cord-001045-jm60nxc2	2013	METHODS: A manual EMR review of 2747 outpatient ARI visits with associated chest imaging identified x-ray reports that could support the diagnosis of pneumonia (kappa score = 0.88 (95% CI 0.82∶0.93)), along with attendant cases with Possible Pneumonia (adds either cough, sputum, fever/chills/night sweats, dyspnea or pleuritic chest pain) or with Pneumonia-in-Plan (adds pneumonia stated as a likely diagnosis by the provider). The ARI CDA flagged an outpatient visit if the provider assigned it an ARI-related International Disease Classification, 9 th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) diagnostic code OR issued a prescription for a cough remedy OR documented at least two symptoms from the above ARI case definition in his/her clinical note, as retrieved by computerized text analysis [10] . Discussion Automated text analyses of chest imaging reports improved the performance of EMR-based CDAs that included structured data elements and free-text search for ARI symptoms.
cord-010170-rwf52bly	1991	The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. In our previous work on ARI in Indonesia (unpublished), we observed that many children with mild ARI were being treated with ampicillin by physicians at Government clinics despite the Ministry of Health guidelines (which accord with WHO recommendations) that only supportive care is required.14 In our discussions with physicians, it became clear that many believed antibiotics were effective at preventing the progression of mild ARI to pneumonia or other forms of severe ARI, which are frequently bacterial in origin.
cord-016499-5iqpl23p	2014	A convenience population of 15 healthy children (1-9 years old) without asthma were followed during at least three seasons, and picornaviruses were detected in 5 % of 740 specimens (21 % of infections) not associated with symptoms, The impact of HRV typing and of sampling based only on symptoms. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children Comparison of results of detection of rhinovirus by PCR and viral culture in human nasal wash specimens from subjects with and without clinical symptoms of respiratory illness Detection of human rhinovirus C viral genome in blood among children with severe respiratory infections in the Philippines
cord-102515-ch6prsf3	2020	The health disparities query identifies articles evaluating disparities in health outcomes and healthcare access with inequities in dimensions of race/ethnicity, SES, gender identity and sexual orientation, insurance status, and other populations described as "vulnerable." We then screened studies using title and abstract review to identify articles with a specific focus on all-cause ARI, ILI, RSV, and influenza. In 2009, a number of studies documented social race/ethnic outcome disparities [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] , with lower SES 41 associated with increased exposure risk 36 , as well as overall incidence 37 , hospitalization 38, 39, 41 , complications 36 , and death 39,40 due to pandemic H1N1. The evidence turned up by our review, as well as the issues of racially and socioeconomic disparate exposure risks, coupled with unequal access to testing and treatment made clear by the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrate that the principles underlying Link & Phelan''s theory of SES and race as fundamental causes of health and illness apply to ARIs as much as many non-communicable diseases as well as infections more classically understood has having social antecedents, such as tuberculosis and diarrheal disease.
cord-103657-php6aj1r	2020	On the contrary, the most common ADRs to OLA in schizophrenic patients are constipation, weight gain, dizziness, personality disorder, akathisia, postural hypotension, sedation, headache, increased appetite, fatigue, dry mouth and abdominal pain (R. ADRs were classified using system organ class allocation as general (asthenia, fatigue, tiredness and gait alterations), cardiovascular (palpitations), gastrointestinal (constipation, nausea, vomiting, hyposalivation, hypersalivation, dry mouth and diarrhea), nervous system (akathisia, headache, difficulties with concentration, dizziness, paraesthesia, presyncope, syncope, tremor, somnolence and restless legs), psychiatric (restlessness, insomnia, anxiety, abnormal orgasm and nightmares), respiratory (epistaxis, hiccups, cough and sore throat), endocrine (galactorrhea), metabolic (lack of appetite, increased appetite and hyporexia), reproductive (dysmenorrhea, mastalgia and menstrual irregularity), skin (hair loss, pruritus, rash and sweating), musculoskeletal (shoulder pain, knee pain, neck pain, upper limb weakness, lumbalgia, cramps, back pain and leg pain), infections (cold), eye (photophobia) and
cord-252012-hdjbxah8	2010	Traditionally associated with acute respiratory illness (ARI) or symptoms of the "common cold," the respiratory viruses implicated in asthma exacerbations predominantly possess RNA genomes with a distinct genome organization (positive [1] or negative [À] sense), virus particle (virion) morphology (enveloped or nonenveloped), host cell receptor interaction, and well-defined annual or seasonal prevalence. These "newly identified viruses" (NIVs) including human metapneumovirus (HMPV; described pre-SARS), the human rhinovirus (HRV) species C (HRV-Cs), human coronaviruses (HCoVs)-NL63 and -HKU1, human bocavirus (HBoV), and the KI and WU polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) are now the focus of intense research, and their involvement in asthma exacerbations is slowly beginning to be determined. 34 In a retrospective study of clinical samples taken over a 20-year period from young children (median age 14.5 months), the percentage of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI; including asthma exacerbations and bronchiolitis) associated with any HCoV, HCoV-NL63, or HCoV-OC43 was estimated to be 4.6%, 2.6%, and 1.9%, respectively.
cord-257248-aii0tj9x	2016	Most studies exploring the role of upper airway viruses and bacteria in paediatric acute respiratory infections (ARI) focus on specific clinical diagnoses and/or do not account for virus–bacteria interactions. Bilateral nasal swabs, demographic, clinical and risk factor data were collected at enrollment in children aged <15 years presenting to an emergency department with an ARI and where cough was a symptom. While upper airway specimens (nasopharyngeal swabs) are controversial because they cannot reliably distinguish between carriage and disease [8] , they continue to be widely used in observational and experimental studies of ARI in children, including those attempting to identify associations between organisms and clinical symptoms and/or severity. In 817 children presenting to a tertiary paediatric ED with an ARI and cough, at least one virus or bacterium was detected in nasal swab specimens from 90.6% of cases, while viruses and bacteria were codetected in 51.8%.
cord-259338-q3kw6n9o	2020	We aimed to create a prototype staff surveillance system for the detection of acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst our healthcare workers (HCWs) and describe its effectiveness. Conclusion The use of syndromic surveillance to detect ARI clusters amongst HCWs in the COVID-19 pandemic may enable early case detection and prevent onward transmission. Utilizing the electronic health records, we have created a prototypic surveillance system in the detection of acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst staff and aim to describe its effectiveness in this study. The aim of this descriptive analytic study is to describe the effectiveness of a prototypic staff syndromic surveillance system in identifying acute respiratory infection (ARI) clusters amongst the staff population in the hospital. This initial feasibility study shows that the use of a syndromic surveillance system has the ability to identify ARI clusters amongst staff populations that would initiate downstream investigation and active screening.
cord-262773-mfta0emi	2020	title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. We previously meta-analysed individual participant data from 25 RCTs and showed a protective overall effect that was stronger in those with lower baseline 25(OH)D levels, and in trials where vitamin D was administered daily or weekly rather than in more widely spaced bolus doses. Randomised, double-blind, trials of supplementation with vitamin D 3 , vitamin D 2 or 25(OH)D of any duration, with a placebo or low-dose vitamin D control, were eligible for inclusion if they had been approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if data on incidence of ARI were collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome.
cord-265257-p9f0pl3y	2019	title: Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Pediatric Patients in Lebanon estimated that 111 500 deaths in children <5 years were attributable to influenza-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRI) in 2008, the vast majority of which occurred in developing countries. Infants and children younger than 18 years of age with symptoms of ARI disease presenting to the emergency department or the departments of pediatrics of the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon were prospectively recruited between September 2009 to February 2012. In our study, CVEV infection constituted 38.8% of all viral ARI cases and was independently associated with rhinorrhea. Etiology, seasonality and clinical characterization of viral respiratory infections among hospitalized children in Beirut, Lebanon Viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections among Egyptian children under five years of age Viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years
cord-268977-hcg2rrhl	2012	METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: From March 1, 2007, to February 28, 2010, among a surveillance population of 21,420 persons >5 years old in rural western Kenya, we collected blood for culture and malaria smears, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for quantitative real-time PCR for ten viruses and three atypical bacteria, and urine for pneumococcal antigen testing on outpatients and inpatients meeting a ARI case definition (cough or difficulty breathing or chest pain and temperature >38.0°C or oxygen saturation <90% or hospitalization). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNFICANCE: Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcus (by potential herd immunity from childhood vaccination or of HIV-infected adults) might prevent much of the substantial ARI incidence among persons >5 years old in similar rural African settings. Compared with other regions, the mortality rate among older children and adults remains several-fold higher in sub-Saharan Africa, where acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of this high mortality, as well as associated morbidity [1] .
cord-281051-i229xv0o	2017	This protocol outlines our process for conducting a systematic review to investigate whether associations between ARI and seasonal or meteorological parameters differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups residing in the same geographical region. This paper outlines a protocol for conducting a systematic review to investigate whether associations between ARI and seasonal or meteorological parameters differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups residing in the same geographical region. This research builds from the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples [13] understanding of the term Indigenous peoples, which states that an Indigenous person self-identifies as Indigenous; has historical continuity Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for a systematic literature review investigating the impact of seasonal and meteorological parameters on acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples
cord-283946-ts2lyy4p	2000	An isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (FCV) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. The causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two cats; the electron microscopic appearance was typical for FCV and capsid gene sequencing showed it to be genetically similar to other less pathogenic field strains. The ®fth cat in this focal epidemic was Aristotle (Ari), a 3.5-year old, neutered male, domestic, indoors-only cat and the son of Ria. There were no signi®cant past health problems; he tested negative for FeLV and FIV infections and had been parenterally vaccinated against rabies and FPHCV on 10 April 1997 Ari presented on 19 October 1998 with a history of an acute onset of lethargy and anorexia of 2 days duration.
cord-287063-kheek4lx	2012	In this investigation that included mother-infant dyads enrolled in the Tennessee Children''s Respiratory Initiative (TCRI), we tested the hypothesis that a familial atopic predisposition was associated with viral cause and increased severity of viral acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) during infancy. In our next set of analyses we examined whether having a mother with asthma (first defined by maternal self-report and then using the atopic asthma and nonatopic asthma classifications) was associated with increased severity of the infant''s HRV-or RSV-induced ARI. [5] [6] [7] 12, 22 Because of the known differential risk of early childhood asthma after RSV-and HRV-induced infant infections, we were interested in studying whether a familial predisposition to asthma and allergies was associated with the viral cause of the infant''s ARI and the severity of the ARI.
cord-287167-rc9a5xs5	2020	To the Editor-Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China, >45,000 confirmed cases including >60 healthcare workers (HCWs) have been reported in Singapore. 4 After the SARS nosocomial outbreak, web-based staff sickness surveillance systems have been established at TTSH for the early detection of HCW clusters of acute respiratory infection (ARI). 7 During the COVID-19 pandemic, a team of public healthtrained personnel maintained close monitoring of staff sickness reporting to identify ARI clusters among the 12,000 HCWs working at the 1,600-bed TTSH and its collocated 330-bed National Centre for Infectious Diseases, the national referral centre for COVID-19 response. Compared to the first 27 weeks of 2019 (n = 28), the number of ARI clusters identified among staff working in inpatient wards in 2020 (n = 39) was significantly lower: 49% versus 78%, respectively (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09-0.78; P = .016).
cord-288332-y15g1yak	2018	PURPOSE: Despite the availability of molecular methods, identification of the causative virus in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has proven difficult as the same viruses are often detected in asymptomatic children. METHODS: Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in children under 15 years of age who were hospitalized with ARI between January 2013 and December 2015. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from all patients were obtained within 48 hours of admission for multiplex RT-PCR assay to detect the following 15 common respiratory viruses: influenza virus A and B (IFA, IFB), respiratory syncytial virus A and B (RSV A, RSV B), parainfluenza virus 1-4 (PIV 1, PIV 2, PIV 3, PIV 4), human coronavirus 229E and OC43 (hCV-229E, hCV-OC43), human rhinovirus (hRV), human enterovirus (hEV), adenovirus (AdV), human bocavirus (hBV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV).
cord-288487-hs3wfffs	2008	The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Even for influenza, the most studied of all respiratory viruses, cost-of-illness and vaccine cost-effectiveness evaluations in children have tended to rely on assumptions or use retrospectively collected estimates, often from surveys, for resource utilisation, such as carer time away from work in seeking healthcare or caring for an ill child [6] [7] [8] [9] . Despite overlapping confidence intervals, the finding of most note in this study was the dramatically higher point estimate of the mean cost of influenza A ARIs, being three times higher than illnesses caused by RSV and the other common respiratory viral infections of childhood. Further studies that collect primary, integrated epidemiologic and economic data, particularly indirect costs, directly from families about community-managed ARIs in children, are required.
cord-288821-nalulzfo	2005	Although, in a study like this one, the inclusion of a control group of healthy individuals is necessary to clearly demonstrate a causal relationship, the detection of HCoV-NL63 in respiratory-tract specimens from patients suffering from ARI of unknown causes strongly suggests that it is associated with respiratory illness. We detected the presence of HCoV-NL63 in 19 (3.6%) of the 525 analyzed specimens that were negative for (1) influenza viruses A and B; (2) PIV 1, 2, and 3; (3) adenovirus; (4) RSV; and (5) hMPV; and these results provide further evidence of the contribution of HCoV-NL63 to ARI-and of the significant burden that it therefore may present to health-care systems. Thus, the systematic detection of HCoV-NL63 in respiratory specimens may improve the understanding of the etiology of ARI; however, the possibility of dual infection cannot be excluded, because the present study utilized samples from patients with ARI who were tested-and found to be negative-for only (1) influenza viruses A and B; (2) PIV 1, 2, and 3; (3) adenovirus; (4) RSV; and (5) hMPV.
cord-292948-1n5ej08f	2020	title: Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms Related to Seasonal Coronavirus Identified in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Consulting in Primary Care over Six Influenza Seasons (2014–2020) in France Further studies with representative samples should be conducted to provide additional insights into the epidemiology and clinical features of HCoVs. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are an enveloped, single positive-strand RNA species of viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family, which infect birds and mammals. Here, we document the epidemiological and clinical features of HCoV patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) observed in general practice. To study the weekly number of HCoVs detected among ILI/ARI patients seen in general practice during the six influenza seasons, we gathered all samples collected by GPs for influenza surveillance and for the IRIIS study (Table 1 and Figure 1 ).
cord-300019-8vxqr3mc	2019	We aimed to identify all case-control studies investigating the potential role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of ARI in older adults aged ≥65 years. This review supports RSV, Flu, PIV, HMPV, AdV, RV, and CoV as important causes of ARI in older adults and provides quantitative estimates of the absolute proportion of virus-associated ARI cases to which a viral cause can be attributed. Although influenza virus (Flu) is the most widely recognized viral infection associated with respiratory illness, >25 viruses have been linked to pneumonia, causing a substantial disease burden in adults and elderly individuals. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a similar systematic review to identify all case-control studies since 1996 investigating the potential role of respiratory viruses in the etiology of ARIs in older adults aged ≥65 years.
cord-303845-y6ws3u6x	2010	Several factors, some of which have already been mentioned, may limit the generalizability of our results: 1) factors related to the performance of our study at the VA health care system: a) the veterans study population is mostly male and excludes the pediatric population, a key target for ARI surveillance [44] ; b) veterans health care utilization may differ from that observed in uninsured or privately insured individuals; c) clinical practices, documentation and coding habits by VA practitioners may differ from those observed in solo or group practices or in health systems subject to different financial or quality-control incentives; 2) factors related to our study period: optimal CDAs could differ outside the respiratory infection season, or during periods of heightened apprehension for an influenza epidemic; 3) factors related to our iterative CDA development process, which may have over adapted CDAs to VA''s particular EMR implementation and to our sample dataset in particular, this despite our efforts to maintain a separation between development and validation data subsets; 4) factors related to our text mining approach: a) we did not employ a spell checker prior to applying the NegEx algorithm.
cord-305473-w30hsr4m	2017	To investigate the performance of laboratory methods and clinical case definitions in detecting the viral pathogens for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) from a prospective community cohort and hospital inpatients, nasopharyngeal swabs from cohort members reporting ARIs (community-ARI) and inpatients admitted with ARIs (inpatient-ARI) were tested by Singleplex Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (SRT-PCR), multiplex RT-PCR (MRT-PCR) and pathogen-chip system (PathChip) between April 2012 and December 2013. Our study concurrently assessed the role of routine laboratory diagnostics, and usefulness of the novel PathChip platform as well as ILI case definitions in identifying respiratory virus infection in a community cohort and hospital inpatients from a broad range of age groups (6 to 81, and 20 to 89 years respectively), to reflect what may be encountered in either community or primary care (mild-ARI) as well as tertiary care settings (severe-ARI) in a tropical environment with less distinct seasonal patterns.
cord-316217-ynh8d853	2019	In Victoria lineage, Group1 ARI cases were clinically more severe compared to Group5, presenting a greater proportion of wheeze, tachypnea, and lower respiratory tract infection. With regard to the demographic and clinical characterization of overall paediatric ARI hospitalization cases enrolled in the current study (n = 4,429), 2,602 were male (58.8%), and the median age (in months) was 16.6 (IQR: 8.6-27.3). The demographic and clinical characteristics between influenza B (n = 133) and non-influenza B ARI groups (n = 4296) were compared ( Table 2 ). The proportion of paediatric ARI hospitalizations with chest X-ray abnormal findings was also greater in the non-influenza B ARI group ( Furthermore, in the comparison between influenza A and B, influenza B-associated ARI hospitalizations were slightly older with different age distribution pattern (P = 0.002) (Table S2) .
cord-317912-v2wovcqd	2012	found similar detection rates for respiratory pathogens between self-and staffcollected midturbinate swabs when one staff-collected and one selfcollected swab were taken from opposite nostrils during the same visit to a campus health center [5] . In the study center, a trained staff member (A.G.) obtained a nasal swab (regular flocked swab, Copan, Brescia, Italy, product number 359C) from the participant''s left nostril and instructed him/her how to perform a self-swab. Sensitivity and specificity of self-collected swabs, obtained in the study center, to detect viral respiratory pathogens (compared to staff-collected swabs)*. The detection of a viral pathogen was independent of the amount of b-actin DNA in both staff-and self-swabs collected on day 1 (Fig. 4) . This prospective study comparing staff-and self-collected nasal swabs for the detection of ARI pathogens clearly demonstrated the validity of self-swabbing; specifically, self-swabbing was not inferior in terms of acceptance, satisfaction, sample adequacy, and viral detection rate.
cord-319845-oob2ktnz	2011	Therefore, in order to test whether active viral replication of human bocavirus is associated with respiratory diseases and to understand the clinical impact of this virus in patients with these diseases, we performed a 3-year retrospective hospital-based study of HBoV in outpatients and inpatients with symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in Brazil. This article reports a cross-sectional study of HBoV in ARI patients from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, in which the shedding of VP1 mRNA in respiratory secretions was used as surrogate marker for active HBoV replication, to look for correlations with viral load, and presence of particular clinical manifestations and simultaneous detection of other respiratory viruses. The results of this cross-sectional study of HBoV in ARI patients from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, indicate that shedding of VP1 mRNA in respiratory secretions, as a marker of HBoV replication, correlates positively with high viral load, presence of diarrhea, and lack of co-infection by other respiratory viruses.
cord-320808-taj5swwc	2020	title: An outbreak of acute respiratory infection at a training base in Beijing, China due to human adenovirus type B55 To isolate HAdV, we inoculated Hep-2 cells with the human adenovirus (HAdV)-positive samples and then carried out sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hexon, fiber, and penton genes of the isolated adenoviruses. Furthermore, the clinical laboratory data from this outbreak provides important reference for the clinical diagnosis and may ultimately aid in informing the development of strategies to control and prevent respiratory tract infections caused by HAdV-B55. To help identify the causative pathogen, we collected pharyngeal swab specimens from the affected students and carried out molecular detection and typing, phylogenic analysis, and whole-genome sequencing. The hexon (2841 bp), fiber (978 bp), and penton (1674 bp) sequences from the seven HAdV isolates were 100% identical, suggesting that this outbreak was caused by a single viral strain. Genome sequence of human adenovirus type 55, a re-emergent acute respiratory disease pathogen in China
cord-326122-5m1727m1	2014	The Pediatric Infectious Disease Society (PIDS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend in their guideline ''Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in Infants and Children'' the use of sensitive and specific tests for the rapid diagnosis of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses in the evaluation of children older than three months of age with CAP [19] . In another recent retrospective study of 177 children with ARI in a general hospital, antibiotic management was not influenced after detecting a viral respiratory pathogen, although the authors state that routine testing of common respiratory pathogens could lead to a better understanding of their role in disease in children with respiratory symptoms [38] . Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children
cord-330819-vfagxsdz	2018	Using enhanced hospital based surveillance of childhood ARI we identify seasonal patterns in hospitalizations as a proxy for transmission and explore the relationship of hospitalizations associated with virus detection with rainfall, temperature, and dew point, to try and identify contributing factors to observed seasonality. To examine the relationship between monthly average rain, temperature, and dew point and incidence hospitalized childhood ARI infections, we estimated the cross-wavelet transform between the z-standardized time series (we subtracted the mean of the time series and divided by the standard deviation) of weather and viral detections (Cazelles et al., 2008) . We evaluated seasonal patterns and associations with weather of hospitalizations for several respiratory viruses using three lines of evidence: 1) Poisson regression examining the relative incidence across months of virus detections adjusted for weather covariates, 2) cross-wavelet transforms of hospitalizations with viral detections, and 3) a sensitivity analysis with a logistic regression model finding odds ratio of hospitalizations with viral detections and weather variables.
cord-337747-7sb03moe	2019	title: Molecular detection of respiratory pathogens among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile acute respiratory infections: A prospective hospital‐based observational study in Niamey, Niger This study aims to describe viral and bacterial infections among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two hospitals in Niamey, Niger''s capital city, and the reported clinical procedures. 14 This study aims to describe the viral and bacterial infections among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile ARI at two national hospitals of Niamey, the capital city of Niger, and the reported clinical procedures. In this 1-year prospective study, both viral and bacterial pathogens were detected in high proportion among hospitalized children aged younger than 5 years with febrile ARI in Niamey, Niger. Viral and bacterial etiology of severe acute respiratory illness among children < 5 years of age without influenza in Niger
cord-349279-wbb7h2zu	2019	The rates of infection and community epidemiology of respiratory viruses in healthy children needs further definition to assist interpretation of molecular diagnostic assays in this population. The most commonly detected viruses in samples collected during ARI were HRV (52.8%), HCoV (11.0%), parainfluenza virus (PIF) (6.0%), IFV (4.5%), RSV (3.8%), and HMPV (3.5%). Detection of any virus and codetection of viruses were both significantly associated with swabs collected during ARI episodes. While their corresponding risk ratios are not considered significant, the number of detections of these viruses is relatively small, and a larger analysis would be required to rule out the clinical significance of detecting HRV-B, AdV and HBoV in ARIs. The effect of viral coinfection on respiratory disease severity in children has not been well established. New molecular virus detection methods and their clinical value in lower respiratory tract infections in children Viruses associated with acute respiratory infection in a community-based cohort of healthy New Zealand children