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Onentia; Bourjeily, Ghada title: Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date: 2014-08-13 journal: Medical Management of the Pregnant Patient DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1244-1_11 sha: doc_id: 16173 cord_uid: ro7nhody file: cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.json key: cord-017412-1avevzya authors: Losada, Liliana; Ghedin, Elodie; Morris, Alison; Chu, Hong Wei; Nierman, William C. title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 journal: Metagenomics of the Human Body DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 sha: doc_id: 17412 cord_uid: 1avevzya file: cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.json key: cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 authors: Koistinen, Annamari; Lukkarinen, Minna; Turunen, Riitta; Vuorinen, Tytti; Vahlberg, Tero; Camargo, Carlos A.; Gern, James; Ruuskanen, Olli; Jartti, Tuomas title: Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date: 2017-08-06 journal: Pediatr Allergy Immunol DOI: 10.1111/pai.12749 sha: doc_id: 263556 cord_uid: y8vx4ie2 file: cache/cord-017789-rhoisec4.json key: cord-017789-rhoisec4 authors: Stockert, Karin title: Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien date: 2020-03-25 journal: Allergieprävention DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-58140-7_6 sha: doc_id: 17789 cord_uid: rhoisec4 file: cache/cord-022155-9759i9wr.json key: cord-022155-9759i9wr authors: Nag, Pranab Kumar title: Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses date: 2018-08-18 journal: Office Buildings DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2577-9_3 sha: doc_id: 22155 cord_uid: 9759i9wr file: cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.json key: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu authors: Starkel, Julie L.; Stapke, Christina; Stanley-O’Malley, Abigail; Noland, Diana title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 journal: Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 sha: doc_id: 16009 cord_uid: qa7bcsbu file: cache/cord-022658-mq91h15t.json key: cord-022658-mq91h15t authors: nan title: Executive summary date: 2008-12-30 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04885.x sha: doc_id: 22658 cord_uid: mq91h15t file: cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.json key: cord-022050-h24f0fpd authors: Naughton, Matthew T.; Tuxen, David V. title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma date: 2009-05-15 journal: Clinical Critical Care Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50029-9 sha: doc_id: 22050 cord_uid: h24f0fpd file: cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.json key: cord-010078-8lkkez3n authors: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x sha: doc_id: 10078 cord_uid: 8lkkez3n file: cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.json key: cord-022527-a0x6lws3 authors: nan title: Eosinophils in Human Disease date: 2012-10-12 journal: Eosinophils in Health and Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394385-9.00013-4 sha: doc_id: 22527 cord_uid: a0x6lws3 file: cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.json key: cord-022467-j2trahab authors: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 journal: Complementary and Alternative Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 sha: doc_id: 22467 cord_uid: j2trahab file: cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.json key: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 authors: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x sha: doc_id: 23331 cord_uid: jrvmgnu3 file: cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.json key: cord-016783-8x05oh5q authors: Arruda, L. Karla; Solé, Dirceu; Naspitz, Charles K. title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date: 2010 journal: Allergy Frontiers: Therapy and Prevention DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_23 sha: doc_id: 16783 cord_uid: 8x05oh5q file: cache/cord-312952-9gbb4own.json key: cord-312952-9gbb4own authors: WARDZYŃSKA, ALEKSANDRA; PAWEŁCZYK, MAŁGORZATA; GŁOBIŃSKA, ANNA; MAKOWSKA, JOANNA S.; KOWALSKI, MAREK L. title: The profile of respiratory pathogens in induced sputum of elderly and non-elderly asthmatics date: 2020-01-20 journal: Cent Eur J Immunol DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.92790 sha: doc_id: 312952 cord_uid: 9gbb4own file: cache/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.json key: cord-269554-fzu6dy4e authors: Hussein, M. H.; Toraih, E. A.; Attia, A. S.; Youssef, M.; Omar, M.; Burley, N.; Zhang, A. D.; Roos, J.; Houghton, A.; Aniemeka, N.; Shama, M. A.; Duchesne, J.; Kandil, E. title: Asthma in COVID-19: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-07-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.13.20153130 sha: doc_id: 269554 cord_uid: fzu6dy4e file: cache/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.json key: cord-021905-fjcks7w4 authors: Win, Patrick H.; Hussain, Iftikhar title: Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters? date: 2009-05-22 journal: Clinical Asthma DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304289-5.10017-7 sha: doc_id: 21905 cord_uid: fjcks7w4 file: cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.json key: cord-023288-sqr33y72 authors: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x sha: doc_id: 23288 cord_uid: sqr33y72 file: cache/cord-307202-iz1bo218.json key: cord-307202-iz1bo218 authors: Shaw, Dominick; Portelli, Michael; Sayers, Ian title: Asthma date: 2014-05-02 journal: Handbook of Pharmacogenomics and Stratified Medicine DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386882-4.00028-1 sha: doc_id: 307202 cord_uid: iz1bo218 file: cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.json key: cord-022653-qa1uph35 authors: nan title: Poster Discussion Session PDS date: 2017-08-30 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.13251 sha: doc_id: 22653 cord_uid: qa1uph35 file: cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.json key: cord-023308-af5nihyi authors: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x sha: doc_id: 23308 cord_uid: af5nihyi file: cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.json key: cord-023303-fxus38mp authors: nan title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 journal: Respirology DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x sha: doc_id: 23303 cord_uid: fxus38mp file: cache/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.json key: cord-270647-vn4kirrx authors: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A.; Moreno-Valencia, Yazmin; Coronel-Tellez, Rodrigo H.; Castillejos-Lopez, Manuel; Hernandez, Andres; Dominguez, Aaron; Miliar-Garcia, Angel; Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo; Perez-Padilla, Rogelio; Alejandre-Garcia, Alejandro; Vazquez-Perez, Joel A. title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015 date: 2018-02-15 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192878 sha: doc_id: 270647 cord_uid: vn4kirrx file: cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.json key: cord-023713-daz2vokz authors: Devereux, Graham; Matsui, Elizabeth C.; Burney, Peter G.J. title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 journal: Middleton's Allergy DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 sha: doc_id: 23713 cord_uid: daz2vokz file: cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.json key: cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 authors: Kouri, Andrew; Gupta, Samir; Yadollahi, Azadeh; Ryan, Clodagh M.; Gershon, Andrea S.; To, Teresa; Tarlo, Susan M.; Goldstein, Roger S.; Chapman, Kenneth R.; Chow, Chung-Wai title: CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date: 2020-07-08 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.065 sha: doc_id: 305838 cord_uid: i0ck2oo0 file: cache/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.json key: cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 authors: Castillo, Jamee R.; Peters, Stephen P.; Busse, William W. title: Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment date: 2017-08-31 journal: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.001 sha: doc_id: 283870 cord_uid: b9hvcrd1 file: cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.json key: cord-304549-e8q8mck4 authors: Holgate, Stephen T. title: Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date: 2005-11-02 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70005-9 sha: doc_id: 304549 cord_uid: e8q8mck4 file: cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.json key: cord-336562-5qmzne98 authors: Auten, Richard; Ren, Clement; Yilmaz, Ozge; Noah, Terry L. title: Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date: 2017-04-25 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23719 sha: doc_id: 336562 cord_uid: 5qmzne98 file: cache/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.json key: cord-281844-c0uhcatg authors: Costa, Lusmaia D.C.; Costa, Paulo Sucasas; Camargos, Paulo A.M. title: Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date: 2014-12-31 journal: Jornal de Pediatria DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 sha: doc_id: 281844 cord_uid: c0uhcatg file: cache/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.json key: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn authors: Fukuda, Yosuke; Akimoto, Kaho; Homma, Tetsuya; Baker, Jonathan R; Ito, Kazuhiro; Barnes, Peter J; Sagara, Hironori title: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: SIRT1 Targeted Approach date: 2020-08-13 journal: J Clin Med DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082623 sha: doc_id: 327610 cord_uid: cm3vkpcn file: cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.json key: cord-023239-06a03o14 authors: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23455 sha: doc_id: 23239 cord_uid: 06a03o14 file: cache/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.json key: cord-321824-zbo75ki3 authors: Coverstone, Andrea M.; Wang, Leyao; Sumino, Kaharu title: Beyond Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of Asthma: The Role of Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus and Influenza Virus date: 2019-05-16 journal: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.007 sha: doc_id: 321824 cord_uid: zbo75ki3 file: cache/cord-270834-b625s54s.json key: cord-270834-b625s54s authors: Robinson, Lacey B.; Fu, Xiaoqing; Bassett, Ingrid V.; Triant, Virginia A.; Foulkes, Andrea S.; Zhang, Yuqing; Camargo, Carlos A.; Blumenthal, Kimberly G. title: COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study date: 2020-10-22 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.021 sha: doc_id: 270834 cord_uid: b625s54s file: cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.json key: cord-308169-a0ft6wdy authors: Custovic, A.; Johnston, S. L.; Pavord, I.; Gaga, M.; Fabbri, L.; Bel, E. H.; Le Souëf, P.; Lötvall, J.; Demoly, P.; Akdis, C. A.; Ryan, D.; Mäkelä, M. J.; Martinez, F.; Holloway, J. W.; Saglani, S.; O'Byrne, P.; Papi, A.; Sergejeva, S.; Magnan, A.; Del Giacco, S.; Kalayci, O.; Hamelmann, E.; Papadopoulos, N. G. title: EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date: 2013-11-06 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.12275 sha: doc_id: 308169 cord_uid: a0ft6wdy file: cache/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.json key: cord-280210-6xivdgvt authors: Eichner, E. 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Pinto title: Infecção na modulaçâo da asma 1 1 Trabalho apresentado no XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP – Guarda, Novembro 2007 / Paper presented at the XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP / PSP Pulmonology Congress, Guarda, November 2007 date: 2008-10-31 journal: Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30275-0 sha: doc_id: 252769 cord_uid: fe50u028 file: cache/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.json key: cord-288344-8dar2p3j authors: Yang, Xiaoyu; Huang, Junjun; Hu, Yan; Guo, Cuiyan; Wang, Xi; Yang, Zhao; Zhou, Tianyu; Wang, Guangfa title: The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial date: 2020-11-04 journal: Trials DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04830-0 sha: doc_id: 288344 cord_uid: 8dar2p3j file: cache/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.json key: cord-293678-jfjc7wjb authors: Haroun-Díaz, Elisa; de la Torre, María Vázquez; Ruano, Francisco Javier; Somoza Álvarez, Maria Luisa; Alzate, Diana Pérez; González, Paula López; Prieto-Moreno, Ana; Rojas, Isabel Torres; Cervera García, María Desamparados; Blanca-López, Natalia; Díez, Gabriela Canto title: SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS date: 2020-06-27 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.033 sha: doc_id: 293678 cord_uid: jfjc7wjb file: cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.json key: cord-301022-0q2ertja authors: Mims, James W.; Veling, Maria C. title: Inhalant Allergies in Children date: 2011-04-29 journal: Otolaryngol Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2011.03.013 sha: doc_id: 301022 cord_uid: 0q2ertja file: cache/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.json key: cord-312613-1nl7q6cy authors: Luz Garcia-Garcia, M.; Calvo Rey, Cristina; del Rosal Rabes, Teresa title: Pediatric Asthma and Viral Infection() date: 2016-03-26 journal: Arch Bronconeumol DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2016.03.010 sha: doc_id: 312613 cord_uid: 1nl7q6cy file: cache/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.json key: cord-286328-ap0wfjhq authors: Lewis, Toby C.; Henderson, Tiffany A.; Carpenter, Ashley R.; Ramirez, Ixsy A.; McHenry, Christina L.; Goldsmith, Adam M.; Ren, Xiaodan; Mentz, Graciela B.; Mukherjee, Bhramar; Robins, Thomas G.; Joiner, Terence A.; Mohammad, Layla S.; Nguyen, Emily R.; Burns, Mark A.; Burke, David T.; Hershenson, Marc B. title: Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date: 2012-11-26 journal: Clinical & Experimental Allergy DOI: 10.1111/cea.12005 sha: doc_id: 286328 cord_uid: ap0wfjhq file: cache/cord-257244-gryp0khc.json key: cord-257244-gryp0khc authors: Edwards, M. R.; Walton, R. P.; Jackson, D. J.; Feleszko, W.; Skevaki, C.; Jartti, T.; Makrinoti, H.; Nikonova, A.; Shilovskiy, I. P.; Schwarze, J.; Johnston, S. L.; Khaitov, M. R. title: The potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations date: 2017-08-10 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.13257 sha: doc_id: 257244 cord_uid: gryp0khc file: cache/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.json key: cord-299672-dq1y1gkc authors: Leung, Ting Fan; To, Man Yin; Yeung, Apple C.M.; Wong, Yun Sze; Wong, Gary W.K.; Chan, Paul K.S. title: Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation date: 2010-02-28 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-1250 sha: doc_id: 299672 cord_uid: dq1y1gkc file: cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.json key: cord-332298-ig1j5z07 authors: Couetil, Laurent; Cardwell, Jacqueline M.; Leguillette, Renaud; Mazan, Melissa; Richard, Eric; Bienzle, Dorothee; Bullone, Michela; Gerber, Vinzenz; Ivester, Kathleen; Lavoie, Jean-Pierre; Martin, James; Moran, Gabriel; Niedźwiedź, Artur; Pusterla, Nicola; Swiderski, Cyprianna title: Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date: 2020-07-30 journal: Front Vet Sci DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450 sha: doc_id: 332298 cord_uid: ig1j5z07 file: cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.json key: cord-332737-iclruwmx authors: Webley, Wilmore C.; Hahn, David L. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z sha: doc_id: 332737 cord_uid: iclruwmx file: cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.json key: cord-295575-zgta5ah8 authors: Howard, Evin; Orhurhu, Vwaire; Huang, Lisa; Guthrie, Barbara; Phipatanakul, Wanda title: The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date: 2019-11-28 journal: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 sha: doc_id: 295575 cord_uid: zgta5ah8 file: cache/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.json key: cord-351565-ryjxbqno authors: Johnston, S. L. title: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and cytokines in virus‐induced asthma exacerbations date: 2006-04-27 journal: Clin Exp Allergy DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00666.x sha: doc_id: 351565 cord_uid: ryjxbqno file: cache/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.json key: cord-280859-3ff72mlq authors: Abe, Nozomi; Yasudo, Hiroki; Fukano, Reiji; Nakamura, Tamaki; Okada, Seigo; Wakiguchi, Hiroyuki; Okazaki, Fumiko; Shirabe, Komei; Toda, Shoichi; Okamoto, Reiko; Ouchi, Kazunobu; Ohga, Shouichi; Hasegawa, Shunji title: Multi‐season analyses of causative pathogens in children hospitalized with asthma exacerbation date: 2019-08-12 journal: Pediatr Allergy Immunol DOI: 10.1111/pai.13102 sha: doc_id: 280859 cord_uid: 3ff72mlq file: cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.json key: cord-254766-585iu5ey authors: Tauro, Sharyn; Su, Yung-Chang; Thomas, Sandra; Schwarze, Jürgen; Matthaei, Klaus I.; Townsend, Dijana; Simson, Ljubov; Tripp, Ralph A.; Mahalingam, Suresh title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 journal: Microbes Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.037 sha: doc_id: 254766 cord_uid: 585iu5ey file: cache/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.json key: cord-267835-ic0oqqln authors: Jones, K.; Gruffydd-Jones, K. title: Management of acute asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection: a postal survey of general practitioners in the U.K. date: 1996-08-31 journal: Respiratory Medicine DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(96)90116-x sha: doc_id: 267835 cord_uid: ic0oqqln file: cache/cord-289697-g24xib4l.json key: cord-289697-g24xib4l authors: MacDowell, Ana L.; Bacharier, Leonard B. title: Infectious triggers of asthma date: 2005-03-01 journal: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.011 sha: doc_id: 289697 cord_uid: g24xib4l file: cache/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.json key: cord-346751-x3gd19kq authors: Kelly, Frank J.; Mudway, Ian S.; Fussell, Julia C. title: Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action date: 2020-11-08 journal: Pulm Ther DOI: 10.1007/s41030-020-00138-1 sha: doc_id: 346751 cord_uid: x3gd19kq file: cache/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.json key: cord-328918-nc0a77r6 authors: Kuczia, Pawel; Zuk, Joanna; Iwaniec, Teresa; Soja, Jerzy; Dropinski, Jerzy; Malesa-Wlodzik, Marta; Zareba, Lech; Bazan, Jan G.; Undas, Anetta; Bazan-Socha, Stanislawa title: Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients date: 2020-07-13 journal: Clin Transl Allergy DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00337-8 sha: doc_id: 328918 cord_uid: nc0a77r6 file: cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.json key: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 authors: Ahanchian, Hamid; Jones, Carmen M; Chen, Yueh-sheng; Sly, Peter D title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 sha: doc_id: 346253 cord_uid: 0mnsm6s4 file: cache/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.json key: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx authors: nan title: ABSTRACT BOOK date: 2010-02-19 journal: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61294-x sha: doc_id: 19347 cord_uid: tj3ye1mx file: cache/cord-271790-3s8o774l.json key: cord-271790-3s8o774l authors: Pinto Mendes, J. title: The role of infection in asthma date: 2008-10-31 journal: Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia (English Edition) DOI: 10.1016/s2173-5115(08)70297-5 sha: doc_id: 271790 cord_uid: 3s8o774l file: cache/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.json key: cord-303606-ypkia5x1 authors: Lee, So-lun; Chiu, Shui-seng Susan; Malik, Peiris Joseph S.; Chan, Kwok-hung; Wong, Hing-sang Wilfred; Lau, Yu-lung title: Is respiratory viral infection really an important trigger of asthma exacerbations in children? date: 2011-03-30 journal: Eur J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1446-1 sha: doc_id: 303606 cord_uid: ypkia5x1 file: cache/cord-260472-xvvfguht.json key: cord-260472-xvvfguht authors: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G.; Konstantinou, George N. title: Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date: 2007-01-31 journal: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.004 sha: doc_id: 260472 cord_uid: xvvfguht file: cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.json key: cord-300311-eah49b3g authors: Bueving, Herman J.; van der Wouden, Johannes C. title: What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date: 2007-05-30 journal: Curr Allergy Asthma Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0033-z sha: doc_id: 300311 cord_uid: eah49b3g file: cache/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.json key: cord-284313-rg3krh7d authors: Wood, Lisa G.; Powell, Heather; Grissell, Terry; Nguyen, Thuy T.D.; Shafren, Darren; Hensley, Michael; Gibson, Peter G. title: Persistent Airway Obstruction After Virus Infection Is Not Associated With Airway Inflammation date: 2007-02-28 journal: Chest DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-1062 sha: doc_id: 284313 cord_uid: rg3krh7d file: cache/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.json key: cord-333175-klnxnxwm authors: Hussein, Mohammad H.; Toraih, Eman A.; Attia, Abdallah S.; Burley, Nicholas; Zhang, Allen D.; Roos, Jackson; Houghton, August; Aniemeka, Nedum; Omar, Mahmoud; Aboueisha, Mohamed; Shama, Mohamed A.; Duchesne, Juan; Kandil, Emad title: Asthma in COVID-19 patients: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-11-11 journal: Respir Med DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106205 sha: doc_id: 333175 cord_uid: klnxnxwm file: cache/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.json key: cord-340583-kjrxrk50 authors: Castro‐Rodriguez, Jose A.; Forno, Erick title: Asthma and COVID‐19 in children – a systematic review and call for data date: 2020-06-18 journal: Pediatr Pulmonol DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24909 sha: doc_id: 340583 cord_uid: kjrxrk50 file: cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.json key: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 authors: Edwards, Michael R.; Bartlett, Nathan W.; Hussell, Tracy; Openshaw, Peter; Johnston, Sebastian L. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2801 sha: doc_id: 342464 cord_uid: 6vk2oxo5 file: cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.json key: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f authors: Hanania, Nicola A.; King, Monroe J.; Braman, Sidney S.; Saltoun, Carol; Wise, Robert A.; Enright, Paul; Falsey, Ann R.; Mathur, Sameer K.; Ramsdell, Joe W.; Rogers, Linda; Stempel, David A.; Lima, John J.; Fish, James E.; Wilson, Sandra R.; Boyd, Cynthia; Patel, Kushang V.; Irvin, Charles G.; Yawn, Barbara P.; Halm, Ethan A.; Wasserman, Stephen I.; Sands, Mark F.; Ershler, William B.; Ledford, Dennis K. title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date: 2011-08-25 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048 sha: doc_id: 258093 cord_uid: 6fn8ei9f file: cache/cord-309421-725u6dau.json key: cord-309421-725u6dau authors: Wechsler, Michael E.; Colice, Gene; Griffiths, Janet M.; Almqvist, Gun; Skärby, Tor; Piechowiak, Teresa; Kaur, Primal; Bowen, Karin; Hellqvist, Åsa; Mo, May; Garcia Gil, Esther title: SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma date: 2020-10-13 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01503-z sha: doc_id: 309421 cord_uid: 725u6dau file: cache/cord-351129-lzzyn570.json key: cord-351129-lzzyn570 authors: Lee, Jae-Hyun; Lee, Youngsoo; Lee, Suh-Young; Van Bever, Hugo; Lou, Hongfei; Zhang, Luo; Park, Hae-Sim title: Management of Allergic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia date: 2020-06-15 journal: Allergy Asthma Immunol Res DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.5.783 sha: doc_id: 351129 cord_uid: lzzyn570 file: cache/cord-332053-df44guu7.json key: cord-332053-df44guu7 authors: Malka, Jonathan; Covar, Ronina; Faino, Anna; Fish, Jennifer; Pickering, Paige; Ramamoorthy, Preveen; Gleason, Melanie; Spahn, Joseph D. title: The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations date: 2015-07-26 journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.029 sha: doc_id: 332053 cord_uid: df44guu7 file: cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.json key: cord-339578-eg19rfvi authors: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz; Calvo, Cristina; Ruiz, Sara; Pozo, Francisco; del Pozo, Victoria; Remedios, Laura; Exposito, Nadia; Tellez, Ana; Casas, Inmaculada title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189083 sha: doc_id: 339578 cord_uid: eg19rfvi file: cache/cord-320431-0877trhh.json key: cord-320431-0877trhh authors: Frey, Andreas; Lunding, Lars P.; Ehlers, Johanna C.; Weckmann, Markus; Zissler, Ulrich M.; Wegmann, Michael title: More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis date: 2020-04-28 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761 sha: doc_id: 320431 cord_uid: 0877trhh file: cache/cord-323761-9m177ozm.json key: cord-323761-9m177ozm authors: Wang, Huijie; Li, Na; Huang, Huaqiong title: Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety date: 2020-02-22 journal: Can Respir J DOI: 10.1155/2020/9046842 sha: doc_id: 323761 cord_uid: 9m177ozm file: cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.json key: cord-022650-phsr10jp authors: nan title: Abstracts TPS date: 2018-08-14 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.13539 sha: doc_id: 22650 cord_uid: phsr10jp Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-asthma-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351565-ryjxbqno author: Johnston, S. L. title: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and cytokines in virus‐induced asthma exacerbations date: 2006-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272742-q37xxkja author: Mei‐Zahav, Meir title: Aerosol treatments for childhood asthma in the era of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340583-kjrxrk50 author: Castro‐Rodriguez, Jose A. title: Asthma and COVID‐19 in children – a systematic review and call for data date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270834-b625s54s author: Robinson, Lacey B. title: COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-270834-b625s54s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date: 2017-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280210-6xivdgvt author: Eichner, E. Randy title: Writing on Sports Medicine in Pandemic Times date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336562-5qmzne98 author: Auten, Richard title: Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date: 2017-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300311-eah49b3g author: Bueving, Herman J. title: What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date: 2007-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293678-jfjc7wjb author: Haroun-Díaz, Elisa title: SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS date: 2020-06-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270647-vn4kirrx author: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A. title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015 date: 2018-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332053-df44guu7 author: Malka, Jonathan title: The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations date: 2015-07-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332053-df44guu7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312952-9gbb4own author: WARDZYŃSKA, ALEKSANDRA title: The profile of respiratory pathogens in induced sputum of elderly and non-elderly asthmatics date: 2020-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333175-klnxnxwm author: Hussein, Mohammad H. title: Asthma in COVID-19 patients: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022050-h24f0fpd author: Naughton, Matthew T. title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299672-dq1y1gkc author: Leung, Ting Fan title: Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation date: 2010-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339578-eg19rfvi author: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269554-fzu6dy4e author: Hussein, M. H. title: Asthma in COVID-19: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312613-1nl7q6cy author: Luz Garcia-Garcia, M. title: Pediatric Asthma and Viral Infection() date: 2016-03-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000285-7p3b6tyf author: HARTERT, Tina V. title: The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative: Objectives, design and recruitment results of a prospective cohort study investigating infant viral respiratory illness and the development of asthma and allergic diseases date: 2010-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280859-3ff72mlq author: Abe, Nozomi title: Multi‐season analyses of causative pathogens in children hospitalized with asthma exacerbation date: 2019-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 author: Kouri, Andrew title: CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date: 2020-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267835-ic0oqqln author: Jones, K. title: Management of acute asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection: a postal survey of general practitioners in the U.K. date: 1996-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328918-nc0a77r6 author: Kuczia, Pawel title: Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015893-e0fofgxq author: Ryhal, Bruce title: Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date: 2011-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252012-hdjbxah8 author: McErlean, Peter title: Viral diversity in asthma: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America: Asthma and Infectious Disease date: 2010-11-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303606-ypkia5x1 author: Lee, So-lun title: Is respiratory viral infection really an important trigger of asthma exacerbations in children? date: 2011-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author: Holgate, Stephen T. title: Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date: 2005-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321824-zbo75ki3 author: Coverstone, Andrea M. title: Beyond Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of Asthma: The Role of Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus and Influenza Virus date: 2019-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260472-xvvfguht author: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title: Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date: 2007-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284313-rg3krh7d author: Wood, Lisa G. title: Persistent Airway Obstruction After Virus Infection Is Not Associated With Airway Inflammation date: 2007-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351129-lzzyn570 author: Lee, Jae-Hyun title: Management of Allergic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257244-gryp0khc author: Edwards, M. R. title: The potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations date: 2017-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288344-8dar2p3j author: Yang, Xiaoyu title: The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254766-585iu5ey author: Tauro, Sharyn title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309421-725u6dau author: Wechsler, Michael E. title: SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309421-725u6dau.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author: Howard, Evin title: The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date: 2019-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016173-ro7nhody author: Louis, Mariam title: Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date: 2014-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021905-fjcks7w4 author: Win, Patrick H. title: Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters? date: 2009-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author: Custovic, A. title: EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date: 2013-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346751-x3gd19kq author: Kelly, Frank J. title: Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action date: 2020-11-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323761-9m177ozm author: Wang, Huijie title: Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety date: 2020-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 author: Castillo, Jamee R. title: Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment date: 2017-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016931-il8o0fps author: Kroegel, C. title: Allergie, Pathomechanismen, Krankheitsbilder date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q author: Arruda, L. Karla title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date: 2010 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286328-ap0wfjhq author: Lewis, Toby C. title: Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date: 2012-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn author: Fukuda, Yosuke title: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: SIRT1 Targeted Approach date: 2020-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281844-c0uhcatg author: Costa, Lusmaia D.C. title: Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301022-0q2ertja author: Mims, James W. title: Inhalant Allergies in Children date: 2011-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author: Edwards, Michael R. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289697-g24xib4l author: MacDowell, Ana L. title: Infectious triggers of asthma date: 2005-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author: Ahanchian, Hamid title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017412-1avevzya author: Losada, Liliana title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017412-1avevzya.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332737-iclruwmx author: Webley, Wilmore C. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018537-t1gi76nc author: Frey, U. title: Obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen date: 2013-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252769-fe50u028 author: Mendes, J. Pinto title: Infecção na modulaçâo da asma 1 1 Trabalho apresentado no XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP – Guarda, Novembro 2007 / Paper presented at the XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP / PSP Pulmonology Congress, Guarda, November 2007 date: 2008-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-252769-fe50u028.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271790-3s8o774l author: Pinto Mendes, J. title: The role of infection in asthma date: 2008-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022658-mq91h15t author: nan title: Executive summary date: 2008-12-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320431-0877trhh author: Frey, Andreas title: More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320431-0877trhh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author: Couetil, Laurent title: Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author: Hanania, Nicola A. title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date: 2011-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307202-iz1bo218 author: Shaw, Dominick title: Asthma date: 2014-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022467-j2trahab author: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022467-j2trahab.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022155-9759i9wr author: Nag, Pranab Kumar title: Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses date: 2018-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017789-rhoisec4 author: Stockert, Karin title: Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien date: 2020-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n author: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023303-fxus38mp author: nan title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023308-af5nihyi author: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023239-06a03o14.