# pos

id: cord-257582-e9306xae
pos: RB
token:
  https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/country_one_pager/NL/documents/Global-GfK-survey_Pet-Ownership_2016

lemma:
  https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/country_one_pager/nl/documents/global-gfk-survey_pet-ownership_2016


# ent

id: cord-268693-td6kvmlq
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  lactate dehydrogenase aspartate aminotransferase g glutamyl transferase fibrinogen ferritin C reactive protein


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus influenza viruses and Ebola virus 2e11


id: cord-284883-bkydu285
type: DNA
entity:
  Brazilian physicians Rev Bras Ter Intensiva Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde evidências sobre a confiabilidade dos dados Ciênc


id: cord-353019-7wj0eu1f
type: ORG
entity:
  Gender Work and Organization Breaking the Silence On Men Masculinities and Managements Gender and Power


id: cord-281603-3308f8hm
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify symptoms associated with confirmed cases and risk factors


id: cord-281603-3308f8hm
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify symptoms associated with confirmed cases and


id: cord-261311-j6bmgmhz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine Brazilian Society of Infectology and Brazilian Society of Pneumology and Tisiology


id: cord-261311-j6bmgmhz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Global Burden of Disease Study United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Recommendations


id: cord-329401-b09wj0h7
type: FAC
entity:
  the Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of Animals Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine


id: cord-340942-oatf59k0
type: GGP
entity:
  Guararapes n 43 7 72 Olinda n 43 7 72 Paulista n 30 5 39 São Lourenço da Mata n 23 4 13 and Camaragibe n 16 2 87 The first 304 cases of COVID 19


id: cord-261228-o80y5cic
type: DNA
entity:
  Northeast Sergipe Pernambuco Ceará Bahia Southeast Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro and South Paraná regions


id: cord-339616-4ctpq5v3
type: ORG
entity:
  COVID 19 on Children and Adolescents Brazilian Federal Government 2020 Monitoring Federal Spending on Combating COVID 19


id: cord-004345-7s2m9v2k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ARB 6 33 50 51 116 Prevalence studies also provide interesting information such as the description of


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: GGP
entity:
  p i 1 0 1 p i 1 0 end end Iteration for i 1 n if i round k 1 dT Sder i alpha I i S i 1 p i N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i Ider i alpha I i S i 1 p i N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: GGP
entity:
  Sder i alpha I i S i 1 p i 0 3 N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 3 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: GGP
entity:
  Sder i alpha I i S i 1 p i 0 4 N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 4 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT i 1 p i 0 45 N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 45 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT I 1 for i 2 Tf I_per_day i I i 1


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i Ider i alpha I i S i 1 p i N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT ylabel Recovered people n o of people Sobre


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 2 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 25 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 3 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 4 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT i 1 p i 0 45 N gamma theta S i Rder i beta I i i S i 1 p i 0 45 N beta I i R i 1 R i Rder i dT I i 1 I i Ider i dT S i 1 S i Sder i dT I 1 for i 2 Tf I_per_day i I i 1 dT


id: cord-315624-57kzulqv
type: DISEASE
entity:
  protective behaviors 95 CI 0 33 0 86 with those who earned more being more likely to adopt more protective behaviors


id: cord-315624-57kzulqv
type: DISEASE
entity:
  protective behaviors J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f J o u r n a l P r e p r o o f The Health Belief Model


id: cord-329536-3xsncmyi
type: ORG
entity:
  Prevalence Impairment Comorbidity and Detection Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety


id: cord-035347-adzkwzz2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  EXCLI J DOI 10 17179 excli2020 2887 sha 6512b80e8c0752396e677a5ea0f3378907828d49 doc_id 35347 cord_uid adzkwzz2 nan


id: cord-268296-w0i7rhru
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  influenza B virus Public Health Foundation Influenza Seasonal World Health Organization WHO position paper


id: cord-307306-ju0vcalk
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 9339 sha f844756ba86cbb92e2d6fd034c574f8e0359a23e doc_id 307306 cord_uid ju0vcalk Because of a recent politically biased Lancet editorial the world s opinion has been directed against the Brazilian government over the rising numbers of COVID 19


id: cord-307306-ju0vcalk
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N De Oliveira Souza Ricardo Gorgulho Alessandra De Salles Antonio title Upholding Scientific Duty Amidst


id: cord-347830-4rlcozy4
type: ORG
entity:
  Citrus World Markets and Trade United States Department Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service Citrus Fruit Processing Citrus World Markets and Trade Physical


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: DNA
entity:
  Egyptian Aswan High Dam Khalil 1949 Strickland 1982 the Sudanese Gezira Managil Dam Amin 1977 Omer 1978 Teklehaimanot


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: FAC
entity:
  the WHO FAO United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: ORG
entity:
  United States Distribution of Insecticide Treated Bednets During an Integrated Nationwide Immunization Campaign Togo Pathogenic


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: ORG
entity:
  the Joint WHO FAO UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control PEEM Avaliação


id: cord-349624-2sypsfba
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Ferigato Sabrina Fernandez Michelle Amorim Melania Ambrogi Ilana Fernandes Luísa M M Pacheco Rafaela


id: cord-283291-lj3k53px
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  des avantages de l inoculation pour la prevenir Daniel Bernoulli s epidemiological model revisited A


id: cord-355800-g1xol1bw
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Luciano A Favorito 1 2 regional


id: cord-256553-iw5squ6n
type: GGP
entity:
  total_cases x total_deaths x and total_recoveries x are the total number of positive cases deaths and recovered patients respectively until day x The measure


id: cord-286130-4f7otdx1
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Ethical Committee for Research Brazilian Ministry of Health CONEP Comissão Nacional de Ética


id: cord-312555-qytl2vqt
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  NE Brazil Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas Ethnobotany in intermedical spaces the case of the Fulni


id: cord-300795-s7y9m8iu
type: DNA
entity:
  Chicken date 2016 10 13 journal Genome Announc DOI 10 1128 genomea 01135 16 sha 83ee38f0c4d9191d4f6cad59de96a20a50c18417 doc_id 300795 cord_uid s7y9m8iu Avian coronavirus


id: cord-300795-s7y9m8iu
type: DNA
entity:
  genes spike S nt 20308 to 23817 3a nt 23817 to 23990 3b 23990 to 24181 envelope E nt 24165 to 24488 membrane M nt 24457 to 25137 5a nt 25497 to 25694 5b nt 25691 to 25939 and nucleocapsid N 25882 to 27111


id: cord-127293-mujyq3kk
type: PERSON
entity:
  Jose Souza Joabe Marcos de Pedroso Wellington Amorim Pedreiro Rodrigo Cunha de Mello Brizzi Bruno de Matos Abinader Ellysson


id: cord-287488-h102xn29
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  LVCM COVID 19 working group members Bruna Larotonda Telezynski Camila Araujo Valério Fabyano Bruno Leal Ralyria Mello and Vanessa Nascimento Chalup and to the Brazilian Mail Company and the MCTIC of Brazil for the logistic support in virus distribution


id: cord-287488-h102xn29
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo


id: cord-102490-yvcrv94c
type: ORG
entity:
  Artificial Intelligence Applied to Software Paraconsistent Measurement Software Post Undergraduate Degree


id: cord-102490-yvcrv94c
type: ORG
entity:
  Information Technology POST GRADUATE Teaching for Higher Education FALC Faculty Aldeia de Carapicuíba POST


# url

id: cord-257582-e9306xae
domain: www.gfk.com
url:
  http://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/country_one_pager/NL/documents/Global-GfK-survey_Pet-Ownership_2016


# bib

id: cord-000566-271vldil
author: Lacerda, Marcus VG
date: 2012-01-09
txt: ./txt/cord-000566-271vldil.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000566-271vldil.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268102/
doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-12
summary:
  A systematic review of the Brazilian indexed and non-indexed literature on complicated cases of vivax malaria was performed including published articles, masters'' dissertations, doctoral theses and national congresses'' abstracts. In the Amazon, HIV prevalence is estimated to be~1% (unpublished data), which makes opportunistic diseases less prone to impact on severe clinical complications of vivax malaria, as is the case for falciparum malaria in Africa. Despite not being frequent in Brazil, Plasmodium malariae is found in some scattered areas [120] , and as a potential cause of glomerulonephritis [121] , this parasite should be ruled out by molecular biology tools whenever acute renal failure is detected in a malarial patient with vivax infection, due to similarities of these two species at routine optical microscopy. Malaria and sickle cell anemia: report of complications and clinical management of three patients in a highly endemic area for Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon Severe malaria in patient with Plasmodium vivax infection: a case report

title:
  Understanding the clinical spectrum of complicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a systematic review on the contributions of the Brazilian literature

abstract:
  The resurgence of the malaria eradication agenda and the increasing number of severe manifestation reports has contributed to a renewed interested in the Plasmodium vivax infection. It is the most geographically widespread parasite causing human malaria, with around 2.85 billion people living under risk of infection. The Brazilian Amazon region reports more than 50% of the malaria cases in Latin America and since 1990 there is a marked predominance of this species, responsible for 85% of cases in 2009. However, only a few complicated cases of P. vivax have been reported from this region. A systematic review of the Brazilian indexed and non-indexed literature on complicated cases of vivax malaria was performed including published articles, masters' dissertations, doctoral theses and national congresses' abstracts. The following information was retrieved: patient characteristics (demographic, presence of co-morbidities and, whenever possible, associated genetic disorders); description of each major clinical manifestation. As a result, 27 articles, 28 abstracts from scientific events' annals and 13 theses/dissertations were found, only after 1987. Most of the reported information was described in small case series and case reports of patients from all the Amazonian states, and also in travellers from Brazilian non-endemic areas. The more relevant clinical complications were anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, jaundice and acute respiratory distress syndrome, present in all age groups, in addition to other more rare clinical pictures. Complications in pregnant women were also reported. Acute and chronic co-morbidities were frequent, however death was occasional. Clinical atypical cases of malaria are more frequent than published in the indexed literature, probably due to a publication bias. In the Brazilian Amazon (considered to be a low to moderate intensity area of transmission), clinical data are in accordance with the recent findings of severity described in diverse P. vivax endemic areas (especially anaemia in Southeast Asia), however in this region both children and adults are affected. Finally, gaps of knowledge and areas for future research are opportunely pointed out.


id: cord-004345-7s2m9v2k
title: The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil
author: Ishak, Ricardo
date: 2020-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-004345-7s2m9v2k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004345-7s2m9v2k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7023703/
doi: 10.1186/s12977-020-0512-z
summary:
  HTLV human infections in the Amazon region of Brazil have been recorded by several studies that considered widely different populations, including blood donors, pregnant women, urban familial aggregates and native indigenous people. Human infections by HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil have been recorded by several studies involving blood donors [82, [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] , pregnant women [103] [104] [105] [106] , urban familial aggregates [42] and native Indians [6, 56] (Fig. 1) . A large distribution of HTLV-2 was shown among Indians communities not only in the State of Para but also in the Amazon area of Brazil, reaching confirmed prevalence rates of more than 40% [6, 51, 56, 63] among some Indian communities and the detection of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c) that was soon also described in urban areas outside of the ARB [6, 33, 50, 51, 116] . Molecular epidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus type II infection in Amerindian and urban populations of the Amazon region of Brazil

abstract:
  HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.


id: cord-011411-hufxjf5p
author: Oliveira, Thalita Evani Silva
date: 2019-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-011411-hufxjf5p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011411-hufxjf5p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7228412/
doi: 10.1111/tbed.13223
summary:
  Most of these investigations used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and identified infectious agents of BRD such as Histophilus somni (Headley, Alfieri, Oliveira, Beuttemmuller, & Alfieri, 2014; Headley et al., 2018) , bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, BoHV-1 (Suarez Heinlein et al., 1993) , bovine respiratory syncytial virus, BRSV (Arns et al., 2003; Headley et al., 2017) , bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV (Cortez et al., 2006; Flores, Ridpath, Weiblen, Vogel, & Gil, 2002; Otonel et al., 2014; Silveira et al., 2017) , bovine coronavirus, BCoV (Headley et al., 2018) , Pasteurella multocida Headley et al., 2018) , Mannheimia haemolytica Headley et al., 2018) and Mycoplasma bovis (Tortorelli et al., 2017) . Furthermore, studies done in Brazil using serology identified seropositivity to infectious disease agents including BoHV-1 (Barbosa, Brito, & Alfaia, 2005; Fernandes, Pimenta, Pituco, Brasil, & Azevedo, 2016) , bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, BPIV-3 (Gonçalves et al., 2003) , BRSV (Driemeier et al., 1997) , and BVDV (Flores et al., 2005; Wageck Canal, Strasser, Hertig, Masuda, & Peterhans, 1998) and

title:
  Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows

abstract:
  The etiology and pathologic findings of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in adult dairy cows (n = 35) from a commercial dairy herd in Southern Brazil were investigated. Pulmonary samples were examined for histopathologic patterns and specific features within these patterns, while immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were designed to detect the intralesional antigens of viral infectious disease agents and Mycoplasma bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 91.4% (32/35) of these cases; neither pneumonia nor any of the infectious disease pathogens evaluated occurred in three cows. The presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 75% (24/32) of these cases indicated the complex origin of pneumonia in cattle. Interstitial pneumonia, necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and suppurative bronchopneumonia were the principal patterns of pulmonary disease identified by histopathology. The most frequent pathogens identified by IHC were bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; n = 18), M. bovis (n = 16) and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV‐1; n = 14), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; n = 11) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV‐3; n = 5). Obliterative bronchiolitis and peribronchial lymphocytic cuffings were the characteristic histopathologic features associated with M. bovis. Necrohemorrhagic bronchitis with bronchial angiogenesis was associated with BoHV‐1. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis were associated with BVDV, BoHV‐1 and BRSV. Ballooning degeneration of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia was associated with BRSV and BoHV‐1. This is the first report from Brazil that correlated the histopathologic findings of BRD with the associated infectious disease agents by immunohistochemistry. M. bovis was frequently detected in the tissues of cows with fatal pulmonary disease during this study and may be a possible primary disease pathogen associated with the development of BRD in dairy cows. Additionally, the histopathologic features identified within patterns of pulmonary disease during this investigation may be an efficient diagnostic tool to associate histopathologic findings with specific agents of BRD in dairy cows.


id: cord-011669-hkkpw2bl
title: Lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs
author: Rodríguez-Sánchez, Diego Noé
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-011669-hkkpw2bl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011669-hkkpw2bl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7305484/
doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00528-0
summary:
  Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. CONCLUSIONS: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of lissencephaly in Shih Tzu dogs have not been reported previously, and reports of concomitant brain malformations are scarce. Magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with lissencephaly showed thickened cortical gray matter with smooth appearance, an abnormally small internal capsule, and absence of the major gyri and sulci when compared with healthy Shih Tzu dogs (Additional file 2).

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by smooth and thickened cerebral surface, which may result in structural epilepsy. Lissencephaly is not common in veterinary medicine. Here, we characterize the first cases of lissencephaly in four Shih Tzu dogs, including clinical presentations and findings of magnetic resonance imaging of lissencephaly and several concomitant brain malformations. CASE PRESENTATION: Early-onset acute signs of forebrain abnormalities were observed in all dogs, which were mainly cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Based on neurological examination, the findings were consistent with symmetrical and bilateral forebrain lesions. Metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases were excluded. Magnetic resonance imaging for three dogs showed diffuse neocortical agyria and thickened gray matter while one dog had mixed agyria and pachygyria. Other features, such as internal hydrocephalus, supracollicular fluid accumulation, and corpus callosum hypoplasia, were detected concomitantly. Antiepileptic drugs effectively controlled cluster seizures, however, sporadic isolated seizures and signs of forebrain abnormalities, such as behavioral alterations, central blindness, and strabismus persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Lissencephaly should be considered an important differential diagnosis in Shih Tzu dogs presenting with early-onset signs of forebrain abnormalities, including cluster seizures and behavioral alterations. Magnetic resonance imaging was appropriate for ante-mortem diagnosis of lissencephaly and associated cerebral anomalies.


id: cord-021377-1qac76tn
title: Leopardus braccatus (Carnivora: Felidae)
author: Barstow, Anita L.
date: 2012-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-021377-1qac76tn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021377-1qac76tn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149469/
doi: 10.1644/891.1
summary:
  Using morphological characteristics, Garcia-Perea (1994) assessed the taxonomy of some South American small felids, formerly grouped under Felis eoloeolo, with 86 specimens from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, consisting of 72 study skins and 51 skulls, from 8 North American, South American, and European collections. Garcia-Perea (1994) describes all species in the "pampas cat" group, including Leopardus braccatus, as follows: face has 2 transverse brown to black lines that cross each cheek; superior line starts in the external comer of the eye; inferior line is almost parallel running up around the lateral side of the cheeks; and a 3rd line appears in some specimens at the dorsal end of the inferior line coming from under the chin and throat, creating a sharp angle where the 2 meet on the lateroposterior side of the cheeks.

abstract:
  Leopardus braccatus (Cope, 1889) is a small felid—not much larger than a domestic house cat—commonly called the Pantanal cat. No comprehensive surveys have been conducted to determine how many L. braccatus exist in the wild. It is found in humid, warm grasslands and wooded areas of extreme northwestern Argentina, southwestern and south- and north-central (newly reported ranges) Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Habitat loss and degradation are considered major threats throughout most of its range. It is uncommon in captivity and museum collections, listed with all Felidae under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and considered “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in the pampas cat group ( = L. colocolo).


