# pos

id: cord-337605-s07aorzi
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.health.gov.au/news/australian-health-protection-principal-committee-ahppc-statementon-restoration-of-elective-surgery

lemma:
  https://www.health.gov.au/news/australian-health-protection-principal-committee-ahppc-statementon-restoration-of-elective-surgery


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
pos: NNP
token:
  https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-5a0ab398-c897-4ae3-986d-f94452a165d7/details?q=arrival%20card%20data

lemma:
  https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-5a0ab398-c897-4ae3-986d-f94452a165d7/details?q=arrival%20card%20data


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-todays-data-geographicdistribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide

lemma:
  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-todays-data-geographicdistribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-andconditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases/covid-19-current-cases-details#download

lemma:
  https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-andconditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases/covid-19-current-cases-details#download


id: cord-334956-pi8ifpcy
pos: NNP
token:
  http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standardprotocol-items-for-clinical-trials/

lemma:
  http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/spirit-2013-statement-defining-standardprotocol-items-for-clinical-trials/


# ent

id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
entity:
  Policy Directive Occupational Assessment Screening Vaccination Against Specified Infectious Diseases Royal Australian College of General Practitioners Infection Control Standards for Office Based Practices Co


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
entity:
  General Practice Network Influenza Survey Report National Foundation of Infectious Diseases Improving Influenza Vaccination Rates


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
entity:
  Atlanta Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Australian Institute of Health Welfare AIHW Rural Regional


id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
type: ORG
entity:
  the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing the NSW Department of Health and The Children s Hospital


id: cord-284905-h8xovybl
type: ORG
entity:
  National Health and Medical Research Council National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines on Ethical Matters


id: cord-284905-h8xovybl
type: ORG
entity:
  Western Australia Australian Institute of Health Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Series Respiratory


id: cord-257334-4jjuwc9r
type: ORG
entity:
  boris johnson National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSPCC 2020 Coronavirus COVID 19


id: cord-024853-07n3wroj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  What Are the Strategies of Australia s Universities Arenas Vehicles Differentiators Staging and Economic Logic date 2020 05 16 journal


id: cord-024853-07n3wroj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  What Are the Strategies of Australia s Universities Arenas Vehicles Differentiators Staging and Economic Logic 9 1 Arenas Figure


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human disturbance of the environment Red deer and feral cats for example inhabit much of New Zealand s pristine


id: cord-280782-8gbktpt3
type: TAXON
entity:
  Feline coronavirus Tritrichomonas foetus Clostridium perfringens Giardia spp Salmonella spp Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter coli


id: cord-240914-7kfo61da
type: ORG
entity:
  Photographers Social Media Strategists Public Relations Professionals and Communications Specialists


id: cord-010307-sxh5mq1q
type: DNA
entity:
  Top End i Chalinolobus nigrogriseus Scotorepens greyii and Scotorepens sanborni ii Miniopterus schreibersii


id: cord-025496-lezggdjb
type: ORG
entity:
  The 2017 Progress Review Department of Health and Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2017


id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5
type: ORG
entity:
  Australia s Future Health Workforce Psychiatry Department of Health Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Mental


id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5
type: ORG
entity:
  Australian Government Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards


id: cord-294209-6i8nu9l2
type: ORG
entity:
  Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Rural Regional and Remote Health Indicators of Health Status


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: DNA
entity:
  Arbovirus Hunters date 2019 05 23 journal Viruses DOI 10 3390 v11050471 sha 33b0c24cb03b515296b278e96fd7de32151b9511 doc_id 307046 cord_uid ko3bdvo0


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Network of Pasteur Institutes Réseau International de l Institut Pasteur RIIP and Associated Institutes


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Arthropod Borne Viruses of Vertebrates An Account of the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program Techniques


id: cord-300227-4zalzk21
type: ORG
entity:
  the Emerging Infections Program Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey Team Multistate


id: cord-334834-qg23x2pw
type: ORG
entity:
  Prahran Vic CICM Resources Professional 20Documents IC 10 Guidelines for Transport of Critically Ill Patients


id: cord-334834-qg23x2pw
type: ORG
entity:
  the Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Dietitians Australia Society of Hospital Pharmacists Australia


id: cord-297341-c2af59ip
type: ORG
entity:
  Complex Health Conditions Australia Department of Health Commonwealth of Australia Expanding Access to Accredited Practising Dietitians


id: cord-334956-pi8ifpcy
type: ORG
entity:
  Canberra AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Institute of Health and Welfare BreastScreen Australia


id: cord-287135-m73nepej
type: ORG
entity:
  the United Nations Statistics Division UNSD the Statistical Office of the European Communities EUROSTAT


id: cord-307326-k3y9qb3c
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Effect of Market Access on Destination Choice Micro Economics From Motivation to Actual Travel Sand


id: cord-307326-k3y9qb3c
type: ORG
entity:
  the Rural Hinterland Implications for Rural Development and Planning Predicting Destination Choice A Discussion of Destination Loyalty Database Marketing for Travel Agencies Tourism


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  G Ferisin G Ferreira R J Ferrer A Figueiredo C N Figueiredo Y F Reinoso Fuentealba C G Garrido Benavent I Cañete Gibas C F Gil Durán C Glushakova A M Gonçalves M F M González M Gorczak M Gorton C Guard F E Guarnizo A L Guarro J Gutiérrez M Hamal P Hien L T Hocking A


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  D Houbraken J Hunter G C Inácio C A Jourdan M Kapitonov V I Kelly L Khanh T N Kisło K Kiss L Kiyashko


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  N V Liimatainen K Lim H J Lyons M N Maciá Vicente J G Magaña Dueñas V Mahiques R Malysheva E F Marbach P A S Marinho P Matočec N McTaggart A R Mešić A Morin L Muñoz


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  lactose melibiose raffinose soluble starch inulin D arabinose D ribose L sorbose L rhamnose galactitol erythritol myo inositol 5 keto D gluconate D


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  light brown 6C8 6D8 margin smooth fairly undulate Lamellae emarginate crowded greyish when young later greyish orange 6B4 brownish orange 6C5


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: DNA
entity:
  G kielmeyerae CML3527 T GenBank MN508390 1 was Coryneum heveanum MFLUCC17 0369 GenBank NG_065764 1 99 56 identity and had 99 33 identity


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  galactitol D mannitol D glucitol methyl alpha D glucoside salicin D gluconate succinic acid citric acid 2 keto D


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: DNA
entity:
  Identities 1 078 1 099 98 3 gaps 0 Neodevriesia cladophorae GenBank KU578114 Identities 1 076 1 099 98 7 gaps 0 and Neodevriesia strelitziae GenBank GU301810 Identities 1 061 1 091 97 7 gaps 0 Conidia subcylindrical fusoid or ellipsoid to fusoid individually hyaline olivaceous green


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Krông Kmar town N12 23 49 207 E108 20 59 356 h 1 071 m asl on rotten wood 24 May 2019 A A Kiyasko 73 AK 19 holotype LE 323311 ITS


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: DNA
entity:
  Nectriaceae Pilzkompendium 4 1 793 I XXXVI Mycenae paranaensis Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde A multi locus backbone tree


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: CHEBI
entity:
  raffinose Glucose sucrose galactose maltose cellobiose trehalose melezitose methyl alpha D glucoside Dxylose L arabinose D glucosamine ethanol glycerol


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: GGP
entity:
  inulin D arabinose D ribose L sorbose L rhamnose galactitol erythritol myo inositol 5 keto D gluconate


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: GGP
entity:
  glucitol methyl alpha D glucoside salicin D gluconate succinic acid citric acid 2 keto D gluconate myo inositol


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: GGP
entity:
  Mollisiaceae s lat A detailed polyphasic taxonomic analysis in this group is still missing According to our analysis of ITS1 5 8S ITS2 nrDNA


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: FAC
entity:
  Station Centre for Crop Health Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation Ecosystem Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: ORG
entity:
  conidia Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Plant Pathology Herbarium Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Centre for Crop Health Benátská


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: ORG
entity:
  µm Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Plant Pathology Herbarium Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Dense


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: ORG
entity:
  Naturalis Biodiversity Center Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Fungal Planet Mediterranean Quercus


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  mannitol D glucitol methyl alpha D glucoside salicin D gluconate succinic acid citric acid 2 keto D gluconate


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: DISEASE
entity:
  vegetative mycelium margins irregular reverse greenish black diffusible pigments absent On potato carrot agar


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Mediterranean Quercus ilex subsp ballota forest Ascocarps mature ascospores Scale bar 20 μm GTR G selected


# url

id: cord-337605-s07aorzi
domain: www.health.gov.au
url:
  http://www.health.gov.au/news/australian-health-protection-principal-committee-ahppc-statementon-restoration-of-elective-surgery


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
domain: data.gov.au
url:
  http://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-5a0ab398-c897-4ae3-986d-f94452a165d7/details?q=arrival%20card%20data


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
domain: www.ecdc.europa.eu
url:
  http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-todays-data-geographicdistribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
domain: www.health.govt.nz
url:
  http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-andconditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases/covid-19-current-cases-details#download


# bib

id: cord-002137-j5sfiyz8
title: Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia
author: Ward, Kirsten
date: 2010-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002137-j5sfiyz8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4942009/
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00158.x
summary:
  Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs. Influenza is a serious respiratory virus which costs the Australian healthcare system $115 million annually. Whilst there have been numerous Australian studies on influenza vaccine uptake amongst hospital and institutional HCWs 6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and some studies on attitudes of primary care clinicians to influenza vaccination for their patients 14, 15 , there has been limited published studies to date on influenza vaccination coverage, barriers and enablers amongst primary health care staff in Australia. More recently, a national survey from the Australian General Practice Network (AGPN) 23 assessed influenza vaccination coverage in GPs and PNs in the same years as our study (2007 ⁄ 2008) with similar response rates (34% versus 36%).

abstract:
  Please cite this paper as: Ward et al. (2011) Annual influenza vaccination: coverage and attitudes of primary care staff in Australia. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 135–141. Background Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all Australian health care workers (HCWs) including those working in primary health care. There is limited published data on coverage, workplace provision, attitudes and personal barriers to influenza vaccination amongst primary health care staff. The aim of this study was to contribute to the limited literature base in this important area by investigating these issues in the primary health care setting in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods A postal survey was sent to general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) from inner city, semi‐urban and rural areas of NSW, Australia. There were 139 responses in total (response rate 36%) from 79 GPs (response rate 30%) and 60 PNs (response rate 46%). Results Reported influenza vaccination coverage in both 2007 and 2008 was greater than 70%, with GPs reporting higher coverage than PNs in both years. The main barriers identified were lack of awareness of vaccination recommendations for general practice staff and concern about adverse effects from the vaccine. Conclusions Rates of influenza vaccination coverage reported in this study were higher than in previous studies of hospital and institutional HCWs, though it is possible that the study design may have contributed to these higher results. Nevertheless, these findings highlight that more needs to be done to understand barriers to vaccination in this group, to inform the development of appropriate strategies to increase vaccination coverage in primary health care staff, with a special focus on PNs.


id: cord-007577-f1jzbtjj
title: Hepatitis-associated antigen
author: Raphael Shulman, N.
date: 2006-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-007577-f1jzbtjj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007577-f1jzbtjj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119390/
doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(70)80133-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Frequency of HAA in acute hepatitis: After the initial suggestion in 1967 by Blumberg and co-workers [4] that Australia antigen might be related to the infectious agent of viral hepatitis, and the demonstration in 1968 by Okochi and Murakami [5] and Prince [6] that the antigen appeared in blood of patients during the incubation period of serum hepatitis, a number of investigators reported further evidence for existence of a hepatitis-associated antigen (Table II) . The antibodies used diagnostically to measure HAA by precipitin and complement fixation technics all come from patients who have received multiple transfusions and in whom high titer "hyperimmune" anti-HAA developed apparently as a result of repeated exposure to antigen in transfused blood. [29] tested serum obtained at weekly intervals from twenty-two patients with HAA-positive hepatitis during a one to two month period after onset of disease and found only one antibody detectable by agar gel precipitin technics and two antibodies of low titer detectable only by complement fixation.


id: cord-009582-3206fmbs
title: NEWS
author: nan
date: 2009-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-009582-3206fmbs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009582-3206fmbs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159737/
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.news_v87_i10.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  This is a critical story that needs to be read, remembered and put into practice and the AVA will continue to communicate with members nationally as well as through our SIG''s, divisions and branches. This is another reason behind the move at this year''s AGM to charge new life members 50% of the full AVA member fee -it recognises that demands tend to be lower on our variable costs, but that fixed costs still need to be covered. To maintain the high professional standard of the awards, the selection committee will include senior representatives of the wide diversity of practice types in Australia as well as the veterinary industry. A s we''ve previously reported, the AVA formed a taskforce of veterinarians to develop a submission for the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) about the affect the award modernisation process would have on the veterinary profession.


id: cord-009583-ldkjqco6
title: NEWS
author: nan
date: 2014-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009583-ldkjqco6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159738/
doi: 10.1111/avj.137
abstract: nan
summary:
  • ensure all team members are kept abreast of changes in the clinic and given opportunities to provide suggestions to improve patient care and client service • recognise team members for their contributions • provide all staff with adequate resources and guidance to complete their jobs in a meaningful fashion and provide opportunities for growth and professional development • ensure all team members have clearly defined roles and are given autonomy to make decisions consistent with their position in the practice • encourage colleagues and supervisors to provide guidance and social support to help team members develop coping skills • take steps to create and maintain a positive work environment -this may include addressing conflicts among co-workers, ensuring all employees are treated equally and fairly, promoting civility and collegiality • consider current staff numbers and individual workloads to prevent excessive workload.


id: cord-009641-eciycfpr
title: BOARD OF DIRECTORS NOMINATIONS
author: Matthews, Dr David
date: 2008-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-009641-eciycfpr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009641-eciycfpr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161910/
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb14599.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  My proposal is to standardise the membership subscription to a single AVA membership (National and Divisional sub) and drop all Branch fees. • Branches need not charge a membership fee as all AVA members in an area would be automatic members. The Australian Companion Animal Health Foundation, The Veterinary Benevolent Fund, The AVA Animal Welfare Trust, Comfund and PetPEP, should be contributed to by all members. Mills raised a number of interesting points regarding the recent availability in Australia of a vaccine to protect dogs against both coronavirus and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs is the highest in Queensland 1 (where it is caused by a number of serovars of which the most common is currently sv australis), but other States are not free from the disease. These results indicate that infection with CCV in dogs is widespread throughout Australia.


id: cord-010307-sxh5mq1q
author: MILNE, D. J.
date: 2005-11-23
txt: ./txt/cord-010307-sxh5mq1q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010307-sxh5mq1q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7175956/
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01535.x
summary:
  Abstract Patterns in the composition of assemblages of microbat species sampled during the late dry season (the ''build‐up'') in north Australian savannas were assessed against a range of environmental factors as well as four a priori defined habitat types (riparian, escarpments, coastal and woodlands). However, we expect this will have a negligible effect on our results as shot sampling at all other sites, used in conjunction with Anabat detectors, enabled us to collect an extensive reference call library for ''high-flying'' bat species for the entire study area (Milne 2002) . Group 5 also had relatively few sites and low species richness, but was associated with the minima or maxima of several environmental variables including long distances to escarpments, flat terrain at low elevations with no rock, low local roost potential, high annual temperatures and low fire frequency.

title:
  Structure and environmental relationships of insectivorous bat assemblages in tropical Australian savannas

abstract:
  Abstract Patterns in the composition of assemblages of microbat species sampled during the late dry season (the ‘build‐up’) in north Australian savannas were assessed against a range of environmental factors as well as four a priori defined habitat types (riparian, escarpments, coastal and woodlands). Distinct species assemblages were most strongly associated with topographic and climatic variables. There were also limited associations with vegetation structure, fire and local roost potential but no associations with insects or water availability. Total species diversity at sample sites was associated with distance to rivers and rainfall. In general, species assemblages were not clearly defined and the number of significant environmental associations was relatively few. We compare these associations with those reported for bat assemblages elsewhere in Australia.


id: cord-014922-pqy8bikp
title: Book reviews
author: Hayes, Adrian C.
date: 2003
txt: ./txt/cord-014922-pqy8bikp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014922-pqy8bikp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090915/
doi: 10.1007/bf03031854
abstract: nan
summary:
  In this book McMichael argues that the way to make sense of this paradox is to use a broad human ecological perspective on population health. Most of the well-known infectious ''crowd'' diseases appear to have developed during this transition; although the ''leap'' from animal species to humans can still occur today, of course, as HIV and SARS attest: writing before the recent SARS outbreak McMichael notes: ''in southern China, the intimate pig/duck farming culture creates a particularly efficient environment in which multiple strains of avian viruses infect pigs. The persuasive force of this book comes more from the weight of its examples of social-ecological processes influencing patterns of health and disease in populations than from any systematic theory describing these relationships. Australian National University This volume offers anthropological accounts of the evolution, production, and consumption of various social policies in contemporary Japan.


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
title: Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests
author: HODDLE, MARK S.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148587/
doi: 10.1016/b978-012257305-7/50085-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Historical records indicate that the majority of attempts at vertebrate biological control have been ad hoc efforts and not the product of careful studies designed to elucidate factors and conditions likely to affect the impact of natural enemy introductions on pest populations. Biological control should be fostered internationally because many countries experience similar problems (e.g., rabbits are agricultural pests in Argentina, Australia, Chile, Europe, and New Zealand; rats, cats, and dogs attack endangered faunas on many oceanic islands; feral pigs and goats in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States degrade habitat and threaten endangered flora). Rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand are maintained at low levels by introduced predators, but regulation only occurs after pest numbers have been reduced by other means.


id: cord-021818-s8kqfz6a
title: Recreation, leisure and tourism organizations
author: Tribe, John
date: 2011-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-021818-s8kqfz6a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021818-s8kqfz6a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152065/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-089050-0.00002-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Leisure and tourism provision in the local government sector may include: It should be noted that sometimes services are free, sometimes they are subsidized and sometimes they are provided at full commercial rates. l distinguish between private-and public-sector organizations; l understand the differences in finance, control, structure and objectives of organizations; l understand ways in which capital can be raised; l analyse movements in share prices; l analyse the effects of different organizational structures on organizational behaviour. Profit-making private-sector organizations consist of those with unlimited liability, those with limited liability and companies which are quoted on the stock exchange. Amadeus, a leading travel IT company, was refloated on the Madrid Stock Exchange in 2010 meaning its shares were made available to the public and that the owners of the company were able to raise a large amount of capital. 3 Tourism Concern is:(a) A non-profit-making organization.(b) A local government organization.(c) A nationalized industry.(d) Quoted on the stock exchange.


id: cord-022708-rr3xua38
title: News
author: nan
date: 2019-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022708-rr3xua38.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159766/
doi: 10.1111/avj.237
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the November 2018 report ''Motivation, Satisfaction and Retention: Understanding the importance of vets'' day to day work experiences'' from the BVA and the University of Exeter, two of the key findings included ''feeling like one fits in with those who have been successful before you, and having role models'' as being important to motivating veterinarians, facilitating their professional satisfaction and retaining them in the profession. The federal Department of Agriculture and Water Resources is currently leading a working group comprising representatives from state governments, the Australian Veterinary Association, RSPCA Australia and Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is currently developing their 7th strategic plan (2021-2024) and they too are looking at their future role, particularly on global issues such as food security, climate change, species conservation and the future of the veterinary profession.


id: cord-023306-3gdfo6vd
title: TSANZ Oral Abstracts
author: nan
date: 2010-03-01
txt: ./txt/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023306-3gdfo6vd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169109/
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01735.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conflict of Interest No. Purpose We examined age trends in the distribution of stage at diagnosis in patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at tertiary hospitals. Methods Eleven healthy male subjects, aged 28(8) (SD) years completed separate visits with (a) no restriction and (b) chest wall strapping to reduce FVC by 30 (7) Introduction Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) is used by competitive breath-hold divers to increase lung gas content above TLC to improve performance. Our DC culture results showed that both MHC-I and MHC-II expression on DCs from COPD were significantly down regulated compare to healthy controls, which could affect MHC restricted Ag presentation, and lead to a failure to activate responder T cells.


id: cord-024853-07n3wroj
author: Devinney, Timothy
date: 2020-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-024853-07n3wroj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024853-07n3wroj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7225122/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-3397-6_9
summary:
  Also, the cost structure of the universities requires some faculties (cash cows) to generate free cash flow to fund the research operations of other faculties. In contrast, in the post-war years when Stanford University started its rise to stardom, the decision was made to concentrate on postgraduate programmes (where national reputations were forged), and a relatively few areas where government funding signalled national importance-one of which was electronics research. The major vehicles used to codify education, such as the common range of degrees; deliver education, such as teaching philosophy, curriculum design, lectures, tutorials and web-based materials; assess learning, such as assignments and examinations; and do research, such as academic time and research equipment, are similar across all of Australia''s universities. Also, there now seems to be a need to manage an ever-growing number of risks within the university environment, such as OH&S, staff welfare, student welfare, student malpractice, research malpractice, cyber risk, data risk, ethical risk, operational risk, financial risk, regulatory risk, crisis risk, climate risk, reputation risk.

title:
  What Are the Strategies of Australia’s Universities? Arenas, Vehicles, Differentiators, Staging and Economic Logic

abstract:
  Because Australia’s universities have multiple missions, they also have a broad scope of operations. Notwithstanding this, there are a set of institutional mechanisms that ensure a large degree of sameness across the academic footprint of the universities. They lack fundamental differentiation. Also, the cost structure of the universities requires some faculties (cash cows) to generate free cash flow to fund the research operations of other faculties. Because university research is expensive, universities are trying to convince industry to fund more of this activity. However, universities have many obstacles to overcome in this endeavour.


id: cord-025496-lezggdjb
author: Hannah, Adam
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-025496-lezggdjb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025496-lezggdjb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7256178/
doi: 10.1007/s11077-020-09390-3
summary:
  This paper scopes the policy-making potential of polysemic ideas by examining the impact of an ambiguous concept known as ''One Health'' on responses to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Australia and the UK. The cases show that Australian and UK governments both developed strategies against AMR while consulting broad arrays of stakeholders across human and animal health, food production, and the research sector. To scope the role of polysemic ideas in actual policy-making, we next investigate the political implications of ''One Health'', a concept that has become accepted among global and national public health authorities as the key ''approach'' to emerging infectious diseases (One Health 2017). While both countries have responded to AMR with national strategies and more specific policy initiatives, particularly in human health, Australia appears to be making less progress than the UK in critical areas such as surveillance in the veterinary health and food sectors.

title:
  The promises and pitfalls of polysemic ideas: ‘One Health’ and antimicrobial resistance policy in Australia and the UK

abstract:
  Recent scholarship posits that ambiguous (‘polysemic’) ideas are effective for coalition building between diverse stakeholders: their capacity to be interpreted differently attracts different interests. Hence, in search of political solutions to ‘wicked’ and similarly complex problems, deploying polysemic ideas would be critical to effective policy-making. This paper scopes the policy-making potential of polysemic ideas by examining the impact of an ambiguous concept known as ‘One Health’ on responses to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Australia and the UK. It offers two primary arguments. Firstly, polysemic ideas can help mobilise broad attention to complex problems: since One Health became associated with AMR, political and administrative attention has grown more intense and coordinated than previously. Secondly, however, a polysemic idea alone may be insufficient to generate effective action: the contrast between Australian and UK AMR policies illustrates that polysemic ideas do not suspend interests, institutions, or ideas that can be readily deployed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11077-020-09390-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.


id: cord-030529-2wkes9nk
title: COVID-19 apps in Singapore and Australia: reimagining healthy nations with digital technology
author: Goggin, Gerard
date: 2020-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-030529-2wkes9nk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030529-2wkes9nk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7429912/
doi: 10.1177/1329878x20949770
summary:
  In this article, I consider the development, deployment and imagined uses of apps in two countries: Singapore, a pioneer in the field, with its TraceTogether app, and Australia, a country that adapted Singapore''s app, devising its own COVIDSafe, as key to its national public health strategy early in the crisis. The data sets generated by smartphones, computers, apps and people''s use of them, such as that data collected by Apple and Google, were used by public health officials, researchers and journalists to map population or district-level activity and movement, leading to the very interesting charts, graphs and visualisations in news and current affairs reports and features seeking to map and analyse the spread of COVID and its impact on social and economic activity. With much at stake in terms of public health concerns at a critical juncture of the COVID pandemic, the Australian government emphasised that it was keen to adopt a ''consent-based'' model, hence its interest in adapting the Singapore TraceTogether app.

abstract:
  Widely and intensively used digital technologies have been an important feature of international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. One especially interesting class of such technologies are dedicated contact and tracing apps collecting proximity data via the Bluetooth technology. In this article, I consider the development, deployment and imagined uses of apps in two countries: Singapore, a pioneer in the field, with its TraceTogether app, and Australia, a country that adapted Singapore’s app, devising its own COVIDSafe, as key to its national public health strategy early in the crisis. What is especially interesting about these cases is the privacy concerns the apps raised, and how these are dealt with in each country, also the ways in which each nation reimagines its immediate social future and health approach via such an app.


id: cord-031700-xxku8q1f
title: Local newspapers and coronavirus: conceptualising connections, comparisons and cures
author: Hess, Kristy
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-031700-xxku8q1f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031700-xxku8q1f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7481652/
doi: 10.1177/1329878x20956455
summary:
  We take an analogical approach to argue some of the issues that emerged during COVID-19 and strategies used to fight the global health pandemic also present valuable lessons for the preservation of public interest journalism and news at the local level. We conceptualise five coronavirus-related themes that resonate with a much-needed innovations agenda for local newspapers in Australia: (1) support for essential services, (2) warnings of complacency against an evolving biological threat, (3) appreciating the power of the social (4) coordinated government/policy responses and (5) ''we are all in this together''. As researchers working on a project that will gauge the civic value of Australia''s country press and develop an innovation model for the sector, 1 we have made the case for an approach to media innovation that does not simply reinforce the ''crisis'' discourse (Hess and Waller, 2020) or pin small newspaper closures like butterflies to a Google map of pandemic despair (see https://piji.com.au).

abstract:
  Within weeks of the nation-wide COVID-19 shutdown, more than 200 regional and community newspapers across Australia announced they could no longer keep their presses running due to the unprecedented crisis. A drain in advertising spend, a broken business model and the refusal of digital behemoths to pay for content were blamed for their collapse, ironically as audiences’ demand for credible news and information soared across the globe. There is no doubt the COVID-19 crisis has widened existing, deep cracks in the news media industry. In response this article sets out to explore possible solutions and strategies for local newspapers in the post-pandemic media landscape. We take an analogical approach to argue some of the issues that emerged during COVID-19 and strategies used to fight the global health pandemic also present valuable lessons for the preservation of public interest journalism and news at the local level. We conceptualise five coronavirus-related themes that resonate with a much-needed innovations agenda for local newspapers in Australia: (1) support for essential services, (2) warnings of complacency against an evolving biological threat, (3) appreciating the power of the social (4) coordinated government/policy responses and (5) ‘we are all in this together’.


id: cord-240914-7kfo61da
author: Dawson, Nik
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-240914-7kfo61da.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-240914-7kfo61da.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.12459v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We can also tease out more granular findings, including: that there are now more women than men journalists in Australia, but that gender inequity is worsening, with women journalists getting younger and worse-paid just as men journalists are, on average, getting older and better-paid; that, despite the crisis besetting the industry, the demand for journalism skills has increased; and that the skills sought by journalism job ads increasingly include social media and generalist communications. • providing a comprehensive and longitudinal assessment of journalism jobs in Australia from 2012 to 2020 by analysing both job ads data and occupational employment statistics; The ACCC cited Census data showing that ''from 2006 to 2016, the number of Australians in journalism-related occupations fell by 9% overall, and by 26% for traditional print journalists (including those journalists working for print/online news media businesses)''. In the present research, in Jobs Data Analysis and Results, we use a similar set of indicators to analyse labour demand for journalists.

title:
  Layoffs, Inequity and COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study of the Journalism Jobs Crisis in Australia from 2012 to 2020

abstract:
  In Australia and beyond, journalism is reportedly an industry in crisis, a crisis exacerbated by COVID-19. However, the evidence revealing the crisis is often anecdotal or limited in scope. In this unprecedented longitudinal research, we draw on data from the Australian journalism jobs market from January 2012 until March 2020. Using Data Science and Machine Learning techniques, we analyse two distinct data sets: job advertisements (ads) data comprising 3,698 journalist job ads from a corpus of over 6.7 million Australian job ads; and official employment data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Having matched and analysed both sources, we address both the demand for and supply of journalists in Australia over this critical period. The data show that the crisis is real, but there are also surprises. Counter-intuitively, the number of journalism job ads in Australia rose from 2012 until 2016, before falling into decline. Less surprisingly, for the entire period studied the figures reveal extreme volatility, characterised by large and erratic fluctuations. The data also clearly show that COVID-19 has significantly worsened the crisis. We can also tease out more granular findings, including: that there are now more women than men journalists in Australia, but that gender inequity is worsening, with women journalists getting younger and worse-paid just as men journalists are, on average, getting older and better-paid; that, despite the crisis besetting the industry, the demand for journalism skills has increased; and that the skills sought by journalism job ads increasingly include social media and generalist communications.


id: cord-252675-axio9zna
author: Van, Debbie
date: 2010-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-252675-axio9zna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252675-axio9zna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226093/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-130
summary:
  Through the use of an online survey, we aimed to measure the perceptions and responses of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a major university in Sydney, Australia. In Australia, the median age of confirmed cases is 21 years [2] Universities therefore have the potential to become explosive, centrifugal outbreak centres due to their large young adult population, high levels of close social contact and permeable boundaries. This survey was conducted to examine the understanding of and attitudes towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 amongst students and staff at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia and their behavioural intentions during this pandemic. However in our study, few respondents had adopted the use of online teaching or learning resources as a result of pandemic influenza (H1N1). Of the participants surveyed, Asian-born respondents were the most likely to be anxious about the Australian pandemic situation, rate the situation as serious, undertake specific behavioural changes and comply with public health measures.

title:
  University life and pandemic influenza: Attitudes and intended behaviour of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In a pandemic young adults are more likely to be infected, increasing the potential for Universities to be explosive disease outbreak centres. Outbreak management is essential to reduce the impact in both the institution and the surrounding community. Through the use of an online survey, we aimed to measure the perceptions and responses of staff and students towards pandemic (H1N1) 2009 at a major university in Sydney, Australia. METHODS: The survey was available online from 29 June to 30 September 2009. The sample included academic staff, general staff and students of the University. RESULTS: A total of 2882 surveys were completed. Nearly all respondents (99.6%, 2870/2882) were aware of the Australian pandemic situation and 64.2% (1851/2882) reported either "no anxiety" or "disinterest." Asian-born respondents were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to believe that the pandemic was serious compared to respondents from other regions. 75.9% (2188/2882) of respondents had not made any lifestyle changes as a result of the pandemic. Most respondents had not adopted any specific behaviour change, and only 20.8% (600/2882) had adopted the simplest health behaviour, i.e. hand hygiene. Adoption of a specific behaviour change was linked to anxiety and Asian origin. Students were more likely to attend the university if unwell compared with staff members. Positive responses from students strongly indicate the potential for expanding online teaching and learning resources for continuing education in disaster settings. Willingness to receive the pandemic vaccine was associated with seasonal influenza vaccination uptake over the previous 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Responses to a pandemic are subject to change in its pre-, early and mid-outbreak stages. Lessons for these institutions in preparation for a second wave and future disease outbreaks include the need to promote positive public health behaviours amongst young people and students.


id: cord-253660-bfmpxtoy
title: COVID19 impact on nuclear medicine: an Australian perspective
author: Currie, Geoff
date: 2020-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-253660-bfmpxtoy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253660-bfmpxtoy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296883/
doi: 10.1007/s00259-020-04812-z
abstract: nan
summary:
  The nuclear medicine profession is also gifted with inherent capabilities associated with radiation safety management that confer agility in the changing landscape; radiation control provides an infection control barrier in practice, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principles are transferrable, foundations of radiation safety (time, distance and shielding) translate to infection control and the concept of justification, optimisation and limitation can provide immediate guidance for decision making in the COVID19 crisis. The typical nuclear medicine patient is not only high risk for contracting COVID19 but is the most vulnerable to dire or fatal outcomes. This approach allowed the high-volume diagnostic CT scanner to be a COVID19-free zone for negative patents with the lower volume symptomatic or COVIDpositive patients circulating through CT on hybrid nuclear medicine systems. In the larger public sector, a single hospital nuclear medicine department may be open to service patients while all others are in lockdown.


id: cord-255725-7l9lk9x2
title: Sculpting the immune response to infection
author: Hertzog, Paul J
date: 2011-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-255725-7l9lk9x2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255725-7l9lk9x2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21685948/
doi: 10.1038/ni0711-579
summary:
  This report describes advances in the understanding of how microbes elicit and evade immune responses and the sensing of pathogens by host cells that leads to the activation and production of intraand extracellular signaling molecules. C. Roy (New Haven, Connecticut, USA) presented work on Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaire''s disease, demonstrating that this opportunistic and accidental intracellular pathogen stimulates almost every pathway of the innate immune response as it infects and subsequently replicates in macrophages 7 . Beard (Adelaide, Australia), who has used transcriptome analysis of liver infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) to show that the interferon-stimulated gene product viperin and members of the interferon-inducible transmembrane family of proteins have distinct anti-HCV properties and act via inhibition of viral replication and entry, respectively, which thereby raises new possibilities for targeting chronic HCV infection. The signal-transduction programs of core cells of the innate immune response, such as macrophages, are mediated by key transcription factors such as the IRF proteins.

abstract:
  This report describes advances in the understanding of how microbes elicit and evade immune responses and the sensing of pathogens by host cells that leads to the activation and production of intra- and extracellular signaling molecules.


id: cord-257334-4jjuwc9r
title: Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support
author: Usher, Kim
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-257334-4jjuwc9r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257334-4jjuwc9r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32314526/
doi: 10.1111/inm.12735
summary:
  Due to the social isolation measures implemented across the globe to help reduce the spread of COVID-19, people living in volatile situations of family violence are restricted to their homes. In many countries, including Australia, we have already seen an increase in demand for domestic violence services and reports of increased risk for children not attending schools (Duncan, 2020) , a pattern similar to previous episodes of social isolation associated with epidemics and pandemics (Boddy, Young & O''Leary 2020) . In many countries, including Australia, we have already seen an increase in demand for domestic violence services and reports of increased risk for children not attending schools (Duncan, 2020) , a pattern similar to previous episodes of social isolation associated with epidemics and pandemics (Boddy, Young & O''Leary 2020) . Reports of domestic abuse and family violence have increased around the world since social isolation and quarantine measures came into force.

abstract:
  Family violence refers to threatening or other violent behaviour within families that may be physical, sexual, psychological, or economic, and can include child abuse and intimate partner violence (Peterman et al. 2020, van Gelder et al. 2020). Family violence during pandemics is associated with a range of factors including economic stress, disaster-related instability, increased exposure to exploitative relationships, and reduced options for support (Peterman et al. 2020). Due to the social isolation measures implemented across the globe to help reduce the spread of COVID-19, people living in volatile situations of family violence are restricted to their homes. Social isolation exacerbates personal and collective vulnerabilities while limiting accessible and familiar support options (van Gelder et al. 2020). In many countries, including Australia, we have already seen an increase in demand for domestic violence services and reports of increased risk for children not attending schools (Duncan, 2020); a pattern similar to previous episodes of social isolation associated with epidemics and pandemics (Boddy, Young & O'Leary 2020).


id: cord-262198-3slh8aha
author: Rossell, S.
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-262198-3slh8aha.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262198-3slh8aha.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.16.20155887
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.16.20155887
summary:
  Participants ranked their top ten current primary concerns about COVID-19, and completed standardized measures to ascertain levels of negative emotions (specifically, depression, anxiety and stress). Modelling of predictors of negative emotions established several risk factors related to demographic variables, personal vulnerabilities, financial stresses, and social distancing experiences; particularly being young, being female, or having a mental illness diagnosis. . https://doi.org/10.1101 /2020 (described below) focuses on identifying the current concerns, emotional experiences and risk factors for adverse COVID-19-related mental health outcomes in people currently living in Australia. Levels of negative emotion (depression, anxiety, and stress) were examined and compared with existing Australian population norms; and were modelled as an outcome to identify possible risks factors related to demographic variables, personal vulnerabilities, financial stresses, and social distancing experiences.

title:
  An overview of current mental health in the general population of Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the COLLATE project

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) poses significant mental health challenges globally; however, to date, there is limited community level data. This study reports on the first wave of data from the COLLATE project (COvid-19 and you: mentaL heaLth in AusTralia now survEy), an ongoing study aimed at understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of Australians. This paper addresses prevailing primary concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, current levels of negative emotions and risk factors predicting these negative emotions. On April 1st to 4th 2020, 5158 adult members of the Australian general public completed an online survey. Participants ranked their top ten current primary concerns about COVID-19, and completed standardized measures to ascertain levels of negative emotions (specifically, depression, anxiety and stress). Socio-demographic information was also collected and used in the assessment of risk factors. The top three primary concerns were all related to the health and well-being of family and loved ones. As expected, levels of negative emotion were exceptionally high. Modelling of predictors of negative emotions established several risk factors related to demographic variables, personal vulnerabilities, financial stresses, and social distancing experiences; particularly being young, being female, or having a mental illness diagnosis. The data provides important characterization of the current mental health of Australians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Critically, it appears that specific groups in the Australian community may need special attention to ensure their mental health is protected during these difficult times. The data further suggests the need for immediate action to combat high levels of psychological distress, along with the exacerbation of mental health conditions, in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. These results may provide some direction for international researchers hoping to characterize similar issues in other countries.


id: cord-265300-jcpyrlw9
author: Lichtenstein, Bronwen
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265300-jcpyrlw9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa102
doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa102
summary:
  OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. The primary sources for this analysis include major broadsheets such as The Age and Sydney Morning Herald in Australia; The Guardian (and three tabloids, Daily Mail, The Telegraph, and The Sun) in the United Kingdom; and The New York Times and The Washington Post in the United States. (Australia has a smaller population compared to the United Kingdom and United States, and its media resources are fewer.) Nonprint sources include the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), the British Broadcasting Commission (BBC), health policy platforms (e.g., Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]), and advocacy websites for older adults in each country.

title:
  From “Coffin Dodger” to “Boomer Remover”: Outbreaks of Ageism in Three Countries With Divergent Approaches to Coronavirus Control

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: This article compares responses to coronavirus control in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, 3 countries in which public ageism erupted over the social and economic costs of protecting older adults from Covid-19. METHODS: Thirty-five (35) newspapers, media websites, and current affairs magazines were sourced for the study: 8 for Australia, 12 for the United Kingdom, and 15 for the United States. Searches were conducted daily from April to June 2020, using key words to identify age-related themes on pandemic control. RESULTS: Despite divergent policies in the 3 countries, ageism took similar forms. Public responses to lockdowns and other measures cast older adults as a problem to be ignored or solved through segregation. Name-calling, blame, and “so-be-it” reactions toward age vulnerability were commonplace. Policies banning visits to aged care homes angered many relatives and older adults. Indefinite isolation for older adults was widely accepted, especially as a vehicle to end public lockdowns and economic crises. DISCUSSION: Older adults have and will continue to bear the brunt of Covid-19 in terms of social burdens and body counts as the pandemic continues to affect people around the globe. The rhetoric of disposability underscores age discrimination on a broader scale, with blame toward an age cohort considered to have lived past its usefulness for society and to have enriched itself at the expense of future generations.


id: cord-271313-h9v0nmx5
title: A REVIEW OF VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HORSES
author: Bagust, T. J.
date: 2008-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-271313-h9v0nmx5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271313-h9v0nmx5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4346742/
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1972.tb02314.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  In Australia, extensive investigation of respiratory diseases seen in horses in Victoria and Queensland have shown that equine herpesvirus type 1 (rhinopneumonitis) is the most common aetiological agent (Duxbury and Oxer 1968; Bagust and Pascoe 1968, 1970) . These clinical signs may be produced by any of several groups of viruses (Studdert 1967) , including equine herpesvirus type 1 (previously called equine influenza virus, then *This is the third article in a series of reviews on viral diseases of animals. Virus diseases of the skin of horses in Australia have not been investigated in detail, but there is ample clinical evidence for the occurrence of equine cutaneous papillomatosis (warts), caused by a host-specific papovavirus and appearing approximately 2 -3 months after infection. Equine viral arteritis has not been detected in Australian horses, but the disease is important in that clinical signs of acute infection (fever, depression, ocular and nasal discharges, oedema of the eyelids, limbs and abdomen, coughing and difficulty in breathing, colic, enteritis, jaundice, abortion) could be confused with infection by several viruses previously discussed.


id: cord-271863-apb8l8tq
title: Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem?
author: Ward, M.P.
date: 2011-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877584511000323
doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2011.07.009
summary:
  While the project is still in its infancy, the analysis of initial data is demonstrating some important findings with respect to disease distributions in space and time and risk factors, and there is considerable potential to gather vital information that could lead to targeted vaccination and treatment efforts which could be the key to the control of various diseases. In this paper we report details of this surveillance tool and illustrate its utility with a case study of canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence and distribution during a 9-month period in the state of New South Wales. To demonstrate the utility of the Disease WatchDog system, data analysis focused on reports of CPV in the state of New South Wales. The distribution of spatio-temporal clusters of cases of canine parvovirus reported in the Disease WatchDog surveillance system between January and September 2010 in New South Wales, Australia.

abstract:
  Infectious disease surveillance in companion animals has a long history. However, it has mostly taken the form of ad hoc surveys, or has focused on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals. In 2006 a Blue Ribbon Panel was convened by the U.S. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to discuss the potential utility of a national companion animal health surveillance system. Such a system could provide fundamental information about disease occurrence, transmission and risk factors; and could facilitate industry-supported pharmaco-epidemiological studies and post-market surveillance. Disease WatchDog, a prospective national disease surveillance project, was officially launched in January 2010 to capture data on diseases in dogs and cats throughout Australia. Participation is encouraged by providing registrants real-time disease maps and material for improved communication between veterinarians and clients. From January to mid-November 2010, an estimated 31% of veterinary clinics Australia-wide joined the project. Over 1300 disease cases – including Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Distemper, Canine Hepatitis, Feline Calicivirus, Feline Herpesvirus, and Tick Paralysis – were reported. In New South Wales alone, 552 CPV cases in dogs were reported from 89 postcode locations. New South Wales data was scanned using the space–time permutation test. Up to 24 clusters (P < 0.01) were identified, occurring in all months except March. The greatest number of clusters (n = 6) were identified in April. The most likely cluster was identified in western Sydney, where 36 cases of CPV were reported from a postcode in February. Although the project is still in its infancy, already new information on disease distribution has been produced. Disease information generated could facilitate targeted control and prevention programs.


id: cord-277894-0qw0t78s
title: Canine coronavirus in Australian dogs
author: NAYLOR, MJ
date: 2008-03-10
txt: ./txt/cord-277894-0qw0t78s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277894-0qw0t78s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256282/
doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10718.x
summary:
  Objective To estimate the frequency of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to canine coronavirus (CCV) in the Australian dog population and evaluate the role of CCV as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. Of those dogs that were presented with clinical signs of gastroenteritis such as diarrhoea and vomiting(n = 29), 85% were positive in the IgM ELISA and 85.7% in the IgG ELISA for antibodies to CCV. In this study we determine the prevalence of serum IgG and IgM antibodies to CCV from a larger number of dogs sampled from throughout Australia. 7, 8 In the open population of 1107 dogs tested we found 15.8% positive for anti-CCV IgG antibody, which reflects past exposure and infection with CCV whereas the electron microscopic studies detected only those dogs currently infected and shedding virus in their faeces.

abstract:
  Objective To estimate the frequency of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to canine coronavirus (CCV) in the Australian dog population and evaluate the role of CCV as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. Design A serological survey of antibodies to CCV among different dog populations. Procedure The development and characterisation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) to CCV was undertaken. Sera collected from both diarrhoeal and non‐diarrhoeal dogs from various populations throughout Australia were tested for these antibodies to CCV. Results Serum samples (1396) collected from 1984 to 1998 were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to CCV. Samples were divided into two categories on the basis of the number of dogs housed together. The groups were either an open population containing dogs housed as groups of three or less, or kennel populations. Sera from 15.8% of the open population and 40.8% of kennelled dogs were positive for CCV antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies varied from zero to 76% in kennelled dogs. About 23% of 128 dogs positive for IgG antibodies to CCV were also positive for IgM antibodies to CCV, indicating recent CCV infection. Of those dogs that were presented with clinical signs of gastroenteritis such as diarrhoea and vomiting(n = 29), 85% were positive in the IgM ELISA and 85.7% in the IgG ELISA for antibodies to CCV. In comparison, for those dogs presented without any history of gastroenteritis only 15% were positive for IgM and 30% positive for IgG. Conclusion Serological evidence indicates that infection with CCV in dogs is widespread throughout the Australian mainland. The prevalence of antibodies varies greatly among different populations, with an average of 40.8% positive in kennelled populations and 15.8% in the open population.


id: cord-277961-kq051s40
title: Novel Molecular Type of Clostridium difficile in Neonatal Pigs, Western Australia
author: Squire, Michele M.
date: 2013-05-17
txt: ./txt/cord-277961-kq051s40.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277961-kq051s40.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23697508/
doi: 10.3201/eid1905.121062
summary:
  Clostridium difficile causes neonatal enteritis in piglets; strains of PCR ribotype 078 are most commonly identified. difficile prevalence in piglets in Australia and isolated a novel strain with a unique pathogenicity locus. C lostridium difficile is the causative agent of severe enteritis ("scouring") in neonatal piglets 1-7 days of age throughout Canada, the United States, and Europe (1) . difficile isolates that cause disease in humans and production animals overlap, particularly PCR ribotype 078, which predominates in pigs worldwide. difficile strains in piglets in Australia are different from those found in the rest of the world because of Australia''s geographic isolation, strict quarantine laws regarding importation of livestock, and low human population and pig density. difficile strain circulating in piglets in Australia is of a different ribotype, 237, than that commonly found in other parts of the world. Clostridium difficile infection in humans and animals, differences and similarities

abstract:
  Clostridium difficile causes neonatal enteritis in piglets; strains of PCR ribotype 078 are most commonly identified. We investigated C. difficile prevalence in piglets in Australia and isolated a novel strain with a unique pathogenicity locus. In a mouse infection model, this strain produced more weight loss than did a ribotype 078 strain.


id: cord-279649-wllc0gl5
author: Kent, Katherine
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-279649-wllc0gl5.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092682
doi: 10.3390/nu12092682
summary:
  Fifteen socio-demographic variables were collected, including age (in years), gender (male, female, other), local government area of residence, if they identified as from Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent, whether they have a health condition or disability that limited their activity, citizenship status (born in Australia, Australian citizen, permanent resident or temporary resident), the highest level of education, relationship status, household composition, employment status, total household income bracket and whether they were the main shopper for their family. Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents according to food security categories and assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income are presented in Table 1 . This study presents results from a survey of adults in Tasmania, Australia, assessing the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic vulnerabilities and disrupted the Australian food supply, with potential implications for food insecurity. This study aims to describe the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of food insecurity in Tasmania, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey (deployed late May to early June 2020) incorporated the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form, and fifteen demographic and COVID-related income questions. Survey data (n = 1170) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. The prevalence of food insecurity was 26%. The adjusted odds of food insecurity were higher among respondents with a disability, from a rural area, and living with dependents. Increasing age, a university education, and income above $80,000/year were protective against food insecurity. Food insecurity more than doubled with a loss of household income above 25% (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.71; p = 0.022), and the odds further increased with loss of income above 75% (AOR: 7.14; 95% CI: 2.01, 24.83; p = 0.002). Our results suggest that the prevalence of food insecurity may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable households and people who lost income. Policies that support disadvantaged households and ensure adequate employment opportunities are important to support Australians throughout and post the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-280782-8gbktpt3
author: Van Brussel, Kate
date: 2019-12-13
txt: ./txt/cord-280782-8gbktpt3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280782-8gbktpt3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121155
doi: 10.3390/v11121155
summary:
  Herein, case data and clinical samples from 989 and 113 cats, respectively, were analysed to identify the lineages of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 responsible for the outbreaks of FPL in Australia (2014 to 2018), the UAE (2017) and NZ (2017-2018) and evaluate epidemiological factors associated with these outbreaks, including vaccination status. Tissues (duodenum, jejunum, colon, liver, spleen, kidney, mesenteric lymph node, heart, lung, pancreas, brain and/or bone marrow) from 11 representative Australian FPL cases that had died or been euthanised, ranging in age from 8 weeks to 12 months, including one from Melbourne in 2014 and 10 from Sydney in 2017 and 2018, were available for histological examination. Of the nine cases for which clinical samples were available for PCR and sequencing, all cats had a positive faecal CPV antigen test result (FASTest Parvo Strip, Megacor Hoerbranz, Austria) and were euthanised at diagnosis.

title:
  Distinct Lineages of Feline Parvovirus Associated with Epizootic Outbreaks in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates

abstract:
  Feline panleukopenia (FPL), a frequently fatal disease of cats, is caused by feline parvovirus (FPV) or canine parvovirus (CPV). We investigated simultaneous outbreaks of FPL between 2014 and 2018 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where FPL outbreaks had not been reported for several decades. Case data from 989 cats and clinical samples from additional 113 cats were obtained to determine the cause of the outbreaks and epidemiological factors involved. Most cats with FPL were shelter-housed, 9 to 10 weeks old at diagnosis, unvaccinated, had not completed a primary vaccination series or had received vaccinations noncompliant with current guidelines. Analysis of parvoviral VP2 sequence data confirmed that all FPL cases were caused by FPV and not CPV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of these outbreaks was caused by a distinct FPV, with two virus lineages present in eastern Australia and virus movement between different geographical locations. Viruses from the UAE outbreak formed a lineage of unknown origin. FPV vaccine virus was detected in the New Zealand cases, highlighting the difficulty of distinguishing the co-incidental shedding of vaccine virus in vaccinated cats. Inadequate vaccination coverage in shelter-housed cats was a common factor in all outbreaks, likely precipitating the multiple re-emergence of infection events.


id: cord-284905-h8xovybl
title: Respiratory infections and lung function in an Australian Aboriginal community
author: MUSK, A.W. (Bill)
date: 2008-02-05
txt: ./txt/cord-284905-h8xovybl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284905-h8xovybl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01221.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01221.x
summary:
  Background and objective: To investigate the association between serological evidence of past infections with common respiratory pathogens and lung function in members of an isolated community of Aborigines from tropical coastal north‐western Australia. 3 Studies of members of an isolated coastal Australian Aboriginal community in the tropical Kimberley region of Western Australia have shown that levels of lung function measured by FEV1 and FVC were lower than those of Australians of European descent. In this tropical Aboriginal community, serological evidence of the burden of previous infections with known viral and other respiratory pathogens was associated with significant decreases in the levels of airway function, consistent with airflow obstruction. The relationship of FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio with the total number of positive titres in this study suggests that repeated infections with common respiratory pathogens may have a cumulative detrimental effect on airway function or increase susceptibility to other agents such as tobacco smoke.

abstract:
  Background and objective: To investigate the association between serological evidence of past infections with common respiratory pathogens and lung function in members of an isolated community of Aborigines from tropical coastal north‐western Australia. Methods: FEV(1) and FVC were assessed by dry bellows spirometer. Serum IgG titres to 11 common respiratory pathogens were assayed. Smoking history was assessed by questionnaire. Reciprocal positive IgG titres were taken as ≥10 for all pathogens with the exception of Legionella spp. (≥40) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (≥20). Linear regression analysis examined associations between titres and lung function after adjustment for age, height, gender and smoking, separately for adults (age > 17 years) and children. Results: An increased total number of positive IgG titres was significantly associated with reduced FEV(1) (P = 0.01) and FEV(1)/FVC ratio (P = 0.01) suggesting the presence of airflow obstruction. This association was independent of age, gender, height, weight and smoking status. Conclusions: The burden of past respiratory infections may be an important determinant of airway function in this Aboriginal community.


id: cord-287135-m73nepej
title: The determinants of Chinese visitors to Australia: A dynamic demand analysis
author: Pham, Tien Duc
date: 2017-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-287135-m73nepej.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287135-m73nepej.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287751/
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.015
summary:
  Interesting findings include a high income elasticity as a source of the continuous doubledigit growth rates in Chinese arrivals that Australia has experienced over the past two decades, together with relatively high total trip price elasticities for both short run and long run. As summarised in Lim (1997) , Crouch (1992) , Song and Li (2008) , and Peng, Song, Crouch, and Witt (2014) , previous studies on modelling tourism demand and forecasting have typically been based upon fundamental economic theory capturing the effects of income, own-price, cross-price and occasionally some other specific factors included as dummy variables. The group Other Factors includes migration flow from China and four dummy variables capturing events that happened during the study period 1991e2014 (24 observations), namely the breakout of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in late 2002, shocks in the domestic travel supply caused by the Australian mining boom; the global financial crisis (GFC) 2008; and a trend in tourism demand for travel by the Chinese.

abstract:
  Although China has progressively become an important inbound tourism market for Australia, its demand elasticities have been little studied to date. This study examines the determinants of Chinese visitors to Australia using a dynamic time-series estimator. Interesting findings include a high income elasticity as a source of the continuous doubledigit growth rates in Chinese arrivals that Australia has experienced over the past two decades, together with relatively high total trip price elasticities for both short run and long run. A trend of Chinese outbound to Australia is also identified. From a policy perspective, the results confirm that keeping a low cost of visiting Australia, both ground and travel costs, is a good strategy to secure greater numbers of Chinese tourists.


id: cord-290509-56pfww0l
title: Foodborne viral illness - status in Australia
author: Fleet, Graham H
date: 2000-07-25
txt: ./txt/cord-290509-56pfww0l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290509-56pfww0l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10946844/
doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00249-x
summary:
  Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters and orange juice, and hepatitis A virus contamination of oysters have been responsible for large outbreaks of foodborne viral disease in Australia. However, 1973, and were found in the faeces and duodenal genuine interest in food or waterborne viral diseases mucosal epithelial cells of children who had been did not develop in Australia until 1978 when oysters hospitalised with acute, non-bacterial gastroenteritis were found to be responsible for a very large (Bishop et al., 1974) . Oysters harvested Victoria, by examining for the virus in faecal specifrom an estuary in northern NSW and supposedly mens that had been submitted for suspected viral depurated were suspected of causing an outbreak of gastroenteritis over the period 1980-1996. A recent report has suggested that Norwalk virus was not detected in the juice but the outbreak and Norwalk-like viruses probably account for the terminated when the juice was withdrawn from the greatest incidence of foodborne disease in Australia market.

abstract:
  Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters and orange juice, and hepatitis A virus contamination of oysters have been responsible for large outbreaks of foodborne viral disease in Australia. Rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, parvovirus and other enteroviruses also contribute to the incidence of gastroenteritis in this country but the role of foods and waters in transmitting these viruses is unclear. Protocols for the investigation, surveillance and reporting of foodborne viral illness require further development to enable a more accurate description of the problem. Few laboratories have the capability to analyse foods for viruses and specific training in this technology is needed. Management of food safety in Australia largely relies on the implementation of HACCP principles, but these need to be adapted to address the specific risks from viruses.