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023288-sqr33y72 author: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022653-qa1uph35 author: nan title: Poster Discussion Session PDS date: 2017-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author: nan title: Eosinophils in Human Disease date: 2012-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx author: nan title: ABSTRACT BOOK date: 2010-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022650-phsr10jp author: nan title: Abstracts TPS date: 2018-08-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 12 resourceName b'cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-asthma-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016931-il8o0fps author = Kroegel, C. title = Allergie, Pathomechanismen, Krankheitsbilder date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9028 sentences = 1270 flesch = 41 summary = Eine detaillierte Besprechung aller in Tab. 3.1 aufgeführten allergischen Erkrankungen würde den zur Die diagnostische Abklärung erfolgt durch Bestimmung des spezifischen IgE gegenüber Insektengiftbestandteilen (Phospholipase, Melittin etc.) und durch einen Hauttest in Verbindung mit der Anamnese. Heute lässt sich die Rhinitis als Entzündung der nasalen Mukosa definieren, die einhergeht: ▬ klinisch mit Hypersekretion, Niesreiz sowie nasaler Kongestion, ▬ immunologisch auf dem Boden IgE-vermittelter Mechanismen gegenüber Allergenen mit lokaler Sekretion von Zytokinen, eosinophilem kationischem Protein (ECP) und anderen Mediatoren, ▬ histologisch mit einer Infiltration vor allem durch eosinophile Granulozyten und ▬ immunhistologisch mit einer Anreicherung aktivierter T-Lymphozyten und degranulierter eosinophiler Granulozyten. Sie gilt als die klassische allergische Immunreaktion bei Rhinitis allergica, allergischem Asthma bronchiale und atopischer Dermatitis, bildet aber auch eine Komponente der immunologischen Reaktion bei der allergischen bronchopulmonalen Aspergillose. Ausgangspunkt einer immunologischen Reaktion, wie auch der im Rahmen allergischer Erkrankungen, ist die Interaktion des Antigens/Allergens mit APC und einem genetisch definierten, spezifischen T-Zellklon. cache = ./cache/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 author = Kouri, Andrew title = CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4889 sentences = 253 flesch = 38 summary = Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant. cache = ./cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270834-b625s54s author = Robinson, Lacey B. title = COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 543 sentences = 46 flesch = 65 summary = title: COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study We matched 80 asthma inpatients with COVID-19 to 323 comparators ( Table I) . In the fully adjusted model, the risk of ICU admission was lower among asthma patients than 116 comparators (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.52, 95%CI:0.30-0.90) ( Table II) . In the fully 118 adjusted model, the risk of mechanical ventilation was lower among asthma patients than 119 comparators (aHR 0.42, 95%CI: 0.21-0.81). In this matched cohort study of MGH inpatients with COVID-19, we identified that asthma 126 patients were less likely to require ICU admission and mechanical ventilation but were not at 127 increased risk for death. Although current research specifically assessing asthma and COVID-19 remains limited, recent 133 reports suggest that asthma is not overrepresented among severe COVID-19 cases and may not 134 be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization or death. cache = ./cache/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21351 sentences = 1012 flesch = 43 summary = Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). cache = ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017789-rhoisec4 author = Stockert, Karin title = Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien date = 2020-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18024 sentences = 2290 flesch = 50 summary = Nachdem Th2-Zellen (neben den ILC2-Zellen) als hauptverantwortlich für die Bildung von Th2-Zytokinen angesehen werden, ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass der PGE2-EP2-Signalweg eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Th2-Zellproliferation hat und dadurch die allergische Sensibilisierung unterdrücken kann. Somit zeigt sich wiederum (wie bei den Untersuchungen bezüglich Remodeling), dass eine mangelnde Hochregulierung von COX-1 und COX-2 sowie fehlende Vermehrung von PGE2 unter inflammatorischen Bedingungen an der Entwicklung einer chronischen eosinophilen Rhinosinusitis mit Polypen sowohl mit als auch ohne Aspirin-Intoleranz beteiligt sind. Somit offenbart auch diese Studie, dass PGE2 eine protektive Wirkung auf die Lunge hat und als endogener Mediator die überschießende ILC2-Aktivierung der allergischen Inflammation "beruhigen" und gegensteuern kann. 2013): ILC2s sind dafür bekannt, dass sie nach Aktivierung durch die Atemwegsepithel-Zytokine IL-25, IL-33 und TSLP die Zytokine IL-13 und IL-5 freisetzen, aber auch antigenunabhängig als Antwort auf das Mastzellenprodukt Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) und dadurch bei der Pathogenese von allergischen Erkrankungen eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. cache = ./cache/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author = Custovic, A. title = EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date = 2013-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7710 sentences = 379 flesch = 41 summary = A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of 'difficult asthma' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between 'problematic', 'difficult' and 'severe refractory' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) . cache = ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307202-iz1bo218 author = Shaw, Dominick title = Asthma date = 2014-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19168 sentences = 831 flesch = 37 summary = Current asthma management involves a step-up and step-down approach based on asthma control with a large degree of heterogeneity in responses to the main drug classes currently in use: β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Human studies have identified elevated numbers of cells expressing IL13 mRNA in the bronchial tissue of atopic and nonatopic asthmatic subjects [50] ; administration of recombinant IL13 in mouse lungs resulted in an increase in airway mucus secretion, development of subepithelial fibrosis, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and eosinophilic airway inflammation-that is, several key features of the human disease [51] . While methods of stratifying asthma patients to specific treatments based on nongenetic factors such as clinical outcomes, cellular measures, or protein biomarkers have shown some success, a large body of work has investigated the potential of genetic markers as predictors of patient responses to existing therapies, i.e., pharmacogenetics. cache = ./cache/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22266 sentences = 1187 flesch = 45 summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. cache = ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321824-zbo75ki3 author = Coverstone, Andrea M. title = Beyond Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of Asthma: The Role of Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus and Influenza Virus date = 2019-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4263 sentences = 237 flesch = 46 summary = Respiratory viruses other than rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, including human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and human bocavirus, are important pathogens in acute wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations in young children. Whether infection with these viruses in early life is associated with recurrent wheezing and/or asthma is not fully investigated, although there are data to suggest children with human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infection may have a higher likelihood of subsequent and recurrent wheezing several years after initial infection. viruses are associated with acute wheezing illness, including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), 1 coronavirus, and enterovirus ( Table 1) . 17 In another study of children 1 to 14 years of age with hMPV infection, differences in measures of cell-mediated immunity distinguished hMPV from other respiratory viruses, such as RSV and influenza. cache = ./cache/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018537-t1gi76nc author = Frey, U. title = Obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen date = 2013-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10057 sentences = 1469 flesch = 47 summary = Während im Säuglingsalter häufig vor allem virale Auslöser zu einmaligen obstruktiven Bronchitiden oder Bronchiolitiden führen, ist bei rezidivierenden Formen in jedem Alter, insbesondere beim Vorliegen von multiplen Auslösern, an ein frühkindliches Asthma bronchiale zu denken. Lebensjahr bei Kleinkindern verwendet, die eine akute virale Infektion der unteren Atemwege mit obstruktiver Symptomatik (auch wenn vorwiegend Pfeifen/Giemen vorliegt) erleiden, Dies wird in unseren Regionen als »virusinduziertes Wheezing«, »wheezy bronchitis« oder eben als obstruktive Bronchitis klassifiziert. Speziell bei Frühgeborenen und sehr jungen Säuglingen (<3 Monate) kann es ihm Rahmen von RSV-Infektionen zu zentralen Apnoen mit Bradykardien kommen, die vermutlich als Folge einer direkten Störung des Atemzentrums durch das Virus entstehen. Asthmaentwicklung Obwohl die »Huhn und Ei-Frage« nicht vollständig klar ist, nimmt man heute aufgrund von Erkenntnissen an großen Geburtskohorten an, dass frühe Virusinfektionen eher nur bei Kindern mit gewissen prädisponierenden Faktoren eine nachfolgenden Störung der Immunentwicklung und Allergie beeinflussen oder gar induzieren können (two hit hypothesis). cache = ./cache/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016173-ro7nhody author = Louis, Mariam title = Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date = 2014-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7662 sentences = 417 flesch = 46 summary = Although most clinical practices use symptom-based, guideline-directed assessments to decide on medication use, recent data from a randomized controlled trial suggest lower rates of exacerbation, improved quality of life, and reduced neonatal hospitalization when management decisions were based on measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in pregnancy [ 10 ] . Changes in physiology and immunity associated with pregnancy may increase the risk of infection and severe outcomes in the pregnant women. In addition, infl uenza infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Pregnant women are at increased risk for morbidity (including cardiorespiratory complications) and mortality from infl uenza compared with nonpregnant controls [ 43 -46 ] that is more pronounced in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [ 47 ] . In view of potential severe maternal disease from infl uenza and adverse fetal outcomes, benefi ts of treatment with antivirals likely outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. cache = ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252012-hdjbxah8 author = McErlean, Peter title = Viral diversity in asthma: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America: Asthma and Infectious Disease date = 2010-11-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5497 sentences = 299 flesch = 44 summary = Traditionally associated with acute respiratory illness (ARI) or symptoms of the "common cold," the respiratory viruses implicated in asthma exacerbations predominantly possess RNA genomes with a distinct genome organization (positive [1] or negative [À] sense), virus particle (virion) morphology (enveloped or nonenveloped), host cell receptor interaction, and well-defined annual or seasonal prevalence. These "newly identified viruses" (NIVs) including human metapneumovirus (HMPV; described pre-SARS), the human rhinovirus (HRV) species C (HRV-Cs), human coronaviruses (HCoVs)-NL63 and -HKU1, human bocavirus (HBoV), and the KI and WU polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) are now the focus of intense research, and their involvement in asthma exacerbations is slowly beginning to be determined. 34 In a retrospective study of clinical samples taken over a 20-year period from young children (median age 14.5 months), the percentage of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI; including asthma exacerbations and bronchiolitis) associated with any HCoV, HCoV-NL63, or HCoV-OC43 was estimated to be 4.6%, 2.6%, and 1.9%, respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author = nan title = Eosinophils in Human Disease date = 2012-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 56005 sentences = 2997 flesch = 38 summary = The role of the eosinophils as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma has been debated, despite evidence that the cells are present and activated in the airway lumen and tissue 1 of patients with current asthma; are increased in number when asthma is uncontrolled 2 or severe 3 and decreased when asthma is controlled 4 ; and treatment strategies that aim to control airway eosinophilia are significantly more effective and less expensive in improving asthma control 5,6 and decreasing asthma exacerbations compared to guideline-based clinical strategies. 11 Since allergic asthma is primarily a T-helper type 2 (T h 2)-mediated disease, it is not surprising that cytokines driving eosinophilia are T h 2 cell products: specifically, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), which signal through specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors linked to a common b-chaindall of which can act as eosinophil growth factors that promote formation of eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) colony-forming units (CFU) in functional assays. cache = ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328918-nc0a77r6 author = Kuczia, Pawel title = Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4458 sentences = 287 flesch = 45 summary = title: Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients In the present study we have evaluated circulating H3cit in stable asthmatics and investigated its relationship with asthma severity, pulmonary function and selected blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers. We have recently reported evidence of a prothrombotic state in asthma which is characterized by enhanced plasma thrombin formation, impaired clot lysis and platelet activation [13] , all of them related to the low-grade systemic inflammation [3] , endothelial injury [14] , elevated exacerbation rate [15] , and likely increased atherosclerotic risk [16, 17] . In the present study we have demonstrated that serum H3cit, a novel biomarker of ETs formation, is increased in stable asthma subjects. Asthma is characterized by increased circulating H3cit likely related to the enhanced lung ETs formation. cache = ./cache/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022467-j2trahab author = Loo, May title = Select Populations: Children date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19061 sentences = 1249 flesch = 44 summary = A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools. cache = ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320431-0877trhh author = Frey, Andreas title = More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15225 sentences = 762 flesch = 40 summary = In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Besides this innate "rapid response team, " the polarized epithelium of the human airways is also able to transport and apically release immunoglobulins that carry a J-chain (joining chain) by using its poly Ig receptor (pIgR) (145) (146) (147) that is expressed by all non-stratified epithelial cells (Figure 2) . After contact for example with HDM extracts, representing a major source of asthma associated allergens, TLR4 dependent activation of NFκB and protease induced injuries in airway epithelial cells lead to secretion of chemokines and cytokines like thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), GM-CSF, IL-25, and IL-33 (211) (212) (213) (214) (215) . cache = ./cache/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023303-fxus38mp author = nan title = Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30161 sentences = 1760 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017412-1avevzya author = Losada, Liliana title = The Human Lung Microbiome date = 2010-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10013 sentences = 499 flesch = 39 summary = Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations cache = ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280210-6xivdgvt author = Eichner, E. Randy title = Writing on Sports Medicine in Pandemic Times date = 2020-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1661 sentences = 119 flesch = 75 summary = So I try to keep up with epidemiology, even though at this writing, in May 2020, more than 10,000 scientific or medical articles have already appeared on this novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that causes the disease COVID-19. So, against all odds, I will start with thoughts on infections and epidemics, on our primal fear of contagion, and on quarantine or "social distancing." Then, I will address four questions I have received that are relevant to athletes. Now is the time to read John Barry's "The Great Influenza," on the deadliest plague in history, the influenza pandemic from early 1918 to early 1920 that killed up to 100 million people worldwide. Early in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome panic, a Boston neurosurgeon called for Massachusetts to quarantine "irresponsible" carriers of human immunodeficiency virus on Penikese Island. Question 3: If athletes test positive for the antibody, are they immune to this Coronavirus? cache = ./cache/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336562-5qmzne98 author = Auten, Richard title = Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date = 2017-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2535 sentences = 134 flesch = 40 summary = The ability to obtain tidal breathing measurements may lead to new insights into changes in chest and abdominal motion in pediatric respiratory disease. 47 Acute viral bronchiolitis, due to RSV and other pathogens, continues to have a major impact worldwide on childhood mortality and hospital admissions, 51 is associated with subsequent asthma and allergy risk, 52 and could be increasing in incidence. 57 Flores et al 58 conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing 3% hypertonic saline to normal saline in previously healthy infants hospitalized with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Thus, the study does not support the use of nebulized hypertonic saline over normal saline in therapy of hospitalized children with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Association between trafficrelated air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case-control study Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation cache = ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312952-9gbb4own author = WARDZYŃSKA, ALEKSANDRA title = The profile of respiratory pathogens in induced sputum of elderly and non-elderly asthmatics date = 2020-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2990 sentences = 167 flesch = 47 summary = While the majority of studies indicate that the detection rate of respiratory viruses in patients with asthma and healthy subjects is similar [10] , they have been found to differ with regard to the bacterial composition of the airways [11] . This technique was chosen for the present study, to test the hypothesis that elderly patients with asthma display a different profile of respiratory pathogens in the airways as compared to non-elderly asthmatics, and that this profile may be related to local airway and/or systemic inflammation. This study is the first to use the IS technique to compare detection rates of respiratory pathogens in the airways of elderly and non-elderly patients with asthma. Although the detection rate and profile of respiratory viruses in IS was similar in elderly and non-elderly patients with asthma, the presence of pathogens was associated with some clinical characteristics only in older subjects. cache = ./cache/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022050-h24f0fpd author = Naughton, Matthew T. title = Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6991 sentences = 345 flesch = 41 summary = • Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients should be treated with noninvasive ventilation and supplemental oxygen sufficient to overcome hypoxemia but avoid hyperoxia. Uncontrolled oxygen administration may precipitate acute hypercapnia in patients with acute COPD exacerbations as a result of relaxing hypoxic vasoconstriction, thereby allowing increased perfusion to regions with reduced alveolar ventilation. Most commonly, patients with severe asthma have a history of previous hospitalizations for asthma (some that may be near fatal), low socioeconomic status, female gender, obesity, nighttime symptoms, FEV 1 less than 60% with optimal treatment, continual symptoms, reduced quality of life, use of oral or systemic steroids in the past 12 months, use of more than canister of SABA per month, elevated residual volume-tototal lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio on pulmonary function testing, and a peak expiratory flow rate variability of more than 30% (i.e., variability-(bestworst)/best reading). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. cache = ./cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252769-fe50u028 author = Mendes, J. Pinto title = Infecção na modulaçâo da asma 1 1 Trabalho apresentado no XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP – Guarda, Novembro 2007 / Paper presented at the XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP / PSP Pulmonology Congress, Guarda, November 2007 date = 2008-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14003 sentences = 964 flesch = 56 summary = Animal research is difficult to extrapolate to man but suggests RSV can induce allergic sensitisation 28 , increase bronchial and interleukin (IL)-13 hyperresponsiveness, and rão, na maioria dos casos, consequências remotas, embora algumas vezes descrevam sibilâncias que irão desaparecer aos 3 -5 anos e só raramente se prolongam, instalando -se ou não uma asma. This phenomenon has been put to the test in inhalatory challenge tests which could bring on asthma episodes or exacerbations in children and adults 82, 102 , but, to test this seeming paradox, it is not necessary to resort to these arguments as in a German study 82 , the degree of early life exposure to domestic endotoxins was in direct correla-Infecção na modulaçâo da asma J Pinto Mendes fende um efeito daquelas células na supressão simultânea das respostas Th 1 e Th 2 . cache = ./cache/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300311-eah49b3g author = Bueving, Herman J. title = What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date = 2007-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2983 sentences = 191 flesch = 46 summary = Other studies are often based on selected populations with existing symptoms or complications, reflecting only the worst of the spectrum of disease caused by acute respiratory infections [9, [14] [15] [16] [17] ] and thus disregarding their often self-limiting nature. The availability of effective vaccines against the key viruses involved in asthma exacerbations thus could play an important role in its prevention. However, because of a lack of clinical effectiveness, the natural antigenic variations of the influenza virus, and the low average incidence of influenza, cost-effectiveness in children and adults with asthma will not be easily achieved if vaccination has to be delivered annually. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations Influenza vaccination in patients with asthma: effect on the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations cache = ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269554-fzu6dy4e author = Hussein, M. H. title = Asthma in COVID-19: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3091 sentences = 198 flesch = 51 summary = Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. On comparison to non-asthmatic obese patients, obese asthmatic patients were more likely to develop sepsis (25.9% vs 14.2%, p = 0.042), had higher risk of ICU admission (48.1% vs 33.2%, p = 0.042), and required prolonged intubation (2.73 ± 3.63 days vs 1.38 ± 2.07, p = 0.032).Impact of asthma comorbidity on COVID-19 outcomes cache = ./cache/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022658-mq91h15t author = nan title = Executive summary date = 2008-12-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12004 sentences = 656 flesch = 37 summary = Patients with rhinitis or asthma caused by allergens for which the clinical efficacy and safety of SIT have been documented by placebo-controlled, doubleblind studies, and those requiring daily pharmacotherapy for longer periods (e.g., preventive treatment during a pollen season or perennially) are candidates for SIT. in most cases when significant airway comorbidity is present (asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, or otitis media with effusion) when the diagnosis is in question or special diagnostic testing is required when occupational rhinitis is suspected, to distinguish between clear-cut allergic reactions and toxic or nonallergic reactions when poor symptom control necessitates a consultation for environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy, or specific immunotherapy when medication side-effects are intolerable when rhinitis is only part of a complex series of mucosal allergies. cache = ./cache/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022650-phsr10jp author = nan title = Abstracts TPS date = 2018-08-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 119675 sentences = 7010 flesch = 55 summary = 0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone. cache = ./cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000285-7p3b6tyf author = HARTERT, Tina V. title = The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative: Objectives, design and recruitment results of a prospective cohort study investigating infant viral respiratory illness and the development of asthma and allergic diseases date = 2010-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3846 sentences = 169 flesch = 38 summary = The primary goals of the study are: (i) to investigate both the acute and the long-term health consequences of varying severity and aetiology of clinically significant viral respiratory tract infections on the outcomes of allergic rhinitis (AR) and early childhood asthma; and (ii) to identify the potentially modifiable factors that define children who are at greatest risk of developing asthma following infant respiratory viral infection. Thus, we designed the prospective TCRI to establish a base for the evaluation of both the risks and benefits of documented significant infant viral respiratory infection of varying severity and aetiology and other environmental exposures on childhood atopy outcomes and to establish a biospecimen repository for analyses including biomarker testing and genotyping. The TCRI is a prospective cohort of mother-infant dyads enrolled in a longitudinal investigation of the relationship of infant viral respiratory infection severity and aetiology and the interaction of other risk factors on the development of childhood asthma and allergic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author = Holgate, Stephen T. title = Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date = 2005-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4691 sentences = 252 flesch = 45 summary = Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. Asthma is a complex disorder involving a combination of genetic and environmental interactions that culminate in a specific type of inflammation involving mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages and polarization of T cell-mediated immunity toward enhanced production of cytokines encoded in a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 5. Two fundamental approaches are being used to discover susceptibility genes in asthma and atopy: linkage analysis with functional cloning and association analysis for mutations of "candidate" genes thought to be involved in disease pathogenesis. 55 In susceptible mice genetic linkage has shown that ozone-induced lung inflammation is directed by genes encoded on chromosome 17, including the strong candidate TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine generated during oxidant-induced cell injury. cache = ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340583-kjrxrk50 author = Castro‐Rodriguez, Jose A. title = Asthma and COVID‐19 in children – a systematic review and call for data date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3081 sentences = 172 flesch = 45 summary = Importantly, none of the largest epidemiological studies including children with COVID-19 reported clinical findings or underlying characteristics to help assess whether asthma -or other chronic lung diseases-constitutes a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity. Rather than a risk factor, a recent review of data in adults reported that both asthma and COPD appear to be under-represented in the comorbidities reported for patients with COVID-19, compared with global estimates of prevalence for these conditions in the general population (63) . After an extensive review of the current literature, only two reports included information on asthma as a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection -but not severity or mortality-in children. However, the largest studies to date have been limited to a description of the number of cases by age group, and so it remains unclear whether childhood asthma -or other pediatric respiratory diseases-are associated with COVID-19 risk or severity. cache = ./cache/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270647-vn4kirrx author = Romero-Espinoza, Jose A. title = Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015 date = 2018-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3513 sentences = 201 flesch = 48 summary = OBJECTIVES: To describe the virome and bacteriome present in the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and pneumonia during an acute exacerbation and an acute respiratory illness ARI episode respectively. Both groups differ with respect to the associated virus and bacteria: while asthma exacerbations have been associated to a specific rhinovirus infection, pneumonia can be related to a wide range of bacterial, fungal and viral agents, with a high prevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) [2, 7] . Here we describe the virome and bacteriome present in the Upper Respiratory Tract of hospitalized children clinically diagnosed with asthma and pneumonia, during an acute exacerbation and an ARI episode respectively, at the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER, Mexico City) during 2014 and 2015 winter seasons. Prevalence of respiratory viral infection in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract diseases, and association of rhinovirus and influenza virus with asthma exacerbations cache = ./cache/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author = Edwards, Michael R. title = The microbiology of asthma date = 2012-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8087 sentences = 352 flesch = 36 summary = The hygiene hypothesis posits that repeated exposure to diverse common infections (in particular, with bacteria, food-borne and oro faecal parasites 4 , and hookworms 5 ) and exposure to environmental microbiota during childhood 6, 7 are strongly associated with a healthy maturation of the immune system and with protection from the development of asthma and allergies later in life 8, 9 . Case control studies show a clear link between respiratory virus infection together with allergen exposure in sensitized children 108 and adults 109 in increasing the risk of hospital admissions due to asthma exacerbations. 5. Excessive T H 2 type responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of RSV-mediated bronchiolitis 110 , and increased production of IL-5 by T cells at birth is associated with a greater risk of severe respiratory infection 111 . cache = ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351565-ryjxbqno author = Johnston, S. L. title = Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and cytokines in virus‐induced asthma exacerbations date = 2006-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1679 sentences = 69 flesch = 43 summary = In recent years studies employing new sensitive molecular methods of identification for the most common upper respiratory tract viruses (coronavirus and rhinovirus) have demonstrated that viral infections are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in children and adults in the community [1, 2] . In this issue of the journal a further detailed study employing experimental rhinovirus infection reports on both these aspects, demonstrating that bronchial hyperreactivity is induced and that IL-8 may play a role in the induction of bronchial hyperreactivity and therefore possibly in exacerbations of asthma [9] . In this study atopic asthmatic subjects were challenged with rhinovirus 16 or placebo and the severity of the cold and asthma symptoms monitored along with bronchial hyperreactivity, pulmonary function, nasal lavage IL-8 levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. cache = ./cache/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author = Koistinen, Annamari title = Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date = 2017-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2996 sentences = 184 flesch = 53 summary = Based on our previous findings, 8, 9 we hypothesized that in children with high rhinovirus genome load, the effect of OCS is likely to last beyond 12 months by reducing the need for initiation of long-term asthma control medication. Second, in the placebo group, asthma risk was high: regular asthma control medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus genome load during the subsequent 14 months after the first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. No difference was found in overall analysis F I G U R E 3 The time to initiation of asthma control medication in children randomized to receive prednisolone or placebo for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. 