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology
author: Lara, R.J.
date: 2012-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271162/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9
summary:
  The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms).

abstract:
  This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri- and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats.


id: cord-032786-ps2mtin4
title: Bolsonaro’s Brazilian Christofascism during the Easter period plagued by Covid-19
author: Py, Fábio
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-032786-ps2mtin4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032786-ps2mtin4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7521570/
doi: 10.1007/s41603-020-00120-4
summary:
  Thus, precisely in the period of the celebration of the death and resurrection of the Christian Messiah, we sought to connect Bolsonaro with the figure of Jesus, placing him as the country''s savior in the posts on his social networks. The political operation of religious use further legitimizes authoritarianism in Brazil, here addressed as "Brazilian Christofascism." The fact constitutes itself as Bolsonarism (Almeida 2019) fabricates an endless "war of the gods" as a strategy to shape a theology of power sustained in the memory of the colonizing European Christ (Dussel 2012) . The scene was woven (Rancière 2012 ) in a video, with a little more than 4 min on the YouTube channel of the Getsemani Baptist Church (Igreja Batista Getsêmani 2020), by the title "Outcry and fast for Brazil -April 5th -summoning of the president Jair Messias Bolsonaro" to call the population to #JejumpeloBrasil, scheduled for April 5, 2020, and posted on the presidential Instagram (Bolsonaro 2020a) .

abstract:
  The article highlights the media actions of the president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, in the face of the expansion of the pandemic of the new coronavirus, Covid-19, in Brazil. For this, the Easter week of 2020 was separated when a comparative operation of Bolsonaro with the figure of Jesus Christ, in his social networks—a tip of what we call Brazilian Christofascism—was woven. Thus, precisely in the period of the celebration of the death and resurrection of the Christian Messiah, we sought to connect Bolsonaro with the figure of Jesus, placing him as the country’s savior in the posts on his social networks. For this demonstration we assume that each post would be a “scene,” which are “politically staged dramatic acts” (Rancière), in this case, media scenes. Therefore, we argue that during the period, the intellectuals of the Bolsonaro government designed seven scenes to readjust the presidential figure to Christianity for its loss of popularity for the public defense of vertical isolation.


id: cord-035347-adzkwzz2
title: Brazil’s research budget: endless setbacks
author: Quintans-Júnior, Lucindo José
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-035347-adzkwzz2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035347-adzkwzz2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7658462/
doi: 10.17179/excli2020-2887
abstract: nan
summary:
  Recently, the Brazilian government presented its draft 2021 budget bill (PLOA) to congress, which includes proposals for science funding for 2021. A closer analysis of the data reveals a 29 % budget reduction for universities and higher education between 2015 and 2021 (R$ 13.5 billion to R $ 9.6 billion) (PLOA, 2021; Angelo, 2017) and an unacceptable 41 % cut in research funding from 2015 to 2019. Figure 1 shows a clear gap between forecast budgets and what was actually spent on funding Brazilian science, all against a background of the demagogic rhetoric of populism of the current government (2020 consider the 2015-2019 average execution of forecasting). This was a fund created to finance Brazilian science and innovation, but the data clearly shows any increasing gap between the funds theoretically available (budget), and those actually spent (executed) on projects for the development of science in Brazil.


id: cord-102490-yvcrv94c
title: The General Law Principles for Protection the Personal Data and their Importance
author: Souza, Jonatas S. de
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-102490-yvcrv94c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102490-yvcrv94c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.14313v1.pdf
doi: 10.5121/csit.2020.101110
summary:
  The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the principles of the General Law on Personal Data Protection, informing real cases of leakage of personal data and thus obtaining an understanding of the importance of gains that meet the interests of Internet users on the subject and its benefits to the entire Brazilian society. On April 23rd, 2014, Law No. 12,965, now known as Marco Civil da Internet [1] , was approved, establishing principles, guarantees, rights, and duties for the use of the Internet in Brazil, and has the guarantee of privacy and protection of personal data, and will only make such data available through a court order. DispÃµe sobre a proteÃ§Ã£o de dados pessoais e altera a Lei nÂº 12.965, de 23 de abril de 2014 (Marco Civil da Internet)

abstract:
  Rapid technological change and globalization have created new challenges when it comes to the protection and processing of personal data. In 2018, Brazil presented a new law that has the proposal to inform how personal data should be collected and treated, to guarantee the security and integrity of the data holder. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the principles of the General Law on Personal Data Protection, informing real cases of leakage of personal data and thus obtaining an understanding of the importance of gains that meet the interests of Internet users on the subject and its benefits to the entire Brazilian society.


id: cord-103179-naynznc1
author: Simon, L. M.
date: 2020-11-04
txt: ./txt/cord-103179-naynznc1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103179-naynznc1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.02.20224444v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.11.02.20224444
summary:
  Methodology/Principal findings Here we gathered essential socioeconomic factors comprising demography, infrastructure, and urbanization over 5570 municipalities across Brazil and evaluated their relative effect on dengue prevalence jointly with a previously predicted temperature suitability for transmission. Here we gathered essential socioeconomic factors comprising demography, 25 infrastructure, and urbanization over 5570 municipalities across Brazil and evaluated 26 their relative effect on dengue prevalence jointly with a previously predicted 27 temperature suitability for transmission. Our study indicates that sanitation, urbanization, and GDP are 39 regional indicators that should be considered along with temperature suitability for 40 dengue transmission, setting a good starting point to effective vector-borne disease 41 control. For each Brazilian municipality, we likewise gathered important socio-economic 168 predictors to the distribution and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases (see Table A 169 in S1 Appendix), which were: human population density, urbanization, population size, is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint

title:
  Are temperature suitability and socioeconomic factors reliable predictors of dengue transmission in Brazil?

abstract:
  Background Dengue disease is an ongoing problem, especially in tropical countries. Like many other vector-borne diseases, the spread of dengue is driven by a myriad of climate and socioeconomic factors. Over recent years, mechanistic approaches have predicted areas of dengue risk according to the temperature effect on mosquitos' lifespan and incubation period shaping their persistence and competence in transmission. Within developing countries such as Brazil, heterogeneities on socioeconomic factors are expected to create variable conditions for dengue transmission by its main vectors. However, both the relative role of socioeconomic aspects and its association with the temperature effect in determining the effective dengue prevalence are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal findings Here we gathered essential socioeconomic factors comprising demography, infrastructure, and urbanization over 5570 municipalities across Brazil and evaluated their relative effect on dengue prevalence jointly with a previously predicted temperature suitability for transmission. Using a simultaneous autoregressive approach (SAR), we showed that the variability in the prevalence of dengue cases across Brazil is highly explained by the combined effect of climate and socio-economic factors. Moreover, the temperature effect on transmission potential might be a better proxy at some dengue epidemy seasons but the socioeconomic factors are tightly linked with the recent increase of the dengue prevalence over Brazil. Conclusions/Significance In a large and heterogeneous country such as Brazil recognizing the drivers of transmission by mosquitoes is a fundamental issue to effectively predict and combat tropical neglected diseases as dengue. Ultimately, it indicates that not considering socioeconomic factors in disease transmission predictions might compromise efficient strategies of surveillance. Our study indicates that sanitation, urbanization, and GDP are regional indicators that should be considered along with temperature suitability for dengue transmission, setting a good starting point to effective vector-borne disease control.


id: cord-127293-mujyq3kk
title: Mathematical model of COVID-19 intervention scenarios for Sao Paulo- Brazil
author: Neto, Osmar Pinto
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-127293-mujyq3kk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-127293-mujyq3kk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.09426v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Our results suggest the best-case strategy for Sao Paulo is to maintain or increase the current magnitude of social distancing for at least 60 more days and increase the current levels of personal protection behaviors by a minimum of 10% (e.g., wearing facemasks, proper hand hygiene and avoid agglomeration). Several factors may lead to differences in intervention strategies on COVID-19 infection and death rates for São Paulo, Brazil compared to other states and countries. Therefore, the purpose of the current investigation is to model COVID-19 SD intervention strategies on transmission dynamics in São Paulo, Brazil and to determine best-case scenarios. Currently, Brazil has the highest rate of transmission in the world with an estimated R0 of 2.81 6 , indicating that it has yet to contain the first peak in infections and associated deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  An epidemiological compartmental model was used to simulate social distancing strategies to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and prevent a second wave in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Optimization using genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimal solutions. Our results suggest the best-case strategy for Sao Paulo is to maintain or increase the current magnitude of social distancing for at least 60 more days and increase the current levels of personal protection behaviors by a minimum of 10% (e.g., wearing facemasks, proper hand hygiene and avoid agglomeration). Followed by a long-term oscillatory level of social distancing with a stepping-down approach every 80 days over a period of two years with continued protective behavior.


id: cord-176540-48mapwlq
title: COVID-19: A model for studying the evolution of contamination in Brazil
author: Schulz, Rodrigo A.
date: 2020-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-176540-48mapwlq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-176540-48mapwlq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13932v4.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  The present work explores the building of a variation of the SIR model in order to cover relevant conditions present in the Brazilian context, such as: 1) daily mortality and daily birth rates (which change, over time, the population) and 2) the gradual reduction of the population susceptible to the disease in fuction of social distancing measures. And in respect to III, it is assumed that, with the evolution of the epidemic, people will begin to isolate themselves socially, whether by individual will or governmental determination, so that the susceptible population is also reduced due to this factor [8] . To correct the problematic points in assertions I, II and III, one can add terms in the equations (1), (2) and (3) in order to operate them according to the logic of a growing susceptible population, where there are reductions resulting from deaths and from social isolation processes, as well as an increase in the number of susceptible people due to the birth rate.

abstract:
  In the present article we introduce an epidemiological model for the investigation of the spread of epidemics caused by viruses. The model is applied specifically to COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus (aka"novel coronavirus"). The SIR (Susceptible - Infectious - Recovered) model is used as a basis for studying the evolution of the epidemic. Nevertheless, we have modified some of the model hypotheses in order to obtain an estimate of the contamination free of overestimated predictions. This extended model is then applied to the case of the recent advance of the epidemic in Brazil. In this regard, it is possible to obtain the evolution for the number of infectious significantly close to that provided by current data. Accordingly, we evaluate possible future scenarios for the disease spread. Regarding the population susceptibility, we consider different social behaviors in response to quarantine measures and precautions to avoid contagion. We conclude that the future scenario of the epidemic depends significantly on the social behavior adopted to date, as well as on the contagion control measures. The extent of such measures would be likely to cause thousands, millions or tens of millions of contaminations in the next few months.


id: cord-199107-01w8fk5f
author: Savi, Pedro V.
date: 2020-04-07
txt: ./txt/cord-199107-01w8fk5f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-199107-01w8fk5f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.03495v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  As an initial step of the developed analysis, a model verification is carried out using information available on Worldometer (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/), considering different countries (Last updates: China -March 26, Italy -Mar 21; Iran -Mar 26; Brazil -Mar 24). Italian case is now in focus considering parameters presented in Table 4 with a population of N = 60.48106 and an initial state with 20 infected persons ( 0 = 20). Iran case is now treated considering the parameters presented in Table 5 with a population of N = 81.16106 and an initial state with 20 infected persons ( 0 = 20). Brazilian case is now of concern considering parameters presented in Table 6 with a population of N = 209.3106 and an initial state with 10 infected person ( 0 = 10).

title:
  A Mathematical Description of the Dynamics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Case Study of Brazil

abstract:
  This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and numerical simulations related to the coronavirus dynamics. A description is developed based on the framework of susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model. Initially, a model verification is carried out calibrating system parameters with data from China, Italy, Iran and Brazil. Afterward, numerical simulations are performed to analyzed different scenarios of COVID-19 in Brazil. Results show the importance of governmental and individual actions to control the number and the period of the critical situations related to the pandemic.


id: cord-214822-pfx1eh5b
title: A fractal viewpoint to COVID-19 infection
author: Sotolongo-Costa, Oscar
date: 2020-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-214822-pfx1eh5b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-214822-pfx1eh5b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.07310v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  The temporal evolution of contagion over different countries and worldwide brings up a common dynamic characteristic, in particular, its fast rise to reach a maximum followed by a slow decrease (incidentally, very similar to other epidemic processes) suggesting some kind of relaxation process, which we try to deal with, since relaxation is, essentially, a process where the parameters characterizing a system are altered, followed by a tendency to equilibrium values. In this case there is, apart from the change of propagation and development conditions, the possibility for a given country that does not satisfies condition (8), to reach "herd immunity", i.e., when the number of contagions has reached about 60% of population, in which case we may calculate the time to reach such state using (4), assuming t 0 = 0: In Table I we present the relevant fitting parameters, including herd immunity time, T hi and T 1000 , the time to reach a rate of 1000 infections daily.

abstract:
  One of the central tools to control the COVID-19 pandemics is the knowledge of its spreading dynamics. Here we develop a fractal model capable of describe this dynamics, in term of daily new cases, and provide quantitative criteria for some predictions. We propose a fractal dynamical model using conformed derivative and fractal time scale. A Burr-XII shaped solution of the fractal-like equation is obtained. The model is tested using data from several countries, showing that a single function is able to describe very different shapes of the outbreak. The diverse behavior of the outbreak on those countries is presented and discussed. Moreover, a criterion to determine the existence of the pandemic peak and a expression to find the time to reach herd immunity are also obtained.


id: cord-221717-h1h2vd3r
author: Scabini, Leonardo F. S.
date: 2020-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-221717-h1h2vd3r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-221717-h1h2vd3r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.08125v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Therefore this study presents a new approach to model the COVID-19 epidemic using a multi-layer complex network, where nodes represent people, edges are social contacts, and layers represent different social activities. The SIR model on networks works as follows: each node represents a person and, the elements are connected according to some criteria and the epidemic propagation happens through an agent-based approach. At the end of the evolution of a SIR model applied to a network, the number of nodes in each SIR category (susceptible, infected and recovered) can be calculated for each unit of time evaluated and then compare these data with real information, for example, the hospital capabilities of the health system. Unlike the traditional SIR model, which consists of a single β term to describe the probability of infection, here we propose a dynamic strategy to better represent the real world and the new COVID-19 disease.

title:
  Social Interaction Layers in Complex Networks for the Dynamical Epidemic Modeling of COVID-19 in Brazil

abstract:
  We are currently living in a state of uncertainty due to the pandemic caused by the Sars-CoV-2 virus. There are several factors involved in the epidemic spreading such as the individual characteristics of each city/country. The true shape of the epidemic dynamics is a large, complex system such as most of the social systems. In this context, Complex networks are a great candidate to analyze these systems due to their ability to tackle structural and dynamical properties. Therefore this study presents a new approach to model the COVID-19 epidemic using a multi-layer complex network, where nodes represent people, edges are social contacts, and layers represent different social activities. The model improves the traditional SIR and it is applied to study the Brazilian epidemic by analyzing possible future actions and their consequences. The network is characterized using statistics of infection, death, and hospitalization time. To simulate isolation, social distancing, or precautionary measures we remove layers and/or reduce the intensity of social contacts. Results show that even taking various optimistic assumptions, the current isolation levels in Brazil still may lead to a critical scenario for the healthcare system and a considerable death toll (average of 149,000). If all activities return to normal, the epidemic growth may suffer a steep increase, and the demand for ICU beds may surpass 3 times the country's capacity. This would surely lead to a catastrophic scenario, as our estimation reaches an average of 212,000 deaths even considering that all cases are effectively treated. The increase of isolation (up to a lockdown) shows to be the best option to keep the situation under the healthcare system capacity, aside from ensuring a faster decrease of new case occurrences (months of difference), and a significantly smaller death toll (average of 87,000).


id: cord-252345-06jdg26s
title: COVID‐19 pandemic: Beyond medical education in Brazil
author: Carvalho, Vitor Oliveira
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-252345-06jdg26s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252345-06jdg26s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14646
doi: 10.1111/jocs.14646
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 The current pandemic has also brought new challenges to medical education in general (eg, physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and pharmaceuticals). 3 In Brazil, a developing country, the public healthcare system is known to work almost at the maximum of its capacity, which makes the population fear the tragic consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. During an exponential increase in COVID-19 in Brazil, a change in our education system is necessary to minimize the possible staff deficit and to avoid massive contamination of students. 5, 6 In a recent article, Newman and Lattouf brilliantly showed the concern about medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessity of adaptation through technological innovation. However, in a developing country, like Brazil, this scenario is more challenging. What are we learning from this pandemic to improve our educational system and public health? Medical student education in the time of COVID-19


id: cord-256553-iw5squ6n
title: Brazil: the emerging epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic
author: Neiva, Mariane Barros
date: 2020-10-21
txt: ./txt/cord-256553-iw5squ6n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256553-iw5squ6n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33111917/
doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0550-2020
summary:
  RESULTS: Results show that while other countries have flattened their curves and present low numbers of active cases, Brazil continues to see an increase in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: All analyses show that Brazil is not ready for reopening, and the premature easing of restrictions may increase the number of COVID-19-related deaths and cause the collapse of the public health system. However, one can see that Brazil and the United States, the second and first countries, respectively, in the number of confirmed cases, do not follow the same patterns in the new cases/deaths and active case graphs, as shown in Figures 1g and 1h . This is because São Paulo is the industrial center FIGURE 3: Besides the high number of cases in Brazil, the country is known for its lower testing rate.

