# pos

id: cord-034084-b1biu6fm
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-orderprotecting-american-monuments-memorials-statues-combating-recent-criminalviolence/last

lemma:
  https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-orderprotecting-american-monuments-memorials-statues-combating-recent-criminalviolence/last


# ent

id: cord-283673-oyefmgl3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Color of COVID 19 Structural Racism and the Pandemic s Disproportionate Impact on Older Racial and Ethnic Minorities date 2020 08 05


id: cord-031722-n5ja5oqw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV prevention behavioral biomedical both and how it would be best to deliver said servicestraditional brick and mortar


id: cord-031396-cb97rcbk
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Saratha S R Sai Sundara Krishnan G Bagyalakshmi M Lim Chee Peng title Solving Black Scholes equations


id: cord-266027-1xrq8cg9
type: GGP
entity:
  SEP i e neighborhood supermarket and neighborhood park and 5 ORs additionally adjusted for health behaviors i e physical activity alcohol


id: cord-295693-45etqt72
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Topic National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data Audiometry Data Lung Function Testing Selection of Reference Values and


id: cord-261907-y60yra4r
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Locations


id: cord-261907-y60yra4r
type: ORG
entity:
  Asymptomatic China Figures Indicate Communities of Color at Higher Risk for Health and Economic Challenges


id: cord-261907-y60yra4r
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Brief History of R 0 and a Recipe for its Calculation Measurability of the Epidemic Reproduction Number


id: cord-261907-y60yra4r
type: ORG
entity:
  Fallacies in Multilevel Analysis Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine American Community Survey Briefs From Here to Equality Reparations for Black Americans


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: DNA
entity:
  frontlines Cambridge Core COVID 19 Highlights the Failure of Neoliberal Capitalism We Need Feminist Global Solidarity


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Feminist Theory Feminist Review European Journal of Cultural Studies European Journal of Women s Studies and Sociological Review


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: ORG
entity:
  The Guardian Coronavirus Pandemic in the Shadow of Capitalist Exploitation and Imperialist Domination of People and Nature Statement


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
type: ORG
entity:
  the North African Network for Food Sovereignty Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt Migrant Women Failed


id: cord-304966-w2voi8en
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Blacks Are Less Likely to Present With Strokes During the COVID 19 Pandemic Observations From the Buckle of the Stroke Belt date 2020


id: cord-304966-w2voi8en
type: ORG
entity:
  American Heart Association Stroke Council Council on Cardiovascular Nursing Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Council on Quality of Care and


id: cord-314538-l4ek54cu
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mannose binding glucose mannose binding Nacetylglucosamine binding galactose binding Nacetylgalactosamine binding fucose


id: cord-348848-js36pw2r
type: ORG
entity:
  NPR Bureau of Health Workforce National Center for Health Workforce Analysis Sex Race and Ethnic Diversity


# url

id: cord-034084-b1biu6fm
domain: www.whitehouse.gov
url:
  http://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-orderprotecting-american-monuments-memorials-statues-combating-recent-criminalviolence/last


# bib

id: cord-023989-d6c1is5s
title: Conclusion and Afterword
author: Williams, Richard Allen
date: 2020-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-023989-d6c1is5s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023989-d6c1is5s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182341/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_10
summary:
  The problem of insufficient recruitment of African American students into careers in medicine is often referred to as the medical school "pipeline" problem, which has been highlighted by several incisive publications such as An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science, a book whose lead author was Cato T. This is another example of the public health consequences of violence and police brutality in the black community, leading to a population that may be in need of psychotherapy. One area of focus is on prevention; it is estimated that about twothirds of black maternal deaths are entirely preventable if more attention is paid to socioeconomic determinants of health by eliminating social inequities through the provision of clean drinking water, better housing, improved transportation, and greater access to high-standard healthcare facilities for pre-and postnatal care. National Medical Association seeks to address violence in the African American community. The violence epidemic in the African American community: a call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health.

abstract:
  The previous chapters contain a great deal of medical, socioeconomic, demographic, epidemiologic, racial, ethnic, educational, and cultural information pertaining particularly to the black population of the United States, but it is admittedly somewhat incomplete. There is so much more that might have been included, but space and time limitations preclude a more comprehensive coverage of everything that touches upon the healthcare scene involving black Americans. In this brief postscript, I would like to suggest to the reader to consider a few more important issues affecting black health.


id: cord-031396-cb97rcbk
title: Solving Black–Scholes equations using fractional generalized homotopy analysis method
author: Saratha, S. R.
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-031396-cb97rcbk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031396-cb97rcbk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7471595/
doi: 10.1007/s40314-020-01306-4
summary:
  Tables 7 and 8 provide the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 0.75, α = 0.5, and depict a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, MFDTM, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Homotopy perturbation method for fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations using Sumudu transform Exact solution of fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations

abstract:
  This paper aims to solve the Black–Scholes (B–S) model for the European options pricing problem using a hybrid method called fractional generalized homotopy analysis method (FGHAM). The convergence region of the B–S model solutions are clearly identified using h-curve and the closed form series solutions are produced using FGHAM. To verify the convergence of the proposed series solutions, sequence of errors are obtained by estimating the deviation between the exact solution and the series solution, which is increased in number of terms in the series. The convergence of sequence of errors is verified using the convergence criteria and the results are graphically illustrated. Moreover, the FGHAM approach has overcome the difficulties of applying multiple integration and differentiation procedures while obtaining the solution using well-established methods such as homotopy analysis method and homotopy perturbation method. The computational efficiency of the proposed method is analyzed using a comparative study. The advantage of the proposed method is shown with a numerical example using the comparative study between FGHAM and Monte Carlo simulation. Using the numerical example, analytical expression for the implied volatility is derived and the non-local behavior is studied for the various values of the fractional parameter. The results of FGHAM are statistically validated with the exact solution and the other existing computational methods.


id: cord-031722-n5ja5oqw
title: Mind the Gap: HIV Prevention Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men
author: Fields, Errol L.
date: 2020-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-031722-n5ja5oqw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031722-n5ja5oqw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7483045/
doi: 10.1007/s11904-020-00532-z
summary:
  RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that while YBMSM display interest and acceptability of varied HIV prevention options, uptake lags due to the lingering effects of intersectional oppression from racism and sexual prejudice, HIV stigma, institutional and provider bias, and unresolved health policy barriers. Smaller surveys and qualitative studies in YBMSM or older adult Black MSM have described similar barriers including concerns over issues of cost, accuracy, comfort within testing venues, and poor communication from providers related to sexual health [17] [18] [19] . Young adults may remain covered on their parents'' insurance until age 26, which increases their ability to access care but may create a barrier to HIV prevention, PrEP, and other sexual health services if confidentiality cannot be maintained. Use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men who have sex with men is associated with race, sexual risk behavior and peer network size

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) suffer profound health inequities in new HIV diagnoses and clinical outcomes. While the evolution of HIV prevention options has become increasingly biomedical, inequities in access and uptake of these modalities persist. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that while YBMSM display interest and acceptability of varied HIV prevention options, uptake lags due to the lingering effects of intersectional oppression from racism and sexual prejudice, HIV stigma, institutional and provider bias, and unresolved health policy barriers. Promising avenues to address these barriers have yet to be fully explored. SUMMARY: We have the tools to effectively prevent HIV transmission and acquisition among YBMSM, but we have not yet effectively implemented these tools for this priority population. To end the epidemic, we must tailor and adapt HIV prevention strategies to meet the unique intersecting needs, identities, and social contexts of YBMSM.


id: cord-034084-b1biu6fm
title: Historical geographies of the 21st century: Challenging our praxis
author: Tolia-Kelly, Divya
date: 2020-10-21
txt: ./txt/cord-034084-b1biu6fm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034084-b1biu6fm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577187/
doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2020.08.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  Historical geographies of the 21st century: Challenging our praxis On the 4 th July 2020 the statue of black anti-slavery campaigner Frederick Douglass was torn down in Rochester, New York. In 2020 the changed JHG editorial team reflected and recognised the shift to decolonising the sub-discipline, recognising questions of race and racisms in scholarship, intellectual institutions, education curricula, networks, research and the economies of research posts and publications. ''. 9 This call reflects much of the shift envisaged by the new editorial team and their individual portfolios hope to express some of the practices that may help to actualise change, improvement and material effects in producing a radical anti-racist template in academic journal publications. The team''s asynchronous dialogues around this editorial and wider journal review reveal the gaps, fissures and flaws as we work towards a praxis that ''fits'' with the politics and struggles for inclusion experienced by authors located in, for example, Latin America, India and Africa.


id: cord-035226-z25efnjh
author: Kumar, Sumit
date: 2020-11-10
txt: ./txt/cord-035226-z25efnjh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035226-z25efnjh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7654345/
doi: 10.1007/s41887-020-00055-y
summary:
  DATA: We collected two decades of homicide victimisation counts in England and Wales, as broken out for each racial group identified by the Office of National Statistics. Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Thus, the statistics for calculating the rate for Black and White victims per 100,000 people in this age group are based on just the 2011 Census. The greatest difference visible from reported ONS data is among persons aged 16-24, where the most recent statistics show Black death rates to be 24 times higher per 100,000 than for Whites.

title:
  Racial Disparities in Homicide Victimisation Rates: How to Improve Transparency by the Office of National Statistics in England and Wales

abstract:
  RESEARCH QUESTION: How much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? DATA: We collected two decades of homicide victimisation counts in England and Wales, as broken out for each racial group identified by the Office of National Statistics. We also collected the estimated population size of those groups from the 2001 and 2011 Census. METHODS: We divided the number of homicides in each racial category by the estimated population size of that category, by year, for 20 years, and plotted their relationships. FINDINGS: While White homicide victimisation rates remained low and stable from 2000 through 2019, Black homicide victimisation ranged from 200 to 800% higher than that for the White population during that time period, at an average of 5.6 times higher for Blacks. While Black victimisation dropped by 69% from 2001 to 2012, it almost doubled (79% increase) from 2013 to 2019, rising seven times faster than the White victimisation rate. Asian rates remained stable at about twice as high as White rates. For persons aged 16 to 24, the most recent homicide rate was 24 times higher for Blacks than for Whites. CONCLUSION: None of these rates per 100,000 or ratios has been reported by the Office of National Statistics. If future ONS reporting of homicide rates would include relevant denominators with raw numerators, public understanding of racial disparities in “over-policing” could be informed by potential “under-policing” relative to racial inequalities in homicide risk.


id: cord-102783-f8i20twx
title: Inequalities in air pollution exposure are increasing in the United States
author: Jbaily, A.
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-102783-f8i20twx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102783-f8i20twx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.13.20152942v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942
summary:
  For each racial/ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic) 1 , we construct a map that shows only zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) where the race/ethnicity is most present 2 To quantify these differences in exposure, we compute the population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentration for every racial/ethnic population (please see Methods) (Extended Data figure A.4a). However, the CoV shows that the variation in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups relative to its mean increased from 0.17 3 Ranking the ZCTAs for a particular race is done by using the population fraction of the race in every ZCTA to split them into 100 quantiles by using percentiles. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942 doi: medRxiv preprint figure 4 , disparities in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups and income groups are increasing.

abstract:
  Exposure to ambient air pollution contributes substantially to the global burden of disease, and in 2015, ambient exposure to PM2.5 (fine particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 m) was the fifth-ranking risk factor of mortality globally. We analyzed data from the US zip code tabulation areas (N=32047) for 2000-2016 and found strong evidence of inequalities in exposure to PM2.5 among both racial/ethnic and income groups. Most alarming, we found that these inequalities have been increasing over time. From 2010 to 2016 inequalities in the exposure to PM2.5 levels above 8 g/m3 across racial/ethnic, and income groups increased by factors of 1.6 and 4.0 respectively. As shown in our powerful map visualizations, these results indicate that air pollution regulations must not only decrease PM2.5 concentration levels nationwide but also prioritize reducing environmental injustice across the US.


id: cord-255064-u95pxed7
title: mSphere of Influence: That’s Racist—COVID-19, Biological Determinism, and the Limits of Hypotheses
author: Taylor, Kishana
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-255064-u95pxed7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255064-u95pxed7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00945-20
doi: 10.1128/msphere.00945-20
summary:
  In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on the personal impact of "Racial health disparities and COVID-19 – caution and context" by Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L. I argue that hypothesis-driven data are flawed in additional ways, especially when it comes to infectious disease microbiology and health disparities research. From a perspective that does not consider the social determinants of health on a macroscale, it may seem that race is the underlying factor between differences in disease rates. So when we see data that say Black people have higher rates of COVID-19, we have to first consider what role institutional and structural racism have in shaping the environments in which they live and work. With Black In Microbiology Week, we want to bring awareness to how the surface level analysis of infectious disease health disparities data often leads to racist hypotheses.

abstract:
  Kishana Taylor works in the field of virology. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on the personal impact of “Racial health disparities and COVID-19 – caution and context” by Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L. Reed, Jr. (N Engl J Med 383:201–203, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2012910) and “A hypothesis is a liability” by Itai Yanai and Martin Lercher (Genome Biol 21:231, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02133-w) and how it became part of the mission for Black In Microbiology Week.


id: cord-261907-y60yra4r
author: Richardson, E. T.
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-261907-y60yra4r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261907-y60yra4r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011
summary:
  22 While R0 provides theoretical information about an epidemic, practical control ultimately depends on the expected infections generated later in the outbreak prompting epidemiologists to utilize the effective reproduction number Rt (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual at time t), which obviates the assumption of a fully susceptible population and allows for the temporal dynamics to be followed in the setting of various interventions. Our next-generation matrix analysis shows that, in a segregated society like the U.S. where SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates are disproportionate across racial groups, small changes in the ratio between bb®b and bw®w can result in large changes in the reproductive ratio for the population (Figure 3a) , due mainly to 1) the effects of high assortative mixing structured by racism on the value of cb®b; and 2) the fact that the expected number of secondary infections generated within high-risk subgroups (i.e., the value gb®b in the next generation matrix-in this case driven by high relative values of cb®b) comes to dominate R0 for a population.

title:
  Reparations for Black American Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the U.S. and Their Estimated Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

abstract:
  Background In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from significantly disproportionate incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. The potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. Methods We compared the COVID-19 time-varying Rt curves of relatively disparate polities in terms of social equity (South Korea vs. Louisiana). Next, we considered a range of reproductive ratios to back-calculate the transmission rates {beta}i[->]j for 4 cells of the simplified next-generation matrix (from which R0 is calculated for structured models) for the outbreak in Louisiana. Lastly, we modeled the effect that monetary payments as reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. would have had on pre-intervention {beta}i[->]j. Results Once their respective epidemics begin to propagate, Louisiana displays Rt values with an absolute difference of 1.3 to 2.5 compared to South Korea. It also takes Louisiana more than twice as long to bring Rt below 1. We estimate that increased equity in transmission consistent with the benefits of a successful reparations program (reflected in the ratio {beta}b[->]b / {beta}w[->]w) could reduce R0 by 31 to 68%. Discussion While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial injustice interventions such as reparations, our study describes potential health benefits in the form of reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. As we demonstrate, a restitutive program targeted towards Black individuals would not only decrease COVID-19 risk for recipients of the wealth redistribution; the mitigating effects would be distributed across racial groups, benefitting the population at large.


id: cord-266027-1xrq8cg9
title: Socioeconomic Correlates of Obesity in African-American and Caribbean-Black Men and Women
author: Barrington, Debbie S.
date: 2020-07-04
txt: ./txt/cord-266027-1xrq8cg9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266027-1xrq8cg9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00798-4
doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00798-4
summary:
  Covariates utilized for statistical adjustment due to their known associations with SEP and obesity include demographic variables such as age [5] , categorized into less than or equal to 29 years, 30-44 years, 45-59 years, and 60 or more years; marital status, [24] characterized as (1) married or living with a partner, (2) separated, divorced or widowed, and (3) never married; and three measures of health behaviors, (1) physical activity [22] , a continuous measure based on how often the study participants worked in the garden or yard, engaged in active sports or exercise, and walked, (2) smoking status [25] , specified as the participant never having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in his/her lifetime or "never smoker," having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in the past or "past smoker," and "current smoker," and (3) current alcohol consumption [22] , categorized for analytical purposes into consuming no alcoholic drinks within the past year or "none," having consumed less than 12 drinks within the past year, or "infrequent drinker," and moderate-to-heavy drinkers having consumed 12 or more drinks within the past year or "regular drinker." To minimize bias due to differentially distributed missing data on measures of SEP and BMI by ethnicity (African-American and Caribbean-Black) and sex, multiple imputation was performed prior to statistical analysis within the statistical software package IVEware [26] .