9 In summary, early systemic short-course prednisolone treatment may be beneficial in reducing the risk for asthma control medication during the first 5 years in first-time wheezing preschool children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus genome load. cache = ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332053-df44guu7 author = Malka, Jonathan title = The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations date = 2015-07-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4754 sentences = 257 flesch = 54 summary = The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations Jonathan Malka, MD a,b , Ronina Covar, MD c,d , Anna Faino, MS e , Jennifer Fish, CPNP f , Paige Pickering, BS g , Preveen Ramamoorthy, MD g , Melanie Gleason, PAC b,h , and Joseph D. All patients who presented to the Urgent Care Clinic at National Jewish Health for an acute asthma exacerbation and who had undergone spirometry and FENO measurements within the last 6 months when clinically stable (visit 1) were approached to participate in the study (Figure 1 ). We found FENO levels to be the highest in children with acute asthma exacerbations that were not associated with viral infections [PCR(À)]. B, Change in exhaled nitric oxide levels from baseline, during an exacerbation, and following a course of prednisone in adjusted models. cache = ./cache/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023713-daz2vokz author = Devereux, Graham title = Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date = 2013-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27880 sentences = 1480 flesch = 51 summary = A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). cache = ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271790-3s8o774l author = Pinto Mendes, J. title = The role of infection in asthma date = 2008-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13929 sentences = 956 flesch = 56 summary = Animal research is difficult to extrapolate to man but suggests RSV can induce allergic sensitisation 28 , increase bronchial and interleukin (IL)-13 hyperresponsiveness, and rão, na maioria dos casos, consequências remotas, embora algumas vezes descrevam sibilâncias que irão desaparecer aos 3 -5 anos e só raramente se prolongam, instalando -se ou não uma asma. If viral infection in acute asthma, particularly RV -the most studied -is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, cellular lysis and production of interferons (IFNs) 46 and if the environment is rich in IL-4, the production of IL-5, RANTES (Regulated upon Activated T cell Expressed and Selected), eotaxin, eosinophilic infiltration and IgE production 47 generally occur. While children at risk at allergic asthma have long been told to avoid contact with these animals, it is concluded that prolonged early life exposure to Feld-1 induces a form of immune tolerance specific to that allergen 89 . cache = ./cache/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299672-dq1y1gkc author = Leung, Ting Fan title = Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation date = 2010-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3642 sentences = 221 flesch = 51 summary = Conclusions Respiratory viral infections are commonly found in children with asthma exacerbation, with HRV being the most important pathogen in our patients. Our primary outcome was the difference in detection rate for any respiratory pathogen between children with asthma with acute exacerbation and controls (ie, stable asthma). Secondary outcomes consisted of differences in the clinical severity of asthma exacerbation, lung function parameters, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FeNO) in relation to patients with different respiratory pathogens. HRV infection was associated with asthma exacerbation in the children, which is consistent with FeNO was the only parameter that differed between patients with and without HRV, being signifi cantly lower in the former group ( P 5 .018). Identifi cation of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections in Hong Kong by multiplex PCR assays cache = ./cache/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309421-725u6dau author = Wechsler, Michael E. title = SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5783 sentences = 270 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: SOURCE is an ongoing phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of tezepelumab 210 mg administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks on OCS dose reduction in adults with OCS-dependent asthma. SOURCE also aims to demonstrate that treatment with tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma is associated with reductions in exacerbation rates and improvements in lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life, while reducing OCS dose. SOURCE also aims to demonstrate that treatment with tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma is associated with reductions in exacerbation rates and improvements in lung function, asthma control and healthrelated quality of life, while reducing OCS dose. In the phase 2b PATHWAY study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced asthma exacerbations over 52 weeks by up to 71% compared with placebo in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma, irrespective of baseline biomarker status [24, 26] , and improved lung function, asthma control and patient HRQoL [24] . cache = ./cache/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33469 sentences = 1470 flesch = 39 summary = The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. cache = ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021905-fjcks7w4 author = Win, Patrick H. title = Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters? date = 2009-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5991 sentences = 297 flesch = 42 summary = The level of cat allergen that is required to induce asthma symptoms is not well defined, so strict avoidance and proper cleaning after an animal has been removed from the household are key to preventing morbidity. Accordingly, improper setting of the central air humidifier (commonly part of a home's central heating and air-conditioning unit) may worsen asthma control; while dehumidifiers set to keep humidity levels lower than 50% may be beneficial in reducing asthma symptoms from house-dust mite exposure. Similar to the aforementioned avoidance measures for pollen-sensitive asthmatic individuals, asthma symptoms from exposure to mold spores may be minimized by staying indoors as much as possible (especially during peak spore concentrations) and keeping home and automobile windows closed. Other important outdoor asthma triggers include exposure to vehicle traffic (especially diesel exhaust), which might exacerbate preexisting allergic conditions by enhancing airway responses to allergen, a potential compounding effect. cache = ./cache/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author = Ahanchian, Hamid title = Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date = 2012-09-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7744 sentences = 399 flesch = 35 summary = HRV are the most common viral agents [33] ; Other respiratory tract viruses detected in children with an asthma exacerbation include RSV, influenza, coronavirus, hMPV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and bocavirus [34] [35] [36] . Beside importance for bone health, vitamin D plays an important role in adequate function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including development of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes [151, 152] production of antimicrobial proteins by airway epithelium [153] , modifying the effect of intestinal flora on inflammatory disorders [107] , and modulation of the inflammatory response to viral infections [154] . In a recent study of 48 children from five to 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed asthma, vitamin D supplementation during the northern hemisphere winter months (September to July) prevented declining serum concentrations of 25(OH) D and reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infections [161] . cache = ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339578-eg19rfvi author = Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title = Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date = 2017-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3651 sentences = 190 flesch = 47 summary = OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Of the 351 children previously admitted with bronchiolitis, with positive viral detection and current age between 6 and 8 years, 244 (52 coinfections and 192 single infections) could be located and agreed to participate in the study. In conclusion, asthma at the age of 6-8 is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Moreover, viral coinfection, allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. cache = ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293678-jfjc7wjb author = Haroun-Díaz, Elisa title = SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS date = 2020-06-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 334 sentences = 33 flesch = 59 summary = title: SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS It is 110 estimated that the global economic burden of asthma is between 1.5 and 3 billion euros 111 annually, and higher costs are associated with greater disease severity (5). Severe asthma affects 3.9% of asthmatic patients (5). It is defined as an inflammatory 113 chronic respiratory disease that remains uncontrolled despite optimal therapy and 114 treatment of contributing factors, or which worsens when high-dose treatment is 115 decreased (6). Around 50% of patients with severe asthma experience uncontrolled or 116 partially controlled symptoms despite maximal treatment (5). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characterization of COVID-19 120 infection among patients with severe asthma according to ERS/ATS criteria who 121 presented to our allergy department during the COVID-19 pandemic. ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of 219 severe asthma cache = ./cache/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267835-ic0oqqln author = Jones, K. title = Management of acute asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection: a postal survey of general practitioners in the U.K. date = 1996-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3752 sentences = 197 flesch = 63 summary = There is a need to examine further the proper role, if any, of antibiotics in such situations, to determine the optimum dose and course length of oral steroid therapy, and to continue validating the use of self-management plans in acute asthma management. Thus, there is a need to examine further GPs' ideas regarding current management of acute asthma attacks in general practice, with particular reference to those associated with respiratory tract infection. This study aimed to examine the reported usage of oral steroids and antibiotics in asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection managed in general practice, and the timing of follow-up consultations using a postal scenario-based questionnaire sent to all GP principals in one health district. The results show that most GPs would prescribe oral steroids when faced with an acute asthma attack associated with respiratory tract infection and managed within a general practice setting. cache = ./cache/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author = Howard, Evin title = The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date = 2019-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6929 sentences = 351 flesch = 49 summary = The purpose of this literature review was to specifically examine asthma outcomes related to environmental exposures to microbial products, pertaining to endotoxin from bacteria-(1,3)-β-D-glucan and ergosterol from fungus, and common viruses associated with worsening asthma morbidity (rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and the influenza virus) during infancy, and to assess the risk of asthma development later in childhood [15] [16] [17] [18] (see Table 1 ). conducted a prospective longitudinal study examining whether early exposure to microbial products in dust was associated with allergy and asthma later in childhood for children in suburban areas using the following three birth cohort studies for children born between 1996 and 1999: [24••] , dust samples were collected from children's mattresses, bedroom floors, and living room floors; and showed no association between endotoxin nor the fungal membrane lipid ergosterol in the development of asthma with exposure from birth to 7 years of age. cache = ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254766-585iu5ey author = Tauro, Sharyn title = Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date = 2008-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5251 sentences = 246 flesch = 39 summary = This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. These observations suggest that respiratory viral infections lead to a prolonged period of increased antigen presentation in the airways resulting in de novo and memory T-cell responses not only to the virus but also to unrelated antigens including allergens. In addition to studies of primary infections, models studying the interactions between respiratory viral infections and allergen sensitization are essential in understanding the mechanisms of virus induced asthma exacerbations. These studies show that the immune responses to allergen sensitization and respiratory viral infections interact to cause persistent inflammation and AHR, symptomatic of the asthmatic response (Fig. 2) [53] . Recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections in allergen sensitized mice lead to persistent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness cache = ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303606-ypkia5x1 author = Lee, So-lun title = Is respiratory viral infection really an important trigger of asthma exacerbations in children? date = 2011-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3525 sentences = 179 flesch = 46 summary = We performed a prospective cohort study from September 2003 to December 2004 to delineate attributing the effect of different respiratory viral infections including newly discovered ones to asthma exacerbations in children in Hong Kong. Plausible explanations for much lower virus detection rate than previously reported include improved personal hygiene and precautionary measures taken during respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-severe acute respiratory syndrome period together with a significant contribution of other adverse factors like environmental air pollution. Plausible explanations for much lower virus detection rate than previously reported include improved personal hygiene and precautionary measures taken during respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-severe acute respiratory syndrome period together with a significant contribution of other adverse factors like environmental air pollution. Thus, we carried out a prospective study to delineate the current role of different viral respiratory tract infections including newly discovered respiratory viruses in asthma exacerbation in children in our locality. cache = ./cache/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260472-xvvfguht author = Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title = Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date = 2007-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5105 sentences = 255 flesch = 30 summary = The association between upper respiratory viral infections and asthma exacerbations in children was demonstrated almost three decades ago using virus cultures and serological techniques [5] . Abbreviations: RTePCR, reverse transcriptionepolymerase chain reaction; RV, rhinovirus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; MPV, human metapneumovirus; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN-b, interferon-beta; NGF, nerve growth factor; SP, substance P; NK1, neurokinin 1 receptor; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; LABA, long-acting b 2 agonists. In the human respiratory tract, all the above agents are able to produce a spectrum of clinical acute infection phenotypes, ranging from the common cold, croup and acute bronchiolitis, to pneumonia, although each virus has increased propensity for a particular clinical disease (e.g. parainfluenza for croup, RSV for severe bronchiolitis, influenza for pneumonia) [21, 22] . Rhinovirus is the key virus accounting for the majority of exacerbations both in children and adults and thus the effective treatment or prevention of that infection would be a major asset in asthma therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016783-8x05oh5q author = Arruda, L. Karla title = Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date = 2010 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7022 sentences = 306 flesch = 41 summary = Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . The relationship of exposure to microbial agents (endotoxin, fungal agents, and other microbial contaminants) early in life (3 months of age) and the development of atopic sensitization and physician-diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the first 4 years of life, in children of atopic mothers, was investigated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study. cache = ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022155-9759i9wr author = Nag, Pranab Kumar title = Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses date = 2018-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17584 sentences = 907 flesch = 41 summary = The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Different research groups emphasized on the association of prevalence of SBS symptoms among the office workers with the organic floor dust concentration, the floor covering of the workplaces, the age of the building, and the kind of ventilation system in operation. The assertion from the BASE study of the association of SBS with the increasing difference in concentration of CO 2 between indoor and outdoor brings forward the suggestion that a relative increase in the ventilation rates per person in an office building may reduce the prevalence of SBS symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289697-g24xib4l author = MacDowell, Ana L. title = Infectious triggers of asthma date = 2005-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7774 sentences = 353 flesch = 37 summary = In addition to viral infections, RTIs with atypical organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, precipitate a significant proportion of acute episodes of wheezing, contribute to the severity and persistence of asthma, and may serve as the initial insult that leads to development of asthma [17] [18] [19] . The time course of influenza-induced asthma exacerbations was examined retrospectively in 20 asthmatic children 8 to 12 years of age with acute respiratory symptoms [28] . Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects almost 100% of children by 2 years of age and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants [34] . Thus, despite the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in the control of asthma and reduction of exacerbations, patients continue to experience exacerbations, particularly in the setting of viral RTIs. Several treatment approaches have been investigated in an attempt to reduce the morbidity associated with wheezing associated with RTIs. Brunette et al [98] examined the effect of a short course of oral corticosteroid administered in an unblinded manner at onset of URI symptoms in a group of children with histories of recurrent wheezing in the setting of viral infections. cache = ./cache/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346751-x3gd19kq author = Kelly, Frank J. title = Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action date = 2020-11-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6228 sentences = 264 flesch = 46 summary = There is now consistent evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP; particularly nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ]) is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma across the entire life course, and evidence is accumulating for a link between poor indoor air quality and new cases [5, 6] . However, whilst largescale LEZs can deliver improvements in urban air quality, data suggest that, at least in densely populated European cities, more ambitious schemes are required to meet legislative limits and deliver improvements to childhood respiratory health, including asthma symptoms [35] . The introduction and rigorous evaluation of zones with greater reductions in pollutant concentrations are clearly warranted and may benefit from adjuvant clean air zones that introduce no vehicle idling areas, minimise congestion and support active and low-emission travel through the integration of public transport networks, including park-and-ride schemes. cache = ./cache/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author = nan title = Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30165 sentences = 1762 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022653-qa1uph35 author = nan title = Poster Discussion Session PDS date = 2017-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 58292 sentences = 3300 flesch = 53 summary = 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. cache = ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323761-9m177ozm author = Wang, Huijie title = Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety date = 2020-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6828 sentences = 298 flesch = 42 summary = Studies have shown that maternal asthma increases the risk for adverse complications in fetuses and mothers, including SGA (small for gestational age), LBW (low birth weight), congenital malformations (cleft lip or cleft palate), increased perinatal mortality, PB (premature birth), maternal preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, prenatal hemorrhage, caesarean section, urinary tract infection, excessive amniotic fluid, and premature rupture of membranes, especially for those patients with severe or uncontrolled asthma during pregnancy [6, 7] . e long-term goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control, maintain normal activity levels, and minimize the risk of acute attacks, irreversible damage to lung function, and drug-related adverse effects. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab is as an add-on therapy for the treatment of nonpregnant patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma that is inadequately controlled with ICS and has the effect of preventing exacerbation, reducing the frequency of asthmatic symptoms, reducing the frequency of emergency room visit or hospital admission, and reducing the steroid dose. cache = ./cache/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280859-3ff72mlq author = Abe, Nozomi title = Multi‐season analyses of causative pathogens in children hospitalized with asthma exacerbation date = 2019-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2949 sentences = 158 flesch = 41 summary = Nasopharyngeal mucosa cell samples were collected from the participants and examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to detect rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus (EV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and others. The median age and house-dust mite IgE levels at admission were significantly higher in the single infection group than those in the superinfection group (P < .001), whereas there were no significant differences in body temperature, SpO 2 , duration of hospitalization, serum levels of CRP, intensity of asthma exacerbation, and bronchial asthma severity between the two groups. The detection frequency of RV and RSV in our study was consistent with that in previous reports on the relationship between causative viruses and exacerbation in asthmatic patients, suggesting that our study illustrates the actual virus prevalence associated with asthma exacerbation. In conclusion, our three-season analysis on the prevalence of causative pathogens in hospitalized children with asthma exacerbation revealed that RV and RSV were most frequently detected. cache = ./cache/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333175-klnxnxwm author = Hussein, Mohammad H. title = Asthma in COVID-19 patients: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2654 sentences = 158 flesch = 50 summary = Currently, the CDC reports that asthma is present in about 17% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, making it the fourth most prevalent comorbidity behind hypertension, obesity, and diabetes [4] . Obese and diabetic patients have been categorized as high-risk, but there is still limited data regarding the impact of bronchial asthma on COVID-19 outcomes [5] . Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288344-8dar2p3j author = Yang, Xiaoyu title = The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4675 sentences = 251 flesch = 52 summary = title: The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial Therefore, we hypothesize that the rescue intervention strategy of budesonide/formoterol plus original treatments under severe pollution may reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations caused by air pollution before patients have symptoms. When the air quality index (AQI) reported by the air pollution monitoring station for the study is no less than 200, participants in the RIS group will receive budesonide/formoterol (160 μg/4.5 μg/dose, 1 dose/time, b.i.d.) plus original treatments until the end of severe pollution (AQI < 200). This singlecentre, prospective, randomized and standard treatment parallel control clinical trial aimed to determine whether the rescue intervention strategy will reduce the risk of air pollution-related asthma exacerbations. This is a single-centre, prospective, randomized and standard treatment parallel control study aimed at decreasing the risk of asthma exacerbations under severe air pollution with a novel rescue intervention strategy. cache = ./cache/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015893-e0fofgxq author = Ryhal, Bruce title = Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date = 2011-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6327 sentences = 316 flesch = 49 summary = Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter in air pollution may • exacerbate asthma, and patients should be cautioned to stay indoors when levels of these irritants are high. A study of children aged 6-8 years with asthma concluded that an asthma exacerbation was of a greater severity if a viral infection was present as opposed to a nonviral illness (7) . Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are well known to control the number of wheezing exacerbations in school-age children with chronic persistent asthma, an effect that appears to encompass those episodes caused by viral illness. Viral respiratory infections, and to a lesser extent air pollution, are common triggers of exacerbations and may interact with individuals to affect the development of some forms of asthma. By understanding and anticipating respiratory viral infections and air pollution as important causes of asthma, the health care provider can provide superior care for those who suffer from this chronic disease. cache = ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257244-gryp0khc author = Edwards, M. R. title = The potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations date = 2017-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5746 sentences = 317 flesch = 37 summary = Despite these important associations, the use of antiinfectives (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, vaccines) that specifically target known pathogens, or drugs that are based on or exploit microbe-host receptor interactions (toll-like receptor agonists, bacterial lysates) or are immunomodulators (vitamin D), and/or may work in part by altering our associated microbiology (probiotics) are, with the exception of severe asthma, seldom considered in asthma treatment, prevention and guidelines. Overall, antibiotic use is associated with asthma risk rather than protection at most stages of human development, including pregnancy, 10, 11 early life 12 and childhood, 13 although why this is so is a subject widely debated. 10 In retrospective studies, the association between antibiotic use and increased risk of asthma or wheezing in children is further confused due to the potential of reverse causation. Inhibiting virus replication through interfering with viral enzymes active within cells poses additional problems in drug discovery; however, several useful inhibitors for respiratory tract viruses have found their way into phase I/II clinical trials. cache = ./cache/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286328-ap0wfjhq author = Lewis, Toby C. title = Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date = 2012-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4776 sentences = 260 flesch = 46 summary = CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We conclude that, in children with asthma, naturally-occurring viral infections apparently induce a robust innate immune response including expression of specific chemokines, IFNs and IFN-responsive genes. To further examine the innate immune response to viral infection in children with asthma, we measured nasal aspirate cytokine levels in 16 asthmatic children before and after upper respiratory tract infections. We also examined the effects of upper respiratory tract infection on mRNA levels of selected markers of viral infection, including IFNs. Finally, we evaluated a new method of virus detection using a single polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction (PCR-LDR) multiplex assay. We performed home measurements of respiratory symptoms and collected nasal secretions (for detection of viral RNA by PCR and host biomarkers by PCR and ELISA) on 3 days during a week when children were healthy (not reporting upper respiratory tract infection or asthma symptoms), and again during a week when they experienced cold or flu-like symptoms. cache = ./cache/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312613-1nl7q6cy author = Luz Garcia-Garcia, M. title = Pediatric Asthma and Viral Infection() date = 2016-03-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4089 sentences = 231 flesch = 48 summary = Respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants and small children. The association between bronchiolitis caused by RSV and the development of recurrent wheezing and/or asthma was first described more than 40 years ago, but it is still unclear whether bronchiolitis causes chronic respiratory symptoms, or if it is a marker for children with a genetic predisposition for developing asthma in the medium or long term. In the Childhood Origins of Asthma (COAST) study, which followed a cohort of 289 newborns with high risk of developing asthma, lower respiratory tract infection associated with rhinovirus was the main risk factor for presenting recurrent wheezing at 3 and 6 years of life, with an odds ratio of 10 for rhinovirus bronchiolitis compared to 2.6 for RSV bronchiolitis. 3 found that 80% of asthma exacerbations in asthmatic children aged 9-11 years were associated with viral respiratory infection, of which two thirds were caused by rhinovirus. cache = ./cache/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023288-sqr33y72 author = nan title = Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30158 sentences = 1762 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327610-cm3vkpcn author = Fukuda, Yosuke title = Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: SIRT1 Targeted Approach date = 2020-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8189 sentences = 466 flesch = 39 summary = The pathological role of cellular senescence, especially that involving the silent information regulator 2 homolog sirtuin (SIRT) protein family, has recently been demonstrated in stable and exacerbated chronic respiratory disease states. Thus, SIRT1 activators, including resveratrol, may be effective in targeting CXCL8-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation in virus-induced and steroid-resistant asthma exacerbations [58, 59] . These lines of evidence suggest that activation of SIRT1 may lead to suppression of neutrophilic inflammation, possibly through suppression of CXCL8 and may be an effective therapeutic strategy, especially for steroid-resistant virus-induced asthma exacerbations. These results indicated that SIRT1 activation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for virus-induced asthma exacerbations by regulating MMP-9 expression and suppressing airway neutrophilic inflammation and remodeling. These data suggested that SIRT1 activation may ameliorate IgE-mediated airway inflammation in viral-induced asthma exacerbations, whereas the detailed mechanism by which omalizumab blocks IgE is unclear and requires further study. cache = ./cache/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 author = Castillo, Jamee R. title = Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment date = 2017-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5605 sentences = 358 flesch = 41 summary = 23 Finally, the use of inhaled IFN-b at the time of an upper respiratory infection reduces the airway viral load and improves clinical symptoms in patients with asthma. 50 ICS but under poor control, 50 Pauwels et al showed that highdose budesonide further reduced severe asthma exacerbations, that is, need for systemic corticosteroids, by nearly 50% compared with treatment with low-dose ICS in adults. In 2 replicate trials with a total of 912 adult patients with severe asthma and using ICS/LABA, adding tiotropium, 5 mcg, increased the time to first exacerbation by 56 days over placebo, and reduced exacerbations by 21% ( Figure 5 ). Two anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies, mepolizumab and reslizumab, are approved as maintenance therapy for patients with uncontrolled, persistent eosinophilic asthma with an exacerbation phenotype despite high-dose ICS. cache = ./cache/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author = Hanania, Nicola A. title = Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date = 2011-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17044 sentences = 940 flesch = 47 summary = The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults cache = ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351129-lzzyn570 author = Lee, Jae-Hyun title = Management of Allergic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3416 sentences = 202 flesch = 46 summary = For allergic patients who have been followed up at an allergy clinic in our region, it is recommended that they (patients with asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or chronic urticaria) continue to receive maintenance therapy and be in a well-controlled status. It was reported that none of the 140 patients who were hospitalized due to confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China had asthma or other allergic diseases such as AR, atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) mentioned that patients with common allergic conditions do not develop additional distinct symptoms or seem to be at increased risk of severe disease when infected with COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301022-0q2ertja author = Mims, James W. title = Inhalant Allergies in Children date = 2011-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7627 sentences = 431 flesch = 47 summary = 38 However, dietary antigen avoidance has not proved to be effective in most studies and a 2008 review in Pediatrics states, "for infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life." 39 Beyond this, whether exposure to antigenic foods early in life promotes sensitization or tolerance is unclear. Although preventing allergy through environmental control has shown mixed results, two controlled studies have shown that treating young children who have atopic dermatitis with antihistamines decreases the risk of developing asthma. 101 This phenotype is also associated with early sensitization to food or inhalant allergens 102 and reduced lung function at age 6 years (compared with children with no history of wheezing with lower respiratory illnesses). cache = ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author = Couetil, Laurent title = Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15554 sentences = 664 flesch = 36 summary = In the last few years, the terminology has further evolved with the term equine asthma (EA) now being recommended to describe horses with chronic respiratory signs ranging in severity from mild to severe that were previously referred as inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction, respectively (3) . The future development of new portable and sensitive devices for measuring the lung function of horses (forced oscillation or flow interruption techniques), or the discovery of blood biomarkers for EA would help not only to facilitate the diagnosis of mild and moderate forms of EA in clinical practice, but also to possibly identify new phenotypes for these conditions. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus group discussions designed to capture current practices and opinions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of lower airway inflammation, as well as familiarity with and views on the most recent ACVIM consensus statement (3), in which the term "mild-moderate equine asthma" was recommended. cache = ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332737-iclruwmx author = Webley, Wilmore C. title = Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date = 2017-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7485 sentences = 403 flesch = 40 summary = Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] . cache = ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023308-af5nihyi author = nan title = COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date = 2008-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30159 sentences = 1761 flesch = 53 summary = Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. cache = ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019347-tj3ye1mx author = nan title = ABSTRACT BOOK date = 2010-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 107926 sentences = 6940 flesch = 53 summary = Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI'S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual. cache = ./cache/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284313-rg3krh7d author = Wood, Lisa G. title = Persistent Airway Obstruction After Virus Infection Is Not Associated With Airway Inflammation date = 2007-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3828 sentences = 216 flesch = 44 summary = Abstract Background:This study examined the contribution of airway inflammation to the delayed lung function recovery that occurs in some people following virus-induced asthma exacerbations. In contrast, during exacerbation, subjects with persistent airway obstruction showed no differences in inflammatory cell counts compared to stable subjects with asthma, nor did cell counts change postexacerbation. Table 3 indicates that during the exacerbation the CCQ was elevated in both the airwayrecovery and the persistent-airway-obstruction groups; then, at 4 to 6 weeks postexacerbation, a similar improvement in virus symptoms was seen in both groups (percentage change in CCQ) [Fig 1] . The poor lung function (percent predicted FEV 1 ) observed during the acute episode significantly improved in the airway-recovery group, with values returning to levels of stable asthma patients postexacerbation. 11 Conversely, patients in the persistent-airway-obstruction group showed a lower airway inflammatory profile during exacerbations similar to those with stable asthma (Fig 2) , and this did not change significantly postexacerbation (Table 4 ). cache = ./cache/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272742-q37xxkja author = Mei‐Zahav, Meir title = Aerosol treatments for childhood asthma in the era of COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 252 sentences = 22 flesch = 63 summary = key: cord-272742-q37xxkja authors: Mei‐Zahav, Meir; Amirav, Israel title: Aerosol treatments for childhood asthma in the era of COVID‐19 cord_uid: q37xxkja To the Editor, About 10% of children in the United States have asthma and aerosols are the cornerstone of treatment of asthma. Nebulizers (wet or jet) are one of the commonly used aerosol-generating medical devices and generate small particles that can spread to a larger distance than a normal breath. In conclusion, given that MDI/VHC has been shown to be as effective in numerous clinical situations, switching from nebulization to MDI/VHC treatment should be another important step that pediatricians can take in reducing COVID-19 spread, particularly among health caregivers. Meir Mei-Zahav MD 1, 2 Israel Amirav MD 2,3,4 1 Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma Paediatric asthma and COVID-19 cache = ./cache/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281844-c0uhcatg author = Costa, Lusmaia D.C. title = Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6547 sentences = 351 flesch = 45 summary = Abstract Objective To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. Studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the detection technique, isolated or combined with traditional methods, observed positivity for respiratory viruses in up to 92.2% of episodes of acute asthma exacerbation in children. Several authors have performed studies aiming to detect viruses in respiratory secretions of exacerbated asthma patients, showing a prevalence of viral identification that varies with several factors, such as patient age, time of the year, method of sample collection, and method of viral detection. The use of viral detection techniques with high sensitivity and specificity has increased the identification of some respiratory viruses in children with asthma exacerbation. cache = ./cache/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-288344-8dar2p3j cord-023239-06a03o14 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 cord-023288-sqr33y72 cord-018537-t1gi76nc cord-015893-e0fofgxq cord-252012-hdjbxah8 cord-022527-a0x6lws3 cord-022658-mq91h15t cord-019347-tj3ye1mx cord-312952-9gbb4own cord-270834-b625s54s cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-000285-7p3b6tyf cord-252769-fe50u028 cord-293678-jfjc7wjb cord-016783-8x05oh5q cord-332053-df44guu7 cord-017412-1avevzya cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 cord-016931-il8o0fps cord-022650-phsr10jp cord-346751-x3gd19kq cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-320431-0877trhh cord-269554-fzu6dy4e cord-351565-ryjxbqno cord-295575-zgta5ah8 cord-327610-cm3vkpcn cord-340583-kjrxrk50 cord-300311-eah49b3g 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cord-252012-hdjbxah8 cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-293678-jfjc7wjb cord-267835-ic0oqqln cord-280859-3ff72mlq cord-321824-zbo75ki3 cord-333175-klnxnxwm cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 cord-252769-fe50u028 cord-260472-xvvfguht cord-336562-5qmzne98 cord-332298-ig1j5z07 cord-258093-6fn8ei9f cord-351565-ryjxbqno cord-299672-dq1y1gkc cord-288344-8dar2p3j cord-340583-kjrxrk50 cord-257244-gryp0khc cord-328918-nc0a77r6 cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-346751-x3gd19kq cord-023303-fxus38mp cord-320431-0877trhh cord-023288-sqr33y72 cord-017789-rhoisec4 cord-022527-a0x6lws3 cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-019347-tj3ye1mx cord-022650-phsr10jp Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-022650-phsr10jp cord-022653-qa1uph35 cord-023713-daz2vokz cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 cord-327610-cm3vkpcn number of items: 76 sum of words: 999,845 average size in words: 13,155 average readability score: 46 nouns: asthma; patients; children; study; treatment; disease; cells; symptoms; lung; results; years; age; airway; studies; infection; risk; levels; group; exacerbations; allergy; cell; response; control; inflammation; function; patient; infections; virus; role; subjects; data; exposure; use; therapy; allergen; diagnosis; effect; eosinophils; prevalence; expression; effects; factors; development; skin; months; test; analysis; life; blood; rhinitis verbs: used; increased; associated; shown; included; induced; die; compared; found; reports; reduced; identify; suggest; following; based; related; develop; treat; assessed; performed; determine; caused; controls; measured; leads; required; demonstrated; improve; inhaled; evaluate; present; decreased; observed; occurred; wheezing; provided; detected; received; resulting; diagnosed; affected; considered; known; remains; investigate; indicate; revealed; involved; needed; defined adjectives: respiratory; allergic; clinical; severe; viral; chronic; specific; acute; significant; high; positive; asthmatic; pulmonary; inflammatory; human; common; higher; immune; first; early; non; different; lower; important; low; bronchial; epithelial; normal; atopic; oral; negative; total; old; eosinophilic; several; many; similar; primary; anti; eosinophil; recent; current; healthy; mild; major; effective; persistent; new; mean; genetic adverbs: also; however; well; significantly; respectively; often; even; especially; therefore; previously; recently; less; still; particularly; commonly; frequently; clinically; usually; currently; approximately; furthermore; now; highly; later; prior; potentially; least; statistically; relatively; generally; long; yet; rather; alone; moreover; together; almost; directly; much; typically; specifically; first; already; early; daily; strongly; mainly; widely; primarily; probably pronouns: we; it; their; our; they; its; i; he; she; them; her; his; us; itself; em; you; themselves; one; your; him; my; me; mg; il-; iga1; himself; siil-33; ours; ocid1001; igg4; iga2; 's; y€; und; tssc; tryptase; sont-20; remodeling/; p<.001; oneself; interleukin-15; interleukin-10; il-8; ige2; ielisas; herewith; h,-receptors; fluorocytometry(becton; cysltr1; -24 proper nouns: IgE; der; COPD; Asthma; RSV; von; T; mg; und; mit; PCR; eine; ICS; C; da; IL-5; FEV1; bei; FEV; A; zu; Health; das; HRV; auch; IFN; AR; IL-6; L; RV; den; United; werden; CI; B; einer; M; IgA; auf; IL-4; ECP; Study; ELISA; States; CD4; OCS; CT; National; asma; na keywords: asthma; patient; study; respiratory; rsv; copd; child; cell; pcr; lung; infection; result; virus; treatment; increase; hrv; fev1; disease; airway; symptom; osa; il-6; der; covid-19; allergic; year; ics; exacerbation; asm; allergy; von; viral; und; test; pulmonary; il-4; group; fev; elisa; die; conclusion; allergen; zellen; ventilation; united; severe; risk; response; pregnancy; pinto one topic; one dimension: asthma file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121367/ titles(s): Allergie, Pathomechanismen, Krankheitsbilder three topics; one dimension: asthma; patients; die file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158199/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0873215915302750, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122452/ titles(s): Eosinophils in Human Disease | Infecção na modulaçâo da asma 1 1 Trabalho apresentado no XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP – Guarda, Novembro 2007 / Paper presented at the XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP / PSP Pulmonology Congress, Guarda, November 2007 | Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien five topics; three dimensions: asthma children respiratory; patients asthma results; asthma patients cells; die der und; will air fi file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/, https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2173511508702975, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169210/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122452/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-020-00138-1 titles(s): Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases | The role of infection in asthma | Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management | Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien | Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action Type: cord title: keyword-asthma-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 21:00 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:asthma ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-280859-3ff72mlq author: Abe, Nozomi title: Multi‐season analyses of causative pathogens in children hospitalized with asthma exacerbation date: 2019-08-12 words: 2949 sentences: 158 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280859-3ff72mlq.txt summary: Nasopharyngeal mucosa cell samples were collected from the participants and examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to detect rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus (EV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and others. The median age and house-dust mite IgE levels at admission were significantly higher in the single infection group than those in the superinfection group (P < .001), whereas there were no significant differences in body temperature, SpO 2 , duration of hospitalization, serum levels of CRP, intensity of asthma exacerbation, and bronchial asthma severity between the two groups. The detection frequency of RV and RSV in our study was consistent with that in previous reports on the relationship between causative viruses and exacerbation in asthmatic patients, suggesting that our study illustrates the actual virus prevalence associated with asthma exacerbation. In conclusion, our three-season analysis on the prevalence of causative pathogens in hospitalized children with asthma exacerbation revealed that RV and RSV were most frequently detected. abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory viral and mycoplasma infections are associated with childhood asthma exacerbations. Here, we explored epidemiologic profile of causative pathogens and possible factors for exacerbation in a single center over a three‐year period. METHODS: Hospitalized asthmatic children with attack aged 6 months‐17 years were recruited between 2012 and 2015 (n = 216). Nasopharyngeal mucosa cell samples were collected from the participants and examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to detect rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus (EV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and others. Clinical features, laboratory data, asthma exacerbation intensity, and asthma severity were compared among participants. Epidemiologic profile of causative pathogens and possible factors for exacerbation were explored. RESULTS: Viruses and/or Mycoplasma pneumoniae were detected in 75% of the participants. Rhinovirus (48%) was the most commonly detected virus in the participants with single infection, followed by RSV (6%). The median age at admission in the RV group was significantly higher than that in the RSV group. Insufficient asthma control and allergen sensitization were significantly related to RV‐associated asthma exacerbation. There was no seasonality of pathogen types associated with asthma exacerbation although a sporadic prevalence of EV‐D68 was observehinovirud. Rhinovirus were repeatedly detected in multiple admission cases. CONCLUSION: Our three‐year analysis revealed that patients with RV infection were significantly prone to repeated RV infection in the subsequent exacerbation and good asthma control could prevent RV‐associated asthma development and exacerbation. Multiple‐year monitoring allowed us to comprehend the profile of virus‐ and/or mycoplasma‐induced asthma exacerbation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31251831/ doi: 10.1111/pai.13102 id: cord-346253-0mnsm6s4 author: Ahanchian, Hamid title: Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? date: 2012-09-13 words: 7744 sentences: 399 pages: flesch: 35 cache: ./cache/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346253-0mnsm6s4.txt summary: HRV are the most common viral agents [33] ; Other respiratory tract viruses detected in children with an asthma exacerbation include RSV, influenza, coronavirus, hMPV, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and bocavirus [34] [35] [36] . Beside importance for bone health, vitamin D plays an important role in adequate function of both the innate and adaptive immune systems including development of dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes [151, 152] production of antimicrobial proteins by airway epithelium [153] , modifying the effect of intestinal flora on inflammatory disorders [107] , and modulation of the inflammatory response to viral infections [154] . In a recent study of 48 children from five to 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed asthma, vitamin D supplementation during the northern hemisphere winter months (September to July) prevented declining serum concentrations of 25(OH) D and reduced the risk of asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory tract infections [161] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Asthma is a major public health problem with a huge social and economic burden affecting 300 million people worldwide. Viral respiratory infections are the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations and may contribute to asthma inception in high risk young children with susceptible genetic background. Acute exacerbations are associated with decreased lung growth or accelerated loss of lung function and, as such, add substantially to both the cost and morbidity associated with asthma. DISCUSSION: While the importance of preventing viral infection is well established, preventive strategies have not been well explored. Good personal hygiene, hand-washing and avoidance of cigarette smoke are likely to reduce respiratory viral infections. Eating a healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and bacterial-derived products, such as OM-85, may reduce recurrent infections in susceptible children. There are no practical anti-viral therapies currently available that are suitable for widespread use. SUMMARY: Hand hygiene is the best measure to prevent the common cold. A healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and immunostimulant OM-85 may reduce recurrent infections in asthmatic children. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147 id: cord-016783-8x05oh5q author: Arruda, L. Karla title: Early Interventions in Allergic Diseases date: 2010 words: 7022 sentences: 306 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016783-8x05oh5q.txt summary: Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1] . The relationship of exposure to microbial agents (endotoxin, fungal agents, and other microbial contaminants) early in life (3 months of age) and the development of atopic sensitization and physician-diagnosed asthma and wheeze in the first 4 years of life, in children of atopic mothers, was investigated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study. abstract: Atopy has been defined as the genetic predisposition to develop IgE antibody responses to a variety of common environmental allergens. Clinically, atopy is expressed by asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. It has been recognized that the “atopic march” evolves from food allergy and atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life, followed by asthma and allergic rhinitis. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of allergies and asthma has increased significantly in developed countries, and asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Evidence indicates that environmental factors acting early in life, including respiratory viral infections, exposure to pets and microbial products, day-care attendance, breast feeding, and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke and other pollutants, are key events for establishment of sensitization and development of chronic, persistent symptoms of allergic diseases [1]. It is thought that gene—environment interactions play a crucial role in these processes. Therefore, attempts to successfully prevent development of allergic diseases should be a priority. At present, there are no genetic markers for atopy or asthma which could be used routinely in clinical practice and family history of atopy has been used to identify children genetically at-risk of developing allergic diseases. These children from high-risk families have been the focus of most of the intervention studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121172/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_23 id: cord-336562-5qmzne98 author: Auten, Richard title: Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2016: Part 2 date: 2017-04-25 words: 2535 sentences: 134 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336562-5qmzne98.txt summary: The ability to obtain tidal breathing measurements may lead to new insights into changes in chest and abdominal motion in pediatric respiratory disease. 47 Acute viral bronchiolitis, due to RSV and other pathogens, continues to have a major impact worldwide on childhood mortality and hospital admissions, 51 is associated with subsequent asthma and allergy risk, 52 and could be increasing in incidence. 57 Flores et al 58 conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing 3% hypertonic saline to normal saline in previously healthy infants hospitalized with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Thus, the study does not support the use of nebulized hypertonic saline over normal saline in therapy of hospitalized children with mild-to-moderate acute viral bronchiolitis. Association between trafficrelated air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case-control study Changes in lung function measured by spirometry and the forced oscillation technique in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment for respiratory tract exacerbation abstract: Pediatric Pulmonology continues to publish research and clinical topics related to the entire range of children's respiratory disorders. As we have done annually in recent years, we here summarize some of the past year's publications in our major topic areas, as well as selected literature in these areas from other core journals relevant to our discipline. This review (Part 2) covers selected articles on neonatology, asthma, physiology and lung function testing, and infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23719 doi: 10.1002/ppul.23719 id: cord-300311-eah49b3g author: Bueving, Herman J. title: What is the role of virus vaccination in patients with asthma? date: 2007-05-30 words: 2983 sentences: 191 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300311-eah49b3g.txt summary: Other studies are often based on selected populations with existing symptoms or complications, reflecting only the worst of the spectrum of disease caused by acute respiratory infections [9, [14] [15] [16] [17] ] and thus disregarding their often self-limiting nature. The availability of effective vaccines against the key viruses involved in asthma exacerbations thus could play an important role in its prevention. However, because of a lack of clinical effectiveness, the natural antigenic variations of the influenza virus, and the low average incidence of influenza, cost-effectiveness in children and adults with asthma will not be easily achieved if vaccination has to be delivered annually. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations Influenza vaccination in patients with asthma: effect on the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations abstract: It is estimated that viruses play a role in 30% to 80% of asthma exacerbations. Thus, virus vaccination in patients with asthma could play an important role in preventing asthma exacerbations and other complications. Influenza is the only agent for which a routine vaccine is currently available. This article discusses whether influenza vaccination in patients with asthma, based on the available evidence, is justified. Cost-effectiveness of (influenza) vaccination for patients with asthma is questionable. For the other major viruses involved, the present state of affairs is described. Although progress is being made, a vaccine may be available in the near future only for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Meanwhile, clinicians and patients should aim for an optimal treatment with the currently available asthma medication. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17504664/ doi: 10.1007/s11882-007-0033-z id: cord-283870-b9hvcrd1 author: Castillo, Jamee R. title: Asthma Exacerbations: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment date: 2017-08-31 words: 5605 sentences: 358 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283870-b9hvcrd1.txt summary: 23 Finally, the use of inhaled IFN-b at the time of an upper respiratory infection reduces the airway viral load and improves clinical symptoms in patients with asthma. 50 ICS but under poor control, 50 Pauwels et al showed that highdose budesonide further reduced severe asthma exacerbations, that is, need for systemic corticosteroids, by nearly 50% compared with treatment with low-dose ICS in adults. In 2 replicate trials with a total of 912 adult patients with severe asthma and using ICS/LABA, adding tiotropium, 5 mcg, increased the time to first exacerbation by 56 days over placebo, and reduced exacerbations by 21% ( Figure 5 ). Two anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies, mepolizumab and reslizumab, are approved as maintenance therapy for patients with uncontrolled, persistent eosinophilic asthma with an exacerbation phenotype despite high-dose ICS. abstract: Guideline-based management of asthma focuses on disease severity and choosing the appropriate medical therapy to control symptoms and reduce the risk of exacerbations. However, irrespective of asthma severity and often despite optimal medical therapy, patients may experience acute exacerbations of symptoms and a loss of disease control. Asthma exacerbations are most commonly triggered by viral respiratory infections, particularly with human rhinovirus. Given the importance of these events to asthma morbidity and health care costs, we will review common inciting factors for asthma exacerbations and approaches to prevent and treat these events. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.001 id: cord-340583-kjrxrk50 author: Castro‐Rodriguez, Jose A. title: Asthma and COVID‐19 in children – a systematic review and call for data date: 2020-06-18 words: 3081 sentences: 172 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340583-kjrxrk50.txt summary: Importantly, none of the largest epidemiological studies including children with COVID-19 reported clinical findings or underlying characteristics to help assess whether asthma -or other chronic lung diseases-constitutes a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity. Rather than a risk factor, a recent review of data in adults reported that both asthma and COPD appear to be under-represented in the comorbidities reported for patients with COVID-19, compared with global estimates of prevalence for these conditions in the general population (63) . After an extensive review of the current literature, only two reports included information on asthma as a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection -but not severity or mortality-in children. However, the largest studies to date have been limited to a description of the number of cases by age group, and so it remains unclear whether childhood asthma -or other pediatric respiratory diseases-are associated with COVID-19 risk or severity. abstract: RATIONALE: Whether asthma constitutes a risk factor for COVID‐19 is unclear. Here we aimed to assess whether asthma, the most common chronic disease in children, is associated with higher COVID‐19 risk or severity in pediatric populations. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in three stages: First, we reviewed PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL for systematic reviews of SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 in pediatric populations, and reviewed their primary articles; second, we searched PubMed for studies on COVID‐19 or SARS‐CoV‐2 and asthma/wheeze, and evaluated whether the resulting studies included pediatric populations; third, we repeated the second search in BioRxiv.org and MedRxiv.org to find pre‐prints that may have information on pediatric asthma. RESULTS: In the first search, eight systematic reviews were found, of which five were done in pediatric populations; none of the 67 primary studies included data on pediatric asthma as a comorbidity for COVID‐19. In the second search, we found 34 results in PubMed, of which five reported asthma in adults, but none included data on children. In the third search, 25 pre‐prints in MedRxiv included data on asthma, but none on children. We found one report by the U.S. CDC stating that 40/345 (~11.5%) children with data on chronic conditions had “chronic lung diseases including asthma”, and one from a tertiary hospital in New York that reported asthma in 11/46 (~23.9%) children hospitalized for COVID‐19. CONCLUSION: There is scarcely any data on whether childhood asthma (or other pediatric respiratory diseases) constitute risk factors for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or COVID‐19 severity. Studies are needed that go beyond counting the number of cases in the pediatric age range. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24909 doi: 10.1002/ppul.24909 id: cord-281844-c0uhcatg author: Costa, Lusmaia D.C. title: Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? date: 2014-12-31 words: 6547 sentences: 351 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281844-c0uhcatg.txt summary: Abstract Objective To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. Studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the detection technique, isolated or combined with traditional methods, observed positivity for respiratory viruses in up to 92.2% of episodes of acute asthma exacerbation in children. Several authors have performed studies aiming to detect viruses in respiratory secretions of exacerbated asthma patients, showing a prevalence of viral identification that varies with several factors, such as patient age, time of the year, method of sample collection, and method of viral detection. The use of viral detection techniques with high sensitivity and specificity has increased the identification of some respiratory viruses in children with asthma exacerbation. abstract: Abstract Objective To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. Sources A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. Summary of the findings A total of 42 original articles addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. Conclusions Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.07.001 id: cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author: Couetil, Laurent title: Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date: 2020-07-30 words: 15554 sentences: 664 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt summary: In the last few years, the terminology has further evolved with the term equine asthma (EA) now being recommended to describe horses with chronic respiratory signs ranging in severity from mild to severe that were previously referred as inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction, respectively (3) . The future development of new portable and sensitive devices for measuring the lung function of horses (forced oscillation or flow interruption techniques), or the discovery of blood biomarkers for EA would help not only to facilitate the diagnosis of mild and moderate forms of EA in clinical practice, but also to possibly identify new phenotypes for these conditions. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus group discussions designed to capture current practices and opinions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of lower airway inflammation, as well as familiarity with and views on the most recent ACVIM consensus statement (3), in which the term "mild-moderate equine asthma" was recommended. abstract: The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903600/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450 id: cord-321824-zbo75ki3 author: Coverstone, Andrea M. title: Beyond Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of Asthma: The Role of Metapneumovirus, Bocavirus and Influenza Virus date: 2019-05-16 words: 4263 sentences: 237 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321824-zbo75ki3.txt summary: Respiratory viruses other than rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, including human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and human bocavirus, are important pathogens in acute wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations in young children. Whether infection with these viruses in early life is associated with recurrent wheezing and/or asthma is not fully investigated, although there are data to suggest children with human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infection may have a higher likelihood of subsequent and recurrent wheezing several years after initial infection. viruses are associated with acute wheezing illness, including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), 1 coronavirus, and enterovirus ( Table 1) . 17 In another study of children 1 to 14 years of age with hMPV infection, differences in measures of cell-mediated immunity distinguished hMPV from other respiratory viruses, such as RSV and influenza. abstract: Respiratory viruses other than rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus, including human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and human bocavirus, are important pathogens in acute wheezing illness and asthma exacerbations in young children. Whether infection with these viruses in early life is associated with recurrent wheezing and/or asthma is not fully investigated, although there are data to suggest children with human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infection may have a higher likelihood of subsequent and recurrent wheezing several years after initial infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31284928/ doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.007 id: cord-308169-a0ft6wdy author: Custovic, A. title: EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma date: 2013-11-06 words: 7710 sentences: 379 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308169-a0ft6wdy.txt summary: A recently published consensus statement on severe asthma broadened the concept of ''difficult asthma'' to reflect the situation in less developed countries, where access to medications and appropriate care is a major issue, by defining three different patient groups including un(der)treated symptomatic patients, patients with low treatment adherence or unconventional therapies, and those remaining symptomatic despite high doses of anti-asthmatic therapies (13, 14) . Other similar initiatives included the EU-sponsored Unbiased Biomarkers for the Prediction of Respiratory Disease Outcomes (U-BIOPRED) consortium that has published a consensus-based systematic algorithm approach to differentiate between ''problematic'', ''difficult'' and ''severe refractory'' asthma in the evaluation of patients with chronic severe asthma symptoms for use in clinical research and specialized care (73) . These treatment options for patients with severe asthma who remain symptomatic despite adhering to standard medical care include novel anti-inflammatory drugs that have been shown in preliminary studies to be effective in treating airway inflammation in asthma and so warrant further investigation (32, (83) (84) (85) (86) , and other novel approaches such as bronchial thermoplasty (87) . abstract: Asthma exacerbations and severe asthma are linked with high morbidity, significant mortality and high treatment costs. Recurrent asthma exacerbations cause a decline in lung function and, in childhood, are linked to development of persistent asthma. This position paper, from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, highlights the shortcomings of current treatment guidelines for patients suffering from frequent asthma exacerbations and those with difficult‐to‐treat asthma and severe treatment‐resistant asthma. It reviews current evidence that supports a call for increased awareness of (i) the seriousness of asthma exacerbations and (ii) the need for novel treatment strategies in specific forms of severe treatment‐resistant asthma. There is strong evidence linking asthma exacerbations with viral airway infection and underlying deficiencies in innate immunity and evidence of a synergism between viral infection and allergic mechanisms in increasing risk of exacerbations. Nonadherence to prescribed medication has been identified as a common clinical problem amongst adults and children with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Appropriate diagnosis, assessment of adherence and other potentially modifiable factors (such as passive or active smoking, ongoing allergen exposure, psychosocial factors) have to be a priority in clinical assessment of all patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma. Further studies with improved designs and new diagnostic tools are needed to properly characterize (i) the pathophysiology and risk of asthma exacerbations, and (ii) the clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity of severe asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24410781/ doi: 10.1111/all.12275 id: cord-023713-daz2vokz author: Devereux, Graham title: Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Airway Diseases date: 2013-09-06 words: 27880 sentences: 1480 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023713-daz2vokz.txt summary: A systematic review and metaanalysis of the longitudinal studies relating maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy to childhood outcomes concluded that high maternal dietary vitamin D intake is associated with a reduced risk of children wheezing up to the age of 5 years (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.73). The Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort study related symptom data prospectively collected annually from 3863 children up to the age of 8 years to land-use regression estimates of individual NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and soot exposures at their birth addresses. 