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Five months after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Brazil, the country has the second highest number of cases in the world. Without any scientifically proven drug or vaccine available combined with COVID-19’s high transmissivity, slowing down the spread of the infection is a challenge. In an attempt to save the economy, the Brazilian government is slowly beginning to allow non-essential services to reopen for in-person customers. METHODS: In this study, we analyze, based on data analysis and statistics, how other countries evolve and under which conditions they decided to resume normal activity. In addition, due to the heterogeneity of Brazil, we explore Brazilian data of COVID-19 from the State Health Secretaries to evaluate the situation of the pandemic within the states. RESULTS: Results show that while other countries have flattened their curves and present low numbers of active cases, Brazil continues to see an increase in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, a number of important states are easing restrictions despite a high percentage of confirmed cases. CONCLUSIONS: All analyses show that Brazil is not ready for reopening, and the premature easing of restrictions may increase the number of COVID-19-related deaths and cause the collapse of the public health system.


id: cord-257582-e9306xae
author: Day, M. J.
date: 2020-03-30
txt: ./txt/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257582-e9306xae.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32227347/
doi: 10.1111/jsap.13125
summary:
  The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research.

title:
  Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group

abstract:
  The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.


id: cord-261228-o80y5cic
author: Jorge, D. C. P.
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-261228-o80y5cic.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261228-o80y5cic.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.20140780
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.26.20140780
summary:
  In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. In this work, we comparatively analyze the evolution of the COVID-19 transmission rate and reproductive number in all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities, establishing links with measures of governmental restrictions (NPIs) implemented in each region together with the human behaviour response, particularly the adherence to recommendations of social distancing. In this work we evaluated the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and social mobility reduction patterns on the spread dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 throughout the 27 Brazilian states, by employing an underlying SEIR model to estimate TRs. Our results show that the measures adopted, combined with the population adherence to restrict circulation, contributed to the decrease of the TR in almost all states, an effect that was perceived in both capitals and inland cities.

title:
  Assessing the nationwide impact of COVID-19 mitigation policies on the transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil

abstract:
  COVID-19 is now identified in almost all countries in the world, with poorer regions being particularly more disadvantaged to efficiently mitigate the impacts of the pandemic. In the absence of efficient therapeutics or vaccines, control strategies are currently based on non-pharmaceutical interventions, comprising changes in population behavior and governmental interventions, among which the prohibition of mass gatherings, closure of non-essential establishments, quarantine and movement restrictions. In this work we analyzed the effects of 547 published governmental interventions, and population adherence thereof, on the dynamics of COVID-19 cases across all 27 Brazilian states, with emphasis on state capitals and remaining inland cities. A generalized SEIR model with a time-varying transmission rate (TR), that considers transmission by asymptomatic individuals, is presented. Confirmed COVID-19 cases were used to calibrate the model parameters using non-linear least squares methods. We analyze the changes on the TR and effective reproduction number as a function of both the extent of enforced measures across Brazilian states as well as population movement. The social mobility reduction index, a measure of population movement, together with the stringency index, adapted to incorporate the degree of restrictions imposed by governmental regulations, were used in conjunction to quantify and compare the effects of varying degrees of policy strictness across Brazilian states. Our results show that population adherence to social distance recommendations plays an important role for the effectiveness of interventions, and represents a major challenge to the control of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries.


id: cord-261311-j6bmgmhz
author: Parreiras Martins, Maria Auxiliadora
date: 2020-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-261311-j6bmgmhz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261311-j6bmgmhz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837194/
doi: 10.1007/s40267-020-00761-7
summary:
  COVID-19 patients may present high risk in the use of medications and clinical pharmacists can contribute substantially as part of a multidisciplinary team to improve outcomes in drug therapy in severe and critical illness. The course of an intense inflammatory process leads to alterations in many Review of patients'' medical history Provision of real-time assessment and evidence-based (when possible) advice on drug therapy Support on safe use of medications brought from home Medication reconciliation at different levels of transition of care Simplification of drug administration schedule to reduce the exposure of nurses to COVID-19 patients Monitoring of potential drug-drug, drug-food interactions and adverse drug reactions Adjustments in dosing regimens according to liver and kidney functions Prevention of medication errors Optimization of drug therapy and electrolytes to minimize the risk of prolonged corrected QT intervals and torsade de pointes Support on lung-protective ventilation and neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate ventilator synchrony Provision of conservative fluid strategies and monitoring of vasopressors use Monitoring of empirical antibiotics for suspected bacterial co-infection with rigorous de-escalation Employment of FASTHUG-MAIDENS mnemonic to identify drug-related problems in intensive care units Support on drug information to patients and multidisciplinary teams, following biosafety protocols Considerations on special situations (pediatrics, older adults, people with chronic diseases, allergies) Research and continuing education Precise documentation of pharmaceutical interventions laboratory tests in patients with acute or severe/critical illness.

title:
  Preparedness of pharmacists to respond to the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a comprehensive overview

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries is worrisome due to the social inequalities in these countries, their limited health budgets and the significant burden of other acute and chronic diseases. The leap in the number of cases in Brazil has imposed a huge strain on the healthcare system. We sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges encountered by pharmacy services in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Brazil and discuss the role of clinical pharmacists in this context. Pharmaceutical services play a key role in the emergency response to the pandemic. The pharmacy workforce has been actively working to manage drug shortages, redesign workflow, and review drug formularies/protocols to improve safety for patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19 patients may present high risk in the use of medications and clinical pharmacists can contribute substantially as part of a multidisciplinary team to improve outcomes in drug therapy in severe and critical illness. The participation of pharmacists as members of antimicrobial stewardship programs should be enhanced to ensure appropriate and safe use of antibiotics in this context. HCPs should be encouraged to seek improvements in the performance of pharmaceutical services and innovative practices to respond to the pandemic. Further studies are needed to generate knowledge on COVID-19 to improve patient care in vulnerable populations.


id: cord-262003-vjqqtqd6
author: DUTRA, J. C. S.
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-262003-vjqqtqd6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262003-vjqqtqd6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.27.20115212v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20115212
summary:
  Here, using the available data of infected individuals in Brazil, we aim at solving a joint estimation of states and parameters (namely τ 0 , f 0 and µ for the SIRU model) in order to assess the COVID-19 spread and, hence, to be able to predict locally the future progression of the pandemic. In addition, a is related to a discount factor δ as follows, [27] a = 3δ − 1 2δ (17) where 0.95 < δ < 0.99 The general particle filter algorithm for combined estimation of parameters and state variables in time step k − 1, based on the measurements available in time k is given below, [27] 4 Numerical results and discussion In all simulations presented here, we assumed the estimates 1/ν = 6.20798 and 1/η = 11.2784 days [5] for the average times in the model, and also set S 0 = 210.15 · 10 6 as the total of susceptible individuals in Brazil.

title:
  Monitoring and forecasting the number of reported and unreported cases of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil using Particle Filter

abstract:
  In this paper, we combine algorithm of Liu & West for the Particle Filter (PF) with SIRU-type epidemic model to monitor and forecast cases of Covid-19 in Brazil from February up to September. We filter the number of cumulative reported cases and estimate model parameters and more importantly unreported infectious cases (asymptomatic and symptomatic infectious individuals). The parameters under study are related to the attenuation factor of the transmission rate and the fraction of asymptomatic infectious becoming reported as symptomatic infectious. Initially, the problem is analysed through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based simulations to provide initial guesses, which are then refined by means of PF simulations. Subsequently, two additional steps are performed to verify the capability of the adjusted model to predict and forecast new cases. According to the results, the pandemic peak is expected to take place in mid-June 2020 with about 25,000 news cases per day. As medical and hospital resources are limited, this result shows that public health interventions are essential and should not be relaxed prematurely, so that the coronavirus pandemic is controlled and conditions are available for the treatment of the most severe cases.


id: cord-268296-w0i7rhru
title: Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition()
author: Barros, Eliana Nogueira Castro de
date: 2015-11-25
txt: ./txt/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268296-w0i7rhru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1413867015001981
doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.09.009
summary:
  14 Data on laboratory surveillance of the influenza B virus in Brazil are limited, specifically data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages. The present integrative review of publicly available data aims to consolidate findings on the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of influenza B epidemiology and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition. We referred to international data sources to check WHO recommendations on the vaccine composition in the Southern hemisphere, 18 and information on circulating influenza lineages for Brazil, the South America region and globally from the WHO/FluNet database which provides data through its network -Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) laboratories. The three reviewed abstracts, which specifically report findings on influenza B mismatch, corroborate this unpredictable behavior of influenza B disease in Brazil for many other seasons for which data were not available in the International Epidemiological surveillance data.

abstract:
  Data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages for Brazil are limited. This review aims to describe the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of its epidemiology and its relevance when considering seasonal influenza vaccine composition. A review of the data including analysis of international and local surveillance data as well as information from online search of databases using Medical Subject Headings terms in conjunction with screening of abstracts from scientific events was performed. Based on international epidemiologic surveillance data, moderate levels of influenza B disease (19%; 2006–2014) were observed. Of these nine years, it was possible to compare data from three years (2007, 2008 and 2013) which have information on the circulating influenza B lineage. Co-circulation of influenza B lineages was observed in all these three influenza seasons, of which, during one season, a high degree of mismatch between the vaccine lineage and the predominant circulating lineage (91.4% [2013]) was observed. Local surveillance data reveal a distinct and dynamic distribution of respiratory viruses over the years. Data from published literature and abstracts show that influenza B is a significant cause of disease with an unpredictable circulation pattern and showing trends indicating reemergence of the B/Victoria lineage. The abstracts report notable levels of co-circulation of both influenza B lineages (2000–2013). Mismatch between the Southern hemisphere vaccine and the most prevalent circulating viruses in Brazil were observed in five influenza seasons. The evidence on co-circulation of two influenza B lineages and mismatched seasons in Brazil indicates the benefit of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in conferring broader seasonal influenza protection. Additionally, improving influenza surveillance platforms in Brazil is important for monitoring disease trends and the impact of introducing seasonal influenza vaccination.


id: cord-268693-td6kvmlq
author: Martins, Leila Droprinchinski
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-268693-td6kvmlq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268693-td6kvmlq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110184
summary:
  COVID-19 and Influenza are both respiratory viruses and, in this study, we explore the relations of COVID-19 and Influenza with atmospheric variables and socio-economic conditions for tropical and subtropical climates in Brazil. Atmospheric variables, mobility, socio-economic conditions and population information were analyzed using a generalized additive model for daily COVID-19 cases from March 1(st) to May 15(th), 2020, and for daily Influenza hospitalizations (2017-2019) in Brazilian states representing tropical and subtropical climates. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the associations of COVID-19 cases and the number of hospital admissions by Influenza with atmospheric variables, social distancing and socio-economic conditions for different climate regions in Brazil. The socio-economic conditions also show wide variations inside the country; thus, it is a perfect J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f area to study the influence of these factors on the dissemination of COVID-19 and Influenza, two respiratory viruses with similarities in the modes of transmission.

title:
  How socio-economic and atmospheric variables impact COVID-19 and Influenza outbreaks in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil

abstract:
  COVID-19 has been disturbing human society with an intensity never seen since the Influenza epidemic (Spanish flu). COVID-19 and Influenza are both respiratory viruses and, in this study, we explore the relations of COVID-19 and Influenza with atmospheric variables and socio-economic conditions for tropical and subtropical climates in Brazil. Atmospheric variables, mobility, socio-economic conditions and population information were analyzed using a generalized additive model for daily COVID-19 cases from March 1(st) to May 15(th), 2020, and for daily Influenza hospitalizations (2017-2019) in Brazilian states representing tropical and subtropical climates. Our results indicate that temperature combined with humidity are risk factors for COVID-19 and Influenza in both climate regimes, and the minimum temperature was also a risk factor for subtropical climate. Social distancing is a risk factor for COVID-19 in all regions. For Influenza and COVID-19, the highest relative risks (RR) generally occurred in 3 days (lag=3). Altogether among the studied regions, the most important risk factor is the Human Developed Index (HDI), with a mean RR of 1.2492 (95% CI: 1.0926-1.6706) for COVID-19, followed by the elderly fraction for both diseases. The risk factor associated with socio-economic inequalities for Influenza is probably smoothed by Influenza vaccination, which is offered free of charge to the entire Brazilian population. Finally, the findings of this study call attention to the influence of socio-economic inequalities on human health.


id: cord-270519-orh8fd1c
title: Bayesian modeling of COVID-19 cases with a correction to account for under-reported cases
author: Oliveira, A. C. S. d.
date: 2020-05-25
txt: ./txt/cord-270519-orh8fd1c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270519-orh8fd1c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.24.20112029v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.24.20112029
summary:
  To address these issues, we introduce a Bayesian approach to the SIR model with correction for under-reporting in the analysis of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. The proposed model was enforced to obtain estimates of important quantities such as the reproductive rate and the average infection period, along with the more likely date when the pandemic peak may occur. Focusing on the modeling and estimating, aiming to preview the behavior and the speed of the COVID-19 growth, this paper presents an approach to address the problem of under-registration of COVID-19 cases in Brazil, proposing methodologies to work on the inaccuracy of the official reported cases. The model was estimated considering COVID-19 data in Brazil, assuming a reporting rate between 0.05 and 1.00, varying every 0.05. The simulation study revealed that the parameters estimates from the SIR model and the peak estimate which is a concern of several researchers and health authorities are sensitive to reporting rates.

abstract:
  The novel of COVID-19 disease started in late 2019 making the worldwide governments came across a high number of critical and death cases, beyond constant fear of the collapse in their health systems. Since the beginning of the pandemic, researchers and authorities are mainly concerned with carrying out quantitative studies (modeling and predictions) overcoming the scarcity of tests that lead us to under- reporting cases. To address these issues, we introduce a Bayesian approach to the SIR model with correction for under-reporting in the analysis of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. The proposed model was enforced to obtain estimates of important quantities such as the reproductive rate and the average infection period, along with the more likely date when the pandemic peak may occur. Several under-reporting scenarios were considered in the simulation study, showing how impacting is the lack of information in the modeling.


id: cord-270998-1adloi3o
author: Cunha, Rafes D. S.
date: 2020-04-27
txt: ./txt/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270998-1adloi3o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.274
doi: 10.1002/vms3.274
summary:
  There is a belief among veterinary practitioners and even educational institutions that the vaccines made in Brazil against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) are ineffective or only partially effective. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Animal Protection Association and a total of 60 adult mongrel dogs were selected and divided into two groups. RESULTS: In group A, the Elevencell vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%), CPV in 24 out of 28 subjects (85.71%) and CAV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%). Before immunization, both groups of animals presented results of ≤2 on the colorimetric scale, which means that all of them were eligible to take part in the vaccination protocol. Evaluation of the humoral immune response induced by vaccination for canine distemper and parvovirus: A pilot study

title:
  Comparison of immunity against canine distemper, adenovirus and parvovirus after vaccination with two multivalent canine vaccines

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Viral diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in puppies. There is a belief among veterinary practitioners and even educational institutions that the vaccines made in Brazil against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) are ineffective or only partially effective. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at comparing the immunity of two multivalent vaccines in adult dogs in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Animal Protection Association and a total of 60 adult mongrel dogs were selected and divided into two groups. Group A was immunized with two doses of Elevencell(®) vaccine and Group B received two doses of imported vaccine from the United States; each group was made up of 14 females and 14 males. RESULTS: In group A, the Elevencell vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%), CPV in 24 out of 28 subjects (85.71%) and CAV in 26 out of 28 subjects (92.85%). In group B, the imported US vaccine generated a protective antibody titre against CDV in 22 out of 28 subjects (78.57), CPV in 21 out of 28 subjects (75%) and CAV in 25 out of 28 subjects (89.28%). There was no statistical difference between titres generated between vaccine types for any of the three diseases tested. CONCLUSION: Elevencell vaccine titres were not inferior to the imported US vaccine in conferring protective titres against CDV, CPV and CAH, which confirms the efficacy of this product.


id: cord-273065-peqz7okh
title: Arboviruses: A global public health threat
author: Girard, Marc
date: 2020-04-24
txt: ./txt/cord-273065-peqz7okh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273065-peqz7okh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20304709
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.011
summary:
  The repeated occurrence of recent deadly epidemics strongly reinforces the call for action against these viral diseases, and the need for developing effective vaccines, drugs, vector control tools and strong prevention programs. The recent outbreak of neurological disorders and neonatal malformations associated with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Latin America {5}, the yellow fever (YFV) epidemics in Angola and Brazil with importation to China [6] , the ever-expanding West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in the Americas [7] , the recent emergence in East Africa and global spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) [8] , as well as the ongoing and expanding dengue virus (DENV) pandemic in the tropics and subtropics [9] have reinforced the call for action in the fight against emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases. The vaccine showed high efficacy and good safety in seropositive persons in the 9-45 years age group, but a risk of severe dengue was observed in individuals who were naive for DENV infection at the time they were vaccinated.

abstract:
  A conference on «ARBOVIRUSES, A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH THREAT» was organized on June 20–22, 2018 at the Merieux Foundation Conference Center in Veyrier du Lac, France, to review and raise awareness to the global public health threat of epidemic arboviruses, and to advance the discussion on the control and prevention of arboviral diseases. The presentations by scientists and public health officials from Asia, the Americas, Europe and Africa strengthened the notion that arboviral diseases of both humans and domestic animals are progressively becoming dominant public health problems in the world. The repeated occurrence of recent deadly epidemics strongly reinforces the call for action against these viral diseases, and the need for developing effective vaccines, drugs, vector control tools and strong prevention programs.


id: cord-281603-3308f8hm
title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil
author: Souza, William Marciel de
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-281603-3308f8hm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281603-3308f8hm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20077396
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20077396
summary:
  Methods: Individual-level and aggregated COVID-19 data were analysed to investigate demographic profiles, socioeconomic drivers and age-sex structure of COVID-19 tested cases. We report the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical findings for confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first month of the epidemic in Brazil. We report the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical findings for confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first month of the epidemic in Brazil. Individual-level and aggregated COVID-19 data were analysed to investigate demographic profiles, socioeconomic drivers and age-sex structure of COVID-19 tested cases. To investigate individual-level diagnostic, demographic, self-reported travel history, place of residence and likely place of infection, differential diagnosis for other respiratory pathogens, as well as clinical details, including comorbidities, we collected case data notified to the REDCap database 8 from February 25 to March 25, 2020. We showed that during the first month of COVID-19 in Brazil, only 33·1% of the reported confirmed cases were conducted in public health laboratories.

abstract:
  Background: The first case of COVID-19 was detected in Brazil on February 25, 2020. We report the epidemiological, demographic, and clinical findings for confirmed COVID-19 cases during the first month of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: Individual-level and aggregated COVID-19 data were analysed to investigate demographic profiles, socioeconomic drivers and age-sex structure of COVID-19 tested cases. Basic reproduction numbers (R0) were investigated for Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify symptoms associated with confirmed cases and risk factors associated with hospitalization. Laboratory diagnosis for eight respiratory viruses were obtained for 2,429 cases. Findings: By March 25, 1,468 confirmed cases were notified in Brazil, of whom 10% (147 of 1,468) were hospitalised. Of the cases acquired locally (77.8%), two thirds (66.9% of 5,746) were confirmed in private laboratories. Overall, positive association between higher per capita income and COVID-19 diagnosis was identified. The median age of detected cases was 39 years (IQR 30-53). The median R0 was 2.9 for Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Cardiovascular disease/hypertension were associated with hospitalization. Co-circulation of six respiratory viruses, including influenza A and B and human rhinovirus was detected in low levels. Interpretation: Socioeconomic disparity determines access to SARS-CoV-2 testing in Brazil. The lower median age of infection and hospitalization compared to other countries is expected due to a younger population structure. Enhanced surveillance of respiratory pathogens across socioeconomic statuses is essential to better understand and halt SARS-CoV-2 transmission.


id: cord-283291-lj3k53px
title: How relevant is the decision of containment measures against COVID-19 applied ahead of time?
author: Brugnago, Eduardo L.
date: 2020-08-12
txt: ./txt/cord-283291-lj3k53px.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283291-lj3k53px.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834648/
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110164
summary:
  The cumulative number of confirmed infected individuals by the new coronavirus outbreak until April 30(th), 2020, is presented for the countries: Belgium, Brazil, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA). For Belgium, UK, and USA, countries with a large number of infected people, after the power-law growth, a distinct behavior is obtained when approaching saturation. We study how changing the social distance and the number of daily tests to identify infected asymptomatic individuals can interfere in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 when applied in three distinct days, namely April 16(th) (early), April 30(th) (current), and May 14(th) (late). One leading observation was that after an initial time with a low incidence of newly infected people, the growth of the cumulative number of confirmed cases for all studied countries followed a power-law.

abstract:
  The cumulative number of confirmed infected individuals by the new coronavirus outbreak until April 30(th), 2020, is presented for the countries: Belgium, Brazil, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA). After an initial period with a low incidence of newly infected people, a power-law growth of the number of confirmed cases is observed. For each country, a distinct growth exponent is obtained. For Belgium, UK, and USA, countries with a large number of infected people, after the power-law growth, a distinct behavior is obtained when approaching saturation. Brazil is still in the power-law regime. Such updates of the data and projections corroborate recent results regarding the power-law growth of the virus and their strong Distance Correlation between some countries around the world. Furthermore, we show that act in time is one of the most relevant non-pharmacological weapons that the health organizations have in the battle against the COVID-19, infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. We study how changing the social distance and the number of daily tests to identify infected asymptomatic individuals can interfere in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 when applied in three distinct days, namely April 16(th) (early), April 30(th) (current), and May 14(th) (late). Results show that containment actions are necessary to flatten the curves and should be applied as soon as possible.


id: cord-284883-bkydu285
title: Brazil Health Care System preparation against COVID-19
author: Luis Silva, L.
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-284883-bkydu285.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284883-bkydu285.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.09.20096719v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096719
summary:
  The historic challenges regarding an insufficient number of health professionals, iniquities in the distribution of human resources (10) , low accessibility to emergency care services (11) , and economic issues create additional pressures to be addressed, aiming is to achieve an adequate COVID-19 response. Taking this point into consideration the present work addresses critical aspects regarding the organization of the emergency network system in Brazil, jointly with the spatial expansion of COVID-19 cases within the country, and to highlight where the efforts currently performed in Brazil were capable of coping with the lack of access to emergency care needed to cope COVID-19 consequences. The result suggests that the use of scarce resources needed to put in order ICU beds are not being directed to municipalities lacking access to emergency care services, despite their high levels of COVID-19 incidence.

abstract:
  Background: The coronavirus disease outbreak from 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly contagious virus that claimed thousands of lives around the world and disrupted the health system in many countries. The assessment of emergency capacity in every country is a necessary part of the COVID-19 response efforts. Thus, it is extremely recommended to evaluate the health care system to prepare the country to tackle COVID-19 challenges. Methods and Findings: A retrospective and ecological study was performed with data retrieved from the public national healthcare database (DATASUS). Numbers of intensive care unit and infirmary beds, general or intensivists physicians, nurses, nursing technicians, and ventilators from each Regional Health Unity were extracted, and the beds per health professionals and ventilators per population rates were assessed. The accessibility to health services was also performed using a spatial overlay approach to verify regions that lack assistance. It was found that Brazil lacks equity, integrity, and may struggle to assist with high complexity for the COVID-19 patients in many regions of the country. Conclusions: Brazilian health system is insufficient to tackle the COVID-19 in some regions of the country where the coronavirus may be responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality.


id: cord-286130-4f7otdx1
author: Xavier, Joilson
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-286130-4f7otdx1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286130-4f7otdx1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1803146
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1803146
summary:
  title: The ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil: insights from epidemiological data and SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing To better understand the recent epidemic in the second most populous state in southeast Brazil Minas Gerais (MG) we sequenced 40 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from MG cases and examined epidemiological data from three Brazilian states. Initial phylogenetic analysis using the first two SARS-CoV-2 complete genomes isolated in São Paulo from travellers returning from Italy revealed two independent introductions into the country relative to the data set available at that time [13] . Herein, we present a summary of epidemiological data and the generation and analysis of 40 new SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences isolated from clinical samples of confirmed cases from MG.

title:
  The ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Minas Gerais, Brazil: insights from epidemiological data and SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing

abstract:
  The recent emergence of a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, has had major public health and economic consequences. Although 61,888 confirmed cases were reported in Brazil by 28 April 2020, little is known about the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in this country. To better understand the recent epidemic in the second most populous state in southeast Brazil - Minas Gerais (MG) - we sequenced 40 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from MG cases and examined epidemiological data from three Brazilian states. Both the genome analyses and the geographical distribution of reported cases indicate for multiple independent introductions into MG. Epidemiological estimates of the reproductive number (R) using different data sources and theoretical assumptions suggest the potential for sustained virus transmission despite a reduction in R from the first reported case to the end of April 2020. The estimated date of SARS-CoV-2 introduction into Brazil was consistent with epidemiological data from the first case of a returned traveller from Lombardy, Italy. These findings highlight the nature of the COVID-19 epidemic in MG and reinforce the need for real-time and continued genomic surveillance strategies to better understand and prepare for the epidemic spread of emerging viral pathogens..


id: cord-287488-h102xn29
author: Araujo, Danielle Bastos
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-287488-h102xn29.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287488-h102xn29.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33111751/
doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200342
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed in Brazil in February 2020, the first cases were followed by an increase in the number of cases throughout the country, resulting in an important public health crisis that requires fast and coordinated responses. METHODS: After diagnosis in patients that returned from Italy to the São Paulo city in late February by RT-PCR, SARS-CoV-2 isolates were obtained in cell cultures and characterised by full genome sequencing, electron microscopy and in vitro replication properties. FINDINGS: The virus isolate was recovered from nasopharyngeal specimen, propagated in Vero cells (E6, CCL-81 and hSLAM), with clear cytopathic effects, and characterised by full genome sequencing, electron microscopy and in vitro replication properties. Virus stocks viable (titre 2.11 × 10(6) TCID50/mL, titre 1.5 × 10(6) PFUs/mL) and inactivated from isolate SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br were prepared and set available to the public health authorities and the scientific community in Brazil and abroad.

title:
  SARS-CoV-2 isolation from the first reported patients in Brazil and establishment of a coordinated task network

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed in Brazil in February 2020, the first cases were followed by an increase in the number of cases throughout the country, resulting in an important public health crisis that requires fast and coordinated responses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work is to describe the isolation and propagation properties of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the first confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil. METHODS: After diagnosis in patients that returned from Italy to the São Paulo city in late February by RT-PCR, SARS-CoV-2 isolates were obtained in cell cultures and characterised by full genome sequencing, electron microscopy and in vitro replication properties. FINDINGS: The virus isolate was recovered from nasopharyngeal specimen, propagated in Vero cells (E6, CCL-81 and hSLAM), with clear cytopathic effects, and characterised by full genome sequencing, electron microscopy and in vitro replication properties. Virus stocks - viable (titre 2.11 × 10(6) TCID50/mL, titre 1.5 × 10(6) PFUs/mL) and inactivated from isolate SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br were prepared and set available to the public health authorities and the scientific community in Brazil and abroad. MAIN CONCLUSION: We believe that the protocols for virus growth and studies here described and the distribution initiative may constitute a viable model for other developing countries, not only to help a rapid effective pandemic response, but also to facilitate and support basic scientific research.


id: cord-287911-aoulao8w
author: Hone, Thomas
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-287911-aoulao8w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287911-aoulao8w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05716-2
doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05716-2
summary:
  title: Impact of the Programa Mais médicos (more doctors Programme) on primary care doctor supply and amenable mortality: quasi-experimental study of 5565 Brazilian municipalities METHODS: Difference-in-differences regression analysis, exploiting variation in PMM introduction across 5565 municipalities over the period 2008–2017, was employed to examine programme impacts on doctor density and mortality amenable to healthcare. This study examined the impact of PMM on primary care doctor supply and amenable mortality using longitudinal data from 5565 Brazilian municipalities between 2008 and 2017. This study employed differences in differences approaches using longitudinal (panel) regression models to compare the supply of primary care doctors and mortality amenable to healthcare before and after PMM introduction between municipalities that received the programme and municipalities that did not. This study found the PMM in Brazil led to increases in primary care doctor density and was associated modest (1.4%) reductions in mortality amenable to healthcare.

title:
  Impact of the Programa Mais médicos (more doctors Programme) on primary care doctor supply and amenable mortality: quasi-experimental study of 5565 Brazilian municipalities

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Investing in human resources for health (HRH) is vital for achieving universal health care and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) (More Doctors Programme) provided 17,000 doctors, predominantly from Cuba, to work in Brazilian primary care. This study assesses whether PMM doctor allocation to municipalities was consistent with programme criteria and associated impacts on amenable mortality. METHODS: Difference-in-differences regression analysis, exploiting variation in PMM introduction across 5565 municipalities over the period 2008–2017, was employed to examine programme impacts on doctor density and mortality amenable to healthcare. Heterogeneity in effects was explored with respect to doctor allocation criteria and municipal doctor density prior to PMM introduction. RESULTS: After starting in 2013, PMM was associated with an increase in PMM-contracted primary care doctors of 15.1 per 100,000 population. However, largescale substitution of existing primary care doctors resulting in a net increase of only 5.7 per 100,000. Increases in both PMM and total primary care doctors were lower in priority municipalities due to lower allocation of PMM doctors and greater substitution effects. The PMM led to amenable mortality reductions of − 1.06 per 100,000 (95%CI: − 1.78 to − 0.34) annually – with greater benefits in municipalities prioritised for doctor allocation and where doctor density was low before programme implementation. CONCLUSIONS: PMM potential health benefits were undermined due to widespread allocation of doctors to non-priority areas and local substitution effects. Policies seeking to strengthen HRH should develop and implement needs-based criteria for resource allocation.


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
title: Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease
author: Chan, Jasper F.W.
date: 2016-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016344531600061X
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011
summary:
  Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected "congenital Zika syndrome", while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengueor rubella-like in infected individuals. ZIKV RNA could be detected in breast milk and saliva of infected women, although replicative virus particles have not been demonstrated 78, 79 Perinatal transmission of other arboviruses, including DENV, CHIKV, WNV, and YFV, has also been reported. 115,120 74/ 8750 (0.8%) patients with suspected ZIKV infection in the French Polynesia outbreak developed neurological syndromes after presenting with a Zika fever-like illness. Zika fever-related death appears to be extremely rare but a number of probable cases have been reported, especially among immunocompromised patients and neonates with suspected congenital ZIKV infection.

abstract:
  Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected “congenital Zika syndrome”, while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengue- or rubella-like in infected individuals. Despite having been discovered in Uganda for almost 60 years, <20 human cases were reported before 2007. The massive epidemics in the Pacific islands associated with the ZIKV Asian lineage in 2007 and 2013 were followed by explosive outbreaks in Latin America in 2015. Although increased mosquito breeding associated with the El Niño effect superimposed on global warming is suspected, genetic changes in its RNA virus genome may have led to better adaptation to mosquitoes, other animal reservoirs, and human. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, virology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, management, and prevention of this emerging infection. Laboratory diagnosis can be confounded by cross-reactivity with other circulating flaviviruses. Besides mosquito bite and transplacental transmission, the risk of other potential routes of transmission by transfusion, transplantation, sexual activity, breastfeeding, respiratory droplet, and animal bite is discussed. Epidemic control requires adequate clearance of mosquito breeding grounds, personal protection against mosquito bite, and hopefully a safe and effective vaccine.


id: cord-292209-d1ty9etr
author: Horta, Bernardo L
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-292209-d1ty9etr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292209-d1ty9etr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.135
doi: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.135
summary:
  Subjects answered a questionnaire on household assets, schooling and self-reported skin color/ethnicity using the standard Brazilian classification in five categories: white, black, brown, Asian or indigenous. The present analyses were aimed at assessing socioeconomic and ethnic group inequalities in prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 133 sentinel cities throughout Brazil, as part of the EPICOVID-19 study (www.epicovid19brasil.org). In summary, the analyses of the three waves of national serological surveys in Brazil showed important inequalities in the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 according to family wealth, education and ethnic groups. Yet, even after adjustment for region, indigenous individuals were about twice as likely as whites to present antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and in the national analyses including adjustment for region of the country and socioeconomic status, the prevalence ratio remained at around two.

title:
  Prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 according to socioeconomic and ethnic status in a nationwide Brazilian survey

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES. To investigate socioeconomic and ethnic group inequalities in prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the 27 federative units of Brazil. METHODS. In this cross-sectional study, three household surveys were carried out on May 14-21, June 4-7, and June 21-24, 2020 in 133 Brazilian urban areas. Multi-stage sampling was used to select 250 individuals in each city to undergo a rapid antibody test. Subjects answered a questionnaire on household assets, schooling and self-reported skin color/ethnicity using the standard Brazilian classification in five categories: white, black, brown, Asian or indigenous. Principal component analyses of assets was used to classify socioeconomic position into five wealth quintiles. Poisson regression was used for the analyses. RESULTS. 25 025 subjects were tested in the first, 31 165 in the second, and 33 207 in the third wave of the survey, with prevalence of positive results equal to 1.4%, 2.4%, and 2.9% respectively. Individuals in the poorest quintile were 2.16 times (95% confidence interval 1.86; 2.51) more likely to test positive than those in the wealthiest quintile, and those with 12 or more years of schooling had lower prevalence than subjects with less education. Indigenous individuals had 4.71 (3.65; 6.08) times higher prevalence than whites, as did those with black or brown skin color. Adjustment for region of the country reduced the prevalence ratios according to wealth, education and ethnicity, but results remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil shows steep class and ethnic gradients, with lowest risks among white, educated and wealthy individuals.


id: cord-295554-0pzjyrdf
author: Lima, Francisco Esmaile de Sales
date: 2013-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-295554-0pzjyrdf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295554-0pzjyrdf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23504146/
doi: 10.1007/s11262-013-0899-x
summary:
  A variety of other coronaviruses have been detected in many bat species from Asia, including specimens of the genus Rhinolophus, which were found to be infected with SARS-like CoV. In view of the potential role that bats may play in the transmission of new viral infections to humans and other species, this study was set up in search for coronavirus genomes in bats from the urban area of Porto Alegre (30°01 0 59 00 S; 51°13 0 48 00 W), a town with about 1.5 million inhabitants and capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In our study, we detected RdRp sequences of bat CoV at a frequency of 19.33 % in the examined samples; such frequency is comparable to previous results obtained in similar studies from different bat species in other countries (ranging figure) .

title:
  Detection of Alphacoronavirus in velvety free-tailed bats (Molossus molossus) and Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) from urban area of Southern Brazil

abstract:
  A survey was carried out in search for bat coronaviruses in an urban maternity roost of about 500 specimens of two species of insectivorous bats, Molossus molossus and Tadarida brasiliensis, in Southern Brazil. Twenty-nine out of 150 pooled fecal samples tested positive by reverse transcription-PCR contained fragments of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of coronavirus-related viruses. The sequences clustered along with bat alphacoronaviruses, forming a subcluster within this group. Our findings point to the need for risk assessment and continued surveillance of coronavirus infections of bats in Brazil. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11262-013-0899-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-300795-s7y9m8iu
title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Brazil-Type Avian coronavirus Detected in a Chicken
author: Brandão, Paulo E.
date: 2016-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-300795-s7y9m8iu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300795-s7y9m8iu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27738043/
doi: 10.1128/genomea.01135-16
summary:
  This paper reports the first complete genome sequence of a Brazil type of this virus (27,615 nucleotides [nt]) isolated from the kidneys of a chicken. navirinae:Gammacoronavirus) host-type avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens occurs as multiple types grouped in six genotypes, with a total of 32 lineages based on spike S gene comparisons, and it is involved in multisystem highly contagious infections of chickens (1, 2) . Spike sequence-based analysis revealed that strain Gammacoronavirus/AvCoV/chicken/Brazil/23/2013 belongs to the GI-11 AvCoV lineage (Brazil type) with only 82.9% nt identity with the Massachusetts (GI-1) type used as a live vaccine in Brazil against avian infectious bronchitis; this low identity is one of the reasons for the lower protection given by this vaccine reported after challenges with the Brazil type (6). The Gammacoronavirus/AvCoV/chicken/Brazil/23/2013 complete genome sequence is deposited in GenBank under the accession number KX258195. This work, including the efforts of Paulo Eduardo Brandão, Giselle Razzera Rosso Ayres, Carolina Alejo Torres, and Aline S.

abstract:
  Avian coronavirus is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens, leading to multisystemic disease that might be controlled if adequate vaccine strains are used. This paper reports the first complete genome sequence of a Brazil type of this virus (27,615 nucleotides [nt]) isolated from the kidneys of a chicken.


id: cord-305936-tdswzj7r
author: Freitas, André Ricardo Ribas
date: 2018-01-08
txt: ./txt/cord-305936-tdswzj7r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305936-tdswzj7r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01903
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01903
summary:
  Despite not controlling for comorbidities, climate, and vaccination, for the >70 years, ratio of respiratory diseases excess mortality rates between AH1N1 (2009) and severe year of H3N2 (2007) shows protection in the pandemic year and great vulnerability during AH3N2 virus predominance. We analyzed particularly the most predominant variants (AH1N1 and AH3N2) on excess of mortality in the adults and elderly of different age groups in a region with marked seasonality of respiratory diseases in Brazil. Among adults (24-59 years), we observe a large excess of deaths rates during the 2009 pandemic (953 obits), which correspond to 7.1 excess deaths from all causes, and 99 excess mortality from respiratory diseases associated with viral infection in every 100,000 individuals of the age group. Although the elderly are the most vulnerable group to viral respiratory infections, we found relative small excess of deaths in years of circulating AH1N1 pre pandemic (2002 and 2008) .

title:
  Excess of Mortality in Adults and Elderly and Circulation of Subtypes of Influenza Virus in Southern Brazil

abstract:
  PURPOSE: In the elderly population, the influenza infection and its clinical complications are important causes of hospitalization and death, particularly, in longer-lived age. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of influenza virus circulation on mortality in the elderly and adults, in years with different predominant virus strains. METHODS: We performed a time trend study to evaluated excess of mortality for pneumonia and influenza, respiratory disease, and all-causes in southern region of Brazil, from 2002 to 2015. After considering other models, we opted for Serfling regression. Excess of death rates per 100,000 inhabitants were analyzed in specific age groups (24–59, 60–69, 70–79, ≥80 years) and by year of occurrence. Mortality information were taken from Brazilian Mortality Information System and etiological data were accessed in Sentinel Virological Surveillance database, getting the weekly positivity of the immunofluorescence tests for influenza A (H1N1, H3N2), and B. RESULTS: In southern Brazil, there is an evident seasonal pattern of all death outcomes among different age groups in the dry and cold season (April–September). The highest excess mortality rates occurs among older, particularly in years of circulation of influenza AH3N2, especially among people ≥80 years, in 2003 and 2007—years of great severity of influenza activity. After 2009, with the introduction of the pandemic influenza AH1N1, we observed a lower impact on the mortality of the elderly compared to <60 years. DISCUSSION: A cross reactivity antibody response from past exposure probably provided protection against disease in the elderly. Despite not controlling for comorbidities, climate, and vaccination, for the >70 years, ratio of respiratory diseases excess mortality rates between AH1N1 (2009) and severe year of H3N2 (2007) shows protection in the pandemic year and great vulnerability during AH3N2 virus predominance. CONCLUSION: The reduced immune response to infection, and to vaccination, and presence of comorbidities recommend a special attention to this age group in Brazil. Besides medical assistance, the timeliness of vaccine campaigns, its composition, and etiological surveillance of respiratory diseases are some of the preventive and public health measures.


id: cord-307089-344rhiw0
title: Covid-19 in Brazil
author: Marson, Fernando Augusto Lima
date: 2020-04-27
txt: ./txt/cord-307089-344rhiw0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307089-344rhiw0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32371054/
doi: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.04.008
abstract: nan
summary:
  Italy showed a lower testing capacity than China and other countries such as Germany during the first weeks of COVID-19 pandemic, but the capacity to perform real-time PCR has improved, giving better epidemiologic data of less severe cases and asymptomatic individuals carrying the coronavirus in the population. (i) Brazil has many risk groups as described by World Health Organization (WHO) like those older than 60 years and with prognostic comorbidity, which may occur when diseases predispose the patient to (ii) Brazil is a continental country with a population that is different in each region based on social behavior, genetics (each region has a different level of ancestral contribution of African, Caucasians and Indigenous genomes) and economic backgrounds raising the need for different medical and social managements in each area.


id: cord-307306-ju0vcalk
title: Upholding Scientific Duty Amidst Poisonous Disinformation
author: Barbosa, Daniel A. N.
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-307306-ju0vcalk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307306-ju0vcalk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32850213/
doi: 10.7759/cureus.9339
summary:
  Because of a recent politically-biased Lancet editorial, the world''s opinion has been directed against the Brazilian government over the rising numbers of COVID-19 cases in the country. In fact, Brazil is not even on the list of the 10 countries with the highest number of deaths per 100,000 people. The disinformation presented by a renowned medical journal has ignited severe criticisms against a Chief-of-State for not promoting a generalized lockdown in a country of continental size. In a recent Lancet editorial, the world''s attention was directed toward the rising numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in Brazil [1] . Brazil is now the country with the second-highest total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths [4] . In fact, the universal lockdown adopted by Brazilian mayors and state governors has not slowed down the growing raw number of COVID-19 cases; instead, it has proven to be extremely harmful to several underserved communities [5] .

abstract:
  Because of a recent politically-biased Lancet editorial, the world’s opinion has been directed against the Brazilian government over the rising numbers of COVID-19 cases in the country. This is an example of reporting data without accounting for important covariates. Epidemiological figures should always be corrected for population size. In fact, Brazil is not even on the list of the 10 countries with the highest number of deaths per 100,000 people. Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Spain are the most affected countries in this regard. The disinformation presented by a renowned medical journal has ignited severe criticisms against a Chief-of-State for not promoting a generalized lockdown in a country of continental size. As scientists, we have a duty to stress the caveats of science instead of fueling political attacks, and we should refrain from jumping to uninformed conclusions without considering well-analyzed data. Moreover, while there is no evidence to endorse the efficacy of a generalized lockdown in socioeconomically vulnerable populations, it is undoubtedly associated with severe nationwide adverse effects.


id: cord-309875-8awkpi2p
title: Breast cancer and COVID‐19 pandemic in Brazil
author: Cavalcante, Francisco Pimentel
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-309875-8awkpi2p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309875-8awkpi2p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32761623/
doi: 10.1002/jso.26143
abstract: nan
summary:
  Although some of these suggestions have not been officially endorsed by the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM), it is possible that these international guidelines had an impact in Brazil. We created questions regarding invasive, T1/2 N0 HR+, and T1N0 HER2+/TN cancers, because these patients, in Brazil, are normally submitted to primary surgery. More studies are needed to know the real impact of the pandemic on patients treated with breast cancer in the pandemic period. Discordance of COVID-19 guidelines for patients with cancer: a systematic review A practical approach to the management of cancer patients during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an international collaborative group the COVID-19 pandemic breast cancer consortium Recommendations for triage, prioritization and treatment of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic Recommendations for triage, prioritization and treatment of breast cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic Management of early breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil


id: cord-312267-0tb08b0z
title: New S.I.R. model used in the projection of COVID 19 cases in Brazil
author: Freitas, A. S.
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-312267-0tb08b0z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312267-0tb08b0z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.26.20080218v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080218
summary:
  The model presented here describes with reasonable agreement the number of COVID-19 cases registered in Brazil between February 26 and April 25, 2020 based on the hypothesis that there a large number no notified cases (11 to 1) and variation in contagion rate according to social isolation measures and greater or lesser exposure to the virus (highest rate in beginning from epidemic). . Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the curves of infected and exposed individuals (that still didn''t contract the disease) in function time, in agreement with the model proposed in this wo qualitative way, however there is slight dependence between the date which the peak of infection occurs and total percentage of infected (number of accumulated cases) at the peak of infection: the larger infected and if the total number of infected is greater (especially in the epidemic peak), the impact on health system is considerably greater (taking into account the same rate of contagion in two cases) .

abstract:
  In this work, we proposed a variant of the SIR model, taking as based on models used to describe the epidemic outbreak in South Korea and Portugal, to study the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic curve in Brazil. The model presented here describes with reasonable agreement the number of COVID-19 cases registered in Brazil between February 26 and April 25, 2020 based on the hypothesis that there a large number no notified cases (11 to 1) and variation in contagion rate according to social isolation measures and greater or lesser exposure to the virus (highest rate in beginning from epidemic). To this end, we introduced an exposure factor, called {beta}1/{beta}2, which allows us to describe the influence of factors such as social isolation on dispersal from disease. The results also corroborate a phenomenon observed in countries that registered a high growth in cases in short period of time, to example of Italy, Spain and USA: if isolation measures are imposed late, the total number of cases explodes when the epidemic is approaching from peak, which implies a higher exposure rate in the first days of case registration. The model also predicts that the peak epidemic outbreak in Brazil, based on the number of cases, will occur around May 20, 2020.


id: cord-312555-qytl2vqt
title: Use of game fauna by Fulni-ô people in Northeastern Brazil: implications for conservation
author: da Silva, Josivan Soares
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-312555-qytl2vqt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312555-qytl2vqt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32303237/
doi: 10.1186/s13002-020-00367-3
summary:
  Also, the use of game meat among the Fulni-ô seems to be actively directed to the preferred species, suggesting that in the case of an urbanized indigenous community, where other sources of income are available, the demand for game meat is lower when compared to other ethnic groups. Thus, this research focused on the hunting of game meat among the Fulni-ô people living in the semi-arid region, being the first study carried out in an ethnic group strongly influenced by urbanization in the Brazilian Northeast. Even when compared to studies of wild animal consumption in the Caatinga region [5, 41] , the number of animals hunted is higher than that reported for the Fulni-ô, which may be indicative of a lower demand for game in relation to other communities in the northeast region [5, 12, 17, 31] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Due to the influence of several factors on the hunting of game meat, we investigated how the seasonality of the environment, the abundance, and the biomass of wild animals, as well as the proximity to these resources, can affect the hunting. METHODS: The research was developed with the Fulni-ô people in the municipality of Águas Belas, Agreste of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil. In order to do this, we applied snowball sampling to select the participants. Data from potentially useful game species were obtained from lists and semi-structured interviews to register their particular kind of uses, capture periods (daytime, night, or both), preferences, and perceived abundance. The hunters who allowed their game meat captured to be weighed and identified were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: Our records pointed to a vast repertoire of potentially hunting animals. However, we did not verify relationships between the abundance, seasonality, and biomass of the animals that were hunted by the Fulni-ô. We observed a total of 209,866 (kg) of game meat hunted in the studied group, belonging to 23 species, distributed in three taxonomic groups, the birds being the most representative group with 59% of total reported. CONCLUSION: Such consumption by the group is well below in terms of biomass when compared to other ethnic or local groups in other regions of Brazil, or in Caatinga areas, characterizing an activity much more of cultural character than subsistence. Also, the use of game meat among the Fulni-ô seems to be actively directed to the preferred species, suggesting that in the case of an urbanized indigenous community, where other sources of income are available, the demand for game meat is lower when compared to other ethnic groups.


id: cord-315624-57kzulqv
author: Storopoli, Jose
date: 2020-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-315624-57kzulqv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315624-57kzulqv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620306961?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113477
summary:
  title: Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic Our results, drawn from 7,554 respondents, indicate that self-confidence in the ability to carry out these behaviors, confidence in the ability of social institutions such as the government, hospitals, health workers and the media to cope with the pandemic crisis, and risk perceptions are associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors. For this reason, Brazil is a perfect case for our study, which investigates the role of confidence in social institutions and perceived vulnerability and efficacy in the adoption of recommended protective behaviors. In doing this, we rely on recreancy theory, which argues that confidence in the ability of social institutions and perceived vulnerability to the disease are central factors predicting the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f adoption of protective behaviors (Freudenburg, 2001; Sapp and Downing-Matibag, 2009 ).

title:
  Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  The current worldwide COVID19 pandemic has required the rapid and drastic adoption of social distancing and protective measures as the leading method for reducing the spread of the disease and death. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors associated with the adoption of such measures in a large sample of the Brazilian population. We relied on recreancy theory, which argues that confidence in the ability of social institutions and perceived vulnerability to the disease are central factors predicting the adoption of these behaviors. Our results, drawn from 7,554 respondents, indicate that self-confidence in the ability to carry out these behaviors, confidence in the ability of social institutions such as the government, hospitals, health workers and the media to cope with the pandemic crisis, and risk perceptions are associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors. Our results expand the recreancy theory and show that beyond the main effects, the effect of perceived vulnerability depends on the values of self-confidence and confidence in social institutions. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.


id: cord-316993-mv577rok
title: An estimate of the COVID-19 infection fatality rate in Brazil based on a seroprevalence survey
author: Marra, V.
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-316993-mv577rok.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316993-mv577rok.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.18.20177626v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.18.20177626
summary:
  title: An estimate of the COVID-19 infection fatality rate in Brazil based on a seroprevalence survey We infer the infection fatality rate (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil by combining three datasets. In order to estimate the IFR one needs not only an estimate of the number of deaths, but also of the total infected population, and then to compare both within the same time period. After adjusting for demography and under-ascertainment Verity et 15 On the other hand, a report by the group at Imperial College London estimated much higher values for the 16 Brazilian states they considered, 16 which, combined, suggest an overall IFR of 0.9%. The SIVEP-Gripe dataset contains the dates of symptoms onset and death for patients with SARS-CoV-2 positive RT-PCR test, together with their geographic location, which allow us to estimate the time delay τ sd between the development of symptoms and subsequent fatality. Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors

abstract:
  We infer the infection fatality rate (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil by combining three datasets. We compute the prevalence via the population-based seroprevalence survey EPICOVID19-BR, which tested 89000 people in 3 stages over a period of 5 weeks. This randomized survey selected people of 133 cities (accounting for 35.5% of the Brazilian population) and tested them for IgM/IgG antibodies making use of a rapid test. We estimate the time delay between the development of antibodies and subsequent fatality using the public SIVEP-Gripe dataset. The number of fatalities is obtained using the public Painel Coronavirus dataset. The IFR is computed for each survey stage and 27 federal states. We infer a country-wide average IFR of 1.05% (95% CI: 0.96-1.17%) and find evidence for its increase starting in June 2020.


id: cord-329401-b09wj0h7
author: Fernandes, M.C.
date: 2013-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-329401-b09wj0h7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329401-b09wj0h7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24294244/
doi: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000044
summary:
  authors: Fernandes, M.C.; Takai, S.; Leite, D.S.; Pinto, J.P.A.N.; Brandão, P.E.; Santarém, V.A.; Listoni, F.J.P.; Da Silva, A.V.; Ribeiro, M.G. title: Identification of pathogens and virulence profile of Rhodococcus equi and Escherichia coli strains obtained from sand of parks The identification of pathogens of viral (Rotavirus, Coronavirus), parasitic (Toxocara spp.) and bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Rhodococcus equi) origin shed in feces, and the virulence profile of R. coli isolates were investigated in 200 samples of sand obtained from 40 parks, located in central region of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using different diagnostic methods. coli isolates in the environment of parks indicates that the sanitary conditions of the sand should be improved in order to reduce the risks of fecal transmission of pathogens of zoonotic potential to humans in these places. Virulence factors in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection and pyometra cases and from feces of dogs

title:
  Identification of pathogens and virulence profile of Rhodococcus equi and Escherichia coli strains obtained from sand of parks

abstract:
  The identification of pathogens of viral (Rotavirus, Coronavirus), parasitic (Toxocara spp.) and bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Rhodococcus equi) origin shed in feces, and the virulence profile of R. equi and E. coli isolates were investigated in 200 samples of sand obtained from 40 parks, located in central region of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using different diagnostic methods. From 200 samples analyzed, 23 (11.5%) strains of R. equi were isolated. None of the R. equi isolates showed a virulent (vapA gene) or intermediately virulent (vapB gene) profiles. Sixty-three (31.5%) strains of E. coli were identified. The following genes encoding virulence factors were identified in E. coli: eae, bfp, saa, iucD, papGI, sfa and hly. Phylogenetic classification showed that 63 E. coli isolates belonged to groups B1 (52.4%), A (25.4%) and B2 (22.2%). No E. coli serotype O157:H7 was identified. Eggs of Toxocara sp. were found in three parks and genetic material of bovine Coronavirus was identified in one sample of one park. No Salmonella spp. and Rotavirus isolates were identified in the samples of sand. The presence of R. equi, Toxocara sp, bovine Coronavirus and virulent E. coli isolates in the environment of parks indicates that the sanitary conditions of the sand should be improved in order to reduce the risks of fecal transmission of pathogens of zoonotic potential to humans in these places.


id: cord-329469-vbk42y1l
title: COVID-19 in the Indigenous Population of Brazil
author: Palamim, Camila Vantini Capasso
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-329469-vbk42y1l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329469-vbk42y1l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025421/
doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00885-6
summary:
  The number of cases is underestimated, according to the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI) database, since the deaths are due to respiratory failure, possibly caused by COVID-19, but not confirmed. Later, it was noticed that both, Indigenous and doctor, were responsible for COVID-19''s transmission to 43 other Indigenous individuals (30 in Alto Rio Solimões and 13 in Parintis), causing possibly other confirmed deaths. In Brazil, a total of 630,708 cases with 34,625 deaths were described, which occurred in all Brazilian states and Federal District. Presently, respiratory diseases cause approximately one-third of Indigenous deaths in Brazil, which can be a complicating factor during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Brazil, the Indigenous community fears the COVID-19 pandemic [8] , and although containment measures have been taken, it was not possible to prevent the contagion of the Indigenous population. In conclusion, our data reveal the importance of social isolation, especially for Indigenous population that were described as vulnerable and at-risk for COVID-19, highlighted by the identification of community infection.

abstract:
  Brazil has 896,917 Indigenous individuals distributed among 505 Indigenous lands. There are 274 different Indigenous languages within 305 Indigenous ethnic groups. The Indigenous population is susceptible to pandemics, especially to the current pandemic of COVID-19, which has spread rapidly. In Brazil, after the first COVID-19-confirmed Indigenous case on 05th June 2020, more 420 suspected cases, 1727 confirmed cases being 934 active cases, 715 cases with clinical cure, and 70 cases of death were accounted through the first week of June. The number of cases is underestimated, according to the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI) database, since the deaths are due to respiratory failure, possibly caused by COVID-19, but not confirmed. The first COVID-19-caused death was a 15-year-old Indigenous Yanomami teenage from Roraima State without known previous diseases history and/or comorbidities. In the present study, the importance of social isolation, especially for Indigenous people who are more vulnerable to the COVID-19, was highlighted by the identification of the infection community. An Indigenous of the Kokama ethnicity was infected after coming in contact with a Medical Doctor who was infected with the disease. Later, it was noticed that both, Indigenous and doctor, were responsible for COVID-19’s transmission to 43 other Indigenous individuals (30 in Alto Rio Solimões and 13 in Parintis), causing possibly other confirmed deaths. The impact of COVID-19 for Indigenous population might be an unprecedented tragedy, and the government in Brazil must take emergency measures as the social isolation.


id: cord-329536-3xsncmyi
title: Impact on Mental Health Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study in Portugal and Brazil
author: Passos, Lígia
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-329536-3xsncmyi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329536-3xsncmyi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186794
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186794
summary:
  This study aimed to describe the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the differences between the two countries. Socio-demographic and other factors: variables assessed included age, gender, country of residence (Portugal or Brazil), marital status, educational level, employment status, social isolation self-label, duration of social isolation, living arrangements during social isolation, diagnosis of COVID-19, alcohol consumption and alcohol addiction measured by the presence of two or more positive answers to the four-item CAGE (acronym cut-annoyed-guilty-eye) Questionnaire [33, 34] translated and validated for the Portuguese language [35] . To the extent of the authors'' knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  Mental health effects secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic were till recently considered less important or were neglected. Portugal and Brazil are facing the pandemic in quite different ways. This study aimed to describe the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the differences between the two countries. A cross-sectional quantitative study was based on an online questionnaire. Socio-demographic data were collected in addition to four validated scales: CAGE (acronym cut-annoyed-guilty-eye) Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2. For each outcome, a multiple linear regression was performed. Five hundred and fifty people answered the questionnaire (435 women). The median age was 38 (Q1, Q3: 30, 47) years, 52.5% resided in Brazil and 47.5% in Portugal. The prevalence of anxiety was 71.3% (mild anxiety was present in 43.1%), the prevalence of depression was 24.7% and 23.8% of the sample had both depression and anxiety. Isolation was a significant factor for depression but not for anxiety. Well-being was below average. Mental illness was considerably higher than pre-COVID-19 levels. Portugal and Brazil will have to be prepared for future consequences of poor mental health and contribute immediate psychological support to their adult populations.


id: cord-333487-zem2d4y6
title: The Impact of COVID-19 on People with Diabetes in Brazil
author: Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Mark
date: 2020-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-333487-zem2d4y6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333487-zem2d4y6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108304
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108304
summary:
  Methods In a convenience sampling study, data were collected from 1701 individuals, aged 18 or above; 75.54% female participants; 60.73% T1D and 30.75% T2D, between April 22nd and May 4th, using an anonymous and untraceable survey containing 20 multiple choice questions (socio-demographic; health status and habits of life during COVID-19 pandemic). Conclusions This study provides a firsthand revelation of the severity of COVID-19 on individuals with diabetes in Brazil, altering their habits, which impacted their glycemia, potentially increasing their risk of poor outcomes if infected by SARS-CoV-2. This also harmed adjustments to continue the proper follow-up and management of other diseases, including both communicable and NCDs. For these reasons, the present study aims to investigate challenges encountered by people living with diabetes in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  Abstract The present study aims atidentifying main barriers faced by people living with diabetes in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In a convenience sampling study, data were collected from 1701 individuals, aged 18 or above; 75.54% female participants; 60.73% T1D and 30.75% T2D, between April 22nd and May 4th, using an anonymous and untraceable survey containing 20 multiple choice questions (socio-demographic; health status and habits of life during COVID-19 pandemic). Relationship between variables was established using the multiple correspondence analysis technique. Results 95.1% of respondents reduced their frequency of going outside of their homes; among those who monitored blood glucose at home during the pandemic (91.5%), the majority (59.4%) experienced an increase, a decrease or a higher variability in glucose levels; 38.4% postponed their medical appointments and/or routine examinations; and 59.5% reduced their physical activity. T1D, the youngest group, was more susceptible to presenting COVID-19 symptoms despite not being testing; whilst the TD2 group had higher frequency of comorbidities that are additional risk factors for COVID-19 severity. Conclusions This study provides a firsthand revelation of the severity of COVID-19 on individuals with diabetes in Brazil, altering their habits, which impacted their glycemia, potentially increasing their risk of poor outcomes if infected by SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-335087-z1dec19i
title: Infectious diseases and the COVID-19 scenario in Brazil
author: Goldani, Luciano Z.
date: 2020-09-06
txt: ./txt/cord-335087-z1dec19i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335087-z1dec19i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386702030101X
doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.07.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  Arboviruses including Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in Brazil represent a challenge for public health, considering that are no available vaccines and effective antivirals for treatment. 1, 2 Even with the possibility of underreporting, 874,093 probable cases of Dengue and 415 deaths have been reported in Brazil from January 1 through June 30, 2020. As of September 2020, over 4 million cases of COVID-19 were reported in Brazil, with more than 125.000 deaths. 5 Brazil has the second-highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the world behind the United States. The Unified Brazilian Health System (SUS), which already had deficiencies in care for Dengue and other diseases, had to adapt abruptly to expand the medical structure and train professionals for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, different scientific organizations, including the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases, released statements about the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, describing what science knows about these drugs and criticizing the government''s position.


id: cord-335578-u8b66oos
title: Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Is a Real Challenge for Brazil
author: Simões e Silva, Ana Cristina
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-335578-u8b66oos.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335578-u8b66oos.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00268
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00268
abstract: nan
summary:
  Approximately 56 days after the first case reported in China, on February 26, Brazil officially registered its first patient with COVID-19: a 61-year-old man living in São Paulo who had recently returned from a trip to Italy. Twenty days after the first reported case (March 17, 2020), Brazil registered the first death by COVID-19 in a 62-year-old man with diabetes and heart disease (8). In this regard, another critical aspect is the difference in population adherence to social isolation measures in the different cities and states of the country (14) . The Brazilian scientific community and healthcare workers are working hard to provide support for political health measures to address COVID-19 (15, 16) . COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases Datadriven study of the COVID-19 pandemic via age-structured modelling and prediction of the health system failure in Brazil amid diverse intervention-strategies.


id: cord-337421-4v48kkus
title: Severe airport sanitarian control could slow down the spreading of COVID-19 pandemics in Brazil
author: Ribeiro, Servio Pontes
date: 2020-03-27
txt: ./txt/cord-337421-4v48kkus.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337421-4v48kkus.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.26.20044370
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044370
summary:
  After the confirmation of the first imported cases, the 5 lack of a proper airport entrance control resulted in the infection spreading in a manner 6 directly proportional to the amount of flights reaching each city, following first 7 occurrence of the virus coming from abroad. After the confirmation of the first imported cases, the 5 lack of a proper airport entrance control resulted in the infection spreading in a manner 6 directly proportional to the amount of flights reaching each city, following first 7 occurrence of the virus coming from abroad. We developed a SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model divided in 9 a metapopulation structure, where cities with airports were demes connected by the 10 number of flights. 142 143 Results 144 The expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus between cities was fast, directly proportional to 145 the airport closeness centrality within the Brazilian air transportation network.

abstract:
  Background. We investigated a likely scenario of COVID-19 spreading in Brazil through the complex airport network of the country, for the 90 days after the first national occurrence of the disease. After the confirmation of the first imported cases, the lack of a proper airport entrance control resulted in the infection spreading in a manner directly proportional to the amount of flights reaching each city, following first occurrence of the virus coming from abroad. Methodology. We developed a SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model divided in a metapopulation structure, where cities with airports were demes connected by the number of flights. Subsequently, we further explored the role of Manaus airport for a rapid entrance of the pandemic into indigenous territories situated in remote places of the Amazon region. Results. The expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus between cities was fast, directly proportional to the airport closeness centrality within the Brazilian air transportation network. There was a clear pattern in the expansion of the pandemic, with a stiff exponential expansion of cases for all cities. The more an airport showed closeness centrality, the greater was its vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions. We discussed the weak pandemic control performance of Brazil in comparison with other tropical, developing countries, namely India and Nigeria. Finally, we proposed measures for containing virus spreading taking into consideration the scenario of high poverty.


id: cord-339616-4ctpq5v3
title: How is Brazil facing the crisis of Food and Nutrition Security during the COVID-19 pandemic?
author: de Carvalho, Carolina Abreu
date: 2020-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-339616-4ctpq5v3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339616-4ctpq5v3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33040767/
doi: 10.1017/s1368980020003973
summary:
  The goal of this commentary is to expose the situation of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in Brazil in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a critical analysis of this scenario and suggesting ways to move forward. The fight against food insecurity in Brazil was interrupted with the adoption of austerity measures, such as the National Amendment 95/2016 (4) , which reduced public expenditure on social policies, in addition to labour and social security reforms, which represents a scenario of violation of human rights that are being aggravated by the current pandemic. Finally, with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, another action which has become even more urgent is that the government again should prioritise the FNS agenda and update the National Plan for Food and Nutrition Security (PNSAN).

abstract:
  The goal of this commentary is to expose the situation of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) in Brazil in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a critical analysis of this scenario and suggesting ways to move forward. When COVID-19 arrived in Brazil, a crisis scenario that incorporated economic, social and political aspects became highly visible. This scenario fostered unemployment, poverty and hunger. Besides that, it exposed multiple vulnerabilities that were getting worse over the past few years prior to the pandemic. In this context, COVID-19 found in Brazil a fertile ground for its dissemination and community transmission. The impacts of the suspension of many commercial activities and other economic sectors due to the pandemic were quickly felt socially and economically in Brazil. Some of the actions carried out by the Brazilian government included the emergency aid payment and exemption from payment of energy bills for vulnerable individuals, release of funds for programmes for the direct purchase of food from family farmers, delivery of school food kits directly to students despite the closure of schools and publication of sanitary rules for the operation of restaurants. However, these actions are still insufficient, slow and not sufficiently coordinated to contain the progress of the food and nutritional insecurity crisis in Brazil. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgency for the Brazilian government to again prioritise the FNS agenda. This includes implementing mechanisms to ensure the Human Right to Adequate Food and expanding existing FNS programmes.


id: cord-340942-oatf59k0
author: Magalhães, Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-340942-oatf59k0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340942-oatf59k0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971239/
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101884
summary:
  METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. Here, we describe for the first time the clinical, epidemiological and demographic features of the first 557 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil, who were diagnosed between March 12 and April 22, 2020. Patient epidemiological information, demographic and clinical characteristics, including medical history, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, underlying co-morbidities, and date of disease onset were obtained from electronic medical records of the Pernambuco Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN) and analyzed. Regarding the distribution of COVID-19 cases in the different household income ranges (Fig. 1B) , we found that SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in neighborhoods with greater purchasing power. Here, we described for the first time the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 consecutive patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Pernambuco between 12 March and April 22, 2020.

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first 557 successive patients with COVID-19 in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: South America is the current epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the epidemiological and clinical features of the disease have not been described in Brazil, the third most affected country in the world. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we describe the demographics, epidemiology and clinical features of the first 557 consecutive patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 living in Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. RESULTS: The first COVID-19 cases occurred in the high income population. The age of infected patients ranged from 27 days to 97 years with a median of 47 years. The ratio of males to female in the SARS-CoV-2-infected group was 0.83:1. The most common symptom was cough (74.51%), followed by fever (66.79%), dyspnea (56.01%), sore throat (28.19%) and O(2) saturation <95% (24.42%). 86.44% of the lethal cases were patients older than 51 years. The median time from illness onset to diagnosis was 4.0 days (range 0–39 days) Severe patients diagnosed after 14 days of symptoms onset had higher viral load than patients with mild disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides important information about COVID-19 in the tropics and will assist physicians and health officials to face the current pandemics as SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread in the human population.


id: cord-341212-dk6ioi15
title: Besides the climate model, other variables driving the COVID-19 spread in Brazil()
author: Ribeiro, Andre Luis Ribeiro
date: 2020-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-341212-dk6ioi15.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341212-dk6ioi15.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140211
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140211
abstract: nan
summary:
  The study model and data analysis are well-performed, and although the authors found that temperature and relativity humidity influenced the COVID-19 dissemination, other well-known and important variables, such as social distancing, population testing, hand wash (Giordano et al., 2020) and rational use of face mask were not part of their study model (Feng et al., 2020) . This dispute was taken to the Supreme Court, which reinforced the authority of cities and states to define local measures of social distancing, quarantine, prohibition of activities and definition of essential services (Federal, 2020) . Since the cases started to spread in these cities, uncoordinated measures of social distancing were gradually implemented across the country, in despite of the divergences between the president and governors (Wikipedia, 2020a) , (Wikipedia, 2020b) . Evidence that high temperatures and intermediate relative humidity might favor the spread of COVID-19 in tropical climate: A case study for the most affected Brazilian cities


id: cord-342734-37xduboo
author: Thomé, Beatriz C.
date: 2020-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-342734-37xduboo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342734-37xduboo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33169249/
doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10023-w
summary:
  Nine days later in Brazil, community transmission was deemed ongoing, and following what was already being put in place in various affected countries, restrictive and physical distancing measures that varied in severity across the different states were adopted. We have witnessed a political polarization of COVID-19 response and a lack of clear federal public health measures to tackle the pandemic, undermining the potential positive effects of a harmonized response. Improving testing capacity, coupled with ensuring adequate care for COVID-19 patients, would potentially facilitate the assessment of the pandemic impact in the various communities and redirect public health measures accordingly. Each country will have its own challenges and social and cultural specificities when implementing public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. All efforts should be put in place so that the population is well informed during the COVID-19 pandemic and understands the reasons behind physical isolation along with other strategies and feels supported and included in the response.

title:
  Ethical Considerations for Restrictive and Physical Distancing Measures in Brazil During COVID-19: Facilitators and Barriers

abstract:
  COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Nine days later in Brazil, community transmission was deemed ongoing, and following what was already being put in place in various affected countries, restrictive and physical distancing measures that varied in severity across the different states were adopted. Adherence to restrictive and physical distancing measures depends on the general acceptance of public health measures as well as communities’ financial leverage. This article aims to explore and discuss ethical facilitators and barriers to the implementation of physical distancing measures within three dimensions: political, socio-economic, and scientific. Furthermore, we would like to discuss ways to ethically promote restrictive and physical distancing measures in a large and unequal country like Brazil. There is an urgent need for transparent, consistent, and inclusive communication with the public, respecting the most vulnerable populations and attempting to minimize the disproportionate burden on them.


id: cord-343183-5jlnw6e0
title: Pandemic and vaccine coverage: challenges of returning to schools
author: Sato, Ana Paula Sayuri
date: 2020-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-343183-5jlnw6e0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343183-5jlnw6e0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175029/
doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054003142
summary:
  In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. In 2020, due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), face-to-face attendance in health services dropped dramatically in many countries; this included child vaccination, given the measures of social distancing to mitigate viral transmission [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that at least 80 million children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria and polio because of the decrease in vaccination coverage during the covid-19 pandemic 29 . The pandemic of the new coronavirus has challenged health systems around the world in providing essential services, including immunization programs, as routine vaccination and mass vaccination campaigns could contribute to the spread of covid-19 32 .

abstract:
  Since March 2020, Brazil has faced the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which has severely modified the way in which the population lives and uses health services. As such, face-to-face attendance has dropped dramatically, even for child vaccination, due to measures of social distancing to mitigate the transmission of the virus. Several countries have recorded a substantial drop in vaccination coverage in children, especially of those under two years of age. In Brazil, administrative data indicate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on this downward trend, which was already an important challenge of the National Immunization Program in recent years. Many children will be susceptible to immunopreventable diseases, which reinforces the need to assess the vaccine status of schoolchildren before returning to face-to-face classes.


id: cord-344639-t9xbzczc
title: From sharecropping to equal shares: transforming the sharing economy in northeastern Brazil
author: DeVore, Jonathan
date: 2020-08-09
txt: ./txt/cord-344639-t9xbzczc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344639-t9xbzczc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836687/
doi: 10.1007/s10624-020-09603-4
summary:
  However, rural Brazilians have also succeeded in transforming shared land into more equal and equitable distributions, from "peasant breaches" that emerged in slave gardens from the early colonial period through the abolition of slavery, to land occupations that occurred in the late twentieth century. These cases suggest that, through planting cacao and coffee trees, enslaved people such as João and Joaquim were able to create specifiable, legally recognizable, and defensible property rights on land that was shared with them by plantation owners. Having secured small spaces of autonomy within the plantation landscape, and opportunities to accumulate small bits of wealth for themselves, these peasant breaches even helped some slaves to achieve their freedom through "self-purchase." 7 Whereas in the cases described by Woodburn, sharing had both the purpose and effect of dissolving social hierarchies by foreclosing opportunities to generate and accumulate property, in southern Bahia, slave owners'' decisions to provide slaves with plots of land they could cultivate for themselves had a similar (if incipient) effect on dissolving social hierarchies.

abstract:
  Concepts of sharing and commons are normatively and historically ambivalent. Some forms of sharing, such as sharecropping or alms-giving, proceed from and sustain asymmetrical relations to the means of life. Access to commons in other social contexts merely serves to make unequal forms of life more bearable. In other words, some expressions of sharing and commons are “functional” within hierarchical societies. Departing from these observations, this contribution traces contests over the logic of sharing, and apportioned shares of common land, from Brazil’s slave period through contemporary land rights movements in the northeastern state of Bahia. For former slaves and their descendants, “freedom” often meant sharecropping on the same plantations from which they had been released. However, rural Brazilians have also succeeded in transforming shared land into more equal and equitable distributions, from “peasant breaches” that emerged in slave gardens from the early colonial period through the abolition of slavery, to land occupations that occurred in the late twentieth century. By sharing land and other material resources—especially tree seeds, seedlings, and cuttings—rural laborers have established unexpected reconfigurations in distributions of property and social recognition that exceed institutionalized norms of sharing common land. With such outcomes in view, this contribution distinguishes socially replicative and transformative sharing.


id: cord-345238-p841weif
title: The Endless Challenges of Arboviral Diseases in Brazil
author: Magalhaes, Tereza
date: 2020-05-09
txt: ./txt/cord-345238-p841weif.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345238-p841weif.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32397512/
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020075
summary:
  In this Editorial, we list and discuss some of the main challenges faced by the population and public health authorities in Brazil concerning arbovirus infections, including the occurrence of concurrent epidemics like the ongoing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic. Other studies suggest that the atypically low dengue incidence observed after the Zika epidemics in Brazil and other Latin American countries was due, in part, to short-term DENV protection from ZIKV infections [7, 8] . Escalating the problem of arboviral disease surveillance and management, concurrent outbreaks/epidemics of arboviruses and non-arthropod-borne pathogens can further complicate clinical diagnosis and completely overwhelm/saturate the health care system, as we may be seeing now with the pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lastly, concurrent epidemics like the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 or other respiratory pathogens/illnesses can overwhelm health care systems and further complicate clinical-epidemiological diagnoses.

abstract:
  In this Editorial, we list and discuss some of the main challenges faced by the population and public health authorities in Brazil concerning arbovirus infections, including the occurrence of concurrent epidemics like the ongoing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-345834-l2e5v39s
title: Diffusive process under Lifshitz scaling and pandemic scenarios
author: Anacleto, M.A.
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-345834-l2e5v39s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345834-l2e5v39s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378437120305720
doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2020.125092
summary:
  Furthermore, we depicted the cumulative cases curves of COVID-19, reproducing the spreading of the pandemic between the cities of São Paulo and São José dos Campos, Brazil. In our investigation, we introduce a new version of the diffusion equation inspired by Horava''s work, and we use it to fit real active cases data of COVID-19 from Germany, Spain and Brazil. We can observe that the black solid curves are in good agreement with the pandemic data, and they predict that the active cases of COVID-19 would be fully controlled in Spain after day 120 (June 11, 2020), where the number of infected people is less than 1000. We can observe that our model successfully reproduces the evolution of the pandemic in theses two cities if we consider z = 50, which is the same value used to fit Spain and Brazil''s active cases curves in the previous section. These models were used to fit real active cases data of COVID-19 from three different countries (Germany, Spain, and Brazil).

abstract:
  We here propose to model active and cumulative cases data from COVID-19 by a continuous effective model based on a modified diffusion equation under Lifshitz scaling with a dynamic diffusion coefficient. The proposed model is rich enough to capture different aspects of a complex virus diffusion as humanity has been recently facing. The model being continuous it is bound to be solved analytically and/or numerically. So, we investigate two possible models where the diffusion coefficient associated with possible types of contamination are captured by some specific profiles. The active cases curves here derived were able to successfully describe the pandemic behavior of Germany and Spain. Moreover, we also predict some scenarios for the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil. Furthermore, we depicted the cumulative cases curves of COVID-19, reproducing the spreading of the pandemic between the cities of São Paulo and São José dos Campos, Brazil. The scenarios also unveil how the lockdown measures can flatten the contamination curves. We can find the best profile of the diffusion coefficient that better fit the real data of pandemic.


id: cord-347830-4rlcozy4
author: de Castro, Larissa Alves
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-347830-4rlcozy4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347830-4rlcozy4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050593
doi: 10.3390/foods9050593
summary:
  Orange by-product flour (OBPF) was characterized in terms of its chemical composition, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and hygroscopic properties. OBPF presented a very high content of dietary fiber (73.61% dry matter (DM)), minerals (ash = 2.72% DM), and total phenolic compounds (534 ± 30 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of DM). Therefore, OBPF showed interesting characteristics, suggesting its possible use in the development of fiber enriched foods such as cookies; and its production represents a key strategy for the orange juice processing industries towards the application of a circular economy in the food system. On the other hand, the OBPF produced in this study presented a high level of total dietary fiber, i.e., 73.61% (DM), which is higher than that reported by O''Shea et al. On the other hand, the OBPF produced in this study presented a high level of total dietary fiber, i.e., 73.61% (DM), which is higher than that reported by O''Shea et al.

title:
  From Orange Juice By-Product in the Food Industry to a Functional Ingredient: Application in the Circular Economy

abstract:
  In the orange juice industry, more than 50% of raw material becomes by-products that are rich in active compounds and have high nutritional content. Improved use of these by-products could represent a key strategy for a circular economy. The objective of this study was to produce a flour from orange juice by-product, characterize it, and then apply this flour to produce cookies. Orange by-product flour (OBPF) was characterized in terms of its chemical composition, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and hygroscopic properties. Subsequently, the effect of substituting wheat flour by OBPF in cookies was evaluated. OBPF presented a very high content of dietary fiber (73.61% dry matter (DM)), minerals (ash = 2.72% DM), and total phenolic compounds (534 ± 30 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of DM). In general, the properties of cookies were not significantly influenced by using OBPF as a substitution for wheat flour. Sensorial analyses showed that cookies produced with 10% OBPF presented the higher scores. Therefore, OBPF showed interesting characteristics, suggesting its possible use in the development of fiber enriched foods such as cookies; and its production represents a key strategy for the orange juice processing industries towards the application of a circular economy in the food system.


id: cord-349624-2sypsfba
title: The Brazilian Government''s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Ferigato, Sabrina
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-349624-2sypsfba.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349624-2sypsfba.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620321644
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32164-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Submissions should be made via our electronic submission system at http://ees.elsevier.com/ thelancet/ www.thelancet.com Published online October 20, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)321644 1 The Brazilian Government''s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic The federal government''s denial of science and, consequently, of the seriousness of the pandemic to the health and wellbeing of Brazilians has led to a failure to coordinate, promote, and finance internationally sanctioned public health measures. Yet, primary health care has been overlooked by the federal government as a key element in this public health crisis response. It is necessary to analyse the Brazilian Government''s response to the COVID19 pandemic based on trustworthy knowledge built upon scientific facts. A coordinated politi cal response guided by social justice and evidencebased knowledge is essential to managing any public health emergency, especially one with as broad economic and health impacts as COVID19. For more on COVID-19 in Brazil''s indigenous population see


id: cord-350859-0khu9mz3
title: Increasing molecular diagnostic capacity and COVID-19 incidence in Brazil
author: Grotto, Rejane Maria Tommasini
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-350859-0khu9mz3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350859-0khu9mz3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820001818
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820001818
summary:
  With that in mind, we studied the increase in COVID-19 molecular diagnostic capacity of public health laboratories in different regions in Brazil. Therefore, we searched the epidemiological bulletins provided by the Ministry of Health of Brazil (available at https://covid.saude.gov.br/) for the weekly incidence of laboratoryconfirmed cases; and the Union Official Diary (a daily publication of the Federal Government official decrees, available at https://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/DOU/) to identify new certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Panel A shows the rate of certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by epidemiological week, whereas panel B shows the rate of incidence of laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 by epidemiological week, both in a Joinpoint Regression analysis (per 100 000 inhabitants). Section A shows the rate of certifications of public laboratories for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 by epidemiological week, in a Joinpoint Regression analyzes.

abstract:
  Different countries have adopted strategies for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 since the declaration of community transmission by the World Health Organization (WHO) and timely diagnosis has been considered one of the major obstacles for surveillance and healthcare. Here, we report the increase of the number of laboratories to COVID-19 diagnosis in Brazil. Our results demonstrate an increase and decentralisation of certified laboratories, which does not match the much higher increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. Also, it becomes clear that laboratories are irregularly distributed over the country, with a concentration in the most developed state, São Paulo.


id: cord-351430-bpv7p7zo
title: Air transportation, population density and temperature predict the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil
author: Pequeno, Pedro
date: 2020-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-351430-bpv7p7zo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351430-bpv7p7zo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9322
doi: 10.7717/peerj.9322
summary:
  Further, we considered the following predictors: (1) time in days, to account for the exponential growth in case numbers during this period (Fig. 2) ; (2) number of arriving flights in the city''s metropolitan area in 2020, as airline connections can facilitate the spread of the virus (Ribeiro et al., 2020) ; (3) city population density, to account for facilitation of transmission under higher densities (Poole, 2020) ; (4) proportion of elderly people (≥60 years old) in the population, assuming that the elderly may be more likely to show severe symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and, thus, to be diagnosed with COVID-19; (5) citizen mean income, which may affect the likelihood of people being infected by the virus, for example, due to limited access to basic sanitation or limited social isolation capabilities; (6) and the following meteorological variables: mean daily temperature ( C), mean daily solar radiation (kJ/m 2 ), mean daily relative humidity (%) and mean daily precipitation (mm).

abstract:
  There is evidence that COVID-19, the disease caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is sensitive to environmental conditions. However, such conditions often correlate with demographic and socioeconomic factors at larger spatial extents, which could confound this inference. We evaluated the effect of meteorological conditions (temperature, solar radiation, air humidity and precipitation) on 292 daily records of cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases across the 27 Brazilian capital cities during the 1st month of the outbreak, while controlling for an indicator of the number of tests, the number of arriving flights, population density, proportion of elderly people and average income. Apart from increasing with time, the number of confirmed cases was mainly related to the number of arriving flights and population density, increasing with both factors. However, after accounting for these effects, the disease was shown to be temperature sensitive: there were more cases in colder cities and days, and cases accumulated faster at lower temperatures. Our best estimate indicates that a 1 °C increase in temperature has been associated with a decrease in confirmed cases of 8%. The quality of the data and unknowns limit the analysis, but the study reveals an urgent need to understand more about the environmental sensitivity of the disease to predict demands on health services in different regions and seasons.


id: cord-351885-hjw1940x
title: First study on mental distress in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis
author: Zhang, S. X.
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-351885-hjw1940x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351885-hjw1940x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.18.20070896v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.18.20070896
summary:
  Methods: We conducted a primary survey of 638 adults in Brazil on March 25-28, 2020, about one month (32 days) after the first COVID-19 case in South America was confirmed in Sao Paulo. Building from early research evidence on mental health in China and Iran, where the COVID-19 outbreak occurred earlier, 7, 8, 11 we explore several predictors of distress during the COVID-19 crisis in Brazil. We assessed the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, including gender, age, educational level, the number of children under 18 years old, geographic location, whether they were COVID-19 positive, their exercise hours per day during the past week, and their workplace attendance. The distance from the epicenter is emerging as an interesting predictor of mental health in the crisis literature, and this study found the distance effect depended on individuals'' age and workplace attendance. We found gender, age, education, exercise, and distance from the epicenter all predicted distress in adults in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis.

abstract:
  Objective: We aim to provide the first evidence of mental distress and its associated predictors among adults in the ongoing COVID-19 crisis in Brazil. Methods: We conducted a primary survey of 638 adults in Brazil on March 25-28, 2020, about one month (32 days) after the first COVID-19 case in South America was confirmed in Sao Paulo. Results: In Brazil, 52% (332) of the sampled adults experienced mild or moderate distress, and 18.8% (120) suffered severe distress. Adults who were female, younger, more educated, and exercised less report-ed higher levels of distress. The distance from the Brazilian epicenter of Sao Paulo inter-acted with age and workplace attendance to predict the level of distress. The typhoon eye effect was stronger for people who were older or attended their workplace less. The most vulnerable adults were those who were far from the epicenter and did not go to their workplace in the week before the survey. Conclusion: Identifying the predictors of distress enables mental health services to better target finding and helping the more mentally vulnerable adults during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis.


id: cord-353019-7wj0eu1f
title: Pandemic and Macho Organizations: Wakeup Call or Business as Usual?
author: Alcadipani, Rafael
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-353019-7wj0eu1f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353019-7wj0eu1f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12466
doi: 10.1111/gwao.12466
summary:
  The cult of masculinity is performed, for example, in police storytelling within the organization making a natural feature the use of violence and force when facing "bad-guys" (Dick, 2005) and also the need to prove their masculinity in daily work (Wilson, 1968) . If machismo and masculinity are cornerstones of police occupational culture, how will these elements play out in the extreme context of pandemic times when police officers need to be deployed to the front line? When I was going to the lecture theatre, a police detective who works at the Academy approached me and said, "Professor, there are some students concerned about attending your talk due to COVID-19. Under their macho police culture facing danger, making displays of hegemonic masculinity such as avoiding showing fear, was their reaction towards the virus threat. Either the pandemic situation seems to be putting police macho masculinity in danger (for the good), or at least it shows how problematic it can be for organizations.

abstract:
  The COVID‐19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges for our generation. The global spread of the virus is affecting societies’ gender dynamics in general and in organizations in particular. Based on ethnographic research being carried out in a police organization in Brazil, this piece discusses how COVID‐19 is impacting hegemonic masculinity in organizations. Police organizations are prototypical hegemonic masculinity organizations. I argue that the COVID‐19 pandemic at first encourages the performance of the police typical macho masculinity, but as the disease progresses, it creates a situation that challenges it. I explore that even though the pandemic threatens macho masculinity in organizations, it is still unclear if an alternative gender dynamic will emerge from this crisis in macho organizations.


id: cord-353996-slnyun4l
author: Baumgartner, M. T.
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-353996-slnyun4l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353996-slnyun4l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.02.20088013v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088013
summary:
  In spite of all limitations of such a large-scale approach, our results underline that climatic conditions are likely weak limiting factors for the spread of the new coronavirus, and the circulation of people in the cityand country-level are the most responsible factors for the early outbreak of COVID-19 in Brazil. We studied the exponential growth of time series data for over 460 cities with reported cases of infections by the new coronavirus, considering the effect of the environment, socioeconomic indicators, movement of people across the country, and social distancing. Our results show that the early spread of the new coronavirus in Brazil was mitigated by social distancing in some regions, but was also positively related to the size of the population of cities and how people moved across them. . https://doi.org/10.1101 In Great China, the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak expanded fast throughout the country and the majority of early cases reported outside of its origin had admitted recent travels to Wuhan, the core of the disease spread (Chinazzi et al., 2020) .

title:
  Social distancing and movement constraint as the most likely factors for COVID-19 outbreak control in Brazil

abstract:
  As thousands of new cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed, there is an increasing demand to understand the factors underlying the spread of this disease. Using country-level data, we modeled the early growth in the number of cases for over 480 cities in all Brazilian states. As the main findings, we found that the percentage of people respecting social distancing protocols was the main explanatory factor for the observed growth rate of COVID-19. Those cities that presented the highest spread of the new coronavirus were also those that had lower averages of social distancing. We also underline that total population of cities and connectivity, represented by the city-level importance to the air transportation of people across the country, plays important roles in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Climate and socioeconomic predictors had little contribution to the big-picture scenario. Our results show that different States had high variability in their growth rates, mostly due to quite different public health strategies to retain the outbreak of COVID-19. In spite of all limitations of such a large-scale approach, our results underline that climatic conditions are likely weak limiting factors for the spread of the new coronavirus, and the circulation of people in the city- and country-level are the most responsible factors for the early outbreak of COVID-19 in Brazil. Moreover, we reinforce that social distancing protocols are fundamental to avoid critical scenarios and the collapse of healthcare systems. We also predict that economic-induced decisions for relaxing social distancing might have catastrophic consequences, especially in large cities.


id: cord-354699-u4s2r8gy
author: de Souza, Carlos Dornels Freire
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-354699-u4s2r8gy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354699-u4s2r8gy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00743-x
doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00743-x
summary:
  In this study, the following three epidemiological indicators were adopted as dependent variables: i) COVID-19 incidence rate/100 000 inhabitants, ii) COVID-19 mortality rate/1 million inhabitants, and iii) COVID19 In addition to these, the following 16 variables that make up the Social Vulnerability Atlas and that express the population''s living conditions were included: 1) illiteracy rate of people 18 years or elder, 2) illiteracy rate of people 25 years or elder, 3) income per capita of those vulnerable to poverty, 4) percentage of income from work, 5) Gini Index, 6) percentage of employees 18 years or older with a formal contract, 7) percentage of employees 18 years or elder without a formal contract, 8) percentage of public sector workers 18 years or elder, 9) percentage of self-employed workers 18 years or elder, 10) percentage of employers 18 years or elder, 11) degree of formality of the employed 18 years or elder, 12) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder who have completed primary education, 13) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder who have completed secondary education, 14) percentage of employed persons 18 years or older who have completed higher education, 15) average income of employed persons 18 years or elder, and 16) percentage of employed persons 18 years or elder without income.

title:
  Human development, social vulnerability and COVID-19 in Brazil: a study of the social determinants of health

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was confirmed in Brazil in February 2020. Since then, the disease has spread throughout the country, reaching the poorest areas. This study analyzes the relationship between COVID-19 and the population’s living conditions. We aimed to identify social determinants related to the incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Brazil, in 2020. METHODS: This is an ecological study evaluating the relationship between COVID-19 incidence, mortality, and case fatality rates and 49 social indicators of human development and social vulnerability. For the analysis, bivariate spatial correlation and multivariate and spatial regression models (spatial lag model and spatial error models) were used, considering a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: A total of 44.8% of municipalities registered confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 14.7% had deaths. We observed that 56.2% of municipalities with confirmed cases had very low human development (COVID-19 incidence rate: 59.00/100 000; mortality rate: 36.75/1 000 000), and 52.8% had very high vulnerability (COVID-19 incidence rate: 41.68/100 000; mortality rate: 27.46/1 000 000). The regression model showed 17 indicators associated with transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Although COVID-19 first arrived in the most developed and least vulnerable municipalities in Brazil, it has already reached locations that are farther from large urban centers, whose populations are exposed to a context of intense social vulnerability. Based on these findings, it is necessary to adopt measures that take local social aspects into account in order to contain the pandemic.


id: cord-355049-mf0lgrlp
title: No evidence supports the use of ether and chloroform inhalation for treating COVID-19
author: Martins-Filho, Paulo Ricardo
date: 2020-03-24
txt: ./txt/cord-355049-mf0lgrlp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355049-mf0lgrlp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.41
doi: 10.26633/rpsp.2020.41
abstract: nan
summary:
  Since the first confirmed case in Brazil, fake news about the effectiveness of an ether and chloroform blend known as "lança perfume" or "loló" were spread on social media. Related searches for coronavirus revealed a high level of interest (a breakout over 5000%) on the information about the use of an ether and chloroform blend in treating COVID-19, especially in the North and Northeast regions which are recognized as the poorest regions in the country. Unfortunately, fake news and misinformation on social media can lead people to make harmful health decisions. It is important to check health information related to COVID-19 from reliable news sources and expert guidance from health authorities and international health organizations, rather than from shared stories in social media. Furthermore, there is no evidence supporting claims that ether and chloroform inhalation is useful in the treatment of COVID-19.


id: cord-355800-g1xol1bw
title: The new impact factor of International Brazilian Journal of Urology is 1.342. Where can we get?
author: Favorito, Luciano A.
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-355800-g1xol1bw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355800-g1xol1bw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.06.01
doi: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.06.01
abstract: nan
summary:
  The goals of the treatment are the complete absence of kidney stones and eradication of infection with antibiotics and Close follow-up is advised with regular imaging exams and urine culture and Dr. Sahan and collegues from Turkey presented in page 1010 (3) a prospective randomized study about the flexible ureterorenoscopy (f-URS) and laser lithotripsy with The new impact factor of International Brazilian Journal of Urology is 1.342. Dr. Zidde and collegues from Brazil (9) performed an interesting translational study on page 1021 (the cover paper in this number) about the arterial segments of ovine kidney and analyze arterial injuries caused by simulated partial nephrectomy of cranial pole. Dr. Bandinni and collegues from Serbia, Romania, India and Italy (10) performed on page 1029 evaluated the feasibility of vacuum physiotherapy meant to decrease graft contraction and recurrent penile curvature (PC), hence successful tubularization and a straight penis in patients underwent two--stage buccal mucosa graft (BMG) urethroplasty, in proximal hypospadias repair and concluded that physiotherapy with the vacuum device is safe, easy and practically feasible.


id: cord-356041-tc2cumv2
title: Healthcare Workers in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey
author: Cotrin, Paula
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-356041-tc2cumv2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-356041-tc2cumv2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33034257/
doi: 10.1177/0046958020963711
summary:
  This study compared the impact of COVID-19 pandemic among three categories of healthcare workers in Brazil: physicians, nurses, and dentists, about workload, income, protection, training, feelings, behavior, and level of concern and anxiety. The healthcare workers reported a significant impact of COVID-19 pandemic in their income, workload and anxiety, with differences among physicians, nurses and dentists. This way, this study aimed to compare the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the healthcare workers: physicians, nurses, and dentists, regarding workload, income, PPE, training, behavior, feelings, and level of anxiety. Inclusion criteria were: healthcare workers (physicians, nurses or dentists), above 22 years of age, working in the front line of the pandemic in private and public hospitals, healthcare units and private clinics, but not necessarily with direct contact with COVID-19 infected patients.

abstract:
  Brazil is in a critical situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers that are in the front line face challenges with a shortage of personal protective equipment, high risk of contamination, low adherence to the social distancing measures by the population, low coronavirus testing with underestimation of cases, and also financial concerns due to the economic crisis in a developing country. This study compared the impact of COVID-19 pandemic among three categories of healthcare workers in Brazil: physicians, nurses, and dentists, about workload, income, protection, training, feelings, behavior, and level of concern and anxiety. The sample was randomly selected and a Google Forms questionnaire was sent by WhatsApp messenger. The survey comprised questions about jobs, income, workload, PPE, training for COVID-19 patient care, behavior and feelings during the pandemic. The number of jobs reduced for all healthcare workers in Brazil during the pandemic, but significantly more for dentists. The workload and income reduced to all healthcare workers. Most healthcare workers did not receive proper training for treating COVID-19 infected patients. Physicians and nurses were feeling more tired than usual. Most of the healthcare workers in all groups reported difficulties in sleeping during the pandemic. The healthcare workers reported a significant impact of COVID-19 pandemic in their income, workload and anxiety, with differences among physicians, nurses and dentists.