abstract:
  The high prevalence of obesity among Black Americans warrants additional investigation into its relationship with socioeconomic position (SEP), sex, and ethnicity. This cross-sectional study utilizes 2001–2003 data from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative sample of 3570 African-Americans and 1621 Caribbean-Blacks aged 18 years and older. Multivariate logistic regression models stratified by ethnicity and sex describe the independent associations between obesity and multilevel socioeconomic factors after adjustment for age, other SEP measures at the individual, family and neighborhood levels, and health behaviors such as physical activity, alcohol intake, and smoking. A positive relationship was observed between obesity and family income among African-American and Caribbean-Black men. Receipt of public assistance was a strongly associated factor for obesity in Caribbean-Black men and women. Among African-American women, inverse relationships were observed between obesity and education, occupation, and family income; residence within a neighborhood with a supermarket also decreased their odds of obesity. Residence in a neighborhood with a park decreased the odds of obesity only among African-American men, whereas residence in a neighborhood with a supermarket decreased the odds of obesity among Caribbean-Black men. The social patterning of obesity by individual, household, and neighborhood socioeconomic resources differs for African-American and Caribbean-Black men and women within these cross-sectional analyses; an appreciation of these differences may be a prerequisite for developing effective weight control interventions and policies for these two populations.


id: cord-266132-i57avso9
title: Pandemic Superimposed on Epidemic: Covid-19 Disparities in Black Americans
author: Kirksey, Lee
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-266132-i57avso9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266132-i57avso9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0027968420301413
doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.07.003
summary:
  Viewed holistically, multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of preexisting chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual provider and structural healthcare system bias. 14 Unfortunately, the fact that not all local, state and federal public health agencies are collecting race and ethnic data points will contribute to delays in reaching a complete understanding of the magnitude of this pandemic''s impact on Black communities ( Figure 1 ). 21 Viewed holistically multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of pre-existing chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual and structural healthcare system bias.

abstract:
  Health and healthcare disparities are variances in the health of a population or the care rendered to a population. Disparities result in a disproportionately higher prevalence of disease or lower standard of care provided to the index group. Multiple theories exist regarding the genesis of this disturbing finding. The COVID-19 pandemic has had the unfortunate effect of amplifying health inequity in vulnerable populations. African Americans, who make up approximately 12% of the US population are reportedly being diagnosed with COVID-19 and dying at disproportionately higher rates. Viewed holistically, multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of preexisting chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual provider and structural healthcare system bias. Indeed, COVID-19 represents a pandemic superimposed on a historic epidemic of racial health inequity and healthcare disparities. Therapeutic solutions are not expected in the near term. Thus, identifying the genesis and magnitude of COVID-19's impact on African American communities is the requisite first step toward crafting an immediate well designed response. The mid and long term approach should incorporate population health based tactics and strategies.


id: cord-271440-qiwixpai
title: In the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, do brown lives matter?
author: Ribeiro, Helena
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-271440-qiwixpai.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271440-qiwixpai.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32622403/
doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30314-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  In The Lancet Global Health, a pioneering study by Pedro Baqui and colleagues 1 confirms in Brazil findings observed in other countries hit hard by COVID-19: that mortality rates from the pandemic differ by geographical region and ethnicity, with disproportionate impact for Black populations and other ethnic minorities. Therefore, discussions regarding ethnicity and regional variations must be integrated, not only because northern states and Rio de Janeiro have higher proportions of Pardo and Black populations, but also because the root causes of higher mortality are overlapping. The prevalence of comorbidities among Pardo and Black populations in Brazil is higher than among other ethnicities, including overweight and obesity, 6 risk factors for severity of symptoms of COVID-19. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study


id: cord-283673-oyefmgl3
author: Garcia, Marc A
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-283673-oyefmgl3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283673-oyefmgl3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa114
doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa114
summary:
  RESULTS: We identify three proximate mechanisms through which structural racism operates as a fundamental cause of racial/ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 burden among older adults: (1) Risk of exposure; (2) Weathering processes; and (3) Health care access and quality. Below we discuss how proximate mechanisms place older Blacks and Latinxs at an elevated health risk from the COVID-19 pandemic compared to Whites, while also highlighting examples of why structural racism is a fundamental driver of these inequalities. Structural racism in the forms of residential and occupational segregation (i.e. the unequal distribution of racial/ethnic groups across neighborhoods and jobs) and wealth inequalities shape living and working conditions in ways that put Blacks and Latinxs at greater risk of COVID-19 exposure and limit their ability to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t practice physical distancing (Ray, 2020) .

title:
  The Color of COVID-19: Structural Racism and the Pandemic’s Disproportionate Impact on Older Racial and Ethnic Minorities

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The aim of this evidence-based theoretically informed essay is to provide an overview of how and why the COVID-19 outbreak is particularly detrimental for the health of older Black and Latinx adults. METHODS: We draw upon current events, academic literature, and numerous data sources to illustrate how biopsychosocial factors place older adults at higher risk for COVID-19 relative to younger adults, and how structural racism magnifies these risks for older Black and Latinx adults. RESULTS: We identify three proximate mechanisms through which structural racism operates as a fundamental cause of racial/ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 burden among older adults: (1) Risk of exposure; (2) Weathering processes; and (3) Health care access and quality. DISCUSSION: While the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented crisis, the racial/ethnic health inequalities among older adults it has exposed are long-standing and deeply rooted in structural racism within American society. This knowledge presents both challenges and opportunities for researchers and policymakers as they seek to address the needs of older adults. It is imperative that federal, state, and local governments collect and release comprehensive data on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths by race/ethnicity and age to better gauge the impact of outbreak across minority communities. We conclude with a discussion of incremental steps to be taken to lessen the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among older Black and Latinx adults, as well as the need for transformative actions that address structural racism in order to achieve population health equity.


id: cord-288710-fweorzis
author: Marchand, Aixa D.
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-288710-fweorzis.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288710-fweorzis.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397320302045
doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101212
summary:
  As a scholar who focuses on Black parent school engagement and understandings of educational inequities and with expertise in both psychology and education (Aixa Marchand), I am particularly drawn to the Bowyer and Kahne (2020) article that emphasizes the importance of providing varied types of learning opportunities to students and its relation to increasing political engagement in youth. These findings in conjunction with theoretical work highlighting the importance of racial sociocultural processes, such as racial identity, parent socialization, and discrimination represent the necessity to further explore how youth experiences both personally and vicariously may impact their political behaviors and engagement (Anyiwo, Bañales, Rowley, Watkins, & Richards-Schuster, 2018) . A wealth of research has shown that critical reflection of perceived inequality is associated with civic action (Diemer & Rapa, 2016; Hope et al., 2020) , therefore providing nascent evidence that parent racial socialization messages may affect political engagement in their children (Anyiwo et al., 2018) .

title:
  Contextual factors shaping diverse political action: A commentary on the special issue on adolescent political development

abstract:
  This timely special issue on political development broadens the empirical conversation around how adolescents are engaging politically and civically, what factors shape their involvement, how their involvement impacts their wellbeing, and how to engage diverse populations of youth in the political system. From the perspectives of critical consciousness and sociopolitical development, we reflect on two themes in particular: the importance of context and the various ways in which political development and involvement is conceptualized and defined. We conclude with suggestions for future empirical work and implications for policy and practice.


id: cord-295693-45etqt72
title: Racial Capitalism within Public Health: How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities
author: McClure, Elizabeth S
date: 2020-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-295693-45etqt72.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32619007/
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa126
summary:
  In her scholarship on the history of race and medicine, Dr. Dorothy Roberts describes how focusing on "underlying" health conditions and behavioral risk factors allows society "[a] to ignore how disease is caused by political inequality and [b] to justify an unequal system by pointing to the inherent racial difference that disease supposedly reveals" (20) . Under racial capitalism, attention is drawn away from workplace hazards by arguing that workers are inherently at high risk of ill health due to their own racial and behavioral susceptibilities, masking and justifying how labor is structured to concentrate risky, lowwage work among non-White or otherwise marginalized workforces. In the counterfactual scenario of no Black lung function correction but a White hearing correction, industry would owe 31% more in worker''s compensation payouts (this calculation is based on applying the average payout associated with each workers'' compensation award in a typical state (30)). Under racial capitalism, Black workers experience more work-related health damage because they are concentrated in riskier, less protected jobs.

abstract:
  Epidemiology of the U.S. COVID-19 outbreak focuses on individuals’ biology and behaviors, despite centrality of occupational environments in the viral spread. This demonstrates collusion between epidemiology and racial capitalism because it obscures structural influences, absolving industries of responsibility for worker safety. In an empirical example, we analyze economic implications of race-based metrics widely used in occupational epidemiology. In the U.S., White adults have better average lung function and worse hearing than Black adults. Both impaired lung function and hearing are criteria for Worker’s compensation, which is ultimately paid by industry. Compensation for respiratory injury is determined using a race-specific algorithm. For hearing, there is no race adjustment. Selective use of race-specific algorithms for workers’ compensation reduces industries’ liability for worker health, illustrating racial capitalism operating within public health. Widespread and unexamined belief in inherent physiological inferiority of Black Americans perpetuates systems that limit industry payouts for workplace injuries. We see a parallel in the epidemiology of COVID-19 disparities. We tell stories of industries implicated in the outbreak and review how they exemplify racial capitalism. We call on public health professionals to: critically evaluate who is served and neglected by data analysis; and center structural determinants of health in etiological evaluation.


id: cord-299976-36r794ow
author: O’Brien, Amornrat
date: 2018-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-299976-36r794ow.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.022
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.022
summary:
  FCoVs are typically grouped into two biotypes (or pathotypes), which have been classified as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), based on tissue tropism, disease progression, and genetic markers (reviewed in Kipar and Meli, 2014; Pedersen, 2014 Pedersen, , 2009 , although the range of disease signs and clinical outcomes are likely to extend beyond these two basic definitions. As part of this study, we characterized three feline cell lines-two from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and one from Cornell University-and evaluated the replication kinetics, efficiency of plaque formation, and responsiveness of these cells to interferon (IFN) in order to identify the optimal cell culture conditions for type I FIPV Black. After observing the rapid and uniform development of CPE and release of virus into cell supernatants during infection of AK-D and Fcwf-4 CU cells, we reasoned that these cells would be employable in a standardized plaque assay to consistently determine FIPV Black titer.

title:
  Characterizing replication kinetics and plaque production of type I feline infectious peritonitis virus in three feline cell lines

abstract:
  Investigating type I feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in tissue culture is critical for understanding the basic virology, pathogenesis, and virus-host interactome of these important veterinary pathogens. This has been a perennial challenge as type I FCoV strains do not easily adapt to cell culture. Here we characterize replication kinetics and plaque formation of a model type I strain FIPV Black in Fcwf-4 cells established at Cornell University (Fcwf-4 CU). We determined that maximum virus titers (>10(7) pfu/mL) were recoverable from infected Fcwf-4 CU cell-free supernatant at 20 hours post-infection. Type I FIPV Black and both biotypes of type II FCoV formed uniform and enumerable plaques on Fcwf-4 CU cells. Therefore, these cells were employable in a standardized plaque assay. Finally, we determined that the Fcwf-4 CU cells were morphologically distinct from feline bone marrow-derived macrophages and were less sensitive to exogenous type I interferon than were Fcwf-4 cells purchased from ATCC.


id: cord-301000-ozm5f5dy
title: A Wench’s Guide to Surviving a ‘Global’ Pandemic Crisis: Feminist Publishing in a Time of COVID-19
author: Naqvi, Zainab Batul
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-301000-ozm5f5dy.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921935/
doi: 10.1007/s10691-020-09435-1
summary:
  For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing

abstract:
  It has been quite a year so far(!) and as the wenches we are, we have been taking our time to collect our thoughts and reflections before sharing them at the start of this issue of the journal. In this editorial we think through the COVID-19 pandemic and its devastating effects on the world, on our lives and on our editorial processes. We renew our commitment to improving our operations as a journal and its health along with our own as we deploy wench tactics to restore, sustain and slow down to negotiate this new reality, this new world. We conclude with an introduction to the fascinating contents of this issue along with a collaborative statement of values on open access as part of a collective of intersectional feminist and social justice editors. Through all of the pain and suffering we focus our gaze on hope: hope that we can come through this global crisis together engaging in critical conversations about how we can be better and do better as editors, academics and individuals for ourselves, our colleagues and our journal.


id: cord-304966-w2voi8en
author: Cummings, Cori
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-304966-w2voi8en.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32755454/
doi: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031121
summary:
  2 Despite concern for increased risk of stroke, many centers reported a significant decline in number of patients presenting with strokes during the pandemic. [3] [4] [5] This alarming drop raised concern that patients with stroke may be reluctant to seek medical care in the setting of the pandemic. Other studies have reported a decline in stroke presentations throughout the United States and the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, our study is unique because it presents patient-level data in an area of high stroke rate and significant racial disparity. An important finding in our study is that a lower percentage of Black patients presented with strokes during the pandemic. This finding is alarming, as many studies have highlighted existing racial disparities in stroke care, with Black patients having both higher risk factors as well as higher in-hospital mortality and burden of stroke disability.

title:
  Blacks Are Less Likely to Present With Strokes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observations From the Buckle of the Stroke Belt

abstract:
  The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on stroke systems has not been systematically evaluated. Our study aims to investigate trends in telestroke consults during the pandemic. METHODS: We did retrospective chart review of consecutive patients seen through a telestroke network in South Carolina from March 2019 to April 2020. We dichotomized patients to preCOVID-19 pandemic (March 2019 to February 2020) and during COVID-19 pandemic (March to April 2020). RESULTS: A total of 5852 patients were evaluated during the study period, 613 (10.5%) were seen during the pandemic. The median number of weekly consults dropped from 112 to 77 during the pandemic, P=0.002. There was no difference in baseline features; however, Black patients were less likely to present with strokes during the pandemic (13.9% versus 29%, P≤0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant drop in telestroke volume. The impact seems to disproportionately affect Black patients.


id: cord-307753-p1htdvrp
title: Lessons from the past, policies for the future: resilience and sustainability in past crises
author: Haldon, John
date: 2020-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-307753-p1htdvrp.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09778-9
doi: 10.1007/s10669-020-09778-9
summary:
  Past human societies as a whole have been extraordinarily resilient in the face of severe challenges, but the configuration of social and political structures was always impacted in a number of ways, with substantial implications for development pathways (e.g., the different medium-term outcomes of the Black Death in England and France) (Borsch 2005, pp. How societies in the past responded to stress depends on three key sets of conditions: their complexity (the degree of interdependency across social relationships and structures), their institutional and ideological flexibility, and their systemic redundancy, all of which together determine the resilience of the system. Yet if we examine particular outbreaks, even the destructive demographic narrative demonstrates the ability of the Eastern Roman state to react both immediately to the increased numbers of deaths, maintain vital administrative efforts, and continue its long-term political goals.

abstract:
  This article surveys some examples of the ways past societies have responded to environmental stressors such as famine, war, and pandemic. We show that people in the past did think about system recovery, but only on a sectoral scale. They did perceive challenges and respond appropriately, but within cultural constraints and resource limitations. Risk mitigation was generally limited in scope, localized, and again determined by cultural logic that may not necessarily have been aware of more than symptoms, rather than actual causes. We also show that risk-managing and risk-mitigating arrangements often favored the vested interests of elites rather than the population more widely, an issue policy makers today still face.


id: cord-314538-l4ek54cu
title: Purification of melibiose‐binding lectins from two cultivars of Chinese black soybeans
author: Lin, Peng
date: 2008-12-16
txt: ./txt/cord-314538-l4ek54cu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314538-l4ek54cu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19089301/
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00488.x
summary:
  The lectin was essentially similar to small glossy black soybean lectin except for a larger subunit molecular mass (31 kDa), a more potent mitogenic activity and lower thermostability. The small glossy black soybean lectin inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells and MCF7 cells with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively (Fig. 4) and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 2.82 µM (Fig. 5) . Chinese small glossy black soybean lectin exerts potent antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 and MCF7 cells, with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively. Thus lectins from the two cultivars of Chinese black soybean appear to differ in subunit molecular mass, thermostability and mitogenic activity, although they share the same N-terminal amino acid sequence and carbohydrate specificity and have similar HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity.

abstract:
  A dimeric 50 kDa melibiose‐binding lectin was isolated from the seeds of the cultivar of soybean (Glycine max), called the small glossy black soybean. The isolation procedure comprised ion exchange chromatography on Q Sepharose, SP Sepharose and Mono Q followed by gel filtration on Superdex 75. The lectin was adsorbed on all three ion exchangers, and it exhibited an N‐terminal sequence identical to that of soybean lectin. Of all the sugars tested, melibiose most potently inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of the lectin, which was stable between pH 3‐12 and 0‐70 °C. The lectin evoked maximal mitogenic response at about the same molar concentration as Con A. However, the response was much weaker. The soybean lectin inhibited the activity of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase as well as the proliferation of breast cancer MCF7 cells and hepatoma HepG2 cells with an IC(50) of 2.82 μM, 2.6 μM and 4.1 μM, respectively. There was no antifungal activity. Another lectin was isolated from a different cultivar of soybean called little black soybean. The lectin was essentially similar to small glossy black soybean lectin except for a larger subunit molecular mass (31 kDa), a more potent mitogenic activity and lower thermostability. The results indicate that different cultivars of soybean produce lectins that are not identical in every aspect.


id: cord-329310-8viyz7me
title: Police Brutality and Racism in America
author: Schwartz, Stephan A.
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-329310-8viyz7me.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1550830720302172
doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.06.010
abstract: nan
summary:
  And yet here I sit, looking day after day at the searing television images of the new civil rights demonstrations, watching videos of white policemen murdering Black men for no reason except they could, thinking they would get away with it, as they had so often in the past. In Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, Britain, and Ireland, police officers generally do not carry firearms." 4 Intermixed with racial brutality on the part of the law enforcement system in the U.S. is the gross misuse of the American military against the American people they are sworn to protect. The Washington Post looked into this issue and tuned the data even finer: "Although half of the people shot and killed by police are white, black Americans are shot at a disproportionate rate.


id: cord-332065-afq26621
title: Racial Disparity Amongst Stroke Patients During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
author: Ghanchi, Hammad
date: 2020-09-10
txt: ./txt/cord-332065-afq26621.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332065-afq26621.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10369
doi: 10.7759/cureus.10369
summary:
  The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A statistically significant increase in the number of Black and Hispanic patients presenting with strokes was noted in California, Pacific hospitals, Western hospitals, and all hospitals in the United States during various months studied comparing 2020 to 2019. Given the recent pandemic and racial disparity among patients afflicted with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible link of this virus and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), we sought to analyze whether there was a disparity for stroke patients presenting to hospitals during this time using the Get with the Guidelines (GWTG) National Stroke Database. The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting to our institution with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.

abstract:
  Introduction The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had deleterious effects on our healthcare system. Lockdown measures have decreased the number of patients presenting to the hospital for non-respiratory illnesses, such as strokes. Moreover, there appears to be a racial disparity among those afflicted with the virus. We sought to assess whether this disparity also existed for patients presenting with strokes. Methods The Get with the Guidelines National Stroke Database was reviewed to assess patients presenting with a final diagnosis of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or spontaneous/nontraumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH). The period of February - May 2020 was chosen given the surge of patients affected with the virus and national shutdowns. Data from this same time during 2019 was used as the control population. Our hospital numbers and four additional regions were assessed (California hospitals, Pacific State hospitals, Western Region hospitals, and all hospitals in the United States). Patients were categorized by race (White, Black/African American, Asian, Native American, Hispanic) in each cohort. The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results A downward trend in total number of patients was noted in all five regional cohorts assessed. A statistically significant increase in the number of Black and Hispanic patients presenting with strokes was noted in California, Pacific hospitals, Western hospitals, and all hospitals in the United States during various months studied comparing 2020 to 2019. A statistically significant increase in the Hispanic population was noted in February and March in all California hospitals (p=0.005 and 0.02, respectively) and Pacific Coast hospitals (p=0.005 and 0.039, respectively). The Western region and all national hospitals noted a significant increase in strokes in the Hispanic population in April (p=0.039 and 0.023, respectively). A statistically significant increase of strokes in the Black population was noted in April in Pacific hospitals, Western region hospitals, and all national hospitals (p=0.039, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected certain racial groups more than others. A similar increase is noted in patients presenting with strokes in these specific racial populations. Moreover, lack of testing for the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be missing a possible link between racial disparity for patients infected with the virus and patients presenting with stroke. The authors advocate for widespread testing for all patients to further assess this correlation.


id: cord-346487-f16uwuzv
title: Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Microplastics, and COVID‐19: Will We Ever Learn?
author: Landis, Wayne G
date: 2020-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-346487-f16uwuzv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346487-f16uwuzv.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542974/
doi: 10.1002/ieam.4279
abstract: nan
summary:
  It has been aptly referred by many scientists as the ultimate Black Swan event; that is to say, an extremely surprising random occurrence that is having a huge impact on the world economy and that experts try to explain away as something that was predictable, if only we had had the imagination to foresee it. The fundamental question society faces today, and most certainly the scientific community, as a consequence of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, is not whether we have sufficient knowledge of the fate and effects of chemicals or plastics or even viruses on the environment and human health; it is whether we are able to connect scientific observation and theoretical study to real-life consequences. We simply do not have sufficient knowledge of our place in nature or control of our imaginations to foresee consequences, ask key questions, and to put a process in place.


id: cord-346603-ooaur990
title: Past pandemics and climate variability across the Mediterranean
author: Luterbacher, J.
date: 2020-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-346603-ooaur990.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346603-ooaur990.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00197-5
doi: 10.1007/s41207-020-00197-5
summary:
  Here, we explore potential associations between pandemic disease and climate over the last 2,500 years in Mediterranean history, focusing on ancient disease outbreaks and the Justinianic plague in particular. To establish whether climatological and environmental factors influenced the emergence of past Mediterranean pandemics knowing where and when the outbreak began, and its pathogenic identity, are fundamental, as are high quality, long-running climate records from different archives, which resolve various aspects of climate and environment change at high spatial and temporal resolution and which also cover the full annual cycle. The Justinianic plague may have emerged from a non-extant reservoir in East Africa or southern Arabia, where sixth-century writers identify the disease first, or farther afield yet, but small genetic variations in the ten late antique plague genomes presently available teach that recorded Justinianic plague recurrences in the Mediterranean region represent not Y.

abstract:
  The influence that meteorological, climatological and environmental factors had on historical disease outbreaks is often speculated upon, but little investigated. Here, we explore potential associations between pandemic disease and climate over the last 2,500 years in Mediterranean history, focusing on ancient disease outbreaks and the Justinianic plague in particular. We underscore variation in the quality, quantity and interpretation of written evidence and proxy information from natural archives, the comlexity of identifying and disentangling past climatological and environmental drivers, and the need to integrate diverse methodologies to discern past climate-disease linkages and leverage historical experiences to prepare for the rapid expansion of novel pathogenic diseases. Although the difficulties entailed in establishing historical climate-pandemic linkages persist to the present, this is a research area as urgent as it is complex and historical perspectives are desperately needed.


id: cord-348848-js36pw2r
title: Will Losing Black Physicians Be a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic?
author: Filut, Amarette
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-348848-js36pw2r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348848-js36pw2r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32739932/
doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003651
summary:
  A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. 4, 6 In this Invited Commentary, we caution that the COVID-19 pandemic, as a further assault on the health of Blacks in this country, may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. Black physicians'' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of contracting COVID-19 are proportionately greater Abstract A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the U.S. physician workforce has relatively few Black physicians. Blacks comprise approximately 13% of the U.S. population but only 5% of practicing physicians. In this Invited Commentary, the authors caution that the COVID-19 pandemic may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. This loss of Black physicians may happen because Black patients are overrepresented among cases of COVID-19, Black physicians care for relatively more Black patients often in settings with less access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and personal protective equipment, and Black physicians have more comorbid chronic conditions that increase their own susceptibility to mortality from COVID-19. All organizations in which physicians train and practice must redouble their efforts to recruit, train, and retain Black physicians. If nothing else, the COVID-19 pandemic must make academic health centers and health care systems recognize Black physicians as the precious resource they are and protect and reward them accordingly.


id: cord-349664-p5j26lvd
title: Racial discrimination as a mediator of racial disparities in insomnia disorder
author: Cheng, Philip
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-349664-p5j26lvd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349664-p5j26lvd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352721820301996
doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.07.007
summary:
  We hypothesized that differences in insomnia severity between racial minority groups and White individuals would be significantly mediated by perceived discrimination. This study examined the role of racial discrimination as a potential mechanism for racial sleep disparities in a large clinical sample comprising White and racial minority groups with DSM-5 insomnia. As such, we also opted to include these sensitivity analyses so they may be considered in the generation of hypotheses for additional research, which should aim to replicate these findings in larger samples and to further examine the complexities and nuances in the mechanisms by which sleep disparities arise within different racial and ethnic minority groups. However, our results are consistent with prior research indicating that racial discrimination was a significant mediator of the prospective relationship between race and sleep disturbances in a sample of college students, 34 and extend this finding to clinically significant insomnia.

abstract:
  STUDY OBJECTIVES: Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to suffer from insomnia that is more severe; however, few studies have examined mechanisms by which racial disparities in severity of insomnia disorder may arise. One potential mechanism for disparities in insomnia severity is perceived discrimination. This study tested discrimination as a mediator in the relationship between race and insomnia. METHODS: Participants were recruited from communities in the Detroit metropolitan area and were diagnosed with insomnia disorder using the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition). The final sample included 1,458 individuals. Insomnia symptom severity was assessed via the Insomnia Severity Index and self-reported racial discrimination was evaluated using a single item. Racial discrimination was tested as a mediator in the relationship between race and insomnia symptom severity. Individuals were categroized as either White or a racial minority (i.e., non White individuals), with sensitivity analyses examining Black individuals and non-Black racial minority groups. RESULTS: Consistent with our hypothesis, racial discrimination was a significant mediator accounting for 57.3% of the relationship between race and insomnia symptom severity. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the indirect effect of racial discrimination was stronger in the non-Black racial minority group compared to Black individuals. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support that racial discrimination is likely an important mechanism by which racial and ethnic sleep disparities exist. Implications for prevention, intervention, and treatment of insomnia in racial minorities to reduce health disparities are discussed.