327 A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective birth cohort studies evaluating the effects of allergen (i.e., HDM or dietary) avoidance during pregnancy concluded that early-life allergen avoidance in isolation does not reduce the likelihood of asthma in children at age 5 years (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.78). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173512/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-08593-9.00049-8 id: cord-257244-gryp0khc author: Edwards, M. R. title: The potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators as therapies for asthma and asthma exacerbations date: 2017-08-10 words: 5746 sentences: 317 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257244-gryp0khc.txt summary: Despite these important associations, the use of antiinfectives (antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, vaccines) that specifically target known pathogens, or drugs that are based on or exploit microbe-host receptor interactions (toll-like receptor agonists, bacterial lysates) or are immunomodulators (vitamin D), and/or may work in part by altering our associated microbiology (probiotics) are, with the exception of severe asthma, seldom considered in asthma treatment, prevention and guidelines. Overall, antibiotic use is associated with asthma risk rather than protection at most stages of human development, including pregnancy, 10, 11 early life 12 and childhood, 13 although why this is so is a subject widely debated. 10 In retrospective studies, the association between antibiotic use and increased risk of asthma or wheezing in children is further confused due to the potential of reverse causation. Inhibiting virus replication through interfering with viral enzymes active within cells poses additional problems in drug discovery; however, several useful inhibitors for respiratory tract viruses have found their way into phase I/II clinical trials. abstract: Asthma is responsible for approximately 25,000 deaths annually in Europe despite available medicines that maintain asthma control and reduce asthma exacerbations. Better treatments are urgently needed for the control of chronic asthma and reduction in asthma exacerbations, the major cause of asthma mortality. Much research spanning >20 years shows a strong association between microorganisms including pathogens in asthma onset, severity and exacerbation, yet with the exception of antibiotics, few treatments are available that specifically target the offending pathogens. Recent insights into the microbiome suggest that modulating commensal organisms within the gut or lung may also be a possible way to treat/prevent asthma. The European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology Task Force on Anti‐infectives in Asthma was initiated to investigate the potential of anti‐infectives and immunomodulators in asthma. This review provides a concise summary of the current literature and aimed to identify and address key questions that concern the use of anti‐infectives and both microbe‐ and host‐based immunomodulators and their feasibility for use in asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28722755/ doi: 10.1111/all.13257 id: cord-342464-6vk2oxo5 author: Edwards, Michael R. title: The microbiology of asthma date: 2012-06-06 words: 8087 sentences: 352 pages: flesch: 36 cache: ./cache/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342464-6vk2oxo5.txt summary: The hygiene hypothesis posits that repeated exposure to diverse common infections (in particular, with bacteria, food-borne and oro faecal parasites 4 , and hookworms 5 ) and exposure to environmental microbiota during childhood 6, 7 are strongly associated with a healthy maturation of the immune system and with protection from the development of asthma and allergies later in life 8, 9 . Case control studies show a clear link between respiratory virus infection together with allergen exposure in sensitized children 108 and adults 109 in increasing the risk of hospital admissions due to asthma exacerbations. 5. Excessive T H 2 type responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of RSV-mediated bronchiolitis 110 , and increased production of IL-5 by T cells at birth is associated with a greater risk of severe respiratory infection 111 . abstract: Asthma remains an important human disease that is responsible for substantial worldwide morbidity and mortality. The causes of asthma are multifactorial and include a complex mix of environmental, immunological and host genetic factors. In addition, epidemiological studies show strong associations between asthma and infection with respiratory pathogens, including common respiratory viruses such as rhinoviruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as bacteria (including atypical bacteria) and fungi. In this Review, we describe the many roles of microorganisms in the risk of developing asthma and in the pathogenesis of and protection against the disease, and we discuss the mechanisms by which infections affect the severity and prevalence of asthma. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2801 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2801 id: cord-280210-6xivdgvt author: Eichner, E. Randy title: Writing on Sports Medicine in Pandemic Times date: 2020-07-08 words: 1661 sentences: 119 pages: flesch: 75 cache: ./cache/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280210-6xivdgvt.txt summary: So I try to keep up with epidemiology, even though at this writing, in May 2020, more than 10,000 scientific or medical articles have already appeared on this novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that causes the disease COVID-19. So, against all odds, I will start with thoughts on infections and epidemics, on our primal fear of contagion, and on quarantine or "social distancing." Then, I will address four questions I have received that are relevant to athletes. Now is the time to read John Barry''s "The Great Influenza," on the deadliest plague in history, the influenza pandemic from early 1918 to early 1920 that killed up to 100 million people worldwide. Early in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome panic, a Boston neurosurgeon called for Massachusetts to quarantine "irresponsible" carriers of human immunodeficiency virus on Penikese Island. Question 3: If athletes test positive for the antibody, are they immune to this Coronavirus? abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000731 doi: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000731 id: cord-320431-0877trhh author: Frey, Andreas title: More Than Just a Barrier: The Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma Pathogenesis date: 2020-04-28 words: 15225 sentences: 762 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320431-0877trhh.txt summary: In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Besides this innate "rapid response team, " the polarized epithelium of the human airways is also able to transport and apically release immunoglobulins that carry a J-chain (joining chain) by using its poly Ig receptor (pIgR) (145) (146) (147) that is expressed by all non-stratified epithelial cells (Figure 2) . After contact for example with HDM extracts, representing a major source of asthma associated allergens, TLR4 dependent activation of NFκB and protease induced injuries in airway epithelial cells lead to secretion of chemokines and cytokines like thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), GM-CSF, IL-25, and IL-33 (211) (212) (213) (214) (215) . abstract: Allergic bronchial asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that is characterized by symptoms like respiratory distress, chest tightness, wheezing, productive cough, and acute episodes of broncho-obstruction. This symptom-complex arises on the basis of chronic allergic inflammation of the airway wall. Consequently, the airway epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of this disease, because its multiple abilities directly have an impact on the inflammatory response and thus the formation of the disease. In turn, its structure and functions are markedly impaired by the inflammation. Hence, the airway epithelium represents a sealed, self-cleaning barrier, that prohibits penetration of inhaled allergens, pathogens, and other noxious agents into the body. This barrier is covered with mucus that further contains antimicrobial peptides and antibodies that are either produced or specifically transported by the airway epithelium in order to trap these particles and to remove them from the body by a process called mucociliary clearance. Once this first line of defense of the lung is overcome, airway epithelial cells are the first cells to get in contact with pathogens, to be damaged or infected. Therefore, these cells release a plethora of chemokines and cytokines that not only induce an acute inflammatory reaction but also have an impact on the alignment of the following immune reaction. In case of asthma, all these functions are impaired by the already existing allergic immune response that per se weakens the barrier integrity and self-cleaning abilities of the airway epithelium making it more vulnerable to penetration of allergens as well as of infection by bacteria and viruses. Recent studies indicate that the history of allergy- and pathogen-derived insults can leave some kind of memory in these cells that can be described as imprinting or trained immunity. Thus, the airway epithelium is in the center of processes that lead to formation, progression and acute exacerbation of asthma. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00761 id: cord-018537-t1gi76nc author: Frey, U. title: Obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen date: 2013-10-05 words: 10057 sentences: 1469 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018537-t1gi76nc.txt summary: Während im Säuglingsalter häufig vor allem virale Auslöser zu einmaligen obstruktiven Bronchitiden oder Bronchiolitiden führen, ist bei rezidivierenden Formen in jedem Alter, insbesondere beim Vorliegen von multiplen Auslösern, an ein frühkindliches Asthma bronchiale zu denken. Lebensjahr bei Kleinkindern verwendet, die eine akute virale Infektion der unteren Atemwege mit obstruktiver Symptomatik (auch wenn vorwiegend Pfeifen/Giemen vorliegt) erleiden, Dies wird in unseren Regionen als »virusinduziertes Wheezing«, »wheezy bronchitis« oder eben als obstruktive Bronchitis klassifiziert. Speziell bei Frühgeborenen und sehr jungen Säuglingen (<3 Monate) kann es ihm Rahmen von RSV-Infektionen zu zentralen Apnoen mit Bradykardien kommen, die vermutlich als Folge einer direkten Störung des Atemzentrums durch das Virus entstehen. Asthmaentwicklung Obwohl die »Huhn und Ei-Frage« nicht vollständig klar ist, nimmt man heute aufgrund von Erkenntnissen an großen Geburtskohorten an, dass frühe Virusinfektionen eher nur bei Kindern mit gewissen prädisponierenden Faktoren eine nachfolgenden Störung der Immunentwicklung und Allergie beeinflussen oder gar induzieren können (two hit hypothesis). abstract: In den folgenden Abschnitten werden die verschiedenen Formen der obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen erläutert, die je nach Alter, prädisponierenden Risikofaktoren und auch je nach Art der Auslöser verschiedenartige Ausprägungen und Verlaufsformen (Phänotypen) annehmen können. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123435/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-34827-3_27 id: cord-327610-cm3vkpcn author: Fukuda, Yosuke title: Virus-Induced Asthma Exacerbations: SIRT1 Targeted Approach date: 2020-08-13 words: 8189 sentences: 466 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327610-cm3vkpcn.txt summary: The pathological role of cellular senescence, especially that involving the silent information regulator 2 homolog sirtuin (SIRT) protein family, has recently been demonstrated in stable and exacerbated chronic respiratory disease states. Thus, SIRT1 activators, including resveratrol, may be effective in targeting CXCL8-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation in virus-induced and steroid-resistant asthma exacerbations [58, 59] . These lines of evidence suggest that activation of SIRT1 may lead to suppression of neutrophilic inflammation, possibly through suppression of CXCL8 and may be an effective therapeutic strategy, especially for steroid-resistant virus-induced asthma exacerbations. These results indicated that SIRT1 activation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for virus-induced asthma exacerbations by regulating MMP-9 expression and suppressing airway neutrophilic inflammation and remodeling. These data suggested that SIRT1 activation may ameliorate IgE-mediated airway inflammation in viral-induced asthma exacerbations, whereas the detailed mechanism by which omalizumab blocks IgE is unclear and requires further study. abstract: The prevalence of asthma has increased worldwide. Asthma exacerbations triggered by upper respiratory tract viral infections remain a major clinical problem and account for hospital admissions and time lost from work. Virus-induced asthma exacerbations cause airway inflammation, resulting in worsening asthma and deterioration in the patients’ quality of life, which may require systemic corticosteroid therapy. Despite recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbations, current therapeutic modalities are inadequate for complete prevention and treatment of these episodes. The pathological role of cellular senescence, especially that involving the silent information regulator 2 homolog sirtuin (SIRT) protein family, has recently been demonstrated in stable and exacerbated chronic respiratory disease states. This review discusses the role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. It also discusses the role of SIRT1 in inflammatory cells that play an important role in virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Recent studies have hypothesized that SIRT1 is one of major contributors to cellular senescence. SIRT1 levels decrease in Th2 and non-Th2-related airway inflammation, indicating the role of SIRT1 in several endotypes and phenotypes of asthma. Moreover, several models have demonstrated relationships between viral infection and SIRT1. Therefore, targeting SIRT1 is a novel strategy that may be effective for treating virus-induced asthma exacerbations in the future. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082623 doi: 10.3390/jcm9082623 id: cord-339578-eg19rfvi author: Garcia-Garcia, Maria Luz title: Role of viral coinfections in asthma development date: 2017-12-05 words: 3651 sentences: 190 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339578-eg19rfvi.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Of the 351 children previously admitted with bronchiolitis, with positive viral detection and current age between 6 and 8 years, 244 (52 coinfections and 192 single infections) could be located and agreed to participate in the study. In conclusion, asthma at the age of 6-8 is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Moreover, viral coinfection, allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral respiratory infections, especially acute bronchiolitis, play a key role in the development of asthma in childhood. However, most studies have focused on respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus infections and none of them have compared the long-term evolution of single versus double or multiple viral infections. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare the frequency of asthma development at 6–8 years in children with previous admission for bronchiolitis associated with single versus double or multiple viral infection. PATIENTS & METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 244 children currently aged 6–8 years, previously admitted due to bronchiolitis between September 2008 and December 2011. A structured clinical interview and the ISAAC questionnaire for asthma symptoms for 6-7-year-old children, were answered by parents by telephone. Specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirate for virological study (polymerase chain reaction) and clinical data were prospectively taken during admission for bronchiolitis. RESULTS: Median current age at follow-up was 7.3 years (IQR: 6.7–8.1). The rate of recurrent wheezing was 82.7% in the coinfection group and 69.7% in the single-infection group, p = 0.06. The number of wheezing-related admissions was twice as high in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.004. Regarding the ISAAC questionnaire, 30.8% of coinfections versus 15% of single infections, p = 0.01, presented “wheezing in the last 12 months”, data that strongly correlate with current prevalence of asthma. “Dry cough at night” was also reported more frequently in coinfections than in single infections, p = 0.02. The strongest independent risk factors for asthma at 6–8 years of age were: age > 9 months at admission for bronchiolitis (OR: 3.484; CI95%: 1.459–8.317, p:0.005), allergic rhinitis (OR: 5.910; 95%CI: 2.622–13.318, p<0.001), and viral coinfection-bronchiolitis (OR: 3.374; CI95%: 1.542–7.386, p:0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma at 6–8 years is more frequent and severe in those children previously hospitalized with viral coinfection-bronchiolitis compared with those with single infection. Allergic rhinitis and older age at admission seem also to be strong independent risk factors for asthma development in children previously hospitalised because of bronchiolitis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29206851/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189083 id: cord-000285-7p3b6tyf author: HARTERT, Tina V. title: The Tennessee Children''s Respiratory Initiative: Objectives, design and recruitment results of a prospective cohort study investigating infant viral respiratory illness and the development of asthma and allergic diseases date: 2010-04-08 words: 3846 sentences: 169 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000285-7p3b6tyf.txt summary: The primary goals of the study are: (i) to investigate both the acute and the long-term health consequences of varying severity and aetiology of clinically significant viral respiratory tract infections on the outcomes of allergic rhinitis (AR) and early childhood asthma; and (ii) to identify the potentially modifiable factors that define children who are at greatest risk of developing asthma following infant respiratory viral infection. Thus, we designed the prospective TCRI to establish a base for the evaluation of both the risks and benefits of documented significant infant viral respiratory infection of varying severity and aetiology and other environmental exposures on childhood atopy outcomes and to establish a biospecimen repository for analyses including biomarker testing and genotyping. The TCRI is a prospective cohort of mother-infant dyads enrolled in a longitudinal investigation of the relationship of infant viral respiratory infection severity and aetiology and the interaction of other risk factors on the development of childhood asthma and allergic diseases. abstract: Background and objective: The ‘attack rate’ of asthma following viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) is about 3–4 fold higher than that of the general population; however, the majority of children who develop viral LRTI during infancy do not develop asthma, and asthma incidence has been observed to continuously decrease with age. Thus, we do not understand how viral LRTI either predispose or serve as a marker of children to develop asthma. The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative has been established as a longitudinal prospective investigation of infants and their biological mothers. The primary goals are to investigate both the acute and the long‐term health consequences of varying severity and aetiology of clinically significant viral respiratory tract infections on early childhood outcomes. Methods: Over four respiratory viral seasons, 2004–2008, term, non‐low birth weight previously healthy infants and their biological mothers were enrolled during an infant's acute viral respiratory illness. Longitudinal follow up to age 6 years is ongoing. Results: This report describes the study objectives, design and recruitment results of the over 650 families enrolled in this longitudinal investigation. The Tennessee Children's Respiratory Initiative is additionally unique because it is designed in parallel with a large retrospective birth cohort of over 95 000 mother–infant dyads with similar objectives to investigate the role of respiratory viral infection severity and aetiology in the development of asthma. Conclusions: Future reports from this cohort will help to clarify the complex relationship between infant respiratory viral infection severity, aetiology, atopic predisposition and the subsequent development of early childhood asthma and atopic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992986/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01743.x id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author: Hanania, Nicola A. title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date: 2011-08-25 words: 17044 sentences: 940 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt summary: The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults abstract: Asthma in the elderly is underdiagnosed and undertreated, and there is a paucity of knowledge on the subject. The National Institute on Aging convened this workshop to identify what is known and what gaps in knowledge remain and suggest research directions needed to improve the understanding and care of asthma in the elderly. Asthma presenting at an advanced age often has similar clinical and physiologic consequences as seen with younger patients, but comorbid illnesses and the psychosocial effects of aging might affect the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and care of asthma in this population. At least 2 phenotypes exist among elderly patients with asthma; those with longstanding asthma have more severe airflow limitation and less complete reversibility than those with late-onset asthma. Many challenges exist in the recognition and treatment of asthma in the elderly. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of asthma in the elderly are likely to be different from those seen in young asthmatic patients, and these differences might influence the clinical course and outcomes of asthma in this population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872730/ doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048 id: cord-293678-jfjc7wjb author: Haroun-Díaz, Elisa title: SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS date: 2020-06-27 words: 334 sentences: 33 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293678-jfjc7wjb.txt summary: title: SEVERE ASTHMA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS It is 110 estimated that the global economic burden of asthma is between 1.5 and 3 billion euros 111 annually, and higher costs are associated with greater disease severity (5). Severe asthma affects 3.9% of asthmatic patients (5). It is defined as an inflammatory 113 chronic respiratory disease that remains uncontrolled despite optimal therapy and 114 treatment of contributing factors, or which worsens when high-dose treatment is 115 decreased (6). Around 50% of patients with severe asthma experience uncontrolled or 116 partially controlled symptoms despite maximal treatment (5). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characterization of COVID-19 120 infection among patients with severe asthma according to ERS/ATS criteria who 121 presented to our allergy department during the COVID-19 pandemic. ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of 219 severe asthma abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32599217/ doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.033 id: cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author: Holgate, Stephen T. title: Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date: 2005-11-02 words: 4691 sentences: 252 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt summary: Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. Asthma is a complex disorder involving a combination of genetic and environmental interactions that culminate in a specific type of inflammation involving mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages and polarization of T cell-mediated immunity toward enhanced production of cytokines encoded in a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 5. Two fundamental approaches are being used to discover susceptibility genes in asthma and atopy: linkage analysis with functional cloning and association analysis for mutations of "candidate" genes thought to be involved in disease pathogenesis. 55 In susceptible mice genetic linkage has shown that ozone-induced lung inflammation is directed by genes encoded on chromosome 17, including the strong candidate TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine generated during oxidant-induced cell injury. abstract: Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways involving coordinate up-regulation of T(H)2-type cytokines encoded in a cluster on chromosome 5q(31-33) on T cells and inflammatory cells. There is also a requirement for local airway susceptibility factors that, together with T(H)2 polarization, results in hyperresponsiveness, variable airflow obstruction, and, over time, remodeling of the airway wall. Asthma has strong genetic and environmental components that interact both in the induction and subsequent expression of the disease phenotypes. Multiple genes are involved and probably interact. Whole genome screens are beginning to identify gene-rich regions of special relevance to asthma and atopy, although a novel disease-related gene has yet to be discovered from these. By contrast, there are a plethora of candidate genes whose function in relation to disease pathophysiologic mechanisms and response to treatment are known. Two examples are polymorphisms involving IL-4 receptors and the enzymes controlling cysteinyl leukotriene production. Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1139-46.) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588993/ doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70005-9 id: cord-295575-zgta5ah8 author: Howard, Evin title: The Impact of Ambient Environmental Exposures to Microbial Products on Asthma Outcomes from Birth to Childhood date: 2019-11-28 words: 6929 sentences: 351 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295575-zgta5ah8.txt summary: The purpose of this literature review was to specifically examine asthma outcomes related to environmental exposures to microbial products, pertaining to endotoxin from bacteria-(1,3)-β-D-glucan and ergosterol from fungus, and common viruses associated with worsening asthma morbidity (rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, and the influenza virus) during infancy, and to assess the risk of asthma development later in childhood [15] [16] [17] [18] (see Table 1 ). conducted a prospective longitudinal study examining whether early exposure to microbial products in dust was associated with allergy and asthma later in childhood for children in suburban areas using the following three birth cohort studies for children born between 1996 and 1999: [24••] , dust samples were collected from children''s mattresses, bedroom floors, and living room floors; and showed no association between endotoxin nor the fungal membrane lipid ergosterol in the development of asthma with exposure from birth to 7 years of age. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition with increasing domestic and worldwide prevalence that burdens individuals and the healthcare system with high costs associated with long-term treatments and acute emergency room (ER) visits. It can be triggered by ambient microbes, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this review, we examine the outcomes of asthma patients in relation to environmental exposures to ambient microbe products, focusing on whether exposure leads to asthma development from birth to childhood and if particular microbes are associated with worsened asthma exacerbations. RECENT FINDINGS: Bacterial endotoxin is more prominent in homes with pets and may cause cytokine cascades that lead to asthma exacerbation. However, some studies have demonstrated a protective effect with early exposure. Patients with positive Aspergillus skin testing are more prone to moderate-severe or severe-uncontrolled asthma. Fungal sensitization is also associated with earlier onset of asthma and demonstrates a dose-dependent relationship of symptom severity and duration. Among viruses, rhinovirus has the greatest association with decreased lung function, severe asthma, and asthma-related hospital admissions. Distribution of microbial products and associated asthma symptoms depends on the geographical climate. Genetic variations among individuals also mitigate the effects of microbial products on asthma development and symptom severity. SUMMARY: Microbial products of bacteria, fungi, and viruses are associated with the development of asthma, more severe asthma symptoms, and worse outcomes. However, some early exposure studies have also demonstrated a protective effect. Bacterial and fungal products are related to decreased lung function and earlier onset of asthma. Viral products are related to asthma-associated hospital admissions; and the climate and patient genetics can also temper or intensify the relationships between microbial products, asthma development, and asthma symptom severity. Further research should focus on the effects of early microbe exposure and its interaction with human immune systems and asthma-related outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 doi: 10.1007/s11882-019-0890-2 id: cord-269554-fzu6dy4e author: Hussein, M. H. title: Asthma in COVID-19: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-07-15 words: 3091 sentences: 198 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269554-fzu6dy4e.txt summary: Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. On comparison to non-asthmatic obese patients, obese asthmatic patients were more likely to develop sepsis (25.9% vs 14.2%, p = 0.042), had higher risk of ICU admission (48.1% vs 33.2%, p = 0.042), and required prolonged intubation (2.73 ± 3.63 days vs 1.38 ± 2.07, p = 0.032).Impact of asthma comorbidity on COVID-19 outcomes abstract: Introduction The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the globe, overwhelming healthcare systems and depleting resources. The infection has a wide spectrum of presentations, and pre-existing comorbidities have been found to have a dramatic effect on the disease course and prognosis. We sought to analyze the effect of asthma on the disease progression and outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Methods We conducted a multi-center retrospective study of positively confirmed COVID-19 patients from multiple hospitals in Louisiana. Demographics, medical history, comorbidities, clinical presentation, daily laboratory values, complications, and outcomes data were collected and analyzed. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, risk of intubation, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay. Results A total of 502 COVID-19 patients (72 asthma and 430 non-asthma cohorts) were included in the study. The frequency of asthma in hospitalized cohorts was 14.3%, higher than the national prevalence of asthma (7.7%). Univariate analysis revealed that asthma patients were more likely to be obese (75% vs 54.2%, p=0.001), with higher frequency of intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), and required longer duration of hospitalization (15.1{+/-}12.5 vs 11.5{+/-}10.6, p=0.015). After adjustment, multivariable analysis showed that asthmatic patients were not associated with higher risk of ICU admission (OR=1.81, 95%CI=0.98-3.09, p=0.06), endotracheal intubation (OR=1.77, 95%CI=0.99-3.04, p=0.06) or complications (OR=1.37, 95%CI=0.82-2.31, p=0.23). Asthmatic patients were not associated with higher odds of prolonged hospital length of stay (OR=1.48, 95%CI=0.82-2.66, p=0.20) or with the duration of ICU stay (OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.28-2.02, p=0.58). Kaplan-Meier curve showed no significant difference in overall survival of the two groups (p=0.65). Conclusion Despite the increased prevalence of hospitalization in asthmatic COVID-19 patients compared to the general population, after adjustment for other variables, it was neither associated with increased severity nor worse outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20153130 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.13.20153130 id: cord-333175-klnxnxwm author: Hussein, Mohammad H. title: Asthma in COVID-19 patients: An extra chain fitting around the neck? date: 2020-11-11 words: 2654 sentences: 158 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333175-klnxnxwm.txt summary: Currently, the CDC reports that asthma is present in about 17% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, making it the fourth most prevalent comorbidity behind hypertension, obesity, and diabetes [4] . Obese and diabetic patients have been categorized as high-risk, but there is still limited data regarding the impact of bronchial asthma on COVID-19 outcomes [5] . Univariate analysis of COVID-19 outcomes revealed that asthma was significantly associated with higher rate of endotracheal intubation (40.3% vs 27.8%, p = 0.036), mechanical ventilation (both invasive and non-invasive) (70.7% vs 52.2%, p = 0.039), and longer hospital length of stay (15.14 ± 12.48 days vs 11.51 ± 10.58 days, p = 0.015). Asthma was not associated with a higher rate of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission (22.2% vs 14.9%, p = 0.12), acute respiratory distress syndrome (37.5% vs 30.9%, p = 0.27), or death (9.7% vs 13.5%, p = 0.45) among COVID-19 patients. abstract: INTRODUCTION: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the globe. Pre-existing comorbidities have been found to have a dramatic effect on the disease course. We sought to analyze the effect of asthma on the disease progression and outcomes of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We conducted a multi-center retrospective study of positively confirmed COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, intubation, mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 502 COVID-19 adult patients (72 asthma and 430 non-asthma cohorts) with mean age of 60.7 years were included in the study. The frequency of asthma in hospitalized cohorts was 14.3%. Univariate analysis revealed that asthma patients were more likely to be obese (75% versus 54.2%, p = 0.001), with a higher frequency of intubation (40.3% versus 27.8%, p = 0.036), and required a longer duration of hospitalization (15.1 ± 12.5 versus 11.5 ± 10.6, p = 0.015). After adjustment, multivariable analysis showed that asthmatic patients were not associated with higher risk of ICU admission (OR = 1.81, 95%CI = 0.98–3.09, p = 0.06), endotracheal intubation (OR = 1.77, 95%CI = 0.99–3.04, p = 0.06) or complications (OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 0.82–2.31, p = 0.23). Asthmatic patients were not associated with higher odds of prolonged hospital length of stay (OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 0.82–2.66, p = 0.20) or with ICU stay (OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.28–2.02, p = 0.58). Kaplan-Meier curve showed no significant difference in the overall survival of the two groups (p = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Despite the increased prevalence of hospitalization in elder asthmatic COVID-19 patients, after adjustment for other variables, it was neither associated with increased severity nor worse outcomes. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954611120303450?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106205 id: cord-351565-ryjxbqno author: Johnston, S. L. title: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and cytokines in virus‐induced asthma exacerbations date: 2006-04-27 words: 1679 sentences: 69 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351565-ryjxbqno.txt summary: In recent years studies employing new sensitive molecular methods of identification for the most common upper respiratory tract viruses (coronavirus and rhinovirus) have demonstrated that viral infections are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in children and adults in the community [1, 2] . In this issue of the journal a further detailed study employing experimental rhinovirus infection reports on both these aspects, demonstrating that bronchial hyperreactivity is induced and that IL-8 may play a role in the induction of bronchial hyperreactivity and therefore possibly in exacerbations of asthma [9] . In this study atopic asthmatic subjects were challenged with rhinovirus 16 or placebo and the severity of the cold and asthma symptoms monitored along with bronchial hyperreactivity, pulmonary function, nasal lavage IL-8 levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9117884/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00666.x id: cord-267835-ic0oqqln author: Jones, K. title: Management of acute asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection: a postal survey of general practitioners in the U.K. date: 1996-08-31 words: 3752 sentences: 197 pages: flesch: 63 cache: ./cache/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267835-ic0oqqln.txt summary: There is a need to examine further the proper role, if any, of antibiotics in such situations, to determine the optimum dose and course length of oral steroid therapy, and to continue validating the use of self-management plans in acute asthma management. Thus, there is a need to examine further GPs'' ideas regarding current management of acute asthma attacks in general practice, with particular reference to those associated with respiratory tract infection. This study aimed to examine the reported usage of oral steroids and antibiotics in asthma attacks associated with respiratory tract infection managed in general practice, and the timing of follow-up consultations using a postal scenario-based questionnaire sent to all GP principals in one health district. The results show that most GPs would prescribe oral steroids when faced with an acute asthma attack associated with respiratory tract infection and managed within a general practice setting. abstract: Abstract Asthma attacks in general practice are frequently associated with respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to examine how U.K. general practitioners (GPs) might use oral steroids and antibiotics in such situations. The timing of follow-up and use of self-management plans were also examined. A postal questionnaire was sent to all 205 GP principals in Bath Health District, U.K. in February and March 1993. Respondents were asked questions regarding the management of an adult and a child presenting with acute asthma associated with respiratory tract infection. Replies were received from 185 of 205 (90%) doctors approached. Antibiotics would have been prescribed by 119 of 179 (66%) doctors for the adult and 98 of 169 (58%) doctors for the child. The modal initial dosage of oral prednisolone was 40 mg for the adult and 30 mg for the child, and modal duration of oral steroid dosage was 5 days for both adult and child. Planned follow-up was mainly doctor initiated within 24 h of initial consultation. There was low reported use of self-management plans (49% for adults and 33% in children over 7 years of age). Antibiotic prescription appears to be common practice by GPs when faced with an acute asthma attack associated with respiratory tract infection. There may also be inadequate duration of oral steroid courses in adults. There is a need to examine further the proper role, if any, of antibiotics in such situations, to determine the optimum dose and course length of oral steroid therapy, and to continue validating the use of self-management plans in acute asthma management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8796235/ doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(96)90116-x id: cord-346751-x3gd19kq author: Kelly, Frank J. title: Air Pollution and Asthma: Critical Targets for Effective Action date: 2020-11-08 words: 6228 sentences: 264 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346751-x3gd19kq.txt summary: There is now consistent evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP; particularly nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ]) is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma across the entire life course, and evidence is accumulating for a link between poor indoor air quality and new cases [5, 6] . However, whilst largescale LEZs can deliver improvements in urban air quality, data suggest that, at least in densely populated European cities, more ambitious schemes are required to meet legislative limits and deliver improvements to childhood respiratory health, including asthma symptoms [35] . The introduction and rigorous evaluation of zones with greater reductions in pollutant concentrations are clearly warranted and may benefit from adjuvant clean air zones that introduce no vehicle idling areas, minimise congestion and support active and low-emission travel through the integration of public transport networks, including park-and-ride schemes. abstract: Evidence to advocate for cleaner air for people with asthma is not in short supply. We know that air pollution is associated with the development and worsening of the condition and that mitigating interventions can improve respiratory outcomes. We have clear targets, particularly traffic emissions, especially in urban areas, and plenty of potentially effective actions. Road traffic must be reduced, and what remains should be cleaner and greener. Urban green spaces, safe cycle networks and wider pavements will promote active travel and leisure time exercise. Healthcare professionals must ensure people are aware of their air quality, its impact on asthma and the appropriate behaviour to safeguard health. What remains are realistic policies and effective measures, based on the correct scientific evidence, to be taken forth with political courage and investment so that air pollution no longer contributes to the development or worsening of respiratory ill health. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-020-00138-1 doi: 10.1007/s41030-020-00138-1 id: cord-263556-y8vx4ie2 author: Koistinen, Annamari title: Prednisolone for the first rhinovirus‐induced wheezing and 4‐year asthma risk: A randomized trial date: 2017-08-06 words: 2996 sentences: 184 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263556-y8vx4ie2.txt summary: Based on our previous findings, 8, 9 we hypothesized that in children with high rhinovirus genome load, the effect of OCS is likely to last beyond 12 months by reducing the need for initiation of long-term asthma control medication. Second, in the placebo group, asthma risk was high: regular asthma control medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus genome load during the subsequent 14 months after the first acute rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. No difference was found in overall analysis F I G U R E 3 The time to initiation of asthma control medication in children randomized to receive prednisolone or placebo for the first rhinovirus-induced wheezing episode. 9 In summary, early systemic short-course prednisolone treatment may be beneficial in reducing the risk for asthma control medication during the first 5 years in first-time wheezing preschool children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus genome load. abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous findings show that corticosteroid treatment during the first acute wheezing episode may reduce recurrent wheezing in children with high rhinovirus genome load at 12‐month follow‐up. Longer‐term effects have not been investigated prospectively. METHODS: After PCR confirmation of rhinovirus from nasopharyngeal aspirate, 79 children with the first acute wheezing episode were randomized to receive orally prednisolone or placebo for 3 days. The initiation of asthma control medication before the age of 5 years was confirmed from medical record and/or from parental interview. The outcome was the time to initiation of regular asthma control medication. Interaction analysis examined rhinovirus genome load. RESULTS: Fifty‐nine (75%) children completed the follow‐up. Asthma control medication was initiated in 40 (68%) children at the median age of 20 months. Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo (P=.99). Rhinovirus load modified the effect of prednisolone regarding the time to initiation of asthma control medication (P‐value for interaction=.04). In children with high rhinovirus load (>7000 copies/mL; n=23), the risk for initiation of medication was lower in the prednisolone group compared to the placebo group (P=.05). In the placebo group, asthma medication was initiated to all children with high rhinovirus load (n=9) during the 14 months after the first wheezing episode. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, prednisolone did not affect the time to initiation of asthma control medication when compared to placebo. However, prednisolone may be beneficial in first‐time wheezing children whose episode was severe and associated with high rhinovirus load. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00731575). url: https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12749 doi: 10.1111/pai.12749 id: cord-305838-i0ck2oo0 author: Kouri, Andrew title: CHEST Reviews: Addressing reduced laboratory-based pulmonary function testing during a pandemic date: 2020-07-08 words: 4889 sentences: 253 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305838-i0ck2oo0.txt summary: Home measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) using an inexpensive portable handheld device is already a guideline-recommended option to facilitate patient self-management in asthma and in the diagnosis of occupational asthma, but its role is less well defined in COPD. 37 Electronic portable spirometers have been studied and found to be comparable to conventional laboratory spirometry in several chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and post-lung and hematopoietic stem cell transplant monitoring. Oscillometry is emerging as an alternative form of pulmonary function testing that offers some advantages over conventional PFTs. 54 It has been shown to be more sensitive than spirometry in early diagnosis of COPD, 55, 56 to correlate better with respiratory symptoms and asthma control 57,58 as well as in identifying spirometrically silent episodes of biopsy-proven acute graft rejection following lung transplant. abstract: Abstract To reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, many pulmonary function testing (PFT) laboratories have been closed or have significantly reduced their testing capacity. As these mitigation strategies may be necessary for the next 6-18 months to prevent recurrent peaks in disease prevalence, fewer objective measurements of lung function will alter the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. PFTs, which include spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity measurement, are essential to the diagnosis and management of patients with asthma, COPD, and other chronic lung conditions. Both traditional and innovative alternatives to conventional testing must now be explored. These may include peak expiratory flow devices, electronic portable spirometers, portable exhaled nitric oxide measurement, airwave oscillometry devices, as well as novel digital health tools such as smartphone microphone spirometers, and mobile health technologies along integration of machine learning approaches. The adoption of some novel approaches may not merely replace but could improve existing management strategies and alter common diagnostic paradigms. With these options come important technical, privacy, ethical, financial, and medicolegal barriers that must be addressed. However, the COVID-19 pandemic also presents a unique opportunity to augment conventional testing by including innovative and emerging approaches to measuring lung function remotely in patients with respiratory disease. The benefits of such an approach have the potential to enhance respiratory care and empower patient self-management well beyond the current global pandemic. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0012369220318675 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.065 id: cord-016931-il8o0fps author: Kroegel, C. title: Allergie, Pathomechanismen, Krankheitsbilder date: 2008 words: 9028 sentences: 1270 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016931-il8o0fps.txt summary: Eine detaillierte Besprechung aller in Tab. 3.1 aufgeführten allergischen Erkrankungen würde den zur Die diagnostische Abklärung erfolgt durch Bestimmung des spezifischen IgE gegenüber Insektengiftbestandteilen (Phospholipase, Melittin etc.) und durch einen Hauttest in Verbindung mit der Anamnese. Heute lässt sich die Rhinitis als Entzündung der nasalen Mukosa definieren, die einhergeht: ▬ klinisch mit Hypersekretion, Niesreiz sowie nasaler Kongestion, ▬ immunologisch auf dem Boden IgE-vermittelter Mechanismen gegenüber Allergenen mit lokaler Sekretion von Zytokinen, eosinophilem kationischem Protein (ECP) und anderen Mediatoren, ▬ histologisch mit einer Infiltration vor allem durch eosinophile Granulozyten und ▬ immunhistologisch mit einer Anreicherung aktivierter T-Lymphozyten und degranulierter eosinophiler Granulozyten. Sie gilt als die klassische allergische Immunreaktion bei Rhinitis allergica, allergischem Asthma bronchiale und atopischer Dermatitis, bildet aber auch eine Komponente der immunologischen Reaktion bei der allergischen bronchopulmonalen Aspergillose. Ausgangspunkt einer immunologischen Reaktion, wie auch der im Rahmen allergischer Erkrankungen, ist die Interaktion des Antigens/Allergens mit APC und einem genetisch definierten, spezifischen T-Zellklon. abstract: Etwa ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung industrialisierter Länder leidet an mindestens einer Erkrankung aus dem allergischen Formenkreis. Hierzu gehören neben Manifestationen der Haut und des Gastrointestinaltrakts insbesondere die allergischen Erkrankungen der oberen und unteren Atemwege. Aufgrund der hohen und weiter steigenden Prävalenz von Allergien und den sich hieraus ableitenden volkswirtschaftlichen Belastungen ist die Allergologie in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr in den Mittelpunkt des allgemeinen Interesses gerückt. Zudem haben neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu einer Erweiterung des pathogenetischen Verständnisses insbesondere allergischer Atemwegserkrankungen geführt, die zunehmend auch die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten erweitern. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121367/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-37692-7_3 id: cord-328918-nc0a77r6 author: Kuczia, Pawel title: Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients date: 2020-07-13 words: 4458 sentences: 287 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328918-nc0a77r6.txt summary: title: Citrullinated histone H3, a marker of extracellular trap formation, is increased in blood of stable asthma patients In the present study we have evaluated circulating H3cit in stable asthmatics and investigated its relationship with asthma severity, pulmonary function and selected blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers. We have recently reported evidence of a prothrombotic state in asthma which is characterized by enhanced plasma thrombin formation, impaired clot lysis and platelet activation [13] , all of them related to the low-grade systemic inflammation [3] , endothelial injury [14] , elevated exacerbation rate [15] , and likely increased atherosclerotic risk [16, 17] . In the present study we have demonstrated that serum H3cit, a novel biomarker of ETs formation, is increased in stable asthma subjects. Asthma is characterized by increased circulating H3cit likely related to the enhanced lung ETs formation. abstract: BACKGROUND: Emerging data indicates that extracellular traps (ETs), structures formed by various immune cell types, may contribute to the pathology of noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Histone hypercitrullination is an important step in ETs formation and citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit) is considered a novel and specific biomarker of that process. In the present study we have evaluated circulating H3cit in stable asthmatics and investigated its relationship with asthma severity, pulmonary function and selected blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) biomarkers. METHODS: In 60 white adult stable asthmatics and 50 well-matched controls we measured serum levels of H3cit. In asthmatics we also performed bronchoscopy with BAL. We analyzed blood and BAL biomarkers, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A and interferon γ. For statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney U-test, χ(2) test, one-way ANCOVA, ROC curve analysis and univariate linear regression were applied. Independent determinants of H3cit were established in a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: Asthma was characterized by elevated circulating H3cit (17.49 [11.25–22.58] vs. 13.66 [8.66–18.87] ng/ml, p = 0.03). In asthmatics positive associations were demonstrated between serum H3cit and lung function variables, including total lung capacity (TLC) (β = 0.37 [95% CI 0.24–0.50]) and residual volume (β = 0.38 [95% CI 0.25–0.51]). H3cit was increased in asthma patients receiving systemic steroids (p = 0.02), as well as in subjects with BAL eosinophilia above 144 cells/ml (p = 0.02). In asthmatics, but not in controls, circulating H3cit correlated well with number of neutrophils (β = 0.31 [95% CI 0.19–0.44]) and monocytes (β = 0.42 [95% CI 0.29–0.55]) in peripheral blood. Furthermore, BAL macrophages, BAL neutrophils, TLC, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, Il-12p70 and bronchial obstruction degree were independent determinants of H3cit in a multivariate linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma is characterized by increased circulating H3cit likely related to the enhanced lung ETs formation. Inhibition of ETs might be a therapeutic option in selected asthma phenotypes, such as neutrophilic asthma. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-020-00337-8 doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00337-8 id: cord-351129-lzzyn570 author: Lee, Jae-Hyun title: Management of Allergic Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia date: 2020-06-15 words: 3416 sentences: 202 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351129-lzzyn570.txt summary: For allergic patients who have been followed up at an allergy clinic in our region, it is recommended that they (patients with asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or chronic urticaria) continue to receive maintenance therapy and be in a well-controlled status. It was reported that none of the 140 patients who were hospitalized due to confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, China had asthma or other allergic diseases such as AR, atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) mentioned that patients with common allergic conditions do not develop additional distinct symptoms or seem to be at increased risk of severe disease when infected with COVID-19. abstract: Although a viral infection is a major triggering factor of asthma and allergic diseases, asthma is suggested to be not a predisposing condition for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, patients with severe asthma/allergic disease requiring systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents may be at higher risk of more severe clinical course of this infectious disease. For allergic patients who have been followed up at an allergy clinic in our region, it is recommended that they (patients with asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or chronic urticaria) continue to receive maintenance therapy and be in a well-controlled status. Patients who have used biologics (currently available for targeting type 2 inflammation) and allergen immunotherapy should continue the treatment while minimizing hospital and face-to-face visits. It is essential to wear protective equipment for the protection of health care workers as well as patients. We report this consensus to support allergists and clinical immunologists to make optimal decisions under the urgent situation in Asia. url: https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2020.12.5.783 doi: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.5.783 id: cord-303606-ypkia5x1 author: Lee, So-lun title: Is respiratory viral infection really an important trigger of asthma exacerbations in children? date: 2011-03-30 words: 3525 sentences: 179 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303606-ypkia5x1.txt summary: We performed a prospective cohort study from September 2003 to December 2004 to delineate attributing the effect of different respiratory viral infections including newly discovered ones to asthma exacerbations in children in Hong Kong. Plausible explanations for much lower virus detection rate than previously reported include improved personal hygiene and precautionary measures taken during respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-severe acute respiratory syndrome period together with a significant contribution of other adverse factors like environmental air pollution. Plausible explanations for much lower virus detection rate than previously reported include improved personal hygiene and precautionary measures taken during respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-severe acute respiratory syndrome period together with a significant contribution of other adverse factors like environmental air pollution. Thus, we carried out a prospective study to delineate the current role of different viral respiratory tract infections including newly discovered respiratory viruses in asthma exacerbation in children in our locality. abstract: We performed a prospective cohort study from September 2003 to December 2004 to delineate attributing the effect of different respiratory viral infections including newly discovered ones to asthma exacerbations in children in Hong Kong. One hundred and fourteen children aged 6–14 years with chronic stable asthma and on regular inhaled steroid were monitored for respiratory symptoms over a full calendar year from recruitment. They would attend the study clinic if peak expiratory flow rate decreased to below 80% of their baselines, if they met a predefined symptom score, or if parents subjectively felt them developing a cold. Virological diagnosis using virus culture, antigen detection, and polymerase chain reaction methods on nasal swab specimens would be attempted for all these visits irrespective of triggers. Physician diagnosed outcome of each episode was documented. Three hundred and five episodes of respiratory illnesses were captured in the cohort. Nasal specimens were available in 166 episodes, 92 of which were diagnosed as asthma exacerbations, and 74 non-asthma related episodes. Respiratory viruses were detected in 61 of 166 episodes (36.7%). There was no significant difference in virus detection rate between asthma exacerbations (32 out of 97 episodes, 34.8%) and non-asthma respiratory illnesses (29 out of 79 episodes, 39.2%). Although newly discovered respiratory viruses were identified in these episodes, rhinovirus was the commonest organism associated with both asthma exacerbations and non-asthma related episodes. Plausible explanations for much lower virus detection rate than previously reported include improved personal hygiene and precautionary measures taken during respiratory tract infections in the immediate post-severe acute respiratory syndrome period together with a significant contribution of other adverse factors like environmental air pollution. We conclude that not all viral infections in children with asthma lead to an asthma exacerbation and the attributing effect of different triggers of asthma exacerbations in children vary across different time periods and across different localities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21448631/ doi: 10.1007/s00431-011-1446-1 id: cord-299672-dq1y1gkc author: Leung, Ting Fan title: Multiplex Molecular Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Children With Asthma Exacerbation date: 2010-02-28 words: 3642 sentences: 221 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299672-dq1y1gkc.txt summary: Conclusions Respiratory viral infections are commonly found in children with asthma exacerbation, with HRV being the most important pathogen in our patients. Our primary outcome was the difference in detection rate for any respiratory pathogen between children with asthma with acute exacerbation and controls (ie, stable asthma). Secondary outcomes consisted of differences in the clinical severity of asthma exacerbation, lung function parameters, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FeNO) in relation to patients with different respiratory pathogens. HRV infection was associated with asthma exacerbation in the children, which is consistent with FeNO was the only parameter that differed between patients with and without HRV, being signifi cantly lower in the former group ( P 5 .018). Identifi cation of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections in Hong Kong by multiplex PCR assays abstract: Background Up to 80% of asthma exacerbations in white children are associated with viral upper respiratory infections. The relative importance of different respiratory pathogens and relevant microbiological data in Asian children are unclear. This study elucidated the epidemiology of respiratory infections in Hong Kong children with asthma exacerbation. Methods A total of 209 children aged 3-18 years with asthma exacerbations and 77 controls with stable asthma were recruited. The severity of asthma exacerbations was assessed according to Global Initiative for Asthma guideline, and subjects aged 6 years or older performed exhaled nitric oxide and spirometric measurements. Nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to detect 20 different respiratory pathogens. Results Respiratory pathogens were detected in 105 (51.0%) subjects. The presence of any respiratory pathogen was associated with asthma exacerbation (odds ratio [OR], 2.77; 95% CI, 1.51–5.11; P < .001). Specifically, human rhinovirus (HRV) infection was more common among children with asthma exacerbation (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.09–5.32; P = .018). All other pathogens or coinfections were not associated with asthmatic attacks. None of these respiratory infections was associated with the severity of asthma exacerbation (P > .15 for all). During peak HRV season in the winter of 2007 to 2008, this virus was detected in 46.4% of children with asthma exacerbations. Conclusions Respiratory viral infections are commonly found in children with asthma exacerbation, with HRV being the most important pathogen in our patients. Respiratory viral infection is a triggering factor for asthma exacerbation but does not correlate with its severity. url: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1250 doi: 10.1378/chest.09-1250 id: cord-286328-ap0wfjhq author: Lewis, Toby C. title: Nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children date: 2012-11-26 words: 4776 sentences: 260 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286328-ap0wfjhq.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We conclude that, in children with asthma, naturally-occurring viral infections apparently induce a robust innate immune response including expression of specific chemokines, IFNs and IFN-responsive genes. To further examine the innate immune response to viral infection in children with asthma, we measured nasal aspirate cytokine levels in 16 asthmatic children before and after upper respiratory tract infections. We also examined the effects of upper respiratory tract infection on mRNA levels of selected markers of viral infection, including IFNs. Finally, we evaluated a new method of virus detection using a single polymerase chain reaction-ligation detection reaction (PCR-LDR) multiplex assay. We performed home measurements of respiratory symptoms and collected nasal secretions (for detection of viral RNA by PCR and host biomarkers by PCR and ELISA) on 3 days during a week when children were healthy (not reporting upper respiratory tract infection or asthma symptoms), and again during a week when they experienced cold or flu-like symptoms. abstract: BACKGROUND: The mechanisms by which viruses induce asthma exacerbations are not well-understood. OBJECTIVE: We characterized fluctuations in nasal aspirate cytokines during naturally-occurring respiratory viral infections in children with asthma. METHODS: Sixteen children underwent home collections of nasal aspirates when they were without cold symptoms and again during self-reported respiratory illnesses. The presence of viral infection was ascertained by multiplex PCR. Cytokines were measured by multiplex immune assay. mRNA expression for selected markers of viral infection was measured by RT-PCR. A cumulative respiratory symptom score was calculated for each day of measurement. Generalized estimated equations were used to evaluate associations between viral infection and marker elevation, and between marker elevation and symptom score. RESULTS: The 16 patients completed a total of 37 weeks of assessment (15 “well” weeks; 22 self-assessed “sick” weeks). Viral infections were detected in three of the “well” weeks and 17 of the “sick” weeks (10 rhinovirus, 3 coronavirus, 2 influenza A, 2 influenza B, 2 respiratory syncytial virus, 1 parainfluenza). Compared to virus-negative well weeks, nasal aspirate IFN-γ, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL5/RANTES, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL7/MCP-3 and CCL20/MIP3α protein levels increased during virus-positive sick weeks. Only a subset of cytokines (IFN-γ, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL20) correlated with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms. While many aspirates were dilute and showed no mRNA signal, viral infection significantly increased the number of samples that were positive for IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2/3, TLR3, RIG-I and IRF7 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We conclude that, in children with asthma, naturally-occurring viral infections apparently induce a robust innate immune response including expression of specific chemokines, IFNs and IFN-responsive genes. url: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94448/1/cea12005.pdf doi: 10.1111/cea.12005 id: cord-022467-j2trahab author: Loo, May title: Select Populations: Children date: 2009-05-15 words: 19061 sentences: 1249 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022467-j2trahab.txt summary: A recent clinical trial that included children over age 12 years and used a fixedcombination homeopathic remedy for a mean 4.1 days of treatment reported that 81.5% reported subjective feelings of being symptom free or significantly improved without complaint of any adverse side effects. 4 A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study from Great Britain of 170 children with a starting median age of 4.2 years in the experimental group and 3.6 years in the placebo group concluded that individually prescribed homeopathic remedies seem to be ineffective in reducing symptoms or decreasing the use of antibiotics in pediatric patients with URI. 414 In a nonrandomized clinical trial involving 30 children ages 3 months to 8 years with chronic diarrhea of 2 to 4 months'' duration that was unresponsive to Western medicine and TCM, individualized acupuncture treatment eliminated symptoms and normalized stools. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155731/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02028-2.50015-2 id: cord-017412-1avevzya author: Losada, Liliana title: The Human Lung Microbiome date: 2010-10-11 words: 10013 sentences: 499 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017412-1avevzya.txt summary: Lower airway infections by bacteria, viruses, or fungi are among the most prevalent causes of transmissible disease in humans, with two to three million community-acquired (non-hospital-acquired) cases per year in the United States (Segreti et al., 2005) . Those with physically compromised airways or immune system deficiencies are subject to chronic microbial colonization of their airways and to high-frequency episodes of viral, bacterial, or fungal lower respiratory infections. Many associations with asthma have been detected including exposure to cigarette smoke (Thomson et al., 2004) , caesarean section birth relative to natural birth (Thavagnanam et al., 2008) , early viral respiratory infections (Gold and Wright, 2005; Harju et al., 2006) , early in life antibiotic use (Marra et al., 2006) , and living in the US (Gold and Wright, 2005) . Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations abstract: The human lower respiratory tract is considered sterile in normal healthy individuals (Flanagan et al., 2007; Speert, 2006) despite the fact that every day we breathe in multiple microorganisms present in the air and aspirate thousands of organisms from the mouth and nasopharynx. This apparent sterility is maintained by numerous interrelated components of the lung physical structures such as the mucociliary elevator and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems (discussed below) (reviewed in (Diamond et al., 2000; Gerritsen, 2000)). However, it is possible that the observed sterility might be a result of the laboratory practices applied to study the flora of the lungs. Historically, researchers faced with a set of diseases characterized by a changing and largely cryptic lung microbiome have lacked tools to study lung ecology as a whole and have concentrated on familiar, cultivatable candidate pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121966/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_7 id: cord-016173-ro7nhody author: Louis, Mariam title: Pulmonary Disorders in Pregnancy date: 2014-08-13 words: 7662 sentences: 417 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016173-ro7nhody.txt summary: Although most clinical practices use symptom-based, guideline-directed assessments to decide on medication use, recent data from a randomized controlled trial suggest lower rates of exacerbation, improved quality of life, and reduced neonatal hospitalization when management decisions were based on measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in pregnancy [ 10 ] . Changes in physiology and immunity associated with pregnancy may increase the risk of infection and severe outcomes in the pregnant women. In addition, infl uenza infection during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. Pregnant women are at increased risk for morbidity (including cardiorespiratory complications) and mortality from infl uenza compared with nonpregnant controls [ 43 -46 ] that is more pronounced in the second and third trimester of pregnancy [ 47 ] . In view of potential severe maternal disease from infl uenza and adverse fetal outcomes, benefi ts of treatment with antivirals likely outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. abstract: Pregnancy is associated with some profound changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and hematologic systems that impact the clinical presentation of respiratory disorders, their implications in pregnancy, and the decisions to treat. In addition, concerns for fetal well-being and safety of various interventions complicate the management of these disorders. In many circumstances, especially life-threatening ones, decisions are based upon a careful assessment of the risk benefit ratio rather than absolute safety of drugs and interventions. In this chapter, we review some of the common respiratory disorders that internists or obstetricians may be called upon to manage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120384/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1244-1_11 id: cord-312613-1nl7q6cy author: Luz Garcia-Garcia, M. title: Pediatric Asthma and Viral Infection() date: 2016-03-26 words: 4089 sentences: 231 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312613-1nl7q6cy.txt summary: Respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants and small children. The association between bronchiolitis caused by RSV and the development of recurrent wheezing and/or asthma was first described more than 40 years ago, but it is still unclear whether bronchiolitis causes chronic respiratory symptoms, or if it is a marker for children with a genetic predisposition for developing asthma in the medium or long term. In the Childhood Origins of Asthma (COAST) study, which followed a cohort of 289 newborns with high risk of developing asthma, lower respiratory tract infection associated with rhinovirus was the main risk factor for presenting recurrent wheezing at 3 and 6 years of life, with an odds ratio of 10 for rhinovirus bronchiolitis compared to 2.6 for RSV bronchiolitis. 3 found that 80% of asthma exacerbations in asthmatic children aged 9-11 years were associated with viral respiratory infection, of which two thirds were caused by rhinovirus. abstract: Respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants and small children. Bronchiolitis is the most common acute respiratory infection in children under 1 year of age, and the most common cause of hospitalization in this age group. RSV accounts for approximately 70% of all these cases, followed by rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and bocavirus. The association between bronchiolitis caused by RSV and the development of recurrent wheezing and/or asthma was first described more than 40 years ago, but it is still unclear whether bronchiolitis causes chronic respiratory symptoms, or if it is a marker for children with a genetic predisposition for developing asthma in the medium or long term. In any case, sufficient evidence is available to corroborate the existence of this association, which is particularly strong when the causative agent of bronchiolitis is rhinovirus. The pathogenic role of respiratory viruses as triggers for exacerbations in asthmatic patients has not been fully characterized. However, it is clear that respiratory viruses, and in particular rhinovirus, are the most common causes of exacerbation in children, and some type of respiratory virus has been identified in over 90% of children hospitalized for an episode of wheezing. Changes in the immune response to viral infections in genetically predisposed individuals are very likely to be the main factors involved in the association between viral infection and asthma. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1579212916300106 doi: 10.1016/j.arbr.2016.03.010 id: cord-289697-g24xib4l author: MacDowell, Ana L. title: Infectious triggers of asthma date: 2005-03-01 words: 7774 sentences: 353 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289697-g24xib4l.txt summary: In addition to viral infections, RTIs with atypical organisms, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, precipitate a significant proportion of acute episodes of wheezing, contribute to the severity and persistence of asthma, and may serve as the initial insult that leads to development of asthma [17] [18] [19] . The time course of influenza-induced asthma exacerbations was examined retrospectively in 20 asthmatic children 8 to 12 years of age with acute respiratory symptoms [28] . Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects almost 100% of children by 2 years of age and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants [34] . Thus, despite the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in the control of asthma and reduction of exacerbations, patients continue to experience exacerbations, particularly in the setting of viral RTIs. Several treatment approaches have been investigated in an attempt to reduce the morbidity associated with wheezing associated with RTIs. Brunette et al [98] examined the effect of a short course of oral corticosteroid administered in an unblinded manner at onset of URI symptoms in a group of children with histories of recurrent wheezing in the setting of viral infections. abstract: There is abundant evidence that asthma is frequently exacerbated by infectious agents. Several viruses have been implicated in the inception and exacerbation of asthma. Recent attention has been directed at the role of infections with the atypical bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae as agents capable of triggering asthma exacerbations and potentially as inciting agents for asthma. This article examines the evidence for interaction between specific infectious agents and exacerbations of asthma, including the immunopathology of infection-triggered asthma, and the current therapeutic options for management. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889856104000992 doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.011 id: cord-332053-df44guu7 author: Malka, Jonathan title: The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations date: 2015-07-26 words: 4754 sentences: 257 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332053-df44guu7.txt summary: The Effect of Viral Infection on Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Children with Acute Asthma Exacerbations Jonathan Malka, MD a,b , Ronina Covar, MD c,d , Anna Faino, MS e , Jennifer Fish, CPNP f , Paige Pickering, BS g , Preveen Ramamoorthy, MD g , Melanie Gleason, PAC b,h , and Joseph D. All patients who presented to the Urgent Care Clinic at National Jewish Health for an acute asthma exacerbation and who had undergone spirometry and FENO measurements within the last 6 months when clinically stable (visit 1) were approached to participate in the study (Figure 1 ). We found FENO levels to be the highest in children with acute asthma exacerbations that were not associated with viral infections [PCR(À)]. B, Change in exhaled nitric oxide levels from baseline, during an exacerbation, and following a course of prednisone in adjusted models. abstract: BACKGROUND: Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) level is used as an aid in the diagnosis and management of chronic asthma. Its role in acute asthma remains to be studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Feno levels are elevated in children with asthma exacerbations compared with baseline, and whether there is a difference in Feno levels based on PCR positive (+) (respiratory virus isolated by PCR analysis) versus PCR negative (−) (respiratory virus not isolated by PCR analysis) status. METHODS: Children with a previous Feno level measurement while stable and who presented to an urgent care facility with an asthma exacerbation were enrolled. Feno levels, spirometry, and nasal swabs for viral PCR were obtained at the time of the exacerbation and following a course of prednisone. Data were available on 66 children. Linear mixed models were used to regress the outcomes of interest (FEV(1), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity, forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity, and natural log Feno) on detected virus (yes/no), visit (baseline, exacerbation, follow-up), and the interaction between the detected virus and visit. RESULTS: Compared with baseline, higher Feno values and lower lung function were found at the time of an exacerbation. A respiratory virus was detected in 59% of the exacerbations. The interaction between PCR (+) and PCR (−) groups and visit on log Feno was marginally significant (P = .07). There was no difference in log Feno between the PCR (+) and PCR (−) groups at baseline, while higher log Feno was found in the PCR (−) group at the time of exacerbation and following prednisone (P = .05 and .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Higher Feno concentration in PCR (−) exacerbations suggests an eosinophilic predominance in nonviral compared with viral exacerbations. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.029 doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.029 id: cord-252012-hdjbxah8 author: McErlean, Peter title: Viral diversity in asthma: Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America: Asthma and Infectious Disease date: 2010-11-01 words: 5497 sentences: 299 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252012-hdjbxah8.txt summary: Traditionally associated with acute respiratory illness (ARI) or symptoms of the "common cold," the respiratory viruses implicated in asthma exacerbations predominantly possess RNA genomes with a distinct genome organization (positive [1] or negative [À] sense), virus particle (virion) morphology (enveloped or nonenveloped), host cell receptor interaction, and well-defined annual or seasonal prevalence. These "newly identified viruses" (NIVs) including human metapneumovirus (HMPV; described pre-SARS), the human rhinovirus (HRV) species C (HRV-Cs), human coronaviruses (HCoVs)-NL63 and -HKU1, human bocavirus (HBoV), and the KI and WU polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) are now the focus of intense research, and their involvement in asthma exacerbations is slowly beginning to be determined. 34 In a retrospective study of clinical samples taken over a 20-year period from young children (median age 14.5 months), the percentage of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI; including asthma exacerbations and bronchiolitis) associated with any HCoV, HCoV-NL63, or HCoV-OC43 was estimated to be 4.6%, 2.6%, and 1.9%, respectively. abstract: Asthma exacerbations are precipitated primarily by respiratory virus infection and frequently require immediate medical intervention. Studies of childhood and adult asthma have implicated a wide variety of respiratory viruses in exacerbations. By focusing on both RNA and DNA respiratory viruses and some newly identified viruses, this review illustrates the diversity and highlights some of the uncertainties that exist in our understanding of virus-related asthma exacerbations. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0889856110000652 doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.001 id: cord-272742-q37xxkja author: Mei‐Zahav, Meir title: Aerosol treatments for childhood asthma in the era of COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-08 words: 252 sentences: 22 pages: flesch: 63 cache: ./cache/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272742-q37xxkja.txt summary: key: cord-272742-q37xxkja authors: Mei‐Zahav, Meir; Amirav, Israel title: Aerosol treatments for childhood asthma in the era of COVID‐19 cord_uid: q37xxkja To the Editor, About 10% of children in the United States have asthma and aerosols are the cornerstone of treatment of asthma. Nebulizers (wet or jet) are one of the commonly used aerosol-generating medical devices and generate small particles that can spread to a larger distance than a normal breath. In conclusion, given that MDI/VHC has been shown to be as effective in numerous clinical situations, switching from nebulization to MDI/VHC treatment should be another important step that pediatricians can take in reducing COVID-19 spread, particularly among health caregivers. Meir Mei-Zahav MD 1, 2 Israel Amirav MD 2,3,4 1 Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma Paediatric asthma and COVID-19 abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511861/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.24849 id: cord-252769-fe50u028 author: Mendes, J. Pinto title: Infecção na modulaçâo da asma 1 1 Trabalho apresentado no XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP – Guarda, Novembro 2007 / Paper presented at the XXIII Congresso de Pneumologia da SPP / PSP Pulmonology Congress, Guarda, November 2007 date: 2008-10-31 words: 14003 sentences: 964 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252769-fe50u028.txt summary: Animal research is difficult to extrapolate to man but suggests RSV can induce allergic sensitisation 28 , increase bronchial and interleukin (IL)-13 hyperresponsiveness, and rão, na maioria dos casos, consequências remotas, embora algumas vezes descrevam sibilâncias que irão desaparecer aos 3 -5 anos e só raramente se prolongam, instalando -se ou não uma asma. This phenomenon has been put to the test in inhalatory challenge tests which could bring on asthma episodes or exacerbations in children and adults 82, 102 , but, to test this seeming paradox, it is not necessary to resort to these arguments as in a German study 82 , the degree of early life exposure to domestic endotoxins was in direct correla-Infecção na modulaçâo da asma J Pinto Mendes fende um efeito daquelas células na supressão simultânea das respostas Th 1 e Th 2 . abstract: Abstract This paper reviews the impact of infections on the onset and clinical course of bronchial asthma. A just emphasis is given to the role viral infections, particularly rhinovirus infections, play in exacerbations, and that played by respiratory syncytial virus, suspected of triggering the asthmatic syndrome. The mechanisms of the immune response to virus attacks are explained, highlighting the asthmatic and allergic patient’s weakened response, particularly in the perinatal period. Further stressed is a potentiating effect of viral aggression on the allergic response. The hygiene hypothesis and its lack of scientific consistency is detailed, at least as far as the role it seeks to confer on an unproven antagonism of the Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses. The current importance of research not into bacteria, but into bacterial products, including endotoxins, on the modulation of asthma and allergy is noted. Studies which, along these lines, show an environmental impact on genetic secretion in the phenotype are underlined. Also discussed in passing are several mechanisms which go towards explaining neutrophilic asthma – for many a contradiction, given eosinophilia’s stranglehold on asthmatic inflammation. Rev Port Pneumol 2008; XIV (5): 647-675 url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0873215915302750 doi: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30275-0 id: cord-301022-0q2ertja author: Mims, James W. title: Inhalant Allergies in Children date: 2011-04-29 words: 7627 sentences: 431 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301022-0q2ertja.txt summary: 38 However, dietary antigen avoidance has not proved to be effective in most studies and a 2008 review in Pediatrics states, "for infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life." 39 Beyond this, whether exposure to antigenic foods early in life promotes sensitization or tolerance is unclear. Although preventing allergy through environmental control has shown mixed results, two controlled studies have shown that treating young children who have atopic dermatitis with antihistamines decreases the risk of developing asthma. 101 This phenotype is also associated with early sensitization to food or inhalant allergens 102 and reduced lung function at age 6 years (compared with children with no history of wheezing with lower respiratory illnesses). abstract: Children with chronic or recurrent upper respiratory inflammatory disease (rhinitis) should be considered for inhalant allergies. Risk factors for inhalant allergies in children include a first-degree relative with allergies, food allergy in infancy, and atopic dermatitis. Although inhalant allergies are rare in infancy, inhalant allergies are common in older children and impair quality of life and productivity. Differentiating between viral and allergic rhinitis can be challenging in children, but the child's age, history, and risk factors can provide helpful information. Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for asthma, and if one is present, medical consideration of the other is warranted. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0030666511000570 doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2011.03.013 id: cord-022155-9759i9wr author: Nag, Pranab Kumar title: Sick Building Syndrome and Other Building-Related Illnesses date: 2018-08-18 words: 17584 sentences: 907 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022155-9759i9wr.txt summary: The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Different research groups emphasized on the association of prevalence of SBS symptoms among the office workers with the organic floor dust concentration, the floor covering of the workplaces, the age of the building, and the kind of ventilation system in operation. The assertion from the BASE study of the association of SBS with the increasing difference in concentration of CO 2 between indoor and outdoor brings forward the suggestion that a relative increase in the ventilation rates per person in an office building may reduce the prevalence of SBS symptoms. abstract: Sick building syndrome (SBS) and building-related illnesses are omnipresent in modern high-rise buildings. The SBS is a complex spectrum of ill health symptoms, such as mucous membrane irritation, asthma, neurotoxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, skin dryness, sensitivity to odours that may appear among occupants in office and public buildings, schools and hospitals. Studies on large office buildings from USA, UK, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Germany, Canada, China, India, Netherlands, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Thailand, substantiate the occurrence of SBS phenomena. The accumulated effects of a multitude of factors, such as the indoor environmental quality, building characteristics, building dampness, and activities of occupants attribute to SBS. A building occupant manifests at least one symptom of SBS, the onset of two or more symptoms at least twice, and rapid resolution of symptoms following moving away from the workstation or building may be defined as having SBS. Based on the peer-reviewed documentation, this chapter elaborates the magnitude of building-related health consequences due to measurable environmental causations, and the size of the population affected. The mechanisms and causative factors of SBS and illnesses include, for example, the oxidative stress resulting from indoor pollutants, VOCs, office work-related stressors, humidification, odours associated with moisture and bioaerosol exposure. Related regulatory standards and strategies for management of SBS and other illnesses are elaborated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153445/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2577-9_3 id: cord-022050-h24f0fpd author: Naughton, Matthew T. title: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma date: 2009-05-15 words: 6991 sentences: 345 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022050-h24f0fpd.txt summary: • Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients should be treated with noninvasive ventilation and supplemental oxygen sufficient to overcome hypoxemia but avoid hyperoxia. Uncontrolled oxygen administration may precipitate acute hypercapnia in patients with acute COPD exacerbations as a result of relaxing hypoxic vasoconstriction, thereby allowing increased perfusion to regions with reduced alveolar ventilation. Most commonly, patients with severe asthma have a history of previous hospitalizations for asthma (some that may be near fatal), low socioeconomic status, female gender, obesity, nighttime symptoms, FEV 1 less than 60% with optimal treatment, continual symptoms, reduced quality of life, use of oral or systemic steroids in the past 12 months, use of more than canister of SABA per month, elevated residual volume-tototal lung capacity (RV:TLC) ratio on pulmonary function testing, and a peak expiratory flow rate variability of more than 30% (i.e., variability-(bestworst)/best reading). Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152396/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50029-9 id: cord-260472-xvvfguht author: Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G. title: Antimicrobial strategies: An option to treat allergy? date: 2007-01-31 words: 5105 sentences: 255 pages: flesch: 30 cache: ./cache/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260472-xvvfguht.txt summary: The association between upper respiratory viral infections and asthma exacerbations in children was demonstrated almost three decades ago using virus cultures and serological techniques [5] . Abbreviations: RTePCR, reverse transcriptionepolymerase chain reaction; RV, rhinovirus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; MPV, human metapneumovirus; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IFN-b, interferon-beta; NGF, nerve growth factor; SP, substance P; NK1, neurokinin 1 receptor; MBL, mannose-binding lectin; LABA, long-acting b 2 agonists. In the human respiratory tract, all the above agents are able to produce a spectrum of clinical acute infection phenotypes, ranging from the common cold, croup and acute bronchiolitis, to pneumonia, although each virus has increased propensity for a particular clinical disease (e.g. parainfluenza for croup, RSV for severe bronchiolitis, influenza for pneumonia) [21, 22] . Rhinovirus is the key virus accounting for the majority of exacerbations both in children and adults and thus the effective treatment or prevention of that infection would be a major asset in asthma therapy. abstract: Abstract Respiratory infections by bacteria and viruses often trigger symptoms of asthma in both adults and children. This observation and subsequent mechanistic studies have demonstrated important interactions among allergens, microbes and the atopic host. The mechanisms responsible for microbe-induced asthma exacerbations are only incompletely understood. A focal point of current research is the inflammatory response of the host following an encounter with a pathogenic microbe, including variations in chemokine and cytokine production and resulting in changes in bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung function. Direct bronchial infection, exposure of nerves with resulting neurogenic inflammation and a deviated host immune response are among the mechanisms underlying these functional disorders. Lately, suboptimal innate immune responses, expressed as defective interferon production, have gained attention as they might be amenable to intervention. This review describes the suggested mechanisms involved in the complex interactions between ‘asthmagenic’ microbes, the immune system and atopy, based on in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models and epidemiological evidence. In addition, it provides a synopsis of potential therapeutic strategies either directly against the microorganisms or in respect to the associated inflammation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332206003350 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.10.004 id: cord-271790-3s8o774l author: Pinto Mendes, J. title: The role of infection in asthma date: 2008-10-31 words: 13929 sentences: 956 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271790-3s8o774l.txt summary: Animal research is difficult to extrapolate to man but suggests RSV can induce allergic sensitisation 28 , increase bronchial and interleukin (IL)-13 hyperresponsiveness, and rão, na maioria dos casos, consequências remotas, embora algumas vezes descrevam sibilâncias que irão desaparecer aos 3 -5 anos e só raramente se prolongam, instalando -se ou não uma asma. If viral infection in acute asthma, particularly RV -the most studied -is associated with neutrophilic inflammation, cellular lysis and production of interferons (IFNs) 46 and if the environment is rich in IL-4, the production of IL-5, RANTES (Regulated upon Activated T cell Expressed and Selected), eotaxin, eosinophilic infiltration and IgE production 47 generally occur. While children at risk at allergic asthma have long been told to avoid contact with these animals, it is concluded that prolonged early life exposure to Feld-1 induces a form of immune tolerance specific to that allergen 89 . abstract: Abstract This paper reviews the impact of infections on the onset and clinical course of bronchial asthma. A just emphasis is given to the role viral infections, particularly rhinovirus infections, play in exacerbations, and that played by respiratory syncytial virus, suspected of triggering the asthmatic syndrome. The mechanisms of the immune response to virus attacks are explained, highlighting the asthmatic and allergic patient's weakened response, particularly in the perinatal period. Further stressed is a potentiating effect of viral aggression on the allergic response. The hygiene hypothesis and its lack of scientific consistency is detailed, at least as far as the role it seeks to confer on an unproven antagonism of the Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses. The current importance of research not into bacteria, but into bacterial products, including endotoxins, on the modulation of asthma and allergy is noted. Studies which, along these lines, show an environmental impact on genetic secretion in the phenotype are underlined. Also discussed in passing are several mechanisms which go towards explaining neutrophilic asthma – for many a contradiction, given eosinophilia's stranglehold on asthmatic inflammation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2173511508702975 doi: 10.1016/s2173-5115(08)70297-5 id: cord-270834-b625s54s author: Robinson, Lacey B. title: COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study date: 2020-10-22 words: 543 sentences: 46 pages: flesch: 65 cache: ./cache/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270834-b625s54s.txt summary: title: COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients with asthma: A matched cohort study We matched 80 asthma inpatients with COVID-19 to 323 comparators ( Table I) . In the fully adjusted model, the risk of ICU admission was lower among asthma patients than 116 comparators (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.52, 95%CI:0.30-0.90) ( Table II) . In the fully 118 adjusted model, the risk of mechanical ventilation was lower among asthma patients than 119 comparators (aHR 0.42, 95%CI: 0.21-0.81). In this matched cohort study of MGH inpatients with COVID-19, we identified that asthma 126 patients were less likely to require ICU admission and mechanical ventilation but were not at 127 increased risk for death. Although current research specifically assessing asthma and COVID-19 remains limited, recent 133 reports suggest that asthma is not overrepresented among severe COVID-19 cases and may not 134 be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization or death. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.021 doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.021 id: cord-270647-vn4kirrx author: Romero-Espinoza, Jose A. title: Virome and bacteriome characterization of children with pneumonia and asthma in Mexico City during winter seasons 2014 and 2015 date: 2018-02-15 words: 3513 sentences: 201 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270647-vn4kirrx.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To describe the virome and bacteriome present in the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and pneumonia during an acute exacerbation and an acute respiratory illness ARI episode respectively. Both groups differ with respect to the associated virus and bacteria: while asthma exacerbations have been associated to a specific rhinovirus infection, pneumonia can be related to a wide range of bacterial, fungal and viral agents, with a high prevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) [2, 7] . Here we describe the virome and bacteriome present in the Upper Respiratory Tract of hospitalized children clinically diagnosed with asthma and pneumonia, during an acute exacerbation and an ARI episode respectively, at the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER, Mexico City) during 2014 and 2015 winter seasons. Prevalence of respiratory viral infection in children hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract diseases, and association of rhinovirus and influenza virus with asthma exacerbations abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute asthma exacerbations and pneumonia are important causes of morbidity and mortality in children and may coexist in the same children, although symptom overlap may lead to difficulties in diagnosis. Microbial and viral diversity and differential abundance of either may play an important role in infection susceptibility and the development of acute and chronic respiratory diseases. OBJECTIVES: To describe the virome and bacteriome present in the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and pneumonia during an acute exacerbation and an acute respiratory illness ARI episode respectively. METHODS: During the winter seasons of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, 134 nasopharyngeal swabs samples of children <15 years of age with ARI hospitalized at a referral hospital for respiratory diseases were selected based on clinical diagnosis of asthma or pneumonia. The virome and bacteriome were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and in-house bioinformatics analysis pipeline. RESULTS: The Asthma group was represented mainly by RV-C, BoV-1 and RSV-B and the pneumonia group by Bacteriophage EJ-1 and TTMV. TTV was found in both groups with a similar amount of reads. About bacterial composition Moraxella catarrhalis, Propionibacterium acnes and Acinetobacter were present in asthma and Veillonella parvula and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were mostly found with both asthma and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a complex viral and bacterial composition in asthma and pneumonia groups with a strong association of RV-C presence in asthmatic children. We observed Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae concurrently in both groups. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192878 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192878 id: cord-015893-e0fofgxq author: Ryhal, Bruce title: Viral Disease, Air Pollutants, Nanoparticles, and Asthma date: 2011-05-03 words: 6327 sentences: 316 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015893-e0fofgxq.txt summary: Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter in air pollution may • exacerbate asthma, and patients should be cautioned to stay indoors when levels of these irritants are high. A study of children aged 6-8 years with asthma concluded that an asthma exacerbation was of a greater severity if a viral infection was present as opposed to a nonviral illness (7) . Inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are well known to control the number of wheezing exacerbations in school-age children with chronic persistent asthma, an effect that appears to encompass those episodes caused by viral illness. Viral respiratory infections, and to a lesser extent air pollution, are common triggers of exacerbations and may interact with individuals to affect the development of some forms of asthma. By understanding and anticipating respiratory viral infections and air pollution as important causes of asthma, the health care provider can provide superior care for those who suffer from this chronic disease. abstract: Health care providers who treat patients with respiratory disease are often asked by their patients, “What caused my asthma? And what causes my asthma suddenly to become worse?” These questions have always been difficult to answer, and moving directly to a discussion of the management of asthma is a much easier road to take. In recent years, though, enough information has accumulated about the causes of asthma that one can weave a story containing useful advice that may help patients participate in the management of their disease. And there are also recent studies that can provide answers to the questions posed by physicians who have watched in puzzlement as their previously well-controlled asthma patients have spiraled rapidly out of control. This story has been growing increasingly complex, with an ever-expanding cast of players that sometimes creates a tangled web of interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119993/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6836-4_11 id: cord-307202-iz1bo218 author: Shaw, Dominick title: Asthma date: 2014-05-02 words: 19168 sentences: 831 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307202-iz1bo218.txt summary: Current asthma management involves a step-up and step-down approach based on asthma control with a large degree of heterogeneity in responses to the main drug classes currently in use: β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Human studies have identified elevated numbers of cells expressing IL13 mRNA in the bronchial tissue of atopic and nonatopic asthmatic subjects [50] ; administration of recombinant IL13 in mouse lungs resulted in an increase in airway mucus secretion, development of subepithelial fibrosis, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and eosinophilic airway inflammation-that is, several key features of the human disease [51] . While methods of stratifying asthma patients to specific treatments based on nongenetic factors such as clinical outcomes, cellular measures, or protein biomarkers have shown some success, a large body of work has investigated the potential of genetic markers as predictors of patient responses to existing therapies, i.e., pharmacogenetics. abstract: Asthma is a common respiratory disease with a complex etiology involving a combination of genetic and environmental components. Current asthma management involves a step-up and step-down approach based on asthma control with a large degree of heterogeneity in responses to the main drug classes currently in use: β(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, corticosteroids, and leukotriene modifiers. Importantly, asthma is heterogeneous with respect to clinical presentation and the inflammatory mechanisms that underlie it. This heterogeneity likely contributes to variable results in clinical trials, particularly when targeting specific inflammatory mediators. These factors have motivated a drive toward stratified medicine in asthma based on clinical/cellular outcomes or genetics (i.e., pharmacogenetics). Significant progress has been made in identifying genetic polymorphisms that influence the efficacy and potential for adverse effects of all main classes of asthma drugs. Importantly an emerging role for genetics in phase II development of newer therapies has been demonstrated (e.g., anti-IL4). Similarly, the stratification of patients based on clinical characteristics (e.g., blood and sputum eosinophil levels) has been critical in evaluating newer therapies (e.g., anti-IL5). As a proof of concept, anti-IgE is the latest therapy to be introduced into clinical practice, although only for severe, allergic patients (i.e., in a stratified manner). As new asthma genes are identified using genome-wide association, among other technologies, new targets (e.g., IL33/IL33 receptor (IL1RL1)) will emerge and pharmacogenetics in these development programs will be essential. In this chapter we review the current understanding of asthma pathobiology and its clinical presentation, as well as the use of stratified medicine, which holds great promise for maximizing clinical outcomes and minimizing adverse effects in existing and new therapies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123868824000281 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386882-4.00028-1 id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 words: 22266 sentences: 1187 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt summary: Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. abstract: Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id: cord-017789-rhoisec4 author: Stockert, Karin title: Lipidmediatoren und ihre Rolle bei Entzündungen und Allergien date: 2020-03-25 words: 18024 sentences: 2290 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017789-rhoisec4.txt summary: Nachdem Th2-Zellen (neben den ILC2-Zellen) als hauptverantwortlich für die Bildung von Th2-Zytokinen angesehen werden, ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass der PGE2-EP2-Signalweg eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Th2-Zellproliferation hat und dadurch die allergische Sensibilisierung unterdrücken kann. Somit zeigt sich wiederum (wie bei den Untersuchungen bezüglich Remodeling), dass eine mangelnde Hochregulierung von COX-1 und COX-2 sowie fehlende Vermehrung von PGE2 unter inflammatorischen Bedingungen an der Entwicklung einer chronischen eosinophilen Rhinosinusitis mit Polypen sowohl mit als auch ohne Aspirin-Intoleranz beteiligt sind. Somit offenbart auch diese Studie, dass PGE2 eine protektive Wirkung auf die Lunge hat und als endogener Mediator die überschießende ILC2-Aktivierung der allergischen Inflammation "beruhigen" und gegensteuern kann. 2013): ILC2s sind dafür bekannt, dass sie nach Aktivierung durch die Atemwegsepithel-Zytokine IL-25, IL-33 und TSLP die Zytokine IL-13 und IL-5 freisetzen, aber auch antigenunabhängig als Antwort auf das Mastzellenprodukt Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) und dadurch bei der Pathogenese von allergischen Erkrankungen eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. abstract: Lipidmediatoren sind als lokal agierende Lipide nach dem Eindringen eines Krankheitserregers oder nach Gewebsverletzung im Zusammenspiel mit Interleukinen und Chemokinen zunächst für die sinnvollen proinflammatorischen Prozesse wie Calor, Rubor, Dolor, Tumor verantwortlich. Nach erfolgreich abgewehrter Infektion sind es wieder Lipidmediatoren, die mithelfen, die unschädlich gemachten Viren und Bakterien sowie nekrotisches Material aus dem Gewebe zu eliminieren, die Entzündungsreaktion zu stoppen und geschädigtes oder zerstörtes Gewebe zu regenerieren. Mit den Lipidmediatoren hat die Evolution wunderbare molekulare Netzwerke für kontrollierte Immunantworten auf Infektionen und Verletzungen geschaffen, die perfekt koordiniert zu einer Restitutio ad integrum führen und die die Homöostase im Gewebe wiederherstellen. Lange Zeit konzentrierte man sich auf die wissenschaftliche Beobachtung der entzündungsauslösenden Wirkung der Prostaglandine und Leukotriene. In letzter Zeit fokussiert die Forschung jedoch immer mehr auch die antiinflammatorischen und entzündungsauflösenden, schützenden und die Regeneration mediierenden Effekte der Lipidmediatoren, weil diese vor der Pathogenese von chronischen Erkrankungen, wie zum Beispiel Allergien, schützen können. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122452/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-58140-7_6 id: cord-254766-585iu5ey author: Tauro, Sharyn title: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the viral exacerbation of asthma date: 2008-08-13 words: 5251 sentences: 246 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254766-585iu5ey.txt summary: This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. These observations suggest that respiratory viral infections lead to a prolonged period of increased antigen presentation in the airways resulting in de novo and memory T-cell responses not only to the virus but also to unrelated antigens including allergens. In addition to studies of primary infections, models studying the interactions between respiratory viral infections and allergen sensitization are essential in understanding the mechanisms of virus induced asthma exacerbations. These studies show that the immune responses to allergen sensitization and respiratory viral infections interact to cause persistent inflammation and AHR, symptomatic of the asthmatic response (Fig. 2) [53] . Recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections in allergen sensitized mice lead to persistent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness abstract: The aetiology of asthma associated with viral infection is complex. The dynamics that contribute to disease pathogenesis are multifactorial and involve overlapping molecular and cellular mechanisms, particularly the immune response to respiratory virus infection or allergen sensitization. This review summarizes the evidence associated with factors that may contribute to the development or exacerbation of asthma including age, host factors, genetic polymorphisms, altered immune responses, and aspects of viral antigen expression. This review also provides an important perspective of key events linked to the development of asthmatic disease and related pulmonary inflammation from human and animal studies, and discusses their relationship as targets for disease intervention strategies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S128645790800186X doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.037 id: cord-312952-9gbb4own author: WARDZYŃSKA, ALEKSANDRA title: The profile of respiratory pathogens in induced sputum of elderly and non-elderly asthmatics date: 2020-01-20 words: 2990 sentences: 167 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312952-9gbb4own.txt summary: While the majority of studies indicate that the detection rate of respiratory viruses in patients with asthma and healthy subjects is similar [10] , they have been found to differ with regard to the bacterial composition of the airways [11] . This technique was chosen for the present study, to test the hypothesis that elderly patients with asthma display a different profile of respiratory pathogens in the airways as compared to non-elderly asthmatics, and that this profile may be related to local airway and/or systemic inflammation. This study is the first to use the IS technique to compare detection rates of respiratory pathogens in the airways of elderly and non-elderly patients with asthma. Although the detection rate and profile of respiratory viruses in IS was similar in elderly and non-elderly patients with asthma, the presence of pathogens was associated with some clinical characteristics only in older subjects. abstract: INTRODUCTION: Respiratory pathogens are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis and exacerbations of asthma at all ages; however, little is known about the airway microbiome in the elderly. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify respiratory pathogens in the induced sputum (IS) of elderly asthmatics, and to determine the association between pathogens and the markers of asthma activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-nine subjects with stable asthma, 15 above 65 years of age and 14 aged 30-49 years, underwent clinical evaluation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurement, and sputum induction. Pathogens were detected by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The periostin concentration of IS supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum eosinophil cationic protein and total IgE levels were measured by ImmunoCAP. RESULTS: Elderly patients, as compared to non-elderly, had significantly higher eosinophilia in IS, although other markers of eosinophilic inflammation were comparable. Half of the subjects were positive for Haemophilus influenzae. Chlamydophila pneumoniae was found in two subjects. Respiratory viruses were detected in more than 70% of patients. The detection rates and profiles of atypical bacteria and respiratory viruses were similar in both groups. Only in the elderly asthmatics was influenza A positivity associated with lower predicted FVC%, RSV A positivity connected with decreased tIgE concentration, and RSV B positivity related to a lower percentage of lymphocytes in IS. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the existence of differences in some clinical and inflammatory characteristics of asthma between elderly and non-elderly asthmatics, the pathogen detection rates in the IS from the two groups are similar. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32140050/ doi: 10.5114/ceji.2019.92790 id: cord-323761-9m177ozm author: Wang, Huijie title: Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety date: 2020-02-22 words: 6828 sentences: 298 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt summary: Studies have shown that maternal asthma increases the risk for adverse complications in fetuses and mothers, including SGA (small for gestational age), LBW (low birth weight), congenital malformations (cleft lip or cleft palate), increased perinatal mortality, PB (premature birth), maternal preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, prenatal hemorrhage, caesarean section, urinary tract infection, excessive amniotic fluid, and premature rupture of membranes, especially for those patients with severe or uncontrolled asthma during pregnancy [6, 7] . e long-term goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control, maintain normal activity levels, and minimize the risk of acute attacks, irreversible damage to lung function, and drug-related adverse effects. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab is as an add-on therapy for the treatment of nonpregnant patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma that is inadequately controlled with ICS and has the effect of preventing exacerbation, reducing the frequency of asthmatic symptoms, reducing the frequency of emergency room visit or hospital admission, and reducing the steroid dose. abstract: Asthma in pregnancy is a health issue of great concern. Physiological changes and drug compliance during pregnancy can affect asthma control in varying degrees, and the control level of asthma and the side effects of asthma medications are closely related to the adverse perinatal outcomes of mother and fetus. This article provides an update on the available literature regarding the alleviating or aggravating mechanism of asthma in pregnancy, diagnosis, disease assessment, and systematic management, to provide a new guidance for physician, obstetric joint doctor, and health care practitioner. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184907/ doi: 10.1155/2020/9046842 id: cord-332737-iclruwmx author: Webley, Wilmore C. title: Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides date: 2017-05-19 words: 7485 sentences: 403 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332737-iclruwmx.txt summary: Another recent study concluded that the nasopharyngeal microbiome within the first year of life was a determinant for infection spread to the lower airways and predicted the severity of accompanying inflammatory symptoms, as well as risk for future asthma development. Factors that predict risk in non-asthmatics for developing the "infectious asthma" syndrome include a previous history of self-limited lower respiratory tract illnesses such as acute bronchitis (often with wheezing) and/or pneumonia [35, 38, 39] . A 2013 metaanalysis of 12 randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) of macrolides for the long term management of asthma in both adults and children found positive effects on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFRa measure of pulmonary function), asthma symptoms, asthma quality of life (AQL), and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), but not on forced expiratory flow rate in 1 s (FEV1) [77] . abstract: Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness to non-specific bronchoconstriction agonists as the primary underlying pathophysiology. The worldwide incidence of asthma has increased dramatically in the last 40 years. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, over 300 million children and adults worldwide currently suffer from this incurable disease and 255,000 die from the disease each year. It is now well accepted that asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome and many clinical subtypes have been described. Viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (hRV) have been implicated in asthma exacerbation in children because of their ability to cause severe airway inflammation and wheezing. Infections with atypical bacteria also appear to play a role in the induction and exacerbation of asthma in both children and adults. Recent studies confirm the existence of an infectious asthma etiology mediated by Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) and possibly by other viral, bacterial and fungal microbes. It is also likely that early-life infections with microbes such as CP could lead to alterations in the lung microbiome that significantly affect asthma risk and treatment outcomes. These infectious microbes may exacerbate the symptoms of established chronic asthma and may even contribute to the initial development of the clinical onset of the disease. It is now becoming more widely accepted that patterns of airway inflammation differ based on the trigger responsible for asthma initiation and exacerbation. Therefore, a better understanding of asthma subtypes is now being explored more aggressively, not only to decipher pathophysiologic mechanisms but also to select treatment and guide prognoses. This review will explore infection-mediated asthma with special emphasis on the protean manifestations of CP lung infection, clinical characteristics of infection-mediated asthma, mechanisms involved and antibiotic treatment outcomes. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z doi: 10.1186/s12931-017-0584-z id: cord-309421-725u6dau author: Wechsler, Michael E. title: SOURCE: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in reducing oral corticosteroid use in adults with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma date: 2020-10-13 words: 5783 sentences: 270 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309421-725u6dau.txt summary: METHODS: SOURCE is an ongoing phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of tezepelumab 210 mg administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks on OCS dose reduction in adults with OCS-dependent asthma. SOURCE also aims to demonstrate that treatment with tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma is associated with reductions in exacerbation rates and improvements in lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life, while reducing OCS dose. SOURCE also aims to demonstrate that treatment with tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma is associated with reductions in exacerbation rates and improvements in lung function, asthma control and healthrelated quality of life, while reducing OCS dose. In the phase 2b PATHWAY study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced asthma exacerbations over 52 weeks by up to 71% compared with placebo in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma, irrespective of baseline biomarker status [24, 26] , and improved lung function, asthma control and patient HRQoL [24] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Many patients with severe asthma continue to experience asthma symptoms and exacerbations despite standard-of-care treatment. A substantial proportion of these patients require long-term treatment with oral corticosteroids (OCS), often at high doses, which are associated with considerable multiorgan adverse effects, including metabolic disorders, osteoporosis and adrenal insufficiency. Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the activity of the epithelial cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In the PATHWAY phase 2b study (NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced exacerbations by up to 71% in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma. Several ongoing phase 3 trials (SOURCE, NCT03406078; NAVIGATOR, NCT03347279; DESTINATION, NCT03706079) are assessing the efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma. Here, we describe the design and objectives of SOURCE, a phase 3 OCS-sparing study. METHODS: SOURCE is an ongoing phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of tezepelumab 210 mg administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks on OCS dose reduction in adults with OCS-dependent asthma. The study comprises a 2-week screening and enrolment period, followed by an OCS optimization phase of up to 8 weeks and a 48-week treatment period, which consists of a 4-week induction phase, followed by a 36-week OCS reduction phase and an 8-week maintenance phase. The primary objective is to assess the effect of tezepelumab compared with placebo in reducing the prescribed OCS maintenance dose. The key secondary objective is to assess the effect of tezepelumab on asthma exacerbation rates. Other secondary objectives include the proportion of patients with a reduction in OCS dose (100% or 50% reduction or those receiving < 5 mg) and the effect of tezepelumab on lung function and patient-reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: SOURCE is evaluating the OCS-sparing potential of tezepelumab in patients with OCS-dependent asthma. SOURCE also aims to demonstrate that treatment with tezepelumab in patients with severe asthma is associated with reductions in exacerbation rates and improvements in lung function, asthma control and health-related quality of life, while reducing OCS dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03406078 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Registered 23 January 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03406078 url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01503-z doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01503-z id: cord-021905-fjcks7w4 author: Win, Patrick H. title: Asthma Triggers: What Really Matters? date: 2009-05-22 words: 5991 sentences: 297 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021905-fjcks7w4.txt summary: The level of cat allergen that is required to induce asthma symptoms is not well defined, so strict avoidance and proper cleaning after an animal has been removed from the household are key to preventing morbidity. Accordingly, improper setting of the central air humidifier (commonly part of a home''s central heating and air-conditioning unit) may worsen asthma control; while dehumidifiers set to keep humidity levels lower than 50% may be beneficial in reducing asthma symptoms from house-dust mite exposure. Similar to the aforementioned avoidance measures for pollen-sensitive asthmatic individuals, asthma symptoms from exposure to mold spores may be minimized by staying indoors as much as possible (especially during peak spore concentrations) and keeping home and automobile windows closed. Other important outdoor asthma triggers include exposure to vehicle traffic (especially diesel exhaust), which might exacerbate preexisting allergic conditions by enhancing airway responses to allergen, a potential compounding effect. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152189/ doi: 10.1016/b978-032304289-5.10017-7 id: cord-284313-rg3krh7d author: Wood, Lisa G. title: Persistent Airway Obstruction After Virus Infection Is Not Associated With Airway Inflammation date: 2007-02-28 words: 3828 sentences: 216 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284313-rg3krh7d.txt summary: Abstract Background:This study examined the contribution of airway inflammation to the delayed lung function recovery that occurs in some people following virus-induced asthma exacerbations. In contrast, during exacerbation, subjects with persistent airway obstruction showed no differences in inflammatory cell counts compared to stable subjects with asthma, nor did cell counts change postexacerbation. Table 3 indicates that during the exacerbation the CCQ was elevated in both the airwayrecovery and the persistent-airway-obstruction groups; then, at 4 to 6 weeks postexacerbation, a similar improvement in virus symptoms was seen in both groups (percentage change in CCQ) [Fig 1] . The poor lung function (percent predicted FEV 1 ) observed during the acute episode significantly improved in the airway-recovery group, with values returning to levels of stable asthma patients postexacerbation. 11 Conversely, patients in the persistent-airway-obstruction group showed a lower airway inflammatory profile during exacerbations similar to those with stable asthma (Fig 2) , and this did not change significantly postexacerbation (Table 4 ). abstract: Abstract Background:This study examined the contribution of airway inflammation to the delayed lung function recovery that occurs in some people following virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Methods:Subjects (n = 40) were recruited at hospital admission for acute asthma exacerbation. Respiratory virus infection was diagnosed by viral nucleic acid detection and/or cell culture, using induced sputum, nasal, or throat swabs. Data collected included lung function, answers to common cold and asthma control questionnaires, and induced sputum cellular profiles. Subjects were reexamined 4 to 6 weeks postexacerbation and were compared with stable asthmatic subjects (n = 26) who had been recruited from ambulatory care clinics. Results:Persistent airway obstruction, defined as lung function improvement at follow-up (ie, change in FEV1percent predicted [Δ%FEV1]) of <15%, was observed in 10 subjects (25%). Airway recovery (Δ%FEV1, ≥ 15%) was observed in the remaining subjects (30 subjects; 75%). During the acute episode, the airway-recovery group had increased total cell count (p = 0.019), increased number of neutrophils (p = 0.005), and increased percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.0043) compared to the group of stable subjects with asthma. Postexacerbation, the airway-recovery group had reduced numbers of neutrophils and an increased percentage of eosinophils. In contrast, during exacerbation, subjects with persistent airway obstruction showed no differences in inflammatory cell counts compared to stable subjects with asthma, nor did cell counts change postexacerbation. Symptoms improved in both groups postexacerbation. However, in the persistent-airway-obstruction group, asthma remained uncontrolled. Conclusion:Persistent airway obstruction and uncontrolled asthma are observed in some people after viral asthma exacerbations. These abnormalities are not associated with inflammatory cell influx into the airway lining fluid during the exacerbation and may reflect the involvement of noncellular elements. Further work should explore other mechanisms leading to incomplete airway recovery. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369215483254 doi: 10.1378/chest.06-1062 id: cord-288344-8dar2p3j author: Yang, Xiaoyu title: The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial date: 2020-11-04 words: 4675 sentences: 251 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288344-8dar2p3j.txt summary: title: The rescue intervention strategy for asthma patients under severe air pollution: a protocol for a single-centre prospective randomized controlled trial Therefore, we hypothesize that the rescue intervention strategy of budesonide/formoterol plus original treatments under severe pollution may reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations caused by air pollution before patients have symptoms. When the air quality index (AQI) reported by the air pollution monitoring station for the study is no less than 200, participants in the RIS group will receive budesonide/formoterol (160 μg/4.5 μg/dose, 1 dose/time, b.i.d.) plus original treatments until the end of severe pollution (AQI < 200). This singlecentre, prospective, randomized and standard treatment parallel control clinical trial aimed to determine whether the rescue intervention strategy will reduce the risk of air pollution-related asthma exacerbations. This is a single-centre, prospective, randomized and standard treatment parallel control study aimed at decreasing the risk of asthma exacerbations under severe air pollution with a novel rescue intervention strategy. abstract: BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common chronic airway inflammatory disease. Exacerbations of asthma not only accelerate the progression of the disease but also increase the incidence of hospitalization and death. Studies have shown that air pollution is a high-risk factor for asthma exacerbations. However, few treatment strategies have been recommended to reduce the risk of severe air pollution-related asthma exacerbations. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a single-centre, prospective, randomized and standard treatment parallel control clinical trial. Seventy-two asthma patients in the nonexacerbation stage according to GINA guidelines 2017 will be recruited and randomized into the rescue intervention strategy (RIS) group and control group. Original treatments for the participants will include no use of inhaled medicine, the use of short-acting β-agonists (SABA) on demand or the use of budesonide/formoterol (160 μg/4.5 μg/dose, 1–2 dose/time, b.i.d.). The rescue intervention strategy for the RIS group will be budesonide/formoterol plus the original treatment until the severe pollution ends (air quality index, AQI < 200). The control group will maintain the original treatment. The follow-up observation period will last 1 year. The primary outcome is the frequency of asthma exacerbations per year. Secondary outcomes include the mean number of unplanned outpatient visits, emergency visits, hospitalizations, medical costs and mortality caused by asthma exacerbations per patient per year. DISCUSSION: The results of this trial will provide a novel strategy to guide clinical practice in decreasing the risk of asthma exacerbations under severe air pollution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR ChiCTR1900026757. Registered on 20 October 2019—retrospectively registered url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33148308/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04830-0 id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n author: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 words: 21351 sentences: 1012 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt summary: Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169233/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id: cord-019347-tj3ye1mx author: nan title: ABSTRACT BOOK date: 2010-02-19 words: 107926 sentences: 6940 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019347-tj3ye1mx.txt summary: Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129269/ doi: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61294-x id: cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author: nan title: Eosinophils in Human Disease date: 2012-10-12 words: 56005 sentences: 2997 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt summary: The role of the eosinophils as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma has been debated, despite evidence that the cells are present and activated in the airway lumen and tissue 1 of patients with current asthma; are increased in number when asthma is uncontrolled 2 or severe 3 and decreased when asthma is controlled 4 ; and treatment strategies that aim to control airway eosinophilia are significantly more effective and less expensive in improving asthma control 5,6 and decreasing asthma exacerbations compared to guideline-based clinical strategies. 11 Since allergic asthma is primarily a T-helper type 2 (T h 2)-mediated disease, it is not surprising that cytokines driving eosinophilia are T h 2 cell products: specifically, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), which signal through specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors linked to a common b-chaindall of which can act as eosinophil growth factors that promote formation of eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) colony-forming units (CFU) in functional assays. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158199/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394385-9.00013-4 id: cord-022650-phsr10jp author: nan title: Abstracts TPS date: 2018-08-14 words: 119675 sentences: 7010 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022650-phsr10jp.txt summary: 0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159469/ doi: 10.1111/all.13539 id: cord-022653-qa1uph35 author: nan title: Poster Discussion Session PDS date: 2017-08-30 words: 58292 sentences: 3300 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022653-qa1uph35.txt summary: 0206 | G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) regulates endothelial permeability induced by Bradykinin 0208 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of c1 esterase inhibitor of chronic urticaria challenges most commonly identified were the following: time of onset of disease; frequency/duration of and provoking factors for wheals; diurnal variation; occurrence in relation to weekends, holidays, and foreign travel; shape, size, and distribution of wheals; associated angioedema; associated subjective symptoms of lesions; family and personal history regarding urticaria, atopy; previous or current allergies, infections, internal diseases, or other possible causes; psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases; surgical implantations and events during surgery; gastric/ intestinal problems; induction by physical agents or exercise; use of drugs; food allergies; relationship to the menstrual cycle; smoking habits; type of work, hobbies; stress; quality of life and emotional impact; previous therapy and response to therapy, and previous diagnostic procedures/results. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159476/ doi: 10.1111/all.13251 id: cord-022658-mq91h15t author: nan title: Executive summary date: 2008-12-30 words: 12004 sentences: 656 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022658-mq91h15t.txt summary: Patients with rhinitis or asthma caused by allergens for which the clinical efficacy and safety of SIT have been documented by placebo-controlled, doubleblind studies, and those requiring daily pharmacotherapy for longer periods (e.g., preventive treatment during a pollen season or perennially) are candidates for SIT. in most cases when significant airway comorbidity is present (asthma, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, or otitis media with effusion) when the diagnosis is in question or special diagnostic testing is required when occupational rhinitis is suspected, to distinguish between clear-cut allergic reactions and toxic or nonallergic reactions when poor symptom control necessitates a consultation for environmental control measures, pharmacotherapy, or specific immunotherapy when medication side-effects are intolerable when rhinitis is only part of a complex series of mucosal allergies. abstract: Allergic rhinitis is now recognized as a major cause of morbidity that significantly impairs function and quality of life. Moreover, it is now widely held that the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing nasal allergy contribute, or predispose many individuals, to the development of other airway diseases, including asthma. Allergic rhinitis may well be a factor in 24% of children with otitis media with effusion (OME), and perhaps 28% of cases of chronic sinusitis. As many as 78% of persons with asthma aged 15 to 30 years have elevated serum IgE antibodies to five common aeroallergens. In many instances, nasal allergy signals the presence of more severe disease. Considerable evidence now suggests that early and appropriate intervention can improve the quality of life and productivity of patients with allergic rhinitis, enhance the academic performance of children, and reduce the prevalence of airway complications. The goal of treatment has shifted from mere symptom alleviation to blocking the pathophysiologic mechanisms that cause chronic allergic inflammation and leave patients vulnerable to airway infections. The earlier in a patient's life that this can be accomplished, the better the anticipated consequences. A panel of experts was convened in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on 2 September 1996, to explore these issues and their impact on allergy prevention and treatment in primary care. Their undertaking was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Schering‐Plough Pharmaceuticals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159496/ doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04885.x id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 words: 33469 sentences: 1470 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt summary: The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168082/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.23455 id: cord-023288-sqr33y72 author: nan title: Paediatric SIG: Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 words: 30158 sentences: 1762 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023288-sqr33y72.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169050/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_11.x id: cord-023303-fxus38mp author: nan title: Lung Cancer/Bronchology SIGs: Combined Poster Session date: 2008-03-12 words: 30161 sentences: 1760 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023303-fxus38mp.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169102/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_8.x id: cord-023308-af5nihyi author: nan title: COPD SIG: Poster Session 2 date: 2008-03-12 words: 30159 sentences: 1761 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023308-af5nihyi.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169120/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_6.x id: cord-023331-jrvmgnu3 author: nan title: Asthma & Allergy SIG: Poster Session 3. Physiology, Environment, Investigation and Management date: 2008-03-12 words: 30165 sentences: 1762 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023331-jrvmgnu3.txt summary: Results Data indicate splice variant expression in dendritic cells from asthmatic patients is influenced by asthma severity. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GORD treatment in adults or children that reported asthma health outcomes and had symptomatic GORD were included and assessed in accordance with the standard Cochrane systematic review process. Results 11 male (44%) and 14 female (56%) patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma (mean age 44 years, SD = 11) participated. Methods A comprehensive range of intracellular T-cell and monocyte proand anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines was investigated in peripheral blood from 5 OSA patients and 5 aged-matched control subjects (with no evidence of sleep problems) using multiparameter flow cytometry. Methods Following completion of a 12-month exercise study, which included a supervised program (Intervention, n = 18) and control group (Control, n = 17), COPD subjects [mean age (SD): 66 (8); mean FEV1 (% predicted) = 56% (19)] were asked to complete a questionnaire. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169210/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01252_3.x ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel