagating the local inflammatory response. A consistent finding in ARDS is the deposition of fibrin in the air spaces and lung parenchyma. COVID‐19 patients show elevated D‐Dimers and fibrinogen. Fibrin deposits are found in the lungs of patients due to the dysregulation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. Prophylaxis treatment of COVID‐19 patients with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is important to limit coagulopathy. However, to degrade pre‐existing fibrin in the lung it is essential to promote local fibrinolysis. In this review, we discuss the repurposing of fibrinolytic drugs, namely tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), to treat COVID‐19 associated ARDS. tPA is an approved intravenous thrombolytic treatment, and the nebulizer form has been shown to be effective in plastic bronchitis and is currently in Phase II clinical trial. Nebulizer plasminogen activators may provide a targeted approach in COVID‐19 patients to degrade fibrin and improving oxygenation in critically ill patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14872 doi: 10.1111/jth.14872 id: cord-303101-3s9mjcf7 author: Wrigge, H. title: Spezifische Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens date: 2020-09-23 words: 2927 sentences: 330 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303101-3s9mjcf7.txt summary: Dabei ist die Idee, dass abhängig von Körpergröße und Geschlecht über das ideale Körpergewicht ( Infobox 1) eine Abschätzung des endexspiratorischen Lungenvolumens (EELV) oder der funktionellen Residualkapazität ermöglicht wird. Das heißt konkret, wenn nur wenige Alveolen belüftet sind und an der Ventilation teilnehmen können, ist bei gleichem VT die Abstract Specific treatment of acute lung failure Due to a high heterogeneity and dynamic changes in the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care physicians are faced with extraordinary challenges. Die Ergebnisse der weltweit durchgeführten LUNG-SAFE-Studie [5] zeigen allerdings, dass in der praktischen Anwendung selten ein PEEP höher als 10 cm H2O auch bei Patienten mit schwerem ARDS angewendet wird, was aus Sicht des Autors auf größere Defizite im Bereich der individualisierten Beatmungseinstellung hinweisen kann. Spezielle Aspekte der Beatmung und Therapie von COVID-19-bedingtem Acute respiratory distress syndrome Eine abschließende Bewertung der Therapieprinzipien für dieses Patientenkollektiv ist zum Zeitpunkt der Erstellung dieses Beitrags noch zu früh, auch weil die Evidenzlage noch gering ist. abstract: Due to a high heterogeneity and dynamic changes in the course of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care physicians are faced with extraordinary challenges. While the current definition, pathophysiology and differential diagnoses were previously addressed in this journal, this article focuses on some specific and individualized treatment options. Ventilation treatment with limitation of tidal volumes and pressure amplitudes has been shown to be advantageous with respect to mortality. Nevertheless, because of the multifactorial etiology of ARDS in the context of individual circumstances, this strategy needs to be adjusted to each patient’s needs. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that prone positioning, early spontaneous breathing and early mobilization improve the course of the disease. Therefore, an individualized treatment should consider these issues and take the characteristics of the patient and the specific disease progression into account. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965509/ doi: 10.1007/s00101-020-00844-0 id: cord-326874-rdwvsm4s author: Wu, Chaomin title: Corticosteroid therapy for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study with propensity score analysis date: 2020-11-10 words: 4453 sentences: 218 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326874-rdwvsm4s.txt summary: In Cox regression analysis using corticosteroid treatment as a time-varying variable, corticosteroid treatment was associated with a significant reduction in risk of in-hospital death within 60 days after adjusting for age, sex, SOFA score at hospital admission, propensity score of corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and respiratory supports (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.0160). CONCLUSION: In this clinical practice setting, low-dose corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death within 60 days in COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. However, there was comprehensive controversy on its efficacy [9, 10] , due to the results of observational studies that showed corticosteroid treatment was associated with increased mortality and nosocomial infections for influenza and delayed virus clearance for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [11] . In this observational study, prescription of low-to-moderate dose systemic corticosteroids was associated with lower risk of 60-day in-hospital death among COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly controversial. We aimed to compare the risk of death between COVID-19-related ARDS patients with corticosteroid treatment and those without. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective observational study, patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 between January 20, 2020, and February 24, 2020, were enrolled. The primary outcome was 60-day in-hospital death. The exposure was prescribed systemic corticosteroids or not. Time-dependent Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 60-day in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients [60.7 ± 14.1 years old (mean ± SD), 61.3% males] were analyzed. The median of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was 2.0 (IQR 2.0–3.0). Of these cases, 94 (24.6%) patients had invasive mechanical ventilation. The number of patients received systemic corticosteroids was 226 (59.2%), and 156 (40.8%) received standard treatment. The maximum dose of corticosteroids was 80.0 (IQR 40.0–80.0) mg equivalent methylprednisolone per day, and duration of corticosteroid treatment was 7.0 (4.0–12.0) days in total. In Cox regression analysis using corticosteroid treatment as a time-varying variable, corticosteroid treatment was associated with a significant reduction in risk of in-hospital death within 60 days after adjusting for age, sex, SOFA score at hospital admission, propensity score of corticosteroid treatment, comorbidities, antiviral treatment, and respiratory supports (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.0160). Corticosteroids were not associated with delayed viral RNA clearance in our cohort. CONCLUSION: In this clinical practice setting, low-dose corticosteroid treatment was associated with reduced risk of in-hospital death within 60 days in COVID-19 patients who developed ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33172477/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03340-4 id: cord-010509-gipjuhhc author: Xu, Jing title: Increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome was associated with high levels of plasma phenylalanine date: 2020-04-30 words: 5987 sentences: 327 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010509-gipjuhhc.txt summary: Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed on metabolomic profiles from blood plasma of ARDS patients and healthy controls to screen for "functional metabolites", which were determined by variable importance in projection (VIP) scores and P value. Previous studies have performed metabolomic analysis of plasma, pulmonary edema fluid and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in ARDS patients, preliminarily results revealed a broad range of metabolites that could help in diagnosis and stratify ARDS [3] [4] [5] [6] . Blood plasma samples of patients with ARDS and healthy controls were collected, and metabolomics analysis was conducted to find differential metabolites and altered pathways that are associated with the ARDS mortality. Of note, we showed that the level of Phenylalanine increased in the non-survivors compared to the survivors and we confirmed using a mouse model that Phenylalanine administration increased the lung injury and mortality of mice with ARDS. abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of drug therapies available for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Certain metabolites play a key role in ARDS and could serve as potential targets for developing therapies against this respiratory disorder. The present study was designed to determine such “functional metabolites” in ARDS using metabolomics and in vivo experiments in a mouse model. METHODS: Metabolomic profiles of blood plasma from 42 ARDS patients and 28 healthy controls were captured using Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed on metabolomic profiles from blood plasma of ARDS patients and healthy controls to screen for “functional metabolites”, which were determined by variable importance in projection (VIP) scores and P value. Pathway analysis of all the metabolites was performed. The mouse model of ARDS was established to investigate the role of “functional metabolites” in the lung injury and mortality caused by the respiratory disorder. RESULTS: The metabolomic profiles of patients with ARDS were significantly different from healthy controls, difference was also observed between metabolomic profiles of the non-survivors and the survivors among the ARDS patient pool. Levels of Phenylalanine, D-Phenylalanine and Phenylacetylglutamine were significantly increased in non-survivors compared to the survivors of ARDS. Phenylalanine metabolism was the most notably altered pathway between the non-survivors and survivors of ARDS patients. In vivo animal experiments demonstrated that high levels of Phenylalanine might be associated with the severer lung injury and increased mortality of ARDS. CONCLUSION: Increased mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome was associated with high levels of plasma Phenylalanine. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800015930. Registered 29 April 2018, http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=25609&htm=4 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193408/ doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01364-6 id: cord-011197-bmigh2rs author: Yener, Nazik title: Airway Pressure Release Ventilation as a Rescue Therapy in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2020-03-03 words: 3492 sentences: 181 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011197-bmigh2rs.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To describe experience with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) refractory to conventional low tidal volume ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the hypothesis that APRV may offer potential clinical advantages for ventilatory management and may be considered as an alternative rescue mechanical ventilation mode in pediatric ARDS patients refractory to conventional ventilation. No consensus has been reached on the optimal mode of ventilation for pediatric ARDS patients refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) using low tidal volume combined with sufficient positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). In adult patients with ARDS, compared with other conventional ventilatory modes, APRV may improve oxygenation due to increased recruitment of lung volumes, length of stay in the intensive care unit and ventilator-free days [5, 6] . abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe experience with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in children with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) refractory to conventional low tidal volume ventilation. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was performed in an 11-bed, level 3 pediatric intensive care unit. Evaluation was made of 30 pediatric patients receiving airway pressure release ventilation as rescue therapy for severe ARDS. RESULTS: Patients were switched to APRV on an average 3.2 ± 2.6 d following intubation. When changed from conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) to APRV, there was an expected increase in the SpO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (165.1 ± 13.6 vs. 131.7 ± 10.2; p = 0.035). Mean peak inspiratory pressure was significantly lower during APRV (25.4 ± 1.26 vs. 29.8 ± 0.60, p < 0.001) compared to CMV prior to APRV but mean airway pressure (P(aw)) was significantly higher during APRV (19.1 ± 0.9 vs. 15.3 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). Hospital mortality in this study group was 16.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the hypothesis that APRV may offer potential clinical advantages for ventilatory management and may be considered as an alternative rescue mechanical ventilation mode in pediatric ARDS patients refractory to conventional ventilation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223785/ doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03235-w id: cord-002801-6myqgme3 author: Yoon, Byung Woo title: Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report date: 2017-12-20 words: 2560 sentences: 144 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002801-6myqgme3.txt summary: title: Possible therapeutic effect of orally administered ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in an immunocompetent patient: a case report Respiratory syncytial virus-induced severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome in immunocompetent adults has been rarely described. We report a case of respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome occurring in a previously healthy man successfully treated with orally administered ribavirin. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the potential usefulness of orally administered ribavirin as a therapeutic option for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection, at least in an immunocompetent host. RSV-induced severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in immunocompromised patients is not uncommon. Here we report a case of ARDS due to RSV occurring in a previously healthy adult successfully treated with orally administered ribavirin. In addition, this case suggests that orally administered ribavirin could be a therapeutic option even for severe pneumonia or ARDS due to RSV, at least in immunocompetent hosts, especially if other antiviral agents are unavailable. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human respiratory syncytial virus usually causes self-limiting upper respiratory infection and occasionally causes pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome in immunocompetent adults has been rarely described. Unfortunately, optimal treatment has not been established for this potentially fatal condition. We report a case of respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome occurring in a previously healthy man successfully treated with orally administered ribavirin. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old previously healthy Korean man presented with cough, dyspnea, and febrile sensation. He had hypoxemia with diffuse ground glass opacity evident on chest radiography, which progressed and required mechanical ventilation. All microbiological tests were negative except multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using respiratory specimen, which was positive for human adenovirus. Under the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, orally administered ribavirin was administered and he recuperated completely without complications. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the potential usefulness of orally administered ribavirin as a therapeutic option for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection, at least in an immunocompetent host. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738173/ doi: 10.1186/s13256-017-1514-x id: cord-011286-8wxih7v6 author: You, Qinghai title: MiR-802 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting Peli2 date: 2019-11-06 words: 4625 sentences: 323 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011286-8wxih7v6.txt summary: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory disorder commonly characterized by infection or injury inducing the development of diffuse alveolar damage that results in severe hypoxemia. Macrophages are a key cell type in lung in response to LPS challenge and proinflammatory cytokine production is a critical step that mediates LPSinduced tissue damage. To evaluate the effect of miR-802 on LPS-induced lung acute injury in vivo, the mice were administrated with miR-802 or scramble control intragastrically before being subjected to sepsis challenge. As shown (Fig. 5b) , co-transfection of Peli2 with miR-802 abolished the antagonizing effect of the miRNA on LPS-induced TNFα expression. In ARDS, modified expression of miRNAs has been studied to develop the diagnosis and treatment for a The protein expressions of Peli2 in lung tissues between LPS-induced ARDS model and sham group were compared by ELISA analysis (n = 15, for each group). abstract: INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening medical condition. It is characterized by serious lung inflammation or injury. Characterizing novel miRNAs implicated in ARDS pathogenesis may provide new therapeutic strategy for managing ARDS. METHODS: We employed LPS-induced lung injury model to profile miRNAs associated with ARDS. We isolated one miRNA candidate and characterized its role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in lung macrophages. We further evaluated its functional role in ARDS model by assessing histological change, neutrophil activation, tissue permeability and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production. We also characterized its downstream target using luciferase assay, Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell inflammation assay. RESULTS: Microarray profiling revealed miR-802 was significantly downregulated in ARDS mouse model. LPS-induced miR-802 downregulation was confirmed in lung macrophages. Overexpression of miR-802 significantly suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in vitro and alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury in vivo. Peli2 was identified as a downstream target of miR-802 and found upregulated in ARDS model. Overexpressing Peli2 abolished the antagonizing effect of miR-802 on LPS-mediated inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: MiR-802 carried a protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury by downregulating Peli2. MiR-802/Peli2 axis may act as intervening targets to manage ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223969/ doi: 10.1007/s00011-019-01295-z id: cord-349201-d88g5toc author: Yu, Feng title: Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice date: 2020-10-13 words: 6149 sentences: 349 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349201-d88g5toc.txt summary: title: Exploring the biomarkers associated with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from lung metabolomics in mice RATIONALE: The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolomics of lung with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for the identification of biomarkers for predicting severity under different inflammatory conditions. RF analysis of lung-targeted metabolomics data defined a set of 15 metabolites that constitute the best predictors of differences in host inflammation status: in particular, increased 4hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), and cis-aconitic acid, Tridecane and hydroxybenzoic acid were strong predictors of the hyper-inflammatory subgroup in CLP-induced ALI ( Figure 3B ). Interestingly, RF analysis of lung-targeted metabolomics data showed that the metabolic biomarker group with 5 products was a strong predictor of the hyper-inflammatory subgroup in CLP-induced ALI ( Figure 3B ). abstract: RATIONALE: The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolomics of lung with different host inflammation of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for the identification of biomarkers for predicting severity under different inflammatory conditions. METHODS: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐intratracheal injection induced acute lung injury (ALI). A mouse model was used to explore lung metabolomic biomarkers in ALI/ARDS. The splenectomy model was used as an auxiliary method to distinguish between hyper‐ and hypo‐inflammatory subtypes. Plasma, lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from mice after CLP/LPS. The severity of lung injury was evaluated. Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α) in mice serum and lung was tested by ELISA and PCR. Polymorphonuclear cells in BALF were counted. The lung metabolites were detected by GC/MS, and the metabolic pathways predicted using the KEGG database. RESULTS: The LPS/CLP‐Splen group had more severe lung injury than the corresponding ALI group; that in the CLP‐Splen group was more serious than in the LPS‐Splen group. TNF‐α expression was significantly elevated in the serum and lung tissue after LPS or CLP, and higher in the LPS/CLP‐Splen group than in the corresponding ALI group. The level of TNF‐α in the CLP‐Splen group was elevated significantly over that in the LPS‐Splen group. Both these groups also showed significant neutrophil exudation within the lungs. During differential inflammation, more differential metabolites were detected in the lungs of the CLP‐group ALI mice than inthe LPS group. A total of 41 compounds were detected in the lungs of the CLP and CLP‐Splen groups. Contrastingly, 8 compounds were detected in the lungs of the LPS and LPS‐Splen groups. The LPS‐Splen and CLP‐Splen groups had significant neutrophil exudation in the lung. Random forest analysis of lung‐targeted metabolomics data indicated 4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid,1‐aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), cis‐aconitic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid as strong predictors of hyper‐inflammatory subgroup in the CLP group. Furthermore, with splenectomy, 13 differential metabolic pathways between the CLP and LPS groups were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Hyper‐inflammatory subgroups of ARDS have a greater inflammatory response and a more active lung metabolism. Combined with host inflammation background, biomarkers from metabolomics could help evaluate the response severity of ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33049802/ doi: 10.1002/rcm.8971 id: cord-005875-yp1ehpeg author: Zhang, Dong title: Crocin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by protecting against glycocalyx damage and suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways date: 2020-01-10 words: 5136 sentences: 346 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005875-yp1ehpeg.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms of crocin against glycocalyx damage and inflammatory injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mice and LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS: This study showed that crocin can improve the pulmonary vascular permeability in mice with LPS-induced ARDS and inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathways of high mobility group box, nuclear factor κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. The preceding results indicated that crocin might inhibit the expression of HPA by inhibiting the upstream protein of CTL in LPS-induced ARDS mice and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The results in vivo showed that the expression of MMP-9 by LPS stimulation was significantly increased compared with that of the control group (Fig. 4c, d) . These results suggested that crocin can inhibit the activation of MAPK pathway in LPS-induced ARDS mice and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The HMGB1 and NF-κB signaling pathway also regulate lung injury of the inflammatory process. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms of crocin against glycocalyx damage and inflammatory injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mice and LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: Mice were randomly divided into control, LPS, and crocin + LPS (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) groups. HUVECs were separated into eight groups: control, crocin, matrix metalloproteinase 9 inhibitor (MMP-9 inhib), cathepsin L inhibitor (CTL inhib), LPS, MMP-9 inhib + LPS, CTL inhib + LPS, and crocin + LPS. The potential cytotoxic effect of crocin on HUVECs was mainly evaluated through methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Histological changes were assessed via hemotoxylin and eosin staining. Lung capillary permeability was detected on the basis of wet–dry ratio and through fluorescein isothiocyanate-albumin assay. Then, protein levels were detected through Western blot analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: This study showed that crocin can improve the pulmonary vascular permeability in mice with LPS-induced ARDS and inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathways of high mobility group box, nuclear factor κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. Crocin also protected against the degradation of endothelial glycocalyx heparan sulfate and syndecan-4 by inhibiting the expressions of CTL, heparanase, and MMP-9 in vivo and in vitro. Overall, this study revealed the protective effects of crocin on LPS-induced ARDS and elaborated their underlying mechanism. CONCLUSION: Crocin alleviated LPS-induced ARDS by protecting against glycocalyx damage and suppressing inflammatory signaling pathways. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095881/ doi: 10.1007/s00011-019-01314-z id: cord-283780-h4lwzpl9 author: Zhang, John J Y title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis date: 2020-05-14 words: 3118 sentences: 221 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283780-h4lwzpl9.txt summary: title: Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Efficacy of Treatment in Patients Infected with COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies up to March 15, 2020 which reported COVID-19 clinical features and/or treatment outcomes. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to 1) investigate the predictive value of laboratory investigations for severe disease and adverse outcomes, and 2) evaluate the efficacy of antivirals and corticosteroids for COVID-19. Among the patients with antiviral use reported in our meta-analysis, overall rates of mortality, ICU admission and ARDS were 5.7%, 11.8% and 20.2%, respectively. Our meta-analysis suggested that the use of corticosteroids is associated with disease severity (ICU admission) and higher ARDS rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 to describe specific laboratory predictors of severe disease and adverse outcomes. abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread globally in the beginning of 2020. At present, predictors of severe disease and the efficacy of different treatments are not well-understood. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies up to March 15, 2020 which reported COVID-19 clinical features and/or treatment outcomes. 45 studies reporting 4203 patients were included. Pooled rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mortality and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were 10.9%, 4.3% and 18.4%, respectively. On meta-regression, ICU admission was predicted by raised leukocyte count (p<0.0001), raised alanine aminotransferase (p=0.024), raised aspartate transaminase (p=0.0040), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p<0.0001) and increased procalcitonin (p<0.0001). ARDS was predicted by elevated LDH (p<0.0001), while mortality was predicted by raised leukocyte count (p=0.0005) and elevated LDH (p<0.0001). Treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir showed no significant benefit in mortality and ARDS rates. Corticosteroids were associated with a higher rate of ARDS (p=0.0003). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407459/ doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa576 id: cord-001910-6zfz2ns5 author: Zhang, Xianming title: Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date: 2016-01-08 words: 3991 sentences: 241 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001910-6zfz2ns5.txt summary: title: Abdominal Muscle Activity during Mechanical Ventilation Increases Lung Injury in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe ARDS. Therefore, we hypothesized that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. In an oleic acid-induced model of experimental ARDS in beagles, our findings suggested that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. In an oleic acid-induced ARDS model, our study showed that BIPAP AP had lower mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in lung tissues and less total cumulative histopathological lung injury scores compared with BIPAP SB group. abstract: OBJECTIVE: It has proved that muscle paralysis was more protective for injured lung in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the precise mechanism is not clear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation increases lung injury in severe ARDS. METHODS: Eighteen male Beagles were studied under mechanical ventilation with anesthesia. Severe ARDS was induced by repetitive oleic acid infusion. After lung injury, Beagles were randomly assigned into spontaneous breathing group (BIPAP(SB)) and abdominal muscle paralysis group (BIPAP(AP)). All groups were ventilated with BIPAP model for 8h, and the high pressure titrated to reached a tidal volume of 6ml/kg, the low pressure was set at 10 cmH(2)O, with I:E ratio 1:1, and respiratory rate adjusted to a PaCO(2) of 35–60 mmHg. Six Beagles without ventilator support comprised the control group. Respiratory variables, end-expiratory volume (EELV) and gas exchange were assessed during mechanical ventilation. The levels of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 in lung tissue and plasma were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Lung injury scores were determined at end of the experiment. RESULTS: For the comparable ventilator setting, as compared with BIPAP(SB) group, the BIPAP(AP) group presented higher EELV (427±47 vs. 366±38 ml) and oxygenation index (293±36 vs. 226±31 mmHg), lower levels of IL-6(216.6±48.0 vs. 297.5±71.2 pg/ml) and IL-8(246.8±78.2 vs. 357.5±69.3 pg/ml) in plasma, and lower express levels of IL-6 mRNA (15.0±3.8 vs. 21.2±3.7) and IL-8 mRNA (18.9±6.8 vs. 29.5±7.9) in lung tissues. In addition, less lung histopathology injury were revealed in the BIPAP(AP) group (22.5±2.0 vs. 25.2±2.1). CONCLUSION: Abdominal muscle activity during mechanically ventilation is one of the injurious factors in severe ARDS, so abdominal muscle paralysis might be an effective strategy to minimize ventilator-induce lung injury. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712828/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145694 id: cord-000539-uh3q65we author: Zhang, Yi title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by a Swine 2009 H1N1 Variant in Mice date: 2012-01-03 words: 4620 sentences: 247 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000539-uh3q65we.