id: cord-291181-u2t20mgi
title: Early signs that COVID-19 is being contained in Australia
author: Chin, Ken Lee
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-291181-u2t20mgi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291181-u2t20mgi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0163445320302681
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.042
summary:
  4 In the present study, we report on the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak in Australia observed thus far, as well as the predicted future numbers of cases, deaths and ICU admissions, and associated ICU costs. 5, 6 We forecasted the number of beds required for COVID-19 patients over time and its associated costs by applying the following conditions: (i) allocation of 10%, 30% and 50% of ICU beds for COVID-19; (ii) 3% (as currently observed in Australia), 5% (China) and 12% (Italy) of confirmed cases requiring intensive care 7 ; (iii) mean ICU stay between 7 and 14 days; and (iv) mean hospital stay prior to intensive care between 7 and 14 days. Based on extrapolation of trends prior to 29 March 2020, the Australian healthcare system would have been over-run by over 12,000 confirmed cases by 12 April 2020 (Supplement Figure C) .

abstract:
  • The COVID-19 pandemic is overwhelming many national healthcare networks. • Case fatality from COVID-19 infection in Australia is between 0.4% to 3.0%. • Strict public health measures were enforced to control this outbreak in Australia. • Australia is on its way joining China and South Korea in ‘flattening the curve’.


id: cord-293903-mvxz7lx7
title: Australia''s international health relations in 2003
author: Barraclough, Simon
date: 2005-02-21
txt: ./txt/cord-293903-mvxz7lx7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293903-mvxz7lx7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720728/
doi: 10.1186/1743-8462-2-3
summary:
  In broad terms, these health relations encompass a range of interactions with consequences for health, including: membership of global and regional bodies; the negotiation of international agreements; action to counter particular external threats to health; assistance to developing countries; and international trade and investment in health-related goods and services. In 2003 there were continuing developments in all these areas within a wider foreign affairs context overshadowed by official policy concerns about global and regional security, the deployment of the Australian armed forces in various theatres of service, and renewed fears of the human and economic costs of infectious diseases. These developments have furthered Australian foreign policy concerned with establishing trans-Tasman free trade, commenced some two decades ago with the negotiation of the Closer Economic Relations agreement with New Zealand. In a related development, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade promoted aged care expertise as an export service through the Australia Japan Conference.

abstract:
  A survey for the year 2003 of significant developments in Australia's official international health relations, and their domestic ramifications, is presented. The discussion is set within the broader context of Australian foreign policy. Sources include official documents, media reports and consultations with officers of the Department of Health and Ageing responsible for international linkages.


id: cord-294209-6i8nu9l2
title: Rural Pandemic Preparedness: The Risk, Resilience and Response Required of Primary Healthcare
author: O’Sullivan, Belinda
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-294209-6i8nu9l2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294209-6i8nu9l2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904086/
doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s265610
summary:
  Rural communities have nuanced risks related to their mobility and interaction patterns coupled with heightened population needs, socio-economic disadvantage, and access and health service infrastructure challenges. Response consists of rural PHC teams adopting new preventative clinics, screening and ambulatory models to protect health workers from exposure whilst maximizing population screening and continuity of healthcare for vulnerable groups. It is imperative that mainstream pandemic policies recognize the nuance of rural settings and address resourcing and support strategies to each level of rural risk, resilience, and response for a strong health system ready for surge events. 28, 29 The focus on strong PHC is essential as most rural towns have small (<10 bed) (minimal high dependency care), or no hospitals and more remote communities rely on community clinics, nursing stations or visiting primary healthcare teams (Table 1) .

abstract:
  Pandemic situations present enormous risks to essential rural primary healthcare (PHC) teams and the communities they serve. Yet, the pandemic policy development for rural contexts remains poorly defined. This article draws on reflections of the rural PHC response during the COVID-19 pandemic around three elements: risk, resilience, and response. Rural communities have nuanced risks related to their mobility and interaction patterns coupled with heightened population needs, socio-economic disadvantage, and access and health service infrastructure challenges. This requires specific risk assessment and communication which addresses the local context. Pandemic resilience relies on qualified and stable PHC teams using flexible responses and resources to enable streams of pandemic-related healthcare alongside ongoing primary healthcare. This depends on problem solving within limited resources and using networks and collaborations to enable healthcare for populations spread over large geographic catchments. PHC teams must secure systems for patient retrieval and managing equipment and resources including providing for situations where supply chains may fail and staff need rest. Response consists of rural PHC teams adopting new preventative clinics, screening and ambulatory models to protect health workers from exposure whilst maximizing population screening and continuity of healthcare for vulnerable groups. Innovative models that emerge during pandemics, including telehealth clinics, may bear specific evaluation for informing ongoing rural health system capabilities and patient access. It is imperative that mainstream pandemic policies recognize the nuance of rural settings and address resourcing and support strategies to each level of rural risk, resilience, and response for a strong health system ready for surge events.


id: cord-296167-np0b9a7o
title: Naturally occurring recombination between distant strains of infectious bronchitis virus
author: Mardani, Karim
date: 2010-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-296167-np0b9a7o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296167-np0b9a7o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0731-z
doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0731-z
summary:
  In the present study, the 3′ terminal 7.2 kb of the genome of a recently isolated variant of IBV (N1/03) was sequenced and compared with the sequences of classical and novel strains of IBV, the two main groups of these viruses in Australia. The 3 0 -terminal 7.2 kb of the genomes of the representative classical and novel Australian IBV strains were aligned with the sequences from the same region of the N1/03 isolate, and the multiple alignment results were introduced into SimPlot version 3.5.1 to identify likely recombination sites [19] . It would be appropriate to sequence and analyse the polymerase genes of classical, novel and new variant strains of IBV to obtain further information about the relationships between the different Australian IBVs. Isolation and characterization of new infectious bronchitis virus variants in Hungary

abstract:
  New variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have emerged in Australia despite its geographical isolation and intensive vaccination programs. In the present study, the 3′ terminal 7.2 kb of the genome of a recently isolated variant of IBV (N1/03) was sequenced and compared with the sequences of classical and novel strains of IBV, the two main groups of these viruses in Australia. The comparison revealed that recombination between classical and novel IBVs was responsible for the emergence of the new variant. It was concluded that novel IBVs, which have not been detected since 1993, and which are phylogenically more distant from classical IBVs than turkey coronaviruses, might still be circulating and contributing to the evolution of IBV in Australia.


id: cord-297129-vpg1sfsk
author: Pather, Nalini
date: 2020-05-10
txt: ./txt/cord-297129-vpg1sfsk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297129-vpg1sfsk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32306555/
doi: 10.1002/ase.1968
summary:
  By mid-March, the responsibility fell on academic staff to actively repurpose and redeploy resources, upskill their digital competencies, and develop new material to transition traditionally face-to-face (F2F) and blended programs to a remote learning and/or online education delivery mode (Johnston, 2020) . A reflection from one Australian colleague highlights the increased workload: "Online teaching extends the working day and the working week (to now include weekend work); the volume of email has increased exponentially." Almost all academic anatomists reported that anatomy education is likely to change permanently given the scale of change during the pandemic, with some concerned that this change will call into question traditional laboratory-based approaches, in favor of modern (now trialed) online and remote learning approaches (Table 1) .

title:
  Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid‐19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Australian and New Zealand universities commenced a new academic year in February/March 2020 largely with “business as usual.” The subsequent Covid‐19 pandemic imposed unexpected disruptions to anatomical educational practice. Rapid change occurred due to government‐imposed physical distancing regulations from March 2020 that increasingly restricted anatomy laboratory teaching practices. Anatomy educators in both these countries were mobilized to adjust their teaching approaches. This study on anatomy education disruption at pandemic onset within Australia and New Zealand adopts a social constructivist lens. The research question was “What are the perceived disruptions and changes made to anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand during the initial period of the Covid‐19 pandemic, as reflected on by anatomy educators?.” Thematic analysis to elucidate “the what and why” of anatomy education was applied to these reflections. About 18 anatomy academics from ten institutions participated in this exercise. The analysis revealed loss of integrated “hands‐on” experiences, and impacts on workload, traditional roles, students, pedagogy, and anatomists' personal educational philosophies. The key opportunities recognized for anatomy education included: enabling synchronous teaching across remote sites, expanding offerings into the remote learning space, and embracing new pedagogies. In managing anatomy education's transition in response to the pandemic, six critical elements were identified: community care, clear communications, clarified expectations, constructive alignment, community of practice, ability to compromise, and adapt and continuity planning. There is no doubt that anatomy education has stepped into a yet unknown future in the island countries of Australia and New Zealand.


id: cord-297341-c2af59ip
title: Dietitians Australia position statement on telehealth
author: Kelly, Jaimon T.
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-297341-c2af59ip.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297341-c2af59ip.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32596950/
doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12619
summary:
  Compared to traditional care, a recent systematic review with meta-analysis (2019, n = 9 RCTs) concluded that telephone-delivered weight management interventions resulted in a significant decrease in BMI for people with overweight or obesity of −0.46 kg/m 2 (95% CI −0.73, −0.19). In an updated search (April 2020, n = 13 RCTs) of telephone-delivered dietetic services, a meta-analysis was performed that showed that telephone-delivered consultations by dietitians was a superior intervention compared to traditional care (including those with ad hoc nutrition care) for improving a range of important dietary intake measures, including fruit, vegetable, fibre and fat intake per day (see Table 1 ). 63 Another systematic review (2015, n = 9 studies) examined the effects of health interventions on weight loss among patients with cardiovascular disease reporting favourable outcomes for trials using web-based platforms(−1.44 kg; 95% CI -2.34 to −0.34; I 2 = 98%; n = 10 studies), telemedicine (−1.04 kg; 95% CI −1.12 to −0.97; I 2 = 0%; n = 3) and text messaging (−1.74 kg; 95% CI −2.51 to −0.98; I 2 = 83%; n = 4).

abstract:
  It is the position of Dietitians Australia that clients can receive high‐quality and effective dietetic services such as Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) delivered via telehealth. Outcomes of telehealth‐delivered dietetic consultations are comparable to those delivered in‐person, without requiring higher levels of additional training nor compromising quality of service provision. Dietitians Australia recommends that policy makers and healthcare funders broaden the recognition for telehealth‐delivered dietetic consultations as a responsive and cost‐effective alternative or complement to traditional in‐person delivery of dietetic services. The successful implementation of telehealth can help to address health and service inequalities, improve access to effective nutrition services, and support people with chronic disease to optimise their diet‐related health and well‐being, regardless of their location, income or literacy level, thereby addressing current inequities.


id: cord-298745-3rrlap70
title: Henipaviruses: Emerging Paramyxoviruses Associated with Fruit Bats
author: Field, H. E.
date: 2007
txt: ./txt/cord-298745-3rrlap70.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298745-3rrlap70.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848064/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_7
summary:
  The apparent temporally clustered emergence of Hendra virus and Nipah virus in Australia and Malaysia, respectively, and the identification of species of fruit bats ( Pteropus spp., commonly known as flying foxes) as likely reservoir hosts, poses a number of important questions on the ecology of henipaviruses. Hendra virus was first described in 1994 in Australia when it caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory disease with high mortality in thoroughbred horses in a training stable in the city of Brisbane (Murray et al. The negative surveillance findings (based on a highly sensitive serum neutralisation test) provided a high level of confidence that Hendra virus was not being sustained by in-contact domestic animal transmission, was not established in the Queensland horse population, and that the outbreak was unlikely to have originated from domestic species. giganteus , Nipah virus infection dynamics in the species, potential modes of transmission to humans, and identification of factors precipitating emergence.

abstract:
  Two related, novel, zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been described recently. Hendra virus was first reported in horses and thence humans in Australia in 1994; Nipah virus was first reported in pigs and thence humans in Malaysia in 1998. Human cases of Nipah virus infection, apparently unassociated with infection in livestock, have been reported in Bangladesh since 2001. Species of fruit bats (genus Pteropus ) have been identified as natural hosts of both agents. Anthropogenic changes (habitat loss, hunting) that have impacted the population dynamics of Pteropus species across much of their range are hypothesised to have facilitated emergence. Current strategies for the management of henipaviruses are directed at minimising contact with the natural hosts, monitoring identified intermediate hosts, improving biosecurity on farms, and better disease recognition and diagnosis. Investigation of the emergence and ecology of henipaviruses warrants a broad, cross-disciplinary ecosystem health approach that recognises the critical linkages between human activity, ecological change, and livestock and human health.


id: cord-300227-4zalzk21
title: The global challenges of infectious diseases
author: Looke, David F M
date: 2015-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-300227-4zalzk21.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300227-4zalzk21.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25758680/
doi: 10.5694/mja15.00154
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 We identified antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a public health crisis requiring global professional and political action, and reflected on how the spread of infectious diseases and AMR is affected by interconnected factors including mass transportation, climate change, environmental perturbations and mass food production. 5 The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) is setting up comprehensive surveillance of AMR and consumption through the Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Australia project, 6 and a similar exercise is planned for animals and agriculture. 7 One way to measure success of programs to limit AMR is through reduction of health care-associated infections (HAIs). The ACSQHC has championed hand hygiene initiatives, national infection control standards and mandatory antimicrobial stewardship programs in all Australian hospitals. New technologies have enabled development of novel rapid diagnostics and candidate vaccines which provide enormous hope for future epidemics.


id: cord-303072-3whrbuq6
author: Wong, Fui Lin
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-303072-3whrbuq6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303072-3whrbuq6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.14.200140
doi: 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200140
summary:
  PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric orthopaedic services in a paediatric tertiary hospital in South Australia. Conclusion Despite an overall decline in all paediatric orthopaedic hospital activity, the number of emergency admissions for musculoskeletal conditions did not change. In contrast to other developed countries with advanced healthcare systems, such as the USA and UK, Australia has seen rapid control of COVID-19 case numbers with minimal mortality rate, despite initiating lockdown and restricting non-urgent elective surgeries in a similar timeframe (Table 1) . Data were sourced for outpatient clinics attendance, ED presentations, musculoskeletal-related hospital admissions and surgeries performed within a six-week period between 16 March 2020 and 26 April 2020 (weeks 12 to 17 of 2020). All patients admitted to the hospital for paediatric orthopaedic surgery within the study period were identified and reviewed for: demographics, diagnosis, admission category (elective, emergency), type of surgical procedures and length of stay.

title:
  Disruption of paediatric orthopaedic hospital services due to the COVID-19 pandemic in a region with minimal COVID-19 illness

abstract:
  PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric orthopaedic services in a paediatric tertiary hospital in South Australia. METHODS: A retrospective audit was conducted of orthopaedic activity at a major paediatric tertiary hospital with a Level 1 paediatric trauma centre, where no patients were admitted with COVID-19 illness. Orthopaedic Emergency Department (ED) presentations, outpatient clinics and hospital admissions for the period between 16 March 2020 to 26 April 2020 were studied and compared with the same period in 2019 (18 March 2019 to 28 April 2019). Chi-square tests were performed with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. RESULTS: In total, 621 patients presented to the ED with orthopaedic complaints during the pandemic (versus 997 in 2019). However, there was minimal change in the number of ED presentations requiring admission (110 in 2020 versus 116 in 2019). Among patients discharged directly from ED, 27.3% received hospital outpatient referral (versus 39.1% in 2019), with the remaining patients referred to community health services or discharged directly. There was a 509.8% increase in telehealth (video and phone) outpatient consultations compared to 2019 and a 60.6% decline in face-to-face appointments. There was a total of 144 orthopaedic admissions (elective and emergency) compared to 184 in 2019. Admissions for children under seven remained unchanged (32.5% reduction in children aged seven and above). CONCLUSION: Despite an overall decline in all paediatric orthopaedic hospital activity, the number of emergency admissions for musculoskeletal conditions did not change. Elective surgery numbers for children aged under seven were also unchanged. Appropriate planning and hospital resources allocation are necessary to meet this service requirement in future pandemics. Level of evidence IV


id: cord-305391-rb5gpsvn
author: Wozniak, Teresa M.
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-305391-rb5gpsvn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305391-rb5gpsvn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32917210/
doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02219-w
summary:
  -To be linked up to people who are further in their career for mentorship -To have a toolkit to develop leadership skills -To have considered with the support of the Program facilitator a 5-10-year career plan -To decide the next career step and why -To gain increased confidence -To be able to promote myself and my work -To gain a more strategic approach to career development and change direction if needed -To have dedicated time to reflect on my career -To develop relationships with those who have blazed the path before me At each of the subsequent workshops, these expectations were reviewed, and mentees participated in a selfassessment survey to assess progress made towards these objectives, as well as to identify broader learnings ( Table 2 and Table S2 ).

title:
  Championing women working in health across regional and rural Australia – a new dual-mentorship model

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Mentoring is a critical component of career development and job satisfaction leading to a healthier workforce and more productive outputs. However, there are limited data on mentorship models in regional areas and in particular for women aspiring to leadership positions. Mentorship programs that leverage off experienced mentors from diverse disciplines have the potential to foster the transfer of knowledge and to positively influence job satisfaction and build capacity within the context of workforce shortage. METHODS: This study describes a dual-mentorship model of professional development for women working in health in regional and rural Australia. We present the framework and describe the evaluation findings from a 12-month pilot program. RESULTS: Both academic and corporate mentors provided diverse perspectives to the mentees during the 12-month period. On average, corporate mentors met with mentees more often, and focused these discussions on strategy and leadership skills whilst academic mentors provided more technical advice regarding academic growth. Mentees reported an improvement in workplace interconnectedness and confidence at the completion of the program. CONCLUSION: We developed a framework for establishing a professional mentorship program that matches women working in regional health with mentors from diverse sectors including business, government, philanthropy and health, to provide a holistic approach to improving career satisfaction, institutional productivity and supporting a diverse workforce in regional or resource-poor settings.


id: cord-307038-c58mzcu9
title: A Review of Models Used for Investigating Barriers to Healthcare Access in Australia
author: Shukla, Nagesh
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-307038-c58mzcu9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307038-c58mzcu9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32521710/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114087
summary:
  This review study is an attempt to understand the various modeling approaches used by researchers to analyze diverse barriers related to specific disease types and the various areal distributions in the country. The study introduced a multilevel approach to assess area-level variation in colorectal cancer survival due to causative factors (disease stage, comorbidity, patient characteristics and healthcare access) and analyze their individual contribution to survival. Most of the studies used the line-of-sight method to measure distances to dental care instead of determining travel time as they focused on metropolitan regions with a focus on using geospatial tools to identify accessibility [13, 16] . Current research practice is lacking in various domains ranging from spatial accessibility techniques to the consideration of patient characteristics and the analysis of different disease types as well as studies concerning only rural/remote areas.

abstract:
  Understanding barriers to healthcare access is a multifaceted challenge, which is often highly diverse depending on location and the prevalent surroundings. The barriers can range from transport accessibility to socio-economic conditions, ethnicity and various patient characteristics. Australia has one of the best healthcare systems in the world; however, there are several concerns surrounding its accessibility, primarily due to the vast geographical area it encompasses. This review study is an attempt to understand the various modeling approaches used by researchers to analyze diverse barriers related to specific disease types and the various areal distributions in the country. In terms of barriers, the most affected people are those living in rural and remote parts, and the situation is even worse for indigenous people. These models have mostly focused on the use of statistical models and spatial modeling. The review reveals that most of the focus has been on cancer-related studies and understanding accessibility among the rural and urban population. Future work should focus on further categorizing the population based on indigeneity, migration status and the use of advanced computational models. This article should not be considered an exhaustive review of every aspect as each section deserves a separate review of its own. However, it highlights all the key points, covered under several facets which can be used by researchers and policymakers to understand the current limitations and the steps that need to be taken to improve health accessibility.


id: cord-307046-ko3bdvo0
title: Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters
author: Vasilakis, Nikos
date: 2019-05-23
txt: ./txt/cord-307046-ko3bdvo0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307046-ko3bdvo0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050471
doi: 10.3390/v11050471
summary:
  Complete genome sequences are now available for many of the archived isolates, allowing more accurate taxonomic assignments, analysis of their phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships with other viruses, and evaluation of the potential risks they may present to humans and wild or domestic animal populations. Scientists in these field laboratories were involved in the detection and investigation of human diseases in their respective geographic regions, surveying human and animal populations for serologic evidence of past viral infection, and searching for viruses in a wide variety of arthropods, mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians [2] . The family contains several serious human pathogens, including dengue, yellow fever, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses (all arboviruses in the genus Flavivirus) and the hepatitis C virus (a member of the genus Hepacivirus).

abstract:
  In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.


id: cord-307326-k3y9qb3c
title: Factors affecting bilateral tourism flows
author: Prideaux, Bruce
date: 2005-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-307326-k3y9qb3c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307326-k3y9qb3c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32572283/
doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.008
summary:
  Countries that have removed barriers to citizens undertaking foreign tourism have limited capability to regulate outbound flows, but still retain significant capacity to increase inbound flows through measures designed to enhance destination competitiveness and encourage citizens to substitute domestic for international tourism. In assessing bilateral tourism from an economic viewpoint, Mathieson and Wall (1982) discussed the implications of measures designed to regain trade balances, Prideaux and Witt (2000) examined bilateral flows between countries in the ASEAN group and Australia, King and Choi (1999) considered the case of South Korea and Australia, Yu (1998) examined flow patterns between China and Taiwan, and Dwyer (2001) examined a range of issues related to destination competitiveness. The literature review found that demand relies on the interaction of a large range of factors that include price, personal preferences, destination image, government regulations, personal financial capacity to travel, international political/military tensions, health epidemics, concerns for personal safety, and fear of crime.

abstract:
  Abstract This paper examines the structure of bilateral tourism and identifies five broad categories of factors that may affect the overall size of tourism flows. Such analysis of tourism is important because diplomacy and trade continues to be conducted on a nation-to-nation basis despite a growing shift towards multilateralism in free trade blocks such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Further, Bilateralism is important because countries have reduced abilities to control tourism imports in an era of growing globalization. A framework that may be employed to analyze problems in bilateral tourism flows is also outlined.


id: cord-308682-azssgdxd
title: Implementing a collaborative medicine and pharmacy educational activity in two countries
author: Brock, Tina
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-308682-azssgdxd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308682-azssgdxd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32552527/
doi: 10.1080/10872981.2020.1780697
summary:
  To promote better collaboration for patient care, learning about, from, and with other members of the healthcare team is now an accreditation requirement for health professions training courses in many countries [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . This research specifically examines a large-scale instructional activity for second-year medical students and second-year pharmacy students collaborating on a multi-phase asthma-related case at the Australian and Malaysian campuses of Monash University. The structure of the programs at Monash University, where both the medicine and pharmacy courses have cohorts based in Australia and in Malaysia, provides the rare opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate a similar IPE activity with two professions in these two countries. The design of the IPE activity in this research draws on a Collaborative Care Curriculum (CCC) framework which Monash University created in 2016 to scaffold the knowledge, skills, behaviours, and attitudes for the 12 health professions represented on its campuses [13] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: To promote better collaboration for patient care, interprofessional education (IPE) is required in many health professions courses. However, successful IPE implementation at scale can be challenging because of complicated logistics and competing priorities. Implementing across multiple geographies adds further complexity. OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the implementation of a full cohort IPE activity for medical and pharmacy students delivered at both the Australian and Malaysian campuses of Monash University. DESIGN: We designed a 150-minute, blended learning activity centred around asthma care for second-year medical and pharmacy students. Student perceptions were measured with a pre- and post-activity survey using the validated ten-item, three-factor, SPICE-R2 instrument. Analysis focused on differences between professions and countries. RESULTS: All second-year medicine (N = 301 in Australia and N = 107 in Malaysia) and pharmacy students (N = 168 in Australia and N = 117 in Malaysia) participated in the learning activity. A total of 326/693 (47%) students participated in the associated research by completing both the pre- and post-activity surveys. The pre-activity survey showed significant differences in four items between medicine and pharmacy students in Australia and two items in Malaysia. Post-activity, we observed significant changes in 8/10 items when the two professions were combined. Specifically, we noted changes across the countries in perceptions of roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice and patient outcomes from collaborative practice. CONCLUSIONS: IPE across different professions and countries is feasible. Positive outcomes in role understanding and perceived patient outcomes are achievable through a context-sensitive, locally driven approach to implementation. Longitudinal experiences may be required to influence perceptions of teamwork and team-based care.


id: cord-313981-yuh5rwkt
title: The burden of pneumonia in children: an Australian perspective
author: Burgner, David
date: 2005-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313981-yuh5rwkt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1526054205000217
doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2005.03.004
summary:
  3 The epidemiology of respiratory infections in this population is related to the country of origin or transit, PAEDIATRIC RESPIRATORY REVIEWS (2005) Summary The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5-8 per 1000 person-years. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. The epidemiology of childhood respiratory infections partly reflects these differences, with familiar pathogens occurring frequently throughout the country, but with high incidences of bacterial pneumonia amongst Indigenous Australians and less familiar pathogens, such as meliodosis, occurring in the Northern Territory.

abstract:
  The burden of pneumonia in Australian children is significant with an incidence of 5–8 per 1000 person-years. Pneumonia is a major cause of hospital admission in children less than 5 years of age. Indigenous children are at particular risk with a 10–20-fold higher risk of hospitalisation compared to non-Indigenous children. They also have longer admissions and are more likely to have multiple admissions with pneumonia. There are limited data on pathogen-specific causes of pneumonia, however Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common bacterial cause in children under 5 years of age and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are the predominant viral causes in young children. Pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) has been virtually eliminated by the introduction of universal Hib immunisation. Further studies are needed to accurately define the epidemiology of pneumonia due to specific pathogens to help target treatment and immunisation strategies.


id: cord-316373-v48mz21d
title: Assessing the risk of spread of COVID-19 to the Asia Pacific region
author: Shearer, Freya
date: 2020-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-316373-v48mz21d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316373-v48mz21d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20057257
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.09.20057257
summary:
  Analytical risk assessment is a valuable approach to guide decision-making on travel restrictions and border measures during the early phase of an outbreak, when transmission is primarily contained within a source country. However, with travel restrictions from mainland China to Australia imposed from February 1, our framework was designed to consider the importation risk from China into Australia via potential intermediary countries in the Asia Pacific region. While the detailed analysis presented here is specific to Australia and the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions during the early phase of COVID-19 emergence, the framework itself is adaptable to other contexts for future outbreak response. A framework was developed to assess the risk of COVID-19 infections being imported by passengers travelling on flights from the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions to Australia as of February 19, 2020.

abstract:
  During the early stages of an emerging disease outbreak, governments are required to make critical decisions on how to respond appropriately, despite limited data being available to inform these decisions. Analytical risk assessment is a valuable approach to guide decision-making on travel restrictions and border measures during the early phase of an outbreak, when transmission is primarily contained within a source country. Here we introduce a modular framework for estimating the importation risk of an emerging disease when the direct travel route is restricted and the risk stems from indirect importation via intermediary countries. This was the situation for Australia in February 2020. The framework was specifically developed to assess the importation risk of COVID-19 into Australia during the early stages of the outbreak from late January to mid-February 2020. The dominant importation risk to Australia at the time of analysis was directly from China, as the only country reporting uncontained transmission. However, with travel restrictions from mainland China to Australia imposed from February 1, our framework was designed to consider the importation risk from China into Australia via potential intermediary countries in the Asia Pacific region. The framework was successfully used to contribute to the evidence base for decisions on border measures and case definitions in the Australian context during the early phase of COVID-19 emergence and is adaptable to other contexts for future outbreak response.


id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5
author: Gardiner, Fergus W.
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010
doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010
summary:
  METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. The primary aim of this article is to determine the annual air medical retrieval and in-patient hospital-direct medical costs associated with mental and behavioral disorders from a health payer perspective. 15, 16 Design and Participants A partial economic evaluation was undertaken using routinely collected air medical data for patients diagnosed in flight with a mental and behavioral disorder (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification [ICD-10 AM], Chapter V) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Further research is required to fully understand the true costs, including indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible costs (quality of life), associated with air medical retrievals for mental health care and the current level of service provision to rural and remote communities in location.

title:
  Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: Adequate mental health service provision in rural and remote Australian communities is problematic because of the tyranny of distance. The Royal Flying Doctor Service provides air medical retrieval for people in rural and remote areas. The economic impact on both the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the public hospital system for mental health–related air medical retrievals is unknown. We aimed to estimate the direct medical costs associated with air medical retrievals and subsequent hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders for the 2017 calendar year. METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification codes were mapped to Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Group codes, with hospital costs applied from the National Hospital Cost Data Collection (2016/2017). All costs are reported in 2017 Australian dollars (AUDs). RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two primary evacuations and 926 interhospital transfers occurred with an in-flight diagnosis of F00 to F99, most commonly psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. The total direct medical costs were estimated to be AUD $20,070,527. Costs for primary evacuations accounted for 13% (AUD $2,611,260), with the majority of this associated with the subsequent hospital admission (AUD $1,770,139). Similarly, the majority of the costs associated with interhospital transfers (total costs = AUD $17,459,267) were also related to hospital costs (AUD $13,569,187). CONCLUSION: Direct medical costs associated with air medical retrievals for people experiencing a mental health crisis are substantial. The majority of costs are associated with hospital admission and treatment; however, the indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible (quality of life) costs are likely to be far greater.


id: cord-322612-vlxewj5k
author: Hooker, Claire
date: 2020-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322612-vlxewj5k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169264/
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10057-0
summary:
  The Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) was released on February 27 (Grattan 2020) but was accompanied by little transparent communication about what was being done or which elements of the plan were receiving attention. We recommend a commitment in pandemic planning documents to sharing sources, models, and evidence at the time of deliberation, and with it, the questions advisors are asking (such as, will the same number of deaths occur regardless of strategy over the long term?) Earlier public discussion of these questions might at least have somewhat disrupted simplistic framing and use of "herd immunity," by enabling early and public scientific challenge from epidemiologists, as occurred from mid-March (Armitage and Hawke 2020; Barr 2020; MacIntyre 2020). Values-based risk communication will enable a more effective pandemic response.

title:
  Risk Communication Should be Explicit About Values. A Perspective on Early Communication During COVID-19

abstract:
  This article explores the consequences of failure to communicate early, as recommended in risk communication scholarship, during the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia and the United Kingdom. We begin by observing that the principles of risk communication are regarded as basic best practices rather than as moral rules. We argue firstly, that they nonetheless encapsulate value commitments, and secondly, that these values should more explicitly underpin communication practices in a pandemic. Our focus is to explore the values associated with the principle of communicating early and often and how use of this principle can signal respect for people’s self-determination whilst also conveying other values relevant to the circumstances. We suggest that doing this requires communication that explicitly acknowledges and addresses with empathy those who will be most directly impacted by any disease-control measures. We suggest further that communication in a pandemic should be more explicit about how values are expressed in response strategies and that doing so may improve the appraisal of new information as it becomes available.


id: cord-329796-h7ins2a8
author: Coombe, J.
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-329796-h7ins2a8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329796-h7ins2a8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.20172163
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.10.20172163
summary:
  In this paper, we report on the results from the first survey and explore the impact of Australia-wide lockdown on reproductive health including pregnancy intentions and contraception access.

title:
  The impact of COVID-19 on the reproductive health of people living in Australia: findings from an online survey

abstract:
  Introduction: Australia introduced lockdown measures to control COVID-19 on 22 March 2020. For two months, Australians were asked to remain at home and only leave for essential activities. We investigate the impact this had on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Methods: Australians aged 18+ were eligible to participate in an online survey from 23 April-11 May 2020. Questions included contraceptive use, pregnancy intentions and access to SRH services. We report on the experiences of 518 female participants aged <50 years. Pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use were analysed using descriptive statistics. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to investigate difficulty accessing SRH products and services. Qualitative data were analysed using descriptive thematic analysis. Results: Most participants (55.4%, 287/518) were aged 18-24 years. Most (76.1%, 379/498) indicated they were trying to avoid pregnancy. The oral contraceptive pill was the most common single method used (20.8%; 107/514). Nearly 20% (101/514) reported they were not using contraception. Older women (OR=0.4; 95%CI: 0.1, 0.9 for 25-34 vs 18-24 years) and those employed (OR=0.4; 95%CI: 0.2, 0.7) had less trouble accessing contraception during lockdown. Women aged 25-34 (OR=0.4; 95%CI: 0.3, 0.7) or 35-49 years (OR=0.3; 95%CI: 0.1, 0.6) were less likely to experience difficulty accessing feminine hygiene products. Qualitative analysis suggested that COVID-19 affected pregnancy plans, with participants delaying childbearing, or deciding to remain childfree. Conclusion: COVID-19 lockdown impacted the SRH of Australian women. Findings highlight the importance of continued access to SRH services and products during global emergencies.


id: cord-334834-qg23x2pw
title: A critical care pandemic staffing framework in Australia
author: Marshall, Andrea P.
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-334834-qg23x2pw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334834-qg23x2pw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1036731420303003
doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2020.08.007
summary:
  Recognising the potential strain on intensive care units (ICUs), particularly on staffing, a working group was formed for the purpose of developing recommendations to support decision-making during rapid service expansion. METHODS: The Critical Care Pandemic Staffing Working Party (n = 21), representing nursing, allied health, and medical disciplines, has used a modified consensus approach to provide recommendations to inform multidisciplinary workforce capacity expansion planning in critical care. These strategies include the use of a strong interdisciplinary approach to identify and develop consensus for recommendations, through independent voting, to inform intensive care pandemic staffing that is reflective of the way in which care is delivered in Australian ICUs. In developing these recommendations, we actively engaged the relevant nursing, allied health, and medical professional organisations and ensured the Working Party members had broad experience in clinical practice, management, education, and research.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Pandemics and the large-scale outbreak of infectious disease can significantly impact morbidity and mortality worldwide. The impact on intensive care resources can be significant and often require modification of service delivery, a key element which includes rapid expansion of the critical care workforce. Pandemics are also unpredictable, which necessitates rapid decision-making and action which, in the lack of experience and guidance, may be extremely challenging. Recognising the potential strain on intensive care units (ICUs), particularly on staffing, a working group was formed for the purpose of developing recommendations to support decision-making during rapid service expansion. METHODS: The Critical Care Pandemic Staffing Working Party (n = 21), representing nursing, allied health, and medical disciplines, has used a modified consensus approach to provide recommendations to inform multidisciplinary workforce capacity expansion planning in critical care. RESULTS: A total of 60 recommendations have been proposed which reflect general recommendations as well as those specific to maintaining the critical care workforce, expanding the critical care workforce, rostering and allocation of the critical care workforce, nurse-specific recommendations for staffing the ICU, education support and training during ICU surge situations, workforce support, models of care, and de-escalation. CONCLUSION: These recommendations are provided with the intent that they be used to guide interdisciplinary decision-making, and we suggest that careful consideration is given to the local context to determine which recommendations are most appropriate to implement and how they are prioritised. Ongoing evaluation of recommendation implementation and impact will be necessary, particularly in rapidly changing clinical contexts.


id: cord-334956-pi8ifpcy
author: Chan, Raymond Javan
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-334956-pi8ifpcy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334956-pi8ifpcy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33059741/
doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04740-1
summary:
  title: Implementing a nurse-enabled, integrated, shared-care model involving specialists and general practitioners in breast cancer post-treatment follow-up: a study protocol for a phase II randomised controlled trial (the EMINENT trial) This study aims to test the feasibility of the EMINENT intervention for implementing an integrated, shared-care model involving both cancer centre specialists and community-based general practitioners for early breast cancer post-treatment follow-up. The objective of the study is to test the feasibility of a prospective, pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the EMINENT intervention-a nurse-enabled, integrated, shared-care model involving cancer specialists and GPs for early breast cancer post-treatment follow-up. Training includes provision of study manual containing • Generic study information: standard operating procedures, study overview, reporting and documentation guidelines, communication flowchart, rationale for the study treatment, completion of survivorship care plan, self-management goal setting, and health coaching • Specialist Cancer Nurse-specific information: job description, intervention protocol, quality assurance, and monitoring An 8-h training program will be delivered by Experts in Cancer Survivorship and motivational interviewing.

title:
  Implementing a nurse-enabled, integrated, shared-care model involving specialists and general practitioners in breast cancer post-treatment follow-up: a study protocol for a phase II randomised controlled trial (the EMINENT trial)

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Due to advances in early detection and cancer treatment, 5-year relative survival rates for early breast cancer surpass 90% in developed nations. There is increasing focus on promotion of wellness in survivorship and active approaches to reducing morbidity related to treatment; however, current models of follow-up care are heavily reliant on hospital-based specialist-led care. This study aims to test the feasibility of the EMINENT intervention for implementing an integrated, shared-care model involving both cancer centre specialists and community-based general practitioners for early breast cancer post-treatment follow-up. METHODS: We describe a protocol for a phase II, randomised controlled trial with two parallel arms and 1:1 allocation. A total of 60 patients with early-stage breast cancer will be randomised to usual, specialist-led, follow-up care (as determined by the treating surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists) or shared follow-up care intervention (i.e. EMINENT). EMINENT is a nurse-enabled, pre-specified shared-care pathway with follow-up responsibilities divided between cancer centre specialists (i.e. surgeons and oncologists) and general practitioners. The primary outcome is health-related quality of life as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Breast Cancer. Secondary outcomes include patient experience, acceptance, and satisfaction of care; dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours; financial toxicity; adherence; health resource utilisation; and adverse events. DISCUSSION: The trial is designed to identify the barriers to implementing a shared-care model for breast cancer survivors following treatment. Results of this study will inform a definitive trial testing the effects of shared-care model on health-related quality of life of breast cancer survivors, as well as its ability to alleviate the growing demands on the healthcare system. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619001594112. Registered on 19 November 2019


id: cord-336791-h2u93atf
title: Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying
author: Prentice, Catherine
date: 2020-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-336791-h2u93atf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336791-h2u93atf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698920309176
doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102203
summary:
  Consistent with foregoing discussion, this paper uses a mixed method approach to understand how government''s timed interventions, manifested by TIPs, are related to the panic buying, witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Third, big data analytics were used to understand the timing effect of government measures and panic buying through sentimental analysis. The full list of keywords were: "coronavirus", "corona virus", "COVID", "pandemic", "SARS", "border", "face mask", "hand sanitiser", "panic buying", "toilet paper", "lost job", "job loss", "unemployed", "jobkeeper", "jobseeker", "travel ban", "travelban", "lockdown", "quarantine", "social distancing", "shop", "coles", "woolworths", "isolation", "sacked", "centrelink", "landlord", "rent", "repayment", "closure", "closedown". The findings from the semantic analysis show that government measures associated with COVID-19 are related to panic buying. In view of the current COVID19 pandemic crisis, the paper deploys a few methods including semantic analysis, big data analytics and secondary data research to examine the relationship between government measures on managing COVID 19 and panic buying behaviours.

abstract:
  Abstract In view of 2020 outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19, the paper examines the relationship between government measures for combating the pandemic and their side effects. Panic buying is identified as one such side effect. Among various models and measures undertaken by government to manage the pandemic, timed-intervention policy is commonly practiced by most countries. This paper examines the timing effect between government measures and panic buying. Three studies were undertaken to understand the timing effect and identify a connection between timed measures and consumer behaviours. Semantic analysis, secondary data search, and big data analytics were deployed to address the research aim. Although claiming a causal relationship is cautioned, the findings reveal a connection between timing of government measures and panic buying. These findings are discussed with the support of real-life evidence. Implications for researchers and practitioners conclude this paper.


id: cord-337605-s07aorzi
title: Surgery beyond COVID‐19
author: Leow, Lowell
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-337605-s07aorzi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337605-s07aorzi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32748460/
doi: 10.1111/ans.16245
abstract: nan
summary:
  Past pandemics may have primed us but COVID-19 unfolded on a scale not seen in modern history with many likening it to the 1918 Spanish Flu. Fortunately, medicine has progressed since then, and the response to COVID-19 in countries like Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan has been robust. The aggressive stance adopted by Australia and New Zealand in travel bans, social distancing and active quarantine and surveillance has flattened the curve, curtailed the spread and prevented overwhelming of healthcare systems by COVID-19 patients. As countries learn to live with COVID-19, with a flattened curve and limited outbreaks that can be controlled by quarantine and case contacting, coming out of a lockdown presents equal challenge to entering one. This pandemic has forced us to catch up with the rest of the world in the adoption of technology in our daily practice.


id: cord-339716-1khdh9nf
author: Munasinghe, Sithum
date: 2020-10-21
txt: ./txt/cord-339716-1khdh9nf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339716-1khdh9nf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X20304912
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.008
summary:
  RESULTS: After the implementation of physical distancing measures in NSW, there were significant decreases in physical activity (odds ratio [OR] = .53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .34–.83), increases in social media and Internet use (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.15–3.00), and increased screen time based on participants'' smartphone screen state. Comparisons of participant characteristics between (1) those who completed baseline and follow-up, (2) those who completed EMAs pre-and post-implementation of the physical distancing policy, and (3) those who provided or did not provide sensor are provided in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 Descriptive plots of trajectories of physical activity were examined over the 22-week follow period, based on daily pedometer data, MBAR, and weekly self-report EMAs. Trajectories of self-reported fruit, vegetable, and fast food consumption were also examined based on weekly EMAs, as were trajectories of psychological well-being based on distress, well-being, and sleep duration.

title:
  The Impact of Physical Distancing Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health and Well-Being Among Australian Adolescents

abstract:
  PURPOSE: Physical distancing policies in the state of New South Wales (Australia) were implemented on March 23, 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated changes in physical activity, dietary behaviors, and well-being during the early period of this policy. METHODS: A cohort of young people aged 13–19 years from Sydney (N = 582) were prospectively followed for 22 weeks (November 18, 2019, to April 19, 2020). Daily, weekly, and monthly trajectories of diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, well-being, and psychological distress were collected via smartphone, using a series of ecological momentary assessments and smartphone sensors. Differences in health and well-being outcomes were compared pre- and post-implementation of physical distancing guidelines. RESULTS: After the implementation of physical distancing measures in NSW, there were significant decreases in physical activity (odds ratio [OR] = .53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .34–.83), increases in social media and Internet use (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.15–3.00), and increased screen time based on participants' smartphone screen state. Physical distancing measures were also associated with being alone in the previous hour (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.33–3.28), decreases in happiness (OR = .38, 95% CI = .18–.82), and fast food consumption (OR = .46, 95% CI = .29–.73). CONCLUSIONS: Physical distancing and social restrictions had a contemporaneous impact on health and well-being outcomes associated with chronic disease among young people. As the pandemic evolves, it will be important to consider how to mitigate against any longer term health impacts of physical distancing restrictions.


id: cord-341140-0k2udppg
title: Preparing for ‘COVID-27’: Lessons in management focus – An Australian general aviation perspective
author: Tisdall, Lucas
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-341140-0k2udppg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341140-0k2udppg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0969699720305056
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101922
summary:
  This papers aims to document the impact of COVID-19 on Australia''s GA sector with a focus on the issues affecting the formulation of government policies, business decisions, and mental health. It has also highlighted the lack of insight that federal policy makers have into the constituency, and the challenge of communicating to operators with varying degrees of commercial acumen across flight training, recreational hire, and on-demand charter alongside maintenance organisations and other supporting businesses. Again, the deidentified Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) and business activity data held by the ATO, in conjunction with some elements of self-reporting as part of the annual general aviation activity survey gathered by BITRE should be aggregated to present a macro data set that can be enhanced by an understanding of movement and occupancy data from public and private airports and the risk underwriting information drawn together by insurers every year.

abstract:
  This paper considers the observed impacts of COVID-19 on the behaviour of a cross-section of the general aviation (GA) community in Australia. It specifically observes the nature of management decision making observed in the sector, and the financial impacts of such choices. This paper highlights a lack of financial acumen in the Australian GA community which is likely to inhibit resilience in the sector and limit its ability to learn from the economic shock COVID-19 represents. Finally, the paper proposes several initiatives to improve the quality of management decision making in the sector's leadership, with a view to improving its financial outlook and visibility to policy makers.


id: cord-343139-19t8g7u7
title: After the Megafires: What Next for Australian Wildlife?
author: Wintle, Brendan A.
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-343139-19t8g7u7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343139-19t8g7u7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0169534720301713
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.009
summary:
  Unfortunately, there was little strategic priority in fire control operations for the protection of key populations of threatened species, critical habitats, and threatened ecological communities. Clear guidance on how to most effectively organise species and ecosystem conservation activities before, during, and immediately following a major fire event can be helpful (Figure 2 ). and extensive control of other threats that can compound fire impacts; and collection of baseline monitoring and survey data to help identify places critical to protect, prioritise emergency responses, and provide clarity around what has been lost immediately following a fire event. Crucial elements in the preparatory phase ''before the fire'' that were not adequately addressed before the 2019-2020 Australian megafires include analysis and synthesis of species sensitivity to fire, monitoring, surveying, and mapping to delineate critical habitats for protection and emergency postfire action.

abstract:
  The 2019–2020 megafires in Australia brought a tragic loss of human life and the most dramatic loss of habitat for threatened species and devastation of ecological communities in postcolonial history. What must be done now to keep impacted species from extinction? What can be done to avoid a repeat of the impacts of such devastating bushfires? Here, we describe hard-won lessons that may also be of global relevance.


id: cord-343461-vj6o1b18
title: Fungal Planet description sheets: 1042–1111
author: Crous, P.W.
date: 2020-06-29
txt: ./txt/cord-343461-vj6o1b18.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343461-vj6o1b18.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11
doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11
summary:
  Conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, subcylindrical to fusoid to irregular, straight to somewhat curved, apex subobtuse, base truncate, (9 -) Notes -Coleophoma includes species that are plant pathogenic or saprobic, occurring on a wide range of plant hosts (Crous et al. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Helgardia anguioides ( Notes -Pseudopezicula accommodates two species of apothecial ascomycetes that cause angular leaf scorch on Vitis vinifera. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence had highest similarity to Satchmopsis brasiliensis ( Notes -The phylogeny and morphology of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella was discussed in detail by Johnston et al. Culture characteristics -(after 2 wk at 20 °C in the dark): On potato dextrose agar (PDA), colonies reach 44-47 mm diam, round shape, flat, dark olive green, dusty, aerial mycelium absent, profuse sporulation, margin white and glabrous, exudates (blackish droplets) produced mainly on the outermost colony surface; reverse olive green to olive black.

abstract:
  Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Populus tremuloides. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.


id: cord-344212-8vlfc0mk
title: COVID‐19 and alcohol in Australia: Industry changes and public health impacts
author: Colbert, Stephanie
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-344212-8vlfc0mk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344212-8vlfc0mk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13092
doi: 10.1111/dar.13092
abstract: nan
summary:
  Within hours of the Australian Government announcing the mandatory closure of all food and drink premises except for takeaway and delivery [1] , the NSW Government had announced a relaxation of liquor licensing restrictions so that any restaurant, cafe, bar, pub or club could sell alcohol for takeaway and home delivery [2] . Following reports of alcohol stockpiling among Australian consumers [11] [12] [13] and increasing alcohol sales [14] , Retail Drinks Australia, the organisation representing retail liquor nationally, announced a voluntary initiative by participating liquor retail members to introduce temporary purchase limits (Table 2 ) [32] . As some governments in Australia move towards relaxing liquor licensing laws to allow pubs, bars and restaurants the ability to provide takeaway and home delivery, we must consider the risks associated with this and monitor the implications for alcohol-related harm.


id: cord-344438-08gqn86z
author: Watkins, Rochelle E
date: 2007-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-344438-08gqn86z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344438-08gqn86z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634112/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-157
summary:
  Government and health authorities in Australia and overseas have recommended that businesses, community organisations and individuals implement a range of strategies to prepare for pandemic influenza, and an increasing number of resources are being produced to provide guidance on pandemic preparedness and business continuity planning [4] [5] [6] [7] . Guided by the concepts considered to be of importance in these health behaviour theories, and the protection motivation theory framework in particular, we aimed to investigate the association between selected beliefs and preparedness for pandemic influenza among small and medium business owners and managers. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant independent predictors of the health behaviour theory-based belief variables and the three main dependent variables: having considered the impact of, having a plan for, and needing help to prepare for pandemic influenza.

title:
  Influenza pandemic preparedness: motivation for protection among small and medium businesses in Australia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Community-wide preparedness for pandemic influenza is an issue that has featured prominently in the recent news media, and is currently a priority for health authorities in many countries. The small and medium business sector is a major provider of private sector employment in Australia, yet we have little information about the preparedness of this sector for pandemic influenza. This study aimed to investigate the association between individual perceptions and preparedness for pandemic influenza among small and medium business owners and managers. METHODS: Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 201 small and medium business owners or managers in New South Wales and Western Australia. Eligible small or medium businesses were defined as those that had less than 200 employees. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of having considered the impact of, having a plan for, and needing help to prepare for pandemic influenza. RESULTS: Approximately 6 per cent of participants reported that their business had a plan for pandemic influenza, 39 per cent reported that they had not thought at all about the impact of pandemic influenza on their business, and over 60 per cent stated that they required help to prepare for a pandemic. Beliefs about the severity of pandemic influenza and the ability to respond were significant independent predictors of having a plan for pandemic influenza, and the perception of the risk of pandemic influenza was the most important predictor of both having considered the impact of, and needing help to prepare for a pandemic. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that small and medium businesses in Australia are not currently well prepared for pandemic influenza. We found that beliefs about the risk, severity, and the ability to respond effectively to the threat of pandemic influenza are important predictors of preparedness. Campaigns targeting small and medium businesses should emphasise the severity of the consequences to their businesses if a pandemic were to occur, and, at the same time, reassure them that there are effective strategies capable of being implemented by small and medium businesses to deal with a pandemic.


id: cord-346136-sqc09x9c
title: Application of the Health Action Process Approach to Social Distancing Behavior During COVID‐19
author: Hamilton, Kyra
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-346136-sqc09x9c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346136-sqc09x9c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12231
doi: 10.1111/aphw.12231
summary:
  Given that social distancing is a key evidence-based behavior that will minimise transmission of SARS-CoV-2 if performed consistently at the population level, the aim of the present study was to apply the HAPA to identify the social cognition and self-regulatory determinants of this preventive behavior in samples of adults from two countries, Australia and the US. The study adopted a prospective correlational design with self-report measures of HAPA constructs (attitudes, self-efficacy, risk perceptions, intentions, action planning, coping planning, and action control) and past engagement in social distancing behavior administered at an initial time-point (T1) in a survey administered using the Qualtrics TM online survey tool. The present research has a number of strengths including focus on social distancing, a key preventive behavior aimed at reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent COVID-19 infections; adoption of a fit-for-purpose theoretical model, the HAPA, that provides a set of a priori predictions on the motivational and volitional determinants of the target behavior; recruitment of samples from two countries, Australia and the US, with key demographic characteristics that closely match those of the population; and the use of prospective study design and structural equation modelling techniques.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: This study examined the social cognition determinants of social distancing behavior during the COVID‐19 pandemic in samples from Australia and the US guided by the health action process approach (HAPA). METHODS: Participants (Australia: N = 495, 50.1% women; US: N = 701, 48.9% women) completed HAPA social cognition constructs at an initial time‐point (T1), and one week later (T2) self‐reported their social distancing behavior. RESULTS: Single‐indicator structural equation models that excluded and included past behavior exhibited adequate fit with the data. Intention and action control were significant predictors of social distancing behavior in both samples, and intention predicted action and coping planning in the US sample. Self‐efficacy and action control were significant predictors of intention in both samples, with attitudes predicting intention in the Australia sample and risk perceptions predicting intention in the US sample. Significant indirect effects of social cognition constructs through intentions were observed. Inclusion of past behavior attenuated model effects. Multigroup analysis revealed no differences in model fit across samples, suggesting that observed variations in the parameter estimates were relatively trivial. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that social distancing is a function of motivational and volitional processes. This knowledge can be used to inform messaging regarding social distancing during COVID‐19 and in future pandemics.


id: cord-354656-9ao33rq8
title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014
author: Cossart, Yvonne E
date: 2014-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25047768/
doi: 10.5694/mja14.00112
summary:
  2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries.

abstract:
  Australia has been fortunate in its experience with infectious diseases over the past century. By the 1960s, many communicable diseases were controlled through a combination of high living standards, progressive adoption of vaccines and antimicrobial treatment. Australian medical scientists have made substantial contributions to the understanding of many historically significant communicable diseases and global initiatives for control. New challenges have emerged as previously unrecognised viral infections have emerged, and microbial resistance to antibiotics has developed in many old pathogens. Ongoing evolutionary forces, both environmental and social, change the balance between humans and microbes. The effects of these forces are most sorely felt in poor countries and communities.


id: cord-355523-zol0k94p
title: Advancing Planetary Health in Australia: focus on emerging infections and antimicrobial resistance
author: Hill-Cawthorne, Grant
date: 2019-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-355523-zol0k94p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355523-zol0k94p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31139446/
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001283
summary:
  To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. 7 However, a national summary box ► The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, including antimicrobial-resistant infections, pose a major health security threat. 34 The Australian National Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2015-2019, jointly developed by the Departments of Health and Agriculture and Water Resources, represents an example of how these silos can be linked, 35 but implementation remains challenging. Australian doctors prescribe more than twice the amount (in defined daily doses per 1000 population per day) of antibiotics compared with their counterparts in the BMJ Global Health Table 3 Responses to open-ended questions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

abstract:
  With rising population numbers, anthropogenic changes to our environment and unprecedented global connectivity, the World Economic Forum ranks the spread of infectious diseases second only to water crises in terms of potential global impact. Addressing the diverse challenges to human health and well-being in the 21st century requires an overarching focus on ‘Planetary Health’, with input from all sectors of government, non-governmental organisations, academic institutions and industry. To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. EID themes identified included animal reservoirs, targeted surveillance, mechanisms of emergence and the role of unrecognised human vectors (the ‘invisible man’) in the spread of infection. Themes related to AMR included antimicrobial use in production and companion animals, antimicrobial stewardship, novel treatment approaches and education of professionals, politicians and the general public. Effective infection control strategies are important in both EID and AMR. We provide an overview of key discussion points, as well as important barriers identified and solutions proposed.


id: cord-356173-8vrw4mag
author: Liebig, J.
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-356173-8vrw4mag.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-356173-8vrw4mag.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.11.20211060
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.11.20211060
summary:
  There are two major factors that influence the expected number of COVID-19 importations: incoming traveller volumes, and incidence rates of the disease in source countries. Figure 2 shows the estimated number of COVID-19 cases imported by citizens/residents and visitors from the ten largest sources before and after the respective travel restrictions were implemented. To decide whether it is safe to open international borders, governments need to understand the relationship between the number of arrivals, incidence rates in countries that act as importation sources and the expected number of COVID-19 importations. We use the monthly number of observed COVID-19 infections amongst travellers arriving into Australia from a given country to estimate the country''s true incidence rate. The importation model requires as input the date of arrival into the country under investigation (in our case Australia), the duration of the overseas stay, daily incidence rates of COVID-19 in the country of origin and the lengths of the latent and infectious periods.

title:
  Should international borders re-open? The impact of travel restrictions on COVID-19 importation risk

abstract:
  Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread across the world at an unprecedented pace, reaching over 200 countries and territories in less than three months. In response, many governments denied entry to travellers arriving from various countries affected by the virus. While several industries continue to experience economic losses due to the imposed interventions, it is unclear whether the different travel restrictions were successful in reducing COVID-19 importations. Here we develop a comprehensive framework to model daily COVID-19 importations, considering different travel bans. We quantify the temporal effects of the restrictions and elucidate the relationship between incidence rates in other countries, travel flows and the expected number of importations into the country under investigation. As a cases study, we evaluate the travel bans enforced by the Australian government. We find that international travel bans in Australia lowered COVID-19 importations by 87.68% (83.39 - 91.35) between January and June 2020. The presented framework can further be used to gain insights into how many importations to expect should borders re-open. Authorities may consider the presented information when planning a phased re-opening of international borders.