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the present mouse model, the number of leukocytes observed in the BALF of virus-infected mice significantly increased compared with the control mice on day 8 p.i. Different counts in BALF showed that the proportion of neutrophils dramatically increased. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus has been widely reported and was considered the main cause of death in critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection. However, no animal model has been developed for ARDS caused by infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. Here, we present a mouse model of ARDS induced by 2009 H1N1 virus. METHODOLOGY PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mice were inoculated with A/swine/Shandong/731/2009 (SD/09), which was a 2009 H1N1 influenza variant with a G222D mutation in the hemagglutinin. Clinical symptoms were recorded every day. Lung injury was assessed by lung water content and histopathological observation. Arterial blood gas, leukocyte count in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and blood, virus titers, and cytokine levels in the lung were measured at various times post-inoculation. Mice infected with SD/09 virus showed typical ARDS symptoms characterized by 60% lethality on days 8–10 post-inoculation, highly edematous lungs, inflammatory cellular infiltration, alveolar and interstitial edema, lung hemorrhage, progressive and severe hypoxemia, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggested that we successfully established an ARDS mouse model induced by a virulent 2009 H1N1 variant without previous adaptation, which may be of benefit for evaluating the pathogenesis or therapy of human ARDS caused by 2009 H1N1 virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250439/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029347 id: cord-272937-ala32ub5 author: Zhao, Xuan title: Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome date: 2020-06-10 words: 1269 sentences: 79 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272937-ala32ub5.txt summary: title: Mesenchymal stem cells represent a potential therapeutic option for coronavirus disease 2019-related acute respiratory distress syndrome [1] reported that the transplantation of allogeneic menstrual-blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly reduced the mortality of influenza A (H7N9)-virus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) without harmful side effects. Multiple studies have shown that fulminant pneumonia and ARDS can be induced by various viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [4] , Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [5] , and H7N9 virus [6] . This is the first meaningful report demonstrating both the short-and long-term effectiveness of MSC transplantation to treat ARDS caused by virus infection. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic influenza A (H7N9) infection: a hint for COVID-19 treatment. The effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.015 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.05.015 id: cord-001262-8s7g2wvd author: Zheng, Guoping title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study date: 2014-04-04 words: 4924 sentences: 286 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001262-8s7g2wvd.txt summary: title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Many studies, including publications from our group [11, 12] , have demonstrated compelling evidence of the benefits of MSCs from both bone marrow [13] [14] [15] and adipose tissues [16] [17] [18] in animal models for lung injury and ARDS. In this randomized, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial, the primary goal was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients. abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) modulate the immune response and reduce lung injury in animal models. Currently, no clinical studies of the effects of MSCs in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) exist. The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Patients received one intravenous dose of 1 × 10(6) cells/kg of body weight or saline. Possible side effects were monitored after treatment. Acute lung injury biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-8 and surfactant protein D (SP-D), were examined to determine the effects of MSCs on lung injury and inflammation. RESULTS: There were no infusion toxicities or serious adverse events related to MSCs administration and there were no significant differences in the overall number of adverse events between the two groups. Length of hospital stay, ventilator-free days and ICU-free days at day 28 after treatment were similar. There were no changes in biomarkers examined in the placebo group. In the MSCs group, serum SP-D levels at day 5 were significantly lower than those at day 0 (p = 0.027) while the changes in IL-8 levels were not significant. The IL-6 levels at day 5 showed a trend towards lower levels as compared with day 0, but this trend was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs appears to be safe and feasible in the treatment of ARDS. However, the clinical effect with the doses of MSCs used is weak, and further optimization of this strategy will probably be required to reach the goal of reduced alveolar epithelial injury in ARDS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials.gov, NCT01902082 url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994204/ doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-39 id: cord-004067-psjyjvbu author: Zhou, Yile title: The regulatory effect of microRNA-21a-3p on the promotion of telocyte angiogenesis mediated by PI3K (p110α)/AKT/mTOR in LPS induced mice ARDS date: 2019-12-26 words: 5176 sentences: 333 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004067-psjyjvbu.txt summary: Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen significantly differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in cultured TCs stimulated with LPS, and the regulation of downstream angiogenesis genes by these miRNAs was analysed and verified. The PI3K p110α inhibitor decreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in LPS-stimulated TCs and reversed the enhancing effect of TCs culture medium on EOMA cells proliferation. In the current study, the p110α isoform in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway was demonstrated to be involved in miR-21a-3p-mediated angiogenic factor induction in TCs. However, the alteration of other protein levels and HIF-1α in TCs treated with LPS and the miR-21a-3p inhibitor indicated that more complex signalling pathways were involved in regulating the angiogenic function of TCs. Culture medium from LPS-induced TCs promoted EOMA cells proliferation in vitro, accompanied by elevated levels of VEGF mRNA and secretion, which further demonstrated that the functional miR-21a-3p was generated by TCs. These data support the hypothesis that miR-21a-3p plays a role in angiogenesis and profoundly demonstrate the mechanisms mediated by PI3K p110α. abstract: BACKGROUND: Telocytes (TCs) are newly identified interstitial cells that participate in tissue protection and repair. The present study investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of TCs in a mouse model of respiratory distress. METHODS: The mouse model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was established by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After instillation of TCs culture medium, lung injury was assessed, and angiogenesis markers, including CD31 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), were detected by immunofluorescence. Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen significantly differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in cultured TCs stimulated with LPS, and the regulation of downstream angiogenesis genes by these miRNAs was analysed and verified. PI3K subunits and pathways were evaluated by using a PI3K p110α inhibitor to study the involved mechanisms. RESULTS: In ARDS mice, instillation of TCs culture medium ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation and lung injury and increased the protein levels of CD31 and eNOS in the injured lungs. A total of 7 miRNAs and 1899 mRNAs were differentially regulated in TCs stimulated with LPS. Functional prediction analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in angiogenesis-related processes, which were highly correlated with miR-21a-3p. Culture medium from TCs with miR-21a-3p inhibition failed to promote angiogenesis in mouse models of LPS-induced ARDS. In cultured TCs, LPS stimulation upregulated the expression of miR-21a-3p, which further targeted the transcription factor E2F8 and decreased Notch2 protein expression. TCs culture medium enhanced hemangioendothelioma endothelial cells (EOMA cells) proliferation, which was blocked by the miR-21a-3p inhibitor. The PI3K p110α inhibitor decreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in LPS-stimulated TCs and reversed the enhancing effect of TCs culture medium on EOMA cells proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: TCs exerted protective effects under inflammatory conditions by promoting angiogenesis via miR-21a-3p. The PI3K p110α subunit and transcriptional factor E2F8 could be involved in this process. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6933909/ doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-02168-z id: cord-004385-xna32qve author: Zhou, Yuqing title: Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis date: 2020-02-20 words: 4494 sentences: 234 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004385-xna32qve.txt summary: title: Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis We obtained the following data: (a) characteristics of studies (design, setting, country, period, methodological details for quality assessment); (b) characteristics of participants (demographics, co-morbid illnesses, disease severity, numbers in each group, influenza virus type); (c) characteristics of interventions (type, dose, timing and duration of corticosteroid use); and (d) outcomes. Another study reporting the result of 62 patients with acute respiratory failure due to influenza showed no statistically significant difference between low dose and high dose corticosteroid therapy (8/19 versus 7/19, p > 0.05) 16 . The overall findings of this meta-analysis indicated that patients with pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome who were administered corticosteroids had significantly higher mortality and incidence of nosocomial infection but the use of corticosteroids did not influence the length of hospital stay. abstract: Influenza-related severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe threats to human health. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of systematic corticosteroid therapy in patients with pneumonia or ARDS. The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were searched up to July, 2019. Nineteen studies including 6637 individuals were identified, and fifteen studies (6427 patients) were included in the meta-analysis of mortality. Eighteen were observational studies and one was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The meta-analysis results showed that corticosteroid therapy was associated with significantly higher mortality (OR 1.53, 95% CI [1.16, 2.01]) and incidence of nosocomial infection (OR 3.15, 95% CI [1.54, 6.45]). Subgroup analysis showed that among patients with unadjusted estimates, the odds of mortality were higher in patients receiving corticosteroid treatment (OR 1.98, 95% CI [1.23, 3.17]), however, among patients with adjusted estimates, the result showed no statistically significant difference between corticosteroid group and control group (OR 1.31, 95% CI [0.95, 1.80]). Current data do not support the routine use of corticosteroids in patients with influenza severe pneumonia or ARDS. RCTs are needed to provide more robust evidence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7033254/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59732-7 id: cord-344829-adlp2rjy author: de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos title: The Inflammasome in Times of COVID-19 date: 2020-10-08 words: 8722 sentences: 423 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344829-adlp2rjy.txt summary: Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature on the role of the inflammasome in CoV infections, which includes how CoVs activate inflammasomes upon infection, the role of the inflammasome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), how ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) activates the inflammasome, how the inflammasome plays a role in the systemic complications associated with COVID-19, and how the inflammasome is involved in the process of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the genus Betacoronavirus and the Coronaviridiae family responsible for infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and more recently, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). CoV infections present mainly as respiratory infections that lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, CoVs, such as COVID-19, also present as a hyperactivation of the inflammatory response that results in increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and its downstream molecule IL-6. The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex involved in the activation of caspase-1 that leads to the activation of IL-1β in a variety of diseases and infections such as CoV infection and in different tissues such as lungs, brain, intestines and kidneys, all of which have been shown to be affected in COVID-19 patients. Here we review the literature regarding the mechanism of inflammasome activation by CoV infection, the role of the inflammasome in ARDS, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) as well as the potential mechanism by which the inflammasome may contribute to the damaging effects of inflammation in the cardiac, renal, digestive, and nervous systems in COVID-19 patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149733/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583373 id: cord-003532-lcgeingz author: nan title: 39th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium, 19-22 March 2019 date: 2019-03-19 words: 79997 sentences: 5146 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003532-lcgeingz.txt summary: It''s proposed to evaluate the association between myocardial injury biomarkers, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), with inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1Β , IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 / IL-23p40, IL17A, IL-21 and TNF-α ) and biomarkers, C protein reactive (CPR) and procalcitonin (PCT), in septic patients Methods: This was a prospective cohort study performed in three intensive care units, from September 2007 to September 2010 enrolling patients with sepsis (infection associated with organ dysfunction), and septic shock (hypotension refractory by fluids infusion requiring vasopressor). Blood samples were collected up to 48h after the development of first organ dysfunction (D0) and on the 7th day after inclusion in the study (D7) Results: Ninety-five patients were enrolled, with median age 64 years (interquatile?48-78), APACHE II: median 19 (14-22), SOFA: median 8 (5-10); 24.2% were admitted in ICU with sepsis and 75.8% with septic shock. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6423782/ doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2358-0 id: cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author: nan title: 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date: 1996 words: 72031 sentences: 4734 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005646-xhx9pzhj.txt summary: Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095092/ doi: 10.1007/bf02316512 id: cord-005777-6rvfsx4p author: nan title: PS 0420-0716 date: 2007-08-25 words: 59217 sentences: 3634 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005777-6rvfsx4p.txt summary: We prospectively recorded data of all patients who were newly diagnosed with AF and all those with a septic shock on a surgical ICU (no cardiac surgery) during a one year period according to the requirements of the local ethical committee. Our aim was to evaluate the predictive role of admission APACHE II, admission and total maximum SOFA score, hypoalbuminemia, increased serum creatinine, C-reactive protein, lactate, and serum blood glucose for the 30-day mortality of septic patients admitted to medical ICU. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation and to evaluate mortality associated factors (timing and accurancy of diagnosis, timing of surgery, severity score and organ failure, surgical and medical treatments). Data were extracted independently to assess intention to treat intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality, days of mechanical ventilation, length of stay, incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and pneumothorax, and associated complications of the implemented intervention. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095424/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0823-8 id: cord-005814-ak5pq312 author: nan title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date: 1995 words: 179164 sentences: 12028 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt summary: Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/ doi: 10.1007/bf02426401 id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 words: 162327 sentences: 9379 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt summary: It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/ doi: 10.1007/bf02258437 id: cord-015024-2xzc0uc5 author: nan title: ESICM 2010 WEDNESDAY SESSIONS 13 October 2010 date: 2010-08-31 words: 84393 sentences: 5234 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015024-2xzc0uc5.txt summary: We performed a prospective clinical study in a 17-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit, including 21 patients with controlled mechanical ventilation and monitored with the Vigileo Ò monitor, for whom the decision to give fluids was taken due to the presence of circulatory, including arterial hypotension (MAP B 65 mmHg or systolic arterial pressure \90 mmHg), and preserved preload-responsiveness condition, defined as SVV C10%. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate four severity scoring systems in intensive care unit (ICU), including APACHE II, APACHE III, SASP II and MODS in severe septic patient. A prospective observational study was performed in 16 mechanically ventilated critically ill patients (12 M, age 49 ± 17 yr, BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m 2 , ICU admission day 5 ± 3, APACHE II on study 20 ± 7; mean ± SD) and 6 healthy subjects (3 M, age 24 ± 9 year, BMI 24 ± 45 kg/m 2 ). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095088/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-2001-7 id: cord-015126-cyhcbk1j author: nan title: PS 0036-0344 date: 2007-08-25 words: 59175 sentences: 3672 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015126-cyhcbk1j.txt summary: We compared them with ≥70 years old and an ICU stay < 30 days patients, the differences in ICU mortality, Apache II, age, gender and the necessity for renal replacement therapy (RRT) were not significant (see table) . The patients with mild form of acute pancreatitis had low mortality rate (similar to general ward population) despite positive ICU admission criteria in our case series with fifty per cent development of severe form with organ dysfunction/failure later on. Collected data:Demographics,Management prior and during ICU hospitalization (sedation, catecolamin drug use, blood product transfusion, intra-cranial pressure monitoring, neurosurgical emergency surgery etc.),CT-Scan results, Daily worst Glasgow coma scale, admission Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. This prospective interventional study performed in a surgical Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary University Hospital included 35 (21 males) mechanically ventilated and sedated patients with acute cardiovascular failure requiring cardiac output measurement (transpulmonary thermodilution technique)and a fluid challenge. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095535/ doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0820-y id: cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 author: nan title: Lungenversagen date: 2007 words: 4324 sentences: 512 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017126-7ebo3cy3.txt summary: Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference" (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden. Bei Patienten mit ALI/ARDS kann das Auftreten apoptotischer Vorgänge an pulmonalen epithelialen Zellen (Song Y et al., 1999 , Li et al., 2004 , Martin et al., 2005 (Abraham, 2003) derselben, sodass es zur Aufrechterhaltung eines von Leukozyten geführten inflammatorischen Prozesses kommt, der typisch für eine akute Lungenschädigung ist (Wang et al., 1999 , Yum et al., 2001 Die verminderte Apoptose der Neutrophilen ist bedingt durch: 1. Beneficial effects of the "Open lung Approach" with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrom; A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation Combining high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and recruitment maneuvers in adults with early acute respiratory distress syndrome: the treatment with oscillation and an Open Lung Strategy (TOOLS) trial pilot study Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient abstract: Das akute Lungenversagen ist eine schwere diffuse entzündliche Erkrankung der Lunge. Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference“ (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121608/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-29682-0_10 id: cord-335975-m6lkrehi author: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2018, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2018-02-05 words: 89374 sentences: 5327 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335975-m6lkrehi.txt summary: A qSOFA score relying on 3 simple clinical criteria (respiratory rate, mental status and systolic blood pressure) has been proposed to better identify septic patients with associated higher mortality outside the intensive care unit (Seymour CW et al., JAMA 2016) . We propose to determine whether the arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) at intensive care unit (ICU) admission affects mortality at day 28 (D28) in patients with septic shock subjected to mechanical out-of-hospital ventilation. Conclusion: In this study, we report a significant association between hyperoxemia at ICU admission and mortality at D28 in patients with septic shock subjected to pre-hospital invasive mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to describe outcome of pediatric patient with hematologic disease hospitalized in our intensive care unit for respiratory failure and to investigate the clinical variables associated with mortality. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-017-0345-7 doi: 10.1186/s13613-017-0345-7 id: cord-341063-3rqnu5bu author: nan title: 38th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 20-23 March 2018 date: 2018-03-29 words: 98602 sentences: 6494 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341063-3rqnu5bu.txt summary: Procacitonin (PCT) emerges as a possible predictive tool in cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU).We aim at testing the predictive power of PCT for early morbidity, prolonged ventilation, ICU and hospital stay, in patients developing early fever after cardiac surgery Methods: A retrospective descriptive study done in tertiary cardiac center, enrolling patients who stayed for more than 24 hours post-operatively in the CTICU Risk stratification included additive Euro score and PCT immunoluminometricaly prior to surgery and every 48 hours in response to onset of fever. Prognostic accuracy of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score for mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis Introduction: The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence assessing the qSOFA [1] , calculated in admission of the patient in emergency department (ED) or intensive care unit (ICU), as a predictor of mortality. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-1973-5 doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-1973-5 id: cord-355038-o2hr5mox author: nan title: Proceedings of Réanimation 2020, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date: 2020-02-11 words: 102485 sentences: 7028 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355038-o2hr5mox.txt summary: Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, a higher tidal volume under PSV within the 72 h following neuromuscular blockers cessation is independently associated with the 28-day mortality.Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of survival according to the mean tidal volume (Vt)-lower of higher than 8 ml/ kg-under pressure support ventilation (PSV) during the "transition period" transfusion is associated with adverse events, and equipoise remains on the optimal transfusion strategy in oncologic patients in surgical setting. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Patients and methods: In a retrospective monocentric study (01/2013-01/2017) conducted in cardio-vascular surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in Henri Mondor teaching hospital, all consecutive adult patients who underwent peripheral VA-ECMO were included, with exclusion of those dying in the first 24 h. Compliance with ethics regulations: Yes. Rationale: Acute respiratory failure is the leading reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in immunocompromised patients and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation has become a major clinical end-point in randomized controlled trials (RCT). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32048060/ doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-0623-7 id: cord-296656-4q0jdyrh author: van der Stap, Janneke title: Acute respiratoire insufficiëntie date: 2020-07-14 words: 389 sentences: 54 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296656-4q0jdyrh.txt summary: Bij covid-19 raken veel patiënten acuut respiratoir insufficiënt, maar ook bij andere ziektebeelden kan dat voorkomen. In dit artikel lees je wat er gebeurt bij acute respiratoire insufficiëntie en wat je kunt doen. Het acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is een pulmonale uiting van een systemische inflammatoire respons (hyperactieve ontstekingsreactie). Het is een ernstige acute longaandoening, gekenmerkt door diffuse bilaterale infiltraten (beiderzijds ontstekingen in de long), hypoxemie, verminderde longcompliantie (rekbaarheid van de long) en respiratoire insufficiëntie. ARDS kan optreden in het verloop van uiteenlopende ziekteprocessen (zowel primair in de longen als daarbuiten). 20-40% van de patiënten met sepsis ontwikkelt een ARDS. ARDS wordt ook bij ongeveer 40% van de covid-19-patiënten waargenomen. 9 Beademing kan een patiënt met ARDS ondersteunen, maar het is vooral belangrijk dat de onderliggende oorzaak wordt behandeld. De mortaliteit is hoger bij patiënten met een hogere leeftijd en multiorgaanfalen. Acute respiratory distress syndrome abstract: Bij covid-19 raken veel patiënten acuut respiratoir insufficiënt, maar ook bij andere ziektebeelden kan dat voorkomen. In dit artikel lees je wat er gebeurt bij acute respiratoire insufficiëntie en wat je kunt doen. De bijbehorende toets levert 2 accreditatiepunten op. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41193-020-0109-x doi: 10.1007/s41193-020-0109-x id: cord-318209-llucxztc author: Öztürk, Selçuk title: Therapeutic Applications of Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Emergency Care: Futuristic Perspectives date: 2020-08-24 words: 13633 sentences: 610 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318209-llucxztc.txt summary: A phase-1 clinical trial investigating autologous BM-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) infusion in pediatric TBI patients indicated that Fig. 1 Main pathological conditions requiring acute emergency care that can benefit from stem cell therapies or extracellular vesicle therapies in the future harvesting and infusion of stem cells is safe in children with no infusion related toxicity or death [30] . The regenerative potential of various types of stem cells, with different sources, dosages, delivery routes, application times and end-points has been investigated in preclinical animal models and human clinical trials with the expectation that these cells would successfully engraft into the damaged brain tissue, differentiate into functional neuronal and vascular system cells and promote full recovery after stroke. A recently published systematic review of 76 studies testing stem cells in rodent ischemic stroke models and 4 randomized human clinical trials encompassing ischemic stroke patients treated with autologous stem cells with at least one year follow-up period demonstrated that stem cell therapies show beneficial effects in terms of behavior and histological outcomes in rodents. abstract: Regenerative medicine (RM) is an interdisciplinary field that aims to repair, replace or regenerate damaged or missing tissue or organs to function as close as possible to its physiological architecture and functions. Stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells retaining self-renewal potential, excessive proliferation and differentiation capacity into offspring or daughter cells that form different lineage cells of an organism, are considered as an important part of the RM approaches. They have been widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for therapeutic purposes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the vital mediators that regulate the therapeutic effects of stem cells. Besides, they carry various types of cargo between cells which make them a significant contributor of intercellular communication. Given their role in physiological and pathological conditions in living cells, EVs are considered as a new therapeutic alternative solution for a variety of diseases in which there is a high unmet clinical need. This review aims to summarize and identify therapeutic potential of stem cells and EVs in diseases requiring acute emergency care such as trauma, heart diseases, stroke, acute respiratory distress syndrome and burn injury. Diseases that affect militaries or societies including acute radiation syndrome, sepsis and viral pandemics such as novel coronavirus disease 2019 are also discussed. Additionally, featuring and problematic issues that hamper clinical translation of stem cells and EVs are debated in a comparative manner with a futuristic perspective. [Figure: see text] url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10029-2 doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10029-2 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel